TEATRO NO JORNALISMO CULTURAL: a abordagem da arte dramática na revista BRAVO!

8/2/2019 TEATRO NO JORNALISMO CULTURAL: a abordagem da arte dramática na revista BRAVO!

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4 C@WUKG]ÆÂK

Drrcrwcikr* `k Eudrcj gm aknm* d }i |ukbmrrk gmikbuäwcbk c`ãgcwk `d `krrd acrwòucd* djcdgk dk

bumrbcim`wk gd mbk`kicd t}m gcic`}c k `þimuk gm icrmuäxmcr m c`bj}c rmfim`wkr rkbcdcr* dwã

m`wâk gcrwd`wmr* dk imubdgk gk bk`r}ik gm em`r idwmucdcr m rcieòjcbkr. @mrwm bk`wmqwk* d

gcrb}rrâk dbmubd gd t}djcgdgm m gd t}d`wcgdgm gk t}m ã bk`r}icgk* |duwcb}jduim`wm `k t}m rm

umhmum dkr em`r b}jw}udcr* d`cid dbdgîicbkr* d iégcd gm }id id`mcud idcr fmudj m k nku`djcrik

b}jw}udj gm id`mcud |duwcb}jdu ‒ kud bkik |murk`dfmi gmrrm ikxcim`wk t}m bk`wuce}c |dud d

xm`gdfmi gmrrmr |ukg}wkr* kud dgkwd`gk }id |mur|mbwcxd gm dhdrwdim`wk buéwcbk.

Gm`wum mrrmr |ukg}wkr b}jw}udcr* `k bdi|k gdr duwmr* k wmdwuk* }i gkr |cjdumr gd `krrd b}jw}ud‒

}id xm~ t}m d r}d acrwòucd |umbmgm i}cwdr gdr duwmr t}m bkàmbmikr aknm* bamfd`gk imrik d

rm bk`h}`gcu bki k r}ufcim`wk gd a}id`cgdgm m d `mbmrrcgdgm gm bkàmbmu m gkic`du d

`dw}um~d akrwcj ‒ rm d|umrm`wd bkik hkuid gm bkàmbcim`wk* gm mq|umrrâk gkr rm`wcim`wkr

a}id`kr m wdieãi k|æâk gm jd~mu m m`wumwm`cim`wk. Idr* bkik |kgmikr xmu }jwcidim`wm* d

duwm gudiäwcbd wmi |drrdgk |ku djf}idr gchcb}jgdgmr. D dwcxcgdgm ã gmrxdjkuc~dgd |ku |mrrkdr

t}m `âk wîi dhc`cgdgm bki jc`f}dfm`r `âk icgcäwcbdr* djãi gm k Eudrcj* mi |duwcb}jdu* |dgmbmu

gm |ukejmidr wudedjacrwdr m |ukhcrrck`dcr dc`gd i}cwk |umkb}|d`wmr.

Gcd`wm gmrrd umdjcgdgm* k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj rm d|umrm`wd bkik }i ci|kuwd`wm imck |dud

imjakudu d gcx}jfdæâk gk wmdwuk m* |ku bk`rmf}c`wm* d r}d umbm|æâk. Mrrm bdi|k nku`djérwcbk

rmuxm* gm`wum k}wudr bkcrdr* |dud ikrwudu djf}id um|kuwdfmi bki }i wmid umjmxd`wm* k} |dud

dekugdu djf}id buéwcbd rkeum gmwmuic`dgk mr|mwäb}jk. Bki crrk* k wmdwuk |kgm rm wku`du idcr

|uòqcik gdr |mrrkdr rm bk`rkjcgd`gk m di|jcd`gk r}d |umrm æd `d b}jw}ud eudrcjmcud* bkik

wmikr xcrwk dbk`wmbmu* |ku mqmi|jk* bki k `krrk bc`mid.

Gm }id |mur|mbwcxd idcr |mrrkdj* |dudjmjdim`wm dkr im}r mrw}gkr gm nku`djcrik* b}urk*

wdieãi* d fudg}dæâk gm wmdwuk `d ]HIF* d|mrdu gm wmu bmuwk gmrå`cik bki umjdæâk ì |ukhcrrâk

gm dwku* n}rwdim`wm |mjk hdwk gdr gchcb}jgdgmr dj}gcgdr. Idr* k t}m im ikwcxd d bk`wc`}du `mrrm

b}urk ã k im} |ud~mu |mjd duwm gm }id id`mcud fmudj m |duwcb}jduim`wm |mjk wmdwuk* k t}m `âk

wmi rcgk i}cwk bki}i m`bk`wudu `d |k|}jdæâk eudrcjmcud idcr nkxmi* mqbmw}d`gk dt}mjmr

m`xkjxcgkr bki djf}i b}urk `k bdi|k gd duwm. Djãi gcrrk* mrw}gk wmdwuk |mjd r}d ci|kuwå`bcd

`k `krrk imck gm bk`xéxck.

=



Hkc d |duwcu gdr icàdr ikwcxdæýmr |mrrkdcr m t}mrwck`dim`wkr t}m umrkjxc |mrt}crdu rkeum d

|umrm æd gk wmdwuk `k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj eudrcjmcuk. D |uk|krwd ã kermuxdu m d`djcrdu d |umrm`æd

gk wmdwuk `d äumd nku`djérwcbd m* drrci* }`cu dr g}dr äumdr gm c`wmumrrm `dr t}dcr mrwk} im

bd|dbcwd`gk. \dud crrk* mrbkjac bkik kenmwk gm mrw}gk d |umrm`æd gk wmdwuk `d umxcrwd

Eudxk$*|mjk hdwk gm mjd rmu }id |}ejcbdæâk umjmxd`wm `k nku`djcrik eudrcjmcuk.

D |mrt}crd d`djcrd dr |äfc`dr gmgcbdgdr dk wmdwuk `d Eudxk$* kermuxd`gk k mr|dæk m k

wudwdim`wk gdgk ì duwm gudiäwcbd `mrwd |}ejcbdæâk im`rdj.K wudedjak wmi |ku kenmwk dr rmcr

|ucimcudr mgcæýmr gd Eudxk$ gk d`k gm 5<44.

@k gmrm xkjxcim`wk gk wudedjak* rmuxc} gm edrm d jmcw}ud gm djf} r d}wkumr t}m dekugdi kr

wmidr wmdwuk m nku`djcrik b}jw}udj. K |ucimcuk bd|éw}jk rm gmrwc`d d d|umrm`wdu }i eumxm

acrwòucbk gk wmdwuk* r}dr wc|kjkfcdr* k wmdwuk bk`wmi|kuå`mk eudrcjmcuk m kr ci|drrmr gmrrm wc|k

gm duwm `k Eudrcj dw}dj. K rmf}`gk bd|éw}jk d|umrm`wd k nku`djcrik* mr|mbchcbdim wm k

nku`djcrik gm umxcrwd m k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj. Wdieãi râk d|umrm wdgkr bk bmcwkr rkeum kr wuîr

fî`mukr idcr xcrwkr `dr |äfc`dr gd umxcrwd> um|kuwdfmi* m`wumxcrwd m buéwcbd. \ku þjwcik* d

d`äjcrm* kermuxd`gk dr bd|dr gdr rmcr mgcæýmr* kr fî`mukr nku`djérwcbkr }wcjc~dgkr* d dfm`gd* drhk`wmr* dr cidfm`r m kr fî`mukr wmdwudcr |umrm`wmr `kr wmqwkr. Gdgd d eumxcgdgm gm }id

ik`kfudhcd gm bk`bj}râk gm b}urk* djf}idr mrbkjadr hkudi hmcwdr wm`wd`gk gmrwdbdu dt}cjk t}m

bk`rcgmumc idcr umjmxd`wm* idr bcm`wm gm t}m k drr}`wk ã ci|krréxmj gm rmu mrfkwdgk mi }i

wudedjak gmrrd `dw}um~d.

Imrik drrci* m d|mrdu gd jcicwdæâk im`bck`dgd* dbumgcwk t}m mrwd ik`kfudhcd bk`wuce}c |dud d

`krrd xcrâk gm bkik mrwä k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj `k Eudrcj m* mr|mbchcbdim`wm* `d r}d umjdæâk bkik wmdwuk. K c`wmumrrm |mjk wudedjak mrwä n}rwdim`wm |mjk |k}bk bk`wmþgk gm wmdwuk t}m ã

d|umrm`wdgk `k bm`äuck gk nku`djcrik eudrcjmcuk.

5 WMDWUK

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5.4 Eumxm Acrwòucbk gk Wmdwuk

Wmdwuk* `d r}d udc~ mwcikjòfcbd fumfd* rcf`chcbd* gm dbkugk bki Idfdjgc !5<<3#* ‚j}fdu gm k`gmrm xî’. @d wmuic`kjkfcd gkr jkfudgk}ukr bî`cbkr gd Fuãbcd ‚wmdwuk` bkuumr|k`gcd ì |jdwãcd*

d`wm|krwd ì kut}mrwud m m`xkjxm`gk)d bkik wuîr jdgkr gm }i wud|ã~ck k} }i rmicbéub}jk’

!IDFDJGC* 5<<3* |.6#.

Gm dbkugk bki Idfdjgc !5<<3#* k wmdwuk ã xcrwk |ku i}cwkr mrw}gckrkr bkik }i mr|dæk k`gm

}i akimi k kb}|d ikrwud`gk }i |murk`dfmi* m`t}d`wk k}wuk k kermuxd* rdem`gk t}m aä mi

r}d hum`wm }id um|ukg}æâk gm dbk`wmbcim`wkr. Idr* |dud \mcqkwk !5<<8#* ã |umbcrk mxcwdu

gmhc`cæýmr t}m jmxmi ìr xmugdgmr ci}wäxmcr gk bk`bmcwk gm duwm gudiäwcbd* }id xm~ t}m mjd

rmi|um |drrk} |ku bk`rwd`wmr wud`rhkuidæýmr.

K wmdwuk ã wâk d`wcfk t}d`wk d a}id`cgdgm m hd~ |duwm gd xcgd gk akimi gmrgm kr rm}r

|uciòugckr* wm`gk `drbcgk gd `mbmrrcgdgm gm gkic`du d `dw}um~d. Emuwakjg !5<<8# mq|jcbd t}m

mrrmr akim`r mqmb}wdxdi gd`ædr bkjmwcxdr* bkik }i ucw}dj gm bmjmeudæâk* dfudgmbcim`wk k}

|mugd. Bki k wmi|k* mrrdr id`chmrwdæýmr d|dumbmudi `k Mfcwk m `k D`wcfk Kucm wm* t}d`gk kr

gm}rmr |drrdudi d hd~mu |duwm gkr ucw}dcr* t}m drr}icudi gcim`râk idcr di|jd m |drrdudi d

rmuxcu wdieãi bkik gcxmuwcim`wk |dud kr `keumr. K wmdwuk wdieãi mrwmxm |umrm`wm `dr

bcxcjc~dæýmr crjåicbdr m c`gk)|dbéhcbdr* rmuxc`gk |dud |umrwdu akim`dfmi dkr gm}rmr.

@d r}d jk`fd acrwòucd* imumbm gmrwdt}m k wmdwuk bac`îr* t}m wmi idcr gm bc`bk icj d`kr m k

wmdwuk gk Nd|âk* bki r}d bdudbwmuérwcbd gm duwm kucfc`dj m þ`cbd t}m |kgm rmu gmrbucwd bkik }id

bmjmeudæâk rkjm`m gm mikæýmr m rm`wcim`wkr* t}m |drrd |mjd c`xkbdæâk |d wkiéicbd gkr

|kgmumr gd `dw}um~d m bamfd ìr r}wcr gchmum`bcdæýmr gd duwm ducrwkbuäwcbd. Kr mrwcjkr gk wmdwuk

nd|k`îr râk gcxmurchcbdgkr* umhjmwc`gk bdgd }i gmjmr dr bcub} rwå`bcdr acrwòucbdr* rkbckjòfcbdr m

duwérwcbdr gm r}d kucfmi.

D|mrdu gm k wmdwuk kucm`wdj wmu d r}d ci|kuwå`bcd* xdikr bk`rcgmudu k `drbcim`wk gd duwm

gudiäwcbd d |duwcu gk wmdwuk fumfk. D mq|jcbdæâk |dud wdj mrbkjad gmxm)rm dk hdwk gm t}m d

|ucimcud |umrm æd mhmwcxd gk dwku !djf}ãi t}m hdjdrrm mi `kim gd |murk`dfmi# rm gm} `dFuãbcd.

6



D |duwcu gmrwd |mur|mbwcxd* |dud Didudj !4368#* k `drbcim`wk gk wmdwuk wmxm bkik |djbk Dwm`dr*

`k rãb}jk XC d.B. Jä* d |k|}jdæâk rm um}`cd |dud drrcrwcu Wãr|cr* k |ucimcuk akimi t}m `âk rò

cicwdxd kr |uò|uckr akim`r* bkik wdieãi rm hd~cd |drrdu |ku }i gm}r gm bdu`m m krrk. Xdjm

jmieudu t}m d kucfmi gmrrd duwm* drrci bkik dhcuid Emuwakjg !5<<8#* mrwä `kr ucw}dcr* `k ‚gdu m

umbmemu’* bd|d~ gm jcfdu kr akim`r dkr gm}rmr m k bk`wuäuck.

Hkc d |duwcu gk rãb}jk X d.B.* bkik mq|jcbd Didudj !4368#* t}m rm |drrk} d }rdu mhmwcxdim`wm kr

mjmim`wkr }wcjc~dgkr |ku Wãr|cr mi r}dr cicwdæýmr* bkik d wþ`cbd m d iärbdud. Djãi gcrrk* hkc

ci|jd wdgd }id |jdwdhkuid hcqd |dud kr hmrwcxdcr t}m* gm dbkugk bki Emuwakjg !5<<8#*

akim`dfmdxdi Gck`érck* k gm}r gk xcàk* gdr hmrwdr m gk |ud~mu. Mjm mud dbki|dàdgk |ku gcxmurdr hcf}udr iéwcbdr* bkik rcjm`kr4* räwcukr5 m edbd`wmr2.

Bki }id |duwcbc|dæâk dwcxd gk |þejcbk* hkudi m`bm`dgdr `d Fuãbcd dr wudfãgcdr gm Ãrt}cjk*

Ròhkbjmr m M}ué|mgmr* bk`rcgmudgkr kr wuîr |uc`bc|dcr `kimr gk wmdwuk fumfk bjärrcbk. Rmf}`gk

Emuwakjg !5<<8#* Ãrt}cjk hkc }i gudidw}ufk t}m rmf}cd d mrwu}w}ud gd wudfãgcd bki }i |uòjkfk*

k bå`wcbk gm m`wudgd gk bkuk* k umjdwk gkr im`rdfmcukr `k ikim`wk gd xcudgd gk gmrwc`k m k

jdim`wk gdr xéwcidr. Nä Ròhkbjmr hkc }i gudidw}ufk t}m |}àd mi bm`d |murk`dfm`r t}m rmdwumxcdi* bkik d D`wéfk`d* m t}m gmrdhcdxdi kr idcr hkuwmr. M hkc* d |duwcu gm M}ué|mgmr* t}m

r}ufc} k wmdwuk |rcbkjòfcbk gk kbcgm`wm. Mjm ‚umedcqk} d |ukxcgî`bcd gcxc`d dk |kgmu gk

dbdrk’ !EMUWAKJG* 5<<8* |.44<#.

@mrrdr d|umrm wdæýmr* hd~cdi)rm |umrm`wmr `âk rò d wudfãgcd* bkik wdieãi d bkiãgcd. Crrk* gm

dbkugk bki Didudj !4368#* mud }id hkuid gm ikrwudu dk |þejcbk t}m k wmdwuk mud }id hkuid gm

m`wumwm`cim`wk. Hkc bki k wc|k gm wmdwuk hmcwk `d Fuãbcd t}m kr ukid`kr hcbdudi m`bd`wdgkr mumrkjxmudi dgkwdu k fî`muk* idr wkid`gk b}cgdgk |dud `âk adxmu `mà}i wudæk |kjéwcbk k}

umjcfckrk.

Mi Ukid* rmf}`gk Emuwakjg !5<<8#* dbk`wmbcdi dr hmrwcxcgdgmr umjcfckrdr* bki mr|mwäb}jkr t}m

hd~cdi dgkudæâk dkr gm}rmr m fjkuchcbdxdi d bcgdgm. Xdjm umrrdjwdu t}m* mi 287 d.B* Ukid

4 Hcf}udr mieucdfdgdr gkwdgdr gm rdemgkucd m gk gki gd xcxî`bcd.

5 Hcf}udr t}m rciekjc~dxdi dr hkuædr c`bk`wukjäxmcr gd `dw}um~d xmfmwdj m d`cidj.

2 Hcf}udr nkxm`r t}m wkidgdr |mjd jk}b}ud iérwcbd |dumbcdi rmu wkidgdr |mjk gm}r.1



xcxcd k ikim`wk gd |mrwm m* |ku crrk* dr |mrrkdr e}rbdxdi d|jdbdu kr |kgmumr gd xcgd m gd

ikuwm. Crwk mud hmcwk |ku imck gm nkfkr bî`cbkr* icik* gd`æd* bd`æâk m c`xkbdæýmr umjcfckrdr. K

wmdwuk ukid`k* t}m amugk} mjmim`wkr gk wmdwuk fumfk* bkik dr bdudbwmuérwcbdr gudiäwcbdr m

dut}cwmw÷`cbdr* mud bdudbwmuc~dgk bkik c`rwu}im`wk gm |kgmu gk Mrwdgk* t}m kufd c~dxd d duwm

gm dbkugk bki k |ukfudid gm hmrwcxcgdgmr.

Mrrm wc|k gm wmdwuk wmxm bkik |djbk k wdejdgk gm idgmcud* t}m mud ik`wdgk m gmrik`wdgk d bdgd

kbdrcâk* m`t}d`wk k |þejcbk hcbdxd mi rmicbéub}jk dk umgku* bkik dhcuid Emuwakjg !5<<8#. Dr

|mrrkdr t}m drrcrwcdi dk mr|mwäb}jk hcbdxdi mi |ã* idr* bki k wmi|k* hkudi bkjkbdgdr* `kr

j}fdumr gdr d|umrm`wdæýmr* bdgmcudr |dud kr c`gcxég}kr idcr ci|kuwd`wmr rm rm`wdumi* bkik

rm`dgkumr m h}`bck`äuckr gk Mrwdgk* k t}m bd}rdxd umxkjwd `k umrwk gd |k|}jdæâk.

Imumbm gmrwdt}m* rmf}`gk Emuwakjg !5<<8#* k Bkjcrm}* t}m hkc k idcr fud`gckrk wmdwuk gkr

ci|mudgkumr hjdxcd`kr* k`gm rm deucfdxdi rakvr m mr|mwäb}jkr `k rm`wcgk idcr di|jk* rmi

d|umrm`wdæýmr gm gudidr gm iãucwk jcwmuäuck* rmi `mà}id mq|mucî`bcd c`wmjmbw}dj. K t}m mud

d|umrm`wdgk djc mud |dud gcxmuwcu k |þejcbk* t}m mud }i imuk bk`r}icgku gmrrd hkuid gm

m`wumwm`cim`wk.

@d Cgdgm Iãgcd* Emuwakjg !5<<8# bk`rcgmud t}m k wmdwuk mud um|jmwk gm xcgd* dk imrik wmi|k

t}m bk`wudrwdxd bki hkuidr gm mq|umrrâk t}m rm gchmum`bcdxdi gd D`wcf}cgdgm. Djãi gcrrk* gm

dbkugk bki Didudj !4368#* `d ã|kbd `d Cgdgm Iãgcd* d b}jw}ud mud uct}m~d mqbj}rcxd gd cfumnd*

k t}m t}mu gc~mu t}m dr cgãcdr umjcfckrdr mrwdxdi |umrm`wmr wdieãi `k wmdwuk t}m* |ku r}d xm~*

um}`cd wudækr gm wudfãgcd* bkiãgcd m hdurd. Rm`gk drrci* k wmdwuk imgcmxdj mud umr}jwdgk gm }id

hd`wärwcbd xcrâk gm rkàk* bki |mædr t}m hdjdxdi gkr m|crògckr eéejcbkr m mqdjwdxdi d xcgd gm

rd`wkr m iäuwcumr.

Bki k wmi|k* gm dbkugk bki Emuwakjg !5<<8#* kr wmqwkr gkr Mxd`fmjakr |drrdudi d `âk rmu

idcr k þ`cbk idwmucdj }rdgk `dr gudidwc~dæýmr umjcfckrdr m dr um|umrm`wdæýmr rdéudi gk åiecwk

gd cfumnd. Bki mrrd i}gd`æd* d |k|}jdæâk d|kgmuk})rm gmrrm gudid m bdgd c`gcxég}k wcàd

jcemugdgm gm ikrwudu dr xmugdgmr gd hã rmf}`gk d r}d |uò|ucd c`wmu|umwdæâk. D|mrdu gm* g}ud`wm

}i eki wmi|k* i}cwkr wmumi wudedjadgk d wmiäwcbd umjcfckrd* k}wukr nä wudedjadxdi d hdxku gd

jcemudjc~dæâk um`drbm`wcrwd. @d Um`drbm`æd* bkik dhcuid Didudj !4368#* dr duwmr |drrdudi d rm

gcrwd`bcdu gkr gkfidr mbjmrcärwcbkr rm d|ukqcid`gk gd hcjkrkhcd a}id`crwd.

3



M`wum dr bdudbwmuérwcbdr gd Um`drbm æd* Emuwakjg !5<<8# bcwd d jcemudæâk gk c`gcxcg}djcrik m k

gmr|muwdu gd |murk`djcgdgm. K idubk gk wmdwuk `mrwd ã|kbd ã 4718* gdwd mi t}m hkc ik`wdgd d

|ucimcud wudfãgcd gm Rî`mbd |mjkr a}id crwdr m d bkiãgcd gm \jd}wk |mjk g}t}m gm Hmuudud. @k

bkimæk gd Um`drbm`æd* dr d|umrm`wdæýmr mudi hmcwdr bki bm`äuckr ikgmrwkr* idr bki k |drrdu

gkr d`kr mjdr fdàdudi |ukh} gcgdgm mi |mur|mbwcxd. @k gmbkuumu gk wmi|k* k wmdwuk

um`drbm`wcrwd xcxm} }id um|mwcæâk gk wmdwuk ukid`k* `k rm`wcgk gm t}m t}d`wk idckumr mudi kr

dr|mbwkr xcr}dcr* im`kr xdjkuc~dgk mud k bk`wmþgk jcwmuäuck.

Dc`gd rmf}`gk Emuwakjg !5<<8#* k wmdwuk |drrk} d rmu }id c`rwcw}cæâk `d xcgd gd bcgdgm m k wmid

gd Um`drbm`æd m gk akimi bk`rbcm`wm gm rc imrik djbd`æk} d |muhmcæâk duwérwcbd `k wmdwukmjcrdemwd`k7. M ã `mrwm |muékgk t}m d duwm gudiäwcbd djbd`æk} rm}r |umrr}|krwkr duwérwcbkr* rm}r

wmidr m mrwcjk m d C`fjdwmuud mrwdxd* |ku hci* rm jcxud`gk gd Hud`æd. M`wum kr |uc`bc|dcr

gudidw}ufkr t}m rm gmrwdbdi* m`bk`wudikr Radomr|mdum* b}ndr |mædr khmumbmi djcim`wk |dud d

wud`rhkuidgkud bd|dbcgdgm gd cidfc`dæâk ì jk}b}ud. Mrrm nkxmi |crk} `k |djbk `k ikim`wk

mi t}m kr dwkumr |ukhcrrck`dcr wcàdi }id |krcæâk hdxkuäxmj m rmf}ud `d rkbcmgdgm*

bk`rmf}c`gk* c`bj}rcxm* fdàdu i}cwk gcàmcuk `k wmdwuk.

Nä `k wmdwuk bjärrcbk hud`bîr* }i gkr gmrwdt}mr hkc Ikjcãum* t}m wudedjadxd mi r}dr |mædr idcr

xmugdgmr gk t}m k gmrmnäxmj* gmcqd`gk kr bm`rkumr h}uckrkr. Idr kr d}wkumr hud`bmrmr* rmf}`gk

Didudj !4368#* `âk dgicudxdi dr keudr gm Radomr|mdum. Dc`gd `d ã|kbd gk wmdwuk mjcrdemwd`k*

mrrd duwm mud djxk gm bm`r}udr* }id xm~ t}m dr |mædr t}m rmucdi um|umrm`wdgdr gmxmucdi |drrdu

|mjk imrwum)gm)bmuci÷`cdr* t}m mud t}mi r}|muxcrck`dxd dr hmrwcxcgdgmr* bkik mq|jcbd Emwakjg

!5<<8#. \kgm)rm gc~mu t}m* `k hc`dj gk rãb}jk QXC* k rmuxcæk gm bk`wukjm umdj hkc k|umrrcxk bki

k wmdwuk mjcrdemwd`k.

T}d`wk dk eduukbk* rcf`chcbdwcxk g}ud`wm k rãb}jk QXCC* mjm xcxm}* `kxdim`wm* d ‚de}`gå`bcd

djmfòucbd gk hci gd Cgdgm Iãgcd m d mùct}mbm} bki k i}`gd`crik rm`r}dj gd Um`drbm`æd’

!EMUWAKJG* 5<<8* |.252#. @k wmdwuk* dr bkcrdr wmuum`dr m bmjmrwcdcr mrwdxdi n}`wdr. \dud

Emuwakjg !5<<8#* bki d m`wudgd gk eduukbk dr rdjdr gm mr|mwäb}jk wku`dudi)rm }i gkr jkbdcr gm

mr|dækr gm um|umrm`wdæâk idcr ci|kuwd`wmr m* |duwc`gk gmrwd ci|ukxcrdgd rdjd* k |uòqcik |drrk

7 \muékgk drrkbcdgk dk umc`k gd udcàd Mjc~demwa C !4==1 ‒ 48<2# m bk`rcgmudgk d mud gm k}uk gd acrwòucd c`fjmrd*bki k d}fm gk um`drbcim`wk.

4<



hkc d bdrd gm ò|mud* bki d r}d dut}cwmw}ud ku`dim`wdj. D fud`gm `kxcgdgm gk wmdwuk eduukbk

mudi kr edrwcgkumr mi `éxmj m gmrjc~d`wmr* t}m bk`rcrwcd mi ikjg}udr umxmrwcgdr gm wmjd |c`wdgd

bd|d~mr gm gmrjc~du rkeum kr wucjakr.

Rmf}`gk Didudj !4368#* }id `kxd b}jw}ud duwérwcbd dhjkuk} `d Cwäjcd* mi imdgkr gk rãb}jk QXC>

d Bkiimgcd gmjj–duwm. Mjd bk`rcrwm `}id hkuid gm wmdwuk |k|}jdu* gchmum wm gd bkiãgcd

jcwmuäucd m mu}gcwd. Rmf}`gk Emuwakjg !5<<8#* wudwd)rm gm }id duwm iciãwcbd* bki }id

ci|ukxcrdæâk äfcj. @mrwm wc|k gm wmdwuk* kr dwkumr }wcjc~dxdi iärbdudr m wudnmr bdu`dxdjmrbkr*

djãi gm wmumi cjcicwdgkr umb}urkr gm ci|ukxcrdæâk. ]i gkr |ukejmidr gmrwm wc|k gm wmdwuk mud d

|keum~d gk wmqwk* k t}m hkc }i gkr ikwcxkr |dud d r}d gmbdgî`bcd* bkik dhcuid Didudj !4368#.

@k imrik rm`wcgk* Emuwakjg dbumrbm`wd t}m d|mrdu gd ci|kuwå bcd gmrrd mrwu}w}ud `d acrwòucdi}`gcdj gk wmdwuk* d Bkiimgcd gmjj–duwm `âk hkc bd|d~ gm mxcwdu k |mucfk gm* mi djf}`r

ikim`wkr* rm wku`du }id imud x}jfducgdgm* bki |cdgdr kerbm`dr m ci|ukxcrdæâk wkrbd.

K |uòqcik |muékgk t}m imumbm gmrwdt}m `mrrm eumxm d|dàdgk acrwòucbk gk wmdwuk ã k gk

`drbcim`wk gk i}`gk ikgmu`k m gk akimi e}uf}îr. Gm dbkugk bki Emuwakjg !5<<8#* d

M}uk|d gk rãb}jk QXCCC* h}`gdgd `dr cgmdcr a}id`crwdr* hkc }id ã|kbd gm df}gdr i}gd`ædr `d

id`mcud gm |m`rdu* }id xm~ t}m k rãb}jk gdr j}~mr wm`gcd |dud d umxkj}æâk* k rm`wcim`wdjcrik md buéwcbd. @mrwd ã|kbd* gkcr |dérmr rm d|umrm`wdudi bkik |ukwdfk`crwdr |ucxcjmfcdgkr> C`fjdwmuud

m Hud`æd. K wmdwuk hkc }i gkr mjmim`wkr t}m bk`wuce}c} |dud d hkuidæâk gmrwm rãb}jk um|jmwk gm

bk`wudgcæýmr m ik`}im`wdcr wmdwukr m ò|mudr hkudi bk`rwu}égkr |ku wkgd d M}uk|d.

@mrwm bk`wmqwk* rmf}`gk Didudj !4368#* k gudid e}uf}îr d|umrm`wdxd bk`xm`æýmr amugdgdr gk

bjdrrcbcrik m kr rm}r h}`gdgkumr wudedjadxdi bki k c`gcxég}k bk`gcbck`dgk |mjk t}m dbk`wmbcd

`k bkwcgcd`k. Rm d |k|}jducgdgm d`wmuckuim`wm bk`t}crwdgd |ku }id Bkiimgcd gmjj–duwm* |ku mqmi|jk* bkimæk} d rcf`chcbdu x}jfduc~dæâk* c`cbck})rm d e}rbd |ku }i wmdwuk gm mjcwm* hd~m`gk

bki t}m k gudid rm wku`drrm idcr c`wmjmbw}djc~dgk. Bki d mimufî`bcd gk `dw}udjcrik* k wmdwuk

|drrk} d bk`wmu buéwcbd rkbcdj m k wmdwuk ikgmu`k d`gdxd gm }i mqwumik d k}wuk* umhjmwc`gk

rmi|um dr |umkb}|dæýmr rkbcdcr gk ikim`wk.

Bkik bk`rmt}î`bcd gdr i}gd`ædr m umxkj}æýmr gmrrm |ukbmrrk bkàmbcgk bki d mimufî`bcd gk

i}`gk ikgmu`k* r}ufc} d ã|kbd gd iät}c`d m gd bcî`bcd. Rmf}`gk Emuwakjg !5<<8#* k gcumwku

|drrk} d rmu k bm`wuk gk mr|mwäb}jk* gmhc`c`gk k mrwcjk* ikjgd gk kr dwkumr m wm`gk ì r}d

44



gcr|krcæâk |djbk fcudwòuck* bcbjkudid m cj}ic`dæâk |kjcbukiäwcbd. Djãi gcrrk* ak}xm r}bmrrâk

gm xäucdr hkuidr gm mrwcjk* bkik `dw}udjcrik* rciekjcrik* mq|umrrck`crik m wmdwuk

bk`xm`bck`dj.

Ã ci|kuwd`wm umrrdjwdu d |umrm`æd gk m`bm`dgku `d acrwòucd gk wmdwuk. @kr þjwcikr d`kr gk rãb}jk

QCQ* k wudedjak gk m`bm`dgku* rmf}`gk Didudj !4368#* mud idcku t}m d keud gk gudidw}ufk.

M`wum fud`gmr m`bm`dgkumr* mrwä D`guã D`wkc`m* t}m bk|cdxd d xcgd bkik mjd mud* djãi gm wmu

rcgk d |mrrkd t}m gm} kucfmi dk bk`bmcwk gm ‚t}duwd |dumgm’ ) mq|umrrâk t}m r}fmum dkr dwkumr

cf`kudumi d |jdwãcd* |dud t}m* drrci* bk`rcfdi dwc`fcu d xmugdgm gd |murk`dfmi. Kr ek`r

m`bm`dgkumr hc~mudi }rk gk imjaku t}m adxcd `k rm} wmi|k |dud bk`rwu}cu }i mr|mwäb}jk m

bk`t}crwdu k mr|mbwdgku.

Dc`gd `k hc`dj gk rãb}jk QCQ* mi 4136* ã|kbd gd h}`gdæâk gk Wmdwuk gm Duwm gm Ikrbk}*

rmf}`gk Emuwakjg !5<<8#* d Uþrrcd |krr}éd fm`mukrkr |dwuk`kr gd duwm* k} rmnd* |mrrkdr t}m

gmrwc`dxdi |duwm gk gcàmcuk t}m wcàdi mi |ukj gd duwm. @k m`wd`wk* bki d Umxkj}æâk U}rrd

gm 4346* k wmdwuk |drrk} |ku }id u}|w}ud m xcdi)rm fu}|kr wumc`dgkr |dud |uk|dfd`gd m

dfcwdæâk. @mrwd ã|kbd* adxcd wuîr ci|kuwd`wmr m`bm`dgkumr> Imcmuakjg* Xdoawå`fkx m Wdéukx*

wkgkr mjmr xc`gkr gk Wmdwuk gm Duwm gm Ikrbk} m gkr m`rc`dim`wkr gm Rwd`crjäxroc* t}m hkc }igkr h}`gdgkumr gmrrm wmdwuk. Bki k gcumwku djmiâk \crbdwku* xmck k wmdwuk gm dfcwdæâk* bki

kenmwcxk `âk gm |ukg}~cu duwm* idr gm hd~mu |uk|dfd`gd |dud bk`t}crwdu dr idrrdr c`gchmum`wmr.

@k rãb}jk QQ* k |djbk drr}icd }i `kxk ucwik m k `kxk gudid m`bk`wuk} bkik d}wku Emuwkjw

Eumbaw* t}m gmhm`gcd* rmf}`gk Emuwkjg !5<<8#* t}m k wmdwuk gmxmucd wud`ricwcu bkàmbcim`wk* m

`âk xcxî`bcdr. K bduäwmu gk rm} wmdwuk umhmucd)rm dk |uc`bé|ck gk wmdwuk ã|cbk* bdudbwmuc~dgk |mjd

`duudwcxd* hd~m`gk gk mr|mbwdgku }i kermuxdgku buéwcbk. Djãi gcrrk* mjm wudedjadxd bki k mhmcwkgm gcrwd`bcdim`wk* gm dbkugk bki k t}dj k dwku `âk gmxm gmik`rwudu mikæâk* m rci bk`rbcî`bcd

buéwcbd.

K wmdwuk bk`wc`}k} |drrd`gk |ku wud`rhkuidæýmr m `d gãbdgd gm 8<* k |kjk`îr Fukwkvroc |uk|÷r

k wmdwuk |keum. Rmf}`gk Emuwakjg !5<<8#* k mr|dæk nä `âk mud wâk ci|kuwd`wm |dud Fukwkvroc*

|kcr k mr|mwäb}jk |kgm rmu d|umrm`wdgk mi t}djt}mu j}fdu. K mrrm`bcdj gk mr|mwäb}jk mud d

|umrm æd gk dwku gcd`wm gk mr|mbwdgku* rmi rm |umkb}|du bki bm äuck* hcf}uc`k* idt}cdfmi mwb.

45



Djãi gk wmdwuk ã|cbk m gk wmdwuk |keum* wdieãi imumbmi gmrwdt}m k wmdwuk gm xd`f}dugd* k

|kjéwcbk* k rkbcdj* k |k|}jdu* k gk k|ucicgk m d bucdæâk bkjmwcxd* bkik gmhc`m Idfdjgc !5<<3#.

Mrwm |ucimcuk t}djcwdwcxk* xd`f}dugd* bdudbwmuc~d }i ikxcim`wk mi xkfd `k rmf}`gk |òr)

f}muud* b}nkr dwkumr rm }`cdi |mjd gmrcf`dæâk bki}i gm wmdwuk gk der}ugk. T}d`wk dk wmdwuk

|kjéwcbk* mrwm rm d|jcbd `k Eudrcj m dkr t}m hd~mi mjm bk gm mrt}mugd* bki d c`wm æâk gm dhcuidu

d cgmkjkfcd iduqcrwd m bkiedwmu k bd|cwdjcrik. K wmdwuk rkbcdj bk`wmi|jd kr bk`bmcwkr gm wmdwuk

|kjéwcbk m ã|cbk m ã idubdgk |ku }id gudidw}ufcd t}m wmi fduud rkbcdj. K wmdwuk |k|}jdu ã d

hkuid gm mq|ucicu }id duwm rkbcdj* uki|m`gk dr eduumcudr gm bjdrrm. @mjm* k |umæk ã dbmrréxmj m

k wmqwk dwudxmrrd |jdwãcdr mr|dækrdr* bd|d~ gm badidu k |þejcbk gk r}eþueck. K wmdwuk gk

k|ucicgk |ukb}ud wku`du d umdjcgdgm c`wmjcféxmj `dr r}dr ud~ýmr idcr |ukh}`gdr* m `âk d|m`dr `d

d|duî`bcd. M d bucdæâk bkjmwcxd ã hmcwd t}d`wk k dwku ã }i duwcrwd bucdgku.

\kgmikr deucu }i fud`gm |duî`wmrmr |dud d|umrm`wdu }id wc|kjkfcd gk wmdwuk wdj bkik mjm rm

d|umrm`wd aknm. @d akud gm d`djcrdu k wmdwuk* ã ci|kuwd`wm |uckuc~du k wmqwk* t}m ã k t}m gä

mhcbäbcd dk mr|mwäb}jk* gm dbkugk bki Idfdjgc !5<<3#. Drrci bkik k |kmwd wudedjad bki k

xmurk m k ukid`bcrwd bki d `duudwcxd* k gudidw}ufk wudedjad bki k gcäjkfk. ]id |mæd emi hmcwd

wmi bkik mrt}mid d d|umrm`wdæâk* k gmrm`xkjxcim`wk m d rkj}æâk gk bk`hjcwk* k t}m r}fmum d

cgmcd gm }`cgdgmr gm dæâk* wmi|k m j}fdu. Mi i}cwkr bdrkr* kr fî`mukr `âk rm d|umrm`wdi bki |umbcrâk mi }id |mæd m k t}m rm xî ã }id icrw}ud gmjmr.

\dud \dxcr !4333#* k mi|umfk |jmwòucbk gk wmuik ‚fî`muk’ hd~ bki t}m mjm |mubd k rm}

xmugdgmcuk rm`wcgk* k t}m |umn}gcbd dr wm`wdwcxdr gm bjdrrchcbdæâk* wd`wk gdr hkuidr jcwmuäucdr*

bkik wmdwudcr. K fî`muk ã bk`rwcw}égk `âk d|m`dr |ku `kuidr mqcfcgdr |mjdr |kãwcbdr* bkik |ku

}i bk`n}`wk gm bkgchcbdæýmr bd|d~mr gm c`hkuidu rkeum d umdjcgdgm t}m rm r}|ým t}m k wmqwk

um|umrm`wm. Xdjm umrrdjwdu t}m d k|æâk gm jmu }i wmqwk rmf}c`gk dr umfudr gm gmwmuic`dgk fî`muk

gä }id c`gcbdæâk dk jmcwku+mr|mbwdgku rkeum d umdjcgdgm d|umrm`wdgd* hcuid`gk }id fudgm m`wumk wmqwk m k jmcwku.

Aä }i gcxmurk jmt}m gm fî`mukr wmdwudcr. ]i gmjmr ã k gudid* i}cwk }rdgk `âk rò `k wmdwuk*

bkik `k bc`mid* m mi wmjm`kxmjdr. @k Eudrcj* \dxcr !4333# mq|jcbd t}m mjm um|umrm`wd k fî`muk

k|krwk ì bkiãgcd m ã i}cwk drrkbcdgk dk gudid |rcbkjòfcbk. Mjm rcf`chcbd }i |kmid gudiäwcbk*

}i wmqwk mrbucwk |dud |d|ãcr gcxmurchcbdgkr m t}m rmf}m }id dæâk bk`hjcw}krd.

42



\uòqcik gk gudid wmi)rm k imjkgudid. Mrwm ã d|jcbdgk mi gcxmurkr rcf`chcbdgkr `kr imckr gm

bki}`cbdæâk gm idrrd. Mjm wmi kucfmi `k rãb}jk QXCCC* bkik dhcuid \dxcr !4333#* m ã }id

mr|ãbcm gm k|mumwd |k|}jdu* bki k }rk gd iþrcbd t}m d|dumbm `kr ikim`wkr idcr gudiäwcbkr gd

bm`d* bki kenmwcxk gm mq|ucicu d mikæâk gk |murk`dfmi. @mjd* aä k jdgk amuòcbk* rm`wcim`wdj m

wuäfcbk r}ejcàdgk dk iäqcik }id mrwu}w}ud `duudwcxd ci}wäxmj* idubdgd |mjk diku* bdrwcfk m

umbki|m`rd* djãi gm |murk`dfm`r gcxcgcgdr m`wum ekdr m iär. K imjkgudid mrwä aknm `k wmdwuk

gm ek}jmxdug* mi wmjm`kxmjdr m ukid`bmr edudwkr.

T}d`wk ì bkiãgcd* mjd ã bdudbwmuc~dgd |mjk }rk gm a}iku. Gm dbkugk bki \dxcr !4333#* mjd rm

gmhc`m bki bucwãuckr t}m k|ými d wudfãgcd* bki |murk`dfm`r gm bk`gcæâk ikgmrwd* gmrm`jdbm

hmjc~ m bki hc`djcgdgm gm |ukxkbdu ucrk `k mr|mbwdgku* t}m kud ã gm b}i|jcbcgdgm* kud gmr}|muckucgdgm. D hdurd ã k}wuk fî`muk gm |mæd wmdwudj* idubdgk |mjk e}ujmrbk* bki |murk`dfm`r m

rcw}dæýmr bducbdwdr. Gm dbkugk bki \dxcr !4333#* mjd ã drrkbcdgd dk b÷icbk fukwmrbk m e}hâk*

bki mrwcjk m ucrk idcr fukrrmcuk* t}m `âk ã mjmxdgd dk `éxmj gd bkicbcgdgm. Mjd rm gchmum gd

bkiãgcd* |mjk hdwk gm `âk rm |umkb}|du bki d xmukrrcicjad`æd m gm `âk hd~mu t}mrwck`dim`wk

gm xdjku.

D wudfãgcd ã }id mr|ãbcm gm hkuid gm gudid* hmcwk bki rmucmgdgm m t}m m`xkjxm }i bk`hjcwkm`wum }i |murk`dfmi m djfk k} djf}ãi gm c`rwå`bcd idcku. \dud \dxcr !4333#* ã }id |mæd b}nd

dæâk i}cwdr xm~mr wmi d ikuwm bkik gmrhmbak. D acrwòucd cicwd dæýmr a}id`dr t}m râk

bkjkbdgdr rke k rcf`k gk rkhucim`wk gdr |murk`dfm`r dwã k ikim`wk gm umbkàmbcim`wk gmjdr

m`wum rc k} gd bk`rbcm`wc~dæâk gd hk`wm gk idj. D wudfcbkiãgcd* |ku r}d xm~* bk`rcrwm `d icrw}ud

gm wudfãgcd m bkiãgcd. Mjd gmrcf`d* `d ã|kbd bjärrcbd* wkgd d wudfãgcd t}m dbded emi. @mrwm wc|k

gm fî`muk mrwâk bk`wcgkr m`bk`wukr* umbkàmbcim`wkr m dxm`w}udr fdjd`wmr.

Nä d ò|mud ã }i fî`muk duwérwcbk bdudbwmuc~dgk |ku }i gudid hmcwk bki iþrcbd. Ò|mud m wmdwuk

mrwâk bdgd xm~ idcr n}`wkr* bkik dhcuid \dxcr !4333#. Ã }id duwm edrmdgd mi hmcwkr xkbdcr. K

wmdwuk xmck |dud `âk hd~mu d ò|mud rmu mrbudxd gd iþrcbd. T}d`wk dk wmdwuk i}rcbdj* ã }id hkuid

bk`wmi|kuå`md bki kenmwcxk gm }`cu wmqwk* iþrcbd m m`bm`dæâk xcr}dj rmi umg}~cu d }i

gm`kic`dgku bki}i. T}d`wk ì häe}jd* mjd wmqw}djc~d dr dæýmr t}m |}gmudi kbkuumu d`wmr gk

bkimæk gk mr|mwäb}jk k} t}m wmuâk rmt}î`bcd d|òr d bk`bj}râk gd |mæd.

47



K wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj* bkik mq|jcbd \dxcr !4333#* rm k|ým dk wmdwuk wudgcbck`dj* bkimubcdj m

e}uf}îr* t}m xcrdi j}bukr. Wudwd)rm gm }id dwcw}gm gkr duwcrwdr hum`wm ì wudgcæâk m ì mq|jkudæâk

bkimubcdj. Gmrwdbdi)rm `mjd |ukfumrrkr wãb`cbkr* bkik `kxd dut}cwmw}ud gdr rdjdr* ikecjcgdgm*

}rk gm idwmucdcr jmxmr m ikgmjäxmcr m k idcr ci|kuwd`wmr* wm`wdwcxdr. K wmdwuk gkb}im`wäuck* |ku

r}d xm~* rò }rd mi rm}r wmqwkr gkb}im`wkr m hk`wmr d}wî`wcbkr t}m râk ik`wdgkr mi h}`æâk gd

wmrm rkbck|kjéwcbd gk gudidw}ufk.

K ci|ukxcrk wudwd)rm gm }id |mæd ci|ukxcrdgd. @mjd kr dwkumr c`xm`wdi }id acrwòucd m

um|umrm`wdi |murk`dfm`r bkik rm mrwcxmrrmi ci|ukxcrd`gk. K}wuk wc|k ã k rwd`g)}| bkimgs*

k} rmnd* }i mr|mwäb}jk gm a}iku mqmb}wdgk |ku }id |mrrkd. M aä* wdieãi* d |muhkuid`bm*

r}ufcgd `d gãbdgd gm rmrrm`wd m t}m drrkbcd duwmr xcr}dcr* wmdwuk* gd`æd* iþrcbd* |kmrcd* bc`midmwb.

Umwkid`gk d |mur|mbwcxd acrwòucbd* gmrgm d ã|kbd gk hci gd \ucimcud F}muud I}`gcdj* ak}xm

}id c`hc cgdgm gm wm`gî`bcdr gm`wuk gk }`cxmurk gk wmdwuk. M wum dr t}m idubdudi k

|m`rdim`wk bk`wmi|kuå`mk* gmrwdbd)rm k mqcrwm bcdjcrik* bkik mq|jcbd Didudj !4368#. Gm

dbkugk bki Emuwakjg !5<<8#* rm mi wkgdr dr ã|kbdr ak}xm gcrb}rrýmr m eucfdr `k wmdwuk* crwk rm

wku`k} idcr humtúm`wm `k ikim`wk mi t}m d duwm rm k|ým ì |umrrâk gd rkbcmgdgm c`g}rwucdjc~dgdgm idrrd* k t}m hkc umwudwdgk mi xäucdr |mædr. \kgmikr dhcuidu wdieãi t}m |ku bk`wd gk

gmrm`xkjxcim`wk gkr imckr gm bki}`cbdæâk* bkik uägck* wmjmxcrâk m bc`mid* k wmdwuk rm

m`bk`wud mi bucrm d |duwcu gd rmf}`gd imwdgm gk rãb}jk QQ* k t}m mq|jcbd k rm} |k}bk |þejcbk.

@k m`wd`wk* rmf}`gk \mcqkwk !5<<8#* d|mrdu gm k wmdwuk |drrdu |ku i}gd`ædr dk jk`fk gk wmi|k*

|uc`bc|djim`wm bki umjdæâk ì r}d h}`æâk rkbcdj* mjm id`wãi mjmim`wkr t}m k hd~mi rmu }id

mq|umrrâk duwérwcbd gchmum`bcdgd. Djãi gcrrk* k t}m rm gmxm m`wm`gmu ã t}m `âk mqcrwm d|m`dr }iwc|k gm wmdwuk* idr xäuckr. Gd imrid hkuid dbk`wmbm bki k |þejcbk* t}m aknm ã emi

gcxmurchcbdgk.

M `k Eudrcj; Bkik mrrd duwm rm d|umrm`wd aknm;

4=



5.5 Wmdwuk Bk`wmi|kuå`mk Eudrcjmcuk

Gcxmurchcbdgk m dgm`rdgk* k rcrwmid b}jw}udj ikgmu`k wmi c`ébck mi 437<* d`k bdudbwmuc~dgk

|ku rcf`chcbdwcxdr i}gd`ædr gdr bk`gcæýmr rkbcdcr* duwérwcbdr m c`rwcw}bck`dcr* bkik dhcuid

\k`wmr !5<4<#. M`wum dr gãbdgdr gm 437< m 43=<* d b}jw}ud eudrcjmcud |drrk} |ku wud`rhkuidæýmr

idubdgdr |mjk Bc`mid @kxk m |mjk m`wumjdædim`wk gk wmdwuk* gk uägck m gd wmjmxcrâk. @mrrdã|kbd* d |ukhcrrck`djc~dæâk gk wmdwuk ikgmu`k dbk`wmbm} |ku bd}rd gd bk`wuce}cæâk gk gcumwku

mrwud`fmcuk m gdr bki|dàcdr t}m bk`wcàdi kr duwcrwdr t}m aknm râk wâk umr|mcwdgkr. Djãi

gcrrk* kr |uc`bc|dcr gudidw}ufkr eudrcjmcukr dn}gdudi d ‚bk`xmuwmu k wmdwuk mi r}|kuwm gm }id

um`kxdæâk udgcbdj `d id`mcud gm d|umm`gmu d mq|mucî`bcd bk`wmi|kuå`md gd rkbcmgdgm

eudrcjmcud’ !\K@WMR* 5<4<* |.74#.

Gm dbkugk bki \k`wmr !5<4<#* k |d`kudid gk wmdwuk eudrcjmcuk rkhum} ikgchcbdæýmr mi 438<*

bki d dw}dæâk gm `kxkr fu}|kr* bkik k Wmdwuk gm Dum`d* k Khcbc`d m kr Bm`wukr \k|}jdumr gm

48



B}jw}ud t}m xdjkuc~dxdi k d}wku `dbck`dj m c`wukg}~cdi `kxdr bk`xm`æýmr wmdwudcr. Mqmi|jk

gcrrk ã k mr|mwäb}jk Ukgd Xcgd* gm Bacbk E}dut}m gm Akjjd`gd* mi t}m d mrwu}w}ud gk |djbk

‚cwdjcd`k’ hkc t}meudgd* rmi hdjdu `d cj}râk |ukg}~cgd |mjd ‚t}duwd |dumgm’.

Dc`gd `d gãbdgd gm 438<* Idfdjgc !4338# mq|jcbd t}m k Fkj|m Icjcwdu* mi 4387* hkc k

umr|k`räxmj |ku wud~mu d amfmik`cd gd bm`r}ud |dud k wmdwuk. D rkeumxcxî`bcd gmrrd duwm wku`k})

rm gchébcj* |uc`bc|djim`wm bki d mgcæâk gk DC)= m bki k fkxmu`k Iãgcbc* t}m umwcuk} k t}m

rkeuk} gm jcemugdgm gm mq|umrrâk `dt}mjd ã|kbd. D rcw}dæâk rò hcbk} idcr wud`túcjd bki d

demuw}ud |kjéwcbd c`cbcdgd `k fkxmu`k Fmcrmj* `k hc`dj gkr d`kr gd gãbdgd gm 436<.

@mrwd gãbdgd gm 436<* k t}m idubk} `k bdi|k gk wmdwuk hkc d jc`f}dfmi bki|krwd |ku imwähkudr }rdgdr |ku fu}|kr wmdwudcr eudrcjmcukr* bkik mq|jcbd Idfdjgc !4338#. @mrrd ã|kbd* nä

adxcd d`rmck gm jcemugdgm* hd~m`gk bki t}m kr d}wkumr |drrdrrmi d wudedjadu bki }id

gudidw}ufcd rkbcdj m |kjéwcbd. Idr* |dud Idfdjgc* k idubk gd bk`wmi|kud`mcgdgm `k wmdwuk

eudrcjmcuk ã gmhc`cgk bkik wm`gk kbkuucgk mi 4361* d`k gk jd`ædim`wk gm Idb}`déid m k

wãuic`k gk Dwk C`rwcw}bck`dj `¾ =. D ã|kbd hkc bdudbwmuc~dgd |mjk c`ébck gd hdrm gk gkié`ck gkr

m`bm`dgkumr)bucdgkumr.

Rmf}`gk Idfdjgc !4338#* bki k hci gd gcwdg}ud* `âk ak}xm idcr n}rwchcbdwcxd |dud d

ikecjc~dæâk gkr d}wkumr t}m hd~cdi bkiedwm ì rcw}dæâk. D mq|jcbdæâk |dud k gmbjé`ck gd

gudidw}ufcd `kr d`kr 431< mud gm t}m kr d}wkumr |umbcrducdi gm }i wmi|k |dud wud~mu dk |djbk

idwmucdcr t}m c`wmumrrdxdi dk |þejcbk. @mrwd ã|kbd* k umbkàmbcim`wk gk wmdwuk bkik }id duwm

d}w÷`kid hkc bd|d~ gm |ukxkbdu i}gd`ædr |uäwcbdr* bkik* |ku mqmi|jk* `k bk`bmcwk gm

gudidw}ufk* t}m ã d}wku gk wmqwk* bkik `k gk m`bm`dgku* t}m ã k d}wku gk mr|mwäb}jk. Rm`gk

drrci* k m`bm`dgku wd`wk |kgm |umrmuxdu k wmqwk c`wmfudj* bkik c`wmuxcu `d |mæd.

M`wum kr duwcrwdr gk wmdwuk c`wmu`dbck`dj t}m c`hj}m`bcdudi i}cwkr dwkumr eudrcjmcukr* Idfdjgc

!4338# bcwd Xcbwku Fdubcd* Ukemuw Vcjrk`* \mwmu Eukko m Wdgm}r~ Nd`wku. Nkrã \krrc @mwk hkc* `d

gãbdgd gm 431<* k |ucimcuk d kewmu îqcwk di|jk `d |mæd Gm eudækr demuwkr* }id xm~ t}m mjm

wuk}qm |dud k |djbk }id dwikrhmud iäfcbd. J}c~ Ukemuwk Fdjc~cd* d}wku gm Kr |ukbmrrkr

bucdwcxkr gm Ukemuw Vcjrk`* wuk}qm d xcwdjcgdgm gd |muhkuid`bm. K gcumwku gk Ku`cwkuuc`bk* Bdbä

Ukrrmw* bk`rmf}c} gmrmi|kmcudu kr bjärrcbkr* wudwd`gk)kr bkik bk`wmi|kuå`mkr. K}wuk `kim

jcfdgk ìr xmuwm`wmr gd mrwãwcbd dw}dj ã D`w÷`ck Dudþnk* t}m hkfm gkr wmdwukr bk`xm`bck`dcr. Aä

46



dc`gd Mg}dugk Wkjm`wc`k gm Dudþnk* t}m hm~ `d |mæd Xcþxd* |kuãi ak`mrwd }id jmcw}ud gchmum`wm

gm wkgdr dr k}wudr nä hmcwdr* gmcqd`gk kr wde}r gd gudidw}ufcd eudrcjmcud gm jdgk m gd`gk dk rm}

wudedjak }i wudwdim`wk bk`wmi|kuå`mk.

K}wuk duwcrwd ci|kuwd`wm `d acrwòucd gk wmdwuk eudrcjmcuk ã @mjrk` Ukgucf}mr. Mjm |drrk} d rmu

icwchcbdgk gm|kcr gd r}d ikuwm m bdgd m`bm`dgku ikrwud r}d jmcw}ud rkeum k gudidw}ufk* bkik

mq|jcbd Idfdjgc !4338#. Djãi gcrrk* `âk rm |kgm mrt}mbmu gm djf}`r gudidw}ufkr t}m |mugmudi

k c`wmumrrm |mjk wmdwuk* bkik ã k bdrk gm Ducd`k R}drr}`d* t}m |umhmuc} rm n}`wdu dk ukid`bm.

K}wukr `kimr râk Fcd`hud`bmrbk F}du`cmuc* t}m `âk mrwdxd rm`gk emi r}bmgcgk `dr c`b}urýmr

d}wkudcr m D}f}rwk Ekdj* t}m wmxm bkik bk`wuce}cæâk d wmkucd m |uäwcbd gk Wmdwuk gk K|ucicgk?

rmi hdjdu mi Gcdr Fkimr* \jé`ck Idubkr m Jd}uk Bm~du I}`c~.

\dud Hmcq !5<<8#* d |ukg}æâk duwérwcbd bk`rcgmudgd bk`wmi|kuå`md ã dt}mjd t}m r}ufc} d |duwcu

gm 4338. D |duwcu gmrrd gdwd* ã |krréxmj gmjcicwdu djf}idr bdudbwmuérwcbdr gd bucdæâk wmdwudj

bk`wmi|kuå`md* bkik k }rk gm djf}`r kenmwkr bî`cbkr. K}wud bdudbwmuérwcbd ã k c`gcxcg}djcrik*

id`chmrwdgk `d bm d wmdwudj |ku imck gm bumrbm wmr ik`òjkfkr. Dr mqcfî bcdr gd

bk`wmi|kud`mcgdgm* bki }id rkbcmgdgm xkjwdgd |dud k c`gcxég}k m k bk`r}ik* bk`g}~mi |dud

}i wudedjak c`gcxcg}dj* bki |k}bk bm`äuck. Rm`gk drrci* ‚mrrd |krw}ud jmfcwcid d hdjwd gmm`fdndim`wk gk duwcrwd bk`wmi|kuå`mk* emi bkik d hdjwd gm bum`æd `d |krrcecjcgdgm gm

ikgchcbdæâk gd rkbcmgdgm |mjd duwm’ !HMCQ* 5<<8* |.412#.

Hmcq !5<<8# dc`gd mq|jcbd t}m ã bdgd xm~ idcr bki}i kr gcumwkumr jmxdumi mi bk`rcgmudæâk d

|jdwãcd bkik }i bki|k`m`wm ci|kuwd`wm gd keud. Gmrrd hkuid* k mr|mbwdgku c`wmudfm gm hkuid

gcumwd `kr mr|mwäb}jkr* bkik }id bk`rwu}æâk bk`n}`wd.

Dc`gd gm dbkugk bki Hmcq !5<<8#* k wmdwuk wm`gm d rm mq|d`gcu* mrwdemjmbm`gk }id |k`wm bki

dr k}wudr duwmr. D c`wmfudæâk gk bc`mid `d jcwmudw}ud ã }i wc|k gm h}râk m`wum dr duwmr m dr `kxdr

wmb`kjkfcdr |kgmi dbduumwdu mrwãwcbdr `kxdr. Aknm* i}cwkr mr|mwäb}jkr wmdwudcr hd~mi }rk gd

jc`f}dfmi m gkr umb}urkr bc`midwkfuähcbkr. Ã bki mrrmr umb}urkr* t}m rm |kgm m`wm`gmu d

|ukh}râk gm dgd|wdæýmr gm wmqwkr bjärrcbkr |dud d jc f}dfmi bk`wmi|kuå`md.

Wdieãi aä ikgchcbdæýmr `d |ukg}æâk duwérwcbd* t}m mrwâk umjdbck`dgdr ì t}meud gk mùmgk

wudgcbck`dj* bkik mq|jcbd Hmcq !5<<8#. Djãi gcrrk* dr bucdæýmr râk dbki|dàdgdr gm }id

41



mrwãwcbd gd hudfim`wdæâk* k} rmnd* gd }`câk gm gcxmurkr idwmucdcr. Rm`gk drrci* k wmdwuk aknm

mrbd|d gk rcrwmid `dw}udjcrwd* e}rbd`gk `kxdr hkuidr gm jc`f}dfmi* m `âk idcr umhjmwm k

bk`wmqwk rkbcdj. Mrrd `kxd hkuid gm bk`rwu}æâk bî`cbd umhjmwm k i}`gk hudfim`wdgk gd \òr)

Ikgmu`cgdgm.

Gm }id id`mcud idcr di|jd* k bm`äuck b}jw}udj eudrcjmcuk* rmf}`gk Dxmjdu !5<<1#* |drrk} |ku

wud`rhkuidæýmr `dr g}dr þjwcidr gãbdgdr. \dud rm wmu }id cgãcd* dwã kr d`kr 431< d |ukg}æâk m

fmrwâk mud bk`bm`wudgd `k Uck gm Nd`mcuk m Râk \d}jk* m`t}d`wk t}m kr k}wukr mrwdgkr mudi

d|m`dr umbm|wkumr |drrcxkr gk t}m dbk`wmbcd `mrrmr bm`wukr. Bki k wmi|k bkimædudi d bumrbmu

d xdjkuc~dæâk gkr wudækr jkbdcr m gm ikecjc~dæâk gdr bki}`cgdgmr m k îqkgk gm |ukhcrrck`dcr gm

bcgdgmr bkik Hkuwdjm~d* Rdjxdgku* Emjk Akuc~k`wm* Eudréjcd m \kuwk Djmfum |drrk} d rmu im`ku.

T}d`wk d Emjk Akuc~k`wm* k imubdgk b}jw}udj mq|d`gc} `d þjwcid gãbdgd* rmf}`gk Dxmjdu

!5<<1#. Hkc d |duwcu gkr d`kr 433<* t}m d}im`wdudi dr rdjdr gm mr|mwäb}jkr* rdjdr gm bc`mid*

rmi hdjdu `kr fud`gmr mxm`wkr b}jw}udcr. @âk rm |kgm mrt}mbmu kr fu}|kr duwérwcbkr t}m hcuidudi

bduumcud `d bcgdgm* bkik k Fu}|k Fdj|âk m k Fcudi}`gk. K}wuk mqmi|jk ã Rdjxdgku* t}m |ku

bd}rd gk dqã i}rcb m gk bdu`dxdj* uki|m} bki d |kjduc~dæâk mcqk Uck)Râk \d}jk* fdàd`gk

gc`åicbd |uò|ucd. K Imubdgk B}jw}udj ã }i gkr fud`gmr mxm`wkr gd bcgdgm m umþ`mi gcxmurkrduwcrwdr* |ukg}wkumr m fmrwkumr |dud gcrb}wcu m |ukikxmu d gcrwuce}cæâk gd b}jw}ud eudrcjmcud |dud k

|dér m |dud k umrwk gk i}`gk.

5.2 Ci|drrmr gk Wmdwuk Bk`wmi|kuå`mk Eudrcjmcuk

Djãi gm i}gd`ædr* k bdi|k wmdwudj wmi |drrdgk |ku gchcb}jgdgmr. T}d`wk d crrk* Idfdjgc

!4338# dhcuid t}m xäuckr gmrdn}rwmr mrwâk rm`gk r}|mudgkr* bki k kenmwcxk gm e}rbdu daduik`cd gm wkgdr dr h}`æýmr. Crrk t}mu gc~mu t}m djf}`r gcumwkumr* |ku mqmi|jk* rm |umkb}|di

mi imjakudu kr iãwkgkr gm c`wmu|umwdæâk. Idr k t}m rm xî ã t}m kr |ukejmidr `k bdi|k gd duwm

gudiäwcbd bk`wc`}di.

Gmedwmr bki |mrrkdr um`kidgdr `d äumd gk wmdwuk râk hmcwkr* rmf}`gk Djidgd !5<<4#* |dud

wm`wdu m`wm`gmu k t}m dbk`wmbm `k wmdwuk eudrcjmcuk* umrr}ufc`gk d bk`rbcî`bcd gm t}m |dud gmcqdu

mrwd duwm ròjcgd `k |d`kudid b}jw}udj gk |dér* ã |umbcrk bkàmbmu d umdjcgdgm k`gm mjd mrwä

43



c`rmucgd. Ã |umbcrk rdemu d umjdæâk |djbk)|jdwãcd m d u}|w}ud kbkuucgd m`wum kr d`kr 438< m 433<*

k t}m ikwcxk} m deuc} bdicàkr* idr wdieãi wuk}qm gþxcgdr.

Gm dbkugk bki Djidgd !5<<4#* `âk aä nkxmi eudrcjmcuk imjaku k} |cku gkr t}m k gd gãbdgd gm

438<. K t}m kr gchmum`bcd gdr k}wudr fmudæýmr ã t}m mjmr bk`rmf}cudi rm`wcu m c`wmu|umwdu k

ikim`wk t}m mrwdxdi xcxm`gk* bki d gmuukwd gk `d~c)hdrbcrik `d M}uk|d m dr djwmu`dwcxdr gm

rkbcdjcrik umxkj}bck`äuck. @mrwd ã|kbd* j}wdxd)rm |mjd xdjkuc~dæâk gk akimi* jcemuwdæâk

`dbck`dj* mid`bc|dæâk hmic`c`d* m`wum k}wukr. Imrik bki k hci gd f}muud* k i}`gk xcxcd

bk rwd`wmr bk`hjcwkr m crrk wmxm um|mub}rrâk `k Eudrcj* hd~m gk bki t}m bk rmuxdgkumr

uki|mrrmi bki k bk`xéxck gmikbuäwcbk. G}ud`wm mrrmr d`kr* k wmdwuk hkc djxk gm bm`r}udr*

bkik nä dhcuidikr* rkhum`gk |murmf}cæýmr m dwã |ucrâk gm i}cwkr dwkumr.

]id gdr gchcb}jgdgmr t}m k wmdwuk m hum`wd* bkik djmuwd Idfdjgc !4338#* ã d c`rdwcrhdwòucd

gcx}jfdæâk* |ku wmu |mugcgk* `dr þjwcidr gãbdgdr* d bk`gcæâk gm duwm |ucxcjmfcdgd. Djãi gcrrk* ã

|umbcrk k|kuw}`cgdgm |dud dwc`fcu k |þejcbk* hd~m`gk bki t}m d umdjcgdgm bî`cbd rmnd idcr

gcxmurchcbdgd m* |ku bk`rmtúî`bcd* `âk rmnd idcr |umbcrk gc~mu t}m k eudrcjmcuk `âk fkrwd gm

wmdwuk. Idr* i}cwdr xm~mr* k t}m dbk`wmbm ã t}m k mr|mbwdgku |mubmem k fdrwk t}m ã rdcu gm bdrd

m cu dk wmdwuk* |umhmuc`gk* m`wâk* jcfdu d wmjmxcrâk.D wmjmxcrâk ã }i mjmim`wk t}m* rmf}`gk Djidgd !5<<4#* bd}rk} mrwudfkr dk wmdwuk eudrcjmcuk*

|uc`bc|djim`wm `kr d`kr 436<. Djãi gd bkikgcgdgm gk |þejcbk* k}wud mq|jcbdæâk mrwä `d

|uò|ucd mrbkjad gkr duwcrwdr* t}m |drrdudi d |uckuc~du k r}bmrrk cimgcdwk m idckumr rdjäuckr. D

wmjmxcrâk c`xdgcd jdumr gm eudrcjmcukr d`djhdemwkr m rmic)d`djhdemwkr m mjd dbdedxd bucd`gk }id

`kxd mrwãwcbd |dud |ukg}wkumr m bk`r}icgkumr gm gudid. K wmdwuk* m`wâk* |drrk} d rkhumu

c`hj}î`bcdr gmrrm `kxk xméb}jk gm bki}`cbdæâk m bkimæk} d wudedjadu bki dr imridr cgãcdr gd

wmjmxcrâk* bucd`gk emrwmcukj* k} rmnd* wmidr t}m `âk wcàdi `dgd d gc~mu rkeum k |djbk* bkikmq|jcbd Djidgd !5<<4#. Djãi gcrrk* k wmdwuk |umbcrk} i}gdu kr akuäuckr gdr d|umrm`wdæýmr* |dud

t}m k |þejcbk `âk |mugmrrm kr bd|éw}jkr m `kxmjdr.

Rmf}`gk Djidgd !5<<4#* bki k umwukbmrrk b}jw}udj* aä }i d}im`wk gm `kxdr mq|mucî`bcdr

mrwãwcbdr. @mrwm bdrk* rmucdi mrwãwcbdr gd icàkbd !bku|k#* k} gk xäb}k !}rk gk mr|dæk#* k}

ic`cidjcrwdr* kr wc|kr xdjkuc~dgkr `d gãbdgd gm 431<. ‚Bki d icàkbd `âk rm |m`rd m cgãcdr

`âk rm |uk|dfdi `k xäb}k’ !DJIDGD* 5<<4* |.34#* k t}m hd~ bki t}m mrrdr mq|mucî`bcdr

rmndi jkfk mrt}mbcgdr.

5<



K}wud t}mrwâk t}m Djidgd !5<<4# gmrwdbd ã d rmjmæâk `dw}udj t}m d wmjmxcrâk |drrk} d

c`hj}m`bcdu `dr mrbkjadr gdr |mædr wmdwudcr. Crwk |kut}m dr xmuedr gm |dwukbé`ck râk idcr häbmcr

gm rmumi dgt}cucgdr t}d`gk k dwku ã idcr bkàmbcgk* |ku bd}rd gk r}bmrrk wmjmxcrcxk. Crwk ã

gchmum`wm `kr wmdwukr gd M}uk|d* mi t}m kr dwkumr gm bdrdr bamcdr `âk râk bkàmbcgkr mi

wmjmxcrâk k} bc`mid.

Gm dbkugk bki Djidgd !5<<4#* d edcqd t}djcgdgm duwérwcbd ã mq|jcbdgd |mjk id} fkrwk gdr

|mrrkdr. Dr |ukg}æýmr b}jw}udcr râk hmcwdr gm dbkugk bki k t}m dr |mrrkdr fkrwdi m t}mumi xmu*

k t}m ã djfk mt}cxkbdgk* |kcr k t}m aä ã hdjwd gm bkàmbcim`wk |dud d mjdekudæâk gm }i

wudedjak gm t}djcgdgm. @k bdi|k gk wmdwuk* k t}m rm xî ã t}m ‚d gudidw}ufcd eudrcjmcudbk`wmi|kuå`md dc`gd `âk rm gmeu}æk} rkeum k |dér t}m rkeuk} gkr d`kr 8< m 6< m t}m |ukb}ud

um`drbmu d |duwcu gm }id gmikbudbcd dc`gd wkrbd m hkuwmim`wm m`t}dgudgd gm`wuk gm c`wmumrrmr

imubd`wcjcrwdr m bk`rmuxdgkumr’ !DJIDGD* 5<<4* |.32#.

K}wuk ikwcxk bcwdgk |ku Idfdjgc !4338# ã d gchcb}jgdgm |dud d |ukg}æâk. K bm`äuck b}jw}udj mrwä

wdieãi rke kr mhmcwkr gd gcrb}rrâk rkeum k |ukejmid gd gmrcf}djgdgm rkbcdj. @mrrm bk`wmqwk*

i}cwkr duwcrwdr* |ukg}wkumr m fmrwkumr e}rbdi d |ukhcrrck`djc~dæâk gk rmwku m crrk wmidbk`wmbcgk i}cwk idcr |ku c`cbcdwcxdr gcr|murdr* gm dbkugk bki Dxmjdu !5<<1#* gk t}m gm dæýmr

bkid`gdgdr |ku òufâkr fkxmu`dim`wdcr. K |kgmu |þejcbk rmi|um hkc i}cwk kicrrk mi umjdæâk

ìr t}mrwýmr gm b}jw}ud m dr jmcr gm c`bm`wcxk hkudi* |dud djf}`r fkxmu`kr* }id id`mcud gm

gcrhduædu d hdjwd gm gkwdæýmr kuædim`wäucdr |dud d äumd.

D dw}dj Jmc gm C`bm`wcxk ì B}jw}ud umhmum)rm dk hc`d`bcdim`wk gk rmwku m r}ufc} gk dgxm`wk gd

Jmc Rdu`ms* mi imdgkr gm 431<. D |duwcu gmrwm c`rwd`wm* mjd |drrk} d rmu bk`gcæâk eärcbd |dud dbk`bumwc~dæâk gm i}cwdr dæýmr gk åiecwk gd b}jw}ud* bkik dhcuid Dxmjdu !5<<1#. K dbm`k gk

Mrwdgk bki d kewm`æâk gm fdàkr hcrbdcr |ku |duwm gdr mi|umrdr dr ikwcxk} d |dwukbc`dumi

|uknmwkr b}jw}udcr.

\dud m wm`gmu imjaku mrrm drr}`wk* Ekwmjak !5<<4# gcxcgm d gcim`râk gd b}jw}ud mi

d`wuk|kjòfcbd m rkbckjòfcbd. @d xcrâk d`wuk|kjòfcbd* d b}jw}ud ã |ukg}~cgd |ku imck gd

c`wmudæâk rkbcdj m bdgd c`gcxég}k muf}m ì r}d xkjwd i}`gkr gm rm`wcgk. \dud t}m d b}jw}ud rmnd

dwc`fcgd |ku }id |kjéwcbd* ã |umbcrk umkufd`c~du dr mrwu}w}udr rkbcdcr m gcrwuce}cu kr umb}urkr

54



mbk`÷icbkr* c`wmuhmuc`gk `k mrwcjk gm xcgd gm bdgd }i. Nä d xcrâk rkbckjòfcbd rm bk`rwcw}c `}i

åiecwk mr|mbcdjc~dgk* bki }id |ukg}æâk mjdekudgd* b}nd c`wm æâk ã bk rwu}cu rm wcgkr m

djbd`ædu |þejcbk. \dud crrk dbk`wmbmu* ã |umbcrk t}m djf}`r hdwkumr rmndi bd|d~mr gm |uk|cbcdu

bk`gcæýmr gm gmrm`xkjxcim`wk* d|muhmcækdim`wk gm wdjm`wk m bd`dj |dud mq|umrrä)jk. Ã dt}c t}m

rm c`rmum d |ukg}æâk* rmnd mjd |ukhcrrck`dj k} didgkud.

Gm dbkugk bki Ekwmjak !5<<4#* d |ukg}æâk b}jw}udj gk Eudrcj gmxm r}d dwcxcgdgm ìr jmcr gm

c`bm`wcxk hcrbdj `kr åiecwkr hmgmudj* mrwdg}dj m i}`cbc|dj. Mrrmr umb}urkr kuædim`wäuckr `âk râk

i}cwk rcf`chcbdwcxkr m dbdedi bk`bkuum`gk bki |ukg}wkr b}jw}udcr |ku hc`d`bcdim`wk |ucxdgk.

D |duwcu gkr d`kr 1<* bki d bucrm mbk`÷icbd* bkimæk})rm d e}rbd |mjk |dwukbé`ck |ucxdgk*

hd~m`gk bki t}m kr fkxmu`kr bkuwdrrmi rm}r hc`d`bcdim`wkr `d äumd gd b}jw}ud.

T}d`wk ìr mi|umrdr* gm dbkugk bki Dxmjdu !5<<1#* bdgd xm~ idcr mjdr c`xmrwmi mi dæýmr gm

b}àk b}jw}udj `dr bki}`cgdgmr k`gm mrwâk c`rmucgdr* bkik hkuid gm fdud`wcu |muid`î`bcd gk

imubdgk* dwã |kut}m kr c`xmrwcgkumr c`wmu`dbck`dcr wîi bkik |uã)umt}crcwk |dud d bk`bmrrâk gm

hc`d`bcdim wk dw}dæâk |krcwcxd `dr bki}`cgdgmr k`gm k|mudi. Bkik bk rmtúî`bcd* k

|dwukbé`ck ì b}jw}ud ã bdgd xm~ idcr }wcjc~dgk |dud d|ukqcidu kufd`c~dæýmr m |þejcbkr.

Gm dbkugk bki Idfdjgc !4338#* mrrd wud`rhmuî`bcd gd t}mrwâk b}jw}udj |dud d c`cbcdwcxd |ucxdgd

`âk rmucd djfk `mfdwcxk* rm kr m`wâk mi|umräuckr hkrrmi idcr b}jwkr m c`wmumrrdgkr |ku duwm. Idr

`âk ã crrk k t}m dbk`wmbm m t}d`gk djf}ãi rm gm|dud bki }i mr|mwäb}jk jkwdgk dbumgcwd t}m

dt}cjk ã }i c`gcbdgku gm t}djcgdgm* djfk bki|jmwdim`wm mt}cxkbdgk.

Nä |dud Ekwmjak !5<<4#* mrrm t}dguk d|umrm`wd `âk rò |k`wkr `mfdwcxkr* bkik wdieãi |krcwcxkr.

Crrk |kut}m* |mjk jdgk eki* ak}xm }id idcku ikecjc~dæâk gm duwcrwdr m |ukg}wkumr `k Eudrcjt}m rm xcudi keucfdgkr d e}rbdu djwmu`dwcxdr |dud k gmrm`xkjxcim`wk gkr rm}r wudedjakr* k}

rmnd* }id c`hc`cgdgm gm dwcxcgdgmr t}m `âk mrwâk `d w}wmjd gk |kgmu |þejcbk. T}d`wk dkr

|ukejmidr* imrik bki d dn}gd gk rmwku |ucxdgk* mrwm `âk mqbj}c k |d|mj umf}jdgku gk Mrwdgk.

Drrci bkik dr k}wudr |kjéwcbdr* dr b}jw}udcr |umbcrdi |umxmu dr r}dr hk`wmr gm imbd`crik gm

hc`d`bcdim`wk.

Rmf}`gk Ekwmjak !5<<4#* k |ukejmid t}m mqcrwm `k Eudrcj ã t}m |ukg}wkumr b}jw}udcr gm |mt}m`k

m iãgck |kuwm j}wdi |mjkr imrikr umb}urkr* fmud`gk }id bk`bkuuî`bcd gmrmt}cjceudgd bki kr

55



|ukg}wkumr c`gm|m gm`wmr. K c`wmumrrm gdr mi|umrdr `âk ã c`kbm`wm* idr mjdr mrwâk bkimæd gk d

bk`rcgmudu k |dwukbé`ck bki idcku `dw}udjcgdgm* |ku bd}rd gdr bdi|dàdr fkxmu`dim`wdcr* gk

mrhkuæk gkr |ukg}wkumr m gd |umrm`æd gd iégcd. Jdim`wdxmjim`wm* `k Eudrcj* dr jmcr gm c`bm`wcxk

rmuxmi |dud gmrxcdu d dwm`æâk gd gcic`}cæâk gkr kuædim`wkr |þejcbkr m |dud r}erwcw}é)jkr. D

|ukg}æâk b}jw}udj ã idcr bdum`wm `kr Mrwdgkr im`kr c`g}rwucdjc~dgkr* bki }id gchébcj bd|wdæâk

gm umb}urkr n}`wk ìr mi|umrdr. Crwk |kut}m dr idwuc~mr rm jkbdjc~di `dr umfcýmr R}j m R}gmrwm.

Dr |mrrkdr t}m mrwâk gmrd`cidgdr bki d rcw}dæâk dw}dj gk wmdwuk rm`wmi `krwdjfcd gkr wmdwukr

gd Fuãbcd m Cgdgm Iãgcd* bkik mq|jcbd Idfdjgc !5<<3#. Idr k bdicàk `âk ã k umwku`k. K

wmdwuk rò |kgm rmu rdjxk d |duwcu gdr r}dr |uò|ucdr jcicwdæýmr* mjm ‚|umbcrd m`bk`wudu r}d ud~âk

gm rmu `}id bkmqcrwî`bcd gcf`d bki dr k}wudr duwmr t}m jkfududi idcku |k|}jducgdgm’!IDFDJGC* 5<<3* |.441#. Idr `mrrd j}wd i}cwkr gmrd`cidi m dbdedi mqmubm`gk k}wudr

dwcxcgdgmr. Idfdjgc dhcuid t}m d rkj}æâk |dud kr |ukejmidr t}m k wmdwuk xcxm gm|m`gm gm

djf}idr mrwudwãfcdr* m`t}d`wk t}m* |dud \mcqkwk !5<<8#* c`gm|m`gm`wm gm bm`r}ud k} |ku rmu

}id duwm bk`wmrwdgkud* k wmdwuk mrwä bk`rmf}c`gk rkeumxcxmu.

2 NKU@DJCRIK B]JW]UDJ GM UMXCRWD

K nku`djcrik wudedjad `âk d|m`dr bki dbk`wmbcim`wkr wud`rbkuucgkr mi }i gmwmuic`dgk gcd*

idr wdieãi bki hdwkr t}m drr}imi bmuwk bduäwmu gm dwmi|kudjcgdgm. @k m`wd`wk* mi t}djt}mu

bdrk* rmf}`gk Ukrrc !4337#* k hck bk`g}wku t}m gmjcicwd k t}m xdc mrwdu `kr xméb}jkr

nku`djérwcbkr ã d |d}wd. Drrci* }i nku`dj mrwä m`bduumfdgk gm |}ejcbdu w}gk k t}m dbk`wmbm `k

i}`gk* idr umr|mcwd`gk k mr|dæk gmrwc`dgk ì c`hkuidæâk.

\dud J}rwkrd !4338#* d `kwébcd ã }i |ukg}wk t}m ã bkjkbdgk ì xm`gd m t}m dwm`gm dr mqcfî`bcdr

gk imubdgk. T}mi wud`ricwm d im`rdfmi ã k xméb}jk gm bki}`cbdæâk* m mrwd rmuä k}xcgd* jcgd

k} drrcrwcgd |ku |mrrkdr bki gchmum`wmr hkuidæýmr* bdgd }id bki d r}d |duwcb}jducgdgm. Bdgd

xméb}jk d|umrm`wd r}dr im`rdfm`r gm dbkugk bki kr bd`dcr }wcjc~dgkr* mrwdemjmbm`gk drrci }id

jc`f}dfmi |uò|ucd gm dbkugk bki r}d jòfcbd gm wud`ricrrâk t}m mrwä `mbmrrducdim`wm

gmwmuic`dgd |mjd wmb`kjkfcd mi|umfdgd. \ku mqmi|jk* djãi gk nku`djcrik k`jc`m* t}m ã k idcr

umbm`wm m wudedjad bki `kwébcdr gm id`mcud idcr c`rwd`wå`md m dr xmcb}jd `d c`wmu`mw* aä wdieãi

k nku`djcrik ci|umrrk gcäuck t}m wudwd |uckucwducdim`wm gkr hdwkr kbkuucgkr `k gcd d`wmucku*

52



d|umrm`wd }id xdrwd fdid gm drr}`wkr* bkiec`d k bògcfk mrbucwk m xcr}dj m r}d xdjcgdgm* rm

umr|mcwduikr d r}d jòfcbd gm |muckgcbcgdgm* ã gm }i gcd.

Nä `k nku`djcrik gm uägck* J}rwkrd !4338# mq|jcbd t}m d c`hkuidæâk ci|kuwd`wm ã um|mwcgd xäucdr

xm~mr |dud t}m k k}xc`wm m`wm`gd w}gk k t}m k jkb}wku mrwä gc~m`gk. Djãi gcrrk* dr hudrmr râk

b}uwdr* |muicwc`gk t}m k jkb}wku umr|cum m gî hj}î`bcd ì r}d idwãucd. T}d`wk dk nku`djcrik

wmjmxcrcxk* d cidfmi rm wud`rhkuid mi kenmwk m kr dbk`wmbcim`wkr râk wud`ricwcgkr bkik rm

hkrrm }i rakv. @d WX wmi)rm d h}râk gk bògcfk xcr}dj m d}gcwcxk.

K}wud hkuid gm hd~mu nku`djérwcbk ã k nku`djcrik gm umxcrwd. Mjd* rmf}`gk J}rwkrd !4338# |ukg}~

}i wmqwk c`wmu|umwdwcxk* mi t}m `âk aä |umkb}|dæâk mi bk`rwu}cu }i jcgm m t}m* |kuwd`wk* `âkumr|k`gm `mbmrrducdim`wm ìr |muf}`wdr eärcbdr gk nku`djcrik hdbw}dj> k t}m* k`gm* t}d`gk*

bkik m |kut}î. @mrwm wc|k gm nku`djcrik* aä }id umb}|mudæâk m }i gmwdjadim`wk idcku gkr

dbk`wmbcim`wkr djãi gm mr|dæk |dud buéwcbd* m`rdckr* m`wumwm`cim`wk m dfm`gdr.

2.4 Nku`djcrik gm Umxcrwd

D umxcrwd ã }i xméb}jk gm bki}`cbdæâk t}m icrw}ud nku`djcrik m m`wumwm`cim`wk* d|mrdu gm mrwd

`âk rmu d r}d gmhc cæâk idcr bkuumwd* bkik dhcuid Rbdj~k !5<<2#. D umxcrwd ã gmhc`cgd*

|ucimcudim wm* |mjk |muhcj gk rm} jmcwku }id xm~ t}m dn}gd d bucdu }id cgm wcgdgm* bd|d~ gm }`cu

}i fu}|k gm |mrrkdr bki c`wmumrrmr mi bki}i. Mjd rmuxm |dud d|ukh}`gdu }i dbk`wmbcim`wk

t}m nä hkc umjdwdgk mi k}wukr xméb}jkr* bkik ci|umrrk gcäuck* uägck k} wmjmxcrâk. D umxcrwd

m`bk`wud)rm `}i mr|dæk |ucxdgk* bkik ã k bdrk gdr gm |muckgcbcgdgm im`rdj* t}m rdemi

mqdwdim`wm t}mi ã k rm} |þejcbk.

Nä dr umxcrwdr rmid`dcr* }id gdr r}dr bdudbwmuérwcbdr ã d hkuid bkik mjdr rm d|uk|ucdi gdr

wãb`cbdr gm jcwmudw}ud* gchmum`wm gk t}m dbk`wmbm `k nku`djcrik ci|umrrk* gd`gk gmrwdt}m |dud d

t}mrwâk gk mrwcjk. Xcjdr Ekdr !4338# mq|jcbd t}m k mrwcjk rm wku`k} `mbmrrcgdgm gk nku`djcrik m

bcwd djf}`r gkr mjmim`wkr* bkik ucwik* nmcwk* mt}cjéeuck* jc`f}dfmi* d|umrm`wdæâk* réiekjkr*

ãwcbd m |murk`djcgdgm. Crwk hd~ bki t}m d}im`wmi dr gchmum`ædr m`wum nku`dj gcäuck m umxcrwd.

57



Rbdj~k !5<<2# mq|jcbd t}m k}wuk hdwku t}m gchmum`bcd d umxcrwd gkr k}wukr imckr gm bki}`cbdæâk

bkik k nku`dj ã k rm} hkuidwk. D umxcrwd ã jmxm* `âk r}nd dr iâkr bkik k nku`dj m bdem mi

xäuckr j}fdumr. Crrk rmi gmcqdu gm bcwdu k wc|k gm |d|mj m d cidfmi gm t}djcgdgm |umrm`wm `mrrmr

xméb}jkr m* fudædr ìr c`kxdæýmr wmb`kjòfcbdr idcr umbm`wmr* k}wukr hkuidwkr |krréxmcr gm umxcrwdr

rmi d}im`wdu kr b}rwkr gm |ukg}æâk* }id xm~ t}m mrrd bki|mwcæâk wmb`kjòfcbd mqcfm bdgd xm~

idcr t}djcgdgm gmrrdr |}ejcbdæýmr.

\kuãi* |ku bd}rd gd |muckgcbcgdgm* d umxcrwd dbded |umbcrd`gk gm }i dwudwcxk. M ã |ku bd}rd

gmrwd bdudbwmuérwcbd t}m `âk aä bkik ik`wdu }id umxcrwd d|m`dr umr}ic`gk kr hdwkr t}m

dbk`wmbmudi `kr þjwcikr gcdr* m rci dn}rwdu `kxkr å`f}jkr. Crrk rm wku`d dc`gd idcr gchébcj gm

rmu hmcwk t}d`gk d umxcrwd ã t}c`~m`dj k} im`rdj* k t}m d keucfd d g}udu idcr wmi|k `d iâk gkjmcwku.

Xcjdr Ekdr !4338# dc`gd dbumrbm`wd t}m d umxcrwd }wcjc~d d jcwmudw}ud* |ukg}~c`gk }i nku`djcrik

t}m c`xmrwcfd m c`wmu|umwd* |kuãi mrrd c`wmu|umwdæâk `âk |kgm jmxdu k jmcwku d }i ‚n}é~k)gm)

xdjku’* m rci |muicwcu t}m mjm wcum dr r}dr |uò|ucdr bk`bj}rýmr. K nku`djcrwd t}m wudedjad mi

umxcrwd }wcjc~d `âk rò wãb`cbd* idr wdieãi c`r|cudæâk m bucdwcxcgdgm.

D|mrdu gm adxmu djf}idr gchmum`ædr* k |ukhcrrck`dj t}m wudedjad mi umxcrwd* rmf}`gk Rbdj~k

!5<<2#* gmxm rmf}cu dr imridr umfudr gkr nku`djcrwdr gm k}wukr xméb}jkr m djf}idr gmjdr râk>

gmrm`xkjxmu }id ud~käxmj b}jw}ud fmudj* rm mrhkuædu |dud rmi|um hd~mu imjaku* `âk rmu

duukfd wm* wmu bki|ukicrrk bki d xmugdgm* d|umrm`wdu eki wmqwk mwb. K}wud umfud*

|uc`bc|djim`wm |dud k nku`djcrwd gm umxcrwd ã `âk mrbumxmu |dud rc imrik* m gm cidfc du)rm

rmi|um bkik }i |umrwdgku gm rmuxcækr. Djãi gcrrk* }id bdudbwmuérwcbd t}m k nku`djcrwd gm

umxcrwd gmxm wmu ã bmuwd hdjwd |uk|krcwdj gm mr|mbcdjc~dæâk* |dud `âk bkuumu k ucrbk gm `âkmrbjdumbmu dkr jmcwkumr dr t}mrwýmr mrrm`bcdcr gm }i hdwk* k} rmnd* `âk |umr}icu t}m k jmcwku rmnd

`mbmrrducdim`wm mr|mbcdjcrwd `k wmid dekugdgk m wku`du d jmcw}ud gmrdfudgäxmj k} jcicwdu k rm}

|þejcbk.

Xcjdr Ekdr !4338# mq|jcbd t}m d gchcb}jgdgm mi mrbumxmu }i wmqwk gm t}djcgdgm bd|d~ gm rmg}~cu

k jmcwku ã dc`gd idcku t}d`gk rm wudwd gm umxcrwd. \dud crrk* ã |umbcrk t}m k nku`djcrwd mrbkjad k

wki gd r}d idwãucd* mrbkjad d jc`f}dfmi idcr d|uk|ucdgd m jmxm mi bk`wd kr hdwkumr

5=



umjdbck`dgkr dk hdwk. Djãi gcrrk* mjm gmxm hd~mu }rk gm umb}urkr mrwcjérwcbkr* |dud t}m* gmrwd

hkuid* k wmqwk rmnd }i eki gkb}im`wäuck.

Nä |dud k gmrm`xkjxcim`wk gm }id idwãucd* Xcjdr Ekdr !4338# dhcuid t}m ã ci|kuwd`wm d

bk`rwu}æâk gk wmqwk gm id`mcud kufd`c~dgd* gm hkuid d mrbkjamu dr imjakumr |djdxudr |dud

mq|umrrdu k t}m t}mu rmu gcwk. M`wum dr bdudbwmuérwcbdr gm }i eki wmqwk* mrwâk m`}imudæâk*

gmrbucæâk gm gmwdjamr* bki|dudæâk* d`djkfcd* bk`wudrwm* mqmi|jchcbdæâk m cj}rwudæâk. T}d`wk dk

gmrhmbak* ã |umbcrk t}m k jmcwku dbumgcwm t}m k hc`dj mrbkjacgk |mjk nku`djcrwd hkc k idcr

d|uk|ucdgk. M* |ku þjwcik* d umxcrâk* bk`hmuc`gk bk`wmþgk m mrwcjk bki c`hkuidæâk `d imgcgd

bmuwd. Aä dc`gd d hdrm mi t}m k nku`djcrwd e}rbd jmxm~d `k wmqwk* mjcic`d`gk |djdxudr m hudrmr

xd~cdr.

K}wud bdudbwmuérwcbd gk nku`djcrik gm umxcrwd ã d c`wmu|umwdæâk* mi t}m kr gdgkr rm r}eimwmi d

}id rmjmæâk buéwcbd* |dud gm|kcr rmumi wud`rhkuidgkr mi idwãucd* bkik mq|jcbd Xcjdr Ekdr

!4338#.

C`wmu|umwdu ã gdu d c`hkuidæâk rmi k|c`du* mq|k`gk dk jmcwku k t}dguk bki|jmwk gm }idrcw}dæâk dw}dj. Gm ikgk fmudj* k nku`djcrik c wmu|umwdwcxk gmxm rmu }i wudedjak

bkkugm`dgk. K |ukg}wk !k} d `kwébcd# t}m rmuä |}ejcbdgk ã d c`hkuidæâk mi wkgd r}dc`wmfucgdgm. Bd|wdgd* d`djcrdgd m rmjmbck`dgd |mjk nku`djcrwd. D mjm bdem k gcdf`òrwcbk.!XCJDR EKDR* 4338* |.66#

Gm dbkugk bki Xcjdr Ekdr !4338#* wudwdu d `kwébcd bki |ukh}`gcgdgm ã k t}m |umbcrd rmu hmcwk

|dud bk`rwu}cu }id um|kuwdfmi gm hkuid kenmwcxd m bki |dguâk ãwcbk* rmi hdjdu gk wmqwk äfcj m

emi umgcfcgk.

Gm dbkugk bki Rbdj~k !5<<2#* wmu ekdr hkwkr mi }id umxcrwd ã h}`gdim`wdj* |uc`bc|djim`wm

`}id ã|kbd bki d|mjk xcr}dj hkuwm* }id xm~ t}m d |ucimcud bkcrd t}m k jmcwku xî râk dr

hkwkfudhcdr. Djãi gcrrk* ã |umbcrk wdieãi rdemu |krcbck`ä)jdr* |dud fdàdu idcku xcrcecjcgdgm.

Crrk rmi gmcqdu gm bcwdu dr jmfm`gdr t}m xâk hd~mu bki t}m k jmcwku m`wum `k drr}`wk. Gd imrid

hkuid t}m d hkwkfudhcd* kr c`hkfuähcbkr wîi d r}d ci|kuwå`bcd. Mjm ã }id id`mcud gm khmumbmu

c`hkuidæâk |ku imck gm fuähcbkr* wdemjdr* gmrmàkr* hkwkr* cj}rwudæýmr* id|dr mwb. ]i wmqwk gm

umxcrwd* djãi gm bk`wmu c`hkuidæâk gm t}djcgdgm* wmi }i wmi|muk d idcr* |kcr c`hkuid gm

id`mcud |ud~mukrd. \dud hd~mu crrk ã |umbcrk bkàmbmu emi k jmcwku. K wéw}jk wdieãi ã

ci|kuwd`wm m mq|jcbd k |kut}î gdt}mjd idwãucd rmu |}ejcbdgd* gm id`mcud bucdwcxd.

58



K}wuk mjmim`wk ci|kuwd`wm* `âk rò `k nku`djcrik gm umxcrwd* bkik mi t}djt}mu nku`djcrik* râk

dr hk`wmr. Gm dbkugk bki \m`d !5<<=#* d hk`wm umhmum)rm ì r}enmwcxd c`wmu|umwdæâk gm }i hdwk*

gcumbck`dgd i}cwdr xm~mr |dud k rm} |uò|uck c`wmumrrm. Dr idcr wm`gm`bckrdr râk dr badidgdr

hk`wmr khcbcdcr* }id xm~ t}m |krr}mi c`wmumrrmr d |umrmuxdu. Gk k}wuk jdgk* dr |mrrkdr t}m `âk

mrwâk d}wkuc~dgdr |dud hdjdu bkik hk`wm khcbcdj ã d bk`rcgmudgd hk`wm khcbckrd. D hk wm

c`gm|m`gm`wm ã dt}mjd t}m `âk wmi `mà}i xé`b}jk gcumwk bki k drr}`wk mi t}mrwâk. K}wud

bdwmfkucd ã d hk`wm wmrwmi}àdj* wm`gk umjdæâk gcumwd bki k hdwk. Mjd mrwä c`rmucgd `d bdwmfkucd

gm hk`wmr |uciäucdr. D rmb}`gäucd rmucd d hk`wm }rdgd |dud bk`wmqw}djc~du d um|kuwdfmi.

D gmhc`cæâk gm }id ekd umxcrwd i}gd dk jk`fk gk wmi|k* bkik mq|jcbd Rbdj~k !5<<2#* idr }idumxcrwd gm t}djcgdgm bkimæd bki }id icrrâk gmhc`cgd m }i |jd`k mgcwkucdj. Mjd dn}gd d id`wmu

k hkbk gk jmcwku. Djãi gcrrk* }id ekd umxcrwd gm|m`gm gm }id bd|d* bkik }id mr|ãbcm gm

xcwuc`m |dud d rmg}æâk gk jmcwku.

D umxcrwd* gm dbkugk bki Xcjdr Ekdr !4338#* rm gcxcgm mi wuîr fu}|kr mrwcjérwcbkr* t}m râk dr

cj}rwudgdr* dr mr|mbcdjc~dgdr m dr gm c`hkuidæâk)fmudj. Djãi gcrrk* Xcjdr Ekdr umjdwd t}m d

mgcwkucd gm umxcrwd m`xkjxm ucwik fuähcbk* xcr}dj m gm rm`wcgkr gdr |djdxudr* rmi|um bki dhc`djcgdgm gm r}rwm`wdu k c`wmumrrm gk jmcwku. @d umxcrwd* `âk rm |umwm`gm dekugdu k hdwk* m rci k

drr}`wk.

Xcjdr Ekdr !4338# mq|jcbd t}m d um|kuwdfmi rmi|um wmxm |umrwéfck `d bkemuw}ud nku`djérwcbd m d

hkuid |umgkic`d`wm gmrwm wc|k gm wmqwk ã d `duudæâk. K wmqwk `duudwcxk d|umrm`wd }i hkbk. Mjm*

|ku r}d xm~* rm gcxcgm mi hkbk `duudwcxk gk `duudgku)wmrwmi}àd* mi t}m `âk rm rdem k t}m rm

|drrd `d bdemæd gd |mrrkd m`wumxcrwdgd? k `duudgku)|ukwdfk`crwd* bkik rm k wmqwk hkrrm mrbucwk |ku t}mi mrwä rm`gk m`wumxcrwdgk? k `duudgku k`crbcm`wm* t}m bkàmbm kr dbk`wmbcim wkr? m k

ikgk)gudiäwcbk* mi t}m k `duudgku rm jcicwd d c`hkuidu dr dæýmr mqwmu`dr.

Rbdj~k !5<<2# jmieud t}m* drrci bkik dbk`wmbm bki kr k}wukr xméb}jkr gm bki}`cbdæâk* k

imubdgk gm umxcrwdr wmi |drrdgk |ku }id bucrm `kr þjwcikr wmi|kr* bki }id dbmjmudgd

bk`bkuuî`bcd bki kr k}wukr xméb}jkr. M mjdr `âk gcr|}wdi d|m`dr d dwm`æâk gk jmcwku* bkik

wdieãi d dwm`æâk gkr drrc`d`wmr. \dud fdàdu idcr |þejcbk* dr umxcrwdr mrwâk rm wku`d`gk idcr

mr|mbéhcbdr* }id xm~ t}m hdjd`gk bki im`kr |mrrkdr* d t}djcgdgm |drrd d rmu imjaku. T}d`wk

56



idcr }i |dér ã ikgmu`c~dgk* idcr d umxcrwd fdàd i}jwc|jcbdæâk m rmfim`wdæâk. Rmi bk`wdu

t}m bki d bamfdgd gd c`wmu`mw* d umxcrwd |drrk} |ku djf}idr wud`rhkuidæýmr. Bki mrwd

c`kxdæâk wmb`kjòfcbd* wmkucbdim`wm t}djt}mu |mrrkd |kgmucd mqmubmu d h}`æâk gm nku`djcrwd* mi

xcuw}gm gd hdbcjcgdgm |dud d gcx}jfdæâk gm |k`wkr gm xcrwdr m hdwkr* |kuãi ã rmi|um |umbcrk t}m

adnd }i imgcdgku* |dud khmumbmu }i bk`wmþgk t}djchcbdgk ìr |mrrkdr.

Gm dbkugk bki Rbdj~k !5<<2#* hkc `k \jd`k Umdj t}m rm gm} k fud`gm dbk`wmbcim`wk `k

imubdgk gm umxcrwdr eudrcjmcudr `kr þjwcikr d`kr. Crrk |ku bd}rd gd mrwdecjcgdgm gd ikmgd* k t}m

hd~ bki t}m ekd |duwm gd |k|}jdæâk m`wudrrm `k imubdgk bk`r}icgku. Idr bki k gmbkuumu gk

wmi|k* k t}m rm |mubmem ã t}m i}cwdr umxcrwdr eudrcjmcudr râk bk|cdgdr gdr gm k}wukr |dérmr* k

t}m hd~ bki t}m mjdr `âk rmndi wâk cgm`wchcbdgdr bki d umdjcgdgm gk `krrk |dér. Gm t}djt}mu hkuid* mqcrwm }i imubdgk mi mq|d`râk m d bdgd gcd r}ufmi `kxkr wéw}jkr gmrwc`dgkr dkr idcr

gcxmurkr |þejcbkr.

2.5 Nku`djcrik B}jw}udj m kr Gcjmidr gkr Bdgmu`kr gm B}jw}ud

D wudnmwòucd gk nku`djcrik b}jw}udj ã gmrbucwd |ku \c~d !5<<2# gmrgm 4644* bki d h}`gdæâk gm}id umxcrwd gcäucd hmcwd |mjkr m`rdérwdr c`fjmrmr Ucbadug Rwmmjm m Nkrm|a Dggcrk`. K d}wku

mq|jcbd t}m d c`hj}î`bcd gk m`rdérik m gd buéwcbd b}jw}udj rm wku`k} idcku `k rãb}jk QCQ* bki k

r}ufcim`wk gd c`g}rwucdjc~dæâk. @k Eudrcj* crrk dbk`wmbm} `k hc`dj gk rãb}jk* bki k buéwcbk

Idbadgk gm Drrcr. D buéwcbd* rmf}`gk \c~d* wku`k})rm idcr d}w÷`kid bki|dudgd ìr k}wudr duwmr*

bki }i |ukhcrrck`dj idcr c`bcrcxk m c`hkuidwcxk. @kr þjwcikr d`kr* k d}wku |mubmem k

d|dumbcim`wk gmrwm wc|k gm nku`djcrik mi jcxukr m c`wmu`mw.

Aknm* k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj `âk wmi d imrid c`hj}î`bcd m d imrid t}djcgdgm gm d`wmr* hd~m`gk

bki t}m mjm xcxd* bk`rwd`wmim`wm* fud`gmr bucrmr gm cgm`wcgdgm* bkik dhcuid \c~d !5<<2#.

D|mrdu gdr rmæýmr b}jw}udcr rmumi dr idcr jcgdr m fdàdumi bdgd xm~ idcr |umrwéfck m`wum kr t}m

xâk rmf}cu d |ukhcrrâk* k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj dc`gd `âk wmi }i mr|dæk r}hcbcm`wm `d äumd

nku`djérwcbd* rm`gk wudwdgk bkik djfk rmb}`gäuck `d ci|um`rd eudrcjmcud.

Mrrd cgãcd ã gmhm`gcgd wdieãi |ku R~d`wò !5<<6#* t}m dhcuid t}m k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj ã d

|duwm gk nku`djcrik gm idcr edcqk rwdw}r. K}wuk |ukejmid gmrwdbdgk |ku Vmu`mbo !5<<6# râk dr

51



imricbmr `d idwãucd* }id xm~ t}m wkgkr ememi gd imrid hk`wm> d c`wmu`mw* rmi hdjdu `d hdjwd

gm cidfc`dæâk* |dud wm`wdu h}fcu }i |k}bk gdr dfm`gdr. \c~d !5<<2# `âk rò gmrwdbd d mqbmrrcxd

gm|m`gî`bcd gd dfm`gd* bkik wdieãi k wdidàk m d t}djcgdgm gk wmqwk bki dr idcr udjdr

c`hkuidæýmr m d idufc`djc~dæâk gd buéwcbd. K d}wku dc`gd jmieud t}m* i}cwdr xm~mr* `âk râk

gcx}jfdgkr mxm`wkr b}jw}udcr t}m dbk`wmbmi `k mqwmucku* k t}m ã gmrxd`wdnkrk |dud k jmcwku.

D|mrdu gkr idjmr gk nku`djcrik b}jw}udj* mjm dc`gd bk`bmcw}d k eki nku`djcrwd bkik }i

|ukhcrrck`dj bd|d~ gm |ukxkbdu k jmcwku.

K h}`gdim`wdj `k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj ã t}m rdced dk imrik wmi|k bk`xcgdu m |ukxkbdu kjmcwku* `kwd`gk dc`gd t}m mrrdr g}dr dæýmr `âk uduk rm wku`di d imrid> k jmcwku t}m rm rm`wm

|ukxkbdgk |ku }id k|c`câk gchmum`wm !`k bk`wmþgk k} imrik `d hkui}jdæâk# mrwä wdieãirm`gk bk`xcgdgk d bkàmbmu }i um|muwòuck `kxk* d fdàdu c`hkuidæâk m umhjmqâk rkeum }idrr}`wk t}m wm`gcd d m`bdudu gm k}wud hkuid. !\C^D* 5<<2* |.81#

Dc`gd rkeum dr id~mjdr gk nku`djcrik b}jw}udj* Rwsbmu !5<<6# dhcuid t}m mjm jcgd bki rmcr

|ukejmidr. K |ucimcuk ã k mqbmrrk gm mr|dæk* |kcr k Eudrcj kr nku`dcr gmgcbdi |ku xkjwd gm gm~

|äfc`dr |dud kr bdgmu`kr gm b}jw}ud. K rmf}`gk |ukejmid ã k mqbmrrk gm khmuwdr* k t}m wku`d

}id gchcb}jgdgm rdemu jcgdu bki mrrm xkj}im gm c`hkuidæâk. K wmubmcuk |ukejmid ã d

bk`wdic`dæâk |mjd |}ejcbcgdgm. K t}duwk umhmum)rm ì t}mrwâk gk |dwukbé`ck m gdr jmcr gm

c`bm`wcxk d b}jw}ud* t}m d ci|um`rd umnmcwd wudwdu |mjk hdwk gm rmu badwk. K t}c`wk ã k nku`djcrikgm bmjmeucgdgmr* k} rmnd* k nku`djcrik wmi gdgk |uckucgdgm ì xcgd gdr |murk`djcgdgmr gk imck

duwérwcbk idcr gk t}m d keud. M* |ku þjwcik* k rmqwk |ukejmid* t}m râk kr drrmrrkumr gm ci|um`rd

t}m c`hj}m`bcdi i}cwk dr |d}wdr gk nku`djcrik b}jw}udj.

\dud bk`wku`du djf}`r gmrrmr |ukejmidr* \c~d !5<<2# gä gm~ gcbdr t}m gmxmi rmu rmf}cgdr |ku

}i nku`djcrwd gd äumd b}jw}udj> k |ukhcrrck`dj `âk gmxm bki|udu `mà}id xmurâk* gmxm hd~mu }id

c`wukg}æâk t}m badim d dwm`æâk gk jmcwku* gmxm wdieãi id`wmu k ucwik* acmudut}c~du dr

c`hkuidæýmr* mxcwdu bjcbaî* |umkb}|du)rm bki umb}urkr bkik wéw}jk* hkwk* jmfm`gd m gcdfudidæâk*

`âk }rdu mi mqbmrrk kr xmuekr ‚gc~’ k} ‚dhcuid’* wudg}~cu k ndufâk* rmu bucdwcxk `k wmqwk m `d

mgcæâk m hmbadu k wmqwk.

\dud \c~d !5<<2#* m`fd`d)rm t}mi |m`rd t}m k nku`djcrwd b}jw}udj `âk wudedjad gd imrid hkuid

t}m kr k}wukr m t}m `âk fkrwd gm `kwébcd. \mjk bk`wuäuck* mrwm wc|k gm nku`djcrwd wudedjad gm`wuk m

hkud gd umgdæâk m t}d`wk ì `kwébcd* k t}m dbk`wmbm ã t}m mjd `âk wmi k imrik |mrk gdr k}wudr

53



mgcwkucdr. Ã |ku mrwmr m k}wukr ikwcxkr t}m k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj ã bdgd xm~ idcr mi|keumbcgk*

c`bj}rcxm `k Eudrcj.

K t}m dbak t}m hdjwd `k Eudrcj ã }id |umrm`æd idcr c`wm`rd* idcr gm`rd* gmrrm kjadu b}jw}udj. K nku`djcrik gkr rmf}`gkr bdgmu`kr rkhum} mi|keumbcim`wk c`wmjmbw}dj m wãb`cbk*m djf}`r* nä `cwcgdim`wm rm m`wumfdudi dk bkikgcrik gm drr}`wkr bkik kr hdikrkr m kbki|kuwdim`wk gd ikgd. !\C^D* 5<<2* |.446#

]i hdwk b}uckrk ã t}m* |dud R~d`wò !5<<6#* i}cwkr gmrrmr nku`djcrwdr b}jw}udcr rmf}mi mrrd

bduumcud |ku dbdrk m t}d`gk k hd~mi* |mubmemi t}m d r}d hkuidæâk `âk kr |um|duk} |dud wdj.

Crrk rmi hdjdu gm t}m mrwmr |ukhcrrck`dcr |umbcrdi bkeucu gcxmurdr äumdr gm duwm. Kr nku`djcrwdr

|umbcrdi m`wm`gmu t}m gmxmi bkeucu dr duwmr `âk d|m`dr d |duwcu gd mrwãwcbd* idr bkik }ircrwmid rkbckjòfcbk* mbk`÷icbk m |kjéwcbk.

Xdjm gmrwdbdu t}m aä g}dr dekugdfm`r gk nku`djcrik b}jw}udj> d ‚wudgcbck`dj’* mi t}m kr

mgcwkumr hd~mi dr mrbkjadr umjmxd`wmr* |}ejcbd`gk k t}m dbadi t}m ã ci|kuwd`wm? m k ‚ikgmjk

gm rmuxcæk’* bki d cgãcd gm t}m kr mgcwkumr `âk |krr}mi k bkàmbcim`wk umjmxd`wm* m rci k

jmcwku* t}m ã k þ`cbk t}m rdem k t}m xdc hd~mu `kr hc`dcr gm rmid`d* bkik mq|jcbd R~d`wò !5<<6#.

Gcd`wm gcrrk* d wdumhd gk nku`djcrik ã khmumbmu wkgd d c`hkuidæâk gm t}m k jmcwku |umbcrd* |ku imck gm }id fud`gm jcrwd gm |ukfudidr m d`þ`bckr* k t}m |ukg}~ }id bkemuw}ud b}jw}udj udrd*

idr þwcj.

Gm dbkugk bki \c~d !5<<2#* hdwkr bkik d i}jwc|jcbdæâk gm umxcrwdr `kr d`kr 435< m d

keucfdwkucmgdgm gdr rmæýmr b}jw}udcr `d ci|um`rd `kr d`kr 43=< di|jcdudi d c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj*

t}m ã k ‚bki|jmqk gm |ukg}æýmr gm m`wumwm`cim`wk m jd~mu hmcwdr |dud k bk`r}ik mi jdufd

mrbdjd’ !\C^D* 5<<2* |.77#* rmi `mà}id umhjmqâk rkeum k t}m gmwmuic`dgk |ukg}wk rcf`chcbk} |dud k |þejcbk. K d}wku jmieud kr bdgmu`kr gcäuckr* i}cwk r}|muhcbcdcr* xdjkuc~d`gk dr

bmjmeucgdgmr.

Bk`wmqw}djc~d`gk imjaku kr gmrdhckr m`hum`wdgkr |mjk nku`djcrik b}jw}udj* |kgm)rm dhcuidu t}m

mjm gmxm rmu |m`rdgk `k bk`wmqwk gm }id c`gþrwucd b}jw}ud m gm }id b}jw}ud gm idrrd. Gm dbkugk

bki B}àd mw dj !5<<1#* d c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj mrwä c`rmucgd `d mrwu}w}ud bd|cwdjcrwd m bkjkbd d

id`chmrwdæâk duwérwcbd bkik }id imubdgkucd t}m rmf}m k imrik bdicàk gm em`r `âk b}jw}udcr

bki d wm`gî`bcd gm wud`rhkuidu d duwm mi bk`r}ik.

2<



D b}jw}ud gm idrrd* gm dbkugk bki Ikuc` !436=#* ã }id b}jw}ud bk`rwcw}égd |ku }i bku|k gm

réiekjkr* icwkr m wdieãi cidfm`r umhmum`wmr ì xcgd |uäwcbd m cidfc`äucd. Mjd mrwä umjdbck`dgd

dk j}buk bd|cwdjcrwd* }id xm~ t}m ã |dud m |mjk j}buk t}m râk gmrm`xkjxcgdr dr duwmr wãb`cbdr.

@mrwd jòfcbd* c`gm|m`gm`wm gm mrwdu hkud gd |ukb}ud gm j}buk* d wm`gî`bcd gk rcrwmid b}jw}udj ã

gm bumrbcim`wk m wkgd |ukg}æâk gm idrrd gmrwc`dgd dk bk`r}ik wmi bkik kucm`wdæâk k iäqcik

bk`r}ik. @mrrm rm`wcgk* d b}jw}ud mrwä bdicàd`gk `d gcumæâk gd gmikbudwc~dæâk |mjk jcxuk

edudwk* k gcrbk* d um|ukg}æâk t}m* rm |ku }i jdgk di|jcd k dbmrrk ì b}jw}ud* |ku k}wuk rmuxm ì

cgmkjkfcd gd mq|d`râk bkimubcdj.

D b}jw}ud gm idrrd* rmf}`gk Ikuc` !436=# ã }id fud`gm ãwcbd gk jd~mu* t}m cf`kud kr |ukejmidr gk wudedjak* rm id`wãi ì |duwm gkr |ukejmidr |kjéwcbkr m umjcfckrkr* m rm c`wmumrrd

idcr |mjk emi mrwdu gk jdu. Mjd rm d|umrm`wd gm gcxmurdr hkuidr* |uc`bc|djim`wm bkik

mr|mwäb}jk* k} rmnd* ã |ku imck gk mrwãwcbk t}m ã mrwdemjmbcgd d umjdæâk bki }i cidfc`äuck

b}jw}udj t}m gä rm`wcgk ì xcgd gkr c`gcxég}kr m bkjmwcxcgdgmr.

Gm dbkugk bki Ikuc` !436=#* bki k dgxm`wk gd b}jw}ud gm idrrd m gd c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj* }i

kenmwk gm duwm rm wku`k} }i duwcfk bkimubcdj* dk imrik wmi|k mi t}m rm mrwm`gm} d }id |k|}jdæâk t}m d`wmr mud mqbj}égd. @d b}jw}ud gm idrrd* d |ukg}æâk ã akikfm`mc~dgd |dud rmu

umbmecgd |ku }i `þimuk idcku. M`t}d`wk t}m d b}jw}ud gm idrrd ã k |ukg}wk* d c`gþrwucd

b}jw}udj ã k imbd`crik d |duwcu gk t}dj mrwd jòfcbd rm mrwdemjmbm.

\dud Ikuc` !436=#* d b}jw}ud c`g}rwucdj rò ã |krréxmj |ku bd}rd gdr c`xm`æýmr wãb`cbdr m ã |dud m

|mjk j}buk t}m rm gmrm xkjxmi dr duwmr wãb`cbdr. \kgm)rm gc~mu t}m d c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj ã

gmrm`xkjxcgd mi t}djt}mu umfcim* rmnd `k t}dguk gk Mrwdgk* bkik gd c`cbcdwcxd |ucxdgd. Krbk`wmþgkr b}jw}udcr rm gchmum`bcdi t}d`wk dk wc|k gm c`wmuxm`æâk* t}m |kgm rmu `mfdwcxd* bki

bk`wukjm* m |krcwcxd* bki kucm`wdæâk.

]i gmedwm rkeum d c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj m d b}jw}ud gm idrrd wdieãi ã hmcwd |ku Mbk !5<<4#* t}m

gchmum`bcd gkcr fu}|kr gm |krcbck`dim`wk wmòucbk gcd`wm gmrrd umdjcgdgm> kr ‚kwcicrwdr’ m kr

‚|mrrcicrwdr’. \kuwd`wk* d gcxcrâk ã hmcwd m`wum ‚d|kbdjé|wcbkr’* t}m rm jcicwdi d }id buéwcbd

wkwdjim`wm `mfdwcxd* m kr ‚c`wmfudgkr’* t}m râk kr t}m xîmi rkim`wm kr dr|mbwkr |krcwcxkr

gmrrd c`gþrwucd.

24



Rmf}`gk Mbk !5<<4#* m`wum kr t}m db}rdi* djf}idr gdr wmrmr d|umrm`wdgdr râk> gcucfcu)rm d }i

|þejcbk amwmukfî`mk* bkik rm hkrrm akikfî`mk? gmrwu}cu dr bdudbwmuérwcbdr gm bdgd fu}|k

ãw`cbk? gcucfcu)rm d }i |þejcbk c`bk`rbcm`wm? wm`gî`bcd d rmb}`gdu k fkrwk mqcrwm`wm? wm`gî`bcd d

fmudu mikæýmr c`wm`rdr m `âk imgcdwdr? r}nmcwk ì jmc gd khmuwd m gd |ukb}ud? gch}`gcu kr |ukg}wkr

gd b}jw}ud r}|mucku* |kuãi gm ikgk `cxmjdgk |dud mxcwdu mrhkuæk |ku |duwm gk hu}cgku? m`bkudndu

}id xcrâk |drrcxd m dbuéwcbd gk i}`gk? m`bkudndu fud`gm c`hkuidæâk rkeum k |umrm`wm mi

gmwucim`wk gm }id bki|umm`râk bk`wmqw}djc~dgd? mi|màdu k `éxmj r}|muhcbcdj gd dwm`æâk?

ci|ku réiekjkr m icwkr bki häbcj }`cxmurdjcgdgm? wudedjadu bki k|c`cýmr bki}`r m

gmrm`xkjxmu)rm rke }i derkj}wk bk`hkuicrik.

T}d`wk dkr t}m gmik`rwudi d xdjcgdgm gd b}jw}ud gm idrrd* t}m rmf}`gk Mbk !5<<4#

d|umrm`wdi gcrb}urkr rci|jcrwdr m rmi |mur|mbwcxd buéwcbd* dr |uk|krcæýmr râk dr rmf}c`wmr> d

b}jw}ud gm idrrd `drbm mi t}djt}mu rkbcmgdgm gm wc|k c`g}rwucdj* m `âk d|m`dr `k rcrwmid

bd|cwdjcrwd? mjd `âk wkid k j}fdu gd b}jw}ud r}|mucku* m drrci rm gch}`gm n}`wk d idrrdr m`kuimr

t}m d`wmr mrwdxdi wkwdjim`wm gcrwd`wmr gd b}jw}ud? d t}d`wcgdgm c`gcrbucic`dgd gm c`hkuidæâk

|kgm gmrm xkjxmu)rm mi hkuidæâk? d b}jw}ud gm idrrd gch}`gm |ukg}wkr gm m`wumwm`cim`wk t}m

`c`f}ãi k}rd n}jfdu bkik djfk |krcwcxk* idr t}m `âk gmxm rmu bk`rcgmudgk rc`dj gm gmbdgî`bcdgkr bkrw}imr? umxkj}æâk gkr |d|mu)edbor* t}m rcf`chcbd gch}râk gm keudr b}jw}udcr d |umækr

edcqkr* ã c`mfdxmjim wm |krcwcxd? mjd khmumbm }i dbmuxk gm c`hkuidæýmr rmi bucwãuckr gm

gcrbucic`dæâk* idr crrk ã |ukejmid gm umbm|æâk m `âk gm gcx}jfdæâk? djãi gm kr imckr gm

idrrd c`wukg}~cumi `kxdr hkuidr gm hdjdu* `kxkr mrwcjmidr* k t}m ã }id um`kxdæâk mrwcjérwcbd.

\dud Mbk !5<<4# |umbcrdikr bki|umm`gmu t}m d b}jw}ud gm idrrd ã |ukg}~cgd |ku fu}|kr gm

|kgmu mbk`÷icbk b}nk hci ã j}budwcxk. Crrk hd~ bki t}m rm m`wm`gd t}m mjd ã }i hdwk c`g}rwucdjm t}m rkhum bk`gcbck`dim`wkr wé|cbkr gm t}djt}mu dwcxcgdgm gmrrm imck. K t}m ã muudgk dhcuidu

ã t}m d i}jwc|jcbcgdgm gmrrmr |ukg}wkr ã em`ãhcbd |ku bd}rd gk jcxum imubdgk m `âk gmxd rmu

r}eimwcgd d }id buéwcbd. D t}mrwâk `âk ã rdemu rm ã eki k} u}ci mqcrwcu b}jw}ud gm idrrd* m rci

rdemu t}dj dæâk b}jw}udj t}m |muicwm t}m mrrmr imckr gm idrrd xmcb}jmi xdjkumr b}jw}udcr. K

|ukejmid gd b}jw}ud gm idrrd mrwä `k hdwk gm t}m mjd ã id`keudgd |uckucwducdim`wm rke d jmc

bkimubcdj gd khmuwd m gd |ukb}ud.

25



Rmf}`gk Mbk !5<<4#* k |ukejmid ã gm }id |kjéwcbd t}m hdxkumæd }id ekd hkuidæâk b}jw}udj gk

bcgdgâk djcdgd d }id |kjéwcbd t}m hdbcjcwm k dbmrrk dkr em`r b}jw}udcr gm `éxmj idcr mjmxdgk. Rm

mqcrwcu }id gmid`gd idcr t}djchcbdgd* kr imckr |drrduâk* |ku `mbmrrcgdgm gm rkeumxcxî`bcd m

c`wmumrrm bkimubcdj* d khmumbmu |ukg}wkr gm imjaku `éxmj.

Gcd`wm gmrrd c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj* B}àd mw dj !5<<1# umrrdjwd k |dudgkqk xcxcgk |mjk nku`djcrik

b}jw}udj* }id xm~ t}m kr nku`dcr mrwâk wudedjad`gk bki r}|jmim`wkr b}jw}udcr rmid`dcr* gd`gk

î`hdrm ì umhjmqâk* m`t}d`wk kr bdgmu`kr gm b}jw}ud gcäuckr m`hum`wdi ci|drrmr gmbkuum`wmr gd

dbmjmudgd ukwc`d |ukg}wcxd.

K nku`djcrik b}jw}udj ã c`hj}m`bcdgk |mjd c`gþrwucd gd b}jw}ud. Rmf}`gk B}àd mw dj !5<<1#* }idgdr ud~ýmr ã |mjk hdwk gm k nku`djcrik hd~mu |duwm gm }i |ukbmrrk c`g}rwucdj mq|krwk ì

|dguk`c~dæâk m ì c`gcxcg}djc~dæâk* d|mrdu gm mjm rmu ikxcgk |ku `kxcgdgmr. K}wud ud~âk mrwä `d

|ukg}æâk b}jw}udj* djxk gd c`g}rwucdjc~dæâk m imubd wcjc~dæâk. Mrrm bduäwmu imubd wcj mrwä

|umrm wm `d keud gm duwm* hd~m`gk bki t}m k duwcrwd |drrm |ku }i gcjmid mi bkjkbdu k} `âk d

keud `k imubdgk* kucfc`d`gk c`bj}rcxm gcjmidr gm `dw}um~d ãwcbd. Xdjm `kwdu t}m djf}`r duwcrwdr

|drrdi d wudedjadu `âk idcr |dud d umdjc~dæâk gd keud* idr |dud d um|mub}rrâk gmjd* |dud d r}d

cidfmi* nä t}m* mrwd`gk `d iégcd* mjm |kgm |m`rdu `d r}d duwm* |kcr dfkud wmuä bki|udgkumr.

D |krw}ud gkr bdgmu`kr gm b}jw}ud gcd`wm gd |ukg}æâk b}jw}udj |drrk}* bkik mq|jcbd B}àd mw dj

!5<<1#* |ku wuîr ikim`wkr. Kr d`kr 438< dwã 436< hkudi idubdgkr |ku }id xcrâk cgmkjkfc~dgd

gd bki}`cbdæâk* `d t}dj* dk d`djcrdu kr kenmwcxkr mbk`÷icbkr m cgmkjòfcbkr gkr imckr idrrcxkr

rm bucwcbdxd d id`mcud bkik kr bk`r}icgkumr d mjmr rm r}eimwcdi* bki wkwdj |drrcxcgdgm.

Drrci* k bdi|k |uäwcbk gk nku`djcrik b}jw}udj |drrk} |ku }id wud`rhkuidæâk> d wm`gî`bcd gm rm

d|mfdu ì |ukg}æâk duwérwcbd `dbck`dj m wudwdu bki umrmuxd k t}m mrwä `d c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj. Mrrdwm`gî`bcd rm c`xmuwm mi 431<* |drrd`gk d dgkwdu d jmfcwcidæâk gd b}jw}ud c`wmu`dbck`dj gm

idrrdr !|uknmwk bk`rmuxdgku m c`wmu`dbck`dj# m* bk`rmt}m`wmim`wm* d `âk dbmcwdu bk`bmcw}du d

b}jw}ud gm idrrd bkik djfk |mucfkrk. Nä kr d`kr 433< râk bd}gdwäuckr gd gãbdgd gm 431< m idcr

mbjãwcbkr.

Gm dbkugk bki B}àd mw dj !5<<1#* ã ci|kuwd`wm k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj t}mrwck`du* gcdjkfdu* |dud

t}m drrci d c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj `âk rm rc`wd d xk`wdgm |dud |ukg}~cu kr imrikr |dguýmr*

wud`rhkuid`gk bdgd xm~ idcr dr keudr b}jw}udcr mi |ukg}wkr gm rãucm.

22



Kr bdgmu`kr gm b}jw}ud |krr}mi }id |krw}ud hum`wm ì c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj m ì b}jw}ud |k|}jdu t}m ã

dieéf}d* rmf}`gk B}àd mw dj !5<<1#. D |ukg}æâk gmrrm bdgmu`k gcäuck hd~ bki t}m adnd }id

xcrâk cimgcdwcrwd* wd`wk gkr mgcwkumr* t}d`wk gkr nku`djcrwdr. Rm hku keucfdgk d `kwcbcdu w}gk k

t}m dbk`wmbm `k imubdgk b}jw}udj* k nku`djcrwd |mugm mr|dæk |dud c`hkuidu mrrdr |ukfudidæýmr.

\ku mqmi|jk* ã `éwcgd d hdjwd gm |um|duk `d akud gm dekugdu dr id`chmrwdæýmr wudgcbck`dcr

hkjbjòucbdr m+k} umfck`dcr t}m dbk`wmbmi hkud gk mcqk Uck+ Râk \d}jk. Mjdr* mi r}d idckucd* râk

wudwdgdr bki mrwudàdim`wk. Gcd`wm gcrrk* wku`d)rm idcr gchébcj m`bk`wudu `kr nku`dcr }id

bkemuw}ud deud`fm`wm gm drr}`wkr umhmum`wmr dkr |ukbmrrkr t}m mrwâk |ku wuär gkr |ukg}wkr

b}jw}udcr.

Wmi)rm* |kuwd`wk* }i nku`djcrik ‚gm umr}jwdgkr’* k t}m `âk ã djfk t}m dbk`wmbm mi wkgkr kr

|dérmr* bkik mq|jcbd B}àd mw dj !5<<1#. @k bdrk gkr nku`dcr m}uk|m}r* mjmr `kwcbcdi d|m`dr dr

|ukfudidæýmr t}m n}jfdi idcr c`wmumrrd`wmr. Mrrm |ukejmid t}m k Eudrcj xcxm `k nku`djcrik

b}jw}udj ã dc`gd |cku `d imgcgd mi t}m mjm rm wku`d gcäuck m dbmjmudgk. Nä `k bdrk gdr umxcrwdr

im`rdcr* mrrm |ukejmid ã dim`c~dgk.

Gm dbkugk bki B}àd mw dj !5<<1#* d c`gþrwucd b}jw}udj mqmubm }id hkuwm |umrrâk rkeum k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj* e}rbd gk gcx}jfdæâk gkr |ukg}wkr. Mrrd |umrrâk* |ku r}d xm~* d|dumbmrrm gm

xäucdr id`mcudr. ]id gmjdr ã k ndeä* |ukg}wk k} mxm`wk b}jw}udj |ucxcjmfcdgk |mjk nku`djcrwd

imgcd`wm |dfdim`wk* k t}m wud`rhkuid k nku`dj mi }i mr|dæk bkimubcdj. K}wud id`mcud ã d

badidgd ‚xcdfmi |dfd’* t}d`gk ã khmumbcgd dk nku`djcrwd }id xcdfmi |dud m`wumxcrwdu* |ku

mqmi|jk* djf}id bmjmeucgdgm* hd~m`gk bki t}m dbdem deuc`gk }i mr|dæk gm gmrwdt}m `k nku`dj.

K}wuk |ukejmid râk kr umjmdrmr umbmecgkr |mjkr nku`djcrwdr* t}m i}cwdr xm~mr* |ku bd}rd gk

wmi|k d|muwdgk* bkjkbdi k wmqwk `d é`wmfud* rmi bk`wud|k`wk. K}wuk mqmi|jk mrwä umjdbck`dgk ìumhmuî`bcd c`gcumwd i}cwdr xm~mr drrkbcdgd ì ci|krcæâk gm dfm`gdim`wkr gk xméb}jk. Dc`gd

k}wuk |k`wk t}m imumbm gmrwdt}m ã d t}mrwâk gd bkemuw}ud b}jw}udj fdàdu rwdw}r gm

‚bki|kuwdim`wk’ m xäuckr wmidr* d`wmr dekugdgkr `k bdgmu`k b}jw}udj* umbmemumi gmrwdt}m m dwã

|äfc`dr mr|mbéhcbdr.

\dud B}àd mw dj !5<<1#* k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj |umbcrd e}rbdu }i bdicàk gchmum`wm gk t}m mrwä

wudædgk. Mjm `âk gmxm rò hku`mbmu c`hkuidæýmr rkeum d |ukg}æâk b}jw}udj* idr wdieãi

|ucxcjmfcdu d hkuidæâk gk jmcwku. D|mrdu gm djf}`r ci|drrmr* |dud \c~d !5<<2#* ã dc`gd xcäxmj rm

27



hd~mu }i eki nku`djcrik b}jw}udj* umbk`t}crwd`gk }id t}djcgdgm |mugcgd m mrwd`gk c`hkuidgk

rkeum gcxmurkr drr}`wkr.

Deucu)rm |dud k}wukr drr}`wkr `âk rcf`chcbd ded`gk`du r}d ud~âk gm rmu* t}m ã d dxdjcdæâkgkr |ukg}wkr m mxm`wkr b}jw}udcr* gm r}dr |murk`djcgdgm m wm`gî`bcdr* `dr hkuidr gd buéwcbd*gd m`wumxcrwd* gd um|kuwdfmi m gd bkj}`d* mi r}dr idcr gcxmurdr bdidgdr gm wudwdim`wk* mirm}r idcr gcxmurkr r}|kuwmr !nku`dj* umxcrwd* C`wmu`mw* uägck WX* jcxuk. !\C^D* 5<<2*

|.443#

2.2 Fî`mukr Nku`djérwcbkr

\m`d !5<<=# dhcuid t}m aä }id xducmgdgm gm bjdrrchcbdæýmr gm fî`mukr nku`djérwcbkr* bkik d

hud`bmrd* d `kuwm)dimucbd`d m d djmiâ. Gm`wum kr dbdgîicbkr eudrcjmcukr* Nkrã Idut}mr gm Imjkgcxcgm kr fî`mukr m`wum nku`djcrik c`hkuidwcxk m k|c`dwcxk. K c`hkuidwcxk bk`wmi|jd `kwd*

`kwébcd* um|kuwdfmi m m`wumxcrwd m k k|c`dwcxk bk`wmi|jd k mgcwkucdj* bkim`wäuck* duwcfk* umrmàd*

bkj}`d* bu÷`cbd* bducbdw}ud m bduwd.

M`wum kr fî`mukr nku`djérwcbkr* xdikr gdu î`hdrm ì um|kuwdfmi* ì m`wumxcrwd m ì buéwcbd* rmi

`mbmrrducdim`wm umjdbck`ä)jkr k} jcicwä)jkr dk nku`djcrik b}jw}udj. Crwk |mjk hdwk gm t}m mrrmr

wuîr wc|kr gm wmqwkr râk kr t}m mrwâk |umrm`wmr `dr |äfc`dr gmgcbdgdr dk wmdwuk `dr mgcæýmr gd

umxcrwd Eudxk$ t}m râk kenmwk gmrrd |mrt}crd.

2.2.4 Um|kuwdfmi

D um|kuwdfmi ã }i gkr fî`mukr `duudwcxkr* t}m* rmf}`gk Rkguã m Hmuuduc !4318#* rm umhmum ì

mqwm`râk gd `kwébcd* d hkuid `duudwcxd gk xméb}jk ci|umrrk. @d um|kuwdfmi* kr mjmim`wkr

‚t}mi’ m ‚k t}î’ |umbcrdi mrwdu |umrm`wmr bki k c`w}cwk gm gmr|muwdu c`wmumrrm. Dr |uc`bc|dcr

bdudbwmuérwcbdr gm }id um|kuwdfmi râk> |umgkic`å`bcd gd hkuid `duudwcxd* a}id`c~dæâk gkumjdwk* wmqwk gm `dw}um~d ci|umrrck`crwd* kenmwcxcgdgm gkr hdwkr `duudgkr.

\dud Rkguã m Hmuuduc !4318#* d um|kuwdfmi* drrci bkik d `kwébcd* mrwä |umkb}|dgd bki d

c`hkuidæâk* |kuãi* d `kwébcd wmi d h}`æâk gm drrc`djdu kr dbk`wmbcim`wkr* wku`du |þejcbk }i

hdwk. D `kwébcd mrwä umjdbck`dgd bki k hdwku wmi|k* }id xm~ t}m k hdwk |umbcrd rmu umbm`wm |dud

rmu wud`rhkuidgk mi }id `kwébcd gm c`wmumrrm. D um|kuwdfmi* |ku r}d xm~* `âk |umrbc`gc`gk

`mbmrrducdim`wm gd dw}djcgdgm* khmumbm gmwdjadim`wk gk t}m hkc d`}`bcdgk. Gchmum`wm gd `kwébcd*

2=



d um|kuwdfmi bk`g}~ k jmcwku d }i |krcbck`dim`wk buéwcbk* umxmjd`gk djfk c`r}r|mcwdgk*

di|jcd`gk d xcrâk rkeum gmwmuic`dgk drr}`wk.

Rkguã m Hmuuduc !4318# bcwdi wuîr ikgmjkr h}`gdim`wdcr gm um|kuwdfmi. K |ucimcuk umhmum)rm ì

um|kuwdfmi gm hdwkr* t}m wudwd gk umjdwk kenmwcxk gm dbk`wmbcim`wkr* kemgmbm`gk d hkuid gd

|cuåicgm c`xmuwcgd m rm xdjm gd gudidwcbcgdgm gm }i hdwk* deuc`gk `kxdr äumdr gm bk`wmqwk. K

rmf}`gk ikgmjk ã d um|kuwdfmi gm dæâk* t}m umhmum)rm dk umjdwk t}m bkimæd |mjk hdwk idcr

dwudm`wm* bdicàd`gk* dkr |k}bkr |dud d mq|krcæâk gkr gmwdjamr. @mrwm ikgmjk* k ci|kuwd`wm ã

k gmrmùkjdu gkr dbk`wmbcim`wkr gm id`mcud m`}`bcd`wm. M k wmubmcuk ikgmjk ã d um|kuwdfmi

gkb}im`wdj* t}m ã k umjdwk t}m d|umrm`wd kr mjmim`wkr gm id`mcud kenmwcxd* bki bcwdæýmr t}m

bki|jmim`wdi k drr}`wk wudwdgk. @d idckucd gdr xm~mr* mjd wmi b}àk |mgdfòfcbk m rm |uk`}`bcd rkeum k wmid.

\m`d !5<<=#* |ku r}d xm~* bcwd kr ikgmjkr |uk|krwkr |ku Nkâk gm Gm}r Bkuuîd. \dud mjm* mqcrwm*

djãi gd um|kuwdfmi gm hdwkr* gm dæâk m gkb}im`wdj* d um|kuwdfmi gk |muhcj* t}m d|umrm`wd d

cidfmi |rcbkjòfcbd gm djf}ãi* d |duwcu gk gm|kcim`wk gd |uò|ucd |mrrkd* bkik gm hdicjcdumr*

dicfkr mwb. K}wuk wc|k ã d um|kuwdfmi |kjîicbd* t}m bucd k} mq|jkud }i drr}`wk mi gcrb}rrâk

`d rkbcmgdgm* k}xc`gk hk`wmr t}m |m`rdi gm ikgk gchmum`bcdgk. Nä d um|kuwdfmi ik`kwmiäwcbddbk`wmbm t}d`gk }i xméb}jk* d |duwcu gm }i dbk`wmbcim`wk umbm`wm* bucd }i wmid bd|d~ gm

|ukxkbdu dgmrâk gk |þejcbk.

D demuw}ud gm }id um|kuwdfmi wmi d h}`æâk gm badidu d dwm`æâk gk jmcwku |dud k wmqwk* bkik

umrrdjwd Rkguã m Hmuuduc !4318#. \dud crrk* k nku`djcrwd hd~ }rk gm |djdxudr bk`bumwdr* hudrmr

b}uwdr* c`bcrcxdr. Rdcu gm }id demuw}ud c`hkuidwcxd m e}rbdu djfk idcr jcwmuäuck |kgm rmu }id ekd

rdégd. ]i gkr wc|kr t}m imumbm gmrwdt}m ã umdjædu d xcrâk* bki }id demuw}ud hkwkfuähcbd*bc`midwkfuähcbd k} gmrbucwcxd. K}wuk wc|k ã umdjædu d d}gcæâk* bki }id demuw}ud)bcwdæâk)

gmbjdudæâk* rmnd mjd umdj k} cidfc`äucd. K nku`djcrwd |kgm wdieãi umdjædu d cidfc`dæâk* hd~m`gk

}id demuw}ud bki|dudwcxd k} cidfc`dwcxd. Umdjædu d |mrrkd ã k}wuk wc|k* |ku imck gd acrwòucd

|mrrkdj. \kgm)rm dc`gd nkfdu bki hòui}jdr* }rd`gk hudrmr hmcwdr* }rd`gk)dr wdj m t}dj k}

ikgchcbd`gk)dr. \kgm)rm* wdieãi* nkfdu bki dr |djdxudr* }rd`gk wukbdgcjakr* d`mgkwdr*

|dudgkqkr mwb.

28



\dud bk`rwu}cu }id ekd um|kuwdfmi ã |umbcrk* gm dbkugk bki Rkguã m Hmuuduc !4318#* t}m mjd

wmàd hkuæd* duumedwd`gk k jmcwku m hd~m`gk bki t}m mjm bamf}m dk hci gd `duudwcxd. K}wud

bdudbwmuérwcbd ã d bjdum~d* t}m gc~ umr|mcwk ì kenmwcxcgdgm `duudwcxd* bki hc`djcgdgm gm

bki|umm`râk cimgcdwd. Aä wdieãi d bk`gm`rdæâk t}m rm umhmum `âk d|m`dr dk dbþi}jk* bkik ì

bk`bm`wudæâk m ré`wmrm bki t}m rm id`c|}jdi kr umb}urkr `duudwcxkr m gmrbucwcxkr. K}wud

bdudbwmuérwcbd ã d wm`râk* hd~m`gk bki t}m d um|kuwdfmi xä mi gcumæâk d }i |k`wk gm c`wmumrrm

iäqcik. M* |ku þjwcik* d `kxcgdgm* t}m |kgm mrwdu jcfdgd dk dbk`wmbcim`wk c`ãgcwk* bkik

wdieãi gc~ umr|mcwk ì kermuxdæâk gchmum`wm rkeum gmwmuic`dgk drr}`wk.

\dud Rkguã m Hmuuduc !4318#* d um|kuwdfmi |kgm d|umrm`wdu xäuckr wc|kr. Mjd |kgm rmu bjdrrchcbdgd

bkik um|kuwdfmi)bk`wk* mi t}m k um|òuwmu e}rbd `k bk`wk d hkuid gm bk`wdu }i hdwk. Mrwm wc|kgm wmqwk bkimæd |duwcb}jduc~d`gk d dæâk* mrbkjam`gk }i |murk`dfmi |dud cj}rwudu k rm} wmid.

Aä d um|kuwdfmi)bu÷`cbd* t}m wmi bduäwmu idcr bcub}`rwd`bcdj m diecm`wdj. K jcxuk)um|kuwdfmi ã

k}wuk wc|k* bdudbwmuc~dgd |ku rmu }id acrwòucd t}m rm id`wãi `k hkbk gk c`wmumrrm |þejcbk*

xcud`gk }id mr|ãbcm gm ‚um|kuwdfmi)`kxmjd’. Mjm |kgm rmu }id bki|cjdæâk gm wmqwkr nä

|}ejcbdgkr k} wudedjak hmcwk |dud jcxuk* idr t}m rmnd bk`bmecgd mi wmi|kr nku`djérwcbkr.

2.2.5 M`wumxcrwd

Imgc`d !5<<7# bk`rcgmud d m`wumxcrwd bkik }id wãb`cbd gm c`wmudæâk rkbcdj* bd|d~ gm t}meudu

crkjdim`wkr fu}|dcr* c`gcxcg}dcr m rkbcdcr. Mjd rmuxm |dud d |j}udjc~dæâk gm xk~mr m gcrwuce}cæâk

gmikbuäwcbd gd c`hkuidæâk. K kenmwcxk gd m`wumxcrwd ã k c`wmu)umjdbck`dim`wk a}id`k. \dud t}m

crrk dbk`wmæd* aä |dwdidumr d rmumi |murmf}cgkr* bkik k gmrmi|màk wãb`cbk gmrwm wc|k gm

fî`muk nku`djérwcbk.

Ksdid !5<<1# gcxcgm d duwm gm m`wumxcrwdu mi wuîr |duwmr. \ucimcuk* mi ‚k d`wmr gd m`wumxcrwd’.

@mrwm ikim`wk* k nku`djcrwd |umbcrd dfm`gdu d m`wumxcrwd* rdemu k`gm mjd xdc rmu hmcwd mwb. ]id

gdr bdudbwmuérwcbdr t}m gmwmuic`d }id ekd m`wumxcrwd ã d |mrt}crd* t}m rmuxm |dud bkàmbmu k

m`wumxcrwdgk m rm} wudedjak. Rm`gk drrci* ã ci|kuwd`wm e}rbdu edrwd`wm idwmucdj |}ejcbdgk |mjk m

rkeum k m`wumxcrwdgk. Djãi gcrrk* ã h}`gdim`wdj wmu mi im`wm t}m }id m`wumxcrwd |umbcrd rmu

}id bk`xmurd* bki k ié`cik gm bkugcdjcgdgm* rci|dwcd m |djdxudr nkfdgdr hkud.

26



Mi rmf}`gk* xmi k ‚g}ud`wm gd m`wumxcrwd’. @mrwdr kbdrcýmr* Ksdid !5<<1# mq|jcbd t}m ã

|umbcrk |m`rdu t}m dr |muf}`wdr gcumwdr râk dr imjakumr* gk |k`wk gm xcrwd gd bki|umm`râk. \dud

rmu }i eki m`wumxcrwdgku* ã |umbcrk rdemu k}xcu m* d`wmr gm w}gk* rmu b}uckrk* rmi n}jfdu k

m`wumxcrwdgk. K t}m gchmum`bcd }id m`wumxcrwd hucd gd mikbck`d`wm ã k fud} gm bk`hcd`æd t}m k

m`wumxcrwdgku djbd`æd bki k m`wumxcrwdgk. M |dud bk`rmf}cu crrk ã |umbcrk t}m k nku`djcrwd dnd gm

hkuid ak`mrwd* t}m wmàd }id ekd um|}wdæâk. @âk mqcrwm |muf}`wd ‚gmjcbdgd’* dwã |kut}m*

i}cwdr xm~mr* ã }i djéxck |dud k m`wumxcrwdgk umr|k`gî)jdr* nä t}m wmi d k|kuw}`cgdgm gm

bk`wudgc~mu rm}r c`cicfkr.

Mi wmubmcud xmi k ‚gm|kcr gd m`wumxcrwd’* t}m* gm dbkugk bki Ksdid !5<<1#* ã t}d`gk bamfd d

akud gm bkjkbdu k wmqwk `d wmjd* wm`gk t}m mrbkjamu k t}m gmrwdbdu m k t}m nkfdu hkud* k} rmnd*mgcwdu. D |muf}`wd idcr humtúm`wm gm mrw}gd`wmr gm nku`djcrik ã ‚dwã k`gm ã |muicwcgk umr}icu d

m`wumxcrwd;’. D umr|krwd gm Ksdid ã t}m k um|òuwmu |kgm hd~mu t}drm w}gk> i}gdu d kugmi gdr

|muf}`wdr* bkuwdu |djdxudr* mim`gdu |m`rdim`wkr m mjcic`du |djdxudr |ukjcqdr. T}d`wk idcr

duwcb}jdgk ã k m`wumxcrwdgk* im`kr wmi|k k nku`djcrwd fdrwd |dud mgcwdu k wmqwk.

Xdjm jmieudu t}m d m`wumxcrwd* gm dbkugk bki Imgc`d !5<<7#* `âk ã }i eudæk gd bki}`cbdæâk

a}id`d* rm m`bdudgd bkik }id rci|jmr wãb`cbd. Ã |umbcrk cu djãi* hd~m`gk bki t}m k umr}jwdgk

rmnd xcréxmj |dud k jmcwku* k k}xc`wm k} k wmjmr|mbwdgku* t}m rm`wmi bmuwd mikæâk m d}wm`wcbcgdgm`k gcrb}urk m`}`bcdgk* rmnd |mjk m`wumxcrwdgk* rmnd |mjk m`bdicàdim`wk gm |muf}`wdr hmcwdr

|mjk m`wumxcrwdgku. Ã ci|kuwd`wm |uk|ku k gcäjkfk* k t}m ã gchébcj dw}djim`wm* bki imckr gm

gcx}jfdæâk t}m dbm`w}di d hdjwd gm bki}`cbdæâk.

2.2.2 Buéwcbd

D buéwcbd ã d imgcdgkud m`wum d bucdæâk m d d|umbcdæâk gm }id keud* bkik dhcuid Udxd`mjjc!4338#. T}d`wk ì t}djcgdgm gk wmqwk buéwcbk* \c~d !5<<2# mq|jcbd t}m mjm gmxm wmu bjdum~d*

bkmuî`bcd m dfcjcgdgm* c`hkuidu k drr}`wk* d`djcrdu djfk gm id`mcud rc`wãwcbd m cu djãi gk t}m ã

d`djcrdgk.

K wudedjak gk buéwcbk wmi c`ébck* bkik mq|jcbd Udxd`mjjc !4338#* `d d|umbcdæâk gm }id keud*

idr mjd |kgm c`hj}cu mi mwd|dr d`wmuckumr. Bki d buéwcbd* gmwmuic`dgd keud |kgm rmu c`bku|kudgd

d }id duwm }`cxmurdj* d umbm|æâk gd keud |kgm d}im`wdu m d bucdæâk gk duwcrwd |kgm* c`bj}rcxm*

21



rmu mrwci}jdgd. Crrk rcf`chcbd t}m k wudedjak gk buéwcbk ikgchcbd k hm`÷im`k duwérwcbk* |kcr

ikrwud bdicàkr* dn}gd`gk `âk rò k bucdgku* bkik wdieãi k |þejcbk.

\dud Udxd`mjjc !4338#* d buéwcbd ã bk`rcgmudgd }i r}efî`muk gk fî`muk nku`djérwcbk gm k|c`câk.

Mjd bkrw}id bkimædu bki }id hcbad wãb`cbd* bki k `kim gd keud m gk d}wku. D|òr mrrd hcbad* k

|ukhcrrck`dj gä }id c`wukg}æâk* c`hkuid gk dk jmcwku rm d keud ã ekd k} u}ci. D|òr crrk* k

nku`djcrwd gmwdjad kr ikwcxkr gd r}d k|c`câk* bki gdgkr t}m râk d|k`wdgkr `k wmqwk. M*

hc`djim`wm* d buéwcbd |kgm c`rmucu }id bk`bj}râk* t}m umr}im kr bk`bmcwkr buéwcbkr.

Rmf}`gk Ikudmr !5<<6#* k buéwcbk |umbcrd |m`rdu `dr bk`rmtúî`bcdr gk t}m hd~ m rmi|um

d`djcrdu bki b}cgdgk }i duwcrwd nkxmi* dhc`dj* mjm wmi k gcumcwk gm muudu. Nä k bk`rdfudgk gmxmrmu d`djcrdgk rmi mrt}mbmu kr rm}r r}bmrrkr d`wmuckumr m rm`gk bkeudgk mi `kim gmrrd

wudnmwòucd nä d`djcrdgd.

Gm dbkugk bki Udxd`mjjc !4338#* d buéwcbd |kgm hd~mu bki t}m }i d}wku rm d}wkhcuim `k bdi|k

gd duwm k} t}m hdæd djf}idr djwmudæýmr `d r}d bucdæâk* bkàmbm`gk k}wudr |krrcecjcgdgmr t}m

dc`gd `âk wcàd |m`rdgk. Djãi gcrrk* d buéwcbd |kgm rmu }id hk`wm gm cgmcdr mrwãwcbdr k}

bucdbck`dcr. M`wâk* |kgm)rm gc~mu t}m d buéwcbd wud`rhkuid k hm`÷im`k duwérwcbk* wudæd bdicàkrgd duwm* rmi rm mrt}mbmu gk d}qéjck gdgk dk c`wãu|umwm m dk |þejcbk.

\dud t}m dr |mrrkdr |krrdi d|umbcdu }id keud gm duwm* Udxd`mjjc !4338# mq|jcbd t}m k buéwcbk

|umbcrd mq|jcbä)jd* rcw}d`gk)d gm`wuk gm }i |d`kudid acrwòucbk)mrwcjérwcbk. Dr buéwcbdr

c`hj}m`bcdi k |þejcbk* k |ukfudidgku* t}m ã t}mi gmbcgm t}dj keud xdc rmu umdjc~dgd mi

gmwmuic`dgk j}fdu? m* djf}idr xm~mr* k}wukr buéwcbkr. Rm`gk drrci* d buéwcbd wmi d h}`æâk gm

kucm`wdu* mq|jcbdu* f}cdu* c`bcwdu m idubdu bk`g}wdr m d gchcb}jgdgm gm bk`rwu}cu }id buéwcbd ã |ku bd}rd gd umr|k`rdecjcgdgm `k wudedjak gm dxdjcdæâk.

Hãudj !5<<<# d|umrm`wd }id xcrâk |mrrcicrwd gd buéwcbd. \dud mjm* k gcrb}urk rkeum wmdwuk ã

|umbäuck m idrbdud t}mrwýmr h}`gdim wdcr* bkik k gcumcwk gk |ukhcrrck`dj gm hd~mu buéwcbd d }id

keud gm duwm m k t}m |kgm rmu gcwk rkeum gmwmuic`dgd duwm. K d}wku gmhm`gm d cgmcd gm t}m k

buéwcbk `âk |kgm kjadu |dud d keud gm id`mcud c`kbm`wm* m rci kjaä)jd `}id |mur|mbwcxd idcr

di|jd* wm`gk bkàmbcim`wk gm mr|mbcdjcrwd `k t}m rm mq|jkud. D buéwcbd gm aknm |umbcrd umhjmwcu

rkeum d duwm bk`wmi|kuå`md* c`g}~cu `kxkr bk`bmcwkr m cgm`wchcbdu bkuum`wmr bkik |k`wkr gm

23



umhmuî`bcd t}m bk`wuce}d |ud d hmcw}ud gd acrwòucd gd duwm. \kuwd`wk* d h}`æâk gk buéwcbk ã gchmum`wm

gm d`kr dwuär* }id xm~ t}m mjm gmxm wmu bkàmbcim`wk gm mr|mbcdjcrwd `k t}m mq|jkud* rmi gmcqdu

gm bcwdu }id xcrâk idcr di|jd t}m k duwcrwd.

@k wudedjak gk buéwcbk* mjm `âk khmumbm d|m`dr }id jmcw}ud bki}i* m rci }id jmcw}ud

gkb}im`wdgd* mi t}m mjm c`hkuid k jmcwku* mrbjdumbm d keud mwb. T}d`wk dkr ucrbkr gd buéwcbd*

Hãudj !5<<<# mq|jcbd t}m ã |umbcrk t}m mrrm |ukhcrrck`dj wmàd edrwd`wm gcrbmu`cim`wk* |dud

mr|mbchcbdu m `kimdu bkcrdr. K buéwcbk wud`rcwd m`wum }i gcrb}urk bki|jdbm`wm m wd}wkjòfcbk* bki

}i gcrb}urk d}wk)umhmum`bcdj m }i gcrb}urk t}m wud~ r}dr k|c`cýmr |dud k |ucimcuk |jd`k. ]id

gdr ud~ýmr |dud crrk ã d hdjwd gm |k`wkr gm umhmuî`bcd `d buéwcbd* |muid`mbm`gk }id duwm d|kcdgd

`d duwm gm mrbumxmu. Bki k |k}bk mr|dæk t}m rkeud |dud k rm} wudedjak m kr |ud~kr t}m |umbcrdb}i|ucu* kr buéwcbkr dbdedi hd~m`gk gmbjdudæýmr gm b}àk mikbck`dj* |ukikxm`gk rm}r fkrwkr

m gmrfkrwkr m dbdedi rm bkjkbd`gk mi |ucimcuk |jd`k. T}d`gk crrk dbk`wmbm* mjmr rm

wud`rhkuidi mi mr|mwäb}jk m râk xcrwkr idcr t}m d keud.

Buéwcbd* rmf}`gk Hãudj !5<<<#* um|umrm`wd |kgmu* k} rmnd* k buéwcbk |krr}c }id d}wkucgdgm gd t}dj

|kgm de}rdu. K |mrk gd |djdxud mrbucwd i}cwdr xm~mr dbded rm`gk idcku gk t}m k |uò|uck

mr|mwäb}jk> k |ukhcrrck`dj c`xmrwm `d r}d buéwcbd mi t}mrwâk gm akudr* m`t}d`wk k duwcrwd rmm`xkjxm `k wudedjak g}ud`wm imrmr. Ã |krréxmj |mubmemu t}m k mr|dæk gmrwc`dgk ì buéwcbd mrwä

gcic`}c`gk* gd imrid hkuid t}m d duwm gd buéwcbd mrwä rke dimdæd gd b}jw}ud gm idrrd t}m d

umnmcwd* gm dbkugk bki Hãudj !5<<<#.

7<



7 WMDWUK @D UMXCRWD EUDXK$

7.4 Imwkgkjkfcd

Mrwm bd|éw}jk wmi bkik |uk|òrcwk d`djcrdu bkik k wmdwuk mrwä |umrm`wm `k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj `k

Eudrcj m k kenmwk gm d`äjcrm mrbkjacgk hkc d umxcrwd Eudxk$. @mjd* rmuâk d`djcrdgdr dr |äfc`dr

gmgcbdgdr dk wmdwuk. D mrbkjad gmrwd umxcrwd |dud d d`äjcrm gmxm)rm dk hdwk gmrwm xméb}jk rm wudwdu

gm }id bk`bmcw}dgd |}ejcbdæâk im`rdj eudrcjmcud* xkjwdgd |dud d äumd gm b}jw}ud.

Bki d Eudxk$* |umwm`gm)rm kermuxdu kr bk`wmqwkr mi t}m k wmid ‚wmdwuk’ d|dumbm* t}dcr krdrr}`wkr mrbkjacgkr m t}dcr mjmim`wkr d umxcrwd gmrwdbd. Djãi gcrrk* rmuâk d`djcrdgkr k wc|k gm

wmdwuk dekugdgk `d umxcrwd m k wc|k gm wmqwk t}m ã }rdgk |dud dekugdu k drr}`wk. \dud crwk* d

d`äjcrm bki|umm`gm rmcr mgcæýmr gk xméb}jk* t}m xâk gmrgm d mgcæâk gm nd`mcuk gm 5<44 dwã

n}àk gk imrik d`k. D mrbkjad |dud d d`äjcrm gmrrdr mgcæýmr gmxm)rm dk hdwk gm |uckuc~du kr

bk`wmþgkr idcr umbm`wmr gd umxcrwd* |dud drrci mrwdu |uòqcik dk |muékgk gm |mrt}crd.

\dud d mhcbäbcd gk wudedjak* c`cbcdjim`wm rmuä hmcwd }id d`äjcrm t}d`wcwdwcxd* t}m bk`rcrwm mi

}id jmcw}ud gk idwmucdj mi|éucbk* bki k kenmwcxk gm kermuxdu k mr|dæk m k gmrwdt}m gdgk dk

74



wmdwuk bk`wmi|kuå`mk eudrcjmcuk `d umxcrwd. Kr dr|mbwkr d rmumi xmuchcbdgkr râk> t}d`wcgdgm gm

wmqwkr gmrwc`dgkr dk wmdwuk t}m d|dumbmi mi bdgd mgcæâk gd Eudxk$* `þimuk gm bd|dr m

badidgdr t}m dekugdi k wmid ‚wmdwuk’* t}d`wcgdgm gm |äfc`dr gm bdgd wmqwk* `þimuk gm rmæýmr

mi t}m k wmid d|dumbm m fî`mukr gm wmdwuk m gm nku`djcrik dekugdgkr `kr wmqwkr.

Djãi gd d`äjcrm t}d wcwdwcxd* rmuä hmcwd }id d`äjcrm t}djcwdwcxd. Mrwm |ukbmgcim`wk rmuä

umdjc~dgk d |duwcu gkr bk`bmcwkr |umrm`wmr `d |mrt}crd ecejckfuähcbd* bki k kenmwcxk gm kermuxdu

k wudwdim`wk gdgk dk wmdwuk bk`wmi|kuå`mk eudrcjmcuk. Rmuä d`djcrdgd d bk`rwu}æâk gk wmqwk

nku`djérwcbk rkeum wmdwuk `d Eudxk$ d |duwcu gkr fî`mukr> um|kuwdfmi* m`wumxcrwd m buéwcbd. Djãi

gcrrk* rmuâk d`djcrdgdr dr bd|dr* kr wc|kr gm hk`wmr }wcjc~dgkr m dr cidfm`r c`rmucgdr. Adxmuä

dc`gd }id d`äjcrm rkeum kr wc|kr gm mr|mwäb}jkr t}m râk gcx}jfdgkr `d dfm`gd gd umxcrwd.

7.5 D|umrm`wdæâk

Bucdgd mi k}w}euk gm 4336* d Eudxk$ ã }id gdr umhmuî`bcdr gm |}ejcbdæýmr gk rmfim`wk

b}jw}udj `k bm`äuck `dbck`dj* um}`c`gk dr gcxmurdr hkuidr gm id`chmrwdæâk gd duwm m gd b}jw}ud

gm idrrd* bkik d jcwmudw}ud* d iþrcbd* dr duwmr |järwcbdr* k bc`mid* k wmdwuk m d gd`æd.

Mrrdr duwmr râk dekugdgdr mi rmæýmr rm|dudgdr. Aä dr rmæýmr ‚Bc`mid’* ‚Iþrcbd’* ‚Duwmr

\järwcbdr’* ‚Jcxukr’ m ‚Wmdwuk m gd`æd’. Djãi gcrrk* aä dc`gd k}wudr rmæýmr* bkik* |ku

mqmi|jk* d ‚Bduwd gk mgcwku gm Eudxk$’* mi t}m k mgcwku gd umxcrwd hd~ djf}idr bk`rcgmudæýmr

bki umjdæâk ì mgcæâk gk iîr. K}wud rmæâk ã ‚Bduwdr’* bki k|c`cýmr gkr jmcwkumr rkeum d mgcæâk

|drrdgd. Aä* wdieãi* d rmæâk ‚\ucimcud Hcjd’* ikrwud`gk k wudedjak gm djf}i duwcrwd jcfdgk d

}id gdr äumdr b}jw}udcr. K}wudr rmæýmr râk k ‚Rcwm’* t}m ikrwud k t}m k |kuwdj

vvv.eudxk`jc`m.deucj.bki.eu xdc dekugdu `d |äfc`d mjmwu÷`cbd* m d rmæâk ‚Hcbæâk C`ãgcwd’* bkibk`wkr !gm hcbæâk#.

Djãi gd umxcrwd ci|umrrd* aä d xmurâk k`jc`m* nä im`bck`dgd. K m`gmumæk mjmwu÷`cbk gd Eudxk$

wud~ djf}idr um|kuwdfm`r |}ejcbdgdr `d umxcrwd* djãi gm khmumbmu hòu}i gm gmedwmr* fu}|k gm

gcrb}rrâk m }i ejkf. @k rcwm* dr rmæýmr râk rm|dudgdr mi> ‚akim’* t}m ã d demuw}ud gk rcwm?

‚ejkfr’* bki c`gcbdæâk gm rcwmr |ukg}~cgkr |ku |ukhcrrck`dcr gd äumd gd b}jw}ud? ‚|kgbdrw’* bki

ä}gck c`hkuid`gk rkeum dr gcbdr gd rmid`d? ‚umxcrwd’* c`hkuid`gk kr bk`wmþgkr |umrm`wmr `d

mgcæâk gk iîr? ‚bk`wmþgk mqwud’* bki wmqwkr m cidfm`r t}m bki|jmim`wdi dr c`hkuidæýmr gk

75

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jmcwku? m ‚bk`b}urkr’* bki |ukikæýmr* mi t}m k fdàdgku ã |umrm`wmdgk bki GXGr* c`fumrrkr

|dud djf}i hmrwcxdj mwb.

Gm dbkugk bki d |äfc`d mjmwu÷`cbd gd mgcwkud Deucj !vvv.|}ejcdeucj.bki.eu #* k rcwm gd umxcrwd

wmi bkik kenmwcxk d|umrm`wdu kr wmidr mi gcrb}rrâk `dr xäucdr äumdr b}jw}udcr* |ku imck gm

ejkfr* xégmkr* idwãucdr* |krwr* dfm`gd m gcbdr b}jw}udcr. Aä 427 icj |dfm xcmvr* 21 icj }`ct}m

xcrcwkur m 21*=icj rmf}cgkumr.

Ã xäjcgk bcwdu k \uîick Eudxk$ \ucim gm B}jw}ud* bk`rcgmudgk |mjkr buéwcbkr }i |uîick

ci|kuwd`wm `d äumd duwérwcbd. Wudwd)rm gm }i |uknmwk t}m umbkàmbm m akim`dfmcd d |ukg}æâk

b}jw}udj gk |dér. Aä kcwk bdwmfkucdr> gcrbk gk d`k* hcjim `dbck`dj* jcxuk* mq|krcæâk gm duwmr* |mædgm wmdwuk m rakv* m mr|mwäb}jkr gm gd`æd.

Bmubd gm k`~m |mrrkdr râk umr|k`räxmcr |mjk |ukbmrrk gm |ukg}æâk gd umxcrwd* djãi gm rmu

d}qcjcdgd |ku bkjdekudgkumr mqwmu`kr. T}mi dhcuid crrk ã Hcf}mcumgk !5<<1#* t}m gmrm`xkjxm}

}i mrw}gk |dud xmuchcbdu rm d Umxcrwd Eudxk$ wud`rcwk} gd |uk|krwd c`cbcdj gm nku`djcrik

gchmum`bcdgk |dud }i nku`djcrik bki bduäwmu bkimubcdj.

G}ud`wm dr rmcr mgcæýmr* k |umæk gd umxcrwd hkc U'4<*<<. \kuãi* k xdjku gmjd `âk ã rmi|um mrwm.K rm} |umæk xducd m`wum U'45*<< m U'47*<<. D |duwcu gm nd`mcuk gm 5<44* k |umæk gd umxcrwd hkc

gchmum`wm* |kut}m* gm dbkugk bki d bduwd gk mgcwku* `mrwd mgcæâk* d umxcrwd gmrmndxd wku`du)rm

dbmrréxmj |dud idcr jmcwkumr. Gm dbkugk bki k mgcwku* mi }i |dér bki i}jwc|jcbdæâk gm khmuwdr

gm rakvr* mq|krcæýmr m jd`ædim`wkr* rm wku`d bdgd xm~ idcr `mbmrräuck t}m }id umxcrwd t}m

rm|dud k dbmrròuck gk umjmxd`wm bamf}m d idcr fm`wm. Idr* `k iîr gm n}jak* |ku mqmi|jk* d

umxcrwd nä |drrk} d b}rwdu U'45*<<.

D umxcrwd |muwm`bm aknm ì mgcwkud Deucj* idr gmrgm t}d`gk d umxcrwd hkc bucdgd |mjd mgcwkud

G–Äxcjd* bkik mq|jcbd Hcf}mcumgk !5<<1#* mjd id`wmxm djf}idr bdudbwmuérwcbdr* bkik

|muckgcbcgdgm im`rdj* gcrwuce}cæâk `dbck`dj* mrt}mid gm gcx}jfdæâk `k mqwmucku* wudwdim`wk

fuähcbk gchmum`bcdgk m wcudfmi gm 2< icj mqmi|jdumr. \kuãi k t}m rm |kgm kermuxdu* gm dbkugk

bki k m`gmumæk mjmwu÷`cbk vvv.|}ejcdeucj.bki.eu * ã t}m* dw}djim`wm* mrrd wcudfmi ã idcku. Râk

23.423 mqmi|jdumr* m`t}d`wk dr drrc`dw}udr wkwdjc~di }i `þimuk gm 46.5<7.

Ã d umxcrwd t}m* rmf}`gk Rbdj~k !5<<2#* dn}gd d bucdu }id cgm`wcgdgm. Ã |umbcrk bkàmbmu emi k

jmcwku* |dud t}m k wmqwk rmnd mrbucwk gd imjaku hkuid |krréxmj. D jc`f}dfmi }rdgd `d Eudxk$ `âk72

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ã mr|mbéhcbd m `mi xkjwdgd |dud }i |þejcbk c`rmucgk mi gmwmuic`dgd äumd gd b}jw}ud. Crrk |kgm

rmu bk`bj}égk* }id xm~ t}m imrik wudwd`gk gm bk`bmcwkr mr|mbéhcbkr* d umxcrwd rm |umkb}|d mi

mq|jcbä)jkr dk |þejcbk jmcfk. \kuãi* k t}m rm wmi* bkik dhcuid Hcf}mcumgk !5<<1#* ã }i jmcwku

bki djwk `éxmj gm c`hkuidæâk* t}m |krr}c bkàmbcim`wkr rkeum k drr}`wk gm b}jw}ud m t}m ã

i}cwk mqcfm`wm.

Hcf}mcumgk !5<<1# bcwd k t}m dhcuik} Djicu gm Humcwdr* mgcwku gd umxcrwd* rkeum kr jmcwkumr gd

Eudxk$. Djicu bk`rcgmud k rm} jmcwku }i |þejcbk mqcfm`wm* t}m wmi }i djwk `éxmj gm c`hkuidæâk

m t}m ã bk`r}icgku gm b}jw}ud. Idr* rmf}`gk mjm* mrrm |þejcbk `âk rm bk`bm`wud `dr bjdrrmr D m

E* t}m râk dr bjdrrmr idcr hdxkumbcgdr* idr wdieãi `dr k}wudr bjdrrmr.

Bk`hkuim |}ejcbdgk `k rcwm vvv.|}ejcdeucj.bki.eu * gdr 5<3.<<< |mrrkdr t}m jîmi d Eudxk$* d

idckucd ã gd bjdrrm rkbcdj E !84-#* m`t}d`wk t}m d umfcâk bki idcr |mrrkdr t}m bk`rkimi d

umxcrwd ã d R}gmrwm* bki =8-. K |muhcj gkr jmcwkumr gd Eudxk$ ã mt}cjceudgk `k t}mrcwk fî`muk*

idr k `þimuk idcku ã gm i}jamumr* bki =4-. Djãi gcrrk* d idcku |dubmjd |krr}c cgdgm m`wum

5= m 27 d`kr.

K jmcwku t}m jî d Eudxk$ ã* gm dbkugk bki k rcwm vvv.|}ejcdeucj.bki.eu * nkxmi* gmrbkjdgk*c`wmjcfm`wm m bk`r}icgku gm b}jw}ud. Mjm fkrwd gm wmidr* bkik h}wmekj* `kxmjd* bc`mid* jcxukr*

mq|krcæýmr gm duwm* mr|mwäb}jkr wmdwudcr m i}rcbdcr* ikgd* dut}cwmw}ud* hkwkfudhcd m fdrwuk`kicd.

Idcr gm 1<- gdr |mrrkdr t}m jîmi d umxcrwd bkiec`di |ukfudidr b}jw}udcr bki k}wukr wc|kr gm

|ukfudidr. Bki umjdæâk dk wmdwuk* t}m ã k drr}`wk gd |mrt}crd* 61- xâk dk wmdwuk* m`t}d wk

t}m 36- rm c`wmumrrdi |ku jcwmudw}ud* 32- bkrw}idi cu dk bc`mid* 62- bkrw}idi cu ì

mq|krcæâk gm duwm m 1=- bkrw}idi cu d mq|krcæýmr i}rcbdcr.

D Eudxk$ bk`wãi d rmæâk ‚Dfm`gd’ mi bdgd mgcwkucd gm b}jw}ud. @d rmæâk gm ‚Wmdwuk m Gd`æd’

`âk ã gchmum`wm. @mrwd dfm`gd* k jmcwku rm gm|dud bki djf}`r mr|mwäb}jkr gm wmdwuk m gd`æd t}m

|kgm drrcrwcu `dt}mjm iîr. Râk kcwk r}fmrwýmr gm d|umrm`wdæýmr* bki k `kim gm bdgd }id* djãi

gd cidfmi gk mr|mwäb}jk. D umxcrwd dc`gd rm|dud bdgd d|umrm`wdæâk mi wò|cbkr* t}m râk> k

mr|mwäb}jk* t}m bk`wd k t}m ã d d|umrm`wdæâk? |ku t}m cu * bk`wd`gk d ci|kuwå`bcd gmjd? |umrwm

dwm`æâk* c`gcbd`gk k t}m gmxm rmu kermuxdgk `d d|umrm`wdæâk? k`gm* t}m ã k j}fdu k`gm mjd mrwä

rm`gk d|umrm`wdgd? t}d`gk* bki gcdr m akuäuckr gd d|umrm`wdæâk? m xmnd wdieãi* bki djf}id

k}wud gcbd gm |mæd gm wmdwuk k} mr|mwäb}jk gm gd`æd umjdbck`dgd ì |mæd t}m hkc r}fmucgd.

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@d umxcrwd mrwâk |umrm wmr dr dfm`gdr* idr mjd `âk rm umrwuc`fm d crrk. D Eudxk$ wdieãi

d|umrm`wd buéwcbd* um|kuwdfmi m m`wumxcrwd. Xdjm umrrdjwdu t}m d umxcrwd rm |um`gm ì wmi|kudjcgdgm

gkr hdwkr* bki wmidr umbm`wmr. Crrk |kut}m d idckucd gkr wmqwkr ã mrbucwd bki edrm mi djf}i

mxm`wk t}m mrwä dbk`wmbm`gk `dt}mjm iîr. @k bdrk gk wmdwuk* |ku mqmi|jk* kr wmqwkr râk

mrbucwkr imgcd`wm djf}i mr|mwäb}jk t}m mrwä mi bduwd~.

T}d`wk dk `þimuk gm |äfc dr* d umxcrwd |krr}c 31* rm`gk t}m* dr gmgcbdgdr dk wmdwuk*

n}`wdim`wm bki gd`æd* wmxm }id iãgcd gm 4< |äfc`dr |ku mgcæâk* bk`wd`gk bki djf}idr

gmgcbdgdr ìr |uk|dfd`gdr. @k wkwdj gdr rmcr mgcæýmr* hkudi =1 |äfc dr. Hd~m`gk }id

bki|dudæâk bki dr k}wudr äumdr* |mubmem)rm t}m* g}ud`wm dr rmcr mgcæýmr mi d`äjcrm* d rmæâk gmiþrcbd wmxm* mi iãgcd* 45 |äfc`dr mi bdgd mgcæâk !wkwdj gm 17 |äfc`dr `dr rmcr mgcæýmr#? d

rmæâk gm duwmr |järwcbdr* 48 |äfc`dr !wkwdj gm 31 |äfc`dr `dr rmcr mgcæýmr#? d rmæâk jcxukr* 45

|äfc`dr !wkwdj gm 3< |äfc`dr `dr rmcr mgcæýmr#? m d rmæâk bc`mid* 45 |äfc`dr !wkwdj gm 65 |äfc`dr

`dr rmcr mgcæýmr#.

Hcf}ud 4

D |duwcu gmrrmr gdgkr* ã |krréxmj hd~mu }id drrkbcdæâk bki k}wukr nä bcwdgkr `k rcwm

vvv.|}ejcdeucj.bki.eu . G}ud`wm d d`äjcrm gdr rmcr |ucimcudr mgcæýmr gm 5<44* d rmæâk t}m wmxm

k im`ku `þimuk gm |äfc`dr hkc ‚Wmdwuk m gd`æd’ m ã }id gdr äumdr gm b}jw}ud t}m im`kr

c`wmumrrd kr jmcwkumr gd umxcrwd* }id xm~ t}m 61- xâk dk wmdwuk* k t}m ã }id |kubm`wdfmi

im`ku* rm bki|dudgd ìr k}wudr äumdr. D imrid umjdæâk |kgm rmu mrwdemjmbcgd bki d rmæâk

‚Jcxukr’* t}m wmxm }id gdr idckumr t}d`wcgdgmr gm |äfc`dr* m`t}d`wk t}m* gm dbkugk bki k

m`gmumæk mjmwu÷`cbk vvv.|}ejcdeucj.bki.eu * }i wkwdj gm 36- rm c`wmumrrdi |ku jcwmudw}ud. \ku

7=



k}wuk jdgk d rmæâk ‚Duwmr \järwcbdr’ bk`rmf}c} dwc`fcu d idcku t}d`wcgdgm gm |äfc`dr `d umxcrwd*

idr kr |ukfudidr b}jw}udcr t}m kr jmcwkumr im`kr hd~mi ã cu ì mq|krcæâk gm duwm !62-#.

D dxdjcdæâk wmdwudj* bkik dhcuid Hcf}mcumgk !5<<1#* |umbcrd mrwdu dwm wd dk wmid t}m ã

d|umrm`wdgk* emi bkik k d}wku gd keud* d gcumæâk* d dw}dæâk gkr duwcrwdr* k hcf}uc`k* d wucjad

rk`kud* d hcgmjcgdgm !`k bdrk gm dgd|wdæýmr# m k |þejcbk. M`wum kr d`kr 4336 m 5<<8* |muékgk mi

t}m Hcf}mcumgk d`djcrk} d umxcrwd* hkudi cgm`wchcbdgkr rmwm mgcæýmr t}m wmxm bkik bd|d k wmdwuk.

@mrrd ã|kbd* k c`xmrwcim`wk idcku mud `dr äumdr gm bc`mid m jcwmudw}ud* gk t}m `dr k}wudr

mr|mbcdjcgdgmr b}jw}udcr.

7. 2 D`äjcrm gm Bk`wmþgk

Bkik xcikr* ã `d umxcrwd* |uc`bc|djim`wm d im`rdj* t}m* rmf}`gk Rbdj~k !5<<2#* k nku`djcrwd

bkàmbm k jmcwku* rdem |dud t}mi mrwä mrbumxm`gk k wmqwk. Wudedjadu bki umxcrwd ã djfk äug}k*

}id xm~ t}m* |ku bd}rd gd |muckgcbcgdgm* mjd dbded `mbmrrcwd`gk gm }i dwudwcxk. Ã |ku crrk t}m

d umxcrwd }jwud|drrd d rci|jmr h}`æâk gm gdu c`hkuidæâk* hd~m`gk wdieãi }id d`äjcrm m umhjmqâk

rkeum k drr}`wk. @âk rm |kgm gmcqdu gm bcwdu k |ukhcrrck`dj t}m wudedjad bki mrwm xméb}jk* t}m

}wcjc~d `âk rò d wãb`cbd* idr c`r|cudæâk m bucdwcxcgdgm. Djcdgk ì umxcrwd* mrwä k nku`djcrikb}jw}udj bki dr r}dr gchcb}jgdgmr* |kcr mrwd äumd xcxm fud`gmr bucrmr gm cgm`wcgdgm* bkik dhcuid

\c~d !5<<2#. @k bdrk gd Eudxk$* d umxcrwd wudedjad bki k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj* dekugd`gk wmidr

gm xäucdr äumdr gm b}jw}ud. K hkbk gk wudedjak râk dr |äfc`dr gmgcbdgdr dk wmdwuk eudrcjmcuk

bk`wmi|kuå`mk `d umxcrwd.

7.2.4 Dr bd|dr

]i gkr mjmim`wkr ci|kuwd`wmr gd umxcrwd ã d bd|d. Gm hkuid mrwudwãfcbd* gm dbkugk bki Rbdj~k

!5<<7# m Xcjdr Ekdr !4338#* mjd wmi bkik h}`æâk cgm`wchcbdu k drr}`wk dekugdgk `d idwãucd

|uc`bc|dj m dr badidgdr |dud dr gmidcr um|kuwdfm`r gm umjmxå bcd. D bd|d rmuxm |dud gmr|muwdu k

c`wmumrrm gk |þejcbk m c`bcwdu d b}uckrcgdgm gk jmcwku.

\dud crrk* d mrbkjad gm }id cidfmi ã mrrm`bcdj* bkik dhcuid kr d}wkumr. Bki }id ekd

cidfmi* k jmcwku xdc dgt}cucu k mqmi|jdu m bki|jmwdu d c`hkuidæâk hku`mbcgd `d bd|d. Drrci

bkik aä |}ejcbdæýmr t}m }wcjc~di xäucdr badidgdr `d bd|d* k}wudr |ucxcjmfcdi d|m`dr }id

78



c`hkuidæâk. @k bdrk gd Eudxk$* dr bd|dr fmudjim`wm râk gm }id cidfmi rò* gmrwdbd`gk }id

idwãucd gm }id gdr rmæýmr b}jw}udcr gd umxcrwd* rmnd mjd bc`mid* iþrcbd* jcwmudw}ud* duwmr |järwcbdr

k} wmdwuk m gd`æd.

Djf}idr kermuxdæýmr hkudi hmcwdr bki umjdæâk ì id`mcud bkik k wmdwuk d|dumbm} `dr bd|dr gdr

umxcrwdr* `kr rmcr |ucimcukr imrmr gk d`k gm 5<44. D duwm gudiäwcbd* n}`wk bki d gd`æd* `âk hkc

bd|d gm `mà}id mgcæâk. Mi bki|m`rdæâk* idwãucdr gdr äumdr gm bc`mid* iþrcbd* duwmr

|järwcbdr m jcwmudw}ud hkudi bd|dr.

Hcf}ud 5

Kr imrmr gm nd`mcuk* hmxmumcuk m deucj wuk}qmudi d iþrcbd bkik bd|d. Mi nd`mcuk* d bd|d hkc gm

Dis Vc`mak}rm. Mi hmxmumcuk* d bd|d hkc gm Bdmwd`k Xmjkrk* dbki|dàdgk bki d ed`gd Bî m

d bd`wkud @c`d Embomu. M mi deucj* d bd|d hkc Idgk``d* Ek`k Xkq m Rwc`f* mi bcid gm }i

|jd`mwd Wmuud. K iîr gm iduæk xmck bki k bc`mid. D bd|d wud~cd d cidfmi gm Vdf`mu Ik}ud.

Mi idck* d bd|d hkc d jcwmudw}ud* bki }i wumbak gm }id bduwd gm Ik`wmcuk Jkedwk. M* mi n}àk*

xmck dr duwmr |järwcbdr `d bd|d* wud~m`gk d cidfmi gk t}dguk Ded|ku}* gd |c`wkud Wdurcjd gk

Didudj.

76



T}d`wk ìr badidgdr gm bd|d* g}ud`wm wkgdr mrrdr mgcæýmr* ak}xm d|m`dr }id rkeum wmdwuk* mi

nd`mcuk. @mrwm iîr* d umxcrwd wuk}qm d rmf}c`wm badidgd> ‚Dhdrwm k rkhä. Mi|cjam dr bdgmcudr. M

umbmed }id |mæd mi r}d bdrd’. Wudwdxd)rm gm }id um|kuwdfmi rkeum k ‚wmdwuk gmjcxmus’.

Hd~m`gk }i edjd`æk rkeum t}d`wdr badidgdr gm bdgd äumd gd b}jw}ud d|dumbm} `d bd|d* `dr rmcr

|ucimcudr mgcæýmr gm 5<44* |kgm)rm bamfdu dk rmf}c`wm umr}jwdgk> d iþrcbd wmxm }id badidgd

gm bd|d? k bc`mid? }id? dr duwmr |järwcbdr* }id? m kr jcxukr* rmwm.

7.2.5 Fî`mukr Nku`djérwcbkr `d Eudxk$

7.2.5.4 Um|kuwdfmi

D um|kuwdfmi |umbcrd rmu hmcwd* gm dbkugk bki Xcjdr Ekdr !4338#* gm hkuid d wudwdu }id `kwébcd

bki |ukh}`gcgdgm. Rò drrci mjd xdc rmu bk`rwu}égd gm hkuid kenmwcxd* bki }i wmqwk äfcj m emi

umgcfcgk. Xdjm umrrdjwdu t}m k fî`muk nku`djérwcbk um|kuwdfmi rmi|um wmxm |umrwéfck. Djãi gd

um|kuwdfmi* aä k wéw}jk* t}m ã bk`rcgmudgk }i xmugdgmcuk gmrdhck. Mjm xdc rmu d mq|jcbdæâk gm k

|kut}î d idwãucd mrwä rm`gk |}ejcbdgd.

Dr um|kuwdfm`r mrwcxmudi |umrm`wmr `d idckucd gdr mgcæýmr d`djcrdgdr. Mjdr hc~mudi |duwm gd

umxcrwd `kr imrmr gm nd`mcuk m hmxmumcuk* bk`wm`gk t}dwuk |äfc`dr bdgd }id? `k iîr gm iduæk*

bki g}dr |äfc`dr? m `k iîr gm idck* bki g}dr um|kuwdfm`r* bk`wm`gk* `k wkwdj* rmwm |äfc`dr.

Dk wkgk hkudi 46 |äfc`dr gmgcbdgdr ìr um|kuwdfm`r gm wmdwuk `d Eudxk$ G}ud`wm dr rmcr

|ucimcudr mgcæýmr gm 5<44.

Dr mgcæýmr d`djcrdgdr bk`wîi um|kuwdfm`r t}m dekugdi wmiäwcbdr `dbck`dcr m t}m |krr}mi }i

‚fd`bak’ bki djf}i mr|mwäb}jk t}m mrwä rm`gk umdjc~dgk `dt}mjm ikim`wk. Kr wmqwkr râk

xkjwdgkr |dud }i |þejcbk t}m fkrwd gm b}jw}ud m râk hmcwkr gm id`mcud jcxum* e}rbd`gk djfk

jcwmuäuck* gm ikgk d umdjædu d cidfc`dæâk gk jmcwku. Mi djf}idr idwãucdr* |ku mqmi|jk* d

um|òuwmu mrbumxm k wmqwk bkik rm `duudrrm }i hdwk* bk`wd`wk bdgd gmwdjam. M* |ku idcr t}m |krrd

wmu rcgk hdjdgk rkeum bk`bmcwkr mr|mbéhcbkr gk wmdwuk* k um|òuwmu rcw}d emi k jmcwku rkeum k t}m

mrwä rm`gk gcwk.

71



Ã k t}m dbk`wmbm `d um|kuwdfmi gm nd`mcuk* rkeum k ‚wmdwuk gmjcxmus’* t}m dekugd }id `kxd

wm`gî`bcd gm djf}idr wu}|mr gk Eudrcj gm |udwcbdu |mædr m`bm`dgdr d gkicbéjck* imgcd`wm

m`bkim`gd. @mrwd um|kuwdfmi* d nku`djcrwd Iducd`d Gmjhc`c `âk d|m`dr d|umrm`wk} d `kxd

ikgdjcgdgm gm rm hd~mu wmdwuk* bkik wdieãi umjdwk} d mq|mucî`bcd bkik }id mr|mbwdgkud*

bk`wd`gk w}gk k t}m xc} mi }id d|umrm`wdæâk gm wmdwuk gk Fu}|k O}`s`. D |drrdfmi d rmf}cu

mqmi|jchcbd bkik hkc hmcwd d bk`rwu}æâk gk wmqwk> ‚Xkjwd m imcd d |jdwãcd ã badidgd d

|duwcbc|du. Bkik `d bm`d mi t}m }i gkr dwkumr mrbkjam }i mr|mbwdgku m k cgm`wchcbd bkik

‚Bdck’* kenmwk gm }id |dcqâk gm c`hå`bcd ‒ k |murk`dfmi nkfdxd h}wmekj rò |dud deudædu k

dicf}càk `d akud gk fkj’ !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.72* nd`* 5<44#.

\dud bk`rwu}cu d um|kuwdfmi* Gmjhc c }wcjc~k} gm djf}`r umb}urkr wmqw}dcr. ]i gmjmr ã d

gmrbucæâk* |umrm`wm jkfk `k bkimæk gd um|kuwdfmi. D nku`djcrwd c`cbcd k wmqwk gmrbumxm`gk kj}fdu k`gm hkc d|umrm`wdgd d |mæd gm wmdwuk. K}wuk umb}urk }wcjc~dgk hkc d `duudæâk* bk`wd`gk dk

jmcwku bkik hkc dt}mjm ikim`wk. D id`mcud bkik k wmqwk ã gmrm`xkjxcgk hd~ bki t}m k jmcwku

rm c`rcud `dt}mjm }`cxmurk* bkik ã mqmi|jchcbdgk `k wumbak d rmf}cu>

@d idàâ gm }id rmqwd)hmcud* kr rkhär hkudi mi|}uudgkr |dud kr bd`wkr m kr wd|mwmrhkudi umwcudgkr* bki k |crk huck gmcqd`gk dc`gd idcr mr|duwd`k k diecm`wm kb}|dgk

|mjkr idcr gm 5< bk`xcgdgkr |dud d hmrwd gm hci gm d`k gk fu}|k gm wmdwuk gkakr|cwdj Réuck Jced`îr !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.75* nd`* 5<44#.

Ã rò gm|kcr gm diecm`wdu wkgd d bm`d* t}m d nku`djcrwd mq|jcbd rkeum k wc|k gm wmdwuk hmcwk |ku

djf}idr wu}|mr gk Eudrcj.

K}wud hkuid gm mrbumxmu }id um|kuwdfmi gchmum`wm gk bk`xm`bck`dj ã k t}m hkc hmcwk `d idwãucd

gk iîr gm iduæk. D um|kuwdfmi hkc rkeum k wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj* mrbucwd gm id`mcud c`}rcwdgd*

|kcr d |uò|ucd nku`djcrwd gd umxcrwd Fdeucmjd Imjjâk mrbumxm k wmqwk mi |ucimcud |mrrkd* |dud

hdjdu rkeum d r}d mq|mucî`bcd bki mrrm wc|k gm wmdwuk. @k wmqwk* d um|òuwmu bcwd gkcr wudedjakrbî`cbkr !Kqcfî`ck m \c`kock#* |dud m`wâk* ikrwudu t}m mjmr wîi mi bki}i k hdwk gm rm

bjdrrchcbdumi bkik wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj. Bkik nä hkc bk`bmcw}dgk |ku \dxcr !4333#* mrrm wc|k gm

wmdwuk rm k|ým dk wudgcbck`dj* |kcr rm wudwd gm }id dwcw}gm gk dwku hum`wm ì wudgcæâk gd mq|jkudæâk

bkimubcdj. Ã c`wmumrrd`wm d bk`rwu}æâk gmrrm wmqwk* |kcr djãi gk jmcwku bkàmbmu }i |k}bk rkeum

k }`cxmurk gk wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj* mjm bkàmbm }i |k}bk rkeum d wudnmwòucd gk wudedjak gm

Fdeucmjd Imjjâk* t}m wmi d xmu bki mrrm wc|k gm wmdwuk. D hkuid bkik d um|kuwdfmi hkc

bk`rwu}égd* bkik rm hkrrm }i umjdwk* hd~ bki t}m d jmcw}ud rm wku`m idcr c`rwcfd`wm.

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Xdjm umrrdjwdu t}m bk`bmcwkr wmdwudcr* t}m râk |krwkr `k wmqwk* i}cwdr xm~mr râk mq|jcbdgkr dk

jmcwku. @k bdrk gd um|kuwdfmi rkeum k wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj* d nku`djcrwd mq|jcbd* |dud t}mi `âk

wmi hdicjcducgdgm bki k `kim* k t}m rmucd mrrm fî`muk wmdwudj.

Dr g}dr |mædr wîi }i |kgmu t}m ã bdudbwmuérwcbk gk wmdwuk badidgk ‚mq|mucim`wdj’>bk`wdic`du gm xcgd d mqcrwî`bcd* bkik bk`wud|k`wk d }i i} gk dikuwmbcgk.Gchmum`wm gd iä hdjd* mrrm wmdwuk `âk ã gmrwc`dgk rkim`wm d c`cbcdgkr. Gmikbuäwcbk mfm`mukrk* mqcfm gkr mr|mbwdgkumr `dgd im`kr !ko* `âk ã |k}bk# gk t}m d m`wumfdc`bk`gcbck`dj. !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.3< m 34* idu* 5<44#

T}d`wk ì um|kuwdfmi rkeum d dwuc~ Iducd`d Jcid* dr um|òuwmumr `âk rcw}dudi d h}`gk k jmcwku

rkeum k wudedjak hmcwk `k Wmdwuk gd Xmuwcfmi* d|mrdu gm dk jk`fk gk wmqwk mjd gdu c`gébckr gm

bkik ã. Crrk |ku bd}rd gk umjdwk gk |ucimcuk m rmf}`gk wudedjak gm Iducd`d Jcid `mrrm fu}|k*dr um|òuwmumr ikrwudi k }`cxmurk gd bki|dàcd* t}m hd~cd* |ku mqmi|jk* bki t}m kr dwkumr

hkrrmi dkr akr|cwdcr* wm`gk bk`wdwk bki d gkm`æd m bki d ikuwm. ]i bk`bmcwk wmdwudj dc`gd ã

|krwk `k wmqwk* `d |duwm mi t}m Iducd d Jcid mq|jcbd t}m bk rmf}c} bucdu }id gcrwå`bcd m`wum

dwuc~ m |murk`dfmi. Dé xmi d r}d bcwdæâk* dhcuid`gk t}m rm wudwd gm }i gcrwd`bcdim`wk

eumbawcd`k. D mq|umrrâk ‚gcrwd`bcdim`wk eumbawcd`k’ |kgm `âk rmu hdicjcdu |dud djf}`r jmcwkumr*

idr aä }id |mt}m`d mq|jcbdæâk* jkfk mi rmf}cgd* rkeum k t}m rmnd crrk> ‚Ã k wdj

gcrwd`bcdim`wk eumbawcd`k* k |ukbmgcim`wk djwdim`wm rkhcrwcbdgk gm gdu }i |drrk dwuär mbk`rmf}cu gc~mu> ‚mrrd ã d |murk`dfmi* mrrd ã d dwuc~’* gc~ Iducd`d’ !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.16*

idc* 5<44#

\mubmem)rm* bki crrk* t}m kr wmuikr wmdwudcr* t}d`gk bcwdgkr mi }i wmqwk* râk mq|jcbdgkr dk

jmcwku. Idr mrrd mq|jcbdæâk ã djfk uä|cgk* rmi i}cwk d|ukh}`gdim`wk. Rmucd }id hkuid gm

`kuwmdu k jmcwku rkeum dt}mjm bk`bmcwk.

\kgm)rm kermuxdu t}m k um|òuwmu c`hkuid }i dbk`wmbcim`wk* idr* dk imrik wmi|k* bk`wd mrwm

hdwk gm k}wud hkuid* bki }i bki|jmim`wk. @k bdrk gd um|kuwdfmi rkeum d |mæd ‚45 akim`r m

}id rm`wm`æd’* k kenmwcxk mud c`hkuidu t}m k mr|mwäb}jk mrwä rm`gk }i r}bmrrk m`wum kr

|ukhcrrck`dcr gm Gcumcwk. Idr* |dud t}m k jmcwku m`wm`gd imjaku mrrd c`hkuidæâk* k um|òuwmu

c`rmum `d idwãucd k gcumwku gd |mæd k|c`d`gk rkeum k |kut}î gk c`wmumrrm gk |þejcbk* m`t}d`wk

t}m }i n}c~ mq|jcbd rkeum k gcjmid ãwcbk |uk|krwk |mjk gudidw}ufk.

7.2.5.5 M`wumxcrwd

=<



D m`wumxcrwd* bkik nä hkc gcwk* rmuxm |dud d |j}udjc~dæâk gm xk~mr m gcrwuce}cæâk gmikbuäwcbd gd

c`hkuidæâk* bkik dhcuid Imgc`d !5<<7#. \dud bk`rwu}cu }id ekd m`wumxcrwd* Ksdid !5<<1#

mq|jcbd t}m ã |umbcrk bkàmbmu t}mi xdc rmu m`wumxcrwdgk m k rm} wudedjak. D duwm gm m`wumxcrwdu

ã gcxcgcgd mi wuîr hdrmr> d |ucimcud hmcwd d`wmr gm umdjc~du d m`wumxcrwd* dfm`gd`gk k m`bk`wuk m

rdem`gk k`gm mjm rmuä hmcwk* d rmf}`gd umhmum)rm dk g}ud`wm d m`wumxcrwd* rm`gk i}cwk ci|kuwd`wm

rdemu k}xcu? m d wmubmcud t}m dbk`wmbm gm|kcr gd m`wumxcrwd* t}d`gk bamfd k ikim`wk gm mgcwdu k

t}m hkc hmcwk.

D m`wumxcrwd hm~ |duwm gd rmæâk ‚Wmdwuk m Gd`æd’ d|m dr }id xm~* `k iîr gm n}àk. Mjd

bk`wcàd wuîr |äfc`dr. Mi bki|m`rdæâk* mjd d|dumbm}* g}ud`wm dr rmcr mgcæýmr mi d`äjcrm* wuîrxm~mr dekugd`gk k wmdwuk* `d rmæâk ‚\ucimcud Hcjd’. D |ucimcud xm~ mi hmxmumcuk* d rmf}`gd xm~

mi deucj m* |ku þjwcik* mi n}àk. Bdgd m`wumxcrwd gmrwd wcàd g}dr |äfc`dr.

Dr m`wumxcrwdr râk hmcwdr |mjd Eudxk$ bki djf}i `kim gd äumd t}m rm gmrwdbd k} t}m mrwä bki

djf}i wudedjak rm`gk d|umrm`wdgk. @mrwm wmqwk* k nku`djcrwd m`hkbd k wudedjak umbm`wm gk duwcrwd.

D mgcæâk gm n}àk* |ku mqmi|jk* wud~ `d rmæâk ‚Wmdwuk m Gd`æd’* d m`wumxcrwd gk gcumwku Hmjc|m

Acurba* t}m* `d ã|kbd* mrwdxd mrwumd`gk d |mæd Wucjadr rk`kudr gm diku |mugcgdr. @d m`wumxcrwd*mjm hdjd gd r}d umjdæâk bki d bd`æâk |k|.

K wmqwk bkimæd bki }id c`wukg}æâk bkim`wd`gk rkeum d t}d`wcgdgm gm BGr t}m k duwcrwd wmi m

rkeum k t}m rm wudwd d |mæd t}m mrwä gcucfc`gk. Jkfk mi rmf}cgd* bkimæd d m`wumxcrwd* bki rmwm

|muf}`wdr. @k c`ébck gk wmqwk* k nku`djcrwd hd~ |muf}`wdr rkeum k wudedjak gk |ukhcrrck`dj mi rc.

Mjm |muf}`wd k t}m d |mæd wmi gm d}wkeckfuähcbk* rm mjd hkc bk`bmecgd `}i ikim`wk gm

gm|umrrâk gk gcumwku* d umjdæâk t}m mqcrwm m`wum kr ikim`wkr ci|kuwd`wmr gm }i c`gcxég}k m diþrcbd m rm k ikim`wk idcr mr|mbcdj ã t}d`gk k bdrdj gmrbkeum d iþrcbd t}m idubd k

umjdbck`dim`wk. D rmf}cu* dr |muf}`wdr |drrdi d rmu idcr |mrrkdcr m m`hkbd`gk `âk idcr rkeum

k wudedjak* idr rkeum d |mrrkd t}m mrwä |ku wuär gdt}mjm wudedjak. Dr |muf}`wdr râk> rm mjm

bk`rmf}cucd xcxmu bki }id |mrrkd* b}nd bkjmæâk gm gcrbkr rmucd cf}dj d gmjm k} idcku* rm mjm

bk`rmf}m bk`xcxmu bki |mrrkdr gm fkrwk i}rcbdj rkhuéxmj k} rm mjm nä hm~ jk}b}udr mi `kim gd

iþrcbd. D m`wumxcrwd rmf}m }id mr|ãbcm gm kugmi* mi t}m* d imgcgd t}m }id |muf}`wd ã hmcwd m

umr|k`gcgd* k}wud r}ufm* bkik bk`rmtúî`bcd gd umr|krwd gd |muf}`wd d`wmucku. Crrk hd~ bki t}m

d jmcw}ud hj}d m t}m rmnd dfudgäxmj* bki |muf}`wdr t}m mrwâk }idr bk`mbwdgdr ìr k}wudr* m `âk

=4



c`gm|m`gm`wmr. Crrk ã bk`rmtúî`bcd gm }id ekd bkjmwd gm idwmucdj rkeum k duwcrwd* hmcwd |mjk

um|òuwmu t}m k m`wumxcrwk}.

Aä* wdieãi* m`wumxcrwdr bki kr |murk`dfm`r gdr |mædr t}m mrwâk mi bduwd~. K} rmnd* d

m`wumxcrwd ã hmcwd bki dwkumr c`wmu|umwd`gk kr |murk`dfm`r t}m hd~mi `k mr|mwäb}jk t}m mrwâk

d|umrm`wd`gk. Dr |muf}`wdr t}m d umxcrwd hd~ râk t}mrwck`dgkudr* m`t}d`wk t}m dr umr|krwdr

ikrwudi }i |k}bk rkeum k |m`rdim`wk gkr |murk`dfm`r* emi bkik t}mi râk mjmr* k t}m

hd~mi* |kut}m |m`rdi gmrwd hkuid mwb. Wdjxm~ mrrd rmucd }id hkuid gm c`hkuidu m badidu k

jmcwku |dud drrcrwcu dk mr|mwäb}jk.

Mrrm wc|k gm m`wumxcrwd mrwä |umrm`wm `d rmæâk ‚\ucimcud Hcjd’. Mi hmxmumcuk* d m`wumxcrwdgd hkcGãekud Hdjdemjjd. \dud umr|k`gmu ìr |muf}`wdr* d dwuc~ c`wmu|umwd d Eäuedud* k t}m hd~ bki t}m k

jmcwku m`wm`gd imjaku t}mi ã mrrd |murk`dfmi. K wmqwk bkimæd bki }i eumxm bkim`wäuck

rkeum k |muhcj gd |murk`dfmi* |dud t}m k jmcwku bk`rcfd m`wm`gmu k |kut}î gdr r}dr umr|krwdr. Rò

dé bkimæd d m`wumxcrwd. @mrwd mgcæâk* dr |muf}`wd wmi umjdæâk bki d umr|krwd d`wmucku* bkik rm

hkrrm }id bk`xmurd m`wum k nku`djcrwd m k |murk`dfmi. @mrwd m`wumxcrwd* |ku mqmi|jk* d Eudxk$

|muf}`wd ì |murk`dfmi Eäuedud rm mjd t}mu }id rãucm gm kenmwkr m mjd umr|k`gm t}m rci* m

dbumrbm`wd t}m ‚mjm’ wmi t}m gdu. Gcd`wm gmrrd umr|krwd* d |uòqcid |muf}`wd ã ‚Mjm t}mi;’*gd`gk bk`wc`}cgdgm ì dk t}m ã umr|k`gcgk.

Mi deucj* mrwm wc|k gm m`wumxcrwd xmck `kxdim`wm m* gmrwd xm~* bki k dwku @kucxdj Uc~~k* t}m

c`wmu|umwk} k |murk`dfmi n}udgk 1 gd |mæd 45 akim`r m }id rm`wm`æd . K |dguâk ã k imrik>

}i eumxm wmqwk mq|jcbd gk k |muhcj gk |murk`dfmi* |dud* jkfk mi rmf}cgd* bkimædu dr

|muf}`wdr* t}m* `mrwm bdrk* hkudi kcwk. Mi n}àk hkc d xm~ gm M}bcu gm Rk}~d. K dwku t}m mrwdxd

`d |mæd Ãgc|k* c`wmu|umwk} k |murk`dfmi m umr|k`gm} rmcr |muf}`wdr.

7.2.5.2 Buéwcbd

D buéwcbd* imgcdgkud m`wum d bucdæâk m d d|umbcdæâk gm }id keud* bkimæd* rmf}`gk Udxd`mjjc

!4338#* bki }id hcbad wãb`cbd rkeum gmwmuic`dgd duwm* |dud* mi rmf}cgd* c`hkuidu dk jmcwku rm

mjd ã ekd k} u}ci. Rò gm|kcr gmrrd c`wukg}æâk ã t}m k buéwcbk gmwdjad kr ikwcxkr gd r}d k|c`câk.

Crrk ã hmcwk gm id`mcud bjdud m bkmum`wm.

=5



G}ud`wm dr rmcr |ucimcudr mgcæýmr gm 5<44* dr buéwcbdr hkudi bk`rwu}égdr* `âk rò |ku Fdeucmjd

Imjjâk* bkik wdieãi |ku Gd`cmj Rbamòmu* Idborm` J}c~ m Xdjicu Rd`wkr. K t}m rm |mubmem

bki kr t}m mrbumxmi mrrm wmqwk ã t}m mjmr `âk râk rò |ukhcrrck`dcr gk bdi|k nku`djérwcbk* idr

mr|mbcdjcrwdr* bkik buéwcbkr gm wmdwuk* |mrt}crdgku gm wmdwuk k} dwã imrik buéwcbk wmdwudj.

Fdeucmjd Imjjâk* |ku mqmi|jk* ã |òr)fudg}dgd mi nku`djcrik b}jw}udj `d \]B* mrw}gk} acrwòucd

gk Wmdwuk Ikgmu`k mi Aduxdug* mi Ekrwk`. Djãi gm wudedjadu bkik bkjdekudgkud gd umxcrwd

Eudxk$* mjd wdieãi wudedjad `d Hkjad gm Râk \d}jk m jmbck`d `k jdekudwòuck gm Buéwcbd gm Wmdwuk

|dud k b}urk gm nku`djcrik b}jw}udj `d |òr)fudg}dæâk gd HDD\. Fdeucmjd dc`gd wmi g}dr |mædr

m`bm`dgdr> ‚D acrwòucd gmjd’ m ‚\dudrcwd’.

Nä Gd`cmj Rbomòmu ã buéwcbk gm bc`mid gmrgm 4335. M`wum djf}idr dwcxcgdgmr umdjc~dgdr* mjm hm~

|duwm gk nþuc gd buéwcbd c`wmu`dbck`dj `kr hmrwcxdcr gm Hucek}uf* mi 5<<<* m Icdic* mi 5<<4.

T}d`wk dk Idborm` J}c~* djãi gm buéwcbk m bkjdekudgku gd umxcrwd Eudxk$* mjm ã k þ`cbk

mr|mbcdjcrwd mi wmdwuk gk Nku`dj gk Eudrcj |ku idcr gm xc`wm d`kr. Idborm` wdieãi c`wmfud k

bku|k gm n}udgkr gk \uîick Fkxmu`dgku gk Mrwdgk* gd Rmbumwducd gm Mrwdgk gd B}jw}ud gk Uck

gm Nd`mcuk* mi 5<<4 m gk nþuc gk \uîick @dbck`dj Nkufm Didgk gm Jcwmudw}ud m Duwm. \ku

þjwcik* Xdjicu Rd`wkr* t}m ã nku`djcrwd m |mrt}crdgku gm wmdwuk* djãi gm rmu bkjdekudgku gdEudxk$* Xdjicu ã bkjdekudgku gk Nku dj Xdjku Mbk`÷icbk m mgcwku gk rcwm c`gm|m gm wm

Wmdwuknku`dj.

Dr buéwcbdr* g}ud`wm mrrdr rmcr mgcæýmr* hkudi wkgdr |krcwcxdr. @mjdr* kr buéwcbkr umjdwdxdi rkeum

dr |mædr t}m mrwâk rm`gk d|umrm`wdgdr `dt}mjm ikim`wk mi djf}id bcgdgm* gd`gk î`hdrm dkr

mr|mwäb}jkr m`bm`dgkr `k Uck gm Nd`mcuk m mi Râk \d}jk. G}ud`wm dr rmcr |ucimcudr mgcæýmr gm

5<44* bc`bk |mædr t}m mrwdxdi `d buéwcbd mrwdxdi rm`gk d|umrm`wdgdr mi Râk \d}jk m }id `kUck gm Nd`mcuk.

D buéwcbd mrwmxm |umrm`wm mi wkgdr dr mgcæýmr gd Eudxk$* rmi|um bk`wm`gk }id |äfc`d mi bdgd

umxcrwd. Wkgdr |krr}mi* djãi gm }i wéw}jk t}m umhjmwm d k|c`câk gk |ukhcrrck`dj t}m mrbumxm}*

}i r}ewéw}jk k} ‚ecfkgm’* mq|jcbd`gk imjaku mrrd k|c`câk gk buéwcbk. Dk hc`dj gk wmqwk* aä }id

mr|ãbcm gm nku`djcrik gm rmuxcæk* bki c`hkuidæýmr eärcbdr* bkik k `kim gd |mæd* `kim gk

gcumwku* m`gmumæk k`gm k mr|mwäb}jk mrwä rm`gk d|umrm`wdgk* wmjmhk`m gm bk`wdwk* m gdwd* gcdr m

akuäuck t}m d |mæd ã d|umrm`wdgd.

=2



D idckucd gdr buéwcbdr gd Eudxk$ bkimæd umjdwd`gk d hcbad wãb`cbd gk mr|mwäb}jk* bcwd`gk k

`kim gk gcumwku* gk fu}|k wmdwudj k} gk dwku. Ã k t}m dbk`wmbm `d mgcæâk gm nd`mcuk. K buéwcbk

bkimæd mq|jcbd`gk k wudedjak gk gcumwku Mg}dugk Wkjm`wc`k* |dud m`wâk bcwdu k `kim gd |mæd mi

bduwd~* m`wum k}wudr bkcrdr.

Rm} `kxk mr|mwäb}jk* 45 akim`r m }id rm`wm`æd ‒ mi bduwd~ `k Bm`wuk B}jw}udjEd`bk gk Eudrcj gm Râk \d}jk m xm`bmgku gm Imjaku Mr|mwäb}jk gm 5<4< `d xkwdæâkgd Drrkbcdæâk \d}jcrwd gm Buéwcbkr gm Duwmr !D\BD# ‒ ã n}rwdim`wm rkeum cu bk`wud dbkuum`wm m gmrdhcdu }`d`cicgdgmr. !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.72* nd`* 5<44#

Jkfk gm|kcr* k buéwcbk mq|jcbd rkeum k t}m rm wudwd d |mæd* d acrwòucd t}m ã bk`wdgd. @d mgcæâk gm

Nd`mcuk* d |mæd im`bck`dgd mud }id dgd|wdæâk gk hcjim aki÷`cik. @k wmqwk* k nku`djcrwd umjdwd

d acrwòucd.

D keud bk`hc`d mi }id rdjd 45 akim`r gm xdjkumr m |muhcr gcrwc`wkr* t}m gmxmigmbcgcu k gmrwc`k gm }i im`c`k db}rdgk gm idwdu k |dc d hdbdgdr. Wkgkr kr hdwkr

|dumbmi bk`g}~cu k fdukwk ì bdgmcud mjãwucbd* dwã t}m k n}udgk `þimuk 1 k}rdgmrdhcdu k rm`rk bki}i. !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.72* nd`* 5<44#

Gm|kcr gcrrk* k wmqwk d|umrm`wd |duwcb}jducgdgmr gd |mæd* t}m ã cgm`wchcbdgd d |duwcu gm }id

umwud`bd. @mrrd |duwm gk wmqwk* k buéwcbk |kgm k|c`du rkeum d dw}dæâk* d gcumæâk* d bm`kfudhcd* d

cj}ic dæâk* d gudidw}ufcd mwb. @d mgcæâk gm nd`mcuk* d nku djcrwd Fdeucmjd Imjjâk hd~

bkim`wäuckr rkeum d ekd dw}dæâk gkr c`wãu|umwmr* dk bm`äuck t}m hd~ }rk gk mrrm`bcdj m k t}m d

|mæd gm`}`bcd.

D|mrdu gm wkgkr mjmr hd~mumi bkim`wäuckr |krcwcxkr* mi djf}`r ikim`wkr |kgm)rm xmu t}m kr

buéwcbkr hd~mi |mt}m`dr kermuxdæýmr bki umjdæâk dk t}m `âk fkrwdudi `d |mæd. Ã k t}m

dbk`wmbm `d buéwcbd gk iîr gm hmxmumcuk* mi t}m Gd`cmj Rbamòmu mq|jcbd rkeum d `duudwcxd gk

wmqwk gd |mæd D`wmr gd bkcrd wkgd bkimædu . K nku`djcrwd bkim`wd t}m k t}m ã gcwk |mjkr

|murk`dfm r rkeum k hd~mu wmdwudj* g}ud`wm k mr|mwäb}jk* ã rmi bk`rcrwî`bcd m |umn}gcbd d |mæd.

7.2.2 D Dfm`gd

K nku`djcrik b}jw}udj* bkik dhcuid \c~d !5<<2# m Vmu`mbo !5<<6#* ã i}cwk gm|m`gm`wm gd

dfm`gd* k t}m ã djfk gchmum`wm gk t}m mud hmcwk d`wmr. D`kr dwuär* k nku`djcrik `âk hcbdxd wâk

|umrk ì dfm`gd* mud idcr häbcj h}fcu }i |k}bk gkr drr}`wkr |umhmum`bcdcr gd umxcrwd. Adxcd

=7



mr|dæk |dud hdjdu gk t}m xm`gcd im`kr* idr t}m mud eki. Aknm* k nku`djcrik |umbcrd m`wm`gmu

t}m aä }id gchmum`æd m`wum wmu dfm`gd mi rm} xméb}jk m gm|m`gmu gmjd. T}d`gk k nku`djcrwd

gm|m`gm gd dfm`gd* mjm hcbd |umrk d mjd* k t}m fmud* i}cwdr xm~mr* }i wudedjak rmi t}djcgdgm*

m`t}d`wk t}m* t}d`gk d dfm`gd ã c`rmucgd* k xméb}jk xdc djãi gk nku`djcrik gm rmuxcæk.

D Eudxk$ bk`wãi dfm`gd mi wkgdr dr r}dr rmæýmr> iþrcbd* duwmr |järwcbdr* jcxukr* bc`mid m*

wdieãi* wmdwuk m gd`æd. Mi wkgdr mjdr* k jmcwku rm gm|dud bki kcwk r}fmrwýmr* t}m mrwâk

gcxcgcgdr mi g}dr |äfc`dr. @d dfm`gd umhmum`wm dk wmdwuk m gd`æd* d idckucd gdr |mædr c`gcbdgdr

râk dr t}m râk d|umrm`wdgdr `k mcqk Uck)Râk \d}jk !|uc`bc|djim`wm Râk \d}jk#* rm`gk |k}bdr dr

t}m mrwdxdi hkud gmrrm mcqk* xducd`gk `d idckucd gdr xm~mr m`wum Eudréjcd* Emjk Akuc~k`wm m

B}ucwced. Gm wkgdr dr r}fmrwýmr gm wmdwuk |umrm`wmr `dr dfm`gdr gdr rmcr mgcæýmr* 25 râk gmmr|mwäb}jkr d|umrm`wdgkr mi Râk \d}jk. Mi rmf}`gk j}fdu* mrwä Uck gm Nd`mcuk* bki 4<

r}fmrwýmr. M* |ku þjwcik* dr bc`bk r}fmrwýmr* t}m rm gcxcgmi m`wum mr|mwäb}jkr d|umrm`wdgkr mi

Eudréjcd* B}ucwced* Emjk Akuc~k`wm m Jk`guc`d.

@d rmæâk ‚Wmdwuk m Gd`æd’* d|dumbmi idcr r}fmrwýmr gm mr|mwäb}jkr wmdwudcr* gk t}m

mr|mwäb}jkr gm gd`æd. \dud rm wmu }id `kæâk gmrrd |kubm`wdfmi* edrwd hd~mu }id d`äjcrm

t}d`wcwdwcxd> `k iîr gm nd`mcuk* dr kcwk r}fmrwýmr râk gm wmdwuk? `k iîr gm hmxmumcuk* rmwmr}fmrwýmr râk gm wmdwuk m }id gm gd`æd? `k iîr gm iduæk* rmwm râk r}fmrwýmr gm wmdwuk m }id ã

}id imrbjd gm wmdwuk m gd`æd? `k iîr gm deucj* rmwm r}fmrwýmr râk gm wmdwuk m }id gm gd`æd? `k

iîr gm idck* rmcr râk r}fmrwýmr gm wmdwuk m g}dr râk gm gd`æd? m `k iîr gm n}àk* rmcr râk

r}fmrwýmr gm wmdwuk m g}dr gm gd`æd. \kuwd`wk* g}ud`wm dr rmcr |ucimcudr mgcæýmr gm 5<44* 1=-

gdr r}fmrwýmr hkudi umhmum`wmr dk wmdwuk* m`t}d`wk t}m 4=- hkudi umhmum`wmr ì gd`æd.

Xdjm kermuxdu t}m kr mr|mwäb}jkr t}m râk r}fmucgkr `d rmæâk dfm`gd i}cwdr xm~mr d|dumbmi `drum|kuwdfm`r* m`wumxcrwdr k} buéwcbdr* dwã imrik |kut}m mrrmr wmqwkr râk |d}wdgkr |mjd dfm`gd. K

t}m mrwä rm`gk d|umrm`wdgk mi gmwmuic`dgk iîr ã }i ‚fd`bak’ |dud bk`rwu}cu dr idwãucdr gd

umxcrwd. G}ud`wm dr rmcr mgcæýmr d`djcrdgdr* crrk dbk`wmbm} bki d |mæd D j}d xmi gd Ärcd* t}m

mrwdxd `d rmæâk ‚Dfm`gd’ gk iîr gm nd`mcuk m* mi deucj* d |mæd umwku`k} ì umxcrwd bkik wmid gm

buéwcbd. D imrid bkcrd dbk`wmbm} bki k mr|mwäb}jk Idu}jak> k bdicàk gk uck* bki k fu}|k

Umgci}`gk> d |mæd hkc }id gdr r}fmrwýmr gd umxcrwd `k iîr gm nd`mcuk m `d mgcæâk gm hmxmumcuk

mjd d|dumbm} bkik wmid gm buéwcbd.

==



@k iîr gm hmxmumcuk* ak}xm }id um|kuwdfmi rkeum wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj* t}m bcwk} dr |mædr

Kqcfî`ck m \c`kock. D |mæd \c`kock d|dumbm} `d dfm`gd gd mgcæâk gm deucj m d |mæd Kqcfî`ck

hm~ |duwm gd buéwcbd gk iîr gm idck. Mi idck* adxcd }id um|kuwdfmi rkeum k wudedjak gd dwuc~

Iducd`d Jcid* t}m mrwdxd rm d|umrm`wd`gk `d |mæd \wmukgäwcjkr. K mr|mwäb}jk hkc }id gdr

r}fmrwýmr gd dfm`gd gm deucj.

Mi idck* k wmid gk ‚\ucimcud hcjd’ hkc k gcumwku Jmk`dugk Ikumcud* t}m wcàd }id gm r}dr

|mædr m`wum dr r}fmrwýmr gd rmæâk dfm`gd* `k iîr gm n}àk. D buéwcbd gm n}àk bki d |mæd J}c~

D`w÷ ck) Fdeucmjd hkc r}fmrwâk gm dfm`gd `d mgcæâk gm idck. M* |ku þjwcik* d rmæâk ‚\ucimcud

hcjd’* gk iîr gm n}àk* t}m wuk}qm }id bk`xmurd bki k |murk`dfmi Ãgc|k gd |mæd t}m wmi k

imrik `kim. Mrwm mr|mwäb}jk hm~ |duwm gd dfm`gd gm idck.

Bdgd r}fmrwâk gm mr|mwäb}jk ã rm|dudgd |ku wò|cbkr. \ucimcuk* xmi k `kim gd |mæd* rmf}cgk gk

`kim gk d}wku gk wmqwk* gk `kim gkr dwkumr t}m |duwcbc|di k} gk fu}|k gm wmdwuk m k `kim gk

gcumwku. Mi rmf}cgd* bk`wd)rm d acrwòucd t}m rmuä d|umrm`wdgd. Jkfk gm|kcr* d Eudxk$ gä

duf}im`wkr |dud t}m k jmcwku xmnd k mr|mwäb}jk* umjdwd`gk k |kut}î gm mjm cu dk wmdwuk xmu d |mæd.

@d idckucd gdr xm~mr* mrrmr duf}im wkr râk |ku bk`wd gk d}wku gk wmqwk* t}m ã um`kidgk* k}

m`wâk gk wudedjak gk fu}|k* t}m nä wmi }id wudnmwòucd rcf`chcbdwcxd `k wmdwuk. D|òr crwk* d umxcrwdc`hkuid dk jmcwku k t}m |umrwdu dwm`æâk t}d`gk drrcrwcu ì |mæd* t}m xducd gm mr|mwäb}jk |dud

mr|mwäb}jk. Mi }i* gmxm)rm hcbdu dwm`wk |dud }i bduäwmu r}uumdjcrwd? mi k}wuk* k jd|rk gm wmi|k?

mi k}wuk* k wudedjak gkr dwkumr* k} d id`mcud rm`réxmj gm dekugdu }i wmid* m`wum k}wukr. Ã

c`wmumrrd`wm adxmu mrwm wò|cbk* }id xm~ t}m* bki mjm* k jmcwku xdc wmu }id `kæâk gk t}m ã

rcf`chcbdwcxk `d |mæd. K |m`þjwcik wò|cbk umhmum)rm dk j}fdu mi t}m k mr|mwäb}jk mrwä rm`gk

d|umrm`wdgk m kr gcdr m akuäuckr* m k þjwcik ã k wò|cbk ‚Xmnd wdieãi’* bki idcr r}fmrwýmr*

djãi gdr kcwk nä gdgdr. \kuãi* `âk aä bkik rdemu rm d |mæd c`gcbdgd d|òr bdgd r}fmrwâk wmidjf}id umjdæâk bki dt}mjm mr|mwäb}jk* |kcr `âk ã umjdwdgd i}cwd c`hkuidæâk rkeum mjd.

D dfm`gd `âk d|ukh}`gd mi bdgd mr|mwäb}jk* m rci gcr|ým kcwk r}fmrwýmr mi }id mr|ãbcm gm

t}dguk* k t}m hdbcjcwd d jmcw}ud. \dud mrwm wc|k gm wdemjd* d umxcrwd id`wãi d t}djcgdgm gk wmqwk*

c`hkuid`gk gm hkuid r}bc`wd dr|mbwkr ci|kuwd`wmr gm bdgd |mæd* k} rmnd* c`hkuid k t}m

umdjim`wm ã h}`gdim`wdj.

7.2.7 Fî`mukr Wmdwudcr `d Eudxk$

=8



K fî`muk* gm dbkugk bki \dxcr !4333#* bk`rwcw}c `âk d|m`dr `kuidr mqcfcgdr |mjdr |kãwcbdr*

bkik }i bk`n}`wk gm bkgchcbdæýmr bd|d~mr gm c`hkuidu rkeum d umdjcgdgm t}m rm r}|ým t}m k

wmqwk um|umrm`wm. D k|æâk gm jmu }i wmqwk rmf}c`gk dr umfudr gm gmwmuic`dgk fî`muk c`gcbd dk

jmcwku+mr|mbwdgku rkeum d umdjcgdgm d|umrm`wdgd.

Aä }id gcxmurcgdgm gm fî`mukr wmdwudcr. Dr um|kuwdfm`r wuk}qmudi bkik wmid kr rmf}c`wmr

fî`mukr wmdwudcr> gudid !mrrm fî`muk d|dumbm mi gkcr wmqwkr#* wmdwuk gmjcxmus* wmdwuk

mq|mucim`wdj t}m rm m`t}dgud `k gudid* wudfcbkiãgcd m ik`òjkfk gudiäwcbk !mrrmr fî`mukr

d|dumbmi bdgd }i mi }i wmqwk#. \kuwd`wk* k fî`muk t}m idcr d|dumbm} `dr um|kuwdfm`r hkc k

gudid.

K gudid wmxm |umrm`æd `d mgcæâk gm hmxmumcuk* bki d um|kuwdfmi rkeum k gcumwku Gkic`fkr

Kjcxmcud* t}m ã t}mi mrwä gcucfc`gk d |mæd ]i bkudæâk hudbk* gm Hcògku Gkrwkcãxroc. K gudid

wmxm |umrm`æd wdieãi `d um|kuwdfmi rkeum d |mæd 45 akim`r m }id rm`wm`æd* `d mgcæâk gm

idck.

D mgcæâk gm nd`mcuk xmck bki k wmdwuk gmjcxmus. K iîr gm iduæk wuk}qm d um|kuwdfmi rkeum

wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj gm b}àk gudiäwcbk. K iîr gm idck wud~ d um|kuwdfmi bki d dwuc~ Iducd`dJcid* |dud ikrwudu k rm} wudedjak dw}dj mi \wmukgäwcjkr ! wudfcbkiãgcd#* mi bk`wud|k`wk gk t}m

hd~cd d`kr dwuär `k Wmdwuk gd Xmuwcfmi. @mrwd um|kuwdfmi* k um|òuwmu bcwd k}wuk wudedjak gm

Iducd`d t}m hm~ k ik`òjkfk gudiäwcbk D |dcqâk rmf}`gk F.A.

@d m`wumxcrwd bki k gcumwku Hmjc|m Acurba* `d umxcrwd gk iîr gm n}àk* mjm hdjd rkeum d |mæd

Wucjadr rk`kudr gm diku |mugcgdr* t}m wudwd)rm gm }i gudid. T}d`wk ìr k}wudr m`wumxcrwdr gd

rmæâk ‚\ucimcud hcjd’* d gk iîr gm hmxmumcuk* wuk}qm Gãekud Hdjdemjd* bki d |mæd Diku m k}wukrmrwudàkr u}ikumr !fî`muk hd`wärwcbk+wudfcbkiãgcd+bkiãgcd#? d gk iîr gm deucj wuk}qm k dwku

@kucxdj Uc~~k bki d |mæd 45 akim`r m }id rm`wm`æd !gudid#? m d gk iîr gm n}àk wuk}qm k

dwku M}bcu gm Rk}~d bki d |mæd Ãgc|k !wudfãgcd#* bãjmeum |murk`dfmi gd wudfãgcd fumfd.

\kuwd`wk* `d |duwm gm m`wumxcrwd* k gudid d|dumbm} g}dr xm~mr* m`t}d`wk t}m bkiãgcd m wudfãgcd

d|dumbmudi }id xm~* bdgd }id.

T}d`wk ìr buéwcbdr* d d`äjcrm hkc d rmf}c`wm> g}ud`wm dr rmcr |ucimcudr mgcæýmr gm 5<44* hkudi

hmcwdr buéwcbdr rkeum wuîr gudidr* }i ik`òjkfk gudiäwcbk* }i wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj gm b}àk

=6



gudiäwcbk m }i wmdwuk badidgk gm gkb}im`wäuck bî`cbk. K fî`muk gudid hkc k t}m idcr

d|dumbm} `dr buéwcbdr.

K iîr gm nd`mcuk wud~ d buéwcbd rkeum d |mæd 45 akim`r m }id rm`wm`æd* }i gudid. K iîr gm

hmxmumcuk xmck bki d buéwcbd gd |mæd D`wmr gd bkcrd wkgd bkimædu * wdieãi }i gudid. K iîr gm

iduæk wuk}qm d |mæd Idu}jak> k bdicàk gk uck* gudid `kxdim`wm. K iîr gm deucj xmck bki d

buéwcbd gd |mæd D j}d xmi gd Ärcd* t}m rm wudwd gm }i ik`òjkfk gudiäwcbk. K iîr gm idck xmi

bki d buéwcbd Kqcfî`ck* t}m rm wudwd gm }i wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj gm b}àk gudiäwcbk. K iîr gm

n}àk wuk}qm d buéwcbd J}c~ D`w÷`ck)Fdeucmjd* gk fî`muk gkb}im`wäuck bî`cbk.

T}d`wk ì dfm`gd* aä }id gcxmurcgdgm gm fî`mukr wmdwudcr. Mi nd`mcuk* ak}xm r}fmrwýmr gmt}dwuk gudidr* }i ik`òjkfk gudiäwcbk* }id häe}jd b÷icbd m }i i}rcbdj. Mi hmxmumcuk* dr

r}fmrwýmr hkudi gm t}dwuk gudidr* }i gm fî`muk mr|mbcdj m }i gm wudfcbkiãgcd. Mi iduæk* d

dfm`gd bk`wcàd wuîr gudidr* }i fî`muk mr|mbcdj* }id bkiãgcd m }i mr|mwäb}jk wudfcb÷icbk.

Deucj xmck bki }i mq|mucim`wdj gm b}àk gudiäwcbk* t}dwuk gudidr m }id bkiãgcd. Mi idck*

dr r}fmrwýmr hkudi }i gkb}im`wäuck bî`cbk* gkcr gudidr* }id bkiãgcd* }id wudfcbkiãgcd m

}id wudfãgcd. Mi n}àk* dr |mædr hkudi wuîr gudidr m }i i}rcbdj.

@k wkwdj* d idcku t}d wcgdgm gm r}fmrwýmr hkc gm gudidr. Jkfk gm|kcr* xmi wudfcbkiãgcd m

bkiãgcd* bki wuîr r}fmrwýmr bdgd fî`muk. Gm|kcr* ak}xm gkcr i}rcbdcr m gkcr gm fî`muk

mr|mbcdj. M* |ku þjwcik* kr fî`mukr wmdwudcr bki im`kumr r}fmrwýmr> häe}jd b÷icbd*

gkb}im`wäuck bî`cbk m wudfãgcd. Rmnd `dr um|kuwdfm`r* `dr m`wumxcrwdr* `dr buéwcbdr k} bkik

r}fmrwâk `dr dfm`gdr* k fî`muk wmdwudj t}m idcr d|dumbm ã k gudid.

7.2.= Hk`wmr }wcjc~dgdr `d Eudxk$

D hk`wm |kgm rmu gcxcgcgd* rmf}`gk \m`d !5<<=#* mi gcxmurdr bdwmfkucdr. Bkik nä hkudi bcwdgdr*

aä dr hk`wmr khcbcdcr* t}m râk dr idcr wm`gm`bckrdr? d khcbckrd* t}m ã t}mi `âk mrwä d}wkuc~dgd

|dud hdjdu |mjd khcbcdj? m d hk`wm c`gm|m`gm wm* t}m ã d t}m `âk wmi xé b}jk gcumwk bki k drr}`wk

gd idwãucd. K}wud bdwmfkucd ã d hk`wm wmrwmi}àdj* t}m wmi umjdæâk gcumwd bki k hdwk m t}m mrwä

c`rmucgd `d bdwmfkucd gm hk`wmr |uciäucd. T}d`wk ì rmb}`gäucd* mjd rmucd d hk`wm t}m bk`wmqw}djc~d

d um|kuwdfmi.

=1



Wd`wk d rmæâk dfm`gd* t}d`wk d rmæâk buéwcbd gm wmdwuk `âk |krr}mi hk`wmr |dud rmumi

d`djcrdgdr. T}d`wk ìr m`wumxcrwdr* mjdr |krr}mi bdgd }id* d|m`dr }id hk`wm* t}m `k bdrk ã k

m`wumxcrwdgk. Nä dr um|kuwdfm`r* mjdr |krr}mi gchmum`wmr t}d`wcgdgmr gm hk`wmr. D um|kuwdfmi gd

mgcæâk gm nd`mcuk bk`wãi wuîr hk`wmr? d gm hmxmumcuk* wuîr? iduæk* g}dr? m idck bk`wm`gk* mi

}id um|kuwdfmi* }id hk`wm* m mi k}wud* wuîr hk`wmr.

\mubmem)rm t}m* dr hk`wmr t}m d Eudxk$ }wcjc~d mi rm}r wmqwkr râk hk`wmr bk`hcäxmcr* dwã |kut}m

kr drr}`wkr gdr um|kuwdfm`r* d|mrdu gm rmumi umjmxd`wmr* `âk wîi d `mbmrrcgdgm gm rmumi

gcrwkubcgkr |ku djf}ãi. Djãi gcrrk* dr hk`wmr bki|krwdr |ku |mrrkdr t}m m`wm`gmi rkeum k

drr}`wk* k} t}m |duwcbc|di gm djf}i hdwk t}m mrwä rm`gk umjdwdgk.

Mqmi|jk gcrrk ã d um|kuwdfmi gd mgcæâk gm nd`mcuk* rkeum k ‚wmdwuk gmjcxmus’. M`wum kr `kimr

ci|kuwd`wmr |dud d bk`rwu}æâk gk wmqwk* d nku`djcrwd bcwd d gk iãgcbk \d}jk Ucemcuk* |dud

c`hkuidu t}m hkc `d bdrd gmrrd |mrrkd t}m k wmdwuk hkc m`bm`dgk. D nku`djcrwd umjdwd dk jk`fk gk

wmqwk bdgd umdæâk gk d`hcwucâk* bkik d d`rcmgdgm d`wmr gk mr|mwäb}jk* dhc`dj* mud mjm t}mi wcàd

m`bkim`gdgk d |mæd. K}wuk `kim bcwdgk ã k gk d}qcjcdu gm m`hmuidfmi Vmjc`fwk` B}àd. Crwk

|kut}m mjm |duwcbc|k} gk mr|mwäb}jk* bkik hkc bcwdgk `d um|kuwdfmi m ikrwudgk mi }id gdr

hkwkr. @k wmqwk* d nku`djcrwd bkim`wd d |duwcbc|dæâk gmjm `d |mæd m gk ‚rmjcàk’ t}m gm} mi }igkr dwkumr. Bkik `dt}mjm ikim`wk ak}xm }id i}gd`æd gm bjcid `d hmrwd* d nku`djcrwd c`rmuc}

}id bcwdæâk gk d}qcjcdu gm m`hmuidfmi |dud bkim`wdu rkeum k dbk`wmbcgk. @d bcwdæâk* mjm

dhcuid t}m k emcnk `âk wcàd rcgk udbck`dj. M* |ku þjwcik* k gcumwku gd |mæd J}c~ Hmu`d`gk

Idut}mr* t}m mq|jcbd rkeum k wc|k gm wmdwuk t}m wudedjad. M ã drrci t}m d um|kuwdfmi wmuic`d*

bki }id bcwdæâk gmjm* mq|jcbd`gk k kenmwcxk gm wdj mr|mwäb}jk. D nku`djcrwd c`rmuc} }id bcwdæâk

gk gcumwku* dhcuid`gk t}m gmrmnd t}m k ‚wmdwuk gmjcxmus’ ‚gmcqm idubdr* `âk rò `k diecm`wm

d|umrm`wdgk* bkik wdieãi `kr mr|mbwdgkumr’. !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.7=* nd`* 5<44#.

Djãi gcrrk* ‚|murk`dfm`r’ râk i}cwk }wcjc~dgkr `dr um|kuwdfm`r gd Eudxk$. Mrrm umb}urk mrwä

|umrm wm mi djf}`r wmqwkr* bkik k gd mgcæâk gm hmxmumcuk* bki }id um|kuwdfmi rkeum d bduumcud

gk gcumwku Gkic`fkr Kjcxmcud. K wmqwk ã xkjwdgk wkwdjim`wm |dud k wudedjak gk gcumwku* emi

bkik d r}d ukwc`d m d r}d umjdæâk bki dicfkr m hdicjcdumr. Xdjm umrrdjwdu t}m d um|òuwmu

bk`rmf}m mrbumxmu }i wmqwk rkeum Gkic`fkr Kjcxmcud dwã imrik |dud }i jmcwku t}m `âk

bkàmbm k wudedjak gk duwcrwd. Crwk |kut}m mjd umjdwd* gm id`mcud r}bc`wd* k rm} wudedjak* d r}d

ukwc`d* gcdjkfd`gk d r}d |ukhcrrâk bki k hdwk gm mjm mrwdu idcr xmjak.

=3



K }rk gk |murk`dfmi mrwä |umrm`wm* wdieãi* `d um|kuwdfmi gd mgcæâk gm idck* t}m wud~ }id

idwãucd rkeum d dwuc~ Iducd`d Jcid* t}m mrwdxd dw}d`gk `d |mæd \wmukgäwcjkr* }i wmdwuk

bk`rcgmudgk gchmum`wm gk t}m hd~cd `k fu}|k Wmdwuk gm Xmuwcfmi. @mrwm wc|k gm um|kuwdfmi* k

|murk`dfmi ã k mjmim wk h}`gdim wdj gk wmqwk* k t}m ã |umbcrk wmu dwm`æâk |dud `âk hcbdu djfk

ik`òwk`k. Idr* k umb}urk }wcjc~dgk |mjd Eudxk$ Ã c`rmucu k}wudr hk`wmr rcf`chcbdwcxdr |dud

bkim`wdu rkeum k wudedjak gk duwcrwd mi hkbk.

K}wuk wc|k gm |murk`dfmi ã k t}m hkc }wcjc~dgk `d um|kuwdfmi rkeum d |mæd 45 akim`r m }id

rm`wm`æd* t}m xcuk} hm`÷im`k m`wum kr |ukhcrrck`dcr gd äumd. \dud ikrwudu crrk* k um|òuwmu

Udhdmj Wk`k` bkimæd k wmqwk umjdwd`gk t}m bmuwk n}c~ m djf}`r bkjmfdr mrwdxdi c`gk |dud Râk\d}jk bki k þ`cbk kenmwcxk gm xmu k mr|mwäb}jk. Mrrm fu}|k gm |ukhcrrck`dcr hkc }rdgk |mjk

um|òuwmu |dud ikrwudu dk jmcwku t}m d |mæd xcuk} drr}`wk `mrrm imck |ukhcrrck`dj m t}m wmi rcgk

i}cwk mjkfcdgk |mjd buéwcbd. Ã xäjcgk bkim`wdu t}m `mrwm wmqwk* k}wudr hk`wmr* wâk ci|kuwd`wmr

t}d`wk mrwd* hd~mi |duwm gd idwãucd. Ã k bdrk gd |umrm`æd gk |umrcgm`wm gd KDE mi Râk \d}jk

J}c~ Hjäxck Ekufmr.

]id b}uckrcgdgm `mrrm wò|cbk ã bcwdu d um|kuwdfmi gm Fdeucmjd Imjjâk `d mgcæâk gm iduæk. @kwmqwk* d um|òuwmu hdjd gd r}d |uò|ucd mq|mucî`bcd* hd~m`gk bki t}m mjd rmnd* |kuwd`wk* d hk`wm

|uc`bc|dj gd idwãucd.

7.2.8 Dr cidfm`r

Ã h}`gdim`wdj t}m }id umxcrwd* gm dbkugk bki Rbdj~k !5<<2#* wmàd ekdr hkwkr* |uc`bc|djim`wm

`}i ikim`wk mi t}m xcxmikr }i fud`gm d|mjk bkimubcdj* hd~m`gk bki t}m d |ucimcud bkcrdt}m k jmcwku xmnd rmndi dr hkwkr. Dr cidfm`r |ukxkbdi umdæýmr mikbck`dcr m wîi d h}`æâk gm

m`wumwmu* r}u|umm`gmu* c`hkuidu mwb. Idr* |dud t}m mjdr rmndi }rdgdr gd imjaku hkuid |krréxmj* ã

|umbcrk rdemu |krcbck`ä)jd mi j}fdumr `keumr gdr |äfc`dr* mi j}fdumr bki idcku xcrcecjcgdgm.

Drrci bkik dr cidfm`r* dr jmfm`gdr wdieãi râk ci|kuwd`wmr* |dud dn}gdu k jmcwku d m`wudu `k

drr}`wk.

Rm dr cidfm`r mrwâk |umrm`wmr `dr um|kuwdfm`r |dud hdbcjcwdu d jmcw}ud gk wmqwk* gmcqd`gk)k idcr

c`wmumrrd`wm m dwudwcxk* d t}d`wcgdgm gm hkwkr mi bdgd idwãucd xducd. Aä um|kuwdfm`r bki }id*

g}dr* wuîr m dwã t}dwuk cidfm`r> k t}m xdc gm|m`gmu ã d `mbmrrcgdgm gm wmu dt}mjd hkwk mi

8<



gmwmuic`dgk wmqwk. Mi djf}`r bdrkr* dr cidfm`r rmuxmi |dud bki|jmim`wdu k t}m k um|òuwmu gc~

`k wmqwk* bkik hkuid gm k jmcwku m`wm`gmu imjaku k t}m mrwä rm`gk gcwk.

Mqmi|jk gcrrk ã `d um|kuwdfmi gd mgcæâk gm nd`mcuk* bki k wéw}jk ‚Wmdwuk jä mi bdrd’. K }rk

gmrrdr cidfm`r rmuxm |dud rcw}du k jmcwku rkeum bkik râk hmcwdr dr d|umrm`wdæýmr gmrwm wc|k gm

wmdwuk* mùct}mbm`gk d idwãucd m gmcqd`gk)d idcr dwudwcxd.

Hcf}ud 2

K}wudr hkwkr* |ku r}d xm~* rmuxmi |dud cgm`wchcbdu }i duwcrwd* bki }id cidfmi gm ci|dbwk* t}m

i}cwdr xm~mr râk |ukg}~cgdr. Mrwm ã k wc|k gm hkwk t}m aä `d um|kuwdfmi gd mgcæâk gm hmxmumcuk

gm 5<44* t}m wud~ `d demuw}ud gd idwãucd d cidfmi gk gcumwku Gkic`fkr Kjcxmcud* rm`wdgk mi

}id bdgmcud* }rd`gk bad|ã} m kjad`gk |dud d båimud bki }i rmiejd`wm hmjc~.

Hcf}ud 7

84



K}wud hkwk t}m cgm`wchcbd }i duwcrwd ã d t}m mrwä `d um|kuwdfmi gd mgcæâk gm idck gm 5<44* rkeum

d dwuc~ Iducd`d Jcid. D idwãucd d|umrm`wd }id cidfmi gd duwcrwd `k bm`äuck gd |mæd t}m mrwä

dw}d`gk.

Hcf}ud =

K}wudr um|kuwdfm`r }rdi d cidfmi |dud gdu mqmi|jkr dk jmcwku rkeum k t}m mrwâk umjdwd`gk*

bkik dbk`wmbm `d mgcæâk gm iduæk gm 5<44* `d um|kuwdfmi rkeum wmdwuk mq|mucim`wdj. D idwãucd

wmi bkik þ`cbd hkwk* d cidfmi gk dwku Ukgucfk \dxk`* `d |mæd \c`kock. Xdjm jmieudu t}m dhkwk ã ci|kuwd`wm |dud k m`wm`gcim`wk gk wmqwk. @d cidfmi* k dwku mrwä bki k ukrwk r}nk gm

}id r}erwd`bcd xmuimjad* |dud ikrwudu d m`wumfd t}m ã hmcwd |dud mrrm wc|k gm wudedjak.

Hcf}ud 8

T}d`wk dk wdidàk gdr cidfm`r }rdgdr |dud cj}rwudu }id um|kuwdfmi* mjd xducd. Idr |kgm)rm

kermuxdu t}m* |dud deucu }i wmqwk* d |ucimcud cidfmi d|umrm`wdgd `d um|kuwdfmi ã idcku*kb}|d`gk* i}cwdr xm~mr* }id |äfc d c`wmcud* bkik `dr mgcæýmr gm hmxmumcuk m idck. K

85



|krcbck`dim`wk gdr cidfm`r wdieãi xducd. Aä idwãucdr bki hkwkr `d |duwm r}|mucku* idr* mi

djf}idr um|kuwdfm`r* d hkwk mrwä `k bm`wuk gd |äfc`d* k} dwã imrik `d |duwm c`hmucku.

Dr m`wumxcrwdr wdieãi }wcjc~di cidfm`r. @k iîr gm n}àk* d m`wumxcrwd bki k gcumwku Hmjc|m

Acurba wuk}qm }id hkwk* }rdgd `d demuw}ud gk wmqwk. D cidfmi mud mjm* bki }i hk`m gm k}xcgk*

kjad`gk |dud edcqk m bki }id bd|d gm bg gm Dumwad Hudòjc`* }id gcxd gk ej}mr. Crrk* |dud

ikrwudu d |dcqâk |ku mrwm wc|k gm iþrcbd* djãi gm ikrwudu k rm} fkrwk gm mrb}wdu dr iþrcbdr

bki hk`m gm k}xcgk. D hkwk bk`gc~ bki k t}m xdc rmu jcgk `d c`wukg}æâk gk wmqwk> ‚K gcumwku

Hmjc|m Acurba wmi bmubd gm t}dwuk icj BGr’ !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.7=* n}`* 5<44# m ‚Mi 5<<<*

Acurba }`c} r}dr |dcqýmr* d iþrcbd |k| m k wmdwuk* t}d`gk dgd|wk} |dud k |djbk Djwd

Hcgmjcgdgm* gk c`fjîr @cbo Akuès’ !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.7=* n}`* 5<44#.

Hcf}ud 6

T}d`wk ìr wuîr m`wumxcrwdr |umrm`wmr `d rmæâk ‚\ucimcud hcjd’* bki dwkumr t}m rm |drrdi |mjkr

rm}r |murk`dfm`r gdr |mædr |dud umr|k`gmu ìr |muf}`wdr* wkgdr mjdr bk`wãi* `d |ucimcud |äfc`d

gd m`wumxcrwd* d cidfmi gk dwku rmf}ud`gk djf}id hkwk gk rm} |murk`dfmi. Bki mjd* k jmcwku

bk`rmf}m cgm`wchcbdu t}mi ã k dwku m t}mi ã k |murk`dfmi.

82



Hcf}ud 1

T}d`wk ìr buéwcbdr* wkgdr mjdr d|umrm`wdi* d`wmr imrik gk wéw}jk* d cidfmi gd |mæd. Dr

cidfm`r* mi r}d idckucd* râk ci|dbwd`wmr* bkik rm t}crmrrmi ikrwudu k |k`wk ä|cbm gk

mr|mwäb}jk. Mqmi|jk gcrrk ã d hkwk |umrm`wm `d buéwcbd gk iîr gm idck. D |mæd mi d`äjcrm ã

Kqcfî`ck m `k wmqwk* k buéwcbk umjdwd t}m dr hdjdr râk c`wmubdjdgdr bki iþrcbdr gm ukbo wkbdgdr

dk xcxk. D cidfmi ã mrwd> k dwku wkbd`gk }id f}cwduud m bd`wd`gk }id iþrcbd gm ukbo.

Hcf}ud 3

Mi djf}idr mgcæýmr* mrwd cidfmi hd~ gcäjkfk bki d jmfm`gd. @k bdrk gd buéwcbd gd |mæd

Kqcfî`ck* d jmfm`gd wud~cd k rmf}c`wm wmqwk> ‚K dwku Ukgucfk Ekj~d` c`wmu|umwd Rdbad mi

Kqcfî`ck. D |mæd c`wmubdjd hdjdr mi xkj}im djwk bki ukbo wkbdgk dk xcxk’ !Umxcrwd Eudxk$*

|.35* n}`* 5<44#. K}wuk mqmi|jk ã bki d buéwcbd gk iîr gm iduæk* rkeum d |mæd Idu}jak> K

bdicàk gk uck. D hkwk ikrwud }id bm`d mi t}m* mi |ucimcuk |jd`k mrwä }id i}jamu* gm |ã* m

}i akimi mi edcqk* wkbd`gk }i dbkugmk`. Mi rmf}`gk |jd`k* aä }id bdrd gm d|duî`bcd

rci|jmr* bki }id i}jamu `d |kuwd rmf}ud`gk }id idjd. D cidfmi ikrwud }i |k}bk k}`cxmurk gd |mæd* t}m dekugd k }`cxmurk rmuwd`mnk. Ã n}rwdim`wm crrk t}m ã bkjkbdgk `d jmfm`gd>

87



‚Bm`d `k mr|mwäb}jk gk Fu}|k Umgci}`gk. D wu}|m bk`rwu}c} }id bcgdgm rmuwd`mnd

bm`kfuähcbd mi r}d rmgm* Râk \d}jk’ !Umxcrwd Eudxk$* |.35* idu* 5<44#.

Mi k}wukr bdrkr* d cidfmi gcdjkfd bki k wmqwk buéwcbk. Crrk dbk`wmbm* |ku mqmi|jk* `d buéwcbd

|umrm wm `d umxcrwd gk iîr gm deucj. D buéwcbd mud rkeum d |mæd D j}d xmi gd Ärcd m* `k wmqwk* k

bucwcbk hdjk} rkeum d bm`kfudhcd gd |mæd* bki kenmwkr gcrwuce}égkr |mjk baâk. Ã n}rwdim`wm mrrd

cidfmi d t}m mrwä |umrm`wm `d hkwk> k dwku Bacbk Gcd~* mi imck d |mædr mr|djadgdr |mjk

bm`äuck.

Hcf}ud 4<

K}wuk wmqwk ã d buéwcbd rkeum d |mæd Gk~m akim`r m }id rm`wm`æd* gd mgcæâk gm nd`mcuk. D hkwk

mrbkjacgd |dud rmu |krwd `d |äfc`d ã gm }id bm`d mi t}m wkgkr kr dgxkfdgkr mrwâk bki d iâk

jmxd`wdgd* bkik rm mrwcxmrrm |mgc`gk |dud rm |uk`}`bcdu rkeum k drr}`wk. Djc* |krrcxmjim`wm* ã

k |k`wk bu}bcdj gd |mæd.

D dfm`gd gd rmæâk gm ‚wmdwuk m gd`æd’ wdieãi d|umrm`wdi cidfm`r. \ku rm wudwdu gm kcwk

r}fmrwýmr gcxcgcgdr mi g}dr |äfc`dr* dr cidfm`r râk im`kumr m mrwâk |krcbck`dgdr `k djwk gd

umxcrwd* bki d h}`æâk gm cgm`wchcbdu bdgd |mæd.

8=



BK@BJ]RÂK

Gm|kcr gk mrw}gk umdjc~dgk rkeum dr |äfc`dr gmgcbdgdr dk wmdwuk `d umxcrwd Eudxk$* |kgmikr

m`rdcdu djf}idr bk`bj}rýmr t}m r}fmumi }id |krw}ud bkmum`wm gd |}ejcbdæâk rm bk`rcgmuduikr

d |krcæâk gmbjdudgd gkr rm}r jmcwkumr bki umjdæâk dk c`wmumrrm t}m wîi |mjd duwm gudiäwcbd. Crwk

|kut}m dr |äfc`dr gmgcbdgdr dk wmdwuk `k xméb}jk d|dum wdi `âk wmu d imrid umjmxå`bcd gk t}m

dr k}wudr äumdr gd b}jw}ud t}m râk umwudwdgdr `d umxcrwd* d bkimædu |mjd t}d`wcgdgm gm |äfc`dr

gmgcbdgdr d bdgd }id gmjdr. K mr|dæk gdgk dk wmdwuk* t}d`gk bki|dudgk ìr k}wudr rmæýmr*

umhjmwm k hdwk gkr rm}r jmcwkumr `âk wmumi mrwd duwm bkik mjmcwd.

K |ucimcuk wò|cbk gd d`äjcrm umhmum)rm ìr bd|dr m bk`hcuid dr wmrmr d|umrm`wdgdr `k umhmum`bcdj

wmòucbk> dr bd|dr wîi }id h}`æâk ci|kuwd`wm t}m ã cgm`wchcbdu k drr}`wk |uc`bc|dj gd umxcrwd* m

bki crrk gmr|muwdu k c`wmumrrm gk |þejcbk* |dud t}m mjm |krrd bki|udu d umxcrwd. @kxdim`wm

d|mjd`gk |dud d bkmuî`bcd gd |}ejcbdæâk* k wmdwuk `âk hm~ |duwm gm `mà}id bd|d. D|dumbm

rkim`wm mi }id badidgd* `k iîr gm nd`mcuk.

T}d`wk dkr fî`mukr nku`djérwcbkr |umrm`wmr `d umxcrwd* |kgmikr bk`bj}cu t}m dr um|kuwdfm`r

wudwdi k drr}`wk bki |ukh}`gcgdgm* k} rmnd* `âk c`hkuidi rci|jmrim`wm. Djãi gcrrk* mjdr

}rdi* bkik ‚fd`bak’ djf}i mr|mwäb}jk t}m mrwä mi bduwd~. K wmqwk ã gm häbcj jmcw}ud* bki

mq|jcbdæýmr rkeum bk`bmcwkr mr|mbéhcbkr t}m k jmcwku |kgm `âk rdemu* idr ã |umbcrk t}m mjm wmàd

bmuwk bkàmbcim`wk b}jw}udj |dud m`wm`gmu k t}m mrwä rm`gk gcwk. T}d`wk ì m`wumxcrwd* mjd ã emi

hmcwd* bkik rm k nku`djcrwd bkàmbmrrm gm |muwk k m`wumxcrwdgk* }id xm~ t}m k wmqwk |dumbm }id

bk`xmurd m`wum dr g}dr |mrrkdr. Nä dr buéwcbdr* wkgdr hkudi |krcwcxdr* k t}m c`gcbd t}m d umxcrwd

88



|umhmum bkjkbdu mi r}dr |äfc`dr buéwcbdr gm |mædr gm wmdwuk t}m xdjadi d |m`d rmu bucwcbdgdr m

drrcrwcgdr* d |duwcu gk rm} n}jfdim`wk.

K}wuk wò|cbk umhmum)rm ì dfm`gd* |umrm`wm mi wkgdr dr mgcæýmr. Drrci bkik ã bcwdgk `k

umhmum`bcdj wmòucbk* k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj ã i}cwk gm|m`gm`wm gd dfm`gd. Bki d umxcrwd mi

d`äjcrm* d rcw}dæâk ã d imrid. Djãi gm wkgdr dr mgcæýmr bk`wmu d rmæâk ‚Dfm`gd’* dr

um|kuwdfm`r* m`wumxcrwdr m buéwcbdr râk gm|m`gm`wmr gd dfm`gd. D |}ejcbdæâk rò dekugd k t}m mrwä

mi bduwd~.

Xdjm hd~mu }id umrrdjxd bki umjdæâk dkr bk`wmþgkr gkr wmqwkr. D umxcrwd `âk wudwd d|m`dr gm

drr}`wkr fmudcr. Mjd dekugd wmidr b}uckrkr* c`rwcfd`wmr m |muwc`m`wmr `k bdi|k gk wmdwuk. Kbk`wmþgk `âk ã d|umrm`wdgk gm id`mcud duwchcbcdj. D umxcrwd mrbjdumbm dkr jmcwkumr dr t}mrwýmr

mrrm`bcdcr gm }i hdwk. Mjd dekugd k t}m ã xm`gcgk* drrci bkik dt}cjk t}m xm`gm im`kr* d|mrdu

gm rmu eki.

\kuãi* `mà}id mgcæâk d`djcrdgd d|umrm`wk} wmqwkr gm wmdwuk mrwud`fmcuk* k} rmnd* d umxcrwd

hcbk} ‚|umrd’ dkr wudedjakr duwérwcbkr hmcwkr d|m`dr `k Eudrcj* `âk wudwd`gk gm mxm`wkr b}jw}udcr

t}m dbk`wmbmi `k mqwmucku* k t}m `âk ã eki |dud k jmcwku* }id xm~ t}m ã ci|kuwd`wm t}m mjmrdced k t}m mrwä dbk`wmbm`gk wd`wk dt}c* t}d`wk hkud gk Eudrcj. K}wud bdudbwmuérwcbd ã t}m d

umxcrwd rm |um`gm i}cwk dk t}m ã hmcwk `k mcqk Uck)Râk \d}jk* `âk gd`gk wd`wd bad`bm gm

ikrwudu k t}m dbk`wmbm mi k}wudr umfcýmr gk |dér.

K}wuk wò|cbk d`djcrdgk hkc k gkr fî`mukr wmdwudcr |umrm`wmr `d umxcrwd. Bk`bj}c)rm t}m k t}m idcr

mrwä |umrm`wm ã k gudid* wdjxm~ |ku dbadu t}m mrrm wc|k gm wmdwuk ã idcr bk`rcrwm`wm* gk |k`wk gm

xcrwd duwérwcbk. Idr* `âk |kgmikr dhcuidu rm d umxcrwd hd~ }id mrbkjad gmjcemudgd rkeum mrrm k}dt}mjm fî`muk.

Dr hk`wmr }wcjc~dgdr `d umxcrwd hd~mi |duwm gm k}wuk wò|cbk gd d`äjcrm. Wkgdr dr hk`wmr }wcjc~dgdr

râk ci|kuwd`wmr m |muwc`m`wmr. Dr hk`wmr râk bk`hcäxmcr* bki |mrrkdr t}m m`wm`gmi rkeum k

wmid t}m mrwä rm`gk wudwdgk. D idckucd hd~ |duwm gd badidgd hk`wm |uciäucd* t}m d|umrm`wd

umjdæâk gcumwd bki k hdwk.

86



\ku þjwcik k wò|cbk rkeum cidfm`r* t}m wmi d h}`æâk* bkik hkc gcwk `k umhmum`bcdj wmòucbk* gm

m`wumwmu m c`hkuidu. M ã crrk t}m d umxcrwd hd~. Mjd }wcjc~d dr cidfm`r |dud gdu dk jmcwku imjaku

xcrâk rkeum k t}m mrwä rm`gk umjdwdgk* hdbcjcwd`gk d jmcw}ud gk wmqwk m gmcqd gk)k idcr

dfudgäxmj* k} dwã imrik |dud bki|jmim`wdu djfk. D|mrdu gm `âk hd~mu }rk gm umb}urkr bkik

c`hkfuähcbkr* k xméb}jk hd~ eki }rk gdr cidfm`r* |kcr râk bki mjdr t}m kr jmcwkumr xâk m`wm`gmu

imjaku k t}m mrwä rm`gk umjdwdgk.

Gcd`wm gk t}m hkc d`djcrdgk* |mubmem)rm t}m d |mrt}crd ikrwuk} d ci|kuwå`bcd m `mbmrrcgdgm gm

kermuxdu bkik mrwä k nku`djcrik b}jw}udj |udwcbdgk `k Eudrcj. D|mrdu gm d Eudxk$ d|umrm`wdu

djf}idr gmhdrdfm`r* bkik gm|m`gî`bcd gm dfm`gd m |k}bdr |äfc`dr gmgcbdgdr dk wmdwuk* mjd ã

}i mqmi|jk gm nku`djcrik b}jw}udj gchébcj gm rmu m`bk`wudgk mi k}wukr xméb}jkr. ]i ekibdicàk mrwä rm`gk wucjadgk `mrwm wc|k gm bkemuw}ud* idr dc`gd ã |umbcrk imjakudu k rm} mr|dæk.

81



UMHMUÎ@BCDR

DJIDGD* Crdédr. Xm`w}udr m gmrxm`w}udr gk wmdwuk eudrcjmcuk. Râk \d}jk> Bki}`cbdæâk (Mg}bdæâk* 5<<4. Gcr|k`éxmj mi>:aww|>++vvv.umxcrwdr.}`cxmubcm`bcd.kuf+c`gmq.|a|+bkimg}b+duwcbjm+xcmvDuwcbjm+7=<<0. Dbmrrkmi> 42 rmw 5<44.

DIDUDJ* Iducd Dgmjdcgm. Wmdwuk xcxk> c`wukg}æâk m acrwòucd. Râk \d}jk> Deucj B}jw}udj* 4368.

DXMJDU* U÷i}jk. K dxmrrk gd bm`d> `kwdr rkeum |ukg}æâk m fmrwâk b}jw}udj. Emjk Akuc~k`wm>G}k Mgcwkucdj* 5<<1.

EMUWAKJG* Idufkw. Acrwòucd i}`gcdj gk wmdwuk. Wudg}æâk gm Iducd \d}jd x. ^}udvroc*N.F}c`re}uf* Rãufck Bkmjak m Bjòxcr Fdubcd. Râk \d}jk> \mur|mbwcxd* 5<<8.

EKWMJAK* Crd}ud. Dr gcim`rýmr gd b}jw}ud m k j}fdu gdr |kjéwcbdr |þejcbdr.Umxcrwd Râk \d}jk mi \mur|mbwcxd* Râk \d}jk* x. 4=* `.5* 5<<4. Gcr|k`éxmjmi> :aww|>++vvv.rbcmjk.eu+|gh+r||+x4=`5+1=1<.|gh0. Dbmrrk mi> 4< rmw5<44.

B]@AD* Jmk`dugk D`w}`mr? IDFDJAÂMR* J}c~ Amùct}m Xcmcud gm? HMUUMCUD* @érckD`w÷ ck Wmcqmcud. Gcjmidr gk nku`djcrik b}jw}udj eudrcjmcuk. EKBB) Ecejckwmbd k`jc`m gm

Bcî`bcdr gd Bki}`cbdæâk* 5<<5. Gcr|k`éxmj mi> :aww|>++vvv.ekbb.}hh.eu+|df+b}àd)hmuumcud)idfdjadmr)gcjmidr)gk)nku`djcrik.|gh 0. Dbmrrk mi> 48 dfk 5<44.

MBK* ]iemuwk. D|kbdjé|wcbkr m c`wmfudgkr. Râk \d}jk> \mur|mbwcxd* 5<<4.

HMCQ* Wd`cd Djcbm. K wmdwuk `d |òr)ikgmu`cgdgm> }id wm`wdwcxd gm gmhc`cæâk mrwãwcbd* 5<<8.Gcr|k`éxmj mi>:aww|>++vvv.udh.chdb.}hk|.eu+|gh+duwmhcjkrkhcd[<5+duwmhcjkrkhcd[<5[<7[wmdwuk[<7[wd`cd[djcbm[hmcq.|gh 0. Dbmrrk mi> 47 rmw 5<44.

HÃUDJ* Nkrmwwm. D keud gm duwm n}jfd> k buéwcbk `k bdiecd wm bm`äuck wmdwudj. Wudg}æâk gmGd`cmjm Äxcjd. T}mrwâk Buéwcbd> Umxcrwd Mjmwu÷ cbd gm Buéwcbdr m Mrw}gkr Wmdwudcr* 5<<<.

83

http://www.bocc.uff.br/pag/cunha-ferreira-magalhaes-dilemas-do-jornalismo.pdf


http://www.raf.ifac.ufop.br/pdf/artefilosofia_02/artefilosofia_02_04_teatro_04_tania_alice_feix.pdf








Gcr|k`éxmj mi> :aww|>++vvv.t}mrwdkgmbucwcbd.bki.eu+5<<1+<7+d)keud)gm)duwm)n}jfd)k)bucwcbk)`k)bdiecd`wm)bm`duck)wmdwudj0. Dbmrrk mi> 4< rmw 5<44.

HCF]MCUMGK* Uþecd Imgmcukr. Umxcrwd Eudxk$> Mrw}gk gk bki|kuwdim`wk gk nku`djcrik

b}jw}udj hum`wm ìr |umrrýmr gk imubdgk. Râk Emu`dugk gk Bdi|k> ]IMR\* 5<<1. 45< |.Gcrrmuwdæâk !Imrwudgk mi Bki}`cbdæâk Rkbcdj# ‒ \ukfudid gm \òr)fudg}dæâk miBki}`cbdæâk Rkbcdj* Hdb}jgdgm gm Bki}`cbdæâk Rkbcdj* ]`cxmurcgdgm Imwkgcrwd gm Râk \d}jk*Râk Emu`dugk gk Bdi|k* 5<<1.

C@RWCW]WK CWDÞ B]JW]UDJ. U}ikr _gkY nku`djcrik b}jw}udj. Râk \d}jk> R}ii}r? CwdþB}jw}udj* 5<<6.

J]RWKRD* Mjbcdr. K wmqwk gd `kwébcd. Eudréjcd> ]@E* 4338.

IDFDJGC* Räedwk. C`cbcdæâk dk wmdwuk. Râk \d}jk> Äwcbd* 5<<3.

IDFDJGC* Räedwk. Wm`gî`bcdr bk`wmi|kuå`mdr gk wmdwuk eudrcjmcuk* 4338. Gcr|k`éxmj mi>:aww|>++vvv.rbcmjk.eu+|gh+md+x4<`51+x4<`51d45.|gh 0. Dbmrrk mi> 46 rmw 5<44.

IMGC@D* Bumicjgd gm Dud}nk. M`wumxcrwd> k gcdjkfk |krréxmj. Râk \d}jk> Äwcbd* 5<<7.

IKUC@* Mgfdu. B}jw}ud gm idrrdr gk rãb}jk QQ . Wudg}æâk gm Id}ud Ucemcuk Um~m`gmRdugcàd. Uck gm Nd`mcuk> Hkum`rm ]`cxmurcwäucd* 436=.

KSDID* Wadér. D duwm gm m wumxcrwdu emi. Râk \d}jk> Bk`wmqwk* 5<<1.

\DXCR* \dwucbm. Gcbck`äuck gm wmdwuk. Wudg}æâk gm N. F}c`re}uf* Udbamj Dudþnk gm EdwcrwdH}rmu? M}gs`cu Hudfd? Iducd Jþbcd \mumcud m @d`bc Hmu`d`gmr. Râk \d}jk> \mur|mbwcxd* 4333.

\MCQKWK* Hmu`d`gk. K t}m ã wmdwuk. Râk \d}jk> Eudrcjcm`rm* 5<<8.

\M@D* Hmjc|m. Wmkucd gk nku`djcrik. Râk \d}jk> Bk`wmqwk* 5<<=.

\C^D* Gd`cmj. Nku`djcrik B}jw}udj . Râk \d}jk> Bk`wmqwk* 5<<2.

\K@WMR* Amjkérd. Wmdwuk* fî`muk m rkbcmgdgm !437<)4381#. Wmi|k Rkbcdj* umxcrwd gm

rkbckjkfcd gd ]R\ * x.55* `.4* 5<4<. Gcr|k`éxmj mi>:aww|>++vvv.rbcmjk.eu+|gh+wr+x55`4+x55`4d<5.|gh 0. Dbmrrk mi> 48 dfk 5<44.

UDXD@MJJC* Väjwmu D`éedj. Dbmubd gm Jd buéwcbd |muckgérwcbd gm jdr duwmr. Mgcbcò` Gmj d}wku *Dufm`wc`d* 4338. Gcr|k`éxmj mi> :aww|>++vvv.imgcdhcum.bki+;~3}iq1ùu8865dm0. Dbmrrk mi42 rmw 5<44.

UKRRC* Bjòxcr. K t}m ã nku`djcrik. Rdk \d}jk> Eudrcjcm`rm* 4337.

RBDJ^K* Iduéjcd. Nku`djcrik gm umxcrwd. Râk \d}jk> Bk`wmqwk* 5<<8.

RKGUÃ* I}`c~? HMUUDUC* Iducd Amjm`d. Wãb`cbd gm um|kuwdfmi> `kwdr rkeumd `duudwcxd nku`djérwcbd. Râk \d}jk> R}ii}r* 4318.

6<

http://www.questaodecritica.com.br/2008/04/a-obra-de-arte-julga-o-critico-no-cambiante-cenario-teatral


http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v10n28/v10n28a12.pdf

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ts/v22n1/v22n1a02.pdf



http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v10n28/v10n28a12.pdf

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ts/v22n1/v22n1a02.pdf



XCJDR EKDR* Rãufck. K mrwcjk Idfd~c`m> K wmqwk mi umxcrwd. Râk \d}jk> R}ii}r* 4338.

vvv.|}ejcbcgdgm.deucj.bki.eu+idubdr+eudxk+umxcrwd+c`hkuidbkmr)fmudcr ) Jcò bki k icgcd ocwbki|jmwk gd Eudxk$. Dbmrrk mi> 45 dfk 5<44.

D@MQKR

Cidfmi gd rmæâk ‚Dfm`gd’ gd Eudxk$ gm nd`mcuk>

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http://www.publicidade.abril.com.br/marcas/bravo/revista/informacoes-gerais

http://www.publicidade.abril.com.br/marcas/bravo/revista/informacoes-gerais



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