Javier Rodríguez Vera, MSc MDMedicina InternaC.E.O JV clinics

Abstract: “parente pobre” do artigo científico?

Abstract=Resumo=SumárioQuando?

• Congressos

• Artigos

• Apresentação informal dum projeto

Importancia dum abstract

1) 90% dos Médicos: apenas leem o sumario2) Em PubMed: A Maior parte dos estudos, apenas Abstract3) Presentações a Congressos: Abstract

Numa pesquisa ou revissao, a escolha de artigos esta baseada nos abstracts

Características:Extensão limitada (aprox 250 palavras)

IMRADSem referências BibliográficasResumo “a vista de passaro” do estudo

O quê não é um abstract?

• Nao é Uma revisão ou comentario do resultado• Apresentação de dados diferentes aos existentes no artigo.• Sem referências bibliográficas ou abreviaturas.• Sem Figuras ou quadros• Redigido em pasado, não em primeira pessoa• Tamanho limitado a 250-300 palabras • Elaboração após a conclusao do artigo• Igual em todos os idiomas. Dica: Primeiro escrevé-lo em

Inglês, e depois em Portugués.• Pode incluir diferencias no caso de comparação. Necessário

dizer se estatisticamente significativa ou não.

Estrutura

• IMRAD:

– Introduction

– Material&Methods

– Results

– AND

– Discussion

• Outros optam por:“Background and Aims”“Methods”“Key Results”“Conclusions”

• Desestruturado: texto livre

NA NOSSA VIDA DIARIA, O ABSTRACT ESTA SEMPRE PRESENTE

Dizer o essencial e transnmitir a informca de forma rapida e eficiente

Pedir algum favor quanto mais explicito, melhor

Conversar com uma crianca

Um professor faz um um abstract aos alunos

O Medico faz um abstract ao doente

O piloto faz um abstract aos passageiros

Mais claro> seguinte slide>

Normas gerais

• 10.Extensao limitada• Tempo verbal: pasado• Estruturado/ nao estruturado• <iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1kOlrEwTfco?feature=player_detailpage" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>• E o tráiler dum filmehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xocbT8KSXc&feature=player_embedded

• 11. RESUMEN• Debe permitir al lector identificar rápidamente el contenido del trabajo.• Su extensión generalmente es de 250 palabras.• DEBE REDACTARSE EN PASADO .• Debe estar respaldado en el texto extenso.

• 12. RESUMEN• Descriptivo: da una idea global del estudio, su extensión es de 50 a 100 palabras. Por lo general no es recomen dable para revistas científicas.• Informativo: es similar a un miniartículo, su extensión es entre 150 y 200 palabras.• Estructurado: objetivos, diseño, lugar/circunstancias, pacientes, intervención, mediciones, principales resultados y conclusiones.

• 13. RESUMENEl Resumen preferido en la redacción de artículos científicos en el área de medicina es el estructurado:• Objetivos y alcance de la investigación.• Metodología.• Resultados.• Conclusiones.

• 14. RESUMENProblemas más frecuentes:• Ausencia del resumen.• Demasiado largo.• Demasiado detallado.• Desordenado.• Conclusiones que no aparezcan en el artículo.“NO DEBE INCLUIR ABREVIATURAS NI REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS”

• 15. RESUMENRecomendaciones:• Limitar el uso de preposiciones y artículos.• Continuo.• Definir cada sección.• 16. RESUMEN RECOMENDADO• INTRODUCCION: Define y destaca importancia.• DESCRIPCION DEL CASO CLINICO.• DISCUSION: diagnóstico, modalidades terapéuticas y diagnóstico

diferencial.• CONCLUSION: Presente.• 17. SUMARY• LEER.• ESCOGER UN RESUMEN SEMEJANTE AL ARTICULO QUE SE QUIERE ESCRIBIR.• TRADUCTORES.• CORREGIR. “PLAGIO”• 18. PALABRAS CLAVE KEY WORD• 19. PALABRAS CLAVE• Son 3 a 10 palabras al final del artículo.• Necesarias para el indizado cruzado del artículo.• Se deben utilizar los términos del MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) del

Index Medicus actualizado.Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud. Disponible en: http://decs.bvs.br/E/ homepage.htm. Fecha de acceso: mayo, 2011• 20. PALABRAS CLAVESistema lingüístico MEDLARS: Sintaxis comparada de los LBI usados por MEDLARS, BIREME Y BMN. Act Inf Cient Técn [La Habana] 1990;(5-6):154-• Index Medicus

MeSH• Medical Subject Headings Tree Structures- Annotated Alphabetic List• Permuted Medical Subject Headings• Cumulated List Of New Medical Subject Headings• MEDLARS IndexingManual

Vamos conversar!!

KeywordsExperiencias

• Entonces, ¿Qué es un resumen?• El resumen ha sido ampliamente definido. En la forma más clásica, el resumen es el resultado de un proceso de abstracción en el que se sintetizan y

realzan los aspectos esenciales del contenido de un documento; en palabras de Arévalo, "se trata de una reducción a términos breves y precisos de lo esencial del contenido de un documento, cuyo propósito es facilitar al interesado la relevancia o no que tiene el documento original para su investigación"5.

• González ha expresado que resumir es: "una actuación sobre el contenido de los documentos para aminorar la abundancia de información contenida en ellos y para realzar aquellas partes del mensaje que más convienen a los usuarios. Tras ello, el mensaje del documento original queda transformado, pasando a formar un nuevo documento que conocemos como resumen: texto autónomo, breve y completo gramaticalmente, que recoge el contenido substantivo de otro, primero u original"6. En este mismo sentido, Pinto7 ha definido el resumen como un documento nuevo que contiene los aspectos esenciales del texto original, y que, agrega, debe evitar cualquier apreciación o juicio crítico.

• Recapitulando, el resumen es como la muestra que el autor ofrece, con los suficientes matices para que el lector examine y se entusiasme a leer el artículo original de principio a fin.

• Para la elaboración de resúmenes existen varios estándares, como los establecidos por la UNESCO8 y por el Comité Internacional de Directores de Revistas Médicas, Vancouver9, que junto con las indicaciones para los autores, presentadas por la mayoría de las revistas, se constituyen en una guía práctica para el autor.

• El resumen del artículo científico es de tipo estructurado y consiste en un párrafo formado por un conjunto de frases u oraciones cortas que describen lo más relevante de cada una de las partes del manuscrito en un máximo de 300 palabras y con los siguientes apartados: Objetivo, Métodos y materiales, Resultados y discusión, Conclusiones y Palabras clave.

• El OBJETIVO: Da cuenta de lo que se intenta alcanzar con los resultados del estudio. Debe responder a la pregunta de investigación.• MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: En este apartado se describe de manera sucinta cómo se hizo el estudio, el diseño del trabajo, la población o muestra y

cómo se seleccionó, lugar y fechas inicial y final en que se realizó el estudio, así como los procedimientos, las variables y los métodos estadísticos utilizados para el análisis de los datos.

• RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Aquí se enuncian los hallazgos y las observaciones más relevantes mediante la presentación de datos concretos. Se destacan aquí también, los resultados más novedosos, así como su significado10.

• CONCLUSIONES: Las conclusiones deben tener relación directa con el objetivo del estudio y estar respaldadas por los datos obtenidos. En esteapartado también se pueden incluir algunas recomendaciones cuando los autores consideren pertinente hacerlas. Es la única parte del resumen que se redacta en tiempo presente11.

• PALABRAS CLAVE: Se incluyen de 3 a 10 palabras o frases cortas relacionadas con el contenido del manuscrito. Idealmente deben emplearse términos del MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) o de la versión en español del DeCS (Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud) disponible en:

• http://decs.bvs.br/ , con el fin de facilitar su inclusión, junto con el resumen, en las bases de datos. De no encontrarlas por este medio, optar por términos o expresiones presentes en el texto. El resumen y las palabras clave se presentan tanto en el mismo idioma del artículo original como en inglés, para facilitar su difusión internacional.

• Los artículos tipo ensayo, revisiones de tema, casos clínicos o experiencias de cuidado no requieren un resumen estructurado. Para estos resúmenes se recomienda incluir un propósito u objetivo, la síntesis de los principales argumentos del contenido del artículo y las conclusiones fundamentales en un máximo de 200 palabras.

• RECOMENDACIONES PARA ELABORAR UN BUEN RESUMEN• Con el resumen se trata de condensar lo esencial, de hacer una reconstrucción reducida y fidedigna del texto

original, que oriente al lector y lo lleve por los puntos más importantes del artículo desde el objetivo hasta las conclusiones. Para hacerlo se requieren habilidades y destrezas relacionadas con la precisión, la claridad y la brevedad. A continuación se ofrecen algunas pautas o recomendaciones para su elaboración:

• * Consultar las indicaciones para los autores en la revista seleccionada para publicar el artículo.• * Hacerlo en un solo párrafo, en el que los apartados estén separados por punto y seguido.• * Redactarlo en forma impersonal y en tiempo pasado, excepto las conclusiones que llevan el verbo en presente.• * Limitar su longitud a la indicada o recomendada por la revista en la que se quiere publicar el artículo.• * Constatar su homogeneidad en relación con el texto principal.• * Redactarlo una vez terminado el artículo, cuando se haya profundizado en el tema y se haya alcanzado una

visión detallada del contenido del trabajo.• * Las versiones en otros idiomas deben decir lo mismo que dice el resumen elaborado en la lengua original del

texto principal.• * Debe ser elaborado, preferiblemente, por sus autores, pues su conocimiento del tema les facilita extraer y

destacar los aspectos esenciales del artículo.• * Presentarlo al comienzo de cada artículo, entre el título y el texto principal.• * Elaborarlo pensando en la autonomía que debe tener todo resumen, es decir, que al leerlo sea fácilmente

comprensible sin tener que acudir al artículo en extenso.• * Por último, el resumen debe poseer todas las cualidades de un buen artículo: claridad, rigor científico, orden y

método. En síntesis, el resumen es la carta de presentación del artículo y el que define su futuro. Si todo el artículo debe pasar por un estricto proceso de revisión, con mayor razón el resumen que es su quintaesencia, por ello debe ser escrito con toda la rigurosidad del caso siguiendo las recomendaciones e indicaciones de las publicaciones científicas.

• How to Write an Abstract• The first sentence of an abstract should clearly introduce the topic of the

paper so that readers can relate it to other work they are familiar with. However, an analysis of abstracts across a range of fields show that few follow this advice, nor do they take the opportunity to summarize previous work in their second sentence. A central issue is the lack of structure in standard advice on abstract writing, so most authors don’t realize the third sentence should point out the deficiencies of this existing research. To solve this problem, we describe a technique that structures the entire abstract around a set of six sentences, each of which has a specific role, so that by the end of the first four sentences you have introduced the idea fully. This structure then allows you to use the fifth sentence to elaborate a little on the research, explain how it works, and talk about the various ways that you have applied it, for example to teach generations of new graduate students how to write clearly. This technique is helpful because it clarifies your thinking and leads to a final sentence that summarizes why your research matters.

• The key trick is to plan your argument in six sentences, and then use these to structure the entire thesis/paper/essay. The six sentences are:• Introduction. In one sentence, what’s the topic? Phrase it in a way that your reader will understand. If you’re writing a PhD thesis, your readers are

the examiners – assume they are familiar with the general field of research, so you need to tell them specifically what topic your thesis addresses. Same advice works for scientific papers – the readers are the peer reviewers, and eventually others in your field interested in your research, so again they know the background work, but want to know specifically what topic your paper covers.

• State the problem you tackle. What’s the key research question? Again, in one sentence. (Note: For a more general essay, I’d adjust this slightly to state the central question that you want to address) Remember, your first sentence introduced the overall topic, so now you can build on that, and focus on one key question within that topic. If you can’t summarize your thesis/paper/essay in one key question, then you don’t yet understand what you’re trying to write about. Keep working at this step until you have a single, concise (and understandable) question.

• Summarize (in one sentence) why nobody else has adequately answered the research question yet. For a PhD thesis, you’ll have an entire chapter, covering what’s been done previously in the literature. Here you have to boil that down to one sentence. But remember, the trick is not to try and cover all the various ways in which people have tried and failed; the trick is to explain that there’s this one particular approach that nobody else tried yet (hint: it’s the thing that your research does). But here you’re phrasing it in such a way that it’s clear it’s a gap in the literature. So use a phrase such as “previous work has failed to address…”. (if you’re writing a more general essay, you still need to summarize the source material you’re drawing on, so you can pull the same trick – explain in a few words what the general message in the source material is, but expressed in terms of what’s missing)

• Explain, in one sentence, how you tackled the research question. What’s your big new idea? (Again for a more general essay, you might want to adapt this slightly: what’s the new perspective you have adopted? or: What’s your overall view on the question you introduced in step 2?)

• In one sentence, how did you go about doing the research that follows from your big idea. Did you run experiments? Build a piece of software? Carry out case studies? This is likely to be the longest sentence, especially if it’s a PhD thesis – after all you’re probably covering several years worth of research. But don’t overdo it – we’re still looking for a sentence that you could read aloud without having to stop for breath. Remember, the word ‘abstract’ means a summary of the main ideas with most of the detail left out. So feel free to omit detail! (For those of you who got this far and are still insisting on writing an essay rather than signing up for a PhD, this sentence is really an elaboration of sentence 4 – explore the consequences of your new perspective).

• As a single sentence, what’s the key impact of your research? Here we’re not looking for the outcome of an experiment. We’re looking for a summary of the implications. What’s it all mean? Why should other people care? What can they do with your research. (Essay folks: all the same questions apply: what conclusions did you draw, and why would anyone care about them?)

• Writing Scientific Abstracts • An abstract is a brief summary of a research study. It describes the objectives of the study (i.e., what hypothesis you were testing or what research question you were attempting to • answer), the methods used, the major results, their interpretation and their implications. The usual abstract represents much work, and so it is most important that it be written so as to

convey as much information as possible. Abstracts often appear at the beginning of a full-length research paper, or may be published by themselves as part of the proceedings of a professional meeting. An abstract is always short and is always written as a single paragraph (even though many abstracts strain the textbook definition of a paragraph). It is written for the same audience as the article, so it uses the same level of technical language. It always summarizes the major points of the results, and generally summarizes the major points of the materials and methods, and of the discussion. In most disciplines, it never includes bibliographic citations. The more familiar you are with the contents of an article, the easier it is to write an abstract. If you wrote the article yourself, you obviously know what is in it, but professional abstrac writers routinely make abstracts of articles they haven’t written, and you can, too. The first step is to identify the major point or points of the article. Sometimes it helps to make an outline, but that is not always necessary. When you have written down the main points, then look to see what information is crucial to lead up to those points. The research methods might be important if they are new or unusual, but if they are standard, they only need to be referred to briefly. Next, write down the conclusions that are drawn from the main points. When you are done, you will have something like this: introductory statement, including statement of the problem to be addressed (sometimes not needed) research methodology (described at length only if it is unusual) results or other main points (absolutely essential) concluding statement, telling what the results mean. Yes, this is sort of a “mini-outline”. Next, you turn it into a paragraph. Scientists have grappled for years over the appropriate way to talk about discoveries: should it be “we measured anion concentrations in the water” or “anion concentrations in the water were measured”? The first example is in the active voice and the second example is in the passive voice; modern scientific style prefers the active voice. Abstracts are often an exception, but only if the passive voice reduces the total number of letters and words. With abstracts, the bottom line is brevity: They should be as short as possible and still include the important information. Abstracts usually have a proscribed length (usually somewhere between 200 words and one page). This makes them deceptively difficult to write, because they need to convey a lot of information in a very small space. It helps, as you write your abstract, to write it methodically, section by section, to make sure that it is complete. At this stage, don’t worry too much about any length requirements for the abstract. After the first draft of the abstract is written, check to see if it fits within any length restrictions you have been given. If it is too long (which is usually the cas at this stage of writing), look it over to see where it could be made more concise. For each word or phrase, ask yourself “Is this really necessary? Is there a simpler way I can convey the same meaning?” Remove redundancies and unnecessary details, and substitute concise phrases for wordy passages. Keep editing your abstract until it falls within the length guidelines

• you have been given. It is always helpful to have someone else look over your abstract before you are done. They can often help pinpoint text that is confusing, wordy or redundant. Finally, make sure to spell check and proofread carefully. A sloppy abstract leaves the reader with the impression that your research might also be sloppy! Parts of the Abstract

• Title: The title should be short, but descriptive. Author(s) and some sort of address. General topic: The first part of the abstract introduces the study. It should describe the goals, • significance and background for the study. This is usually accomplished in one or two sentences that describe the general topic to be investigated and why it is important. Sometimes this

is most easily done by relating something about the state of the field and why you did the experiments. Specific Question or Relationship: Write one or two sentences describing the specific question you are addressing or relationship you are investigating with this investigation. Method: The second section of the abstract summarizes the methods used: how the study was designed and carried out. This usually takes about two sentences, but may be shorter or longer depending on the complexity of the study. Do not attempt to write a detailed procedure, just give a general idea of how you did it. Results: Write one or two sentences explaining what you found out. Be as specific as possible.

• State only your major findings of the study. These should relate to the objectives that you described in the introductory section of your abstract. This section is variable in length, • depending on the number and complexity of the findings, but is typically two to three sentences long. Conclusions: The final part of the abstract consists of one or two sentences giving

your interpretation of the results and the overall significance of the study. Additional Guidelines for the Preparation of a Scientific Abstract• Verb tenses: the common practice is to express the work being described in the past tense: “The average concentration of E2 in surface waters was 35 ng/L,” and previously reported

work is expressed in either the present or past tense: “E2 is known to increase the number of feminized fish in surface water.” • The abstract should be one paragraph, single-spaced, with no indent to start the paragraph. Each professional journal or meeting will have its own guidelines for abstract preparation. Be • sure to follow them carefully