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S A O P A U L O S T A T E G O V E R N M E N T

SECRETAR IAT FOR THE ENV I RONMENT

S A O

Biodiversidade Biodiversity I N S A O P A U L O S T A T E

STATE SECRETARIAT FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAv. Prof. Frederico Hermann Junior, 345

São Paulo – SP. 05459-900Tel: +55 (11) 3133-3000

www.ambiente.sp.gov.br

Call Environment – 0800 113560

25411 - Cartilha Biodiversidade Ingles Verso Lamina 1

International Cataloging Data Publishing

(CIP)(CETESB – Biblioteca, SP, Brasil)

S242b Sao Paulo (State). Secretariat for the Environment. Biodiversity in Sao Paulo State / Secretariat for the Environment ; organiza-

tion Raquel Kibrit ; execution, authors Alberto Cavalcanti de Figueiredo Neto... [et al.}. 2nd edition – São Paulo : SMA, 2011

48 p. : 16 × 23 cm

Also avaiable at: <htpp://www.ambiente.sp.gov.br>Portuguese title version: Biodiversidade no Estado de São Paulo

1. Protected Areas 2. Biodiversity 3. Sustainable Development 4. Environ-mental Projects 5. Sao Paulo (State) I. Kibrit, Raquel, org. II. Figueiredo

Cataloging at source: Margot Terada - CRB 8.4422

CDD (21.ed. esp.) 333.951 681 61 CDU (2.ed.port.) 574.1(815.6)

São Paulo State GovernorGeraldo Alckmin

State Secretary for the EnvironmentBruno Covas

Deputy State Secretary for the EnvironmentRubens Naman Rizek Júnior

Organization Raquel Kibrit

ExecutionAuthorsAlberto Cavalcanti de Figueiredo NetoAna Paula FavaBeatriz Santos CaioCarolina Born ToffoliCarolina Roberta Alves de MatosClayton Ferreira LinoCristina Maria do Amaral Azevedo Fabiano Eduardo Lagazzi FigueiredoFernando Augusto PalominoHelena de Queiroz Carrascosa Von GlehnJoão Roberto Cilento WintherJosé Amaral Wagner NetoMargarette Escobar SabellaPaulo Eduardo Alves Camargo-CruzRaquel KibritRicardo ViegasRodrigo Antonio Braga Moraes VictorSílvia JordãoVera Lucia Ramos Bononi

CartographyKenzo MatsuzakiAline Salim

PhotosAcervo Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São PauloFundação Florestal

Design / ReviewVera Severo / Maria Cristina de Souza Leite

CTP, Printing and Finishing


Sao Paulo State GovernmentGeraldo Alckmin

Governor

Secretariat for the EnvironmentBruno Covas

Secretary


45ANNEX

Decree no. 49.673 dated 06/06/05

Established norms and procedures for control and inspection of the transport of products and subproducts of wood of native origin.

Law no. 12.300 dated 03/16/06

Instituted the STATE SOLID WASTE POLICY. Revoked Law no. 11.387, dated 05.27.03.


Created SIEFLOR – State Forest System, articulating management of the preservation units and experimental forests with scientific research.

Law no. 12.810 dated 02/21/08Decree no. 4.340 dated 08/22/02

Changes the boundaries of the JACUPIRANGA STATE PARK and creates de JACUPIRANGA MOSAIC OF CONSERVATION UNITS.


Created the State Register for Legal Entities that sell forest products and subproducts (CADMADEIRA), establishing procedures for pur-chase and sale.


Established the Comission for the implementation of the JACUPIRAN-GA MOSAIC OF CONSERVATION UNITS

Decree nos. 53.525, 53.526 and 53.527, dated 10/08/08

Respectively created the COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS in the North Shore, Center Shore and South Shore of Sao Paulo State, banning bull trawl fishing (trawl system).

Law no. 13.550 dated 06/02/09 Law to protect the CERRADO Biome – succession stages - restrictions.

Law no. 13.798 dated 11/09/09 Decree no 55.947 dated 06/25/10

Established the CLIMATE CHANGE STATE POLICY and regulated it respectively.


Instituted the STATE ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PRO-GRAMME AND THE ECOLOGICAL CHILD STRATEGIC ENVI-RONMENTAL PROJECT.


Provided on implementation of the SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL RE-COVERY PROGRAMME OF SERRA DO MAR AND ATLANTIC FOREST MOSAIC SYSTEM.

Decree no. 55.662 dated 03/30/2010

Created the Itaberaba and Itapetinga State Parks, the Guarulhos State Forest and the Pedra Grande State Natural Monument


Establishes temporary administrative limitation on the area that deter-mines the restinga de Bertioga (Guaratuba and Itaguaré)


5

Bruno CovasState Secretary for the Environment of the State of Sao Paulo

Biodiversity: incommensurable wealth

Brazil has the greatest biodiversity in the world, with approximately 20% of the known species of the fauna and flora in the planet (there is around 1.5 million spe-cies, though plenty more is still to be discovered). Furthermore, Brazil keeps a fifth of the world water resources and the largest reserve of fresh water in the Earth. Therefore, our country is known to hold what is called “Megadiversity”.

Noticing such importance, biodiversity influences different areas such as ecology, genetic, society, economy, science, education, culture, recreation and es-thetic. For all this, it is essential to avoid, with all efforts, the reduction of any kind of biodiversity, since the degradation of our natural wealth would bring deep con-sequences to the world and to the well being of the humanity. Thus, biodiversity has an intrinsic value, considering it allows the continuation of life, so accordingly it is an incommensurable wealth.

Therefore, it is vital to preserve the biological diversity, to promote the sustain-able utilization of its components and resources and to ensure the distribution, in a fair and equal way, of all the benefits that come from the biodiversity.

Concerning the efforts to the preservation of nature, the State of Sao Paulo is a pioneer and is extremely advanced on the cause. We have implemented a series of measures to protect the marine ecosystems along the entire state coast, created protected areas and enacted laws to maintain the cerrado. When it comes to the reduction of CO2 emissions, which brings great damage to the environment, the State of Sao Paulo has announced the State Policy on Climate Change and the preparation of a Strategic Plan to achieve the Aichi Targets, established on the last Meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Nagoya, Japan.

Consequently, these initiatives show that the State of Sao Paulo is an example in the preservation of biodiversity and its application to the development in several areas. Thus, we consider the theme a fundamental part on our goals and plans.

44 Biodiversity in the State of Sao Paulo


Instituted at national level the ZEE – ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC ZONING, defined as instrument for organization of territory to be man-datorily followed in the implementation of plans, works and public and private activities.


Institutes principles and directives for implementation of the NATION-AL BIODIVERSITY POLICY.

Law no. 11.284 dated 03/02/06

Established the BRAZILIAN FOREST SERVICE and created the NA-TIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FUND

Law no. 11.516 dated 09/28/07 Created the INSTITUTO CHICO MENDES DE BIODIVERSIDADE

Law no. 12.187 dated /12/2909 Instituted the NATIONAL POLICY ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Law no. 12.305 dated 08/02/10 Instituted the NATIONAL SOLID WASTE POLICY

Main environmental legal marks of sao paulo as of rio 92Law no. 8.510 dated 12/29/93

ICMS Ecológico [Ecological ICMS Tax]. - Amended Law no. 3201, dated 12.23.81, which provides on the portion, belonging to the municipali-ties, from the ICMS tax collection product.

Law no. 9.146 dated 03/09/95

Created mechanisms of financial compensation for Municipalities by virtue of the institution of preservation units.

Law no. 9.866 dated 11/28/97

Provided on the directives and norms for protection and recovery of the water basins of water sources of regional interest to Sao Paulo State.

Law no. 10.019 dated 07/03/98 Provides on the STATE COASTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN.

Law no. 10.780 dated 03/09/01

Provides on forest replacement in Sao Paulo State.

Law no. 11.241 dated 09/19/02

Provides on gradual elimination of burning of sugarcane straw.


Regulated provisions of the environmental licensing, validity terms and conditions for its renewal.


Provides on the ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC ZONING OF THE STATE NORTH SHORE, foreseeing restrictions of use and activities in different areas

Decree no. 49.723 dated 06/24/05 Instituted the RIPARIAN FOREST RECOVERY PROGRAMME


43ANNEX

AnnexThe tables below allow us to view this legislative progression in the federal sphere and in the sphere of Sao Paulo State.

Main federal environmental legal marks as of rio 92Decree no. 750 dated 02/10/93 (substituted by Law no. 11.428 dated 12/22/06)

Provides on the cutting, exploitation and suppression of primary veg-etation or in the advanced and medium stages of regeneration of the ATLANTIC FOREST, with other measures.

Law no. 8.974 dated 01/05/95(substituted by Law no. 11.105 dated 03/28/05)

Provided on the NATIONAL BIOSAFETY POLICY (PNB), establish-ing norms for activities that use genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their derivatives. Created the National Biosafety Council (CNBS) and the National Biosafety Technical Commission (CTNBi).

Legislative Decree no. 1 dated 02/03/94

Approved the text of the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on 05/09/92 and signed in Rio de Janeiro on 07/05/92. Promulgation of the UNFCCC occurred through Decree no. 2.652 dated 07/01/98.

Legislative Decree no. 2 dated 02/03/94

Approved the text of the CBD, signed in Rio de Janeiro on 07/05/92. Promulgation of the CBD occurred through Decree no. 2.519 dated 05/16/98.

Law no. 9.605 dated 02/12/98

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME LAW – Foresaw crimes of administrative violations; typified as crime modalities before regarded as contravention (aggressions against flora and fauna); also foresaw the loss or restric-tion of legal incentives/contracting with the public administration/sus-pension in credit lines.

Law no. 9.795 dated 04/27/99

Instituted PNEA – NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION POLICY, mandatory at all levels of education.

Law no. 9.985 dated 07/18/00

Instituted SNUC – NATIONAL PRESERVATION UNIT SYSTEM.

Provisional Measure MP 2186-16 dated 08/23/01

Provides on ACCESS TO THE GENETIC HERITAGE, protection and access to the associated traditional knowledge, distribution of benefits and access to the technology for its preservation and use.


7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Environment State Secretariat.................................................. 8

Sao Paulo State profile ............................................................... 10

Progresses and challenges at regional levels .................. 11

Biodiversity in Sao Paulo State ................................................ 13Coastal and sea biodiversity ...................................................................... 15Protected areas ........................................................................................... 17Sustainable use of biodiversity .................................................................... 20Biodiversity and climate change .............................................................. 22Forestry biodiversity ................................................................................ 23Biofuels and biodiversity ............................................................................ 24Incentive measures .................................................................................... 26

Status of biodiversity goals in Sao Paulo State ................28The Mata Atlantica Biosphere Reserve ................................ 37Annex ................................................................................................. 43

Main Federal Environmental Legal Marks as of Rio 92 .............................. 43Main Environmental Legal Marks of Sao Paulo as of Rio 92 ..................... 44



Biodiversity in the State of Sao Paulo8

The Sao Paulo State Secretariat for the Environment (SMA) was created in 1986

to promote the preservation, improvement and recovery of environmental quality,

coordinating and integrating activities linked to defense of the environment.

Three years later, new attributions were conferred to the institution, which was

responsible for elaborating the State Environmental Policy and for its implementa-

tion in 1997, which established the State System for Administration of Environ-

mental Quality, Protection, Control and Development and Adequate Use of Natural

Resources (SEAQUA), of which the SMA is the central body.

In 2008, the SMA had its structure reorganized, according to state decree.

Since then, in addition to coordinating the formulation, approval, execution, evalu-

ation and updating of the State Environmental Policy, the secretariat also became

responsible for analyzing and following up on the sector’s public policies that have

impact on the environment, as well as articulating and coordinating plans and

actions related to the area of environment. This way, environmental issues are no

longer part of the Environment agenda alone, due to being present in different

public bodies and spheres of Sao Paulo State, which work in integrated fashion.

The Secretariat is also responsible for performing activities related to environ-

mental licensing and inspection, in addition to promoting environmental education

actions, regularization, control, regulation, protection, preservation and recovery

of natural resources. For this, departments and foundations work linked to SMA to

perform activities related to the agenda.

Environment State SecretariatEnvironment State Secretariat

41THE MATA ATLANTICA BIOSPHERE RESERVE

International cooperation and exchange programs. Including programs of cooperation with other biosphere reserves and World Heritage Sites, as well as the participation of the RBMA in international and regional networks of the MaB/Unesco and various international committees.


9ENVIRONMENT STATE SECRETARIAT

To speed up the environmental management in the State, in 2007, 21 Strategic Environmental Projects were created, which work environmental agendas in different areas, like minimum waste, treated sewage, air quality, surface water and ground-water, ecotourism, environmental education, decentralization of the environmental policy in partnership with municipalities of Sao Paulo, reduction of the burning of sugarcane straw, recovery of riparian forests and unified environmental licensing.

In order for all these projects to attain their goals, the SMA works together with other bodies of the State government, in addition to celebrating partnerships with municipalities, the private sector, NGOs and education and research institutions.

Among the bodies linked to the Secretariat, six have in their work agenda themes related to

biodiversity, whose objectives are listed below:

Biodiversity and Natural Resource Coordinatorship: to plan, coordinate, execute and

control plans, programmes, projects and actions related to the inspection, protection and recov-

ery of natural resources, as well as sustainable use and preservation of biodiversity.

Environmental Planning Coordinatorship: to elaborate the strategic environmental plan-

ning of the use of environmental resources, so as to promote integration of economic and social

development with the environmental protection, guaranteeing participation of the society;

Forest Foundation: to contribute toward preservation, management and expansion of pro-

tection and production forests of Sao Paulo State. For this purpose, manages Conservation

Units, supports, promotes and carries out integrated actions directed toward environmental

preservation, protection of biodiversity, sustainable development, recovery of degraded areas

and reforestation of environmentally vulnerable locations. It is also responsible for the market-

ing of products extracted from planted forests in areas belonging to or in possession of the

State heritage.

Zoological Foundation: to maintain a population of live animals of all faunas, for educa-

tion and recreation of the public, as well as for biological researches. It also aims at installing

in its area of coverage a Biological Station to investigate fauna of the region and correlated

researches.

Botanical Institute: to conduct researches on the flora in native vegetation areas subject

to environmental impacts or degraded, aiming at preservation, recovery and rationed use of

plant resources.

Forest Institute: to contribute through research for the conservation and management of

900 thousand ha of reserves together with the Forest Foundation, guaranteeing the biodiver-

sity of Sao Paulo State.


through 16 Brazilian states. It is the largest and one of the most important reservs of the World Network of MaB/UNESCO, which today includes 564 Biosphere Re-serves in more than 109 countries.

Management System

The RBMA is administrated by a decentralized, collaborative system of man-agement involving the equal participation of various governmental institutions (federal, state, and local) and civil entities (including NGOs, universities, local com-munities, and private enterprise). The Executive Secretary of CN-RBMA is located in Horto Florestal of São Paulo, with the support from the Enviroment Secretary of the State of São Paulo.

The National Council of Mata Atlantica Biosphere Reserve (CN-RBMA), with headquarters in the city of Sao Paulo, is supported by a Bureau and an executive secretary. The system of management is decentralized through the work of re-gional committees in the Northeast, the Southeast, and the South, as well as that of state committees and sub-committees. It also has the support of a special NGO (Institute of Friends of the Mata Atlantica Biosphere Reserve) as well as a system of Advanced Posts and other associated entities.

Programas and Projects

Five lines of action have been given priority by the RBMA:Conservation and Sustainable Development, involving technical-scientific programs and projects such as the Management of Forestry Resources; Waters and Forests; Sustainable Tourism; County and the Atlantic Forest; Conserva-tion and Research; Quality Economy, Culture and Mata Atlantica, Urban Forests, Mosaics of Protected Areas and Mata Atlântica Sustenable MarketInstitutional Strengthening of the RBMA. Involves the consolidation of the system of management, the implementation of the RBMA in the field, and the capacitation of managers and institutions.Public policies and institutional relations. Involves the contribution of the RBMA in discussions about legislation, public policy, special projects and funds, and mobilization campaigns.



Sao Paulo State profile

SEADE, 2006, with information from NASA/USGS/EMBRAPA.

Population: Sao Paulo is the most populous and peopled state of Brazil. Oc-cupying approximately 3% of the national territory, it is home to 22% of the Brazilian population. Qualification: With high qualification of labor and a wide professionalizing education network and several higher education institutions of quality, the State administers three of the country’s foremost universities – among them USP, pointed out in 2009 as the 38th best university in the world and the best in Latin America. Economy: Sao Paulo stands out in the national context due to its robust and diversified economy, answering for approximately 33% of the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The Sao Paulo farming & livestock sector is expressive and has high productivity rates; the industry is supported on a solid technologi-cal base, generating products of high added value; and the State is the biggest national center of the service sector, uniting more than 30% of the country’s commercial establishments.

Capital: Sao Paulo

Number of Municipalities: 645

Area: 248.209,426 km2

Estimated Population: 39.827.570 (2007)

Gross Domestic Product: R$ 802,552 bilhões

Gross Domestic Product per capita: R$ 19.548,00

Human Development and Environment: With regard to living conditions, Sao Paulo State has one of the best national performances, with Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.833. With regard to environmental preservation, the State government administers 27 State Parks, 21 Ecological Stations, 17 Experimental Stations, 13 State Forests, 1 State Reserve, 3 Forest Gardens and 2 Forest Vivariums. There are also 3 Ecological Stations, 1 National Park, 1 Environmental Protection Area, 6 Areas of Relevant Ecological Interest, 3 National Forests, 1 Extraction Reserve and 27 Private Reserves of Natural Heritage administered by the federal government.



11

Ten years after the holding of the United Nations Conference on the Environment

and Development in 1992 in (Eco-92), known as the Earth Summit, in which the

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Con-

vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were established, held in Johannesburg,

South Africa, in 2002, the meeting of the World Summit on Sustainable Develop-

ment known as Rio + 10.

In this second conference, the general impression, especially of the environ-

mentalist organizations, was that little or almost nothing had been implemented

by the parties in relation to the agreements signed in Rio 92, being certain that the

goals of the CBD and of the UNFCCC are closely related.

Now in 2010, eighteen years after instituting the CBD, although signifi cant

progress has been made in the defense of biodiversity, the impression that there is

still much to be done becomes a certainty that the goals have not yet been met by

majority of the signatory countries, and that the erosion of life, due to signifi cant

loss of species and their genetic heritage, still remains at high levels.

This inestimable loss associated with imbalance in the climate conditions, al-

though not duly considered by most countries as a serious environmental prob-

lem, implies in worsening of hunger and poverty when it could certainly generate

employment and income in countless opportunities opened with the maintenance

of ecosystems.

With regard to this verifi cation in relation to Brazil, one must recognize that, as

owner of a large mega-diversity, the country has advanced greatly toward the CBD

Progresses and challenges at regional levelsProgresses and challenges at regional levels


the national territory. It extends along more than 5000 of the 8000 km of national coastline. It includes more than 2385 municipalities located in the DMA.

The RBMA includes representative portions of all the ecosystems and the desig-nated Protected Areas found in the domain of the Atlantic Rain Forest, and forms the major ecological corridor of the country. In addition to rural areas, it includes urban forests such as that in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the “Green Belt” of the city of São Paulo, designated as special Biosphere Reserve incorporated into the RBMA.

The RBMA was designed to provide an effective way of establishing harmony between human societies and the environment in the area of the Atlantic Rain Forest. Its functions are:

The preservation of biodiversity and other natural attributes of the Atlantic Rain Forest, including scenery and hydric resources.Recognition and increase value of social diversity and the ethnic and cultural heritage.Promotion of quality economies in Mata Atlantica.Support for pilot projects, the production and propagation of knowledge, en-vironmental education and training, as well as for scientific research and the monitoring of areas of conservation and sustainable development.

The Biosphere Reserves and the MaB/UNESCO Program

Biosphere Reserves are areas recognized by the Man and Biosphere (MaB) Pro-gram of UNESCO (United Nations for Education, Science and Culture Organiza-tion) as being of international importance in the conservation of biodiversity and the promotion of sustainable development.

The MaB Program in Brazil is coordinated by the Brazilian Committee of the Man and Biosphere Program (COBRAMaB), subordinated to the Minister of the Environment. The country now a days has 7 Biosphere Reserves in the different national biomes (Mata Atlantica Rain Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga, Pantanal, Amazon Rain Forest and Serra do Espinhaço), all quite large; they are part of the Brazilian Network of Biosphere Reserves. In Brazil, these reserves are regulated by a law, commonly known as the Law of the National System of Conservation Units.

The Mata Atlantica Biosphere Reserve was the first of these reserves. Cre-ated in 1991, and having undergone various expansions, it now encompasses an area of some 78,5 million hectares, forming a broad ecological corridor running



goals, with the creation of countless protected areas and rationed natural resource management processes, as well as toward the control and adaptation goals of the Convention on Climate Change, with national and regional goals for control of greenhouse gases and decarbonization of its economy, and with the endeavor of all its member states.

This can be verified, among other characteristics, by the evolution and per-fecting of its legal system in view of the principles and goals pointed out by said conventions.

Note in this scenario that Sao Paulo State, as regional instance, has played and has been playing a fundamental role in the federative scope, being the pioneer in the publishing of several legal certificates of environmental matrix, whether for manage-ment and protection of natural resources or to boost its economy sustainably.

Among others, two examples illustrate this affirmation that Sao Paulo, in many environmental issues, leads and boosts, in the scope of the Federation, the elabo-ration of laws and development of programmes and projects for preservation of ecosystems and sustainable development: State Law No. 13.550 dated June 2, 2009, which protects the Cerrado Biome; and the Decrees that instituted, in the scope of the state public administration, the certification of its programmes and projects, as well as the Sustainable Public Contracting Programme – Decree No 50.170 dated November 4, 2005 and No. 53.336 dated August 20, 2008.

One also notes that institution of the State Policy on Climate Change in No-vember 9, 2009, boosted the issuance of the National Policy on Climate Change, in December 29, 2009.

In addition, Sao Paulo State more daringly saw as one of its instruments, the institution of Payment for Environmental Services and the goal to reduce the emis-sion rates of 2005 by 20% until 2020.

Obviously, many problems related to implementation of legal commands must be solved, but, with effect, the Brazilian society today has at its disposal several principles of law, public policies, and legal instruments for environmental protec-tion that, before the international agreements signed in Rio 92, had not even been considered.


Th e Mata Atlantica Rain Forest

This tropical forest is one of the most important on the planet, yet its survival is threatened. Its domain extends through parts of 17 Brazilian states, in addition to areas in Argentina and Paraguay. In Brazil it has been reduced to scattered patch-es encompassing less than 8% of its original area. The area origi-nally covered is populated by more than 120 million people, thousands of cities and widespread economic activities accounting for some 70% of the Brazilian GNP. It also houses a tremendous cultural and historical heritage. Even in its reduced size, the Atlantic Rain Forest maintains a record of biodiversity, with up to 450 species of trees per hectare and more than 8000 plant species already identifi ed. The fauna, one of the most diversifi ed of the world, includes 70% of the species considered in danger of extinction in Brazil.

The forest contributes the regulation of the climate, the production of water, the carbon storage, and development of tourism, as well as providing forestry re-sources for important economic activities of the national economy. It is considered one of the fi rst international priorities for conservation

Th e Mata Atlantica Biosphere Reserve – RBMA

The Mata Atlantica Biosphere Reserve (RBMA) includes areas in 16 of the 17 Brazilian states which house remnants of the Atlantic Rain Forest. It includes some 44,5% of this domain and 161km² of marine area, accounting for nearly 7% of

The Mata Atlantica Biosphere ReserveThe Mata Atlantica Biosphere Reserve


13

The next items, discussing the various projects developed in Sao Paulo State, will show the attainment to or proximityt o the CBD goals at regional level and will prove their importance as model for the other regions and for the national level.

Highlights

Considering global (CBD) and national (CONABIO) biodiversity objectives and goals of 2010, Sao Paulo State stands out in its avant garde position in fi ve projects:

Biota/Fapesp Programme: the most comprehensive Biodiversity Inventory of a Brazilian State, which represented an unprecedented articulation in scientifi c terms in the country and which is the benchmark for creation of the Brazilian Online Institute for Biodiversity, one of the main goals of 2010 (still not met in the national sphere).

Biodiversity in Sao Paulo State

Stant Hilaire Programme: project that seeks to recover the knowledge of biodiversity in Sao Paulo territory and to promote (virtual) repatriation of the fl ora and fauna collections of the State existing in foreign institutions.Protected Area Mosaic Programme in Sao Paulo State: Sao Paulo is the State with the highest number of mosaics of protected areas recognized in Brazil: 3 federal (Lagamar, Mantiqueira and Bocaina) and 4 state (Cantareira Mosaic, Jacupiranga, Coastal Protected Areas and Jureia, the latter under review phase). These initiatives, added to the creation of several preservation units (UCs), like the Cantareira, total 900 thousand ha – more than any other state.

Biodiversity in Sao Paulo State


coverable loans and fi nancing since 2005, these conventions involve values in the order of US$ 460 million, among projects already executed and those foreseen. In addition, since 2002, four technical cooperation agreements have been in effect between Sao Paulo State and France (through the Environmental Secretariat). The main fi nancing bodies are: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-ment (IBRD), through the Global Environment Facility; and the Inter-American De-velopment Bank (IDB). Also note, in the institutional and human resources scope, the restructuring experienced by the Environmental Secretariat (SMA), which aimed at strengthening the state environmental management in the search for sustainability. Among the main changes occurred, we can highlight: Defi nition of the action priorities, consubstantiated in the formulation and execution of 21 Stra-tegic Environmental Projects (PAEs); and the hiring of 300 environmental experts to be part of the staff of the Sao Paulo Environmental System, thus increasing the human capacity to implement action and goals foreseen in the Convention.

Note: For further information on the Strategic Environmental Projects, visit

http://www.ambiente.sp.gov.br/projetos.php

No progress in the attainment of goals

Some progress in the attainment of goals

Signifi cant progress in the attainment of goals

Great progress in the attainment of goals

Global goal State goal



The elaboration of management plans, creation of Management Boards for tens of Preservation Units, Management Plan of 32 protected cav-erns and other measures like the Ecotourism Programme in the Atlantic Forest, place Sao Paulo at a unique level of investment in the strength-ening of the integrated and participative management of the Reserve Area of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere, as established by UNESCO and by the CBD.

Sea Preservation in Sao Paulo: it is the only State whose entire coast and shore are protected by Preservation Units. This protection occurs through coastal zoning, Parks, Ecological Stations and a mosaic of Environmental Protection Ar-eas (APAs) created by the State Government that allow environmental ordering of fishing, tourist, navigation, oil extraction activities and others, with the aim of preserving the sea biodiversity, matter highlighted in the CBD goals.Forest Restoration: the SMA has among its priorities one of the most suc-cessful Forest Restoration programmes in Brazil, involving the Cerrado and At-lantic Forest biomes, two of the 34 world Biodiversity hotspots. This programme enabled the recovery of important riparian forests and water sources, contribut-ing toward carbon sequester, generation of employment and income in local communities and owners, and created the bases for a State Policy of Payment for Environmental Service.

This initiative represents a central pilot of the Atlantic Forest Resto-ration Pact, movement that involves over 150 entities (government, NGOs, academia, private sector) and that has as goal the restoration of 15 million hectares of Atlantic Forest by 2050, allowing Brazil to signifi-cantly increase its goals and commitments toward the CBD.

Below are the main projects and actions of the SMA with regard to biological diversity in the following themes: coastal and sea biodiversity, protected areas, sustainable use of biodiversity, biodiversity and climate change, forest biodiversity, biofuels and biodiversity, incentive measures and goals for biodiversity.

STATUS OF THE BIODIVERSITY GOALS IN THE STATE OF SAO PAULO 35

With regard to the protection of rights of indigenous and local communities, we can cite the creation, in 2004, of the Indigenous People State Council, and also publishing the State Directives of Attention to Indigenous Peoples, regulated in 2005, which legislates on the matter.

Goal 10. Assure fair and equal distribution of benefits derived from the use of genetic resources

10.1: All access to genetic resources made according to the Convention on Biological Diversity, International Treaty on Phytogenetic Resources for Nutrition and Agriculture, and other applicable agreements

10.2: Benefits from the marketing and other uses of genetic resources distributed with countries suppliers of said resources

Sao Paulo State follows the procedures established in the federal scope, which is the sphere responsible for regulating the subject.

Goal 11. The Parties have greater financial, human, scientific, technical and technological capacity to implement the Convention

11.1: New and additional financial resources transferred to the Par-ties that are developing countries, to enable effective implementation of their commitments in the scope of the Convention, according to Article 20

11.2: Technology transferred to the Parties that are developing coun-tries, to enable effective implementation of their commitments in the scope of the Convention, according to Article 20, paragraph 4

There are currently some technical-financial cooperation agreements between Sao Paulo State and international financing bodies, as well as with other countries and regions, for the development of projects related to biodiversity, whose themes are concentrated on their recovery, preservation and sustainable use. Among non-re-


Some progress in the attainment of goals Global goal State goal

Significant progress in the attainment of goals



BIODIVERSITY IN THE STATE OF SAO PAULO 15

Coastal and sea biodiversity

Brazil is recognizably the country with the biggest biodiversity, home to 15% to 20% of the total number of species in the planet1 and a great part of this wealth is found in a coastal range2 of more than 7,400 km. The Sao Paulo State shore, with a length of almost 700 km, has three well individualized subunits: North Shore, Baixada Santista and Estuarine Complex-Lagunar de Iguape, Cananeia and Ilha Comprida, forming a mosaic of shore ecosystems, like estuaries, roadsteads, sandbanks, beaches, rocky shores and insular forms.

The genetic richness of the shore ecosystems represents a great fishing, bio-technological, power and mineral potential, which must be respected and pro-tected to prevent wastage through its environmental degradation and excess exploitation. Researches in the region have already identified almost 300 species of benthonic algae that supply food and refuse to several sea organisms, about 500 species of fish and 24 species of cetaceans, ranging from dolphins, Amazon river dolphins and whales3.

Aiming at stopping the degradation process along the Sao Paulo coast, several legally protected areas were created, like the Preservation Units (UCs), totaling 16 UCs of Full Protection, 8 UCs of Sustainable Use, in addition to 3 areas that were declared as of importance for protection4.

The Coastal Protected Areas5 cover a total area of 1,123,107.6 ha, more than half of the territorial sea of Sao Paulo (2,119,000 ha) and serve as genetic banks of great value to the population replacement process6.

1 SECRETARIA DE MEIO AMBIENTE DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO. Relatório de Qualidade Ambiental 2010.2 Disponível em http:// www.ambiente.sp.gov.br/cpla/bib_biblioteca.php. Acesso em set/2010.3 MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMBIENTE. Biodiversidade Costeira e Marinha Brasileira. s.n.t.4 SECRETARIA DE MEIO AMBIENTE DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO. Op. Cit.5 Created by the state Decrees nos. 53.525, 53.526 e 53.527, dated 10/08//08, forbidding fishing activisties6 SECRETARIA DE MEIO AMBIENTE DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO. Relatório Técnico: Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha do Litoral Norte e Área de Relevante

Interesse Ecológico do Litoral Norte. s.n.t. 27p.7 SECRETARIA DE MEIO AMBIENTE DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO/FUNDAÇÃO FLORESTAL. Mosaico de Ilhas e Áreas Marinhas Protegidas do Litoral Paulista. s.n.t.

With the aim of disciplining and rationing the use of natural resources of the Coastal Area, the Coastal Management State Plan was instituted in the end of the 90s through Law No. 10.019/98. As of this legislation, bull trawl fishing was forbidden in the entire coast up to the limit of the contour line of 23.6 m, besides other provisions. Pioneer in the country, the Economic Ecological Zoning of the North Shore (ZEE-LN) of Sao Paulo State, established by State Decree No. 49.215/04, proposed through the Sea Zoning, areas of fishing exclusion in a design studied and defined together with the handcraft fishing organizations of the region7. This initiative, after five years of duration, already shows significant results in the recovery of fishing stocks of the region.


mental Project show that since 2007 more than 375 thousand hectares of riparian forest were interdicted for recovery.

8.2: Biological resources that sustain means of sustainable living, local food safety and health services, especially to poor people, maintained

In addition to the actions cited for the previous goal, we can highlight that the Col-lection for Use of Water Strategic Environmental Project, which reverts the funds from the collection to the preservation of water resources and the Family Agricul-ture Health Programme (PROSAF), developed by the Sao Paulo State Agriculture & Supply Secretariat, which seeks to develop actions to transfer knowledge and other technologies in the areas of animal, plant and environmental health, contrib-uting toward food safety in the State. In addition, the Agribusiness Development Coordinatorship (CODEAGRO), from this same Secretariat, through the Project Vivaleite, Restaurantes Bom Prato & Sustainable Food and Nutritional Safety Cen-ter, manages and operationalizes the main food and nutritional actions for the low-income population.

Goal 9. To maintain the socio-cultural diversity of indigenous and local communities

9.1: To protect the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices

In the state scope, the Black and Indigenous Population Policy Coordinatorship was created in 2009, linked to the Human Rights and Justice Secretariat of Sao Paulo State, which together with Fundação Instituto de Terras do Estado de São Paulo (ITESP – Sao Paulo State Institute of Lands Foundation), implements actions to protect the rights of the indigenous communities and local communities (es-pecially the quilombo communities) of Sao Paulo, contributing toward protection of traditional knowledge and practices. Sustainable Development and Extractive reserves were created as well.

9.2: To protect the rights of the indigenous and local communities over their traditional knowledge, innovation and practices, including their rights to distribution of benefits







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0 25 5012,5Km

APA Litoral Norte

APA Litoral Centro

APA Litoral Sul

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Coastal Protected Area

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Units of Water ResourcesManagement Municipalities

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SÃO PAULO COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS MOSAIC


Paulo Friend of the Amazon, Riparian Forest and Green Ethanol Strategic Environ-mental Projects, among other actions of the State, it has been working to improve the resilience of ecosystems.

7.2: To reduce pollution and its impacts on biodiversity

Through some indicators used by Sao Paulo State Environmental Company (CETESB) to monitor quality of the air, water and sanitation services in the State (disposal and treatment of domestic residues and effluents), we verified an improvement dur-ing the last decade, despite the situation not being the best possible, mainly with regard to sewage collection and treatment services. In the scope of the Minimum Waste Strategic Environmental Project, we observed, since 2007, practically the elimination of all open range dump yards from Sao Paulo State. Data from the Treat-ed Sewage Strategic Environmental Project, which has the aim of assuring sewage collection and treatment in the Sao Paulo municipalities, show a 50% reduction in the number of municipalities without treatment, between 2007 and 2009. Also, as result of actions of the Green Ethanol Strategic Environmental Project, since 2007, the emission of almost 8 million tons of Carbon Monoxide (CO) into the atmo-sphere was avoided, due to reduction in the burning of sugarcane straw.

Goal 8. To maintain the capacity of ecosystems to provide goods and services and sustain means of living

8.1: Capacity of ecosystems to provide goods and services main-tained

The Preservation Unit Strategic Environmental Project, which seeks to strengthen the management of protected areas of the State, associated with the Water Source Strategic Environmental Project, which aims at protection and recovery of water basins that supply water to the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area, with the Aquifer Strategic Environmental Project, which has the aim of protecting the groundwater of the State, with the Zero Deforestation Strategic Environmental Project and Ri-parian Forest Strategic Environmental Project, already cited above, together with other actions, have been contributing toward assuring the capacity of supply of goods and services of ecosystems. Results of the Riparian Forest Strategic Environ-







Protected areas

Preservation Unit Creation & Management Programme in Sao Paulo

Group Preservation Unit Category Quantity Area/ha

Sust

aina

ble

Use

Environmental Protection Areas 27 2,483,250

State Forest 1 2,230

Sustainable Development Reserves 3 12.665

Extraction Reserves 2 2,790

Sea Environmental Protection Areas 3 449,260

Sustainable Use Subtotal 40 2,950,195

Full

Prot

ectio

n

Areas of Relevant Environmental Interest 3 13,939

Ecological Stations 16 128,353

State Natural Monument 2 3,285

State Parks 30 787,420

Ecological Parks (*) 2 378

State Reserve (*) 1 48

Full Protection Subtotal 48 933,424

Tota

l Pre

serv

a-

tion

Units

Overall Total 88 3,883,619

The creation and management of Preservation Units constitutes one of the main mechanisms to promote protection and preservation of environmental quality of the natural systems existing there, improvement in the quality of life of the local population and protection of the regional ecosystems.

The table below shows the quantity and areas of the Preservation Units exist-ing in Sao Paulo, grouped by management category, according to that established by the National System of Preservation Units (SNUC) and by the State Forest Sys-tem (SIEFLOR).

Table 1 – State Preservation Units in Sao Paulo, under administration of the Forest Foundation.

(*) Preservation Units in studies for re-categorization.


this area was reduced to 1.8 thousand hectares, showing a significant reduction in the rate of deforestation in the State, thus assuring reduction in the degrada-tion of natural habitats. This reduction can be attributed, among other actions, to the publishing of several legal instruments that regulated the suppression of native vegetation, placed areas under special protection regime and established criteria and parameters for environmental compensation of areas object of plant suppression. In addition, inspection actions were intensified to comply with the Environmental Recovery Commitment Terms (TCRA).

Goal 6. To control threats to invading exotic species

6.1: Routes for the main invading exotic species controlled

6.2: Management plans established for the main exotic species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species

In 2009, the Sao Paulo State Environmental Secretariat established the Work Group to develop a proposal for the State Strategy on Invading Exotic Species, which has the main purpose of elaborating regulatory instruments and differenti-ated lists of invading exotic species, in addition to defining action and manage-ment plans for its implementation.

Goal 7. To face the threats to biodiversity by climate change and pollution

7.1: To maintain and improve the resilience of components of biodi-versity to adapt to climate change

In June 2010, the State Policy on Climate Change (PEMC) was regulated in Sao Paulo State, which established directives for the necessary adaptations for the impacts of climate change, as well as the main measures to reduce these impacts. With regard to biodiversity, the actions of PEMC occurred in the scope of the Remaining Forest Programme, which aims at promoting delimitation, demarcation and recovery of riparian forests and other types of forest fragments. In addition, through the systems of protected areas already existing, in synergy with the Sao







Note that the processes of creating new Units, in addition to having as pa-rameter the various ecological studies developed and discussed in this document, seeks the preservation and protection of areas distributed along the biomes and zones in Sao Paulo state, namely: Cerrado Biome, Atlantic Forest Biome and Coast-al Sea Zone.

The installation and management of the Preservation Units are based on stra-tegic and priority actions, namely:

Socio-environmental Recovery Programme of Serra do Mar and Atlantic Forest Mosaics: Regarded as one of the biggest socio-environmental programmes with international financing (Inter-American Development bank and counterpart of the Sao Paulo State Govern-ment), it covers the Serra do Mar State Park, Mosaic of Sea Preservation Units and the Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station. The project foresees: relocation of inhabitants of the Preservation Units and fragile areas of Serra do Mar, environmental recovery of degraded areas, installation of infrastructure and protection and inspection services, public use and environmental education and promotion of suitable activities.

Public Use and Ecotourism: It has the aim of consolidating ecotourism and sustainable tourism as strategies for conservation and preservation of nature and contribution toward regional socioeconomic development.

Its strategies include: (i) to structure and strengthen the public management for ecotourism in the preservation units of the State Forest System (SIEFLOR); (ii) to consolidate the vocation of sustainable tourism in the area of influence of the preservation units; and (iii) to standardize and strengthen the chain of ecotourism services in the preservation areas and their area of influence.

Management Plan: regarded as priority by the Sao Paulo State government, the Forest Foun-dation has been intensifying the elaboration and implementation of Management Plans of the Preservation Units because, in addition to the legal mandatoriness of its existence, these con-stitute an important mechanism for implementation and management, representing the great agreement between the State and society for the preservation of biodiversity.

Management Board: The totality of Sao Paulo’s Preservation Units has their Boards duly established and operational. More than a legal obligation, it is a re-quirement of the society to share with the State the decisions and responsibilities on the protected territory so as to assure participative model in the installation and management of Preservation Units.


with the sugar-alcohol sector, the burning was prevented, since 2007, of more than 2.6 million hectares of sugarcane straw, and a commitment was also assumed with the sector to recover more than 250 thousand hectares of riparian forests.

4.2: Non-sustainable consumption of biological resources, or that causes impacts on biodiversity, reduced

Within the Green Ethanol Strategic Environmental Project, also through the agro-environmental protocol signed between the State and the sugar-alcohol sector, the deadline to end the burning of sugarcane straw was reduced from 2031 to 2017, contributing toward a more sustainable production. While in the scope of the Sao Paulo Friend of the Amazon Strategic Environmental Project, approximately nine thousand tons of illegal wood has been apprehended in the inspection operations since 2007, coming from the Amazon and, in addition, agreements were signed with public bodies as well as with private entities linked to the civil construction sector, for reduction of consumption of illegal wood and use of materials alterna-tive to hardwood.

4.3: No wild flora or fauna species threatened by international trade

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), of which Brazil has been a member since 1975, regulates the export, import and re-export of animals and plants, however, this attribution is discussed annually in the scope of the Federal Government. Moreover, through the Wild Fauna Strategic Environmental Project, whose objectives include the fight against illegal trade of animals, the State has worked in the creation of the institutional framework that will aim at elaborating a State Wild Fauna Policy.

Goal 5. To reduce the pressures of loss of habitats, change of use and degradation of lands and non-sustainable use of water 5.1: Rate of loss and degradation of natural habitats reduced

Results of the Zero Deforestation Strategic Environmental Project, which aims at reducing the loss of vegetation, indicate that the authorized suppression of veg-etation in Sao Paulo State, in 2000, was of almost 4,000 hectares and, in 2009,







0 50 100 15025Km

Watershed Protection Área

Experimental Station

Forest garden

Ecological Park

State reserve

Forest Nursery

Conservation Units of Special Conservation

Ecological Station

State Park

Biological Reserve

Other categories of specially protected areas

Environmental Protected Área State Forest

Area of Outstanding Ecological Interest

Sustainable Development Reserve

Extractive reserves

Sustainable use Conservation Units

SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS

Creation of Protected Areas (PAs): In the last four years, the government of São Paulo increased the number of PAs and their representation in the coastal and marine ecosystems and the Mantiqueira Mountains. The Coastal Protected Areas were created in 2008, totaling 1,123,107 ha. Their councils intensively discuss coastal management, the use of fi shing resources, nautical tourism, the diving activities and supervision.

The State Secretariat for the Environment created by Decree 55,662, on March 30, 2010, four new protected areas (PAs) north of the Serra da Cantareira. The state parks of Itaberaba, Itapetinga, the Pedra Grande State Natural Monument and the Guarulhos State Forest protect a total area of 28,600 ha - nearly four times the area of the Cantareira State Park. The Restinga Bertioga State Park (based on decree 55 661), with 9 000 ha, and the Pedra do Baú State Natural Monument with 3 000 ha, are under creation.


Goal 3. To promote preservation of the genetic diversity

3.1: Genetic diversity of cultivations, livestock and species used from trees, fishes and wild fauna and other important preserved species, and indigenous knowledge and associated location maintained

The Sao Paulo State Agriculture & Supply Secretariat, through Instituto Agronômi-co de Campinas [Campinas Agronomical Institute], promotes the genetic preserva-tion and improvement of various cultivations. In addition, the State Forest System (SIEFLOR) was established in 2006, which through management of the Preserva-tion Units and encouragement of research and production of seeds and seedlings of plant species, has enabled maintenance and expansion of the genetic diversity and variability of species. While the Wild Fauna, Riparian Forest and Environmental Research Strategic Environmental Project, which in turn respectively discuss the management of fauna resources, recovery of riparian forests and promotion of environmental research in Sao Paulo State, complement the actions to preserve the diversity of plant and animal species. However, there is no programme or regu-lation in the State that specifically discusses the traditional knowledge associated with maintenance of this diversity.

Goal 4. To promote sustainable use and consumption

4.1: Products based on biodiversity derived from sources managed sustainably, and production areas managed consistently with the preservation of biodiversity

The Green Ethanol Strategic Environmental Project, which has the aim of encour-aging sustainable production of ethanol, and the Sao Paulo Friend of the Amazon Strategic Environmental Project, which aims at, among other aspects, inspecting the entry of illegal wood from the Amazon in Sao Paulo territory, as well as the lumber dealers that operate in the State, in addition to encouraging the business of planted forests and consumption of sustainable wood, contribute significantly to sustainable management of biodiversity. In the scope of the Green Ethanol Strategic Environmental Project, through the proposition of an agro-environmental protocol







Sustainable use of biodiversity

The Biota/FAPESP project

Sao Paulo, the most industrialized state in Brazil and currently covered by huge sugarcane plantations, still has significant forest fragments from its original flora, which total 4,343,683 ha, corresponding to 17.5% of its surface.

Despite the intense history of degradation, these fragments still have a very diverse flora and fauna, including even jaguars and cougars, in addition to many other endangered species. However, only about 25% of this total area is protected in the form of Preservation Units administered by the government, the rest being in the dominion of the Sao Paulo private sector, with great highlight on the agri-cultural sector.

The BIOTA Programme, of the Sao Paulo State Research Support Foundation (BIOTA/FAPESP), in a partnership with the Sao Paulo State Secretariat for the Environment (SMA), united approximately 160 researchers, who are intensively involved in the process of establishing directives to preserve and restore the re-maining biodiversity of Sao Paulo, which resulted in the elaboration of 27 thematic maps and three synthesis maps.

The work was based on the purpose of providing biological information gener-ated with scientific nature to sustain public policies in the area of environment in Sao Paulo State.

PRIORITY AREAS TO INCREASE CONNECTIVITY


under a special protection regime. Also, the Coastal Protected Areas (APAs) exist-ing in the State safeguard more than 1.1 million hectares of biodiversity of the coastal area.

Goal 2. To promote preservation of the diversity of species

2.1: To restore, maintain or reduce the decline of population of species from selected taxonomic groups

The Wild Fauna Strategic Environmental Project (PAE) has among its objectives the implementation of correct management of fauna resources, installation of the Fauna Preservation Center, to attend to endangered species and the centers to re-ceive and destine apprehended fauna, in addition to creation of the State Register of Activities that use Native or Exotic Wild Fauna Animals, their products and sub-products (CADFAUNA). In addition, there has been in the state scope since 2008 a norm that defines the procedures for licensing of wild, native and exotic fauna management activities. The system of protected areas of the State also contributes toward preservation of populations in situ.

2.2: Improved status of endangered species

The analysis of the list of endangered fauna species in Sao Paulo State, published in 1998 and 2008, shows the worsening of the situation, in which the percentage of threatened species went from 12% to 16%. However, there was a change in the species classification methodology, which incorporated criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and, for this reason, it is not accurate to make parallels and comparisons between the two lists. The State, through the Wild Fauna Strategic Environmental Project, gave rise to the building (at Fundação Parque Zoológico [Zoological Park Foundation]) of the Fauna Preservation Center, aiming to protect ecological samples representing the natural environment for sci-entific studies, environmental monitoring, education and maintenance of genetic resources, in addition to rehabilitation for the release of animals threatened with extinction.







Sustainable Development Reserves (SDR)

In addition to the Biota/FAPESP project, Sao Paulo State has the Sustainable Development Reserves (SDR), which are the natural areas that house traditional populations, whose existence is based on sustainable systems of natural resource exploitation, developed over generations and adapted to the local ecological con-ditions that play a fundamental role in the protection of nature and maintenance of biological diversity.

Its basic aim is to preserve nature and, at the same time, secure the condi-tions and means required for the reproduction and improvement in the means and quality of life and exploitation of natural resources of the traditional popula-tions, as well as to value, preserve and perfect the knowledge and techniques of environmental management, developed by these populations. (Federal Law No. 9.985/2000 – SNUC).

In São Paulo there are fi ve SDR, all located in the Mosaic Jacupiranga, among which are:

SDR Itapanhapima – Located in the Lagamar region, municipality of Cana-neia, with an area of 1242.70 ha, the SDR conserves marine environments and important areas of salt marshes and mangroves, providing fi shing and collecting crabs in a sustainable community site, consisting of 15 families. The conservation area also helps to preserve important middens, archaeological sites mentioned among the oldest in the South Coast of São Paulo.SDR Lavras – Located in the watershed of the river Lavras in the city of Cajati with an area of 889.74 ha. It has great tourism potential, with the waterfall of Lavras, landscapes preserved forest and clean streams, also considering its easy access, privileged by its location. The 10 households practicing agricultural activities such as cultivation of bananas and palm hearts in the agroecosystem, forestry, cultivation of vegetables, as well as small livestock for their livelihood.


Status of the biodiversity goals in Sao Paulo State

Goal 1. To promote preservation of the biological diversity of ecosystems, habitats and biomes

1.1: At least 10% of each ecological region of the world that is actu-ally preserved

Sao Paulo State has about 14% of its territory protected by state Preservation Units (UCs). Efforts are currently concentrated in the improvement of manage-ment of these protected areas, in which we can identify an evolution from 2008 to 2009, when the Management Index of Full Protection Preservation Units of Sao Paulo State went from a lower standard to a median standard. Out of the 89 Preservation Units existing in the State today, approximately 91% have managers and 71% have Management Boards. However, only 20% have elaborated Man-agement Plan, with forecast up to the end of 2010 of the conclusion of 25 and the elaboration of 27 other plans.

1.2: Protected areas of particular importance to biodiversity

The Preservation Units protect two biomes in the State: the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, two of the 34 hotspots of global biodiversity, which are home to about 78% of the wild fauna threatened with extinction in Brazil. The biodiversity of the cerrado has also been assured since 2009 by a state norm that places this biome



Signifi cant progress in the attainment of goals




Biodiversity and climate change

Climate change is among the main causes of biodiversity loss, speeding up the loss of natural habitats and facilitating biological invasion.

Due to being a transversal theme that demands broad institutional articula-tion, with different sectors of the society and spheres of the government, Sao Paulo State instituted a specific Policy – the Climate Change State Policy (PEMC), through Law No. 13.798, dated November 9, 2009, regulated by Decree No. 55.947, dated June 24, 2010.

This Policy aims at disciplining the adaptations required for the impacts de-rived from climate change, as well as contributing toward reducing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The Remaining Forest Programme foresees actions directed toward protection and restoration of forests and other forms of native vegeta-tion with the aim of contributing toward reduction of warming and preservation of biodiversity.

The strategy to expand the preservation of biodiversity outside the preser-vation unit areas should foresee increase in permeability of the rural landscape, dominated by vast sugarcane, orange, pine and eucalyptus plantations. With this purpose, the Remaining Forest Programme was elaborated, which will optimize several actions, already in progress, under coordination of the Sao Paulo State Environmental Secretariat.

These actions will promote connectivity among the existing fragments, resto-ration of degraded fragments and recovery of areas without natural remainders. Examples of these actions are:

Implementation of riparian forest recovery demonstration projects, in different contexts and with different methodologies.Support and implementation of environmental restoration projects directed to-ward promoting carbon absorption and fixation.Support and implementation of biodiversity corridors, especially through recov-ery of riparian forests.Identification of priority areas for forest recovery, optimizing carbon sequester and for implementation of production systems that favor preservation of biodi-versity (agricultural forest and agroforestry systems) and of water resources.


Water Resources: studies of aquatic organisms and their relation with the quality and quantity of water available for public supply. Considering the popu-lation and consumption of water, pollution and contamination of water bodies and the needs for control, the research can point out bio-indicators of quality, control of toxic cyanobacteria, to promote growth of organisms that help in the recovery, and to determine the best way of protecting the groundwater.



Forest biodiversity The Sao Paulo State Forest Institute started environmental preservation actions in the end of the 19th century with the preservation of forests that gave rise to the current Cantareira State Park. During the 20th and 21st centuries, it promoted the creation of 53 Full Protected Preservation Units that currently protect approximately 900,000 hect-ares of native forests and other plant formations of inter-est for the preservation of biodiversity, like altitude fi elds, wet fi elds and different physiognomies of the Cerrado. In these preservation units, one fi nds fl ora and fauna popu-lations, many of which are considered threatened with extinction and nonexistent outside said protected areas.

The Forest Institute was at the same time one of the pioneers and one of the main promoting agents of the ex-pansion of silviculture in Sao Paulo and Brazil, promoting the offer of wood and non-wood forest products in sus-tainable bases, offering alternatives and saving the native forests from predatory exploitation. It thus contributed signifi cantly toward consolidating the national wood-based industry that took the country to the category of world forest megaproducer.

These achievements occurred by the permanent action of the Institutes in the fi elds of research and elaboration of public forest policies that remain under development in the areas of restoration of native ecosystems, perma-nent monitoring of the plant covering, creation of new preservation units, genetic improvement of forest species, management of forest species from the Atlantic forest, with highlight on management of jussara palm Euterpe edulis, among other important areas of scientifi c research directed toward forest resources and management of natural areas.


Incentive measures

Sao Paulo State promotes, through public projects and policies, incentive mea-sures based on the principles of the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, with the aim to create mechanisms that allow recovery and preservation of biodiversity.

Some examples of actions ongoing in the State are described below:

Economic analysis of the relation between land use and water treatment costs in Sao Paulo State: this study will implement an economic analysis of the relationship between use of land and water treatment costs in ten water basins of Sao Paulo State, for which a preliminary study was conducted for the potential erosion of the soil.Bio-prospecting: the research aims to find, among other native species, substances still unknown with application in medicine, cosmetics, foods, fuels and industry in general, use of biotechnology to improve quality of life. Ecological indicators for environmental services provided by forests of Sao Paulo State: the project has the aim of evaluating the implications, dynamics and value of the ser-vices offered by ecosystems of the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado that can be used to generate financial resources in the State.Global Climate Change: studies of the effects of climate change and air pollutants on live organisms, reminding that all human nutrition depends on natural resources and is being affected.Water Mine Project: project for implementation of systems of payment for environmental services. PES systems will be adapted to the environmental and socioeconomic conditions of each convened municipality. Valuation of the payment will be made based on the costs of land opportunity and local customs. In principle, the project includes only payments for native vegetation preservation practices in the environs of water courses that contribute to public water fountains.Water Producer Project in the Water Basin of Piracicaba, Capivari & Jundiaí (PCJ): pilot project to implement a system of payment for environmental services in the cities of Nazaré Paulista and Joanópolis, in Sao Paulo. Valuation of the payment was done based on the cost of opportunity of land use in the region. The project includes payments for soil pres-ervation practices, preservation of forest fragments and recovery of riparian forests.



Biofuels and biodiversity

Biofuels have become part of the daily life of Brazilians. Formerly promoted, above all, for economical reasons, they are now strengthened by environmental, social and strategic issues. They are no longer just products, having become processes for environmental recovery, greenhouse gas emission reduction, employment and income generation.

Biofuel production in Brazil is represented mainly by ethanol from sugarcane and biodiesel. Sao Paulo State represents 60% of the national production and 17% of the world ethanol production, generating more than 400 thousand direct jobs in 450 municipalities.

The sugar-alcohol sector encompasses a large percentage of riparian forest areas and priority areas for the preservation of biodiversity, oc-cupying more than 25% of Sao Paulo’s agricultural area, corresponding to 5.2 million hectares. Approximately 5% of the areas of sugarcane properties are of riparian forest.

Due to the riparian forest areas being natural corridors of biodiversity, their recovery is funda-mental to increase connectivity among the forest fragments of the State, allowing genic flow and increase and diversification of the fauna and flora populations. Although the native forest covering of Sao Paulo State has increased in the last 20 years, going from 13.9% in the 90s to 17.5% in 2010, according to the survey conducted by the Forest Institute in the 2010 Forest Inventory, it is estimated that there is a deficit of riparian forest coverage of 1,400,000 ha in Sao Paulo State. Out of this total, approximately 300,000 ha are in lands of the sugar-alcohol sector, already committed to its recovery.

The Agro-environmental Protocol was signed in June 2007 as an unprecedented agreement between the Sao Paulo State Government, represented by the Environmental Secretariat and by the Agriculture & Supply Secretariat, and the Sugar-Alcohol Sector, represented by the Sugarcane Industry Union (UNICA) and by the Organization of Sugarcane Planters from the Mid-Southern Region of Brazil (ORPLANA), aiming at creating mechanisms to encourage and consolidate sus-tainable development of the sugarcane industry in Sao Paulo State. Its technical directives in-clude the protection of riparian forest areas and water sources of the sugarcane properties, the proposition and implementation of soil and water resource preservation plans, reduction of the volume of water used in the industry, management of residues from the industrial process and atmospheric pollutants and reduction of the legal term for use of the practice of burning from 2031 to 2017, for non-mechanized areas, and from 2021 to 2014, for the mechanized areas.


To discipline expansion of the sugarcane culture and guarantee preservation of the State’s biodiversity, the Agro-environmental Zoning was instituted in 2008 for the Sugar-Alcohol Sector of Sao Paulo State. Through the overlapping of several thematic maps, like of edaphoclimate characteristics and of priority areas to restore and preserve the biodiversity according to its level of relevance (Biota/FAPESP), suitable and unsuitable areas were established for the develop-ment of sugarcane culture, which condition the installation and operation of undertakings from the sector at different levels of restriction and of adaptations for obtainment of environmental licenses. Together with actions of the Agro-environmental Protocol, as the limitations imposed for the cultivation of sugarcane through the Zoning are allowing the sugar-alcohol sector to grow sustainably, promoting improvement of the State’s environmental quality.

The proposal of a voluntary agreement through a protocol of good practices was an alter-native to speed up the goals of the legislation in effect and propose other actions to encourage positive attitudes, recognizing the sector as a strong partner in the search for socio-environ-mental sustainability. The volunteering of the adhesion to the Protocol and its elaboration with the sector’s participation, according to its reality, represent a new way of developing and leveraging public policies in a State that has sugarcane as its main driving force, promoting sustainable development with increased in biodiversity and improvement in the quality of life for the population.

0 50 100 15025K m

Reservoir

Zoning AE Appropriate

With appropriate environmental limitations

With appropriate environmental constraint

Inadequate

AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL ZONING FOR SUGAR ALCOHOL SECTOR

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