100

34. fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG jOlI, “bhup`KI vMgwr: kmzwq”, kmzwq, &^r

zmwn, pMnw-7,8.

35. fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG jOlI, “SISw iek ilSkwry do: A&zl rMDwvw”,

Awlocnw, (jnvrI-mwrc 2001), pMnw-32.

36. nsrIn mu^qwr, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw ieriqkw 1947 qoN

2003, (SwhmuKI ilpI ivc AxpRkwiSq Koj-pRbMD), pMnw-540.

47

(a) BwrqI pMjwbI swihq dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn pRwpq

sm`grI:srvyKx qy mulWkx

swihq icMqn dI prMprw BwvyN sMswr dy smwijk, AwriQk Aqy rwjnIiqk pRbMD

nwl fMUGI qrHW juVI huMdI hY[ sMswr dy rwjnIiqk Aqy AwriQk pRbMD ivc

vwprIAW qbdIlIAW swihq icMqn dy Kyqr nMU fUMGI qrHW pRBwivq krdIAW hn[

swihq dI smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI ny swihq icMqn dy Kyqr ivc iek nvW

moV lY AWdw Aqy idnoN-idn ivdvwnW Aqy icMqkW dw iDAwn ies Kyqr ivc hox

vwly Koj-kwrjW v`l vDyry AwkriSq ho irhw hY[

smwj Swsqr vI hor AiDAYn ivDIAW dI qrWH p`Cm ivcoN AwieAw sMklp

hox krky ies bwry AMgryzI Aqy ihMdI ivc bhuq swrw Koj kwrj ho cu`kw hY pr

swfw ivSw Kyqr vDyry sImq hox kwrn AsIN ieQy pMjwbI ivc ho cu`ky smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn nUM ivSw bxwieAw hY ijs ivc Cpy lyK, pusqkW, AYm. i&l

Aqy pI-AY~c.fI ivc hoieAw Koj kwrj Swiml hY[ smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI

pMjwbI ivc sB qoN pihlW Koj p`qrW dy iviSAW rwhIN hoNd ivc AweI[

pusqkW Aqy piqRkwvW ivc Cpy lyK

smwj SwsqrI ivDI nUM lY ky v`K-v`K ivdvwnW ny Koj p`iRqkwvW ivc

pypr Cpvwey ijs krky hOlI-hOlI ieh AiDAYn ivDI pUrI qrHW sQwpq hoeI[

sB qoN pihlW nwmvr isMG ny mwrc 1977 ivc fw. krnYl isMG iQMd duAwrw

sMpwidq pusqk swihq AiDAYn pRxwlIAW ivc smwj SwsqrI pRxwlI ivSy qy

lyK pyS kIqw[ ies lyK rwhIN lyKk ny swihq Aqy smwj dy AwpsI sbMDW bwry

crcw krky sp`St kIqw hY ik iksy vI rcnw dw Asiqqv smwj qoN ibnW

AsMBv hY[ ies bwry iek mh`qvpUrn ivcwr hY:

swihq iksy iek rcnw dw nwm nhIN sgoN ieh qW iek sMsQw hY[ ijvyN

kwnUMn iek sMsQw hY, PYimlI iek sMsQw hY, iesy qrHW swihq nUM vI iek

sMsQw hI iKAwl krnw auicq hY[ swihq dw Awpxw ieiqhws hY, AwpxI

48

prMprw hY, iesdy Awpxy inXm hn[ swihq dI smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn

pRxwlI swihq nUM iek sMsQw v`joN gRihx krn auprMq hI Awpxw Awlocnw

kwrj SurU krdI hY[1

fw. gurqrn isMG ny AwpxI pusqk AMqridRStI (1995) ivc

‘AwDuink pMjwbI kivqw dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn’ lyK rwhIN iqMn kvIAW BweI

vIr isMG, poR. pUrn isMG Aqy hirMdr isMG mihbUb dI kivqw nMMU smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[ ienHW iqMnoN kvIAW dw smwj Swsqr inrol

is`K smwj Swsqr hY ijsnMU Awid gRMQ dI sdIvI Et hwisl hY[ ieh smwj

Swsqr mwrks dy pdwrQvwdI smwj Swsqr nwloN iBMn hY[ijs qrHW hor icMqn

pRxwlIAW p`CmI icMqn rwhIN pMjwbI dw AMg bxIAW ausy qrHW hI smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn ivDI vI p`CmI icMqn jgq dI hI dyx hY pr pMjwbI dy icMqn jgq ivc

smwj Swsqr AsloN hI nvW Aqy invyklw ivSw hY[ ies sbMDI fw. hirBjn

isMG BwtIAw dI it`pxI ies pRkwr hY:

swfy icMqk ij`Qy ikDry vI pMjwbI Awlocnw ivc swihq nMU smwj dy hvwly

nwl dyiKAw igAw hY, ausnMU smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dw nW Av`S hI

dyxgy[ swfI jWcy ijvyN swihq sbMDI kIqI hr it`pxI swihq Awlocnw

nhIN AKvw skdI aNuj hI smwj Aqy swihq dy hvwly nwl kIqw hr

AiDAYn smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn nhIN AKvw skdw[2

ies leI ikhw jw skdw hY ik smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn gMBIrqw vwlw

ivSw hY[ ieh Aiq brIkI Aqy sUKmqw nwl kIqw jwx vwlw AiDAYn hY[ swihq

dw smwj Swsqr suhj mu`lW, klw mu`lW Aqy jIvn mu`lW nMU iek iekweI v`joN vyKx

prKx dw mwfl pyS krdw hY ies qrHW ieh AiDAYn ivDI swihq dy ivSlySx

nMU sImq dwiery ivcoN bwhr k`FdI hY Aqy iesnMU ivAwpkqw pRdwn krdI hY[

iesdI ivSwlqw dw AwDwr ieh hY ik ieh swihq dy smwijk krm rwhIN smu`cy

mwnvI vrqwry dI siQqI dw inrxw krn dw audyS Awpxy snmu`K r`KdI hY[

49

fw. hirBjn isMG BwtIAw dw lyyK ‘pMjwbI Awlocnw dw smwj Swsqr’

Koj drpx dy julweI 1994 dy AMk ivc Swiml hY ijs ivc lyKk ny Awlocnw dy

smwj Swsqr bwry crcw kIqI hY Aqy dUsrIAW AiDAYn ivDIAW dy mukwbly

smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI sbMDI ieh gl swhmxy AweI hY ik ijnHW srokwrW

nMU dUjIAW AiDAYn ivDIAW swihq bwhry AwK ky iqAwg idMdIAW hn aunHW koxW

dw smwj SwsqrI p`K qoN Kwsw mh`qv hMudw hY[ lyKk ny mwrksvwd Aqy smwj

Swsqr bwry vI crcw kIqI hY[ lyKk dw ivcwr hY:

smwj Swsqr qW iek AnuSwsn hY ijsdy qihq keI p`DqIAW ijvyN

AnuBvvwdI, srMcnwqmk Aqy mwrksvwdI Awid dI vrqoN hoeI pRwpq

hMudI hY[ smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dI mu`K icMqw AiDAYn vsqU dI

smwijkqw nwl juVn Aqy ausdw ivSlySx mulWkx krn dI huMdI hY[3

fw. mnjIqpwl kOr ny ‘pMjwbI nwtk dw smwj Swsqr’ lyK jo ik Koj

drpx dy julweI 1989-93 dy AMk ivc Swiml hY rwhIN swihq dy hornW rUpW

nwloN nwtk dI v`Krqw iesdw mMcI pRdrSn rwhIN drsw ky nwtk dy smwj

Swsqr bwry crcw kIqI hY[lyiKkw ny nwtk dy ArMiBk pVwA qoN lY ky pVwA-

dr-pVwA A`gy v`Dx Aqy ies ivc nvIAW jugqW rwhIN pyS kIqy gey v`K-v`K

nwtkW nMU vI smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dw ivSw bxwieAw hY[lyiKkw Anuswr:

pMjwbI nwtk dw smwj Swsqr smJx leI nwtk dy ieiqhwisk pirpyK

ivc ij`Qy smkwlI (synchronic) qy bhukwlI (diachronic) ivDIAW dI

vrqoN krn dI AwvSkqw hY au~Qy smwj Swsqr dy idRStIkox ’coN

AMqrIvI (intrinstic) qy bwhrI (extrinsic) AnuBvboD, BwvboD qy

ivcwrboD nMU sQwipq krnw AinvwrI pRqIq hMudw hY[4

Koj drpx dy julweI 1989-93 dy AMk ivc cmn lwl pRBwkr dw lyK

‘swihqk rcnw dy suAwd dw smwj Swsqr’ Swiml hY[ ies lyK rwhIN lyKk ny

rcnw nUM pVHn auprMq pwTk nMU jo AwnMd pRwpq hMudw hY aus sbMDI crcw kIqI

hY[ lyKk ny mh`qvpUrn klwsIkl rcnwvW qoN pwTk nMU pRwpq hox vwly suhj

50

suAwd bwry vI ivcwr kIqw hY[ ies qoN ibnW pusqk smIiKAw Aqy Awlocnw,

ienwm, swihq sBwvW dI BUimkw, XUnIvristIAW, swihq AkwdmIAW,

lwiebryrIAW dI BUimkw, swihq is`iKAw dI BUimkw, mhwn smwijk lihrW Awid

rwhIN pwTk qy pYNdy pRBwv bwry spSt kIqw hY ik ienHW dI bhuq mh`qvpUrn

BUimkw hY:

iksy vI kwl dy swihq pwTkW dI swihiqk rucI, ausdw rcnw rs mwnx

dw suAwd, kdy vI pUrv inrDwirq Aqy pIFw nhIN huMdw, sgoN swihq rs

mwnx dI rucI ivAwpk smwijk pRsMgW ivc rUp DwrdI Aqy inrDwirq

hMudI hY Aqy ieh inrMqr bdl jW ivkws dI pRikirAw ivc rihMdI hY[5

BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb duAwrw pRkwiSq pMjwbI dunIAW dy jUn 2007 AMk

ivc siqMdr kOr dw lyK ‘swihq qy smwj Swsqr’ Swiml hY ijs ivc lyyiKkw ny

swihq, smwj Aqy swihqkwr dy AwpsI sbMDW nMU drswaux dw Xqn kIqw hY Aqy

nwl hI v`K-v`K ivdvwnW dIAW pirBwSwvW Aqy it`pxIAW rwhIN smwj Swsqr dy

srUp nUM auGwVn dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY[

fw. surjIq isMG B`tI duAwrw ricq pusqk pMjwbI Awlocnw: dSw Aqy

idSw (2003) ivc ‘pMjwbI Awlocnw dw smwj Swsqr (ivDIgq

methodological sm`isAwvW) lyK Swiml hY[ ies ivc lyKk ny smwj Swsqr

nwl sbMiDq sm`isAwvW nMU idRStIgocr kIqw hY ijvyN dUjIAW AiDAYn ivDIAW dy

mukwbly smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn, Awlock dy jnm dy AwDwr qy Awlocnw dw

smwj Swsqr auswrnw, swihq, pwTk vrg, rcnw/pRkwSn Awid nwl sbMiDq

v`K-v`K msilAW nMU ivcwirAw igAw hY Aqy AMq ivc ieh is`tw k`iFAw igAw hY

ik Awlocnw dw smwj Swsqr auswrn leI ienHW msilAW nMU iDAwn gocry r`Kxw

pvygw[

gurcrn isMG ArSI dI pusqk smIiKAw AnuicMqn (2003) ivc

smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI sbMDI do lyK ‘swihq dw smwj SwsqR-ivDI mUlk

pirpyK’ Aqy ‘pMjwbI nwvl ivc pMjwbIAq: smwj SwsqrI pirpyK’ Swiml

51

hn[pihly lyK ivc lyKk ny lUsIey golfmwn (Lucien Goldmann) duAwrw

inrimq swihq dy jxink sMrcnwqmk smwj SwsqR (Genetic Structrual

Sociology)dy ivDImUlk nukiqAW nUM ivcwirAw hY[ dUjy lyK ivc lyKk ny pMjwbI

nwvl ivc pMjwbIAq dy sMklp nMU ilAw hY ijs ivc jXoiqrudX, BweI vIr

isMG, nwnk isMG, krqwr isMG du`gl, guridAwl isMG Awid nwvlkwr Swiml

hn[ lyKk ny ienHW nwvlkwrW dy nwvlW ivc pMjwbIAq dy sMklp bwry ikhw hY:

pMjwbIAq dy msly pRiq pMjwbI nwvlkwrW dw Algwau hYrwnIjnk pRqIq

nhIN huMdw ikauNik m`DvrgI suBw dy DwrnI hox kwrn A`j vI pMjwbIAW dI

cyqnw ivc koeI Aijhw ienklwbI pirvrqn nhIN AwieAw ijs ny aunHW

dy socx FMg ivc AwDwrBUq qbdIlI ilAWdI hovy[6

fw. kuldIp isMG DIr dI pusqk swihq AiDAYn: pwTk dI

AnuikRAw (1996) ivc ‘swihq dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn’ ivSy qy lyK Swiml

kIqw hY[ ies ivc lyKk ny swihq Aqy smwj dy AwpsI sbMDW bwry crcw

auprMq rcnw dy smwijk sMdrB qy vDyry iDAwn kyNdirq kIqw hY[ies ivc

lyKk ny swihq dy AMdrUnI p`KW rwhIN ausdI smwijkqw nMU auGwiVAw hY[lyKk ny

swihq dw smwj nwl gihrw sbMD mMinAw hY:

swihiqk ikrq dI jYivk hoNd kwrn iesdI AwpxI iek AMdrUnI sMrcnw

huMdI hY[pYdw hox qoN pihlW vI Aqy ipCoN vI ieh smwj nwl (Interact)

krdI hY[hr swihiqk ikrq ivc ausdw lyKk Awpxy smwj Aqy

sMsikRqI bwry pwqrW dy zrIey jW aunHW qoN ibnW hor jugqW nwl kuJ inrxy

pyS krdw hY[7

fw. rGbIr isMG isrjxw AMk dy AkqUbr-dsMbr 2002 vwly AMk ivc

cMdr mohn dw lyK ‘swihq dw smwj Swsqr: srUp Aqy Kyqr’ ivc lyKk ny smwj

Swsqr dy ArQ, pirBwSw Aqy Kyqr bwry crcw kIqI hY[AMq ivc nwvl dy smwj

Swsqr sbMDI ivcwr kIqw igAw hY[nwvl dy smwj Swsqr sbMDI lyKk dw kQn hY:

52

ies smwjk AwSy dI Bwl ivc sPlqw aus vyly hMudI hY, jdoN iksy

nwvlkwr dI nwvlI idRStI dI pihcwx ho jwvy ik ausny iviBMn idRStIAW

ijvyN suDwrvwdI, rumWsvwdI, pRgqIvwdI, ieiqhwsk, XQwrQvwdI,

mnoivigAwnk, pRXogvwdI Awid ivcoN ikhVI jW ikhVIAW idRStIAW

ApxweIAW[8

fw. gurdyv isMG cMdI ny AwpxI pusqk glp pRvcn (2001) ivc

smwj Swsqr sbMDI do lyK Swiml kIqy hn[ pihlw lyK ‘nwd ibMd: smwj

SwSqrI pirpyK’ Aqy dUjw lyK ‘swihq dw smwj Swsqr’ sbMDI Swiml hY[

pihly lyK ivc lyKk ny joigMdr isMG kYroN dy mh`qvpUrn nwvl nwd ibMd nUM

Awpxy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[ ies nwvl rwhIN lyKk

ny pMjwbI smwj nUM BwrqI dwrSink ivcwrDwrweI pirpyK ivc pyS kridAW

qqkwlIn smwijk Dwrimk pRsiQqIAW ivc ivcrdy mn`K dIAW sImwvW Aqy

sMBwvnwvW nMU aujwgr kIqw hY[ lyKk ny iesdw AwDuink pdwrQvwdI cyqnw Aqy

AiDAwqmvwdI drSn nwl joV ky AiDAYn ivSlySx kIqw hY[ AMq iesdy mu`K

pwqr dI ienklwbI sur iesnMU mwrksvwd nwl joVdI pRqIq huMdI hY[ dUjw lyK

swihq dy smwj Swsqr dy ArQ, pirBwSw Aqy iesdy srUp bwry crcw nwl

sbMiDq hY[

pRo. dyivMdr isMG duAwrw sMpwidq pusqk pMjwbI glp ivhwr (2002)

ivc joigMdr isMG inrwlw dw lyK ‘nvIN pMjwbI khwxI dw smwj Swsqr’ Swiml

hY ijs ivc lyKk ny AjIq kOr, pRym pRkwS Awid qoN lY ky AwDuink dOr dy pRm`uK

khwxIkwrW dI khwxI ivc pyS hoey smwijk XQwrQ sbMDI crcw kIqI hY[ lyKk

ny jsvMq isMG ivrdI, ky. AYl. grg, qyjvMq mwn, gurmyl mfwhV ,hmdrdvIr

Awid khwxI lyKkW dIAW khwxIAW nMU Awpxy AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[

dilq vrg nwl sbMiDq khwxIkwr pRym gorkI, nC`qr, ikRpwl kzwk, lwl

isMG, BUrw isMG klyr, AqrjIq isMG Awid sbMDI vI ivcwr kIqw igAw

hY[sujwn isMG, bldyv isMG, kSmIr isMG pMnMU Aqy nvyN khwxIkwrW dIAW

53

khwxIAW ivc pyS hoey idRStIkoxW nMU lyKk ny Awpxy AiDAYn rwhIN sp`St kIqw

hY[ lyKk dw kQn hY:

nvIN pMjwbI khwxI dI AihmIAq nMMU smJx leI iesdy smwijk pRsMgW

nMU auGwVnw vDyry mh`qqw vwlI g`l hovygI[ ijhVy ivdvwn iesnMU smwijk

siBAwcwrk pRsMgW nwloN qoV ky iekWgI rUp ivc jW ‘Su`D swihiqk vsq’

v`joN mwnx dI slwh dy rhy hn auh Gor AprwD kr rhy hn[9

fw. sqIS kumwr vrmw ny AwpxI pusqk pMjwbI nwtk :pRgqI qy pwswr

(2003) ivc ‘pMjwbI nwtk dw smwj SwsqrI pirpyK’ sbMDI lyK Swiml kIqw

hY[lyKk Anuswr pMjwbI nwtk iek pwsy Awpxy mUl ipCokV smyq pyS huMdw hY Aqy dUjy

pwsy p`CmI cyqnw dy pRBwv ADIn Aijhy is`itAW v`l vDdw hY jo Awroipq l`gdy hn

pMjwbI nwtk Aqy smwijk sMdrB sbMDI crcw krdy hoey fw. sqIS kumwr vrmw dw

kQn hY:

jdoN AsIN pMjwbI nwtk dy SwsqrI pirpyK nMU smJx dw Xqn krIey qW

iek pwsy ‘pMjwbI smwj Aqy nwtk’ dy AMqr sbMDW nMU vyKxw pvygw Aqy

dUjy pwsy ‘nwtk ivc pyS hoey smwijk pirvyS’ nMU swhmxy r`Kxw

pvygw[10

fw. Bgvwn dws sujoN ny AwpxI pusqk pMjwbI glp srokwr (2004)

ivc iek lyK ‘pMjwbI glp Awlocnw’ sbMDI pyS kIqw hY[ ies lyK ivc lyKk

ny 1998 q`k v`K-v`K XUnIvristIAW ivc hoey AY~m. i&l Aqy pI-AY~c.fI dy Koj

kwrj dw srvyKx pyS kIqw hY[ ies lyK nUM pVH ky pqw cldw hY ik lyKk ny

ieh srvyKx vDyry sU^mqw nwl nhIN kIqw[ ies srvyKx ivc lyKk ny Koj-

inbMDW Aqy Koj-pRbMDW dI jo sUcI pyS kIqI hY aus ivc ikqy vI ieh sp`St nhIN

kIqw igAw ik ieh Koj kwrj iks XUnIvristI dw hY jW iks p`Dr dw hY[

isr& iek sUcInumw lyK pyS kIqw hY[

fw. joigMdr isMG rwhI ny AwpxI pusqk smW Aqy sMvwd (1997) ivc

smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI nMU lY ky do lyK pyS kIqy hn[pihlw lyK ‘pMjwbI

54

nwvl au~qyy iek smwj SwsqrI’ Jwq hY ijs ivc lyKk ny pwiksqwn dy au`Gy

nwvlkwr APzl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvl duAwbw nMU Awpxy AiDAYn dw AwDwr

bxwieAw hY[Asl ivc ieh lyK pihlW 4-5 nvMbr 1993 nMU pMjwbI

XUnIvristI, pitAwlw ivKy ‘pMjwbI swihq dw smwj Swsqr’ ivSy qy hoey

sYmInwr ivc piVHAw igAw sI ijsnMU mgroN ies pusqk ivc pyS kIqw

igAw[lyKk ny duAwbw nwvl dy AiDAYn dI pySkwrI ivigAwnk vsqUgq rUp

ivc kIqI hY[ies nwvl dy AMq qy nwiek dw fwkUAW vwly rwh nMU Cf ky isAwsI

sMGrS dy rwh pYxw iesnMU ieslwmI Drm Swsqr nwloN vKirAwauNdw hY[ iesy

pusqk ivc lyKk dw dUjw lyK ‘prsw: smwj SwsqrI pirpyK’ vI Swiml hY[

ies ivc lyKk ny pMjwbI dy isrmOr nwvlkwr guridAwl isMG dy cricq nwvl

prsw nMU Awpxy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[ ies ivc lyKk

ny guridAwl isMG dy hux q`k Cpy swry nwvlW bwry vI g`l kIqI hY[ ies sbMDI

lyKk dw ivcwr hY:

aus dy nwvlW ivcoN imldw suhj-suAwd isr& ibrqWqk idlcspI qk

mihdUd nhIN ieh ibrqWq ivcoN imldIAW AMqr idRStIAW ivc vDyry

inihq hY[ AYsIAW AMqr-idRStIAW isr& swihq dy ividAwrQIAW leI

nhIN hn, ieh ikrswnI ArQcwrw, rwjnIqI Swsqr, smwijk ieiqhws

Aqy smwj SwsqrI vrqwry dy ividAwrQIAW Aqy ivdvwnW leI vI

brwbr mu`lvwn hn jo vYsy swihq nMU isr& mMnorMjn dI vsqU mMnx dy

AwdI hn[11

fw. jgbIr isMG ny AwpxI pusqk pMjwbI glp sMswr(1999) ivc

‘gurbKS isMG pRIqlVI dy nwvlW dw smwj ivigAwnk AiDAYn’ lyK pyS kIqw

hY[ies lyK rwhIN lyKk ny gurbKS isMG pRIqlVI dy do nwvlW ‘AxivAwhI mW’

Aqy ‘ruKW dI jIrWd’ nMU Awpxy AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[ies lyK rwhIN

lyKk ny nwvlkwr dy romWsvwdI idRStIkox bwry crcw kIqI hY[lyKk Anuswr

nwvlkwr dI ivcwrDrw Aqy ivSvidRStI ijs ivc iesqrI-purS ivAwh bwhry

55

sbMDW ivc Ku`l nMU pyS kIqw auh ipAwr kbzw nhIN pihcwx dy idRStIkox nUM

drswauNdI hY[

fw. rjnIS bhwdr isMG ny AwpxI pusqk glp AiDAYn (1999)

ivc hrnwm dws sihrweI dy nwvlW dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn nwmI ivSy qy

lyK pyS kIqw hY[ies lyK rwhIN lyKk ny nwvlkwr dy iqMn nwvlW ‘glI muh`ly dy

lok’, ‘qyqIvW dMd’ Aqy ‘iqRSMkU’ nMU Awpxy AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[

lyKk ny ienHW nvlW dy vsqUgq AiDAYn rwhIN pUMjIvwdI dOr ivc smwijk

kdrW-kImqW dy pRBwivq hox nMU drswieAw hY[ lyKk Anuswr:

siBAwcwrk Kyqr ivc swfw smwj siBAwcwrk rUupWqrn dy dOr ivcoN

lMG irhw hY[ ieh rUpWqrn Aqy ies rUpWqrn dy PlsrUp ivkisq

hoeI mwniskqw’coN aupijAw sMkt sihrweI dy nwvlW dI pRmu`K sur hY[12

ies pRkwr auprokq vrnx qoN swihq dy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn nwl

sbMiDq pusqkW ivc Cpy lyKW qoN ies ivDI dy ivdvwnW duAwrw swihq AiDAYn

ivc rucI dw pqw lgdw hY[ auprokq pusqkW ivcoN Cpy lyKW qoN iek g`l jo

aGV ky swfy swhmxy AwauNdI hY auh ieh hY ik kuJ lyK ies AiDAYn ivDI dy

isDWqk p`KW dI crcw krdy hn Aqy kuJ nMU ivdvwnW duAwrw swihq dy v`K-v`K

rUpW qy ivhwrk rUp ivc lwgU krky AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[

smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn nwl sbMiDq pusqkW

blivMdr kOr ny smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI nMU AwDwr bxw ky pMjwbI

nwvl dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn (2004) pusqk rcI[ ies pusqk dw pihlw

AYfISn ijsdw nW pMjwbI nwvl ivc iesqrI-purS sbMD sI[ies pusqk dy

cwr AiDAwie hn ijnHW ivcoN pihlw, iesqrI-purS sbMDW dw mUl AwDwr

ivAwh, dUjw, mu`Fly pMjwbI nwvl ivc iesqrI purS sbMDW dI siQqI, qIjw,

nwnk isMG dy nwvlW ivc iesqrI purS sbMD, cOQw Aqy AMiqm, suqMqrqw qoN

bwAd dy pMjwbI nwvl ivc iesqrI purS sbMD[lyiKkw ny nwnk isMG dy nwvlW

qoN ielwvw jsvMq isMG kMvl, sMq isMG syKoN, suirMdr isMG nrUlw, dlIp kOr

56

itvwxw, sohx isMG sIql, rwm srUp AxKI, ieMdr isMG KwmoS, krmjIq isMG

ku`sw Aqy guridAwl isMG dy nwvlW ivc vI iesqrI-purS sbMDW nMU lY ky aunHW

dI XQwrQkqw nMU auGwVn dw Xqn kIqw hY[ lyyyiKkw dw nwvlW ivc iesqrI-

purS sbMDW bwry ivcwr hY:

nwvl dw qwxw pytw ikauNik smwijk jitlqw nwl juiVAw irhw hY ies

leI ies ivc pRq`K jW ApRq`K FMg nwl iesqrI-purS sbMDW dI crcw

huMdI rhI hY[ieh sbMD pRym dy rUp ivc, ijnsI Bu`K dy rUp ivc jW

smwijk mu`lW dy rUp ivc swhmxy AwauNdy rhy[13

Sihnwz is`DU ny Awpxw pI-AY~c.fI dw Koj kwrj guridAwl isMG dI

nwvl rcnw dy smwj SwsqrI srokwr pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH qoN 2003 ivc

kIqw Aqy bwAd ivc iesnMM U guridAwl isMG dI nwvl rcnw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn pusqk rUp ivc pRkwiSq krvw id`qw[ lyiKkw ny ies pusqk dy pMj

AiDAwie bxwey hn ienHW ivcoN pihlw AiDAwie, swihq dw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn isDWqk pirpyK, dUjw, guridAwl isMG dI nwvl rcnw ivc

siBAwcwrk icqrx, qIjw, guridAwl isMG dI nwvl rcnw ivc ArQ ivvsQw

dI pySkwrI, cOQw, guridAwl isMG dy nwvlW ivc Dwrimk Aqy rwjsI ivvsQw,

pMjvW, smu`cI nwvl rcnw dy smwj SwsqrI srokwr[ lyiKkw ny guridAwl isMG

dy nwvlW dw Aijhw gihr gMBIr AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY ik ausdy nwvlW ivclI

XQwrQkqw dI pySkwrI kIqI hY[ies sbMDI ausdw ivcwr hY:

aus dIAW rcnwvW dI vsqU hI AijhI hY ik iehnW ivcly smwijk,

rwjnIiqk, AwriQk, siBAwcrk p`KW v`l suBwivk hI iDAwn cilAw

jWdw hY[ iehnW sBnw p`KW dy AiDAYn leI smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn

ivDI nwloN Fu`kvIN hor koeI ivDI nhIN ho skdI sI[14

ies AiDAYn ivDI rwhIN nwvlW dy AiDAYn qoN sp`St huMdw hY ik

lyKk dIAW rcnwvW vI ausdy AnuBv dw is`tw hn ausdy j`dI kMm dw pRBwv

ausdy smu`cy nwvlW ivc Jlkdw hY[ nwvlW dI XQwrQk rUp ivc pySkwrI iesnMU

57

mwrksvwdI ivcwrDwrw dI DwrnI vI bxwauNdI hY[ ies ivc guridAwl isMG dy

nwvlW ivclI AwriQkqw, siBAwcwrk ivvsQw, Dwrimk Aqy rwjsI ivvsQw

rwhIN nwvlW ivc pyS hoeI smwijkqw nMU spSt rUp ivc pyS kIqw igAw hY[

fw. surjIq brwV ny pMjwbI nwvl:smwj SwsqrI pirpyK (2005)

nwmI pusqk ivc aunIN nwvlW dw smwj SwsqrI p`K qoN AiDAYn pyS kIqw

hY[lyKk ny ienHW nwvlW ivc siBAwcwrk kdrW-kImqW, ikswnI sMkt, jmwqI

ivSlySx, jitl Aqy ivgiTq irSiqAW sbMDI ieiqhws, imiQhws, izMdgI Aqy

sMGrS Awid v`K-v`K p`KW nMU AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[ lyKk ny iehnW

nwvlW dy AiDAYn rwhIN smkwlI XQwrQ nMU rUpmwn krn vwly p`KW dw AiDAYn

pyS kIqw hY[ lyKk ny nwvlW ivc pyS hoeIAW smwijk, siBAwcwrk, rwjnIiqk

Dwrimk Aqy AwriQk pRsiQqIAW dI pySkwrI qy vDyry iDAwn kyNdirq kIqw hY[

blivMdr isMG ny Awpxw pI-AY~c.fI dw Koj kwrj pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI

kivqw dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH qoN 2003 ivc

sMpUrn kIqw Aqy mgroN iesnMU pusqk rUp ivc Cpvw id`qw[ ies ivc lyKk ny

pRgqIvwdI dOr dI pMjwbI kivqw dw smwj SwsqrI p`K qoN Awlocnwqmk

AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY[pRgqIvwd ikauNik mwrksvwd au~qy AwDwrq hY ies leI

mwrksvwdI idRStIkox qoN pMjwbI kivqw ivc pyS hoey smwijk, Dwrimk,

rwjnIiqk, AwriQk Aqy siBAwcwrk p`KW nMU vDyry auGwiVAw igAw hY[

fw. hribMdr kOr ny au`qrI AmrIkw dw smwj SwsqrI pirpyK pusqk

rwhIN auqrI AmrIkw ivc ricq swihq nMU AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY

[lyKkw ny ies pusqk ivc swihq dy swry rUpW kivqw, nwvl, nwtk, khwxI,

vrqk Awid sbMDI vK-v`K lyKkW nMU Awpxy AiDAYn rwhIN rUpmwn kIqw hY[

lyiKkw ny pirvriqq ho rhy smwj ivc ivSvIkrn dy dOr ivc jo sm`isAwvW

nvyN rUp ivc pyS ho rhIAW hn aunHW dI swihq ivc XQwrQk rUp ivc hoeI

pySkwrI nMU Awpxy AiDAYn dw kyNdribMdU bxwieAw hY[ lyKkw ny AmrIkw Aqy

58

knyfw ivcly prvwsI pMjwbIAW dy jIvn smwcwrW dI swihq ivc pySkwrI nMU

AiDAYn dI vsqU bxwieAw hY[

sYmInwrW ivc pVyH pypr

auprokq Koj pusqkW Aqy lyKW qoN ibnW smwj Swsqr sbMDI 4-5

nvMbr 1993 nMU pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw v`loN krvwey sYmInwr ivc v`K-

v`K ivdvwnW ny v`K-v`K swihq rUpW qy Koj pypr vI pRsquq kIqy ijnHW dw vyrvw

hyT ilKy Anuswr hY:

1. siqMdr isMG ny AwDuink pMjwbI kwiv: smwj SwsqrI sUJ mwfl

2. sqIS kumwr vrmw ny pMjwbI nwtk dw smwj SwsqrI pirpyK

3. siqMdr isMG nUr ny kivqw dw smwj Swsqr

4. surjIq isMG B`tI ny pMjwbI Awlocnw dw smwj Swsqr: ivDIgq

sm`isAwvW

5. hirBjn isMG BwtIAw ny pMjwbI Awlocnw dw smwj Swsqr

6. kuldIp isMG DIr n y swihq dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn

7. gurcrn isMG ArSI ny swihq dw smwj Swsqr ivDImUlk pirpyK

8. gurqrn isMG ny AwDuink pMjwbI kivqw dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn

9. gurdyv isMG ny klwm bu`ly Swh dw smwj Swsqr

10. cmn lwl ny swihiqk rcnw dy suhj suAwd dw smwj Swsqr

11. jgbIr isMG ny bIr kwiv dw smwj Swsqr

12. joigMdr isMG rwhIN ny pMjwbI nwvl au~qy iek smwj SwsqrI Jwq

13. tI.Awr. ivnod ny nvyN pMjwbI nwvl dw smwj Swsqr

14. qrlok isMG kMvr ny gurbwxI dw smwj Swsqr

15. dyivMdr isMG(jMmU) ny pMjwbI sU&I kwiv dw smwj Swsqr

16. mnjIq pwl kOr ny pMjwbI nwtk dw smwj Swsqr

17. rijMdrpwl isMG ny pMjwbI vwrqk dw smwj Swsqr:kuJ nukqy[

59

ies qoN ielwvw pI- AY~c. fI p`Dr qy vI v`K-v`K KojwrQIAW ny smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI nMU lY ky mh`qvpUrn Koj kwrj kIqw hY ijs ivc nwvl,

nwtk, khwxI Aqy lok swihq qy vDyry Koj kwrj hoieAw hY[

AY~m.i&l Aqy pI-AY~c.fI dw Koj kwrj

sB qoN pihlW pI-AY~c.fI dw Koj kwrj pMjwbI lok gIqW dw smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn (Sociological Study Of Follk Songs) jo ik surjIq kOr ny

kurUkSyqr XUnIvristI qoN 1989 ivc kIqw[ies ivc lok swihq Aqy smwj

Swsqr dw AMqr sbMD, lokgIqW ivc pirvwirk irSqy, smUihk mwniskqw Aqy

lok-ivSvws sbMDI crcw kIqI geI hY[

kulivMdr kOr ny nwnk isMG dy nwvlW dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivSy

qy kurUkSyqr XUnIvristI qoN dsMbr 2002 ivc Awpxw pI-AY~c.fI dw Koj-

kwrj kIqw[ ies KojwrQx ny nwnk isMG dy s`q nwvlW nMU AiDAYn dw AwDwr

bxwieAw hY[ ie`Qy iek hor g`l izkrXog hY ik ies ivSy dw duhrwA kIqw

igAw hY ikauNik hrcrn isMG ny nwnk isMG dy nwvlW dw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn ivSy qy pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH qoN 1991 ivc Awpxw pI-AY~c.fI

dw Koj kwrj kIqw sI ijs ivc KojwrQI ny nwnk isMG dI SKsIAq dw ausdy

nwvlW qy pRBwv rwhIN Aqy nwvlW ivc pyS hoey smwj suDwrk idRStIkox nMU

auGwiVAw hY[ies Koj pRbMD dy Cy AiDAwie hn[ ijnHW ivc pihlw, swihq,

smwj Aqy smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn, dUjw, nwnk isMG: jIvn, ivAkqIqv Aqy

rcnw idRStI, qIjw, nwnk isMG: smkwlIn pRsiQqIAW, cOQw, nwnk isMG dy

nwvl: smwj ivvsQw, pMjvW, nwnk isMG dy nwvl: ArQ ivvsQw dw srUp,

Dwrimk sMprdwiek p`K dw icqrx Awid hn[ KojwrQI ny nwnk isMG dy smu`cy

nwvlW nMU AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[

virAwm isMG sMDU ny smwj SwsqrIX idRStI qoN sohx isMG sIql dI

nwvl rcnw dw AiDAYn ivSy qy pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH qoN 1994 ivc pI-

AY~c.fI dw Koj kwrj kIqw qy 2010 ivc iesnMU nwvlkwr sohx isMG sIql

60

smwj SwsqrI pirpyK dy nW hyT pusqk rUp ivc Cpvw id`qw[ ijsdy s`q

AiDAwie hn ijnHW ivcoN pihlw, smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn: isDWqk pirpyK,

dUjw, sIql dI nwvl rcnw ivc smwj siBAwcwr dIAW prqW 1, qIjw, sIql

dI nwvl rcnw ivc smwj siBAwcwr dIAW prqW 2, cOQw, sIql dI nwvl

rcnw ivc ArQ ivvsQw dw cirqr, pMjvW, sIql dI nwvl rcnw ivc Drm

Aqy Dwrimk ivhwr dw s`c, CyvW, sIql dI nwvl rcnW ivc rwjnIqI Aqy

rwjsI AMdoln dw icqrn, s`qvW sohx isMG sIql Aqy ausdI rcnw dy smwj

SwsqrI pRsMg, AMiqkw ivc sohx isMG sIql dw jIvn ibaUrw pyS kIqw hY[

suBwS cMdr ny Sociology Of Punjabi Novel (1950-1970) ivSy qy

pMjwb XUnIvristI cMfIgVH qoN 1992 qoN Awpxw pI-A`Yc.fI dw Koj kwrj kIqw[

ieh Koj pRbMD AMgryzI mwiDAm ivc iliKAw hoieAw hY iesdy KojwrQI ny pMj

AiDAwie bxwey hn[ ies Koj-pRbMD ivc KojwrQI ny swihq dw smwj Swsqr,

nwvl dw AwrMB qy ivkws, lyKk dw smwj Swsqr Aqy pMjwbI nwvlkwrW dw

smwj Swsqr, pwTk dw smwj Swsqr, nwvlW ivc pyS hoeI pMjwb dI smwijk

ieiqhwisk siQqI ijnHW ivcoN BweI vIr isMG dy nwvl ‘bwbw nOD isMG’, nwnk

isMG dw ‘grIb dI dunIAW’, sMq isMG syKoN dw ‘lhU im`tI’, suirMdr isMG nrUlw

dw ‘nIlI bwr’, jsvMq isMG kMvl dw ‘rUpDwrw’, nirMdrpwl isMG dw ‘twpU’,

sohx isMG sIql dw ‘jug bdl igAw’, suKbIr dw nwvl ‘sVkW qy kmry’,

mohn kwhloN dw nwvl ‘byVI qy bryqw’, Awid dw smwj SwsqrI p`K qoN AiDAYn

pyS kIqw hY[ KojwrQI ny ienHW nwvlW dy AiDAYn rwhIN nwvlkwrW dI kRWqIkwrI

cyqnw dI Jlk dI pySkwrI kIqI hY[

dlbIr isMG ny hrI isMG idlbr dIAW khwxIAW dw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn ivSy qy pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH qoN 2001 ivc Awpxw pI-AY~c.fI

dw Koj kwrj kIqw[ies Koj kwrj rwhIN KojwrQI ny swihq Aqy smwj dw sbMD,

swihq dy smwj Swsqr dw ipCokV Aqy iesdI phuMc ivDI, hrI isMG idlbr

dIAW khwxIAW dy smwijk siBAwcwrk sMdrB ivc pyNfU jIvn dy buinAwdI

61

srokwr, pyNfU smwj dI vrg vMf, pyNfU smwijk sMrcnw dw mu`l ivDwn, hrI isMG

idlbr dIAW khwxIAW dy AwriQk srokwrW ivc zmIny Aqy byzmIny lokW dI

dSw Aqy idSw, pyNfU AwriQk sm`isAwvW dw sbMiDq smwijk siBAwcwrk pRbMD

au`qy pRBwv, inmn ikswnI Aqy ikrqI vrg dIAW mUl sm`isAwvW dI pySkwrI,

lyKk dy jIvn Aqy ausdy idRStIkox sbMDI crcw kIqI geI hY[KojwrQI ny hrI

isMG idlbr dIAW khwxIAW ivcly XQwrQ nMU auGwVn dw Xqn kIqw hY[

ivSvIkrn krky Awey bdlwv nMU vI bw^UbI pihcwixAW hY[

jugnMU ny Ajmyr AOlK dy nwtkW dw smwj Swsqr ivSy qy pMjwbI

XUnIvristI, pitAwlw qoN 2001 ivc Awpxw pI-AY~c.fI dw Koj kwrj kIqw[

ies Koj kwrj rwhIN swihq dy smwj Swsqr dI AiDAYn pRikrqI, swihq Aqy

smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn, swihq dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn Aqy swihq dw smwj

Swsqr ivc AMqr, pRXojn Aqy pRikirAw, ieiqhwisk pirpyK, nwtk dy smwj

Swsqr leI swihiqk rUp dw mh`qv, nwtk ivc BwSw, nwtkkwr, inrdySk,

AdwkwrW, rMgkrmIAW dI BUimkw, drSkW Aqy pwTkW dw rol Aqy nwtk dy

smwj SwsqrI srokwrW bwry crcw kIqI geI hY[KojwrQI ny nwtkkwr Ajmyr

AOlK dy nwtkW qy nkslvwVI lihr dy pRq`K pRBwv nMU vI auGwiVAw hY[

hrmihMdr kOr ny rwm srUp AxKI ny nwvlW dw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn ivSy qy pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw qoN 2006 ivc Awpxw pI-AY~c.fI

dw Koj kwrj kIqw[ ies Koj pRbMD dy KojwrQx ny cwr AiDAwie bxwey hn

ijnHW ivcoN pihlw, smwj Swsqr, dUjw, swihq Aqy smwj Swsqr, qIjw, rwm

srUp AxKI: jIvn qy rcnw, cOQw, rwm srUp AxKI dy nwvlW dw smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn hY[ KojwrQx ny pihly AiDAwie ivc smwj Swsqr dIAW

v`K-v`K ivDIAW ieiqhwsk, kys AiDAYn, PrstyAn, sMrcnwqimk,

kwrjwqimk, sMGrS ivDI dI vrqoN kIqI geI hY[ rwm srUp AxKI dy smu`cy

nwvlW ivc ikswnI nwl sbMiDq KyqI AwriQkqw nMU AwDwr bxw ky smu`cy pRbMD

dI pySkwrI hoeI imldI hY[ ies Koj-pRbMD nUM pVHn mgroN jwpdw hY ik KojwrQx

62

nMU Koj ivDI Aqy swihq dI smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI dI isDWqk rUp ivc

smJ dI Gwt sI ijs krky Koj pRbMD ivc hvwly Aqy it`pxIAW sbMDI AnykW

auUxqweIAW pweIAW geIAW hn jo aus duAwrw kIqy gey Koj kwrj nMU Gtw ky

vyKx leI mjbUr krdIAW hn Aqy KtkdIAW hn[

rwxI ny Awpxw pI-AY~c. fI. dw Koj kwrj ivAwh nwl sMbMiDq lok-

kwiv rUpW dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivSy qy gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI,

AMimRqsr qoN 2003 ivc kIqw[ ies ivc ivAwh dy mOky gwey jWdy lok-kwiv rUp

suhwg, GoVIAW Aqy is`TxIAW nUM lY ky lok swihq nwl smwj Swsqr dy AMqr

sbMDW rwhIN ienHW dw AiDAYn G`t hY Aqy mUl pwT vDyry hY[

ienHW Koj-pRbMDW qoN ielwvw kuJ Koj-pRbMD Aijhy vI hn jo pRwpq nw

hox kwrn isr& vyrvy q`k hI sImq kIqy gey hn[ nirMdr isMG ny pMjwbI nwvl

dw smwj ivigAwn (1900-1960) kurUkSyqr XUnIvristI, kurUkSyqr, 1987,

gurqrn isMG ny pMjwbI kwiv (1981-90) kwiv SwsqrI Aqy smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr,1999, cMdr mohn dw suKbIr dy

nwvlW dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH, 1996,

gurdrpwl isMG smwj SwsqrI idRStI qoN sujwn isMG dy kQw swihq dw AiDAYn

pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH, 1993 Awid hn[

AY~m.ey Aqy AY~m. i&l p`Dr qy vI v`K-v`K KojwrQIAW ny smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI nMU lY ky mh`qvpUrn Koj kwrj kIqw hY[

prIq kMvldIp kOr ny gurmyl mfwhV dIAW khwxIAW dw smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn ivSy qy pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw qoN 1993-94 ivc AY~m.

ey dw Koj inbMD pyS kIqw[ies Koj inbMD dy KojwrQx ny iqMn AiDAwie bxwey

hn[ pihlw AiDAwie, mnuK, smwj Aqy smwj Swsqr, dUjw, swihq Aqy

smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI, qIjw, gurmyl mfwhV dIAW khwxIAW dw smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn Awid[KojwrQx ny gurmyl mfwhV dIAW khwxIAW ivc pyS

smkwlIn smwijk XQwrQ nMU auGwiVAw hY[ ies ivc AxgOly AwdmI, jwgdy

63

lok, k`cy koiTAW dy vwsI, jMg jwrI hY , lhU luhwx, AsIN hwry nhIN, kIVIAW,

swijSI hvw Aqy mhWblI Awid khwxI sMgRih ivclIAW khwxIAW dw AiDAYn

kIqw igAw hY[ KojwrQx ny khwxIAW ivc pyS siBAwcwrk irSiqAW ivclI

tu`t-B`j, AwriQk nw brwbrI, smwijk kImqW, Dwrimk mUlvwd, iPrkwpRsqI,

iBRSt rwjsI Aqy pRSwsink pRbMD ivclw bhu prqI iBRStwcwr Awid p`KW nMU

auGVvyN rUp ivc pyS kIqw hY[

gurijMdr kOr ny iesqrI lyiKkwvW dIAW svY-jIvnIAW dw smwj

SwsqrI AiDAYn ivSy qy pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw qoN 1993-94 ivc AY~m.

i&l dw Koj kwrj kIqw[ ies Koj inbMD dy KojwrQx ny cwr AiDAwie bxwey

hn ijnHW ivcoN pihlw AiDAwie ‘swihq dw smwj SwstrI AiDAYn, dUjw, AOrq

ricq svY-jIvnIAW ivc pRsquq smwj dw icqr Aqy ausdw AiDAYn, qIjw,

AOrq ricq svY-jIvnIAW ivc jwq Aqy jmwq dy AwDwr qy pyS smwijk

drjwbMdI, cOQw, svY-jIvnI lyiKkwvW dw smwj ivc sQwn Aqy m`hqv Awid[

KojwrQx ny ies Koj inbMD ivc pMjwbI dIAW isrmOr lyiKkwvW dIAW svY-

jIvnIAW nMU Awpxy AiDAYn dw kyNdr ibMdU bxwieAw hY ijnHW ivc AMimRqw pRIqm

dI ‘rsIdI itkt’, dlIp kOr itvwxw dI ‘nMgy pYrW dw sPr’, AjIq kOr dI

‘KwnwbdoS’, bicMq kOr dI ‘pgfMfIAW’, pRBjoq kOr dI ‘myrI swihiqk svY-

jIvnI’, Aqy kYlwSpurI dI ‘ swihiqk svY-jIvnI Awid Swiml hn [

rwxI ny suhwg lok-kwiv rUp dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivSy qy

Awpxw AY~m. i&l dw Koj kwrj gurUu nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr qoN jUn

1990 ivc fw. gurmIq isMG dI ingrwnI hyT kIqw[ ies Koj-inbMD dy 121 pMny

hn[ ies ivc KojwrQx ny lok swihq dy m`hqvpUrn rUp suhwg jo ik ivAwh

nwl sbMiDq lok-kwiv rUp hY dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI nMU AwDwr bxw ky

AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY[

rmndIp isMG ny pMjwbI AKwxW dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivSy qy

gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr qo 2002-03 ivc fw. gurmIq isMG dI

64

ingrwnI ADIn Awpxw AY~m. i&l. dw Koj-inbMD pRsquq kIqw[lok swihq dy

swry rUpW dw smwj nwl vDyry sbMD irhw hY jW ieM\ vI ikhw jw skdw hY ik

ieh smUh mwniskqw dI isrjxw rhy hn iesy krky v`K-v`K KojwrQI lok-

swihq dy ienHW v`K-vK rUpW dw smwj swsqrI AiDAYn ivDI rwhIN AiDAYn

krn v`l vDyry ruicq hn[

rMjnw ny Ajmyr AOlK dy doxvyN iekWgIAW dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn

ivSy qy gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr qoN 1998-99 ivc fw. gurmIq

isMG dI ingrwnI ivc Awpxw AY~m. i&l dw KojwrQx ny smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn

ivDI rwhIN Ajmyr AOlK dy iekWgIAW ivc pyS hoey XQwrQkqw nUM rUpmwn kIqw

hY[

nIlm Srmw ny rwm srUp AxKI dIAW khwxIAW dw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn ivSy qy kurUkSyqr XUnIvristI, kurUkSyqr qoN 1989 ivc Awpxw AY~m.

i&l dw Koj kwrj kIqw[

SIlw dyvI ny prsw nwvl dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivSy qy

kurUkSyqr qoN 1998 ivc Awpxw AY~m. i&l dw Koj kwrj kIqw[ ijs ivc

pMjwbI dy isrmOr nwvl prsw nMU smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn ivDI rwhIN AiDAYn dw

AwDwr bxwieAw igAw hY[

jsvMq kOr ny guridAwl isMG dy nwvlW dw smwj ivigAwn

(prsw/AD cwnxI rwq dy sMdrB ivc) kurUkSyqr XUnIvristI, kurUkSyqr qoN

1997-98 ivc Awpxw AY~m. i&l dw Koj kwrj kIqw[

nvnIq kOr ny jsvMq isMG kMvl dy nwvlW dw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn, kurUkSyqr XUnIvristI, kurUkSyqr qoN 1998-99 ivc Awpxw AY~m.

i&l dw Koj kwrj kIqw[

bnwrsI dws ny gurU rivdws bwxI dw smwj SwsqrI pirpyK: eyk

AiDAYn ivSy qy kurUkSyqr XUnIvristI qoN 2003-04 ivc Awpxw AY~m. i&l dw

Koj kwrj kIqw[

65

AY~m. i&l dy kuJ Koj-inbMD pRwpq nw ho skx kwrn aunHW dy isr& nW

hI id`qy jw rhy hn pr keI Koj inbMDW dy iviSAW ivc duhrwA qoN iesnMU vDyry

pRmwixk Aqy imAwrI Koj nhIN ikhw jw skdw[ijvyN auprokq ivc SIlw dyvI dw

prsw nwvl dI smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn Aqy jsvMq kOr dw guridAwl isMG dw

nwvlW dI smwj SwsqrI ivigAwn (prsw/ A`D cwnxI rwq dy sMdrq ivc)

Awid jdik prsw: smwj-SwsqrI pirpyK sbMDI fw. joigMdr isMG rwhI dw lyK

jo 1993 dy sYmInwr ivc pypr rwhI piVHAw jw cu`kw sI ienHW qoN pihlW Cp vI

cu`ikAw sI[ v`K-v`K KojwrQIAW ny AY~m. i&l Aqy pI. AY~c. fI dw jo Koj kwrj

kIqw hY ijsdw aupr srvyKx qy mulWkx kIqw igAw hY[ aus qoN ies is`ty qy

phuMicAw jw skdw hY ik keI QWvW qy KojwrQIAW nUM smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn

ivDI dI isDWqk rUp ivc pUrI jwxkwrI nw hox krky auh iesnMU cMgI qrHW

pirBwiSq krn qoN AsmrQ rhy hn[ keI Koj-inbMDW Aqy Koj-pRbMDW nUM pVHn

qoN pqw lgdw hY ik auh isr& smwj Swsqr nUM hI pirBwiSq krdy hn ausnMU

swihq nwl joV ky iek AiDAYn ivDI vjoN ausdy kwrj Kyqr v`l iDAwn kyNdirq

nhIN krdy[ auh byloVy ivsQwr ivc jw ky ivSy qoN dUr cly jWdy lgdy hn[ ijs

krky keI QWvW qy spStqw dI Gwt nzr AwauNdI hY[

(A) pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI pRwpq Koj kwrj: srvyKx qy

mulWkx

p`CmI pMjwb Bwv pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq ny bIqy kuJ smyN dOrwn hI

Awpxw ivl`Kx swihiqk muhWdrw sQwipq kIqw hY[ 1947 dI Bwrq pwik vMf dy

nwl hI swihq dI vI vMf hoeI[ ij`Qy pUrbI pMjwb ivc pMjwbI swihq igxnwqmk

p`KoN v`fI igxqI ivc pRwpq huMdw hY au~Qy dUjy pwsy p`CmI pMjwb ivc pMjwbI

swihq nwl sbMiDq pusqkW auNglW au~pr hI igxIAW jw skdIAW hn[

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq ilpI Aqy hoornW vsIilAW dIAW sImWvW dy bwvjUd vI

pusqkW, rswilAW, A^bwrW Aqy ieMtrnY~t vrgy AwDuink mwiDAmW duAwrw pUrI

s&lqw sihq pwTkW q`k phuMc irhw hY[ p`CmI pMjwbI swihq pRqI pUrbI pMjwb

66

dy pwTkW, bu`DIjIvIAW, dwinSvrW Aqy ^ws krky pMjwbI swihq nwl juVy

KojwrQIAW ivc iek ivSyS rucI pRbl hoeI hY[ auh pwiksqwn ivc rcy jw rhy

pMjwbI swihq nUM jwnx, smJx Aqy pwTkW swhmxy idRStIgocr krn leI hr

sMBv Xqn rwhIN idlcspI lY rhy hn[ hryk ikrq BwvyN auh swihiqk hovy,

smwijk jW siBAwcwrk, aus dIAW AwpxIAW ivSySqwvW huMdIAW hn, ijnHW dy

AwDwr qy ayuh dUjIAW swihiqk ikrqW nwloN ivl~Kx hoNd dI DwrnI huuMdI hY[

ieslwmI ivcwrDwrw dy pRBwv ADIn pnpy pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq ny pMjwbI

dI sU&I-kwiv prMprw Aqy ik`sw-kwiv prMprw nUM Awpxy ipCokV Aqy pirpyK vjoN

gRihx kIqw hY Aqy ihMdU is`K prMprwvW nwloN Awpxy Awp nUM pUrn rUp ivc inKyV

ilAw hY pr ies sB dy bwvjUd vI pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq Aqy BwrqI pMjwbI

swihq ivc sWJw sUqr pMjwbI siBAwcwr hY[ ies bwry jiqMdrpwl isMG dw

ivcwr hY:

BwrqI pMjwb dy BweIcwry nwloN tu`t ky vI pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq pMjwbI

BwSw/siBAwcwr rwhIN pMjwbI jn-jIvn/cir`qr dy iviBMn pswrW Aqy

AnuBvW nUM mUrqImwn krdw irhw hY[ sWJy pMjwb dy bhu-DrmI Aqy bhu-

sWsikRiqk ivrsy/vrqwry nwloN tu`t ky kyvl ieslwm nwl juV jwx dy

bwvjUd lokXwink p`Dr au~qy sWJ kwiem rhI[15

pUrbI pMjwb vWg hI p`CmI pMjwb ivc vI isrjx pRikirAw dw Aml

inrMqr jwrI hY[ pUrbI pMjwb ivc rcy jw rhy pMjwbI swihq dI pRwpqI ieh hY

ik ieh sdw smyN dw hwxI ho ky quridAW lokW dy smwijk Aqy siBAwcwrk

jIvn dw icqrn krdw hoieAw swmrwjI Aqy AsiqqvI ivsMgqIAW nUM pyS krky

mwnvvwdI smwj dI sQwpqI dw rwh p`Drw krn leI j`do-jihd krdw pRqIq

huMdw hY[ pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dw AwrMB dyS vMf dy nwl hox krky duKWq

kwrn pYdw hoeIAW byqrqIbIAW, vlUMDrI hoeI mwniskqw Aqy dby hoey jzbwqW

dw izkr pUrbI pMjwb dI qrWH hI p`CmI pMjwb dy swihq AMdr vI pyS qW hoieAw

67

hY pr aus qrWH nhIN ijvyN pUrbI pMjwb dy swihq ivc pyS hoieAw hY[

ivkoilqrIAW rcnwvW ivc hI iesdw izkr imldw hY[

pUrbI pMjwb dy mukwbly p`CmI pMjwb ivc pMjwbI swihq qy hoieAw Koj

kwrj smuMdr ivcoN GVw Brn dy qul hY pr hux ivSvIkrn Aqy qknIkI swDnw

dI vDdI dOV ny ies ivc qyzI lY AWdI hY[ swfw srokwr nwvl dI isn& nwl

hox krky AsIN pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI hoey Koj kwrj nUM AiDAYn dw

AwDwr bxwieAw hY[ pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl AwDuink mnuK dy AsiqqvI

sMkt nUM pRqIkwqmk ivDI rwhIN pyS krdw hY[

1947 dI Bwrq-pwik vMf qoN mgroN dohW dySW ivckwr rwjnIiqk

qxwE dy kwrn AwpsI Awdwn-pRdwn vI pUrI qrWH nhIN ho irhw[ vMf mgroN

BUgoilk h`dbMdI dy nwl-nwl swihiqk siBAwcwrk h`dbMdI vI ho geI pr

vrqmwn smyN ivc kuJ Aijhy sUJvwn icMqk ienHW dohW rihqlW qy sucyq rUp ivc

ivcr rhy hn jo iek dUjy dy pMjwbI swihq nUM ilpIAWqr krky Awm pwTkW q`k

phuMcwaux leI isrqoV Xqn kr rhy hn Aqy ies Xqn sdkw iek dUjy dy

swihiqk siBAwcwrk Aml nUM pwTkW dy idRStIgocr kIqw jw irhw hY[ hQly

AiDAwie ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI hoey Koj kwrj dw srvyKx qy

mulWkx pyS kIqw jwvygw[

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq nwl sbMiDq pusqkW

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq sbMDI sB qoN pihlI pusqk fw. gurdyv isMG

dI pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq iek pircY (1977) imldI hyY[ ies pusqk ivc

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dy kivqw, nwvl, nwtk Aqy vwrqk Awid swry rUpW

bwry sMKyp jwxkwrI pyS kIqI geI hY[ ies ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dy

sbMD ivc isr& cwr nwvlW ijs ivc &^r zmwn dy nwvl ‘s`q gvwcy lok’

A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy ‘dIvw qy dirAw’ slIm ^W ig`mI dy ‘sWJ’ Aqy muhMmd

bwkr dy nwvl ‘h`T’ bwry sMKyp rUp ivc ivSwgq AiDAYn pyS kIqw igAw hY[

68

fw. gurcrn isMG mihqw dI pusqk pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq (iek

pircX-iek jwiezw) (1996) ivc lyKk ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dy swry

rUpW kivqw, nwtk, khwxI, vwrqk, nwvl, Koj Aqy Awlocnw sbMDI in`T ky

crcw kIqI hY[ies pusqk dw pMjvW lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl’ bwry hY[

ies ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlkwrW dy nwvlW dy ivSy vsqU dw AiDAYn

pRsquq kIqw igAw hY[ ienHW nwvlW dw mzmUn pMjwb dI vMf, ihjrq, &swd,

jwgIrdwrI muAwSrw, AwpsI vYr-ivroD, BweIcwrk sWJ, ipAwr, pyNfU rihql,

AOrq dI siQqI, smwj-siBAwcwr, Dwrimk, AwriQk, rwjsI Aqy AwDuink

sMvydnw Awid dI pRsquqI hoeI hY[

fw. hrbMs isMG DImwn dI pusqk pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq-inkws qy

ivkws (1998) ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI dy swry swihq rUpW ijnHW ivc kivqw,

nwtk, khwxI, nwvl Awid Swml hn bwry crcw kIqI geI hY[ iesdw cOQw

AiDAwie jo pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl bwry hY ivc pwiksqwnI muAwSry bwry

crcw qoN mgroN qIh pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW dIAW khwxIAW id`qIAW geIAW

hn[ nwvlW dy iviSAW bwry lyKk ny sMKyp jwxkwrI pyS kIqI hY:

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl jgq ivc iksy qrHW dI swihiqk prMprw

dI sQwpqI nhIN ho skI jo lihr dw rUp Dwr skx dI smr`Qw

r`KdI hovy[ v`K-v`K idRStIkoxW Anuswr rumWitk, XQwrQk,

smwijk Aqy Dwrimk prMprw Anuswr jo nwvl swfy idRStIgocr

hoey hn[ auh swry Awpo-AwpxIAW pRqIkwqmk rUp SYlIAW rwhIN

ilKy gey hn[16

prmjIq isMG imSw dI pusqk &^r zmwn: guAwicAw mnuK (1999)

ivc &^r zmwn dy cwr nwvlW ‘s`q gvwcy lok’, ‘iek mry bMdy dI khwxI’,

‘bMdIvwn’, ‘byvqnw’ nUM AiDAYn dw AwDwr bxwieAw igAw hY[ Asl ivc ieh

lyKk dw AY~m.i&l dw Koj-inbMD sI ijsnUM mgroN ausny pusqk rUp ivc pRkwiSq

krvw id`qw[ lyKk ny &^r zmwn dy ienHW nwvlW dy ivSy vsqU dw AiDAYn krdy

69

hoey aus dy nwvlW dy pRqIk ivDwn au~pr in~T ky crcw kIqI hY[ pRqIkwqmk

SYlI &^r zmwn dy nwvlW dI Kws pihcwx hY[ lyKk Anuswr:

&^r zmwn pwiksqwnI pMjwbI Adb dy Aijhy nwvlkwr v`joN sQwipq

hoieAw pRiqBwvwn swihqkwr hY ijs ny Awpxy Awly duAwly dI Gutx nUM

pRqIkW dy hvwly nwl ibAwn kIqw hY[ pRqIk aus dIAW rcnwvW ivc ieMJ

hn ijvyN ijsm ivc KUn[17

ies pusqk ivc lyKk ny ies g`l qy vI zor id`qw hY ik &^r zmwn

dIAW rcnwvW ivcly pRqIk pRbMD nUM smJx leI rwjsI hwlwq dy nwl-nwl

smwj ivc Drm dy ikrdwr dI Snw^q krnI vI zrUrI hY[

jiqMdrpwl isMG dI pusqk pwiksqwnI pMjwbI glp (2001) ivc

lyKk ny glp swihq dy dovyN rUpW nwvl Aqy khwxI dw smwj-siBAwcwrk p`K

qoN AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY[ ies p`K qoN lyKk ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl nUM

smwj-siBAwcwrk pirpyK Aqy v`K-v`K pRivrqIAW dy AMqrgq smJx dw Xqn

krdy hoey nwvlW dy ivSy vsqU dw AiDAYn kIqw hY[ lyKk ny &^r zmwn dy

nwvl ‘s`q gvwcy lok’, ‘iek mry bMdy dI khwxI’, ‘bMdIvwn’, ‘byvqnw’,

musqnsr husYn qwrV dy nwvl ‘pKyrU’, Aihsn btwlvI dy nwvl ‘khwxI iek

ie`jV dI’, slIm ^W ig`mI dy nwvl ‘sWJ’ Aqy ‘r`q qy ryqw’, A&zl Aihsn

rMDwvw dy ‘dIvw qy dirAw’, ‘duAwbw’, rzIAw nUr muhMmd dw ‘bldy dIvy’,

kihkSW milk dw ‘ic`kV rMgI mUrqI’, sjwd hYdr dw ‘cyqr bwZ’ Awid

nwvlW nUM Awpxy AiDAYn dw kyNdr bxwieAw hY[ lyKk dw ivcwr hY:

smkwlI smwj siBAwcwr ivc vrqy jw rhy mwnv qy ausdy vrqy jwx qoN

ienkwrI hox dI jdo-jihd ivc KIx ho ky rih jwx dI pRivrqI rwhIN

auBrI invyklI pCwx ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI glp dI smwj siBAwcwrk

pRikirAw nUM gqISIlqw pRdwn kIqI hY[18

lyKk ny piksqwnI pMjwbI glp nUM AwdrSk, rumWitk, XQwrQk Aqy

pRXogSIl pRivrqIAW dy AMqrgq vMifAw hY[

70

fw. krnYl isMG iQMd dI pusqk pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dw sMKyp

jwiezw (2006) ivc lyKk ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq nwL sbMiDq kivqw,

gzl, nwvl, khwxI, nwtk, vwrqk, p`qrkwrI, BwSw Aqy swihq sbMDI Koj

Aqy Awlocnw, lok swihq sbMDI lyK Swiml kIqy hn ijnHW ivcoN iek cOQw lyK

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl bwry hY[ ies lyK rwhIN lyKk ny lgBg pMjwh dy krIb

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW dy ivSy vsqU dw AiDAYn bVy hI sMKyp rUp ivc pyS

kIqw hY jo ik sMKyp hox dy bwvjUd vI pwTkW leI lwBdwiek qy igAwnvrDk

hY[ ies lyK ivc lyKk ny nOvyN Aqy dsvyN dhwky dOrwn pRkwiSq hoeIAW mOilk

nwvl rcnwvW bwry crcw kIqI hY[ lyKk ny &^r zmwn, A&zl Aihsn

rMDwvw, slIm ^W igmI, musqn`sr husYn qwrV, &rzMd AlI, Aihmd slIm,

Awgw ASrP, ieilAws GuMmx, Aihswn btwlvI, fw. muhMmd bwkr, fw. munIr

AlvI, iejwzaul h`k, rzIAw nUr muhMmd, nwdm AsrI, Zulwm husYn suhyl,

Asgr swmI, kihkSW milk, nsrIn B`tI, s&IAw swbrI, bwbU jwvyd grjwKI,

ArSd cwhl, nzr husYn jwnI, sjwd hYdr, Aihswn bwjvw, iemiqAwz rsUl,

A^qr cODrI, srdwr ^W, rwjw muhMmd Aihmd, muhMmd mnSw Xwd, jmIl

Aihmdpwl, z&r lwSwrI, muhMmd iesmweIl AihmdwnI, iPAwz husYn, kwsr

A&rIdI Awid nwvlkwrW dy nwvlW dIAW khwxIAW sMKyp ivc pyS kIqIAW hn[

iehnW nwvlkwrW ivcoN kuJ nwvl Aijhy hn ijnHW nUM lMMmIAW khwxIAW jW

nwvilt ikhw jw skdw hY[ bxqr jW qknIk, goNd jW plwt Awid p`KW nUM vI

iDAwn gocry kIqw jwvy qW kuJ nwvl i&lmI khwxIAW vWg PzUl hwdisAW,

mncwhIAW GtnwvW qy mOkw-myl nwl BrpUr hn[ igxqI dy kuJ nwvlW nUM C`f ky

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dI hwlq kw&I ^sqw hY[ ies qoN ielwvw dyS vMf bwry

lyKk dw ivcwr hY:

75 pRqISq nwvlW ivc iksy nw iksy rUp ivc 1947 ivc hoeI pMjwb vMf

dw izkr zrUr AwieAw hY pr ikMnI Ascrj g`l hY ik AYfI v`fI Gtnw

71

nUM AwDwr bxw ky iek vI nwvl Aijhw nhIN iliKAw igAw ijs ivcoN

ies Gor duKWq dI qsvIr dw koeI Aihm pihlU nzr Awey[19

ies pRkwr fw. krnYl isMG iQMd ny ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dw

sMKyp jwiezw’ ivc vK-v`K ivDwvW nwl nwvl dI isn& bwry jo crcw kIqI hY

aus rwhIN AxgOly nwvlW bwry jwxkwrI imldI hY[ BwvyN ies pusqk ivc nwvlW

dy ivSy vsqU bwry hI crcw kIqI geI hY pRMqU keI nvyN nwvl vI iDAwngocry

kIqy hn[

pusqkW ivc Cpy lyK

inrMjn qsnIm dI pusqk pMjwbI nwvl dw muhWdrw (1979) ivc

&^r zmwn dy nwvl ‘s`q gvwcy lok’ dy ivSw vsqU dw AiDAYn pyS kIqw igAw

hY[ lyKk Anuswr ies ivc nwvlkwr ny AjnbI Aqy gvwcy hoey ivAkqIAW nUM

iek nvyN idRStIkosx rwhIN idRStIgocr kIqw hY[ ieh lok AwzwdI dI qlwS

leI XqnSIl Aqy jIvn dIAW sMBwvnwvW qoN inrwS ho cu~ky hn[ EprI nzr

nwl ieh nwvl kyvl AwDuink sMvydnw nUM drswauNdw pRqIq huMdw hY ik ieh v`K-

v`K dOrW ivc ivkws dIAW iBMn-iBMn mMzlW qih krdy mnuK dI dwsqwn hY[

fw. rGbIr isMG isrjxw duAwrw sMpwidq pusqk pMjwbI swihq

srvyKx (1982) ivc Sihbwz milk duAwrw ricq lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI

Adb dw ipClw dhwkw’ (1970-80) Swiml hY ijs ivc A`TvyN dhwky dOrwn

ivkisq hoey pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dIAW swihiqk rUp ivDwvW bwry izkr

kIqw igAw hY[ pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq ivc ij`Qy in`kI khwxI, frwmw,

s&rnwmw, kivqw, jIvnI, Awlocnw Awid qy mh`qvpUrn Koj kwrj hoieAw hY

a~uQy nwvl vI kw&I A`gy jw irhw hY[ ies ivc sqwrW piksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW

dw izkr kIqw igAw hY Aqy Aihmd slIm dy nwvl ‘nwl myry koeI c`ly’, &^r

zmwn dy ‘s`q gvwcy lok’, musqnsr husYn qwrV dy ‘pKyrU’ Aqy A&zl Aihsn

rMDwvw dy nwvl ‘pMD’ Awid dw ivSwgq AiDAYn pRsquq kIqw igAw hY[

72

Sihbwz milk dw ieho lyK Koj drpx dy julweI 1981 dy AMk ivc vI pRkwiSq

hoieAw imldw hY[

fw. Aqr isMG dI pusqk swihq sMvydnw (1984) ivc kul solW lyK

Swiml hn[ ienHW ivcoN pMdrvW Aqy solvW lyK pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl bwry

hn[ pihlw lyK, ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq-iek pirpyK’ hY ijs ivc lyKk ny

BwrqI Aqy p`CmI dohW swihq DwrwvW au~qy pY rhy smkwlI p`CmI Aqy AwDuink

pRBwvW dI g`l kIqI hY ik dovyN swihq DwrwvW p`CmI pRBwvW nUM Awpxy hwlwq

Anuswr gRihx krdIAW hn[ ies sbMD ivc fw. Aqr isMG dw ivcwr

iDAwnXog hY:

ij`Qy BwrqI pMjwbI swihq ny XUrp dI XQwrQvwdI lihr Aqy smwjvwdI

cyqnw dy fUMGy pRBwv kbUl kIqy hn au~Qy pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl ny

AsiqqvvwdI drSn Aqy pRqIkvwdI SYlI nUM qrjIh id`qI hY[20

dohW dySW dy pMjwbI nwvlI jgq ivc ivSy dy vKryvyN dy bwvjUd iek

sWJw ivSw dyS vMf dw hY[ ijs nUM dohW dySW dy nwvlkwrW v`loN Awpxy nwvlW ivc

iS`dq nwl aulIkx dw Xqn hoieAw hY[ BwrqI pMjwbI nwvlkwrW ivc nwnk

isMG, krqwr isMG du`gl Aqy pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlkwrW ivc A&zl Aihsn

rMDwvw, slIm ^W ig`mI, &^r zmwn Awid nW igxy jw skdy hn[‘dIvw qy

dirAw’, ‘sWJ’ nwmk nwvlW ivc pMjwbI siBAwcwr dI pySkwrI, ‘s`q gvwcy

lok’, ‘iek mry bMdy dI khwxI’, ‘bMdIvwn’ Awid nwvlW ivc pMjwbIAW dI

guAwcI pCwx, Awpxy Asiqqv dI qlwS Aqy in`jI suqMqrqw Awid sm`isAwvW

dw izkr hY[

dUjw lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl (duAwbw dy pRsMg ivc)’ hY ijs

ivc lyKk ny ivSyS rUp ivc A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvl duAwbw sbMDI

sihbwz milk nwl AwpxI AsihmqI pRgt kIqI hY ikauNik fw. milk dw

ivcwr hY ik pwiksqwn bxn qoN pihlW dy is`K smwj-siBAwcwr nwl sbMiDq

nwvl hn pRMqU fw. Aqr isMG ny ies ivcwr qy ikMqU kIqw Aqy aus Anuswr ieh

73

nwvlkwr dI jugq qoN v`D kuJ vI nhIN khI jw skdI[ ies qoN mgroN lyKk ny

duAwbw nwvl dy ivSw vsqU dw AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY[

fw. cmn lwl dI pusqk pMjwbI nwvl qy dyS vMf dw pRBwv (1985)

ivc iek lyK ‘pMjwbI nwvl ivc vMf dw XQwrQ’ Swiml hY ijs ivc

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl ‘sWJ’ dw fUMGw ivSlySx kIqw igAw imldw hY[ eys

nwvl dw Awlw-duAwlw siBAwcwrk hY[ pMjwb dI lok izMdgI dw eynw suMdr

icqrn iksy hor nwvlkwr ny nhIN kIqw ijMnw ig`mI ny kIqw hY[ sWJ nwvl bwry

fw. jgqwr dw kQn hY:

dyS dI vMf bwry ilKy gey nwvlW ivcoN ieh nwvl ihMd pwik dI iksy vI

BwSw dy cMgy nwvlW ivc igixAw jw skdw hY[21

lyKk ny nwvlkwr dI ivSvidRStI bwry vI crcw kIqI hY[ nwvlkwr

dI ivSvidRStI fUMGy rUp ivc musilm Dwrimk Aqy nYiqk idRStI hY pr pMjwbI

lok jIvn Aqy siBAwcwr dw nwvlkwr ny ieMnI fUMGweI nwl icqrx kIqw hY ik

ieh rcnw hor swry nwvlW nwloN v`D pRBwvSwlI hY[

fw. rGbIr isMG dI pusqk XQwrQI (1986) iek lyK ‘pMjwbI nwvl

Aqy XQwrQvwd’ bwry hY ijs ivc lyKk ny pMjwbI XQwrQvwdI nwvlkwrW qy

aunHW dy nwvlW dI g`l krdy hoey vwiGE pwr dy nwvlkwrW A&zl Aihsn

rMDwvw dw ‘dIvw qy dirAw’, ig`mI dw ‘sWJ’, &^r zmwn dw ‘s`q gvwcy lok’,

musqnsr husYn qwrV dw ‘pKyrU’ Awid dy nwvlW ivc vMf pUrv sWJI sMsikRqI,

smwijk ivvsQw aupr pUMjIvwd kwrn Aw rhy pirvrqn, rwjsI GtnwvW dy

ipCokV ivc lokqMMqrI kImqW dI ^wqr kurbwnI dyx vwly nwiekW dy niekqv nUM

Aqy pwiksqwnI rwjsI, smwijk hwlwqW nUM is`Dy spwt rUp ivc kihx dI bjwie

pRqIkwqmk FMg nwl hI rUpmwn kIqw jWdw hY[

fw. suKdyv isMG Kwhrw dI pusqk pMjwbI nwvl ivc sWsikRiqk cyqnw

(1988) ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW bwry do lyKW ivc sMKyp ijhI crcw hI

hoeI imldI hY[ pihlw lyK, ‘sWsikRiqk cyqnw dy SRyixk qy jwqpwqI rUp’ bwry hY

74

ijs ivc lyKk ny pMjwb dI jwgIrdwrI sMsikRqI ivc jwgIrdwrI sRyxI dIAW

AMdrUnI ivroDqweIAW dy XQwrQ nUM A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvl ‘dIvw qy

dirAw’ Aqy slIm ^W ig`mI dy nwvl ‘sWJ’ dy pRsMg ivc icqirAw hY[ dUjw

lyK, ‘sWsikRiqk cyqnw dy sdIvI ivroD’ bwry hY ijs ivc lyKk ny BwrqI pMjwbI

nwvlW ivc sWsikRiqk cyqnw dIAW sdIvI ivroDqweIAW dy icqrx dy AiDAYn

qoN mgroN ies pRsMg ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW dw AiDAYn kIqw hY[ ies

lyK ivc iqMn pRmu`K pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW ‘s`q gvwcy lok’,‘iek mry bMdy dI

khwxI’ Aqy ‘pKyrU’ dy ivSy vsqU dw AiDAYn pRsquq kIqw hY[ ‘sq gvwcy lok’

ivc nwvl dI kyNdrI sm`isAw ivAkqI Aqy smwj dw AwpsI ivroD hY[

sWsikRiqk cyqnw dy sdIvI ivroDW nUM icqrn pRqI ruicq iek hor pRmwx

musqnsr husYn qwrV ricq nwvl pKyrU hY[ ies nwvl rwhIN pwiksqwnI

muAwSry dIAW AmwnvI, AwriQk, sWsikRiqk pRsiQqIAW dI kTorqw ivc

swDwrn mnuK dy bygwny ho jwx dy duKWq nUM ik`sy, im`Q qy lok bwqW dIAW shwiek

jugqW rwhIN pyS kIqw hY[ nwvl dw swrw pRkwrj gwlpink pRqIkW rwhIN isry

cVdw hY[ fw. jgbIr isMG dw kQn hY:

ieh nwvl qn dIAW loVW Aqy mn dI locw dy Aijhy hI sMGxy irSqy nUM

pRqIkwqmk p`Dr qy pyS krdw hoieAw mnuKI izMdgI dy s`c Aqy rh`s

v`l sMkyq krdw hY[22

nwvl dy Awid qoN AMq q`k ivdroh dI sur gUMjdI hY pr ieh ivdroh

ivAkqIvwdI hI rihMdw hY ikDry vI ies dI jQybMdk rUp ivc pySkwrI nhIN

hoeI[

fw. AmrjIq kOr dI pusqk pMjwbI glp dIAW nvIAW srh`dW

(1990) dy qIjy AiDAwie ‘pwiksqwn ivc pRkwiSq glp A&jl Aihsn

rMDwvw, slIm ^W ig`mI, &^r zmwn’ ivc lyiKkw ny ienHW nwvlkwrW dy nwvlW dy

iviSAW bwry ivcwr kIqI hY[ lyiKkw ny qyeI pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW ijnHW ivc

75

igAwrW nwvl SwhmuKI Aqy bwrW nwvl gurmuKI ilpI dy hn dI sUcI vI id`qI

hY[

nirMdr kOr pwhvw dI pusqk pMjwbI glp qy dyS vMf dy pRBwv

(1991) ivc piksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl bwry do lyK Swiml hn[ pihly lyK ‘pMjwbI

glp ivc dyS vMf dw ivSw’ ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlkwrW A&zl Aihsn

rMDwvw dy ‘dIvw qy dirAw’, slIm ^W ig`mI dy ‘sWJ’, muhMmd bwkr dy ‘h`T’

nwmk nwvlW dy ivSw vsqU dy AiDAYn rwhIN vMf qoN pihlW dI ihMdU musilm

siBAwcwrk sWJ dI g`l kIqI hY[ dUjw lyK ‘pMMjwbI nwvl ivc vMf dw ivSw’ hY

ijs ivc lyiKkw ny A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvl ‘dIvw qy dirAw’ Aqy

slIm ^W ig`mI dy nwvl ‘sWJ’ dw ivSw vsqU pyS kIqw hY[

fw. jgbIr isMG dI pusqk ibrqWqk glp: isDWq Aqy smIiKAw

(1992) ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI dy nwvlW sbMDI do lyK Swiml hn[ pihlw lyK

&^r zmwn ricq nwvl ‘iek mry bMdy dI khwxI’ bwry hY[ ieho lyK fw. jgbIr

isMG ny sqMbr 1978 ivc ‘iek mry bMdy dI khwxI’ dI BUimkw v`joN iliKAw sI[

ieh nwvl Awpxy mu`F qoN hI ibrqWq ibMdU dI sm`isAw KVI kr idMdw hY[ iek

mry bMdy dw AwpxI khwxI Awp suxwauxw swrI g`l nUM ZYr kudrqI rMg ivc rMg

idMdw hY[ lyKk ny AjnbIkrn dy isDWq duAwrw smJx dw Xqn kIqw hY[ ies

ivc rwjsI cyqnw dy nwl-nwl ivAkqIgq suqMqrqw dI QIm rlgf rUp ivc

pyS huMdI hY[ lyKk iesnUM qzrbwqI nwvilt vDyry mMndw hY[ dUjw lyK ‘pKyrU:

iek AiDAYn’ bwry hY[ ies nwvl bwry lyKk dw ivcwr hY ik ieh nwvl ij`Qy

A`j dy dOr ivc jIvn bqIq kr rhy swDwrn mnu`K dI hoNd AvsQw dw fUMGw

ivSlySx krdw hY au~Qy rcnw ivDwnk ivSySqwvW qoN vI mh`qvpUrn hY[

nwvlkwr dI idRStI Awid qoN AMq qk mnuKI jIv dI hkIkq qy hI itkI hoeI

hY[ fw. jgbIr isMG dw kQn iDAwnXog hY:

ieh nwvl iek Aijhy bMdy dI khwxI kihMdw hY, ijsnUM Awpxy inrol bMdy

hox dw mwx hY Aqy jo lu`t-Ksu`t Aqy pwKMf dIAW buinAwdW aupr ausry

76

hoey smwijk pRbMD nwl smJOqw krn dI QW Awpxy AMdrly s`c dI

Awvwz suxdw hY[23

ies ivc vrqIAW geIAW rcnw jugqW pMjwbI ik`swkwrI nwl fUMGI

smwnqw r`KdIAW hn[

fw. kysr isMG kysr dI pusqk pRo. Aqr isMG ismrqI gRMQ (1995)

ivc fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG jOlI dw iliKAw lyK ‘fw. Aqr isMG pwiksqwnI

pMjwbI swihq bwry’ Swiml hY[ ies lyK ivc lyKk ny fw. Aqr isMG dy

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq bwry v`K-v`K lyK (kivqw, khwxI, nwvl Awid sbMDI)

jo hux q`k Cpy hn aunHW dw izkr kIqw hY[ lyKk ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dI

do kotIAW ivc vMf auprMq pihlI nUM pRXogvwdI qy pRqIkvwdI SYlI ijs ivc

&^r zmwn Aqy musqn`sr husYn qwrV dy nwvl Swiml hn Aqy dUjI nUM XQwrQ

dI sMGxI im`sI SYlI ijs ivc A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw, slIm ^W ig`mI Aqy fw.

muhMmd bwkr nUM Swiml kIqw igAw hY[ lyKk dw ivcwr hY:

ienHW swry nwvlW ivc iek v`KrI pRkwr dI smUihk mwniskqw hY, lgBg

auho ijhI, ijhVI mrsIey ivc idRStmwn huMdI hY[ mrsIAw mr gey nUM

moV ky vwps nhIN ilAw skdw[ ieh mwqm PUhVI au~qy bih ky mr gey

dy guxW nUM icqrdw hY[ AwpxI DrqI nUM Xwd krnw qy aus dy hyrvy nUM

icqvnw vI bVw swrQk hY pr AwpxI DrqI qoN aujV gey lokW nUM Xwd

krnw qy aunHW dy mUl rMg rUp sihq aunHW dw punr isrjn iek iblkul

v`KrI g`l ey[24

fw. gurpwl isMG sMDU dI pusqk pMjwbI nwvl ichn-ivigAwnk

AiDAYn (1995) ivc cOQw lyK pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlkwr &^r zmwn dy

nwvl ‘s`q gvwcy lok’ bwry hY[ ies ivc lyKk ny nwvl dw ichn ivigAwnk

AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY[ nwvl dw AwrMB hI ichn ivigAwnk FMg nwl huMdw hY:

auh swry lok gvwcy hoey sn, auh AwpxIAW rwhW qy mMizlW qoN by^br

cOrsqy ivc Kloqy sn[25

77

ie`Qy gvwcy rwhW Aqy mMizlW qoN by^br cOrsqw Awid ichnW rwhIN

nwvlkwr vsqU siQqI dI krUrqw, BUq, vrqmwn Aqy Biv`K dy hnHyry nUM pyS

krdw hY[ lyKk ny nwvl dw ichn ivigAwnk AiDAYn krdy hoey nwvl dIAW

pMj sihcwrI ArQ iekweIAW pRsquq kIqIAW hn[

1. Asiqqv dI pUrnqw leI sMGrS

2. pUrx AwzwdI dI qWG

3. mwnvI hoNd dy sdIvI sMkt dI sQwpnw

4. smwijkqw mihz bMDyz hY

5. sQwpqI dy ivroD dy sMklp dI sQwpnw[

fw. siqMdr isMG nUr dI pusqk ivcwrDwrw swihq siBAwcwr (2001)

ivc lyKk dw iek lyK ‘&^r zmwn dw nwvl kmzwq pVidAW’ Swiml hY[ ies

lyK ivc lyKk ny nwvl nUM iek pRqIk kQw ikhw hY ijs ivc nwvlkwr ny

smwijk pwbMdIAW dy AwpsI tkrwE ivcoN ijs s`c nUM aujwgr krn dI s&l

koiSs kIqI hY auh hY isAwsI AwgUAW Aqy Awm lokweI ivckwr qxwau qy

tkrwau dI siQqI[ nwvlkwr ny ieSk nW dy nwiek dI shwieqw nwl BweIcwry

ivclIAW sB kUV BrIAW prqW dI GuMf cukweI kIqI hY[ nwvlkwr nwvl dy hr

AiDAwie ivc ieSk nUM iek pRsiQqI jW mnosiQqI ivc pw ky Gtnw isrjn

krdw hY[ nwvlkwr ny nvIN glpI qknIk duAwrw ivSy nUM pRqIkwqmk sMicAW

ivc Fwl ky pwTkW swhmxy pyS kIqw hY[

pRo. dyivMdr isMG (sMpw.) dI pusqk pMjwbI glp ivhwr (2002) ivc

fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG jOlI dw iek lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI glp dw qwrI^I

Aml’ Swiml hY ijs ivc lyKk ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI glp (nwvl Aqy khwxI)

dI qwrI^ inSicq krn dy nwl-nwl pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl nUM rumWck qy

XQwrQvwdI pRivrqI dy AMqrgq ivsQwr idMdy hoey ‘sWJ’, ‘duAwbw’, ‘pMD’,

‘ic`kV rMgI mUrqI’, ‘nwl myry koeI c`ly’, ‘qweI’, ‘iek cUMFI lUx dI’, ‘pKyrU’,

‘s`q gvwcy lok’, ‘SoA ibzns’ Awid rcnwvW dw ivSl ySx kIqw hY[ auprokq

78

rcnwvW ivc pwiksqwn dI qxwEpUrn isAwsI siQqI Aqy Ainsicqqw,

ieklwpy ivc iGry mnu`K dI qRwsdI, svY pihcwx dy sMkt, smwj siBAwcwr dI

qsvIr pyS krdIAW hn[

fw. DnvMq kOr dI pusqk pMjwbI BwSw swihq Aqy siBAwcwr globl

pirpyK (2003) ivc fw. hrbMs isMG DImwn dw iek lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI

glp dy globlI pirpyK’ ivc lyKk ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl nUM globlI

pirpyK qoN smJx dw Xqn kIqw hY[ ieh pusqk 15-16-17 jnvrI 2003 nUM

pMjwbI XUnIvristI ivKy AwXoijq kIqI geI 19vIN AMqrrwStrI ivkws

kwn&rMs dI sMpUrn kwrvweI dw sMpwidq rUp hY[

fw. suiqMdr isMG nUr dI pusqk pMjwbI glp cyqnw (2005) ivc

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI do lyK Swiml hn[ pihlw lyK, &^r zmwn dy

nwvl ‘qUM ik mYN dI ivDw’ Aqy dUjw lyK, Aihmd slIm dy nwvl ‘iqqlIAW Aqy

tNYk’ bwry hY[ ‘qUM ik mYN’ dI ivDw bwry lyKk g`l kridAW AwKdw hY ik &^r

zmwn hmySW hI rvwieq nMU qoVdw hoieAw iek nvIN ivDw dy AMqrgq rcnw

krdw hY[ ausdw ieh nwvl isAwsI srokwrW nwl sbMiDq hY[ nwvlkwr nyy

nwvl dy hr AiDAwie dw AwrMB kivqw nwl kIqw hY qy sihjy hI iek Avcyqn

bx ky Agly pRqIkwqmk ibrqWq ivc pRvwihq ho jWdw hY ijs ivc lok-kwiv,

sU&I-kwiv, bu`lyH Swh dw bWrwmwh Aqy hor kwiv GuilAw imilAw hoieAw hY[

fw. suiqMdr isMG nUr dw auprokq lyK ‘qMU ik mYN dI ivDw’ pvn

gulwtI (sMpw.) dI pusqk AwDuinkqw qy pMjwbI nwvl ivc vI Swiml hY[

dUjw lyK, Aihmd slIm dy nwvl ‘iqqlIAW qy tYNk’ bwry hY[ ies

lyK ivc lyKk ny nwvl dy mu`F v`l ieSwrw kIqw hY ik isMDI kuVIAW iqqlIAW

hn Aqy pMjwbI DwVvI tYNk hn[ ieh iek pRqIkwqmk nwvl hY ijs ivc

iqqlIAW kohI geI Awm lokweI dIAW pRqIk hn[ ies nwvl rwhIN lyKk s`c

Aqy JUT dw inqwrw krky Zlq inzwm dI QW shI ArQW ivc lok rwj dI

vkwlq krdw hY[

79

gurpwl isMMG sMDU dI pusqk pMjwbI nwvl dw ieiqhws (2005) ivc

lyKk dw iek lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwb dw pMjwbI nwvl’ Swiml hY[ ies lyK ivc

lyKk ny A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw, slIm ^W ig`mI, musqn`sr husYn qwrV,

Aihswn btwlvI, &^r zmwn Awid dIAW nwvlI ikrqW nUM AiDAYn dI vsqU

bxwaux dy nwl-nwl ienHW duAwrw vrqIAW geIAW jugqW dw ivSlySx krdy hoey

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw pMjwbI swihq ieiqhws ivc mulWkx Aqy Xogdwn

dw vyrvw pRsquq kIqw hY[rMDwvw Aqy ig`mI Awid pihly pRkwr dI jugq (AqIq

Aqy smUihk BweIcwry dy ikrdwrW dI jugq) nUM vrqdy hn, qwrV Aqy Aihswn

btwlvI dUjy pRkwr dI jugq (pKyrUAw Aqy jwnvrW dy mwnvIkrn rwhIN ibrqWq

isrjx dw Aml) nUM Aqy &^r zmwn qIjI jugq (pMjwbI lok-nwiekW dy

ienklwbI Kwsy Aqy smkwlIn pRqIkUlqw dy tkrwau rwhIN du`K dI sdIvqw nUM

pyS krn) nUM ibrqWq dw kyNdr ibMdU bxwauNdw hY[ ieh smu`cw nwvl KMifq mnuK

dI iviBMn AwXwmw Anuswr swrQk pySkwrI krdw pRqIq huMdw hY[

fw. Drmpwl isMgl dI pusqk AwDuink pMjwbI kivqw ivcwr qy

ivSlySx (2005) ivc iek lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dy nvyN JukwA’

Swiml hY[ ies lyK ivc lyKk ny pwiksqwnI swihq dy ipCokV, ivkws pVwA,

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI kivqw, khwxI, nwvl, lok swihq, nwtk Aqy pMjwbI BwSw

bwry g`l kIqI hY jo ik kw&I mh`qvpUrn hY[ lyKk ny &^r zmwn dy nwvl ‘s`q

gvwcy lok’ ivcly ivSy Aqy iSlp p`KoN nvIAW pulwGW puty jwx bwry g`l kIqI

hY[ lyKk dw ivcwr hY:

ies nwvl ivc Ajoky mnuK dIAW mwnisk aulJxW, byvswhIAW nMU nvIN

nkor SYlI ivc zubwn id`qI geI hY ij`Qy nw khwxI dw koeI islislw hY

Aqy nw koeI Gtnw ckr dw, sgoN invykly vwqwvrn dI auswrI rwhIN

A`j dy guAwcy mnu`K dI mnodSw aulIk id`qI geI hY[26

80

ies qoN ielwvw lyKk ny ‘Tyfw’, ‘dIvw qy dirAw’, ‘sWJ’, h`T, ‘j`t

dI krqUq’ Awid nwvlW dy ivSw vsqU sbMDI vI sMKyp pr bhumulI crcw kIqI

hY[

fw. Drmpwl isMgl dI pusqk pMjwbI swihq dw ieiqhws (2006)

ivc iek lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq’ bwry Swiml hY[ ies lyK rwhIN lyKk

ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dIAW pRmu`K ivDwvW kivqw, gIq, gzl, nwtk,

iekWgI, nwvl, khwxI, s&rnwmw, p`qrkwrI, inbMD, Koj Aqy Awlocnw bwry

mh`qvpUrn jwxkwrI pRdwn kIqI hY[ ies lyK ivc lyKk ny lgBg qyqI nwvlW

dy ivSy vsqU dw AiDAYn pRsquq kIqw hY[ ienHW nwvlW ivc pMjwbI pyNfU Aqy

SihrI jIvn dI qsvIr pyS kIqI hY[ smwijk Aqy rwjsI pRsiQqIAW dw

vrnx, lihMdy Aqy cVHdy pMjwb dI siBAwcwrk sWJ Aqy nwvlkwrW duAwrw

vrqIAW geIAW jugqW dw vrnx kIqw hY[

nwvlW dIAW BUimkwvW ivc hoieAw Awlocnwqmk kwrj

sWJ (1976) sWJ nwvl dI BUimkw ivc fw. jgqwr ny ‘KUnI hnyHrI ivc

jgdy icrwg’ isrlyK ADIn ies nwvl bwry Awpxy Awlocnwqmk ivcwr pRgt

kIqy hn[ lyKk ny ies nwvl nUM cMgy nwvlW ivc Sumwr kIqw hY[ pRo. SrIP

kuMjwhI ny vI ‘Pu`lW nUM bulbul dI A`K nwl dyKo’ isrlyK ADIn ies nwvl bwry

Awpxy Awlocnwqmk ivcwr pyS kIqy hn[ lyKk ny ies nwvl dy ivSy vsqU bwry

ivcwr krdy hoey ies nwvl nUM kwdU nW dy pwqr duAwly kyNdirq hoieAw pRvwn

kIqw hY[ pRo. SrIP kuMjwhI Anuswr:

aurdU il`pI ivc ieh pihlw nwvl ey ijs dIAW rgW ivc pMjwb dw ^Uun

srkdw jwpdw ey[ nwvl dIAW pihlIAW sqrW eI pVHn vwly nUM SihrW

qoN dUr dI pyNfU vsoN ivc lY jWdIAW ny[ ijQy Ajy snAqI ienklwb qoN

pihlW dI rihql lmkI AwauNdI ey[27

s`q gvwcy lok (1980) nwvl dI BUimkw ivc pRo. milk .AYm. jmurd

dI ‘l`Bx dI g`l’ isrlyK ADIn Awlocnwqmk it`pxI imldI hY ijs ivc lyKk

81

ny nwvl dy ivSy Aqy pwqrW dI qulnw XUrpI swihqkwrW dIAW rcnwvW Aqy

pwqrW nwl kIqI hY[ lyKk dw ivcwr hY:

eys nwvl ivc vI rWJw, hIr, swihbW, imrzw, du`lw B`tI, Swh husYn, bu`lyH

Swh, ^vwjw &rId Krl qy Bgq isMG pMjwb dy swry rMg vwro-vwrI

AgV-ipCV ivKwlI dyNdy hn[ ieh nwvl A`j dy iksy vI QW dy gvwcy

mnu~K dI kQw hox dy nwl-nwl swfy gvwcy pMjwb dI kQw vI hY[28 auprokq it`pxI qoN ielwvw ies nwvl dy AMq qy fw. hirBjn isMG ny

‘s`q gvwcy lok: kuJ ivcwr’ Aqy KuSidl icqrkwr ny ‘s`q gvwcy lok myrI

nzry’ isrlyK hyT nwvl sbMDI Awpxy ivcwr pRgtwey hn[ KuSidl icqrkwr ny

fw. hirBjn isMG Aqy pRo. milk duAwrw pRgtwey ivcwrW dw mulWkx krky is`tw

k`iFAw hY:

mYN ies nwvl nUM surrealistic nwvl kihMdw hW Aqy jnwb milk. AYm

jmurd swhb dy inrxy dI pRoVHqw krdw hW[29

bMdIvwn (1981) &^r zmwn dy nwvl bMdIvwn dI BUuimkw ‘m`uFlI g`l’

dy isrlyK ADIn fw. krnYl isMG iQMd ny pihlW nwvlkwr dIAW ilKqW ayu~pr

Jwq puAweI hY[ lyKk ny &^r zmwn dy hvwly nwl pwiksqwnI pMjwb ivc BwSw

dI siQqI sbMDI crcw krn auprMq bMdIvwn nwvl dy ivSw vsqU dw AiDAYn

krdy hoey ikhw hY:

‘bMdIvwn’ jwgIrdwrI, srmweydwrI qy cMd isrI (oligarchy) hkUmq dI

inKyDI krky pRbMDkI FWcy ivru`D bZwvq leI ‘lukweI’ nUM iqAwr krn

dI bVI zordwr pRyrnw hY[30

bMdIvwn dw kyNdrI ivcwr AwzwdI qy AwzwdI hwisl krn dI koiSS hY

pr nwl hI nwvl ivc swihq, klw, icqrkwrI, sMgIq qoN Cu`t inAwie,

&ls&w, qwrI^, isAwsq, smwj ivc iesqrI dI siQqI Awid ivSy vI bihs

ADIn ivcwry gey hn[

82

ic`kV rMgI mUrqI (1984) kihkSW milk dy nwvl dI BUimkw ivc fw.

jgqwr ny nwvl dy ivSy vsqU Aqy rUpk p`K bwry crcw kIqI hY[ies nwvl ivc

nwvlkwr ny pwiksqwnI pRsiQqIAW dy Dwrimk, rwjsI Aqy smwijk AwfMbr dw

prdw&wS kIqw hY[

khwxI iek ie`jV dI (1984) Aihsn btwlvI dy ies nwvl dI

BUimkw ivc rxDIr isMG cMd, qrlok isMG AwnMd ny nwvl dy ivSy vsqU dw

AiDAYn kridAW ies ivc drj ‘ie`jV’ dI Alwmq rwhIN pwiksqwnI smwj

ivclI nyqwigrI, dwinSvrI Aqy au~QoN dy lokrwjI FWcy au~pr ivAMg kIqw hY[

pUry smwj nUM Awpxy ip~Cy lwaux vwly clwk lok AKwauqI AgWhvDU ivcwrW, lok

rwj Aqy ienklwb dI AwV ivc Awm lokweI nUM mUrK bxweI r`Kdy hn, ieh

rcnw iesy fUMGy AnuBv ’coN aupjI hY[

bldy dIvy (1985) rzIAw nUr muhMmd dy ‘Awdm jI’ AYvwrf duAwrw

purskwirq nwvl dI BUimkw &^r zmwn ny nwvl bwryy ‘do g`lW’ isrlyK hyT

ilKI hY[ lyKk ny nwvl dy ivSy vsqU bwry crcw kIqI hY Aqy iesdI BwSw nUM vI

ivcwirAw hY[ lyKk Anuswr:

ie`k A`DKV jwgIrdwr dw nOjvwn kuVI nwl ivAwh swfy A`j dy smwjI

Awly-duAwly ivc hlkdy iesqihswl dw mUMh boldw sbUq ey[31

lyKk dy ivcwr ivc nwvl dI pwqr zrInw pwiksqwn dI mzlUm kuVI

nhIN blik hr aus mzlUm muitAwr dI pRqIk hY ijhVI au~c vrg dy SoSx dw

iSkwr hY[

duAwbw (1981) nwvl dI BUimkw ivc A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw ny ‘kuJ

nw krn suxn vwlIAW g`lW dy’ isrlyK ADIn nwvl dI pVcol pyS kIqI hY[

lyKk dw ivcwr hY:

iek h`f-bIqI nMU j`g bIqI bxw ky ivKwaux leI kuJ Ehlw qy r`Kxw eI

pYNdw ey[ nwvl dy kuJ ikrdwr is`K qy smW cwlI vrHy pihloN dw ilKxw

iek AijhI hI loV sI[32

83

sUrj gRihx (1985) nwvl dI BUimkw ivc sqwr qwihr ny Awpxy

ivcwr pRgt kridAW ies nUM Aijhw nwvl pRvwn kIqw hY ijs ivc pUrb Aqy

p`Cm dI hXwqI dIAW q&sIlW qy aunHW dw &rk qsvIrW bxw ky pyS kIqw igAw

hY[ ^qW dy rUp ivc iliKAw igAw ieh pihlw pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl hY ijs

ivcoN pwiksqwnI muAwSry dy rwjsI, smwijk, AwriQk Aqy Dwrimk p`K auGV

ky swfy swhmxy AwauNdy hn[

byvqnw (1989) dI BUimkw ivc fw. qrlok isMG kMvr ny nwvl dw

Alocnwqmk p`K pyS kIqw hY[ lyKk ny ies nwvl nUM mnuK dw SoSx krn vwly

smwj ivc mnuK dI ZulwmI dI dwsqwn dy QIm nUM pyS kIqw hY[ ies nwvl

rwhIN mnu`K dI AwzwdI bwry ivcwr kIqw igAw hY[ lyKk dw ivcwr hY:

ieh nwvl pwiksqwnI Aqy BwrqI dohW pMjwbW ivc AsloN hI v`KrI

iksm dw nwvl hY[33

Bu`bl (1996) nwvl dI BUimkw ivc ipAwrw isMG sihrweI ny nwvl dy

ivSw vsqU dw AiDAYn kridAW &rzMd AlI qy ausqwd dwmn dy sMGrS Bry

jIvn dy kuJ mh`qvpUrn p`KW au~pr rOSnI pweI hY[ lyKk ny ies nwvl nUM

nwvlkwr &rzMd AlI dI svY-jIvnI Aqy ausqwd dwmn dI jIvnI dy rUp ivc

AijhI rcnw pRvwn kIqw hY ijs rwhIN pwiksqwnI smwj dy rwjsI,

siBAwcwrk, Dwrimk, AwriQk Awid p`KW dI klwqmk nkwsI kIqI geI hovy[

iqqlIAW Aqy tYNk (1998) nwvl dI BUimkw v`joN Aihmd slIm ny

Awpxy v`loN kuJ Sbd ibAwn kIqy hn[ ies nwvl dy ilKx qoN lY ky pRkwiSq

hox q`k jo jo muSiklW AweIAW aunHW dw vrnx vI kIqw hY[

kmzwq (2003) &^r zmwn dy pMjvyN nwvl dI BUimkw fw. jiqMdrpwl

isMG jOlI ‘bhup`KI vMgwr: kmzwq’ dy isrlyK ADIn ilKI hY[ ies ivc lyKk

ny ies nwvl dy ivSy bwry crcw kIqI hY Aqy ies ivc vrqy gey pRqIk ivDwn

nUM vI sp`St krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[lyKk Anuswr:

84

kmzwq ausdw qzrbwqI nwvl hY[ ies ivc nsr G`t qy nzm vDyry hY[

ies leI iesnUM ‘nsrI nzm’ ivc ilKq nwvl kihxw vDyry auicq hY[

ies dI vwrqk ivc vI kwivk vyg hY[ sqwrW kwfW ivc vMifAw ieh

nwvl, Akwr p`KoN nwvilt hI hY[34

ies pRkwr &^r zmwn dw ieh nwvl ivl`Kx muhWdry dw nwvl hY[

p`qr-piqRkwvW

Koj drpx (julweI 1981) dy ies AMk ivc Sihbwz milk dw iek

lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI Adb dw cwlU dhwkw (1971-1981) qk’ Swiml hY[

ies ivc lyKk ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq kivqw, nwvl, khwxI, nwtk,

s&rnwmw, Koj Aqy Awlocnw bwry crcw kridAW 1971-81 dy dhwky dOrwn rcy

gey nwvlW dw izkr vI kIqw hY[ lyKk ny sqwrW nwvlW dw izkr kridAW

isr& pMj nwvlW ‘h`T’, ‘s`q gvwcy lok’, ‘pKyrU’, ‘iek mry bMdy dI khwxI’,

‘nwjo’ nMU khwxInumw rUp ivc ibAwn kIqw hY[

Koj drpx (julweI 1982) AMk ivc hridAwl swgr dw iek lyK

‘&^r zmwn: glp sMvydnw’ Swiml hY[ ies ivc lyKk ny nwvlkwr dy iqMn

nwvlW ‘s`q gvwcy lok’, ‘iek mry bMdy dI khwxI’ Aqy ‘bMdIvwn’ dy ivSy vsqU

Aqy rUp dI crcw kridAW pihly dohW nwvlW dy rcnwqmk ivvyk qy rUpwqmk

sMgTn qoN iek dUjy dy sihXogI qy sih-AnuBvI hox dI g`l kIqI hY[ ieh dovyN

nwvl mUl rUp ivc ijs idRStI dy ADIn rcy gey hn, auh ieh hY ik mnuK

smwj duAwrw lgwqwr vriqAw jw irhw hY[ lyKk ny vDyry iDAwn ‘s`q gvwcy

lok’ a~upr hI kyNdirq kridAW &^r zmwn dy pRqIk ivDwn dI crcw vI kIqI

hY[

Koj drpx (jnvrI 2000) (pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq ivSyS AMk)

ivc jiqMdrpwl isMG jOlI dw iek lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl: smkwl qoN

bhukwlqw v`l PYlwE’ Swiml hY ijs ivc lyKk ny smyN nUM iDAwn ivc r`Kdy hoey

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dy cwr dhwikAW ivc &Yly s&r ivcoN isr& Aihswn

85

btwlvI, musqnsr husYn qwrV Aqy &^r zmwn dy nwvlW nUM Awpxy AiDAYn dw

mrkz bxwauNidAW ienHW nwvlW dy ivSy vsqU Aqy pRqIk pRbMD aupr izAwdw

iDAwn kyNdirq kridAW pySkwrI kIqI hY[

Koj p`iqRkw (mwrc 1993) (pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq ivSyS AMk) ies

ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI iqMn lyK Swiml hn ijnHW dw vyrvw hyT ilKy

Anuswr hY:

pihlw lyK, ‘pwiksqwnI nwvl dw Bwv boD’ hY jo Em pRkwS gwso

duAwrw ricq hY[ ies ivc lyKk ny pwiksqwnI nwvl ip`Cy kwrjSIl Bwv boD

nUM pCwnx dw Xqn kIqw hY[ lyKk dy muqwbk glp ivc hr pRkwr dy mnuKI

BwvW dy idRS pyS huMdy hn[ rMDwvw (duAwbw), kihkSW milk (ic`kV rMgI mUrqI),

ig`mI (sWJ), rzIAw nUr muhMmd (bldy dIvy) Awid nwvlkwrW dy nwvlW ivcly

Bwv boD nUM idRStIgocr kIqw hY[

dUjw lyK, ‘A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dI glp idRStI’ (sUrj gRihx dy

AwDwr qy) jo ik fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG jOlI duAwrw ricq hY[ ies lyK ivc

lyKk ny rUpvwdI idRStI dy v`K-v`K sMklpW rwhIN sUrj gRihx nwvl dI sMrcnw

dy nymW nUM pCwnx dw Xqn kIqw hY[ ^qW dy rUp ivc iliKAw igAw ieh pihlw

pwiksqwnI nwvl hY jo pwiksqwnI smwj dI qsvIr pyS krdw hY[ ies lyK

ivc lyKk ny sucyq rUp ivc rMDwvw dI glp idRStI qy ivcwr kridAW ies

nwvl dI cwr KMfW ivc ivBwjnw, AjnbIkrn dI jugq, Pybulw, sujyq, gqISIl

moit& qxwE Awid jugqW nUM pCwnx dw Xqn kIqw hY[ lyKk ny rMDwvw dI nwvlI

sMrcnw ivc sm`isAwvW dw bhu-sUqrI gMF dy rUp ivc pRsquq nw hoxw, nwvl

ivc aupBwvukqw dI Cwp, kQwnk q`qW dw pRmwixkqw dIAW loVW qoN ivCuMny hoxw

Awid aus dIAW glp idRStI dIAW kmzorIAW nUM pwTkW dy snmu`K aujwgr kIqw

hY[

qIjw lyK, ‘&^r zmwn dy nwvl iek mry bMdy dI khwxI dIAW glpI

jugqW’ Swiml hY jo gurnwieb isMG duAwrw ricq hY[ ies ivc lyKk ny auprokq

86

nwvl ivc vrqIAW geIAW glpI jugqW dw AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY[ lyKk

Anuswr ieh nwvl pUMjIvwdI smwj dIAW AmwnvI Aqy Gwqk kdrW-kImqW dy

msly nUM pyS krdw hY Aqy ‘s`q gvwcy lok’ qoN bwAd nwvlkwr dw au~qm purK

duAwrw cyqnw pRvwh dI ivDI dy pRBwv duAwrw iliKAw igAw ieh qjrbwqI

nwvl hY[ ies ivc mnuK AmwnvI kdrW-kImqW dy ivru`D sU&IAwnw ijaUx FMg

ApxwauNdw hoieAw AMq ivc mwnisk sMquln gvw ky KudkuSI kr lYNdw hY[ nwvl

ivclI BwSxbwzI, smwj nUM inKyDwqmk idRStI qoN dyKxw, mu`K pwqr dw smu`cw

pRqIinD pwqr nw bx hoxw nwvlkwr dy nwvlI qjrby nUM st mwrdw hY[

Koj piqRkw (sqMbr 1996) ivc fw. gurnwieb isMG dw iek lyK

‘bMdIvwn: glpI jugqW Aqy pRqIk Xojnw’ ivc lyKk ny nwvl dy ivSy vsqU dw

AiDAYn kridAW &^r zmwn duAwrw vrqy gey pRqIkW au~pr hI izAwdw iDAwn

kyNdirq kIqw hY[ ies nwvl ivc auqsukqw dw AMS kw&I izAwdw hY[ swry

nwvl ivc pwTk ieh jwnx leI hI auqsuk rihMdw hY ik zY~f Aqy bMdIvwn iek

hI pwqr hn jW do[ nwvlkwr v`loN bMdIvwn ivc vrqy gey pRqIk mu`K rUp ivc

AwzwdI qy ZulwmI, mzlUm qy zwlm, lok qyy lutyry, izMdgI qy mOq dIAW do iksmW

ivc vMfy pRqIq huMdy hn[

Koj piqRkw (sqMbr 1997) ies ivc fw. gurnwieb isMG dw

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI iek lyK ‘s`q gvwcy lok: glpI jugqW’ Swiml

hY ijs ivc lyKk ny s`q gvwcy lok nwvl ivc vrqIAW geIAW glpI jugqW dw

fUMGw ivSlySx kIqw hY[ ies ivSlySx nwl s`q gvwcy lok ivc mnuKI SKSIAq

dI isrjxw dy ivkws nUM mkwnkI, joigAwnw, sU&IAwnw, AwSkwnw, ivdrohI,

ienklwbI Aqy mrnaU ivc vMifAw hY[ ieh s`q siQqIAW mnuK dy smJOqwvwdI,

audwsInqw, auprwmqw, aupBwvukqw, lVwkUpx, smUhk j`do-jihd qy idSwhIx

suuBwA nUM pRgtwauNdIAW hn[

smdrSI (jUn-julweI 2006) smkwlI pMjwbI swihq dy srokwr ivc

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl nwl sbMiDq do lyK Swiml hn[

87

pihlw lyK, fw. suKpwl isMG iQMd dw ‘pMjwbI nwvl dy srokwr’ hY

ijs ivc lyKk ny v`K-v`K DwrwvW dy AMqrgq pMjwbI nwvl dy mu`K smkwlI

srokwrW dI g`l kIqI hY ik ivSvIkrn dy ies Xu`g ivc nwvlW ivc pyS hoey

iviSAW dI g`l kIqI hY[ ies lyK ivc lyKk ny auqr bsqIvwd dy hvwly nwl

rMDwvw (duAwbw, dIvw qy dirAw), ig`mI (sWJ), &^r zmwn (s`q gvwcy lok, qUM

ik mYN), qwrV (pKyrU) Awid nwvlW dw sMKyp ivc vrnx kIqw hY[ rMDwvw qy

ig`mI vrgy nwvlkwrW ny jwgIrdwrI rihql pRqI ijhVw hMuGwrw isrijAw sI

ausnUM au~qr bsqIvwd pRsMgW ivc qwnwSwh qrj dI &OjI hkUmq dy snmu`K

ivsQwr id`qw[

dUjw lyK, fw. byAMq kOr dw ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI glp dy srokwr’ hY

ijs ivc lyKkw ny ‘sWJ’, ‘dIvw qy dirAw’, ‘duAwbw’, ‘sUrj gRihx’ Awid dy

sMdrB ivc jwgIrdwrI pRbMD, &OjI inzwm, BweIcwrk sWJ dy iKMfwE, tu`tI hoeI

mwniskqw, k`tV ieslwimkqw bwry crcw kIqI hY Aqy AiKAw ik ieh rcnwvW

igAwn Aqy sMcwr dy ivkisq huMdy mwhOl ivc ivSv ivAwpI qbdIlIAW,

ivSvIkrn, nv-bsqIvwdI pRBwvW, nwrI cyqnw nwl juVy srokwrW nUM vI icMnHq

krdIAW hn[

Awlocnw (mwrc 1992-93) ivc fw. hirBjn isMG BwtIAw dw iek

lyK ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI Adb: iek jwiezw’ Swiml hY ijs ivc lyKk ny

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI Adb kivqw qy nwvl nUM BweIcwrk sWJ dy sMdrB ivc

smJx dw auprwlw kridAW &^r zmwn (s`q gvwcy lok, bMdIvwn), rMDwvw

(duAwbw, dIvw qy dirAw), ig`mI (sWJ), Aihswn btwlvI (khwxI iek ie`jV

dI), fw. bwkr (h`T) nwvlW dy ivSy vsqU Aqy rUpk p`K dw AiDAYn kIqw hY[

Awlocnw (jnvrI-mwrc 2001) ies ivc fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG jOlI

dw iek lyK ‘SISw iek ilSkwry do: A&zl rMDwvw’ Swiml hY ijs ivc lyKk ny

rMDwvw dy smu`cy jIvn, swihiqk s&r qy ausdy nwvlW ‘pMD’, ‘sUrj gRihx’ bwry

crcw kIqI hY[ ‘pMD’ ieMglYNf ivc vsy pMjwbIAW dIAW sm`isAwvW qy kyNdirq

88

hY[ rMDwvy dIAW rcnwvW mwnvvwdI lIhW aulIkdIAW hn[ fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG

jOlI Anuswr:

rMDwvw mUl mwnvI BwvnwvW dw icqyrw hY[ auh nwvl ilKy jW khwxI,

nwtk ilKy jW iekWgI, lMmI kivqw ilKy jW Zzl, ieQoN q`k ik auh

Anuvwd vI kry qW vI AwpxI rcnw ivc auh mUl mwnvI BwvW qoN pry

nhIN jWdw[35

ies pRkwr auprokq vrnx rwhIN v`K-v`K AMkW ivc Cpy pwiksqwnI

pMjwbI nwvlW dw Aqy aunHW dy imAwrI rUp dw pqw cldw hY[

sYmInwrW ivc pVHy pypr

do rozw AMqrrwStrI sYmInwr pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq: iviBMn

pirpyK, nvMbr 2005 ivc pMjwbI AiDAYn skUl, guruU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI,

AMimRqsr ivKy krvwieAw igAw ijs ivc kul 21 prcy pVHy gey ijnHW ivc

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI iqMn prcy Swiml sn:

pihlw prcw, pRo. prgx isMG duAwrw pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl: duKWq

cyqnw (sWJ dy sMdrB ivc) piVHAw igAw[ ies prcy ivc lyKk ny slIm ^W

ig`mI dy nwvl sWJ dw dyS vMf dy hvwly nwl fMUGw ivSlySx kIqw hY[ nwvlkwr

ny sWJ ivc dUsry sMswr Xu`D dw vI izkr kIqw hY[ ies ivc ausny BwrqIAW nUM

AMgryzW dy h`k ivc lVidAW idKwieAw hY jo dohrI gulwmI dw pRqIk sI[ dyS

vMf dw duKWq jo ies nwvl ivc pyS kIqw igAw hY, kuJ ivAkqIAW dy AmwnvI

vqIry kwrn vwpirAw, jo kqlogwrq ivc bdl igAw ijs ny BweIcwrk sWJ qy

pRSn icMnH KVy kr id`qy[ jdoN ‘sWJ’ ivc AwpsI sWJ iksy kwrn tu`tdI hY qW

d`uK dw kwrn bxdI hY[

dUjw prcw, prbjIq kOr duAwrw muhMmd mnSw Xwd ricq nwvl twvW

twvW qwrw: smwj siBAwcwrk AiDAYn piVHAw igAw ies ivc lyiKkw ny

auprokq nwvl dw AiDAYn kridAW pwiksqwnI smwj-siBAwcwr dIAW

AwriQk, smwijk, rwjsI siQqIAW pRsiQqIAW dw fMUGw ivSlySx kIqw hY[

89

nwvlkwr ny qwnwSwhI hkUmq dy dmnSIl ikrdwr, srmweydwrI qy SoSxkwrI

kwrnwmy, puils dI srdwrI, Dwrimk AwgUAW dI iBRStwcwrI Awid dw izkr

twvW twvW qwrw ivc kIqw hY[ ies nwvl ivcoN mnuK h`QoN mnuK au~qy ho rhy zulm

dI pIV qy du`K dw Aihsws huMdw hY[ ies prcy ivc lyKk ny fUMGy AiDAYn rwhIN

nwvl ivcly smwj-siBAwcwr AiDAYn dI pySkwrI kIqI hY[

qIjw prcw, Awqmw isMG dw &^r zmwn dy nwvlW dw lokDwrweI

AiDAYn ivSy qy piVHAw[ ies prcy ivc lyKk ny &^r zmwn dy nwvlW ivc

lokDwrweI q`qW nUM l`Bx leI fMUGw ivSlySx kridAW &^r zmwn dy nwvlW ivcoN

pMjwbIAW dy rihx-sihx, ivSvws, rsm-irvwz, im`QW, pMjwbI pRIq kQwvW dy

nwiek, Dwrimk, ieiqhwisk Aqy sWsikRiqk hvwilAW nUM isDy Ais`Dy rUp ivc

pyS hI nhIN krdw sgoN aunHW dI nvyN rUp ivc isrjxw vI kIqI hY[

AY~m.i&l Aqy pI-AY~c.fI nwl sbMiDq Koj kwrj

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI AYm.ey, AY~m.i&l Aqy pI-AY~c.fI

p`Dr qy vI kw&I Koj kwrj hoieAw imldw hY[ ies Awlocnwqmk Koj kwrj dw

qrqIbvwr vyrvw id`qw jwvygw[ sB qoN pihlW AYm. ey p`Dr qy hoey Koj kwrj,

iPr AY~m. i&l p`Dr qy hoey Koj kwrj Aqy mgroN pI-AY~c. fI p`Dr qy hoey Koj

kwrjW dw vyrvw qrqIbvwr pyS kIqw jwvygw[

sB qoN pihlW DirMdr kOr ny AYm.ey pMjwbI dy cOQy prcy leI A&zl

Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvl dIvw qy dirAw dw Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn ivSy qy pMjwbI

XUnIvristI pitAwlw qoN 1978 ivc ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies Koj-inbMD ivc

A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dw jIvn, rcnw Aqy ausdy nwvl dIvw qy dirAw dy ivSy

vsqU dw Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY[

mndIp kOr ny &^r zmwn ricq byvqnw ivclw pRqIk ivDwn ivSy qy

2003 ivc gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI qoN AYm.ey dw Koj-inbMD ilK ky ifgrI

pRwpq kIqI[ ies Koj inbMD ivc KojwrQx ny &^r zmwn dy nwvl byvqnw dy

pRqIk pRbMD dw ivsQwr ivc ivSlySx kIqw hY[ Koj inbMD dy iqMn AiDAwie

90

hn[pihlw, &^r zmwn jIvn qy rcnw[ dUjw, &^r zmwn dy nwvlW dw ivDI

ivDwn[ qIjw, &^r zmwn ricq byvqnw ivclw pRqIk-ivDwn[ dUjy AiDAwie

ivc &^r zmwn dy swry nwvlW ivc vrqIAW geIAW ivDIAW dw izkr hY[ s`q

gvwcy lok, iek mry bMdy dI khwxI, bMdIvwn, kmzwq Awid nwvlW dy pRqIk

ivDwn dI crcw kIqI geI hY[ qIjy Aqy AMiqm AiDAwie ivc KojwrQx ny

‘byvqnw’ dy pRqIk ivDwn dI g`l krdy hoey ip`ClJwq ivDI, imQ, AjnbIkrn

Aqy ieiqhwsk ivDI dI crcw kIqI hY[

AY~m. i&l p`Dr qy hoieAw Koj kwrj vI koeI G`t mh`qvpUrn nhIN

hY[ ies p`Dr qy vI kw&I Koj kwrj hoieAw imldw hY[sB qoN pihlW gurnwieb

isMG ny nwvlkwr &^r zmwn ivSy au~qy 1981-82 ivc pMjwbI XUnIvristI,

pitAwlw qoN AY~m. i&l dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies ivc KojwrQI ny &^r

zmwn dy iqMn nwvlW ‘s`q gvwcy lok’, ‘bMdIvwn’ Aqy ‘byvqnw’ Awid dy ivSy

sbMDI crcw kIqI hY[

suKjIq kOr ny A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW ivc pMjwbIAq dw

sMklp ivSy qy pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw qoN 2004 ivc AY~m. i&l dI

ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies Koj-inbMD dy iqMn AiDAwie hn[ pihlw AiDAwie,

A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy jIvn qy rcnw bwry hY[ dUjw AiDAwie, A&zl

Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW dy nwiek/nwiekwvW Aqy qIjw AiDAwie, A&zl

Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW ivc pMjwbIAq dw sMklp bwry hY[

lwB isMG ny jMmU XUnIvristI qoN gurmuKI ivc pRkwiSq pwiksqwnI

pMjwbI nwvlW dw AiDAYn ivSy qy AY~m. i&l dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies Koj-

inbMD qy imqI nw id`qI hox krky ieh pqw nhIN lg sikAw ik ieh ifgrI iks

sMn ivc id`qI geI[ KoojwrQI ny ies Koj-inbMD dy cwr AiDAwie bxwey hn[

pihly AiDAwie ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl-sMKyp pircX, dUjw, purwqn

pMjwbI siBAwcwr nwl sbMiDq nwvl ijs ivc A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvl

‘dIvw qy dirAw’, ‘duAwbw’ Aqy slIm ^W ig`mI dy nwvl ‘sWJ’ dy ivSy vsqU

91

dw AiDAYn pyS kIqw igAw hY[ qIjw AiDAwie, AwDuink BwvboD nwl sbMiDq

nwvlW bwry hY[ ies ivc KojwrQI ny &^r zmwn dy nwvl ‘s`q gvwcy lok’

‘iek mry bMdy dI khwxI’, musqn`sr husYn qwrV dy nwvl ‘pKyrU’ Awis&

Swhkwr dy nwvl ‘SoA ibzns’, Aihsn btwlvI dy nwvl ‘khwxI iek ie`jV

dI’ dy ivSy vsqU dw AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY[ cOQw AiDAwie, ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI

glp idRStI’ bwry hY ies ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW dy rUp ivDwn sbMDI

crcw kIqI geI hY[

pRBjIq kOr ny &^r zmwn dw nwvl jgq ivSy qy kurUkSyqr

XUnIvristI, kurUkSyqr qoN 1991 ivc AY~m. i&l dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[

jiqMdrpwl isMG ny A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dI glp idRStI ivSy qy

gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr qoN 1984 ivc AY~m. i&l dI ifgrI pRwpq

kIqI[ jiqMdrpwl isMG ny A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW ‘dIvw qy dirAw’,

‘duAwbw’, ‘sUrj gRihx’ dy AwDwr qy rMDwvw dI glp idRStI nUM pCwnx leI

auprokq nwvlW nUM Awpxy ivSlySx dw AwDwr bxwieAw hY[ Koj krqw ny rMDwvy

dy nwvlW dy ivSy vsqU dw Aqy rUpk p`K dw AiDAYn krdy hoey nwvlkwr duAwrw

vrqIAW geIAW v`K-v`K jugqW nUM v`K-v`K pRivrqIAW dy AMqrgq smJx dw

auprwlw kIqw hY ik rMDwvw pMjwbI rihql nUM iek jugq v`joN vrqdw hY[ iehI

ausdI ivl`Kx pRwpqI qy invyklI pCwx khI jw skdI hY[

pRBpwl rMDwvw ny A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW dw Awlocnwqmk

AiDAYn ivSy qy gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr qoN 1986-87 ivc AY~m.

i&l dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ KojwrQI ny A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy iqMn nwvlW

‘dIvw qy dirAw’ ‘duAwbw’ Aqy ‘sUrj gRihx’ dy ivSy vsqU Aqy rUpk p`K dw

Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn pRsquq kIqw hY[ pihly do nwvlW ivc pyNfU jIvn dI

Jlk imldI hY[ lok siBAwcwr pRqI moh rMDwvy dy nwvlW dI mu`K sur hY[ Koj

krqw ny ies Koj-inbMD ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq, rMDwvw: jIvn qy rcnw

au~pr izAwdw iDAwn kyNdirq kIqw hY qy aus dy nwvlW dy Awlocnwqmk

92

AiDAYn aupr G`t ijs qoN ieM\ jwpdw hY ik KojwrQI dI idRStI vDyry sUKm nhIN

hY blik bhuq hI sqhI p`Dr dw kwrj kIqw igAw hY[ KojwrQI ny jiqMdrpwl

isMG dy pI-AY~c.fI dy Koj-pRbMD ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI glp smwj siBAwcwrk

AiDAYn’ ivcoN kw&I kuJ nkl krky ieMn-ibMn auqwrw kIqw hY ijs krky ies

dI pRmwixkqw pRqI sMdyh pYdw huMdw hY[

suKrwj isMG ny mnSw Xwd ricq nwvl twvW twvW qwrw dw bhup`KI

AiDAYn ivSy qy gurUu nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr qoN 2006 ivc AY~m.

i&l dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies Koj-inbMD dy KojwrQI ny cwr AiDAwie bxwey

hn[pihlw AiDAwie, muhMmd mnSw Xwd: jIvn qy rcnw, dUjw, twvW twvW

qwrw: smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn, qIjw, twvW twvW qwrw: ibrqWq SwsqrI

AiDAYn, cOQw, twvW twvW qwrw dw pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl ivc sQwn[

KojwrQI ny ies ivc twvW twvW qwrw dy ivSy vsqU dw AiDAYn, nwvl ivc

vrqIAW geIAW v`K-v`K ibrqWqk jugqW Aqy v`K-v`K pwiksqwnI pMjwbI

nwvlW bwry crcw krn qoN mgroN is`tw k`iFAw hY ik ieh nwvl pMjwbI rihql

dw Aijhw JroKw hY ijs ivcoN JwqI pwieAW pMjwb dy pyNfU jIvn dI AslI

qsvIr JlkdI hY[ ieh nwvl pMjwbIAW dy AmIr sWJy ivrsy Aqy smwj

siBAwcwrk jIvn dI AkwsI krdw hY[

sqbIr isMG ny &rzMd AlI ricq nwvl Bu`bl dw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn ivSy qy gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr qoN 2008 ivc AY~m. i&l

dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies Koj-inbMD dy KojwrQI ny cwr AiDAwie bxwey

hn[ pihlw AiDAwie, swihq dw smwj Swsqr: isDWqk pirpyK, dUjw,

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl: smwj SwsqrI pirpyK, qIjw, &rzMd AlI ricq

nwvl Bu`bl dw smwj SwsqrI AiDAYn, cOQw, AiDAwie Bu`bl dw pwiksqwnI

pMjwbI nwvl ivc sQwn bwry hY[ KojwrQI ny Bu`bl nwvl dw sQwn inSicq krdy

hoey ieh is`tw k`iFAw hY ik ies nwvl dw XQwrQ smwijk bxqr sbMDI fUMGw

93

qOKlw Aqy sMkyq pYdw krdw hY[ ieh Awpxy muAwSry nUM smJx vwlI iek

kwrgr rcnw hY[

kulbIr kOr ny gurmu`KI ilpI ivc Cpy pwiksqwnI nwvlW dw

Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn ivSy qy pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH qoN 1982 ivc AY~m.

i&l dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies Koj-inbMD dy KojwrQx ny pMj AiDAwie bxwey

hn[ pihly AiDAwie dy do Bwg hn (a) nwvl qy pMjwbI nwvl dw ieiqhws qy

ipCokV (A) pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw ieiqhws, dUjw AiDAwie, pwiksqwnI

pMjwbI nwvl: kQw qy kQwnk bwry hY ies AiDAwie ivc ‘dIvw qy dirAw’,

‘sWJ’, ‘pKyrU’, ‘s`q gvwcy lok’, ‘iek mry bMdy dI khwxI’ nUM AiDAYn dw

AwDwr bxwieAw hY[ qIjw AiDAwie, gurmuKI ilpI ivc Cpy pwiksqwnI pMjwbI

nwvlW ivc smwijk Aqy rwjnIiqk cyqnqw, cOQy AiDAwie ivc gurmuKI ilpI

ivc Cpy pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW ivc ASlIlqw, pMjvyN AiDAwie ivc

gurmuKI ilpI ivc Cpy pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW ivc BwSw dw pRXog bwry hY[

sunIq kOr ny &^r zmwn dw nwvl bMdIvwn: iek AiDAYn ivSy qy

pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH qoN 1984-85 ivc AY~m. i&l dw Koj kwrj kIqw[

ies Koj-inbMD dy iqMn AiDAwie hn[ pihlw AiDAwie, bMdIvwn qy pwiksqwnI

smwj siBAwcwr (a) bMdIvwn dw siBAwcwrk Aqy swihiqk ipCokV (A)

pwiksqwn ivc pMjwbI swihq dI mUl pCwx, dUjw AiDAwie, ivAkqIgq Aqy

swihiqk pRsiQqI, qIjw AiDAwie, bMdIvwn: ivSlySx qy ivvycn bwry hY[ ies

Koj inbMD rwhIN &^r zmwn dy nwvl bMdIvwn dw ivSw vsqU Aqy rUpk p`K qoN

AiDAYn pyS kIqw hY[ KojwrQx ny ies nwvl dI rUpk sMrcnw nUM vwsqivkqw,

klpnw, ieiqhws, svY-jIvnI, swihiqk ieiqhws Aqy dsqwvyzI dy iBMn-iBMn

q`QW nUM ApRsMgk smIpqw duAwrw pyS kIqw hY[

pI-AY~c.fI p`Dr qy pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI bhuq QoVHw Koj

kwrj hoieAw hY[ sB qoN pihlw pI-AY~c. fI dw Koj-pRbMD sulqwnw byZm dw

imldw hY ijsny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn ivSy qy

94

pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH qoN 1990 ivc ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies ivc

KojwrQx ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw AwrMB qy ivkws, vMf nwl Aqy vMf qoN

pihlW dI sWJI rihql nwl sbMiDq nwvl, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW ivc

pRqIkwqmkqw, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI smwijk Aqy rumWitk nwvl, pwiksqwnI

pMjwbI nwvlW ivc smwijk Aqy rwjnIiqk cyqMnqw Awid dy AwDwr qy nwvlW

dI vrgvMf krky aunHW dw AiDAYn kIqw hY[ vDyry zor nwvlW dIAW khwxIAW

ibAwnx qy id`qw igAw hY pr iPr vI pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI pI-

AY~c.fI dw pihlw Koj kwrj hox krky m`ulvwn hY[

prmjIq isMG ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl: rUp qy pRkwrj ivSy qy

pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH qoN 2000 ivc pI-AY`c.fI dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[

KojwrQI ny ies Koj-pRbMD dy cwr AiDAwie bxwey hn[ pihlw AiDAwie, nwvl

dI rUp ivDw ijs ivc rUp Aqy rUp ivDw, nwvl dI rUp ivDw dw ivDw SwsqrI

Avlokx, nwvl dI rUp rcnw ivc pRkwrj dI BUimkw sbMDI crcw kIqI geI

hY[ dUjy AiDAwie ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dI rUp ivDw dy smwjk

siBAwcwrk pRyrk, qIjw AiDAwie, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw ivDwgq

ivkws, cOQw qy Aw^rI AiDAwie, s`q pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvlW dy rUp qy

pRkwrj dw ivhwrk ivSlySx kIqw hY [ieh nwvl &^r zmwn dy nwvl ‘s`q

gvwcy lok’, ‘bMdIvwn’, A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy ‘dIvw qy dirAw’, ‘duAwbw’,

‘sUrj gRihx’, slIm KW ig`mI dy ‘sWJ’ Aqy musqn`sr husYn qwrV dy nwvl

‘pKyrU’ nUM Swiml kIqw igAw hY[

jiqMdrpwl isMG ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI glp smwj siBAwcwrk

AiDAYn ivSy qy 1993 ivc pI-AY~c.fI dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI [ ieh Koj-pRbMD

pusqk rUp ivc pRkwiSq ho cu`kw hY ijs dw vyrvw id`qw jw cukw hY[

hrbMs isMG ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI Adb dw qnkIdI jwiezw ivSy qy

pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw qoN 1999 ivc ivc pI-AY~c.fI dI ifgrI pRwpq

95

kIqI[ ieh Koj-pRbMD pusqk rUp ivc ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq-inkws qy

ivkws’ ADIn pRkwiSq ho cu`kw hY ijsdw vyrvw id`qw jw cukw hY[

hMspRIq kOr ny A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dw nwvl jgq ivSy qy pMjwbI

XUnIvristI, pitAwlw qoN 2007 ivc pI-AY~c.fI dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies

Koj-pRbMD dy pMj AiDAwie hn[ pihlw AiDAwie, pMjwbI nwvl qy A&zl

Aihsn rMDwvw[ dUjw, A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW dy ivSYgq srokwr[

qIjw, A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW ivc pMjwbIAq dw sMklp[ cOQw, A&zl

Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW ivc nwiek/nwiekw dw sMklp[ pMjvW, A&zl Aihsn

rMDwvw dy nwvlW dw rUp ivDwn Awid hn[KojwrQx ny suKjIq kOr ijsny 2004

ivc A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW ivc pMjwbIAq dw sMklp ivSy qy

AY~m.i&l dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI sI dy do AiDAwie A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy

nwvlW dy nwiek/nwiekwvW Aqy A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw dy nwvlW ivc pMjwbIAq

dw sMklp dI hU-b-hU nkl krky Awpxy Koj-pRbMD dw ih`sw bxwieAw hY[

rijMdr kOr ny pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn ivSy qy

id`lI XUnIvristI qoN 1996 ivc pI-AY~c. fI dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ies Koj-

pRbMD dy KojwrQx ny cwr AiDAwie bxwey hn[ pihlw AiDAwie, isDWqk

pirpyK, dUjw, A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw, qIjw, slIm ^W ig`mI Aqy cOQw, &^r

zmwn dy nwvlW bwry hY[ Koj pRbMD nUM pVHn mgroN pqw l`gdw hY ik ieh vDyry

cMgI Koj nhIN blik iesdw imAwr inhwieq hI nIvyN p`Dr dw hY[ iesdw kwrn

ieh hY ik iek qW KojwrQx ny ho cu`ky ivSy nUM muV duhrwieAw[ sulqwnw bygm ny

ies ivSy qy pI-AY~c.fI dw Koj kwrj pihlW hI kIqw hoieAw hY[ dUjw Koj-pRbMD

ivc pwiksqwn dy isr& gurmuKI dy nwvl hI ley gey hn[ Koj-pRbMD ivc

nwvlW dIAW khwxIAW hI ibAwn kIqIAW geIAW hn Aqy mOilkqw dI Gwt hY[

nsrIn mu^qwr ny SwhmuKI ilpI ivc pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw

ieriqkw 1947 qoN 2003 ivSy qy lwhOr XUnIvristI qoN pI-AY~c. fI dI ifgrI

pRwpq kIqI[ KojwrQx ny iesdy cwr AiDAwie bxwey hn[ pihlw, nwvl Aqy

96

nwvl dI rIq rvwieq[ dUjw, piksqwn bxn qoN pihlW 1947 qIk ipCokV dw

jwiezw[ qIjw, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw ieriqkw 1947 qoN 2003[ cOQw,

pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw mOzUAwqI muqwilAw[ ies Koj-pRbMD ivc 1947 qoN

2006 q`k dy nwvlW dw sMKyp jwiezw pyS kIqw igAw hY[ ieh KojwrQx dI

mu`lvwn Aqy mOilk ikrq hY[ KojwrQx ny keI AxgOly nwvlW nUM KoijAw hY[

Koj-pRbMD dI BUimkw ivc KojwrQx ny AwpxI kIqI imhnq Aqy nwvlW bwry g`l

kIqI hY[

mukwly dI iqAwrI dy islisly ivc mYnMU bVIAW ql^ hkIkqW dw swhmxw

krnw ipAw[ swfy ilKwrIAW, nwkdW qy dwinSvrW kol ieMnI vI ivhl

nhIN ik auh cMd jumly hI ienHW nwvlW qy nwvlkwrW bwry ilK dyx[

lwiebRyrIAW ivc pey Aijhy nwvl vI vyKx ivc Awey ny ijnHW dy juVy s&y

vI mYN Alihdw kIqy sI[ ieh nwvl virHAW pihly q^lIk hoey sn[ Aw

jw ky cMd ikqwbW qnkId dIAW AijhIAW ny ijnHW ivc nwvlW dw izkr

imldw ey[36

ies pRkwr auprokq hvwlw is`D krdw hY ik pwiksqwnI pMjwbI

nwvl bwry ho irhw Koj kwrj vDyry qs`lIbKS nhIN hY[ pwiksqwn ivc vI ies

pwsy ivdvwn Awlocnwqmk rUp ivc vDyry sj`g rUp ivc kwrj nhIN kr rhy[

ies pRkwr pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl sbMDI auprokq Koj kwrj qoN

sihjy hI AMdwzw lgwieAw jw skdw hY ik ieh Koj kwrj igxnwqmk p`KoN kw&I

hY pr guxnwqmk p`KoN bhuqw qs`lIbKS nhIN hY[ izAwdwqr Koj kwrj nwvlW dy

ivSw vsqU nUM pyS krn vwlw jW ie`kw-d`ukw nwvlkwrW dy nwvlW dy AiDAYn nwl

sbMiDq hY[ iesdy do v`fy kwrn hn ik ies sbMDI Koj ivc kuJ kmIAW rih

geIAW hn[ pihlw kwrn BwSw Aqy ilpI hY[ pwiksqwnI nwvlkwrW duAwrw

SwhmuKI ilpI dI vrqoN krn krky ieDrly KojwrQI Aqy ivdvwn ies qoN

Axjwx hox krky isr& aunHW rcnwvW qy vDyry kyNdirq rhy ijhVIAW gurmuKI

ivc ilpIAWqr ho ky pRkwiSq ho cu`kIAW hn Aqy ijnHW dI tYkst AwswnI nwl

97

auplbD ho skI[ dUjw kwrn srh`d pwr dw swihq hox kwrn keI srkwrI rokW

lgdIAW rhIAW[ ies krky ieh swihq vDyry AxgOilAw rih igAw[ kuJ ku

igxqI dy ivdvwnW ny ies pwsy iDAwn id`qw ijnHW ivc fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG

jOlI, fw. krnYl isMG iQMd, fw. suiqMdr isMG nUr, fw. gurdyv isMG, fw. jgbIr

isMG, fw. Aqr isMG, fw. gurcrn isMG mihqw, fw. suKdyv isMG Kwhrw, fw.

hrbMs isMG DImwn Awid[ mu`Flw Koj kwrj qW nwvlW bwry jwxkwrI sbMDI

igAwn vrDk hI ikhw jw skdw hY[ies dI Awlocnw sbMDI hoieAw Koj kwrj

qW AsloN hI QoVHw h Y[ fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG jOlI duAwrw kIqw ‘pwiksqwnI

pMjwbI glp smwj siBAwcwrk AiDAYn’ kuJ qs`lIbKS ikhw jw skdw hY pr

ieh vI nwvl Aqy khwxI dI isn& bwry hY[ AY~m. i&l dw Koj kwrj jW qW

ie`kw-du`kw nwvlkwrW nwl sbMiDq hY jW iPr iksy vI nwvlkwr dy iek jW do

nwvlW dy AiDAYn nwl sbMiDq hY[ pI-AY~c.fI p`Dr qy hoey Koj kwrj dw ieMnw

mwVw hwl hY ik KojwrQI ieko ivSy nMU duhrwaux qoN vI nhIN ihcikcwauNdy[

sulqwnw bygm dy Koj-pRbMD dI audwhrn id`qI jw skdI hY ausny 1990 ivc

cMfIgVH XUnIvristI qoN ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn’

ivSy qy pI-AY~c.fI dw Koj kwrj kIqw sI[ iesy hI ivSy qy rijMdr kOr ny 1996

ivc id`lI XUnIvristI qoN pI-AY~c.fI dI ifgrI pRwpq kIqI[ ieQoN swfy

ivdvwnW dI ivdvqw Aqy imAwrI Koj bwry pqw lgdw hY[ iesdy nwl hI

pwiksqwn ivc vI Koj dw imAwr koeI bhuqw qs`lIbKS nhIN hY[ iesdI

audwhrn SwhmuKI dy Koj pRbMD ‘pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwvl dw ieriqkw 1947 qoN

2003’ ivcoN leI jw skdI hY jdoN KojwrQx ny lwiebRyrIAW ivc pey virHAW

pihly q^lIk hoey nwvlW dy juVy si&AW nUM Alihdw kIqw[ ies pRkwr AMq qy

ikhw jw skdw hY ik ies pwsy Koj kwrj sbMDI dwinSvrW, bu`DIjIvIAW Aqy

KojwrQIAW leI iDAwn dyx dI vDyry loV hY[

98

hvwly Aqy it`pxIAW

1. fw. nwmvr isMG, “smwj SwsqRI pRxwlI”, swihq AiDAYn pRxwlIAW,

(sMpw.) fw. krnYl isMG iQMd, pMnw-193.

2. fw. hirBjn isMG BwtIAw, “pMjwbI Awlocnw dw smwj Swsqr”,Koj

drpx, julweI 1994, pMnw-21.

3. auhI, pMnw-23.

4. fw. mnjIqpwl, “pMjwbI nwtk dw smwj Swsqr”, Koj drpx,

julweI 1999-93, pMnw-69,70.

5. cmn lwl pRBwkr, “swihqk rcnw dy suAwd dw smwj Swsqr”,

Koj drpx, julweI 1999-93, pMnw-125.

6. gurcrn isMG ArSI, smIiKAw AnuicMqn, pMnw-191.

7. fw. kuldIp isMG DIr, swihq AiDAYn: pwTk dI AnuikRAw,

pMnw-15.

8. cMdr mohn, “swihq dw smwj Swsqr: srUp Aqy Kyqr”, isrjxw,

AkqUbr-dsMbr 2002, pMnw-60.

9. joigMdr isMG inrwlw, “nvIN pMjwbI khwxI dw smwj Swsqr”,

pMjwbI glp ivhwr, (sMpw.) pRo. dyivMdr isMG pMnw-146.

10. fw. sqIS kumwr vrmw, pMjwbI nwtk: pRgqI qy pwswr, pMnw- 16.

11. fw. joigMdr isMG rwhI, smW qy sMvwd, pMnw-203.

12. fw. rjnIS bhwdr isMG, glp AiDAYn, pMnw-52.

13. blivMdr kOr, pMjwbI nwvl ivc iesqrI-purS sMbMD, pMnw-143.

14. sihnwz is`DU, guridAwl isMG dI nwvl rcnw smwj SwsqrI

AiDAYn, pMnw-4.

15. jiqMdrpwl isMG, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI glp, pMnw-31.

99

16. fw. hrbMs isMG DImwn, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq-inkws qy ivkws,

pMnw-87.

17. prmjIq isMG imSw, &^r zmwn: guAwicAw mnu`K, pMnw-16.

18. jiqMdrpwl isMG, auhI, pMnw-149.

19. fw. krnYl isMG iQMd, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dw sMKyp jwiezw, pMnw-

87.

20. fw. Aqr isMG, swihq sMvydnw, pMnw-218.

21. fw. jgqwr, “KUnI hnyHrI ivc jgdy icrwZ”, sWJ, slIm ^W ig`mI,

pMnw-6.

22. fw. jgbIr isMG, “Awidkw”, pKyr U, musqnsr husYn qwrV, pMnw-14

23. auhI, pMnw-15.

24. fw. jiqMdrpwl isMG jOlI, “fw. Aqr isMG pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq

bwry”, pRo. Aqr isMG ismrqI gRMQ, fw. kysr isMG kysr, pMnw-116.

25. &^r zmwn, s`q gvwcy lok, pMnw-13.

26. fw. Drmpwl isMgl, AwDuink pMjwbI kivqw: ivcwr qy ivSlySx, pMnw-

182.

27. pRo. SrI& kuMjwhI, “PulW nUM bulbul dI A`K nwl dyKo”, sWJ, slIm ^W

ig`mI, pMnw-7.

28. pRo. milk. AYm. jmurd, “l`Bx dI g`l”, s`q gvwcy lok, &^r zmwn,

pMnw-12.

29. KuSidl icqrkwr, “s`q gvwcy lok: myrI nzry”, auhI, pMnw-92.

30. fw. krnYl isG iQMd, “mu`FlI g`l”, bMdIvwn, &^r zmwn, pMnw-9.

31. &^r zmwn, “nwvl bwry do g`lW”, bldy dIvy, rzIAw nUr muhMmd,pMnw-7.

32. A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw, “kuJ nw krn suxn vwlIAW g`lW”, duAwbw,

pMnw-7.

33. qrlok isMG kMvr, “muK-bMd”, byvqnw, &^r zmwn, pMnw-5.