80 70 66 54 50dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/9496/1/CxeliChokoladi_2010_N59.pdf · Sps `em fabliSingi~, Tbilisi 0105, ... sWirdeba es mouxelTebeli materiebi. araviTari filosofia

istoriebi

paata sabelaSvilisofia gubaidulina daviT buxrikiZe

Turquli demarSi qeTi qanTaria

analizi

konformizmi da winaaRmdegoba malxaz xarbedia

esei

postkomunizmis Svilebi boris budeni

mSobliuri Sizo zura jiSkariani

gandevnili warsuli giorgi maisuraZe

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70

60

50

78

66

54

nino doborjginiZeh. k. artmani

qristine lavantileo butnaru

literatura

fasi 5 lariaprili 2010 #59

garekanze: paata sabelaSvili

foto: levan xerxeuliZe

mTavari redaqtori:

nino lomaZe

aRmasrulebeli redaqtori:

salome kikaleiSvili

art-redaqtori: giorgi nadiraZe

redaqtor-stilisti: nino svaniZe

koreqtori: nino saiTiZe

nomerze muSaobdnen: daviT

buxrikiZe, daviT CixlaZe, levan

berZeniSvili, sandro naveriani,

giorgi gvaxaria, gigi guledani,

irma taveliZe, qeTi qanTaria,

giorgi xasaia, Teo xatiaSvili,

paata sabelaSvili, malxaz

xarbedia, giorgi cxadaia, SoTa

iaTaSvili, giorgi maisuraZe, zura

jiSkariani, ia merkvilaZe

foto: levan xerxeuliZe, Toma

begiaSvili, marika qoCiaSvili, daro

sulakauri

ilustracia: mariam zaldastaniSvili

dizaini: Tornike lorTqifaniZe

sazogadoebasTan urTierToba:

lela SubiTiZe

sareklamo gayidvebi: Salva CubiniZe

distribucia: zviad Sengelia

gamomcemeli: Sorena SaverdaSvili

gamomcemloba: Sps èm fabliSingi~, Tbilisi 0105,

faliaSvilis q. 108, tel.: 912326

el-fosta: [email protected]

sxva gamocemebi: liberali, biznesi-

adamianebi, meTodebi, strategiebi,

dialogi, Tibisi da Tibiselebi.

stamba: `favoriti~, Tbilisi,

CubinaSvilis q. 50, tel.: 951952

Jurnali gamodis 2004 wlis 25 dekembridan

© “M Publishing” saavtoro uflebebi

daculia. JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli

masalebis nawilobrivi an mTliani

gamoyeneba gamomcemlobis nebarTvis

gareSe akrZalulia.

N59, aprili 2010

4 cxeli Sokoladi

6 redaqtoris werili

8 Cveni avtorebi

mimoxilvebi 10 Tbilisis transportis istoriis gamofena

daviT CixlaZe

11 paTetikuri sonata giorgi xasaia

12 carieli sivrce artistuli dizainisTvis

daviT CixlaZe

14 jojoxeTis damcinavi `wvimis qali~ SoTa iaTaSvili

15 `da ase Semdeg...~ daviT CixlaZe

15 nestan nene kvinikaZis axali modernizmi

daviT CixlaZe

16 anita raWveliSvilis mcire gastroli samSobloSi...

daviT buxrikiZe

aqcenti 18 gindaT kargi literatura? hoda, moiTxoveT!

komentarebi 20 ramdenime terminologiur uzustobasTan dakavSirebiT

gigi guledani

21 monatrebuli omis qronika Teo xatiaSvili

22 konturebi sandro naveriani

werili 24 umarilo berlini da gadamlaSebuli `berlinale~

giorgi gvaxaria

istoriebi 30 Turquli demarSi qeTi qanTaria

36 paata sabelaSvili

svaboda paata sabelaSvili

44 sofia gubaidulina

brwyinvale disharmoniuli goneba daviT buxrikiZe

54 aRar ibeWdeba erik altermani

inglisuridan Targmna irma taveliZem

interviu 50 vera pavlova

mouTmenlad veli, rodis dampatiJeben saqarTveloSi

ia merkvilaZe

analizi 58 konformizmi da winaaRmdegoba malxaz xarbedia

diskusia 62 `biznesis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problemebi~

giorgi cxadaia

esei 68 postkomunisturi mdgomareoba boris budeni


72 Cven ar wavalT moskovSi akaki baqraZe

76 mSobliuri Sizo zura jiSkariani

saavtoro 80 butovi levan berZeniSvili

86 postsabWoTa kavSiri anu gandevnili warsuli

giorgi maisuraZe

redaqtoris werili

`telexulignobis~ winaaRmdeg TiTqos aqtiuri, yovel SemTxvevaSi xmauriani galaSqre-

bis Semdeg isev moCvenebiTi simSvide dadga _ cxovreba Zvel wesrigs daubrunda. am ambidan

erTaderTi, rac dRemde SemogvrCa _ sakuTar ZalebSi daurwmuneblobis da ususurobis

mZafri SegrZnebaa, romelic warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg Cndeba xolme. magram, ara

uSavs, isic male gaivlis.

araferi axali. bolo oci welia, sul ase xdeba _ saprotesto talRa boboqari emocie-

bis CaqrobasTan erTad kargavs Zalas, mere ki saerTod qreba. `mogonil-wagebul~ omze

da protestze fiqrisas bredberis `farengeiti 451~ da brandmeister bitis sityvebi ram-

denjerme gamaxsenda. protesti arc bits uyvars. is samyaroSi simSvidis SesanarCuneblad

ibrZvis _ simSvide yvelafris fasad _ misi devizia.

`mokled, Tu ar ginda adamianma politikaze idardos, problema orive mxridan ar

unda daanaxo, erTi mxarec eyofa. ise, yvelafers jobs arc erTi ar aCveno. mieciT ada-

mians omis daviwyebis saSualeba. simSvide, monteg, simSvide upirveles yovlisa! moawyveT

konkursebi: vis axsovs popularuli simReris teqstebi; vis SeuZlia Statebis didi qala-

qebis CamoTvla; an vin icis aiovas Stats SarSan ramdeni xorblis mosavali hqonda. gamou-

teneT adamianebs tvini cifrebiT, uwyinari faqtebiT, sanam ar amoarwyeven, _ eg araferi.

samagierod egonebaT, rom Zalian ganaTlebulebi arian. imasac ki daijereben, rom fiqri

SeuZliaT, rom win midian, roca sinamdvileSi erT adgils tkepnian. adamianebi bednierebi

iqnebian, radgan im `faqtebs~, riTic mTlianad gamoivsnen, alternativa ar gaaCnia. aravis

sWirdeba es mouxelTebeli materiebi. araviTari filosofia da sociologia. RmerTma

ar qnas, daskvnebis gamotana da msjeloba daiwyon. ase xom melanqolias ver avcdebiT!

Cven gvinda meti gasarTobi, wveulebebi, akrobatebi da jambazebi, gasaocari triukebiT,

reaqtiuli avtomobilebi, motociklebi, vertmfrenebi, pornografia da narkotiki. meti

avtomaturi refleqsi! Tuki drama uSinaarso aRmoCnda, kino carieli, komedia ki uniWo,

momeciT raime aRmgznebi saSualebis damatebiTi doza _ CarTeT gamayruebeli musika! me-

gonos, rom ase mZafrad piesis Sinaarsze vreagireb, sinamdvileSi ki es bgeriT talRebze

meqanikuri reaqcia iqneba. ra jobia erT karg SejanjRarebas~.

es yvelaferi xom didi xania gvaqvs. da yvelaze mondomebiT swored am faqtis daviwyebas

vcdilobT. omis qronikis telecelqobaze erTjeradi aRSfoTeba mxolod imis aRiareba

xom ar iyo, rom Cven yvelaze metad moCvenebiTi simSvidis SenarCunebaze vzrunavT?

nino lomaZe

mogvwereT, [email protected]

6 cxeli Sokoladi

27 27 27 www.tbcbank.ge 27 27*

ipoTekuri sesxi

1%-iani fasdakleba sesxebze!

ganaxlebuli saprocento ganakveTi da

gamartivebuli pirobebi

Cveni avtorebi

2003 wlis seqtemberSi, roca SevardnaZis xelisu-

flebas ori Tve rCeboda, xolo, àirzena da àero-

floti~ moskovamde zecas jer kidev mSvidobianad

iyofdnen, qarTvel xelovanTa da JurnalistTa

laSqari samdRiani kulturuli programiT moskovs

gvafrines. programa ruseTisa da saqarTvelos kul-

turis saministroebis Sedgenili iyo da `mezobeli

qveynebis kulturuli urTierTobebisa da megobro-

bis gaRrmavebas~ emsaxureboda.

sami dRis ganmavlobaSi, gasaremontebel sastumro

`moskovSi~ qarTvelebis daaxloebiT askaciani de-

legacia cekva-TamaSisa da simReris masterklasebs

utarebda sarTulebze momuSave damlageblebsa Tu

Sveicarebs. aseve yvela sarTulze uxvad moedinebo-

da legaluri WaWa, `saferavi~ Tu `borjomi~. ismo-

da `winwyaro~ da `daigvianes~... xolo Zalian Ramis

saaTebSi, tradiciulad Zalian sxvagvarad Cacmuli

qalebi daexetebodnen.

am ucnauri `samdRiani kulturis~ monawileebs

ruseTis kulturis ministri, mixail Svidkoi lamis

piradad gvxvdeboda... yvelgan, sakoncerto darbaz

`rosiaTi~ dawyebuli, `Tanamedrove musikis cen-

triT~ damTavrebuli, moskovSi mcxovrebi qarTvele-

bis xmauriani Jriamuli da zedmetad mxiaruli ru-

sebis standartuli frazebi (и все же, как эти грузины волшебно поют) ismoda.

TiTqos yvelaferma kargad, ufasod da mxiarulad

Caiara. roca ukan vbrundebodiT, `vnukovos~ ae-

roportSi~ TviTmfrinavi oTx saaTs agvianebda da

cxadia, iqve mosacdel darbazSi improvizebulad

SezarxoSebul qarTvelTa improvizebuli koncerti

gaimarTa. xolo erTma daboRmilma da pirgamexebul-

ma milicielma aseTi winaswarmetyveluri fraza Tqva:

_ Да вы над пропастью стоите, блин... и все время танцуете и поете!mtris mSvidobianad naTqvami ufro mwarea!

daviT buxrikiZe

warmoudgenlad rTulia adamianebi daajero,

rom is, rasac ver exebian, maTia. afxazeTi

da samaCablo sworad aseTia _ maT vercerTi

qarTveli ver exeba.

Tu realistebi viqnebiT, maSin avtomaturad

vaRiarebT, rom am teritoriebis dabruneba

dRes SeuZlebeli Tu ara, TiTqmis SeuZ-

lebelia. amas sWirdeba wlebi, romelic

migviyvans Cvens momaval Taobebamde da Tu

matarebeli daiZreba, sadguramde misi miyva-

na sworad momavali Taobebis saqme iqneba.

momaval Taobas, afxazeTis da samaCablos

tkivils iaffasiani, propagandistuli sa-

reklamo rgolebiTa da abrebiT ver Cau-

nergav. es wamgebiani biznesia, wamgebiani

yvelasTvis, vinc ki masSi gamosavals xedavs

da es Cemi axireba ar aris, faqtia, romelic

sul ufro da ufro gvaSorebs afxazeTs da

samaCablos.

dRes ki amis meti araferi xdeba, sadRac,

romeliRac sainformacio gamoSvebaSi gauS-

veben siuJets, de faqto baRafSma xeli mo-

awera okupant rusebTan raRacas... aseve de

faqto kokoiTma lavrovi Rirsebis ordeniT

daajildova... rusebi afxazebsac devnian

da osebsac da iq samxedro bazebs aSeneben...

rusebi afxazeTis bunebas aCanageben... xo, es

yvelaferi simarTlea, magram ras moutans es

simarTle im Taobas, romelic dabadebulic

ki ar iyo maSin, roca afxazeTic davkargeT

da samaCabloc?

sandro naveriani

8 cxeli Sokoladi

audio da video teqnika

maRali xarisxis audio-video diskebi

bionse

xidis quCa #2(mSrali xidis mimdebare teritoria)

tel.: 47 56 12www.pegasigroup.ge

mimoxilva

10 cxeli Sokoladi

avtori: daviT CixlaZe

Tbilisis transportis istoriis

gamofena qarvaslaSi

qarvaslis Tbilisis muzeumi kidev erT

nostalgiur da myudro gamofenas gvTavazobs

Tbilisis transportis istoriis Sesaxeb. me-

19 saukunis konkadan da kurtnis muSebidan

dawyebuli, dRevandel `bodanis~ markis e.w.

yviTel avtobusebamde, damTvalierebels

SeeZlo Tvali gadaevlo unikaluri

fotoebisTvis, romelic `tfilisis hamqarma~

Seagrova da gamofina, erovnuli arqivisa

da fond `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos~

xelSewyobiT. aqve SevityobT, rom TbilisSi

saxedris Semoyvana 40-ian wlebSi akrZalula

kandid Carkvianis gadawyvetilebiT, an rom

Tavisuflebis moedanze, yofili meriis win

etlebis birJa iyo.

calke seqciebad aris gamofenili lineikis,

boranis, tivis, nautikis, tramvais,

troleibusis, taqsis, metros, sabagiro

gzis qalaqSi Semosvlisa da ganviTarebis

etapebi da asaxavs Tbilisis saxmeleTo,

miwisqveSa, samdinaro Tu sahaero transportis

infrastruqturas mis istoriul garemoSi.

tramvaim 1904 wlidan 21-e saukunemde

iarseba TbilisSi da aTwleulebis manZilze

konkurencias uwevda metros, romelmac 60-

iani wlebidan daiwyo ganviTareba. gamofena

Segvaxsenebs da gvaCvenebs sxvadasxva modelisa

da tipis avtobuss, avtomobilebs, tramvaebs,

da am yvelafers nostalgiuri elferic

axlavs. damTvalierebeli naxavs samvagonian

tramvais, `Skodas~ modelis troleibusebs,

mTawmindis parkis rkinigzis xazs, Seityobs,

rom muStaidis baRis sabavSvo rkinigza

msoflioSi aseTi proeqtis pirveli da

ukanaskneli ganxorcieleba yofila.

gamofena Cveni uaxlesi istoriis arasasiamovno

fotoebsac ar erideba da kadrebze vxedavT

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis areuli drois

amsaxvel scenebs, rodesac mgzavrebi fexiT

miuyvebian metros gvirabs, anda avtobusis

saxuravze sxedan. bolos ki dRevandeli

`marSrutkebis~ bumis droSi vbrundebiT da

sevdianebi vtovebT darbazs.

mimoxilva

cxeli Sokoladi 11

me-9 simfonia sakmarisi ar aris. misi

avtoris sasiyvarulo vnebebic sain-

teresoa; iqneb _ ufro sainteresoc,

vidre me-9 simfonia. is damTrgunve-

lad diadia, ideologizirebuli,

magram diadi. geniosebis, anda kul-

turuli fenomenebis sawol oTaxSi

Wvritini, Tundac maTi sasiyvarulo

istoriebis mosmena ki, ar iTxovs

xangrZliv refleqsirebas. Tanac

Cven gviyvars, roca maT raRacaSi

mainc vutoldebiT, an sulac Cvens

upiratesobas vgrZnobT, sul erTia

_ ras. es gvamSvidebs, amosunTqvis

saSualebas gvaZlevs. arada, zedmeti

biografizmi xelovnebas magiuro-

bas ukargavs, aramimzidvels xdis.

poststruqturalistebma zustad am

magiurobis SenarCuneba-dabruneba

scades e.w. àvtoris sikvdiliT~.

Tumca am koncefciis patriar-

qis _ rolan bartis intimuri dRi-

urebis gamoqveynebis momswrec gaxda

sazogadoeba. rolan bartis sawol

oTaxSic SevixedeT. rogorc Cans, Za-

lian didia cnobili artistebis ada-

mianur yofaSi Cawvdomis survili.

a.wereTlis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis xelovnebaTmcodneobisa da

germanistikis specialobis studen-

tebma Targmnes da krebulis saxiT ga-

mosces beThovenis, bramsis, goeTes,

Sileris, biuxneris sasiyvarulo ba-

raTebi. centraluri adgili mainc

beThovenis werilebs ukavia. redaq-

tori da erT-erTi mTargmneli, maia

WolaZe winasityvaobaSi wers: `teqni-

kuri gaucxoebis pikze myofi ada-

mianisTvis ucnauria or saukuneze

ufro Zveli sasiyvarulo baraTebis

kiTxva~. ho, sainteresoa, ras werda

beThoveni sayvarel adamians. es mis

TiTebTan ufro gvaaxloebs. digi-

talizaciis epoqaSi werili gavir-

tualurebulia. Tanamedroveobis

romelime didi kompozitori, magal-

iTad Stokhauzeni sayvarel adamians

skaipiT miswerda, cxadia. beThovens

ki Tavad gamohyavda asoebi, amitom

TiTebTan ufro axlos varT. ase

gvjera. ase gvinda gvjerodes. maia

WolaZe, albaT sworadac, teqnikuri

gaucxoebis konteqstSi ganixilavs am

baraTebis mniSvnelobas, magram stu-

dentebisTvis ufro mniSvnelovani

albaT mainc siyvarulia; siyvaruli,

romlis nakleboba da arasakmari-

soba ufro mZafri gancdaa, vidre

is problema, rac digitalizacias

axlavs _ uSualo Sexebis nakleboba,

razec amdens fiqrobs da wers Ta-

namedrove evropeli inteleqtuali.

aseTi werilebis Targmnas, kul-

turis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,

mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi ar

SeuZlia. gansxvavebiT am proeqtis

erT-erTi mxardamWeris, kinomcodne

TamTa TurmaniZis `kinoklubisgan~,

romelsac amdeni xania, uyurebs

quTaisuri publika; romelmac gaav-

so mesxiSvilis Teatris mcire scena

nata murvaniZis xilvis surviliT.

aseTi werilebi, rogorc cnobilma

poetma kruCionixma zaumur poezi-

aze Tqva, `mxolod mdogvia, marto

mdogviT ki ver gaZRebi~. amis miuxe-

davad, saintereso iyo, ra formiT

moxdeboda werilebis reprezentacia

mesxiSvilis Teatris mcire scenaze;

Tanac anonsi iuwyeboda, rom msaxio-

bi nata murvaniZe Tavis samsaxiobo

jgufTan erTad moawyobda am per-

formanss.

iq momxdari seriozul movlenad

albaT arc aRiqmeba _ scenis iatakze

fexmorTxmiT mjdomi nata murvaniZe

sam axalgazrdasTan erTad kiTxu-

lobda quTaiseli studentebis na-

Targmn werilebs. monotonurad,

SecdomebiT; kiTxulobda klasi-

kuri musikis da zurgsukan _ beTho-

venis, bramsis, goeTes portretebis

fonze. aq ar iyo am werilebis Ta-

namedrove konteqstSi warmoCenis

aranairi mcdeloba, aranairi gaaz-

reba-gadaTamaSeba. mxolod xandaxan

nata murvaniZe RimiliT gadaxedav-

da ekranze monacvle portretebs,

TiTqos ambobda, _ taSi, romelsac

bolos daukravT, maT ekuTvniT da

ara me, me mxolod instrumenti var

didi xelovanebis xelSio. misi, ro-

gorc artistis mcdelobiT, es wer-

ilebi performansad ver iqca, Tavad

ki am fsevdoperformansSi monawile-

obisas beThovenis, goeTes, bramsis

zurgs amoefara. taSma mosalod-

nels gadaaWarba. msaxiobebs meo-

redac mouxmes. igrZnoboda Tavis

motyuebis survili, TiTqos raRac

mniSvnelovani marTlac moxda, da

rom msaxiobebs tyuilad ar gauvli-

aT 300 kilometri; rom ufro xSirad

unda Camovidnen dedaqalaqidan da,

jandabas arti, mTavaria TavianTi

xilviT gagvabednieron....

SabaT-kviras `kinoklubSi~ albaT

isev 4 adamiani ijdeba. kargi xe-

lovnebisTvis sakmarisia.

paTetikuri sonataavtori: giorgi xasaia

12 cxeli Sokoladi

mimoxilva

18 marts Tbilisis saxelmwifo

samxatvro akademiaSi vato wereT-

lis kuratorobiT ganxorcielda

proeqti `carieli sivrce~. am

erTdRiani gamofenis Tavdapir-

veli dizaini britaneTis sabWos

iniciativa iyo, rac Tanamedrove

xelovnebis popularizacias isax-

avda miznad _ kerZod, iaffasiani

maskulturis erTgvari teroris

qveS myofi adamianebisTvis poe-

ziasa da saerTod xelovnebasTan

ziareba.

gamofena or nawilad gaiyo.

pirveli da ZiriTadi nawili samx-

atvro akademiisTvis daigegma,

sadac eqsponatebis wardgena ara

Cveul sagalereo sivrceebSi, ar-

amed Senobis sxva, arasagamofe-

no adgilebSi unda momxdariyo

_ vTqvaT, derefnebSi, aivanze,

carieli sivrce artistuli dizainisTvisavtori: daviT CixlaZe

ezoSi da a.S. sabolood, amisT-

vis samxatvro akademiis erTi

yvelaze moZravi da tranzitu-

li derefani SeirCa, sadac dRis

ganmavlobaSi mraval students

uwevs gavla. aq gamofenili iyo

mamuka jafariZis, kote mindaZis,

dima dadianis, giorgi kekeliZis,

vato wereTlis samxatvro da po-

eturi namuSevrebi.

gamofenis meore nawili ki

Tbilisis metropolitenis sad-

gurebze arsebuli monitorebi-

sTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli,

risTvisac mamuka jafariZis na-

muSevari `saxelebi~ SeirCa. es

namuSevari marTlac warmatebuli

aRmoCnda, radgan gamofenis orive

koncefcias TvalnaTlad exmi-

aneboda _ daemyarebina kavSiri

xalxTan da yofiliyo garkveul-

wilad poeturi. amisTvis mxat-

varma videofirze aRbeWda kadre-

bi, sadac naCvenebia adamianebis

mier xeebze da sxva zedapirebze

amoCxapnili sakuTari saxelebi,

riTac isini sakuTari Tavis da

iqmyofobis ukvdavyofas cdilo-

ben. amas Tan axlda audiomasala,

sadac mxatvari am saxelebs gaiZa-

xis, an SeiZleba iTqvas, eZaxis am

adamianebs. akademiis ezoSi gama-

Zlierebeli marTlac mouxmobda

am adamianebs: `zura!~, `daviT!~,

èlene!~, `maia!~. uneburad mec

ramdenjerme mivixede. rodesac

damTvaliereblebi Semodiodnen

gamofenis dasaTvaliereblad,

mamuka jafariZe zogjer maT

TamaSnarevi ironiiT ekiTxeboda:

`ratom moxvediT? dagiZaxes?~

vato wereTeli, romelic aqve,

vato wereTeli kote mindaZe

mimoxilva

cxeli Sokoladi 13

akademiaSi xelmZRvanelobs `kul-

turis ganviTarebis kavkasiur

centrs~, an meorenairad maf-s

(media art farms), gamofenaze

arqiteqtor mika yruaSvilTan

erTad wardga namuSevriT, rom-

lis saxelwodebac iyo `nacarqeq-

ias saxli~. mxatvrebi Seecadnen,

ganeviTarebinaT axali semantikis

miTologia cnobili zRapruli

personaJis atributikis garSemo.

gamofenis es monakveTi vizualu-

rad ukve Zalze damajerebeli da

TxrobiTi iyo, miuxedavad imisa,

rom arc erTi sityva an ilustra-

cia ar yofila gamoyenebuli.

mxatvarma kote mindaZem ori

didi zomis qaRaldze Sesrule-

buli teqsturi namuSevari war-

moadgina, saxelwodebiT `Tva-

lebi~ da `gamocana~, romlebic

brinjis qaRaldze kaligrafi-

ulad asaxul Cinur poeziaze

warmoqmnida aluzias da skolis

moswavlis dRiuris konceptua-

lur gamonagonsac warmoadgenda.

am qaRaldebze ki namdvili poet-

uri teqstebi ikiTxeboda, sadac

aRwerili iyo sxvadasxva feris

Tvalebi, maTi survilebi da is,

rom Tvalebis ukan sulia Camwyv-

deuli.

poeti giorgi kekeliZe `qse-

luri aluziebis~ teqstobriv

serias sTavazobda mnaxvels,

romelSic is ikvlevs an qmnis

internetTan da imeilTan daka-

vSirebul Sinaarsobriv mxares,

gamogonil miTologiur gan-

totebebsa da aluziebs. es wminda

poeturi teqstebi iyo, printer-

ze beWdvis Sedegad odnav gadide-

buli SriftiT da sabeWdi manqa-

nis monotonurobis Tu poeturi

Txrobis intimurobis efeqtiT.

musikosma dima dadianma fo-

tonamuSevari warudgina damT-

valierebels _ seriulad gan-

meorebadi kadri, sadac oqrosa

da ioli simdidris semantikis

garemoSi gaxveuli mamakacia ga-

mosaxuli. namuSevars `Cemi oqro

CemTan~ ewodeba da warmoadgens

nuvoriSuli merkantilobis erT-

gvar socialur Tu sulier kri-

tikas da erTgvar dacinvasac.

gamofenaze naCvenebi iyo Cemi

namuSevaric, romelsac `tyupebis

Teatri~ erqva, da video, foto da

cocxali performansis komponen-

tebisgan Sedgeboda. aq gamoyeneb-

uli erTaderTi teqsti is iyo,

rom gakvirvebul mayureblebs

vuxsnidi, rom es xelovnuri, mo-

glejili xeli, romelic 1 larad

viyideT, da romelic aSkarad he-

louinis atributikas warmoad-

gens, imitom miWiravs, rom, sxva

nivTebisgan gansxvavebiT, misi

gadaReba dagvaviwyda, da aq pira-

dad movitane saCveneblad.

daviT CixlaZe

dima dadiani

14 cxeli Sokoladi

avtori: SoTa iaTaSvili

jojoxeTis damcinavi `wvimis qali~

15 marts saRamoTi wvimda. meteorologebs, cxadia, am bunebrivi movlenis

TavianTi, profesiuli axsna hqondaT, Tumca wvimis WeSmariti mizezi mxolod ana

korZaia-samadaSvilma uwyoda, da igi `qaravanSi~, mis saRamoze Sekrebil, wvimas

arSepuebul erTgul mkiTxvels maSinve gaumxila: wvimda mis gamo! wvimda imitom,

rom wvimiani amindi misi cxovrebis `jojoxeTia~ da is mas sul Tan sdevs. da

bunebrivia, rom misi personaJebic am gauTavebeli uJmuri amindis tyveobaSi

arian da es maT xasiaTze da qmedebebzec isaxeba. da aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivi

iyo isic, rom `qaravnis~ literaturuli saRamo man im moTxrobis fragmentebis

kiTxviT daiwyo, romelsac hqvia `wvims~.

ai ase, gareT wvimda, SigniTac wvimda, da wvimisa da bevri ramisagan

cxovrebagabezrebuli anas qalebi xan loginqveS dagulebul qvas sruliad

moulodnelad TavSi Cascxebdnen xolme sakuTar sayvarels da xan vin icis, ras

ar sCadiodnen, magram rac ar unda sakvirveli yofiliyo, darbazSi cremlebis

wvima ki ar ifrqveoda, aramed sicili. Tavis dabneul, gatanjul personaJebs

enamoswrebuli ana iqve komentarebs ayolebda da sulmTlad afarCakebda.

Cven win iyo umowyalo da amave dros ucnaurad xalisiani avtori: iumoridan

sarkazmamde farTo diapazoniT, ironiuli da, rac am dros friad mniSvnelovania

_ TviTironiuli.

ana ukve Svidi Tu rva welia, rac Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaSia da

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man aq Tavisi ganumeorebeli stili da xedva moitana:

samoqmedo sivrcisa da personaJebis sxarti, xatovani aRweriT; maTi

fsiqologiuri Strixebis Tu problemebis, maTi nevrozuli urTierTobebis

ramdenime frazaSi Camoqnis unariT; ritmis uCveulo grZnobiT, aCqarebuli

TxrobiT da Txrobisas araordinaruli montaJuri azrovnebis niWiT... anas

`kinoSnikis~ Tvali aqvs. metic, eqscentrul-dramatuli personaJebis is didi

armia, romelic man moiyvana, erTad rom warmovidginoT, raRac feliniseburs

miviRebT, cxadia, sxva aqcentebiTa da portretistuli xelweriT. gasaxaria,

rom aseTi personaJebi marto qaRaldze ar rCebian da pirdapiri gagebiT ukve

xorcsac isxamen. rogorc im saRamos SevityveT, anas moTxrobebis mixedviT

aTonelis TeatrSi speqtakli idgmeba da mas male unda velodoT.

sxva samomavlo gegmebze mas maincdamainc ar ulaparakia. erTi is aRniSna, rom

didi xania amaod cdilobs romanis daweras, rac jerjerobiT aranairad ar

gamosdis: xan kompiuteri uylapavs nawers da xan jer gadauwyveteli wminda

wylis SemoqmedebiTi problemebi uSlis xels. magram imedi viqonioT, rom ana

gadalaxavs am winaaRmdegobebs da male romaniTac gagvaxarebs.

dabolos, mainc rogori mweralia ana korZaia-samadaSvili? Tu vinmes misi

teqstebi ara aqvs wakiTxuli, imedi maqvs, am patara reportaJidan mixvda, rom is

iumoristi ar aris, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi nawarmoebebi sicils (nerviuls?)

iwvevs. tragikomikosi? TiTqos ki, magram, mgoni, arc mTlad tragikomikosia.

komediuroba misgan Sorsaa. tragizmic raRacnairi, araseriozuli tragizmia,

araklasikuri. nevrozulobaa albaT misi teqstebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli. TviT

isic ki, risganac misma personaJebma siamovneba unda miiRon (vTqvaT, seqsi), maT

wvalebad ubrundebaT da cxvirSi Zmrad amosdiT. patara adamianebi am didma

vnebebma rom ar gaWylitos, avtori maT vnebebs dascinis, dascinis isev maT

gadasarCenad. da zogadad, ana aris mwerali, romelic cxovrebas dascinis.

mas Tavisi wvimiani, nestiani `jojoxeTi~ aqvs da sxvanairi sacxovrebeli

literaturuli alagi verc warmoudgenia. erTi sityviT, is jojoxeTis damcinavi

mweralia... saRamo rom damTavrda da gareT gamovedi, wvima gaxSirebuliyo.

saxlSi galumpuli mivedi. vijeqi mere qurasTan, magidasTan, kompiuterTan,

davborialobdi saxlSi da xan moviwyendi, xan ki CemTvis mwared meRimeboda...

`wvimis qalis~ amaforiaqebeli xma Camesmoda da ar meSveboda...

mimoxilva

cxeli Sokoladi 15

`da ase Semdeg...~

zamTris miwuruls mamuka samxaraZis gamofenam saxelwodebiT

miiqcia yuradReba _ `da ase Semdeg...~. weliwadis am dros

Tbilisis kulturuli kalendari ufro inertulia xolme.

magram mxatvari ar SeuSinda im dReebSi susxian qarsa da

uamindobas. misi SemoqmedebisTvis ucxo ar aris buneba da mas

verc dacarielebuli Sardenis quCa gaakvirvebda, Tumca mamuka

samxaraZis gamofenis gaxsniT Tbilisis es ubani cota xniT

zamTarSic gamococxlda.

misi namuSevrebis fokusSi sivrce da landSaftia. misTvis

mTavari foni swored bunebaa, rasac mxatvari Tavis gamogonil

xelovnur, Caketil da logikur struqturebs amatebs. mamuka

samxaraZis geometriuli namuSevrebis seriebi ramdenime wlis

win naCvenebi iyo moskovSi èkotopiis~ gamofenaze. amjerad ki,

miuxedavad imisa, rom mxatvris namuSevrebis zogadi Sinaarsi

usasrulobis cnebis fizikuri masStabebiT ilustrirebas

gulisxmobs, akademiis am momcro galereaSi sivrce mainc

maqsimaluri sizustiT adaptirda ideasTan. mxatvrma galerea

erT monoliTur kompoziciad aqcia.

gamofenaze warmatebiT ganlagda misi erTi seria, romelic TeTr

zedapirebze lursmnebiT awyobil simetriul da progresirebad

kompoziciebs warmoadgens. misi aseTi kompoziciebi erTi wertilidan iwyeba da TandaTan,

namuSevridan namuSevarSi simetriulad gantotdeba, matulobs da rTul ornamentul

labirinTebad sruldeba, rac marTlac sasiamovno sanaxavia da erTgvar Terapiul

zemoqmedebasac axdens. samxaraZis simetriuli ganStoebebi usasrulobas gulisxmobs

da gamofenis saxelwodebac pirdapir migvaniSnebs amaze _ `da ase Semdeg...~. wesrigSi

moyvanili es uricxvi lursmani da maT Soris gabmuli Zafebi, anda mindorSi bambukebiT

awyobili kompoziciebi dekoratiuli, magram mosawyeni sworxazovnebisgan gvicavs.

mamuka samxaraZis namuSevrebi da gamofenac imas adasturebs, rom Tanamedrove

xelovnebaSi masalasa da formaze aqcenti aRar keTdeba. mamuka samxaraZis Semoqmedeba

ideisa da azris uSualod gadacemis esTetikaa, romelic cxadad gadmoscems

Tavisuflebisa da sinamdvilis Sinaarss.

nestan nene kvinikaZis axali modernizmi

rusTavelis 28-Si, rok kafeSi ukve tradiciuli poeturi

`xuTSabaTobebi~ amjerad nestan nene kvinikaZis da Toma CalaZis

erToblivi performansiT aRiniSna. axalgazrda prozaikosi qalis

Txroba imdenad sasiamovno aRmoCnda, rom TiTqos Tanamedrove

precedenti Seiqmna _ rogor SeiZleba gamovides mwerali auditoriis

win da ar iyos mosawyeni. misi teqsti, romelsac is sakuTari noutbukis

ekranidan kiTxulobda, am erToblivi performansis imdenad organuli

komponenti gaxldaT, rom poetur xarisxs iZenda. dijei Toma CalaZe

musikalur segmentebs amatebda, da teqsts vizualurad aformebda

aseve sakuTari noutbukidan, da es erT uwyvet kompozicias qmnida.

am saRamos gamorCeuloba is iyo, rom aq ar igrZnoboda ukve

moZvelebuli modeli _ rodesac poeti gauCereblad Segvaxsenebs

sakuTar Tavs, teqstiT Tu raime maneriT. amitomac es saRamo Zalze

bunebrivi iyo, miuxedavad teqnologiuri aqcentisa. am ori xelovanis

narativisa da intonaciebis gadakveTiT ulamazesi peizaJebi iqmneboda,

intimuri da mokrZalebuli sevdis elferiT, da am yvelafers TiTqos

Zveli poeturi bohemuri kafes aurac axlda.

avtori: daviT CixlaZe

mimoxilva

konservatoriis did sakoncerto

darbazSi 10 marts didi vokaluri

vnebaTaRelva igrZnoboda. Tavad

qveynis prezidenti da qalaqis meri

Sewuxdnen, raTa qarTveli meco-so-

pranos, anita raWveliSvilis solo

koncerts daswrebodnen. kulturis

ministrma nikoloz ruruam ki So-

ridan mas uzarmazari Taiguli ga-

mougzavna. saRamo anitas pedagogis,

saintereso momRerlisa da wlebis

ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis operisa da

baletis Teatris wamyvani meco-

sopranos, manana egaZis xsovnas mie-

ZRvna. koncertma udidesi interesi

gamoiwvia. cxadia, darbazi gada-

Wedili iyo, radgan yvelas kargad

axsovda anita raWveliSvilis Sesa-

niSnavi debiuti msoflio saopero

centrSi _ milanis `la skalaSi~.

2009 wlis 7 dekemberi rom qar-

Tuli vokaluri xelovnebisTvis

istoriuli dRe iyo da ara `mode-

anita raWveliSvilis mcire gastroli samSobloSi...da didi samomavlo ambiciebiavtori: daviT buxrikiZe

foto: daro sulakauri

lirebuli realobis~ ramdenime saa-

Ti, lamis did-pataram gaigo. Tanac

frangul-germanulma saxelovnebo

telearxma ̀ artem~ (erTob enawylia-

ni wamyvanis komentarebiT) saopero

speqtakl `karmenis~ premiera live-reJimSi Tavidan bolomde gadasca.

CvenTvis arsebiTi da saamayo is iyo,

rom sezonis gaxsnis dRes, arcTu

upretenzio italieli reJisori-

qalbatonis, ema dantes dadgmaSi 25

wlis qarTveli meco-soprano anita

raWveliSvili karmenis partias mRe-

roda.

operis istoriaSi yvelaze vnebia-

ni, sabediswero da arqetipuli qa-

lis partias qarTveli momRerali

gasagebi Sinagani mRelvarebiT da

SesaniSnav vokalur formaSi Sexvda.

miT umetes, rom speqtaklis diri-

Jorma, maestro daniel barenboimma

mas udidesi ndoba gamoucxada da

meorexarisxovani partiis nacvlad,

mTavari partia ando... da varskvla-

vi erT saRamos dabada. Tumca ani-

tas kidev bevri Sroma mouwevs ar-

tistuli monacemebis dasaxvewad.

xmauriani debiuti ki uxmauro Sro-

mam da ramdenime saintereso spe-

qtaklma Seamzada.

2008-2009 wlebis sezonSi anita

raWveliSvili monawileobda `la

skalas~ dadgmebSi _ `triptiqi~ (be-

triCes partia) _ diriJori rikar-

do Saili, reJisori luka ronkoni,

mocartis `figaros qorwineba~ (qe-

rubino), picetis `mkvleloba ta-

ZarSi~ (korifea). 2009 wels daamTa-

vra `la skalas~ akademia da swavla

ganagrZo pedagog devid holsTan.

mogvianebiT ki parizSi gaemgzavra,

vokaluri xelovnebis cnobil pe-

dagogTan, Janin reisTan. franguli

simReris gakveTilebma cudad ar

Caiara, radac amtkicebs `karmenis~

vokalic da monologebic. axlaxan,

16 cxeli Sokoladi

mimoxilva

ianvar-TebervalSi ki anita raWve-

liSvilma palermos saopero Te-

atrSi verdis `nabuqoSi~ fenenas

partia Seasrula.

rac Seexeba Tbilisur koncerts.

momRerlis repertuari gansaku-

Trebul siaxles an intrigas ar

Seicavda, Tu ar CavTvliT meore

ganyofilebas, romelSic mxolod

`karmeni~ aJRerda: uvertiura, xaba-

nera, antraqti da segidilia. Tumca

anita raWveliSvilis vokaluri Se-

saZleblobebi yvelaze ukeT dali-

las ariaSi gamomJRavnda (sen-sansis

`samsoni da dalila~), sadac misi

xma msuyed, vnebianad da amave dros,

eleganturad JRerda. aranaklebad

saintereso aRmoCnda princesas aria

Cileas operidan àdriena lekuvre-

ri~, romlis Sesrulebam vokaluri

xelovnebis moyvarulT cnobili

meco-soprano fiorenca kosoto ga-

axsenaT.

Tamar mefis kavatina dimitri

arayiSvilis operidan `Tqmuleba

SoTa rusTavelze~ ufro erovnul-

musikalur arqetipebTan lirikuli

kavSiris damyarebas hgavda. vidre

publika meore ganyofilebaSi Caro-

zad Semonaxul `karmens~ mousmen-

da, orkestrma erTad dakvrasa da

polifoniaSi waivarjiSa. amisaTvis

maskanis ìntermeco~ operidan `so-

flis Rirseba~ da verdis dramatu-

li gancdebiT savse uveritura ope-

risaTvis ̀ bedisweris Zala~ savsebiT

sakmarisi aRmoCnda. Tumca, simar-

Tle iTqvas, am koncertma operisa

da baletis saxelmwifo orkestris

bevri xarvezic warmoaCina (diriJo-

ri avTandil mamacaSvili). magram es

ukve sxva problemaa

cxadia, `karmeni~ yvelaze zus-

tad Seesabameba momRerlis xasiaTs

da xmis Taviseburebebs. SesaniSnavi

diqcia da deklamacia saSualebas

aZlevs zustad moartyas mizanSi.

efeqturi xmiT da vibratoebiT ms-

menels tkbobisa da gancdis saSua-

lebas aZlevs. da es kargad igrZno-

boda `karmenis~ finalur `boSebis

simReraSic~, romelic anita raWve-

liSvilma axalgazrda momRerlebis

TanxlebiT Seasrula. imedia, qar-

Tveli momRerali momaval saopero

sezons kidev ufro didi warmate-

biT Sexvdeba. momavali speqtakle-

bisa da saopero Teatrebis sia ase-

ve STambeWdavia: berlini, tokio,

verona, sietli, barselona da ams-

terdami.

ànitas dramatuli meco da da-

xvewili vokaluri kultura aqvs,

_ ambobs CvenTan saubarSi konser-

vatoriis vokaluri fakultetis

kaTedris profesori, momRerali

guliko kariauli. _ vnebiani xma,

kargi smena, sufTa bgera... erTa-

derTi problema mainc dabali re-

gistria, sadac jer kidev igrZnoba,

rom resursi bolomde ar aris ga-

moyenebuli. verdis repertuarSi da

veristul operebSi simReras jer

ar vurCevdi, xma jer dasaxvewia da

forsireba, Zaldataneba mas mxo-

lod avnebs. albaT ajobebs Sedare-

biT msubuqi partiebis Sesruleba.

magaliTad, rosinis, mocartis ope-

rebSi.

P.S. ise, zogjer àramodelire-

buli~ sainformacio saSualebebic

cdebian. magaliTad, roca amtkice-

ben, rom pirvelad `la skalas~ is-

toriaSi saopero sezoni qarTvelma

momReralma 2009 wels gaxsna. ara,

kolegebo da megobrebo, am marTlac

sasiamovno dRemde didi xniT adre,

1988 wlis 7 dekembers `la skalas~

sezoni Cvenma saxelovanma banma,

paata burWulaZem gaxsna, romelic

verdis `nabuqoSi~ zaqarias partias

mReroda. orkestrs ki saxelovani

rikardo muti diriJorobda.

cxeli Sokoladi 17

gindaT kargi literatura?

hoda, moiTxoveT!

_ wagikiTxavT stefan meieri? _ ekiTxeba ivane javaxiS-

vilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis auditoriaSi

Sekrebil msmenels deniel menakeri, _ `mwuxri~ mainc gago-

nili geqnebaT. darbazSi studentebis umravlesoba Tanxmo-

bis niSnad xels iwevs. stefan meieris `mwuxri~ 2009 wels

Catarebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT merve yvelaze kiTxvadi

wignia amerikaSi, _ xanmokle pauzis Semdeg _ simarTle rom

giTxraT, is meSvidea, movityue mervea-Tqo rom vTqvi. ar

minda ase rom iyos da imitom~.

deniel menakeri, Jurnal `niu-iorkeris~ mxatvruli te-

qstebis ganyofilebis yofili redaqtoria. is aseve saga-

momcemlo saxlebis _ ̀ harper kolinsisa~ da ̀ rendom hausis~

mxatvruli redaqtori da ori wignis (The Treatment da A Good Talk) avtori gaxlavT. misi meuRlec, qeTrin butoni litera-

turis kritikosia, Tavis droze `niu-iork Taimsis~ da niu-

iork megezinis~ redaqtori da avtori gaxldaT. menakerebi

saqarTveloSi amerikis saelCos mowveviT Camovidnen, rom

quTaisSi, baTumsa da TbilisSi deniels `Tanamedrove ameri-

kuli literaturis~ Sesaxeb sajaro leqciebi waekiTxa.

`sinamdvileSi, `mwuxri~ mec wavikiTxe, snobi ki ara var,

_ ambobs menakeri, _ arc moxucebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

siaxleebis panikuri SiSi mtanjavs. ubralod, guli mwyde-

ba roca maxsendeba, rom 60-ianebSi, 70-ianebsa da 80-ianeb-

Si yvelaze popularuli mwerlebis aTeulSi jon apdaiki,

norman meileri, filip roTi, uiliam folkneri xvdebodnen.

dRes ki, yvelaze popularuli TxuTmeti wignidan, mxolod

erTs Tu eqneba literaturuli Rirebuleba. stefan meieri,

den brauni da sxvebi komerciis, gayidvebis kulturas war-

moadgenen~. menakers ki unda amerikaSi kulturuli kerebi

SenarCundes.

menakerebi im Taobas warmoadgenen, visac kargad axsovs

Zveli gamomcemlobebis cxovrebis wesi, sigaretis boliT

gabuRuli oTaxebi da `lanCze~ mirTmeuli ori martinis Wi-

qis mere gagrZelebuli samuSao dRe. dRes gamomcemlobebma

mflobelebi gamoicvales da korporatiuli mmarTvelo-

bis pirobebSi samuSao atmosferoc bunebrivad Seicvala _

araviTari alkoholi da, ra Tqma unda, aranairi sigareti,

mxolod daxvewili samuSao etiketi da soliduri, respeqta-

beluri personali. `kulturuli produqciis~ mwarmoebeli

kompaniebis mTavari sazrunavi, sxva biznesis msgavsad, dRes

komerciuli warmatebaa. literaturuli, kulturuli fasi

da komercia jerjerobiT arcTu ise warmatebiT eTavseba

erTmaneTs.

Tumca literaturis, da zogadad kiTxvis kulturis dak-

nineba, menakeris azriT, korporaciebTan erTad, sami ekranis

faqtormac ganapiroba. pirveli ekrani kino iyo, romelmac

sinamdvileSi wignis popularoba mxolod umniSvnelod Se-

amcira. meore ekrani televizoria, romelic bevrad ufro

saSiSi aRmoCnda, vidre ùwyinari~ kino. saSualo statisti-

kuri amerikelis saxlSi cisferi ekrani dRis ganmavlobaSi

eqvsi saaTia CarTuli. rasakvirvelia, bunebrivad Semcirda

kiTxvis saaTebi. Tumca yvelaze didi, kulturuli gavle-

na wignebze mainc kompiuteris ekrans aqvs. amitom, menakeris

azriT, kompiuteri literaturuli kulturisTvis yvela-

ze realur safrTxes warmoadgens. `Tumca, interneti wye-

vlacaa da wyalobac~, ambobs menakeri. internetwignebi da

internetsakiTxavi mkiTxvels amavdroulad araCveulebriv

SesaZleblobas aZlevs _ mas xeli uzarmazar informaciasTan

miuwvdeba. informaciasTan, romelsac mkiTxveli ufasod

moipovebs. aq Cndeba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebe-

bis Selaxvis problemac, romelsac am dromde verc musi-

kis industriam upova gasaRebi. Tumca mwerlebs mainc aqvT

imedi, rom àmbis Txrobis Zalaufleba~ eqstremizmisa da

provincializmis safrTxeebis gadalaxvas SeZlebs. wignebi

bolos da bolos sul raRac 300-400 welia arsebobs. manamde

erTaderTi `mediumi~ qvis fila iyo, mere gaCnda papirusi.

Cven SeiZleba wignis fizikurad gaqrobis, an misi saganZu-

rad qcevis winaSe vdgavarT. magram vin Tqva, rom es ambavi

maincdamainc kulturul katastrofas moaswavebs. xandaxan

axali xom ubralod axals niSnavs.

18 cxeli Sokoladi

aqcenti

TbilRvino

2009 wlis oqros brendi

2010 wlis martSi oqros brendis dajuldoebaze

TbilRvinos oqros brendis tituli mieniWa.

oqros brendis dajildoebis ceremonia 2006

wlidan tardeba da is yvelaze prestiJul da

gavlenian biznes dajildoebad aris aRiarebuli.

oqros brendi avlens da ajildoebs im kompaniebs,

romlebmac saqarTvelos bazarze brendingul

saqmianobaSi warmatebebs miaRwies da produqciis,

an kompaniis brendis cnobadoba ganamtkices.

ramdenime terminologiur

uzustobasTan dakavSirebiT

roca vinme misvams kiTxvas, Tu rogoria saqarTve-

loSi cxovreba, zustad arasdros vici, ra SeiZleba

mivugo xolme, radgan CemTvis miuRebelia pasuxis sa-

mive SesaZlo varianti: optimisturic, pesimisturic da

neitraluric.

amitom, vTvli, rom kiTxvas _ `rogoria saqarTvelo~

_ maqsimalurad orazrovani pasuxi uxdeba. magaliTad,

`Cveulebrivi~ an `normaluri~. am arCevans ori plusi

aqvs _ erTi is, rom yvelanair pasuxismgeblobas mixsnis

da amasTan erTad, SekiTxvis damsmels aZlevs nebismie-

ri interpretaciis saSualebas. dae, kiTxvis damsmelma

iWylitos Tavi imaze, Tu ras SeiZleba niSnavdes qveynis

aseTi daxasiaTeba. sinamdvileSi ki `Cveulebrivi~, ara

imdenad orazrovani, ramdenadac amomwuravi pasuxi iq-

neba imisTvis, vinc mas CauRrmavdeba, radgan is mianiS-

nebs, rom CvenTan yvelasTvis yvelafris naxva SeiZleba.

gemovnebis Sesabamisad, Tqven saqarTveloSi Segi-

ZliaT: gaicnoT movlili qarTveli gogoebi `rediso-

nis~ spaSi, moinaxuloT naWrebis seqcia liloSi an ̀ daS-

lilebi~ eliavaze, datkbeT `Seratonis~ xediT baTumis

ìnturistis~ aivnidan, saRamos gaiseirnoT qobuleTis

fsiqodeliur sanapiroze agvistos Sua ricxvebSi, dae-

laparakoT namdvil rus okupantebs ergneTSi, daaTva-

lieroT dmanisis koleqcia zezvas da mzias fitulebiT,

eTamaSoT nardi azerbaijanelebs abanoebTan CaixanaSi,

SeukveToT guakamoli siRnaRis meqsikurSi an sulac,

danaRmuli mindvrebis gavliT gadaxvideT galSi kargi

planis asaRebad.

`yvelasTvis yvelafris~ modeliT saqarTvelos aRwe-

risas mTavaria moveridoT iseT banalur driftebs,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, bevrjer gadaTelili gamoTqma

àRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis gzajvaredini~ an amis

monaTesave romelime sxva kliSe. ameebs, Cven, rogorc

wesi, e.w. `postsabWoTa sivrceze~ Seyvarebuli dasav-

leli inteleqtualebi (aseve, dasavluri universite-

tebidan aRmosavleT evropis, ruseTis, evraziisa da

posttotalitarizmis swavlebaTa fakultetebis war-

momadgenlebi) mogvakereben xolme.

aqve, radgan sityvam moitana, davamatebdi, rom Tvi-

Ton `postsabWoTa sivrcec~ garkveulwilad arakore-

qtul gamoTqmad mimaCnia, roca mas ar xmaroben uSua-

lod sabWoTa kavSiris istoriasTan mimarTebaSi.

`postsabWoTa sivrce~ axdens yvela procesis ganxil-

vas sabWoTa memkvidreobis konteqstSi imis miuxedavad,

rom am `sivrceSi~ gvxvdeba uamravi movlena, romelic

am totalitaruli velis miRma, sruliad avtonomiu-

rad arsebobs. konkretulad, ras moicavs ̀ postsabWoTa

sivrce~ zustad aravin icis _ marto moZme respublike-

bs Tu aRmosavleT evropasac? baltiispireTsac? iqneb

marto Tanamegobrobas? aerTianebT Tu ara am sivrcee-

bs raime, imis garda, rom yvela maTgani adre Tu gvian

ruseTma miCeqma? Tu araferi, maSin koreqtulia Tu

ara, rom aTobiT radikalurad gansxvavebul qveyanaSi

mcxovreb asobiT milion adamians, wlebis manZilze, aka-

demiuri paTosiT, erTi da igive termini _ `ruseTmiCe-

qmilebi~ uZaxo?

rac Seexeba zemoT naxseneb àRmosavleTisa da da-

savleTis gzajvaredins~ (romelsac, saqarTvelos da-

xasiaTebisas xSirad gadaeyrebi inglisurenovan misio-

nerulad pozitiur statiebSi), saqarTvelos fanebs

gamoucdeli mkiTxveli aqac SecdomaSi SehyavT, roca

komentari

CvenTan saqme sul sxvagvaradaa _ aq

aRmosavleTi dasavleTs ki ar xvdeba,

aramed scdeba da isini, erTmaneTis

paralelurad, damoukidebel sivrceebSi

arseboben.

avtori: gigi guledani

Cvens qveyanas kulturuli sinTezebis mistikur kerad

mogvixsenieben xolme.

Tumca, aqac uzustobasTan ufro gvaqvs saqme, vidre

mizanmimarTul dezinformaciasTan. saqarTvelo ufro

koridoria, vidre kulturuli oazisi. rac mTavaria,

is namdvilad araa gzajvaredini, radgan, rogorc cno-

bilia, gzajvaredini iseTi adgilia, sadac ori gza

erTmaneTs xvdeba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki, saqme sul sxva-

gvaradaa _ aq aRmosavleTi dasavleTs ki ar xvdeba,

aramed scdeba da isini, erTmaneTis paralelurad, da-

moukidebel sivrceebSi arseboben.

ara rogorc gzajvaredini, aramed rogorc erTmane-

Tis Tavze gadamavali saavtomobilo estakadebi, rom-

lebic, gzajvaredinisgan gansxvavebiT, am miwas saerTod

arc exebian, magram koridoris gaswvriv Seuferxeblad

gadaadgilebas uzrunvelyofen.

20 cxeli Sokoladi

monatrebuli omis qronika

mainc ra saswaulebrivi dinamiurobis epoqaSi vcxo-

vrobT! sanam erTi statiis daweras movaxerxebdi, omi

daiwyo da damTavrda kidec (samwuxarod, wavageT,

gansxvavebiT realuri agvistosgan, romelic Turme

`mogvigia~ da iseve ver gagvigia, rogorc 13 martis e.w.

modelirebuli reportaJi). Sesabamisad, Cemi aRSfoTe-

bisa da komentirebis Tema _ gadacema `simarTlis dro-

Si~ dodo gugeSaSvilis (rasakvirvelia, is am SemTxvevaSi

mxedrionis krebiT saxes warmoadgenda) triumfaluri

reabilitacia _ daiCrdila da, erTi SexedviT, aqtualu-

robac dakarga. Tumca, mxolod erTi SexedviT _ ramde-

nadac es iyo uvertiura, erTi fragmenti im agresiis, si-

Zulvilis, cinizmis enisa, romelmac Sokiseburi efeqti

moaxdina 13 marts da romliskenac nabij-nabij midioda

ìmedis~ telearxi (ara mxolod Secvlili mflobelisa

da xelmZRvanelobis xelSi) da konkretulad es gadace-

ma. `simarTlis dro~, rogorc Tavidan megona, sulac ar

aRmoCnda erTi Cveulebrivi moyviTalo Sou ̀ cnobadi sa-

xeebis~ pikantur cxovrebaze, aramed lakmusis qaRaldi

Zalaufleb(eb)is (xelisuflebis, mediis, sazogadoebis)

amoralurobaze _ da ara imitom, rom viRacas ekiTxe-

bian: `gagizomavs Tu ara eregirebuli penisi?~, aramed

_ ìbanT Tu ara, saerTod?~ (gasaTvaliswinebeblia, rom

adresatis mimarT aSkara arakeTilganwyoba am ukanaskne-

lis politikur-religiuri poziciebiT ki ar iyo gamo-

wveuli, razec keTdeboda TiTqos aqcenti gadacemaSi,

aramed misi socialuri kuTvnilebiT); `grcxveniaT Tu

ara, rom somexi xarT?~; `genatrebaT omi?~...

warmomidgenia, wamyvan nanka kalatoziSvilTan er-

Tad teleekranTan ramdeni zizRiT savse Tvali iyo

mipyrobili Tea TuTberiZisadmi, ramdeni ironiuli da

qedmaRluri mzera jiji rejinisadmi da ramdeni aRta-

cebul-mowiwebuli _ dodo gugeSaSvilisadmi, albaT,

drodadro wamoZaxilebiT: `jigari xar!~ ài, namdvili

qarTveli qali!~... qarTlis deda, romelic `mamuls

uzrdida Svilsa~, rom Semdeg misTvis Seewira da Tava-

dac xelSi xmali eWira. qali, romelsac omi enatreba,

romelic gaqceul mebrZolebs fexebs umtvrevda, rome-

lic adamians ufro advilad umiznebs, vidre _ cxens...

es xati dRemde cocxalia CvenSi. ra iyo gadacemis miza-

ni? _ am, anu `qarTlis dedis~ xatis gaxseneba, mxedrio-

nis danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis Tu imis legitimacia, rom

teritoriuli mTlianobis aRsadgenad morigi omi _ jer

modelirebuli da albaT, Semdeg àramodelirebulic~

_ garduvalia?

wlevandel `berlinaleze~ sul oriode filmma moa-

xdina Cemze STabeWdileba, maTgan yvelaze xSirad erT-

erTze _ iaponeli reJisoris koji vakamacus muxluxoze

fiqrob (marTalia, cota sworxazovanze, magram amJamad

amas ar aqvs mniSvneloba). muxluxo, faqtobrivad, mTa-

vari personaJis _ II msoflio omis gmiris metaforuli

saxea, romelic omidan oTxive kiduriT amputirebuli

brundeba. mas mxolod biologiuri moTxovnilebebi

aqvs: sul sZinavs, da Tu iRviZebs, an Wams an seqsiT aris

dakavebuli. am yovlad miwieri, pirovnebadakarguli da

damamcirebeli yofis fonze kidev ufro groteskulad

da absurdulad Cans mis mundirze Camokiduli ordene-

bi, paTetikuri sagazeTo statia, misi, rogorc erovnu-

li gmiris Tayvaniscema, romelmac iaponiis Rirseba dai-

cva da TanasoflelTa siamaye, rom es gmiri swored maTi

soflis mkvidria... gmiris (gmirobis) demistifikacia

CvenSi erT-erTi yvelaze tabuirebuli Temaa _ cxadia,

`muxluxoebi~ qarTul èTerSi~ (am SemTxvevaSi, zogadad

sadiskurso sivrce) karga xans ver gamoCndebian.

rodesac amave JurnalSi samxedro-patriotul swav-

lebasTan dakavSirebiT gamarTuli diskusiis Canawers

vkiTxulobdi, jer gamaRiziana gigi TevzaZis demago-

giam, gaemarTlebina xelisuflebis mier Semogdebuli

sruliad gauazrebeli morigi `reformistuli~ inicia-

tiva, mere ki _ roca `gavige~, rom Turme `patriotizmi

gazomvadia~, gamecina. magram `simarTlis droSi~ nanka-

dodos duets rom vuyurebdi-vusmendi, mivxvdi, rom

saqarTveloSi patriotizmi marTlac `gazomvadia~ _

dodo gugeSaSvili `qarTuli patriotizmis~ etalonia,

mis ukan ki `patriotuli arxi~ da `patrioti~ xelmZR-

vanelia.

Tumca es arxi marto ar aris _ uklebliv yvela, e.w.

saxelisuflebo Tu opoziciuri arxi Taviseburad cdi-

lobs patriotobis umaRlesi statusis mopovebas da am

brZolaSi erTmaneTs, rogorc wesi, uwuneben àrasakma-

risad qarTulobas~, rac patriotulobis identuria.

zogi amisTvis dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebisTvis

brZolis aucileblobas gvaxsenebs mudmivad, zogi na-

cionaloba/tradicia/marTlmadideblobis warTmevis

saSiSroebis `sagangaSo zarebs~ reks. ena ki yvelgan ms-

gavsia _ agresiuli, sxvisi azris, poziciis kategoriuli

miuReblobis, armosmenisa da vergagebis ena.

iciT, dodo gugeSaSvilis amay gancxadebaze metad, _

omi menatrebao, _ ram gamaoca? nanka kalatoziSvilis

masTan damSvidobebam: Tqven Zalian lamazi da sainte-

reso biografiis adamiani xarTo. gasagebia, rom is ar

adgens im kiTxvebs, romelsac gadacemis ganmavlobaSi

svams; gasagebia, rom ukve gansazRvrul kiTxvebs Soris

gasaubrebisas produseri(c) karnaxobs kidev ufro me-

komentari

avtori: Teo xatiaSvili

cxeli Sokoladi 21

komentari

tad arakoreqtul kiTxvebs da albaT, arxis xelmZRva-

neloba garkveulwilad imazec aZlevs instruqcias, vis

mimarT ra doziT iTamaSos daundobeli wamyvanis roli

(gansxvaveba aSkarad Canda, magaliTad, cotne gamsaxur-

dias yofili colisa da Tea TuTberiZis mimarT damoki-

debulebaSi). magram darwmunebuli var, aravin aiZuleb-

da ukve lamis gamorTuli kamerebis win q.-ni dodosTvis

aseTi komplimentis Tqmas.

TiTqmis msgavs komplimentebad iRvreboda sofo mo-

siZe kidev ufro Zlieri didebis SaravandediT mosili

giga arvelaZis mimarT oriode wlis win, sazogadoebriv

arxze Tavis saavtoro gadacemaSi `mowyvite wami~ (Tu

arasworad maxsovs saxeli, bodiSs vixdi), Tavisi viTom

poeturad CaxlarTul-moZvelqarTulo teqstebiT. ra-

Rac intuicia mkarnaxobs, rom sofo mosiZec 13 martis

Rames sruliad samarTlianad aRSfoTebul adamianebTan

erTad idga ìmedis~ Senobis win (yovel SemTxvevaSi, te-

levizorTan an kompiuterTan mainc TanaugrZnobda) da

iTxovda pasuxs imaze, ris romantizaciasac sul cota

xnis win Tavad axdenda.

roca omi genatreba, mis simulaciasac (da romanti-

zaciasac) daufiqreblad akeTeb _ es xom TamaSia, adre-

nalinis gamoSveba, `kacuri kacobis~ dadastureba, pa-

triotizmis umaRlesi sazomi. Cven yvelani met-naklebad

patriotebi varT, da aba, am dros muxluxoebze da mu-

xluxoobaze fiqri ra mosatania.

konturebi

`me ìaguaris TaTi~ var, monadire, `gamWvirvale cis~

Svili, es Cemi tyea, aq nadirobda mamaCemi, aq vnadirob

mec da Cems mere aq inadireben Cemi Svilebi maT

SvilebTan erTad~.

ìaguaris TaTi~, apokalipto

Cemi Svili jer ori wlisac ar aris, Tumca es ar uS-

lis xels, rom zepirad icodes msoflios TiTqmis yve-

la droSa da rukaze am qveynebis adgilmdebareoba. ama-

Si me gansakuTrebuls verafers vxedav garda imisa, rom

Zalian kargi mexsiereba aqvs, meti araferi. andrias (ase

vuwodebT Cems Svils) ar gauWirdeba, giCvenoT ruka-

ze barbadosi, Semdeg ki barbadosis droSa; erTmaneTSi

ar eSleba filipinebi da indonezia, icis, rom avstra-

liaSi cxovroben kenguruebi, SveicariaSi _ mamidami-

si. andriam kargad icis saqarTveloc da misi kontu-

rebi arasodes eSleba, magaliTad daniis an kolumbiis

konturebSi. andriam rukaze datanili is saqarTvelo

icis, romelSic afxazeTic Sedis da samaCabloc. Tu-

mca, calke aRebuli arc afxazeTze icis rame da arc

avtori: sandro naveriani

samaCabloze. albaT maT Sesaxeb arc araferi smenia, Tu

ar CavTvliT paralelur reJimSi CarTul televizors,

saidanac yovelTvis ismis es ori sityva, magram imis

gamo, rom andrias ojaxis wevrebi ar reagireben am si-

tyvebze, andriasTvisac àfxazeTic~ da `samaCabloc~

iseTive sityvebia, rogoric `barambo~, `duta sxirtla-

Ze~ da `saqarTvelos prezidenti~.

imis gamo, rom andria ori wlisac ar aris, warmoud-

genelia masTan am Temebze siRrmiseuli saubari. Tum-

ca, ar vfiqrob, rom Tundac 10 wlis Semdeg me vetyvi

andrias, Svilo Cemo, afxazeTic da samaCabloc Senia,

da Sen is unda daibruno nebismier fasad, unda dar-

go iq xe, rom fesvebi gaidgas da Senma Svilebma misi

nayofi miiRon. Tumca, aucileblad vetyvi yvelafers,

rac dRes da mTeli am wlebis ganmavlobaSi xdeba da ve-

tyvi yvelafer simarTles, yovelgvari Selamazebisa da

utrirebis gareSe. arafers movatyueb da ar movatyueb

imitom, rom is Cemi Svilia.

me minda, rom Cems Svilsac da yvela sxva Svilsac sa-

xelmwifo moeqces ise, rogorc sakuTar Svilebs. izru-

nos maTze, ar gamourecxos tvinebi, misces xarisxiani

ganaTleba, daicvas maTi uflebebi, ar iyos moZalade,

misces maT Tavisufleba da ar moatyuos. uTxras maT

yvelaferi, uTxras, rom afxazeTi marto afxazebma da

rusebma ki ar miitaces, rom Cvenc davkargeT. rom sama-

Cablo wlebis ganmavlobaSi maT mSoblebs ar axsovdaT

da ar ainteresebdaT, iq ra xdeboda. uTxran, rom 2008

wels Secdomebi dauSves da uTxran, ra Secdomebi iyo

is _ politikuri Tu samxedro taqtikuri. da am yvela-

fris Semdeg miscen maT Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis

saSualeba, Tavad gadawyviton, rogor saxelmwifoSi

undaT cxovreba da TviTon Semoxazon qveynis kontu-

rebi. TviTon gadawyviton, aris Tu ara afxazeTi da

samaCablo saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawilebi, ekuTvnis

Tu ara kaxi saqarTvelos da gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba,

pretenzia gamovTqvaT tao-klarjeTze. erTi sityviT,

Tavad gadawyviton, rogori saqarTvelo undaT _ niko-

fsiidan darubandamde, Tu Tbilisidan goramde.

22 cxeli Sokoladi

fotokonkursi

Jurnali `cxeli Sokoladi~ da sididiT meore aviakompania

londonis hisrous aeroportSi, bmi, gTavazobT Sanss moigoT

ufaso bileTebi londonis mimarTulebiT

da Jurnal `cxeli Sokoladis~ erTwliani xelmowera

martis dResaswaulebis aRsaniSnavad, yvela mkiTxvels gTavazobT

fotokonkurss saxelwodebiT `dedaCemi~.

msurvelebma warmoadgineT Tqven mier gadaRebuli fotoebi,

romlebic srulad Seesabameba konkursis Temas.

gTxovT, mogvawodoT Tqveni namuSevrebi (1-3 kadri) eleqtronuli fostiT Semdeg misamarTze:

[email protected]

werilSi miTiTebuli unda iyos monawilis saxeli, gvari, misamarTi, telefoni.

namuSevrebis miRebis bolo vadaa 2010 wlis 15 aprili.

mogebuli bileTiT sargeblobis bolo vadaa 2010 wlis dekemberi. aviakompania ar aris pasuxismgebeli

savizo momsaxurebaze. rekomendebulia frenis dajavSna gafrenamde ramdenime kviriT adre.

sami yvelaze saintereso namuSevris avtori dajildovdeba specialuri prizebiT:

pirveli da meore adgili miiRebs ufaso bileTebs londonis mimarTulebiT aviakompania bmi-isgan;

mesame adgili _ `cxeli Sokoladis~ erTwlian ufaso xelmoweras.

Tbilisidan londonis mimarTulebiT bmi dafrinavs kviraSi oTxjer: orSabaTs, oTxSabaTs, xuTSabaTsa

da SabaTs. bmi-is biznes klasis mgzavrebs, aseve diamond klubis vercxlisa da oqros baraTis mflobelebs

SeuZliaT isargeblon hisrous aeroportis saerTaSoriso mosasvenebeli darbaziT, The Great British

Lounge, sadac mgzavrebisTvis dasvenebis, gajansaRebis Tu muSaobisTvis yvelanairi pirobaa Seqmnili.

biznes klasis mgzavrebs bmi londonSi saCuqrad sTavazobs piradi mZRolis momsaxurebas, romelic

uzrunvelyofs mgzavris gadayvanas aeroportidan qalaqSi misTvis sasurvel adgilas.

damatebiTi informaciisTvis estumreT vebgverds www.fl ybmi.com

werili berlinaledan

24 cxeli Sokoladi

saiubileo `berlinales~ dReebSi

quCaSi fexiT siaruli sruliad Seu-

Zlebeli gaxda. gayinul trotuare-

bze aRarc marils yridnen da aRarc

qviSas. rogorc gairkva, `marilis-

Tvis~ gankuTvnili Tanxa merias jer

kidev ianvarSi amoewura. Tumca aman

ar SeuSala xeli, soliduri TanxiT

daxmareboda berlinis kinofesti-

vals, romelsac wels iubile hqonda

_ mesamoced Catarda.

Tbilisis merias rom eRiarebina,

_ marili gagviTavdao, _ mere ki

romelime kulturuli RonisZiebis

sponsorad gamoecxadebinaT, Cveni

mravaltanjuli xalxi aucileblad

gamoxatavda protets, _ ra dros

kulturaa, xalxi pantapuntic ece-

mao. magram amaT, berlinelebs,

didi xania, aravin uwodebs `mraval-

tanjuls~; ki, srialebdnen, ecemod-

nen, `Saises~ ayolebdnen, magram ma-

nifestacia ar gaumarTavT berlinis

festivalis daxmarebis Sewyvetis

moTxovniT. sworedac rom piriqiT

_ wels `berlinales~ axali kino-

darbazebi daemata da kidev ufro

umarilo berlini da gadamlaSebuli `berlinale~avtori: giorgi gvaxaria

metad gaezarda mayurebeli. grZeli

rigebi kinoTeatrebis salaroebTan

berlinis kinofestivalis saxea mas

Semdeg, rac msoflios erT-erTi

yvelaze prestiJuli kinoforumis

direqtori gaxda diter kosliki.

kosliki Seecada, maqsimalurad gae-

farTovebina festivalis geografia

da axal-axali ìvenTebiT~ gae-

mdidrebina. da amas miaRwia kidec;

ekonomikuri krizisis miuxedavad,

`berlinale~ SarSanac da welsac

sakmarisad dafinansda, Tundac

imisTvis, rom ramdenime qarTveli

kinokritikosisTvis saukeTeso sas-

tumro gamoeyo... muqTad, ra Tqma

unda.

berlinelebisTvis kinofestivali

wlis pirveli mTavari kulturu-

li RonisZiebaa da, rogorc Tavad

amtkiceben, erTaderTi saSualeba

did ekranze naxon is, risi naxvac

sxva dros gauWirdebaT kinoTeatre-

bSi.

es mikvirs xolme sul. Cvengan

gansxvavebiT, germanelebs asobiT

Tu ara, aTobiT kulturuli tele-

arxis miRebis saSualeba aqvT. axla

ukve TiTqmis mTel evropas moicavs

frangul-germanuli, kulturul-

saganmanaTleblo televizia àrte~,

romelic, sxvaTa Soris, berlinis

festivalis sainformacio mxardaWe-

ras uzrunvelyofs da mogvianebiT,

rogorc wesi, `berlinales~ pro-

gramaSi CarTul filmebs aCvenebs.

berlinelma kinos moyvarulebma es

kargad ician, magram mainc gaTene-

bidan ikaveben rigs kinodarbazebis

salaroebTan. rogorc Cans, Zalian

didia sxva, axal samyarosTan ziare-

bis survili!

1991 wlidan berlinis arc erTi

kinoforumi ar gamicdenia. nel-nela

vrwmundebodi, rom `berlinale~ vai-

maris respublikis kulturuli po-

litikis Taviseburi reinkarnaciaa;

jer erTi, kinofestivali, romelic

Tavdapirvelad dasavleT berlinSi

tardeboda, romelsac 70-ian wle-

bamde boikots ucxadebda sabWoTa

kavSiri, swored `civi omis~ wlebSi

gadaiqca dasavleTisa da aRmosavle-

Tis integraciis mTavar propagan-

foto: Toma b

egiaSvil

i

cxeli Sokoladi 25

distad. mere ki, roca kedeli dain-

gra, berlinis kinofestivali `Cinur

kedels~ gadaswvda da pirvelma ga-

acno msoflios safuZvlianad yve-

laferi, rac `kulturuli revolu-

ciis~ kraxis Semdeg gadaiRes Cinelma

kinematografistebma. amitom Se-

mTxveviTi araa, rom wlevandeli,

saiubileo festivali gaixsna Cinuri

filmiT èrTad, cal-calke~ _ didi

siyvarulis ambiT, romelic CineTis

uaxlesi istoriis fonze viTardeba

_ gaxleCili qveynis fonze... mogvia-

nebiT, roca qveyana mTliandeba, Cn-

deba Sansi, aRdges da gamTliandes

es siyvarulic. magram gvianaa ukve...

axla SeiZleba mxolod da mxolod

ironiiT gadaafaso warsuli.

`warsulis nostalgia rom ar gaCn-

des da awmyoTi rom vicxovroT,

mudmivad unda davcinoT yvela-

fers, rac warsulSi gagvikeTebia~,

_ werda 20-ian wlebSi kinoreJiso-

ri fridrix murnau, romelmac am

mosazrebiT, Taviseburad, 20-iani

wlebis germanuli kulturis arsi

gamoxata _ im kulturis, romelsac

CaaxSoben nacional-socialistebi...

warsuli mere isev mTeli arsebiT

amobrwyindeba germanul kulturaSi.

Tumca, sabednierod, warsuliT tk-

boba didxans ar gastans. dRevandel

germaniaSi, dRevandel berlinsa da

`berlinaleze~ drois sazRvrebi

met-naklebad daZleulia ukve, Tu-

mca 20-iani wlebis berlinis saxis

reinkarnacia ara marto kulturul-

geografiuli sivrcis gaxsnis ideaSi

aisaxeba.

berlini da `berlinale~ _ Tana-

medrove babilonia (caTambjenebi

potsdamis moedanze, sadac festiva-

lis mTavari RonisZiebebi tardeba,

`babilonis koSkebi~), sadac TiTqmis

dangreulia socialuri, eTnikuri,

sqesobrivi, asakobrivi `kedlebi~.

berlinis metroSi xSirad naxavT

jinsebSi gamowyobil moxuc qale-

bs, romelTac aipodi aqvT garWo-

bili yurebSi, Turqul-germanul

wyvils, bavSviT, romelic dedas _

Turqulad, mamas germanulad elapa-

rakeba... imasac SeamCnevT, rom igive

parizisgan, an romisgan gansxvave-

biT, berlinSi arc gamorCeulad,

gansxvavebulad, `mdidrulad~ Cacma

uyvarT; ufro metic, sisadavisa da

ubraloebis ùniformizaciam~ SeiZ-

leba gagaRizianoT kidec. berlini

arc `zizil-pipilo~ kafe-restor-

nebis simravliT gamoirCeva _ yve-

laferi àdamianur masStabebzea~ ga-

Tvlili; ise, rogorc 20-iani wlebis

berlinSi, sadac fric langma Tavisi

yvela drois Sedevri, `metropoli-

si~ gadaiRo _ ocneba im dReze, roca

daingreva samyarosa da adamianTa

arsebobis mTavari kedeli, zesknel-

qvesknelis kedeli da sikvdil-sico-

cxlis barieric gadalaxuli iqneba.

`metropolisis~ es utopia wels

kidev erTxel gaixsenes _ fric lan-

gis aRdgenili Sedevris Cveneba zed

branderburgis WiSkarTan gaimarTa

15 gradus yinvaSi. SemTxveviTi araa,

rom swored am filmiT aRniSna ber-

linis festivalma Tavisi iubile _

60 wlis `berlinales~ kvlavac sje-

ra miwieri samoTxis utopiis, da mis

imitacias xelovnebaSi, gansakuTre-

biT kinoSi mimarTavs.

Tumca ratom mxolod imitacias?

wels berlinSic mivageni sacu-

rao auzs fridrihStrases raionSi.

miuxedavad saSineli yinvisa, vcdi-

lobdi, curva ar gamecdina. hoda,

erTxel aq saocari suraTis mowme

aRmovCndi; `saocaris~ _ CvenTvis,

qarTvelebisTvis, Torem, am sanaxao-

bis saocreba imanac gaamZafra, rom

aravis hqonda reaqcia mxarbeWian,

baterflaiT mocurave axalgazrda

kacze, romelmac gasaxdelSi tani

gaimSrala, Tavze pariki daido, kaba-

Si gamoewyo, maRalqusliani fexsac-

meli moirgo, tuCebi SeiReba da ase

gamovida auzidan!

bili uailderic xom berlineli

iyo! man, `jazSi mxolod qaliSvi-

foto: Toma b

egiaSvil

i

26 cxeli Sokoladi

lebi arian~-s avtorma, holivudSi

pirvelma mimarTa Tanamedrove sa-

myaros karnavalizacias, rogorc

`repeticias~ im sivrcisa (usazRvro

sivrcisa), sadac mama-patriarqis,

`TeTri RmerTis~, `makasiniani ko-

lombos~ Zalaufleba daemxoba da

sadac devizi `nobody’s perfect~. sa-

zogadoebis Taviseburi modeli ga-

xdeba.

Tuki ar iqneba Zaladoba _ iqne-

ba Tanasworoba, da Tuki iqneba Ta-

nasworoba, adamiani gamoavlens mxo-

lod da mxolod saukeTesos, rac

mis bunebaSia da aRarc danaSauls

Caidens.

1995 wels bili uailders, rome-

lic maSin 89 wlis gaxda, `berli-

nales~ direqciam sapatio òqros

daTvi~ gadasca. uailderi grZeli

sityviT gamovida `coo-palastSi~

(berlinis festivalis centri pots-

damis moedanze jer mxolod Sende-

boda): `yvelaze ufro ver vitan ada-

mian-momwesrigeblebs, Tavisuflebis

yvelanairi gamovlineba rom aSinebT

da mis CaxSobaze rom ocneboben. 20-

iani wlebis berlinSic uamravi ase-

Ti idioti cxovrobda. magram Ta-

vdapirvelad ver damkvidrdnen da

germaniis samxreTSi naxes Tanamoa-

zreebi... imaT SeuerTdnen da bolos

nacional-socialistebis rigebSi ga-

wevriandnen... mogvianebiT mainc mia-

Rwies Tavisas _ daangries Cemi sayva-

reli qalaqi-kabare, Cemi berlini...

hoda, roca bili uailderi xde-

ba `berlinales~ Taviseburi kerpi,

ra gasakviria, rom saiubileo fes-

tivalis erT-erTi favoriti iseTi

avtoris filmia, romelic oficia-

lur kriminalad iTvleba, romel-

sac xmauriani sasamarTlo elis.

festivalis direqcia yvelanairad

cdilobda roman polanskis ber-

linSi Camoyvanas. magram _ araTu

reJisoris Camoyvana, ver moxerxda

Tavdapirvelad dagegmili virtu-

aluri preskonferenciis Catare-

bac ki. rogorc gairkva, ciurixi-

dan polanskis CarTvaze polanskis

advokatebma uari ganacxades;

eqstravaganturobiT gamorCeul

polanskis SeiZleboda preskon-

ferenciaze iseTi ram wamocdeno-

da, rac kidev ufro daamZimebda

sasjels.

arada, raRa unda eTqva, rac aqamde

ar uTqvams? danaSauli, didi xania,

aRiara. msxverplmac apatia.

àdamians, romelmac mTeli cxo-

vreba stresebSi gaiara, marTlmsa-

julebam sibereSi kidev erTi stresi

miayena~... _ aRniSna Sveicariis ius-

ticiis ministrisTvis gagzavnil Ria

werilSi safrangeTis kulturis mi-

nistrma frederik miteranma. sxvaTa

Soris, miteranis am gancxadebas sa-

erTaSoriso skandali mohyva. roca

ministri aseTi saxis saprotesto we-

rils awers xels, es imas niSnavs, rom

aseTia qveynis xelisuflebis po-

zicia. amitom, am gancxadebis gamo,

miterans magrad moxvda sakuTari

Tanamoqalaqeebisgan, gansakuTrebiT

im arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

wevrebisgan, romelTa mizania aras-

rulwlovanebze Zaladobis faqtebis

Seswavla.

kulturis ministrs, ra Tqma unda,

gaaxsenes gadacemebis cikli, romel-

sac igi frangul gei-arxze, `pank-

tv~-ze uZRveboda, vidre mTavroba-

Si movidoda. miterani asakSi Sesul

homoseqsualebs ganvlil cxovreba-

ze esaubreboda... da, ra Tqma unda,

siWabukis Tavgadasavlebzec...

frederik miterani, sxvaTa Soris,

wlevandel `berlinales~ stumro-

bda. safrangeTis kulturis minis-

trma monawileoba miiRo erik rome-

ris xsovnisadmi miZRvnil saRamoSi,

romelic berlinis patara kinoTe-

atr `sinema-pariSi~ gaimarTa (dRes

es uZvelesi kinodarbazi franguli

kinocentris sakuTrebaa) _ kaci,

romelmac Tavis filmebSi siWabuke

Seinaxao, _ Tqva miteranma erik ro-

merze.

kadri filmidan `submarino~

werili berlinaledanwerili berlinaledan

cxeli Sokoladi 27

swored axalgazrdobaSi Cadenili,

Tu gnebavT... danaSauli vuwodoT,

gnebavT 68 wlis TaobisTvis tipuri

`seqsualuri ancoba~, gaxda roman

polanskis dapatimrebis mizezi.

polanskis filmi ùCinari avto-

ri~, romelic `berlinales~ priziT

dajildovda saukeTeso reJisurisa-

Tvis, berlinis festivalze aRiqves

rogorc didi reJisoris komentari

am dapatimrebaze. Tumca cnobilia,

rom filmze muSaoba reJisorma ciu-

rixSi momxdar skandalamde daiwyo;

ufro metic, roca daapatimres, ga-

daReba dasrulebulic ki hqonda.

aba, ra aris es? polanskis wi-

naswarmetyveleba? ambavi britane-

Tis eqs-premierze, romelsac axlo

aRmosavleTSi omis umizezo dawye-

baSi adanaSauleben da axalgazrda

mweralze, romelmac mas memuarebi

unda dauweros, wesiT, toni bleris

biografiis asociaciebs unda aRZra-

vdes. magram maincdamainc ar gamo-

dis _ mayurebelma icis, rom fil-

mis avtori roman polanskia; kaci,

romelsac ar apaties didi xnis win

Cadenili `danaSauli-ancoba~, maSin,

rodesac sxvadasxva qveynis saTaveSi

kriminali prezidentebi dganan.

`nobody’s perfect~... am deviziTaa ga-

JRenTili Tavidan bolomde ùsaxe-

lo avtori~, erTgvari rekviemi saa-

vtoro kulturisa, ironiiTa da Savi

iumoriT aRsavse ambavi samyaroze,

sadac avtori (pirovneba) aRar ar-

sebobs; samyaroze, romelsac raRac

anonimuri koleqtivi marTavs. prin-

cipSi es roman polanskis akviate-

buli ideaa, misi paranoia, romelic

Tuki `rozmaris Cvilsa~ da `mdgmur-

Si~ mayureblis Zrwolvas iwvevda, aq,

ùsasrulo avtorSi~ friad saxali-

so ganwyobilebas qmnis. miuxedavad

imisa, rom mayurebels axsovs, fil-

mis avtori dapatimrebulia da ara-

vin icis zustad, ra emuqreba.

sapyrobile. fsiqiatriuli kli-

nika. mavTulxlarTebiT izolire-

buli garemo _ berlinis wlevan-

deli kinofestivalis sakonkurso

programis mTavari motivi gaxda.

martin skorsezes axal suraTSi

`dawyevlilTa kunZuli~ spekula-

cia am Temaze imdenad aSkaraa, rom

skorsezes Semoqmedebis yvelaze

Tavgamodebuli damcvelic ki Ce-

mTan saubarSi mxrebs iCeCavda da

aRiarebdnen, rom ZviradRirebuli

`dawyevlilTa kunZuli~ iaffasiani

(!) kitCia da sxva araferi. samagie-

rod, aq mcirebiujetian ruminul

films, `Tuki minda, vstven~, gauCn-

da bevri Tayvanismcemeli. arada,

berlinis festivalis `vercxlis

daTvi~, romliTac dajildovda

ruminuli `dogmis~ axali nimuSi,

fass aucileblad auwevs am suraTs

ruminel Tineijerze, romelic bu-

xarestTan axlos, arasrulwlovne-

bis koloniaSi ixdis sasjels. prin-

cipSi, es filmi sxva festivalebze

SeiZleboda arc ki SeemCniaT, rom

ara saiubileo `berlinales~ mTa-

vari persona, Jiuris Tavmjdomare,

verner hercogi!

piradad CemTvis yvela festiva-

lis mTavar intrigas yovelTvis

Jiuris Tavmjdomare qmnis xol-

me. berlinis festivalis istoria-

Si xSirad yofila SemTxveva, roca

Jiuris Tavmjdomared warmodgeni-

li iyo kinovarskvlavi, romelsac

mxolod da mxolod ornamentis

mniSvneloba hqonda. JiuriSi auci-

leblad `Casvamdnen~ xolme kacs,

romelsac `berlinales~ direqciis

pozicia unda gamoexata, da rome-

lic danarCen msajulTa manipula-

cias SeZlebda. magaliTad, eldar

Sengelaia, rodesac 1993 wels `ber-

linales~ Jiuris wevri iyo, gakvir-

vebas ver malavda ani Jirardoze,

_ rom icode, ra sisuleleebs la-

parakobso. es is welia, roca ber-

linis festivalis mTavari priziT

aRiniSna politikuri kliSeebiT sa-

vse ̀ grand kanioni~; rogorc mogvia-

nebiT gairkva _ JiuriSi sagangebod

foto: Toma b

egiaSvil

i

barak najafi

werili berlinaledan

28 cxeli Sokoladi

Seyvanili romeliRac amerikeli

kritikosis gavleniT.

magram roca festivalis Jiuris

iseTi persona xelmZRvanelobs,

rogoric verner hercogia _ Ta-

vad saxelganTqmuli manipulatori

_ kritikosebs, wesiT, festivalis

dasrulebamde unda SeeZloT ga-

marjvebulis dasaxeleba; ubralod,

unda gaixseno hercogis filmebi,

yvelaferi, rac àxali germanuli

kinos~ erT-erT liders odesRac

gaukeTebia. magaliTad, Tavidanve

cxadi unda yofiliyo, rom herco-

gi mxars ar dauWerda festivalis

erT-erT saukeTeso films, bos-

nieli reJisoris, jasmila JmaniCis

films `gzaze~, romlis avtori,

Tu ar vcdebi, postkomunistur

sivrceSi pirvelad, komunisturi

ideologiis religiiT Canacvle-

bis Temas exeba. hercogma sruliad

uyuradRebod datova danieli re-

Jisoris, `dogmis~ erT-erTi pirve-

li aqtivistis, Tomas vitenbergis

`submarino~, socialuri drama,

cota ar iyos zedmetad Sezavebu-

li, protestantuli ideebiT. me-

tismetad tradiciulia hercogis-

Tvis aseTi kino _ politikurad da

socialurad mwvave, realisturi,

provokaciis gareSe. samagierod,

hercogis Jiurim prizebiT aRniSna

Turqi reJisoris semi kaplanoR-

lus `Tafli~ (òqros daTvi~ da

aleqsei popogrebskis `rogor Ca-

vaTave zafxuli~ (prizebi saukeTe-

so operators da mamakacis rolis

saukeTeso Semsruleblebs). kapla-

noRluc (Tbiliselebs SeiZleba

axsovT misi am trilogiis pirveli

filmi, `rZe~) da popogrebskic ver-

ner hercogis skolas miekuTvnebian

_ orive met-naklebad gulgrilia

politikis mimarT, maqsimalurad

Tavisufalia politkoreqtuli ki-

nos kliSeebisgan da, hercogisa ar

iyos, orive cdilobs mayureblis

yuradRebis gadatanas iseT mara-

diul Temebze, rogoricaa buneba

da adamiani, fantazia da realoba,

ukvdaveba da sicocxle...

Tavis droze verner hercogi Ta-

vis filmebSi jiutad amkvidrebda

azrs, rom totalitaruli reJime-

bis safuZvlebi bunebasa da bune-

brivze, pirvelyofilze ZaladobaSi

unda veZeboT. Tumca 80-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi germanelma reJisorma

es `simwvane~ ar ikmara da, rogorc

imxanad Tqva, `bunebis ukeT Secno-

bis mizniT~, stiqiasTan Serkineba

ukve filmis gadaRebis procesSi

daiwyo (gadaRebis umZimesi pirobe-

bis gamo, mas uari uTxra mik jager-

ma `fickeraldoSi~ mTavari rolis

Sesrulebaze). popogrebskis filmi

zustad Seesabameba hercogis es-

Tetikas _ aq, Cukotkis ukidures

CrdiloeTSi, romeliRac meteoro-

logiur sadgurze ori mamakaci _

erTi Suaxnis, sabWoTa gamocdile-

biT, meore axalgazrda, cal yurSi

garWobili sayuriT _ eqstremalur

situaciaSi gansxvavebul xasiaTs,

stiqiisadmi gansxvavebul damokide-

bulebas avlens.

principSi, raRac msgavsi jer ki-

dev kalatozovis `gaugzavnel we-

rilSi~ vnaxeT 60-iani wlebis da-

sawyisSi... saerTod, romelime sxva

festivalze, saeWvoa, popogrebskis-

Tvis vinmes yuradReba mieqcia. ma-

gram hercogi, rogorc Cans, friad

kmayofili darCa Tavisi ùmcrosi

Zmebis~ xilviT. ufro metic, swo-

red `Tavisianebi~ aqcia saiubileo

`berlinales~ triumfatorebad.

ra gamodis? karnavali, Tavisu-

fleba, kabare, adamianTa Zmobisa da

Tanasworobis idea isev garkveul,

SemosazRvrul sivrceSi moqmede-

bs? Tuki am sivrceSi damkvidrebul

azrebs, Temebs, ideebs ar iziareb,

es xalxic marginalad gaqcevs? ara-

da, eseni xom Tavad ebrZvian adamia-

nebis, kulturis, poziciis margina-

lizacias?

amitom raRac axlis, ucxos,

foto: Toma b

egiaSvil

i

cxeli Sokoladi 29

gansxvavebulis sanaxavad Camwkrive-

bul adamianTa rigi berlinis kino-

festivalis salaroebTan, uamravi

mayureblisTvis (SesaZloa, umra-

vlesobisTvis) mainc `Tavisianis~

naxvisa da Secnobis survili ufro

unda iyos.

ras niSnavs es?

imas, rom dasavleTSi (da ukve ara

marto dasavleTSi) tolerantoba

da Riaoba xSirad `faqturis~ do-

neze rCeba da ufro xelovnurad

Seqmnili, folklorizebuli maska-

radis siyvaruliT gamoixateba, vi-

dre im maskaradiT, romelsac bili

uailderi 20-iani wlebis berlinSi

xedavda.

nu dagvaviwydeba, rom verner her-

cogi aris avtori filmisa `ficke-

raldo~ _ irlandiel SeSlilze,

romelic meoce saukunis dasawyis-

Si ekvatoris junglebSi italiur

operas aSenebs... ufro sworad,

àSenebinebs~ indielebs. hercogia

avtori filmisa TeTrkanian kacze,

romelsac velur samyaroSi `kul-

tura~ miaqvs... da, miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom igive `veluri~ laTinuri

amerikis kinematografi, bolo ori

welia, `berlinales~ triumfato-

ri iyo (SarSan da SarSanwin òqros

daTvebi~ braziliaSi da peruSi wai-

Res), `velurs~ berlinis festival-

ze mxolod maSin afaseben, roca igi

aqauri karnavalis wesebs daicavs.

es wesebi sul ufro da ufro

erTferovans xdis berlinis kino-

festivalis programas. mas mere,

rac `berlinales~ Zvel direqtors

moritc de hadelns festivalis sa-

bWom kontraqti gauwyvita (festi-

valis `metismeti holivudizaciis~

gamo), berlinis festivals mayure-

beli marTlac daubrunda. magram

ra paradoqsulic unda iyos, `ber-

linalem~ amiT kargi filmebi dakar-

ga. holivudi, romelmac yvelafer-

Tan erTad òskaris~ dajildoebis

ceremonials TariRi Seucvala da

TiTqmis daamTxvia berlinis festi-

vals, aRaraa dainteresebuli, wa-

radginos Tavisi saukeTeso filmebi

im kinoforumze, sadac saeWvo mxa-

tvruli Rirebulebis, braziliasa

da peruSi gadaRebuli àqtualuri

kino~ imarjvebs. frangebi xom `ber-

linales~, didi xania, ar swyaloben.

aba, vin daasaxelebs frang reJi-

sors, romelic kanis kinoforumis-

Tvis ar inaxavdes filmebs?

wels berlinis festivalis

sakonkurso programaSi italia,

espaneTi saerTod ar iyo warmod-

genili. konkursSi aRmoCnda erTa-

derTi, isic Zalian cudi franguli

filmi `mamonti~. magram publika,

swored imitom, rom quCaSi yinavda

da xalxi pantapuntiT ecemoda yi-

nulze, iZulebuli iyo, Tavidan bo-

lomde eyurebina usaxurobisTvis,

rac mravlad iyo wlevandel fes-

tivalze, verner hercogis `kloni-

kinosTvis~.

marilis deficitze gamaxsenda.

berlinelebi amayoben, rom sami

operis Teatri aqvT. cnobilia, rom

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg an-

gela merkelma ganacxada, rom es

nonsensia, aseTi ram msoflios arc

erT qveyanaSi ar xdeba, rom sami

operis Teatri qalaqis biujetidan

finansdebodes...

angela merkeli germaniis kan-

cleri ki aris, magram qalaq ber-

linis biujets ar ganagebs, amito-

mac araferi gamouvida. berlinis

meri, klaus voveraiti, ekonomikuri

krizisis miuxedavad, samive operas

exmareba da berlinis kinofestiva-

lisTvisac ar iSurebs Tanxas.

ki, quCaSi ecemian, `Saisesac~ am-

boben. magram operis Teatrebis

daxurvas da berlinis kinofesti-

valis dafinansebaze uaris Tqmas aq

aravin iTxovs. karnavali, Tundac

gadamlaSebuli, Tundac zogjer

yalbi da xelovnuri, mainc ukeTe-

sia, vidre nacrisfer realobaSi

gaWedva.

foto: Toma b

egiaSvil

i

roman polanski ùCinari avtoris~ gadasaReb moedanze

avtori: qeTi qanTaria

Turquli demarSi

istoria

aTeuli welia, Tvali evrokavSi-

risken uWiravs, 2005 wels ki sa-

amiso molaparakebebSic CaerTo,

yvelanairad cdilobs, Tavi evroka-

vSiris wevrobis Rirseul kandida-

tad warmoaCinos, magram Tan amgvar

kanonebsac ver eleva.

evrokavSiri, gansakuTrebiT misi

oTxi wevri qveyana _ safrangeTi,

avstria, germania da niderlandebi

TurqeTis wevrobis mizanSewonilo-

bas daufaravad eWvqveS ayenebs. sa-

rkozim gasul wels xelisSemSlel

mizezad misi geografiuli mdeba-

reoba daasaxela, Tumca, evropuli

klubis mTavari Tavsatexi isaa, ra

moxdeba, Tuki evrokavSirs kidev 70

milioni muslimi SeuerTdeba.

evropis energomomaragebis Tval-

sazrisiT, TurqeTi `saWiro~ saxel-

mwifoa, da dRes mas, kavSiris Tana-

baruflebiani wevrobis sanacvlod,

am `warCinebulTa klubis” privile-

girebul partniorobas sTavazoben.

wevrad rom miiRos, qveynis Semdgo-

mi modernizaciisa da demokratiza-

ciis garda, evrokavSiri TurqeTs

ramdenime Zalze mtkivneuli pro-

blemis mogvarebas sTxovs. esenia:

kviprosis CrdiloeTi nawilidan ja-

rebis gayvana (gayvanis dawyeba), os-

maleTis imperiaSi somexTa genoci-

dis aRiareba (safrangeTSi, belgiasa

da SveicariaSi somxebis genocidis

uaryofa samarTlebrivad isjeba),

somxeTTan sazRvris gaxsna da sxva.

mustafa qemal aTaTurqs qveynis

winaSe marTlac uzarmazari dam-

saxureba aqvs. osmaleTis imperiis

nangrevebze man Zlieri, sekularu-

li respublika Seqmna. 1924 wels,

roca ramdenime Tvis win arCeuli

prezidenti TurqeTis did erov-

nul krebaze sakuTari principebis

2008 wels TurqeTSi sasamarTlos

winaSe wardga studenti gogona,

romelmac satelevizio Sous msv-

lelobisas eWvqveS daayena mustafa

aTaTurqis avtoriteti da ganacxa-

da, rom mis ideali aiaTola ho-

meinia. studenti nurei bezirgani

morwmune muslimia, Tumca SeiZleba

igive bedi ewios avtors, romelic

aTaTurqs sapirispiro poziciidan,

misi avtoritarulobis gamo akri-

tikebda. TurqeTSi, ormocdaaT we-

liwadze metia, moqmedebs kanoni,

romlic axali Turquli saxelmwi-

fos mamis da fuZemdeblis, mustafa

qemal aTaTurqis kritikas krZala-

vs; akrZalulia aTaTurqis gamosa-

xulebis Seuracxyofa, colTan misi

piradi mimoweris gamoqveynebac ki,

radgan amgvari publikacia mas Cveu-

lebriv mokvdavad warmoaCens.

qveyana, romelsac, ramdenime

30 cxeli Sokoladi

Turqebi saberZneTze gamarjvebas zeimoben, 1922

dasamkvidrebel `Sesaval sityvas~

warmoTqvamda, sekularizmis sasar-

geblod is argumenti moitana, rom

imperia saukuneebis manZilze isla-

ms bneli miznebisaTvis iyenebda, da

sarwmunoebisTvis `Tavdapirveli

daniSnulebis~ dabruneba moiTxova.

amave wlis dasawyisSi mustafa qe-

malma gaauqma SariaTis sasamarTlo,

daiwyo erTiani saero ganaTlebis

sistemis Seqmna. 1928 wlidan Tur-

qeTis saxelmwifo religiad islami

aRar iTvleba. aTaTurqis refor-

mebma, ramdenad miuRebelic unda

iyos isini dRevandeli, Tu misi Ta-

namedrove islamistebisTvis, qvey-

nis uzarmazari nabijebiT winsvla

ganapiroba. ra Tqma unda, qveynis

mosaxleobis umravlesoba morwmune

muslimia, romlebsac sekulariz-

mis principebTan, naciis demiurgis

uzarmazari avtoritetis garda,

araferi akavSirebs. magram saxel-

mwifos saero xasiaTs dRemde aTa-

Turqis mierve gaZlierebuli ori

institucia umyarebs safuZvels:

konstituciuri sasamarTlo da ar-

mia. eris Semkrav, STamagonebel mux-

tad kvlav gamZafrebuli erovnuli

TviTSegrZneba rCeba, romelic me-

cxramete saukuneSi èvropis ava-

dmyof adamianad~ miCneul qveyanas

pirvelad swored aTaTurqma Cau-

nerga.

qemalizmi, rogorc ideologia,

socializmsa da kapitalizms Soris

`mesame gziT~ siaruls da TviTmyo-

fadi erovnuli saxelwifos mSene-

blobas gulisxmobda. nawilobriv

igi safrangeTis revoluciis idea-

lebs efuZneba, mis or elements ki,

qemalisturi etatizms (ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifo interesis uzenaesoba)

da populizms (saerTo-saxalxoo-

ba) bolSevikuri ruseTis gavlenis

aSkara kvali emCneva.

meoce saukunis ocian wlebSi

msoflio rukaze sakuTari warsu-

lis nangrevebze aRmocenebuli ori

axalgazrda saxelmwifo gamoCnda.

1920 wels axalgazrda Turquli

respublika pirvelma sabWoTa ru-

seTma aRiara. garkveuli Tvalsa-

zrisiT, bunebrivic kia, rom am or

qveyanas Soris garkveuli mizidu-

lobis Zala gaCnda. osmaluri war-

suli aTaTurqma iseve daunaneblad

eris Semkrav, STamagonebel muxtad kvlav

gamZafrebuli erovnuli TviTSegrZneba

rCeba, romelic mecxramete saukuneSi èvropis

avadmyof adamianad~ miCneul qveyanas pirvelad

aTaTurqma Caunerga.

istoria

cxeli Sokoladi 31

stamboli, 2008 samxedro aRlumi, stamboli, 2007

jemal faSa, belgia, 1918

istoria

moisrola sanagveSi, rogorc lenin-

ma _ rusuli imperiisa bolSevikur

sabWoeTSi. arsiT orive es imperia

imTaviTve aziuri despotia iyo,

magram mustafa qemalis reforme-

bis Semdegac, da maT miuxedavad,

arsebobs faqtori, romelic am or

qveyanas kidev didxans daakavSirebs

erTmaneTTan _ evropisaken mudmi-

vi swrafva da misgan gariyulobis

SegrZneba, autsaideris roli da

momxmarebluri damokidebuleba

maTi wiaRiseuli Tu satranzito

resursiT gamorCeuli simdidris

gamo. droebiTi urTierTsimpaTii-

sa da solidarobis gancda sabWoe-

Tis mxridan Tavis droze yarabaRis

azerbaijanisaTvis gadacemamac daa-

dastura.

rusuli ideebidan (safiqrebelia,

TeTri emigraciis mZlavr talRas-

Tan erTad) TurqeTSi evrazieloba-

mac SeaRwia. evrazieloba, rogorc

filosofiur-politikuri mimarTu-

leba, ruseTSi petres reformebi-

dan mecxramete saukunis bolomde

dagrovil antidasavlur muxtze aR-

mocenda, sakuTari istoriis mimarT

zizRis, formiT (xandaxan arsiTac

ki) evropelobis xangrZlivi mcde-

lobebis da imedgacruebis Semdeg.

evropisgan ruseTma mxolod qedmaR-

luri damokidebuleba da ùcxos~,

`veluris~ damRa miiRo. rus impe-

ratorebs da aristokratias isedac

araadamianuri Zalisxmeva dasWir-

daT, rom imperia evropulad Seemo-

saT, magram `potiomkinis soflis~

ukan dasavleTi SesaniSnavad arCe-

vda rusuli masebis `monRolur,

mxecur~ (mweral aleqsei tolstois

sityvebia) arss da misi batonebis

zurgs ukan damalul maTraxs. evra-

zielebma saukunenaxevrian wyenaze

axali Teoria aages: araa saWiro

qedis moxra evropis winaSe, sadac

rusi yovelTvis meorexarisxovan

adamianad darCeba. jobs, Tvali da

yuri aRmosavleTs, azias mivapyroT,

sadac yovelTvis pirvelebi viqne-

biT. am axal talRaze ruseTs Ta-

visi aziuri, monRoluri warsulisa

aRar rcxvenia, masSi esTetikuri

da politikuri `siamovnebis~ axal-

axal wyaroebs poulobs, rac aravis

gamouxatavs ise, rogorc blokma

Tavis leqsSi `skviTebi~:

Мильоны - вас. Нас - тьмы, и тьмы, и тьмы. Попробуйте, сразитесь с нами! Да, скифы - мы! Да, азиаты - мы, С раскосыми и жадными очами! ….Не сдвинемся, когда свирепый гунн В карманах трупов будет шарить, Жечь города, и в церковь гнать табун, И мясо белых братьев жарить!... В последний раз на светлый братский пир Сзывает варварская лира!

ra Tqma unda, sanukvari evropa

daviwyebas ar miscemia, mis mimarT

`mxecuri~ vneba minavlulia, da sa-

SiSi. roca revoluciis talRam es

muxti gaacocxla, masebis ruseTma

sakuTari evropa _ sruliad gaevro-

pelebuli aristokratia, romelic

is-is iyo, xarisxobrivad sxvagvar,

gaumjobesebul rusobas iwyebda,

mowiwebanarevi siZulviliT sisxl-

Si CaaxrCo, da mas Semdeg dasavle-

Tisken aseTive mosiyvarule TvaliT

evrazieloba, rogorc filosofiur-

politikuri mimarTuleba, ruseTSi petres

reformebidan mecxramete saukunis bolomde

dagrovil antidasavlur muxtze aRmocenda,

sakuTari istoriis mimarT zizRis, formiT

(xandaxan arsiTac ki) evropelobis xangrZlivi

mcdelobebis da imedgacruebis Semdeg.

32 cxeli Sokoladi

Turqi jariskacebi, 1915

istoria

iyureba. erT-erTi rusi avtoris

TqmiT, ruseTi evropisadmi damoki-

debulebiT partkomis mitovebul

cols hgavs, romelic partias saCi-

vris weriliT mimarTavs: `Cemi qmari

garewaria. gTxovT, partiidan gari-

cxoT, daxvritoT an damibrunoT~.

ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom axali,

aTaTurqis TurqeTi evropel inter-

ventebTan brZolaSi iSva. atlanti-

kuri perspeqtivis gverdiT, misi

ganviTarebis yvela etapze, roca ki

geopolitikuri sulis moTqmis sa-

Wiroeba uCndeba, mas mudmivad Tavs

axsenebs evrazielobis àCrdili~.

ukanaskneli wlebis movlenebi

aCvenebs, rom TurqeTSi evropers-

peqtivis mimarT apaTia Tu ara, qe-

dmaRluri damokidebuleba Cndeba.

es mimarTuleba, prodasavluris pa-

ralelurad, Turqul cnobierebaSi

didxans mwifdeboda. evro-atlan-

tikur gaerTianebaSi TurqeTi gaci-

lebiT umtkivneulod da adre, 1952

wels miiRes. amas, rogorc Cans, qvey-

nis samxedro elitis prodasavluri

orientacia uwyobda xels. oficris

vaJis, Tavadac samxedro wreebidan

gamosuli mustafa qemalis mmarTve-

lobis pirveli wlebidan jari Tur-

qeTis politikuri sistemis uryevi

da uZlieresi sayrdenia, moderniza-

ciis, qemalizmis xazis gagrZelebis

yvelaze sando garanti.

50-ian wlebamde Zalaufleba mud-

mivad misi warmomadgenlebis xelSi

iyo, Tumca, pirveli respublikis

(1923-60) wlebSi armia, garegnulad

mainc, meore planis moTamaSed rCe-

boda. 1946-47 wlebSi politikuri

elita erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis

qveyanaSi mravalpartiulobis da-

nergvis aucileblobamde mivida.

konstituciaSi Sesabamisi cvli-

lebebis SetanisTanave TurqeTSi

seriozuli opozicia gaCnda. 1950

wels arCevnebSi demokratiulma

partiam gaimarjva da politikur

cxovrebaSi axal process daedo

saTave. erTpartiulobidan mra-

valpartiulobaze gadasvlam dasav-

leTs daanaxa, rom qveyana mniSvne-

lovani vesternizaciis gzas daadga.

aman TurqeTisaTvis bevri sasarge-

cxeli Sokoladi 33

berluskoni, erdoRani da putini, ankara, 2009ankara, 2007

qemal aTaTurqi

blo procesi daZra. qveyanam jaris

da sajariso infrastruqturis ga-

saviTareblad aSS-sgan 100 milioni

dolari miiRo, 1952 wels ki nato-s

wevri gaxda.

bevri Tvlis, rom TurqeTSi im

wlebis erTpartiul mmarTvelobas

mainc hqonda dadebiTi momentebi.

misi upiratesoba is iyo, rom res-

publikis pirveli ociode weli,

TurqeTis politikur speqtrSi,

mmarTvel partiasTan SedarebiT,

sxvebi ufro retrogradul da is-

lamistur Zalebs warmoadgendnen.

demokratiulma partiam, rogorc

xangrZlivi erTpartiuli mmar-

Tvelobis Semdeg mosalodnelic

ki iyo, TurqeTSi didi simpaTie-

bi moipova. magram gavida wlebi,

da samxedro elitam gadawyvita,

rom qveyanaSi mis garda ar arse-

bobs sxva Zala, romelic qveynis

momavals pasuxismgeblobiT mo-

ekideboda. saqme is aris, rom (rac

unda paradoqsulad JRerdes) de-

mokratiuli partiis mmarTvelo-

bam qveyanaSi konservatiuli da re-

istoria

trograduli Zalebi gamoacocxla.

amis mizezi is gaxda, rom demokra-

tebi islams da sasuliero pirebis

avtoritets sakuTari politikuri

miznebisTvis iyenebdnen. 1960 wels

samxedro elitam aTaTurqis kur-

sze qveynis dasabruneblad pirveli

samxedro gadatrialeba moawyo. mas

Semdeg, qveynis politikur mmar-

TvelobaSi amgvari `koreqtivebi~

kidev samjer, 1971, 1980 da 1997

wels Seitana. Tumca, aucileblad

unda aRiniSnos, rom Zalaufle-

ba (arCevnebis gziT) Zalian maleve

yovelTvis Turq xalxs ubrunde-

boda. swored am periods emTxveva

Semdgom ramdenjerme gadayenebuli

suleiman demirelisa da Tansu Ci-

leris mmarTvelobis wlebi.

pirvelma samxedro gadatriale-

bam TurqeTis ideologiur ruka-

ze kidev erTi ganStoeba moniSna.

1960 wlis gadatrialebas saTaveSi

polkovniki TiurqeSi edga, Taname-

drove panTuranizmis mamamTavari.

didi Turanis idea mTeli evraziis

ZiriT Turquli xalxebis rasobriv

erTianobas, urTierTswrafvas da

politikur Zalad gaerTianebas

emxroba. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdena-

daa es mimarTuleba TurqeTis sa-

gareo politikis ganmsazRvreli,

magram geoekonomikur da geostra-

tegiul mimarTulebebSi TiTqos

axla Tavs marTlac iCens.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Turquli

armia nebismieri TurqisTvis sia-

mayis da mowiwebis sagani iyo da

aris dRemde, mosaxleobis farTo

masebi, umetesad soflebisa da pa-

tara qalaqebis mkvidrni, islamis

normebiT cxovrobda da islamis-

turi partiebis Sexedulebebs izia-

rebda. aq imaleba rogorc Tur-

quli politikuri ganviTarebis,

ise Turqi adamianis cnobierebis

paradoqsuloba: simyares, lavire-

bis SesaZleblobas orive Sinagani

konfliqtis ZaliT inarCunebs da

axal, ufro sasurvel realobas am

ZaliT qmnis. am Turqul parado-

qss erT-erTi avtori ase aRwers:

TurqeTi. 60-iani wlebi. qalebs,

romlebic sakuTar soflebSi Ca-

rogorc batonma putinma brZana, ìqmneba axali

realoba~, romelSic partniorebi proteJeebs,

da xandaxan aramxolod maT, `msubuqad~

Ralatoben.

34 cxeli Sokoladi

dakavebuli Turqi general-leitenanti metin iavuz ialcini, Tebervali 2010

drs ver ixsnian, qalaqSi yofnisas

ki Seburuli saxiT rom gamoCndnen,

didi gambedaoba sWirdebaT, samxe-

dro nawilis gamoCenaze (armia _

aTaTurqiseuli laicizmis yvela-

ze erTguli dasayrdeni) Tvalebi

aRfrTovanebiT ubrwyinavT. daskv-

na: Turquli armia TurqisTvis

mudmivi dResaswaulia. ucnauria,

magram Turqebis umetesoba samxe-

dro gadatrialebebs swored sa-

zeimo ganwyobiT egebeboda. `Sesa-

Zlo represiebi, romlebic albaT

gadatrialebas mohyveba, xalxis

cnobierebis miRma rCeba. samagie-

rod cocxldeba òmis~ paradigma,

romelic misTvis samyaros mimarT

qmedebis determinirebas axdens.

Tu analogebs gramatikaSi movZe-

bniT, maSin òmi~ zmnaa. zmna qve-

mdebares, `sakuTari Tavis xats~

moiTxovs. TurqisTvis es `meomre-

bis masaa~, romelSic yoveli Turqi

sakuTari qveynis jariskacia~.

islamisturi ganwyobilebebi

TurqeTSi 90-iani wlebidan Zlier-

deba. 2002 wels TurqeTis arCevne-

bSi xmebis 34%-iT `samarTlianobisa

da ganviTarebis partia~ imarjvebs.

respublikis istoriaSi pirvelad

moxda, rom kabinetis yvela wevri

islamisti yofiliyo (Tumca, es

partia zomier islamistur Zalad

ganixileba). Turquli demokratia,

romelic dasavleTSi islamuri sa-

myaros kvalobaze lamis idealurad

iyo miCneuli, kraxs ganicdis. Tum-

ca, aseTia xalxis arCevani, maSasada-

me, esec demokratiis monapovaria.

jer rejeb taip erdoRanis, Sem-

deg ki abdula giulis meTaurobiT,

TurqeTi kvlav Zveli kursis erT-

guli xdeba. demokratias qveyanaSi

araferi emuqreba, evrokavSirisadmi

swrafva TiTqos jer ar Semcirebu-

la, qveyana proamerikuli kursis

brmad mimdevrobaze uars acxadebs.

pirvel siurprizi aSS-s xelmZRvane-

lobam im welsve miiRo: maSin erdo-

Ranma Tamamad ganacxada, rom erayis

mimarT amerikis politikas mxars ar

dauWers.

>>> gagrZeleba gv. 94

istoria

cxeli Sokoladi 35

berZeni kviproselebi konfliqtis dros

dakargul naTesavebs eZeben, kviprosi, 1974 akp partiis winaaRmdeg gamarTuli demonstracia stambolSi, ianvari 2010

akp partiis winaaRmdeg gamarTuli

demonstracia stambolSi, Tebervali 2010

istoria

avtori: paata sabelaSvili


„svaboda“ da ara janmrTeloba,

sicocxle, milioni dolari, aramed

„svaboda“ aris is, rasac dacemine-

bis dros sxva tusaRebi geubnebian.

zogjer, rom daaxveleb, maSinac am

sityvas dagZaxeben. arasodes ga-

morCebaT, arasodes daaviwydebaT,

giTxran „svaboda“.

saintereso sityvaa. imdenad sain-

tereso, rom jorj maiqlis „fri-

domsac“ sxvagvarad gasmeninebs.

magram sityva „Tavisufleba“ su-

lac ar asocirdeba „svabodasTan“.

„TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolni“,

„Tavisuflebis moedani“, metro-

sadguri „Tavisuflebis moedani“,

„Tavisufleba dRes Cveni“, „Ta-

visufleba suls ise moswyurda“,

„Tavisufleba politpatimrebs“,

„Tavisufali Teatri“, „aWara Tavi-

sufalia“ da kidev, vin mosTvlis,

ramdeni ram _ arc erTi wamiT ar

gadmoscems im SegrZnebaTa nazavs,

rasTanac es „svaboda“ asocirde-

ba. es sityva gaxsenebs kapezes, ga-

sudvas, karantins, kameraze awevas,

karmuSkas, paraSas, Sponkas, balan-

das, kontroliors, Smons, fuqss,

abanos, romelic kviraSi erTxelaa.

manamde am Cems yoveldRiurobad

qceul atributebs ver aRviqvamdi.

vicodi maT Sesaxeb, kinoSic nanaxi

mqonda, gagonilic uamravjer, ma-

gram maTze asociacia, mogoneba da

SegrZneba arasodes gamCenia. am yba-

daRebuli „svabodas“ arsi arcTu

martivi gadmosacemia. rTuli fe-

nomenia, RmerTmani, da erTmniSvne-

lovani sulac ara. albaT iseTivea,

rogoric janmrTeloba, sicocxle

da milioni dolari _ xifaTiT sav-

sea svaboda.

kapeze

„dmi“ droebiTi moTavsebis izo-

lators niSnavs. me iq gasuli wlis

16 dekembris gamTeniamde, daaxlo-

ebiT dilis 3 saaTze mimiyvanes.

mimiyvanes da kidev erTxel gama-

SiSvla ucnobma adamianma. orjer

Cavikuze, rom trakiT rame ar Se-

metana kameraSi. sami axali ram

aRmovaCine: 1. formiani adamiani

aRarasodes iqneba seqsualobis ga-

momwvevi; 2. gaSiSvleba arasodes

iqneba im gancdebTan asocirebuli,

romlebsac adre iwvevda; 3. traks

bevri sasargeblo funqcia hqonia.

damxsnes zonrebi, sigarets fil-

trebi daaxies, britva ar gaakeTo

da venebi ar gadaiWrao, momces ori

pledi (adiela) da Semagdes me-10

kameraSi.

me oTxi grami marixuanis aRmoCe-

nis gamo damakaves.

kamera erTi naTuriT naTdeba,

romelic Sesasvleli karis Tavzea

kedelSi Caxraxnili da SigniTac

anaTebs da koridorSic. TvalebSi

ganaTebs da isedac bnel kameras

kidev ufro rTulad dasaTvalie-

rebels xdis. kamera daaxloebiT

aTi kvadratuli metria, misi naxe-

vari ficarnagia, romelzec tusa-

Rebi wvanan, meore naxevari ki uka-

via Sesasvlels da welamde tixriT

gamoyofil CeCmas, romelSic wyali

ar Cadis. wyals didi xnis Txovnis

mere uSveben xolme, dReSi orjer,

an cota ufro xSirad, Tu kargi

„smenaa“. kedlebi yvintlisfradaa

SeRebili.

kameraSi ori adamiani damxvda.

erTi ficarnagis SuaSi Zalian

komfortulad iyo wamogorebuli

da eZina, meore mis marjvniv ijda.

mas Zalian gauxarda Cemi danaxva,

vinaidan mZinare, cxadia, ar elapa-

rakeboda. isic pirvelad iyo, sul

cota xnis win SemoeyvanaT. 21 wlis,

simpaTiuri biWi suboteqsis yidvis

dros daiWires da uTxres, Sens ba-

rigas didi xania davdevT, magram

SenTan erTad gadavwyviteT ayvana,

radgan manqanaSi Sen garda aravis

ujdebodao _ rac imas niSnavs, rom

manqanas „sajarimoze“ gadaiyvanen

da am jipiT policielebi manam

ijiriTeben, sanam ar mobezrdebaT.

biWi sam rames ganicdida. imas, Tu

ra reaqcia eqneboda mamamiss, ga-

moiyvanda Tu ara, saerTod, auyvan-

da Tu ara advokats. ganicdida,

Tu ras ifiqrebda misi coli, ro-

melmac ar icoda, rom misi axal-

gazrda, lamazi, SeZlebuli qmari

intravenur narkotikebs moixmar-

da, anu wamalze ijda. dabolos, mas

eSinoda lomkis.

lomkis mis garda kidev sam ada-

mians eSinoda im kacebidan, romle-

biTac dilamde, mTeli Ramis gan-

mavlobaSi avsebdnen Cvens kameras.

yvela Tavis ambavs hyveboda.

ucnauri dRe iyo. aravis akiTxa-

vdnen, arc saWmels ugzavnidnen.

Cemi advokati saRamoxans movida

36 cxeli Sokoladi

cxeli Sokoladi 37

istoria

da gamomkiTxa, Tu rogor viyavi.

mas vTxove, CemebisTvis daereka da

saWmeli da sigareti gamoetanebina.

SimSiliT sul ar mSioda. kame-

raSi tuberkuloziT daavadebuli

patimari iyo da is gveubneboda,

ZaliT unda WamoT, rom ar daava-

dmyofdeTo. saRamoxans, yvelafer

sikeTesTan erTad, sigaretic Se-

mogvaklda da is naTurac gadaiwva,

romelic oTaxs anaTebda. sigare-

tis namwvavebis mogroveba da siga-

retis zalatnikgaZrobil qaRaldSi

gaxveva movaxerxeT. paraSaSi wyali

gauSves. wyali iatakze isxmeboda.

Cemi tualetSi „wasvlis“ pirveli

mcdeloba imiT dasrulda, rom mu-

xlebamde gavilumpe. es yvelaferi

srul sibneleSi xdeboda. Semdeg

momitanes saWmeli da sigareti.

imasac mivaRwieT, rom naTura ga-

moecvalaT da wylis daregulireba

celofanis paketebiT SevZeliT.

saRamos kidev erTi patimari da-

gvimates, 60-s mitanebuli, rome-

lic mkvlelobis mcdelobis gamo

daakaves. nacemi iyo. ver mivxvdi,

ra mizniT unda ecema policiels:

am kacs kibo sWirda da swori na-

wlavi Sardsadenze hqonda mike-

rebuli. misi tualetSi „Sesvla“

Zils gvifrTxobda xolme, danarCen

dros ki pampersebiT sargeblobda

da mere am pampersebs iqve, kuTxeSi

yrida.

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, kargi

saRamo iyo: saWmeli gvqonda da

ar gvSioda. diliT „gagvaxares“

_ adielebi migvaqvs gasarecxa-

do. verasodes vifiqrebdi, rom im

adielebs recxavdnen. ficarnagze

sakuTari trakis amara davrCiT da

trakis kidev erTi funqcia aRmova-

Cine _ sajdomi. 21 wlis biWma gvi-

Txra, mamaCemma advokati amiyvanao.

mokled, gadarCa. amasobaSi Cemi

advokatic gamoCnda da saxalxo

damcvelis warmomadgenelic. am

ukanasknels yvelaferi Tavidan,

guldasmiT movuyevi.

meore dRem uRimRamod Caiara.

wamiyenes brali, ori da ara erTi

muxliT _ narkotikuli nivTiereba

marixuanas Senaxvisa da am ukanask-

nelis qveyanaSi Semotanis gamo, da

kidev is moxda, rom axali advoka-

tic gavicani, romelic, megona, wi-

namorbedze met imeds mainc Camisa-

xavda. amaod vfiqrobdi ase.

isev Semomivida „daCka“ da wina

dRiT Semogzavnili produqtis me-

ore naxevari, tansacmeli (romlis

Semogzavnis faqtmac yvela gaaoca),

Roris gripisagan damcavi niRabi da

didi raodenobiT notio xelsaxo-

cebi. aRarafers vambob axalTaxal

„gliancevi“ Jurnalebze da „Tbi-

liselebze“, romlis gamomgzavnis

iumoris grZnoba saTanadod dava-

fase _ aRarafers vityvi barbaroba

dRes CemTvis lobianebis Semogzav-

nis ideaze:_)).

mTeli saRamo Jurnalebs vaTva-

lierebdiT da celofanis paketiT

„damuRamebuli“ tualetiTac vsar-

geblobdiT. saRamos saTadarigo

adielebi mogvces, ficarze rom

ar dagveZina. notio xelsaxocebiT

„jakuzi“ moviwyve da gulSi Cakru-

li „gliancevi“ JurnalebiT davi-

Zine.

im Rames kidev ori adamiani dagvi-

mates. erTi Tavis istorias hyvebo-

da, me ki mTeli ZaliT vcdilobdi,

ar gamovfxizlebuliyavi _ wolaSi

dro ufro kargad gadis. erTi ki

gavige, rom arayoveldRiuri saxe-

lis patroni iyo da rodesac hki-

Txes, eg ra saxeliao, man upasuxa,

somexi varo. meore „axali“ ufro

gvian Semovida. Zalian mTvrali

iyo da pirdapir ficarnagze gawva.

Turme, RamiT Caifsa da me friad

gamimarTla, rom daqanebis sapiris-

piro mxares viweqi. rodesac gaiR-

viZa, Zalian cud gunebaze dadga.

albaT, rcxvenoda. mere daiwyo ima-

ze saubari, Tu rogor ver „gaqaCes“

rusebma da ver mogvaSores cixeze

miSas dayenebuli „palaJenia“. mere

isic dasZina, saakianis bralia, am

dReSi rom varTo. somexma biWma

hkiTxa: „vin, vino?~ „saakaSvili“, _

mereRa Seaswora prezidentis gva-

ri da mas somxuri bolosarTi mo-

acila, _ „eh, ra cota daakldaT

rusebs, rom es palaJenia ver gada-

agdes“. amiT man kidev erTxel mom-

para sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi

gatarebuli „didi reformaciis“

SedegebTan SejaxebiT gamowveuli

piradi protesti. somexi biWi ga-

Cumda. qarTvelebic dumdnen, maT

Soris mec.

gankiTxvis dRe

2009 wlis 18 dekembris susxian,

magram mzian dRes pativi mxvda,

pirvelad warvmdgariyavi qarTu-

li marTlmsajulebis winaSe. ga-

momiyvanes kameridan (mere ra, rom

tualetSi Sesvla ver movaswari)

da gamiyenes CemTvis bavSvobidan

gaurkveveli motivebiT inspirire-

buli arqiteqtoris mier sabWoTa

periodis bindbundSi agebul da

SemdgomSi kidev ufro gaurkveveli

motivebiT kolonadamiSenebuli Se-

nobis gzas.

gza kapezes avtosadgomidan saqa-

laqo sasamarTlomde mRelvarebiT

aRsavse iyo. badragma xelborkiliT

mimiba da avtomanqanis ukana savar-

Zelze Camsva. manqanis patroni, ro-

melic imavdroulad Cemi saqmis ga-

momZieblis funqciasac iTavsebda,

am avtomanqanas sakuTari coliviT

ufrTxildeboda, _ albaT jer ar

38 cxeli Sokoladi

cxeli Sokoladi 39

hyavda, Torem ratom gaufrTxil-

deboda ase... sigarets ar gvawevi-

nebda. Semdeg gadmovediT da Za-

lian bevri sigareti movwie. aseTi

grZnoba evropaSi meufleboda _ ar

vicodi, rodis momecemoda Semde-

gi Reris mowevis SesaZlebloba da

amitom gamalebiT veweodi xolme.

cali xeliT daviwye zonaris fexsa-

cmelSi gayra. badragma miTxra:

_ tyuilad ikeTeb, mainc daga-

Zroben.

ratom-meTqi?

_ aba, cixeze Snuroks vin dagi-

tovebs?

ar vici, ratom, albaT imitom,

rom aq damewera, vkiTxe:

_ rogor, Tqven winaswar iciT, ra

saxis aRmkveT RonisZiebas Semifar-

debs mosamarTle?

man mosalodneli ironiiT mipa-

suxa:

_ aba, ra ggonia, prokurori ra-

sac moiTxovs, imas mosamarTle ar

daeTanxmeba?

dRemde ver vijereb, rom ase mi-

pasuxa. imitom ki ara, rom ar velo-

di. ubralod, is, rom me yvelafer

amas davwerdi, sul ar aRelvebda.

Cemi gamomZieblis gverdiT, wina

savarZelSi mjdomi policieli di-

lidan aqtiurobda. Cems badrags

eubneboda, rogor uxdebiT erT-

maneTs, samudamod ase ar darCeT

erTmaneTze mibmulio. Cemi badragi

nerviulobda.

sasamarTloze gamogviZaxes me-

15 darbazSi. darbazSi erTmaneTis

miyolebiT Semovidnen Cemi advoka-

ti, prokurori, gamomZiebeli, Ta-

namSromlebi da megobrebi. mivxvdi,

rom ajobebda, saerTod ar mosu-

liyvnen, ufro martivi iqneboda

CemTvis. Zalian ki momnatrebodnen,

raRacnairad, Signidan gavTbi. es

grZnoba wamsve gamiqro prokuro-

ris danaxvam. piridan yuramde didi

naiarevi dasdevda da ar iRimoda _

albaT, naiarevis gamo. man brali

wamiyena. Cemi TanamSromlebis mier

momzadebuli Cemi daxasiaTeba Cemma

advokatma ver amoikiTxa da mosa-

marTles miawoda. arc mis mier war-

moTqmuli sityva iyo STambeWdavi.

mosamarTlem sityva momca. me mi-

vxvdi, rom sakuTari Tavis sakuTa-

ri ZalebiT uimedo dacva meloda.

mosamarTlem gadawyvita, CemTvis

orTviani winaswari patimroba See-

fardebina.

badragi gakapasda. kidev ufro

metad mieca guli da kidev ufro

damcinavad damiwyo laparki, sanam

sasamarTlos dadgenilebas da-

beWdili saxiT velodiT. albaT,

bolo wuTamde maTac ar sjero-

daT, rom orTvian patimrobas Se-

mifardebdnen. uceb kidev erTi aR-

moCena gavakeTe: is TanamSromeli,

romelzec uSualod viyavi mibmu-

li, TanagrZnobiT ganimsWvala da

sasamarTlos Senobidan gamosulma

filtrianis mowevac ki SemomTava-

za. samagierod, Cemi gamomZieblis

gverdiT, wina savarZelze mjdomma

bolomde gaSala frTebi. misi xu-

mrobebi ukve „Cems“ badragsac aRi-

zianebda. erTi suli mqonda, rodis

mividodiT cixeSi, radgan dilidan

tualetSi mindoda.

karantini

diRmis trasa swrafad gaviareT.

rogorc iqna, cixes mivaRwieT. wina

savarZelSi mjdomi badragi sul

ufro karg xasiaTze dgeboda. is

manqanidan gadavida da gverdiT

manqanaSi gadajda, romelsac aseve

patimari hyavda moyvanili cixeSi.

saaTze didxans lodinis Semdeg

manqanebidan gadmogviyvanes da ukve

cocxal rigSi Cagvayenes. mopirda-

pire manqanasTan isev lazRandara-

obda win mjdomi badragi. igi yve-

la patimris gasagonad gviyviroda,

rogor uxdebiT erTmaneTso, Tan

meore manqanaSi mjdom patimars ra-

Racas eubneboda. patimari miyure-

bda da eRimeboda. savaraudod isi-

ni Cems seqsualur orientaciasa da

saqmianobaze saubrobdnen.

Segviyvanes cixeSi. kidev erTxel

gamaSiSvles, axla ukve sxva pati-

mrebis Tvalwin. ase miTxres, pal-

tos ver Seitano. is mainc movaswa-

ri, rom badragisaTvis is palto

gametanebina, rom nagavSi ar gadaeg-

doT. zonrebi da Zirebi momaZvres

da nagavSi gadayares. erTma Semmo-

wmebelma mkiTxa, pirSi ra gidevso.

saReWi rezini-meTqi, vupasuxe. ro

wamova saxeSi muSti, mere veRar da-

ReWavo. me vuTxari, rom pirvelad

viyavi cixeSi, CemTvis wesebi aravis

gaucvnia, da SeeZlo, normalurad

eTqva, rom karantinSi saReWi rezi-

ni ar daiSveba. Cemma badragma daa-

SoSmina da galawunebasac gadavrCi.

fuqsSi kidev gvacdevines. iq Cemi

erTi Tanakapezelic Semxvda. meub-

neboda, vecadoT, iqneb erT kamera-

Si movxvdeT da Tu rame problema

iqneba, erTad davcxoT sxva pati-

mrebso, me ki imaze vfiqrobdi, rom

mzad viyavi yvelas Tvalwin momef-

sa.

rogorc iqna, Cagviyvanes karan-

tinSi da me-5 kameraSi Semiyvanes.

kapezeze ki mafrTxilebdnen, rom

karantini saSinelebaa, magram aseTs

mainc verasodes warmovidgendi. 6

adamianisTvis gankuTvnil kameraSi

28 patimari ijda. ufro sworad,

idga. ase idga zogi 5 dRis ganma-

vlobaSi, zogi _ erTi kvira, zogi

_ 10 dRe.

SesvlisTanave yvelas mivesalme

da paraSas mivaSure. gamovedi Tu

istoria

40 cxeli Sokoladi

cxeli Sokoladi 41

ara, Cem garSemo wre Seikra da mi-

Txres, dajeqi SuaSio. mec davjeqi.

Cemi Tanadamrtymeli Tanakapezeli

ukve mtruli mzeriT miyurebda.

Cems publikas Tvali gadavavle da

is patimaric davinaxe, Cemi badragi

rom elaparakeboda. maSinve yvela-

fers mivxvdi: „ZaRlebma sityva Se-

mayoles“.

yvelaze aqtiurma da cocxal-

ma CemTan urTierTobis garkveva

daiwyo: erTi gviTxari, vin xar,

ra organizaciaSi muSaob, ra baris

mflobeli xar da ra farTebs awyo-

bo? me vuTxari, rom es maTi saqme

ar iyo. mere erTi svani Camomijda

da miTxra: xom ici, aq yvelaferi

gairkveva da gviTxari, Tu asea,

unda vicodeT, SenTan erTad purs

xom ar SevWamTo. me vuTxari, rom

maincdamainc didi survili arc me

mqonda maTTan erTad puriWmisa _

„ZaRlebis“ enaze es qurduli sa-

myaros kacebi rodis aqeTaa dadi-

xarT-meTqi? uceb yvela mitrialda

da Cemdami sayovelTao interesic

minelda.

daviwye axali samyofelis Tva-

liereba, tusaRTa ricxvis Sponke-

bis raodenobaze gayofa da mi-

Rebuli ricxviT dRe-Ramis im

monakveTis gamoangariSeba, rac

erT adamians SeiZleboda Sponkaze

mZinares gaetarebina. mere Tavidan

daviangariSe, radgan gamovakeli im

patimarTa ricxvi, visac mudmivad

wolis ufleba hqondaT, da mivxvdi,

rom amaze fiqri kargs arafers mo-

mitanda.

karantinze sigareti ar Semodis.

TiTo-orola Reri hqondaT Semo-

parebuli da erTi rom moukideb-

da, yvela TiTo nafazs artyamda.

Zalian mindoda moweva, magram Se-

moTavazebaze uari vTqvi. vifiqre,

sjobs es erTi kvira imisaTvis ga-

moviyeno, rom mowevas Tavi davane-

bo-meTqi. viTom imitom ar vewevi,

rom ar minda-meTqi. asec moviqeci.

erTi natexi puri vWame. daviRa-

le. davjeqi magidis kuTxesTan _

daZineba mindoda. is aqtiuri da

cocxali biWi kidev erTxel ecada,

raRac eTqva CemTvis. svanma Sea-

wyvetina da uTxra: „adi axla, dai-

Zine, erT saaTSi unda gagaRviZo,

rom mand aman daiZinoso“. biWs xma

aRar amouRia.

patimrebi koridoridan momaval

xmebs gamudmebiT ayuradebdnen _

scemen, scemen, ra magaria, mgoni

karantini iSlebao. viRacam Tqva,

am saaxalwlod premiebis gasake-

Teblad imdeni Semoyares, albaT

veRar veteviT da amitom Slian ka-

rantinso.

mogvadgnen da gvarebis amokiTxva

daiwyes. TiTqmis yvela gavida. ime-

di momeca, rom kameraze agvwevdnen,

magram uceb gaCerdnen da kari mi-

xures. svanma Tqva, xuTdRianebi ar

agvwieso. maS, xuTi dRe mainc momiwe-

vda iq yofna. guli imiT davimSvide,

rom kameraSi cxraniRa davrCiT.

saRamomde 20-mde Segvavses.

gverdiT kameridan dagvimates ra-

mdenime kaci. im kameraSi Sponkebi

saerTod ar iyo, kedlebze Semov-

lebuli viwro skamebis amara yo-

filan, sami Rame cementis iatakze

uZiniaT. erTi biWi iseTi lamazi

iyo, rom Cemi mdgomareobis miuxe-

davad Tvals ver vwyvetdi. is da

misi Tanmxlebi WavWavaZis univer-

sitetis studentebi aRmoCndnen: 7

Tvis win erTi auditoriidan meore-

Si proeqtori gadavitaneT, gogoe-

bze STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad, da

ukan gadatana dagvaviwydao, audi-

toriaze pasuxismgebels policiaSi

ganucxadebia da Cven ar vicodiTo,

18 weli axlaxan Segvisrulda da

policiamac axlaRa dagvakavao.

ara, yvela naambobis ki ar mje-

roda. naxevarze meti ar mjeroda,

dRe-Ramis sxvadasxva dros raRac

urTierTgamomricxav faqtebs asa-

xelebdnen. verafriT mivxvdi, raSi

sWirdebodaT. svanma mirCia, simar-

Tle aravis mouyve, rasac policias

eubnebi, patimrebTanac is ibazreo.

me vuTxari, asec viqcevi, yvelas

simarTles vuyvebi-meTqi. meco, mo-

migo man iseTi saxiT, rom aSkarad

ver mimxvdariyo, es ratom unda ga-

mekeTebina.

oTxi saaTi meZina. Sponka iseTi

viwroa, rom zed erTi adamianic ver

gaiSleba, Cven ki or-ors gveZina,

waRma-ukuRma. Sponkaze leibebs ar

deben, zed sxva patimrebis danato-

vari svitrebia dafenili _ ris Ca-

cmasac ver moaswreb, karantinSive

gatovebineben. gamTeniisas kidev

erTxel momiwia Sponkis rigma. is

dila rogor gavida, ar maxsovs. kari

kvlav gaiRo da yvelas gvari amoiki-

Txes. imdeni patimari moeyvanaT, rom

mTlianad dagvSales. gamimarTla.

aweva

kameraze aweva ormagi gancdaa:

sixarulisa, rom ukeTes pirobeb-

Si aRmoCndebi da SiSisa, radgan ar

ici, ramdenad nacemi axval. es meo-

re gancda ar mqonda, radgan pirve-

li imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom cemas

namdvilad ar daveZebdi. me sxva ram

mawuxebda, rac sxva patimrebs an ar

edardebodaT, an ar gamoxatavdnen

_ vis kameraSi amovyofdi Tavs.

sirbiliT gamogviyvanes da im ka-

meraSi Segvyares, sadac marto ska-

mebi iyo. karantinis kamerebi sar-

dafSia ganTavsebuli. oTaxs patara

sarkmeli anaTebs.


istoria

42 cxeli Sokoladi

cxeli Sokoladi 43

brwyinvale disharmoniuli goneba

namdvilad vacnobiereb, rom gen-

deruli TvalsazrisiT uxerxuli,

magram egzistenciuri mniSvnelobis

SekiTxva unda davsva: cnobili kompo-

zitori qalebi Tu gagigiaT? klasikis

moyvarulebi albaT klara Sumans gai-

xseneben. Tumca, jer erTi, is pianisti

iyo da genialuri meuRlis, robert

Sumanis pirveli msmeneli da meore,

musikis istoriaSi SemorCenili klara

Sumanis `mciremetraJiani~ saforte-

piano opusebi mxolod germanuli ro-

mantizmis mkrTali aCrdilia, sadac

Tavis Sefareba seriozulad arc erT

Semsrulebels Tu musikoss ucdia.

meoce saukunis dasawyisSi safran-

geTsa da germaniaSi gamoCndnen kom-

pozitori qalebi, romlebic franc

legarisa da iohan Strausis gavleniT

msubuq, sasimRero Janrs etanebodnen,

magram arc maTi gvarebi da arc maTi

nawarmoebebi musikis istoriam ar Se-

moinaxa. 30-50-iani wlebis amerikulma

jazma ki mxolod SesaniSnavi Savkania-

ni Semsruleblebi dagvitova _ besi

smiti, ela ficjeraldi, bili holi-

dei, mahalia jeksoni da ara romelime

qali kompozitori.

Tu klasikas SeveSvebiT da mZime sabWo-

Ta saestrado warsuls msubuqad mainc

gadavxedavT, SeiZleba breJnevis epoqis

erTi kafandara, magram partiul `mesi-

jebSi~ kargad gawvrTnili qalbatoni

gavixsenoT _ aleqsandra paxmutova, ro-

melic ucnaurad gulisamaCuyebel si-

mRerebs werda komkavSirsa da partiaze.

ise, Cvenc gvyavs daaxloebiTi klasikosi

nunu gabunia, romlis nawarmoebebis Ca-

moTvla namdvilad gamiWirdeba da ero-

vnul-lirikuli kompozitori macaco

sebiskveraZe, romelsac albaT sasiamo-

vno imeruli simRerebisTvis gauxsnes

varskvlavi ìvenT holad~ Seracxuli

filarmoniis win. Tumca, mgoni, Janri

agveria da Temasac avcdiT...

istoria

avtori: daviT buxrikiZe

sofia gubaidulina _ baxisa da SostakoviCis zRvarze

44 cxeli Sokoladi

istoria

cxeli Sokoladi 45

monaTvali mxolod xarisxis mokrZalebuli miniSnebaa, ar-

sebiTi ki mainc musikaa.

sofia gubaidulina 78 wlisaa. TiTqmis oci welia, rac

ruseTi datova da germaniaSi, hamburgis maxloblad mde-

bare patara qalaq apenSi cxovrobs. moSorebiT civiliza-

ciisgan da axlos bunebasTan, romlis saidumlos amoxsnas

disharmoniuli, masStaburi, mistikuri da mgrZnobiare

musikiT cdilobs. msoflio aRiarebis Semdeg mSobliur

ruseTSic gaaxsendaT misi saxeli da sapatio moqalaqeobac

mianiWes. Tumca Tavad gaakeTes yvelaferi, rom qveynidan

gaeqciaT. da mere, saWiro dros, gamogonil kvarcxlbekze

gamogonili qandakebasaviT daedgaT. esec xom tipuri da

dauviwyari sabWoTa miTia _ gaanadguro da mere ganadido.

`perestroikamde,~ faqtobrivad, gubaidulinas musika

akrZaluli iyo. sabWoTa musikaluri oficiozi da kompozi-

torTa kavSiri mas arasodes swyalobda. sajarod mxolod

misi ori-sami kameruli nawarmoebi Tu Sesrulda da isic

angaJirebuli sabWoTa kritikis lanZRva-ginebis Tanxle-

biT. arada, didi xnis Seqmnili hqonda SesaniSnavi kantata

meco-sopranos, gundisa da orkestrisaTvis _ `Rame memfis-

Si~, ̀ qristes Svidi sityva~ Celos, akordeonisa da simebiani

orkestrisaTvis, De profundis _ solo akordeonisaTvis da,

rac mTavaria, grandiozuli nawarmoebi Ofertorium (`msxver-

plSewirva~) _ koncerti violinosa da orkestrisaTvis, ro-

melic 1986 wels evropaSi pirvelad Sesrulda.

germaneli kritikosi, literatori, musikosi da biogra-

fi mixael kurtci, romelmac 400-gverdiani monografia

miuZRvna sofia gubaidulinas, wers, rom is meoce saukunis

erT-erTi udidesi kompozitoria. amis dasamtkiceblad

safuZvlianad aanalizebs swored saviolino koncerts,

àliluias~ (gundis, orkestris, orRanis, solistisa da

feradi proeqtorebisTvis), gigantur, 12-nawilian simfo-

nias (saxelwodebiT `mesmis... dadumda...~); agreTve _ kame-

rul ̀ rubaiebs~ (hafizisa da xaiamis teqstze) da simfonias

`drois figurebi~...

da mainc, sofia gubaidulinas msoflio aRiareba epi-

kuri formis vokalur-simfoniurma ìoanes vnebebma~ mou-

tana, romelic 2000 wels, qalaq Stutgartis kulturis

sabWos dakveTiT daiwera. `vnebani~ iohan sebastian baxis

gardacvalebis 250-e wlisTavs mieZRvna. aRsaniSnavia, rom

organizatorebma pirveli Sesruleba swored baxis amave

saxelwodebis nawarmoebis _ ìoanes vnebebis~ Sesrulebas

daamTxvies. ase rom, Stutgartis sakoncerto darbazSi

Sekrebilma publikam koncertis pirvel nawilSi baxis vne-

bebiT `gaiara~ musikaluri golgoTa, Semdeg ki gubaidu-

linas `saxarebas~ Tanamedrove musikaluri eniT eziara.

musikaluri samyaros disidenti

sofia gubaidulina TaTreTis avtonomiuri respublikis

patara qalaq CistopolSi daibada 1931 wlis 24 oqtom-

bers. mama _ asgat gubaidulini inJiner-geodezisti iyo,

romelic mTeli cxovreba moxetiale cxovrebas eweoda.

deda _ feodosia feodorova pedagogi, romelmac sofia

istoria

aRmoaCine da usmine

vaRiareb, rom Zalian didi xania, msurda am saocari qa-

lis Sesaxeb damewera. magaliTad, jer kidev 2001 wels,

roca 70 wlis gaxda, magram maSin arc gazeTebis reda-

qtorebi interesdebodnen `yazanSi dabadebuli TaTari

kompozitori-qalis~ arsebobiT da arc kulturul-sve-

tur-priala Jurnalebi arsebobda. TiTqos arc axlaa Se-

saferisi dro, gansakuTrebiT `modelirebuli realobis~

Sedegebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT.

maS ase, Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi gamoCenili kompo-

zitori, sofia gubaidulina. uricxvi prestiJuli musi-

kaluri premiebisa da jildoebis mflobeli; maT Soris,

monakos princis premia (1987), kompozitorTa meSvide

saerTaSoriso festivalis mTavari premia haidelbergSi

(1992), ruseTis saxelmwifo premia (1993), iaponiis impera-

torTa premia (1998), goeTes saxelobis medali (2001), Polar Music premia stokholmSi (2002), premia `triumfi~ (2006)...

Tumca premiebis arasruli, mSrali da sapativcemulo Ca-

46 cxeli Sokoladi

musikas aziara, xolo babua _ masgut gubaidulini sasu-

liero piri, romelic zedmetad cnobismoyvare SviliS-

vils `yuransac~ xSirad ukiTxavda. mogvianebiT ojaxi

sacxovreblad yazanSi gadavida, sadac sofiam musikalu-

ri skola daamTavra, Semdeg ki yazanis konservatoriaSic

Caabara. 1954 wels is moskovSi gaemgzavra, sadac saxel-

mwifo konservatoriaSi kompozitor aleqsandr Sebalinis

klasSi kompoziciis safuZvlebs eufleboda.

swored moskovis konservatoriis mcire darbazSi mois-

mina meoce saukunis erT-erTma udidesma kompozitorma

dimitri SostakoviCma gubaidulinas etiudebi arfis,

kontrabasisa da dasartyami instrumentebisaTvis da

mas aseTi ùcnauri~ darigeba misca: `gisurvebT mxolod

sakuTari àraswori~ gziT iaroT... rasakvirvelia Tu

amas SeZlebT, radgan, mxolod es aris swori gza xelo-

vnebaSi~. magram gubaidulinam am did gzamde mtanjveli

da damamcirebeli bilikebiT didxans iara. mogvianebiT

qristianul religiasa da budizms CauRrmavda da mar-

Tlmadideblurad monaTlulma sakuTari `SemoqmedebiT-

musikaluri golgoTa~ moigona, romelic kulturebis,

religiebisa da gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis erTad

Tavmoyras hgavda.

60-70-iani wlebis avangardist-kompozitorebTan _ al-

fred SnitkesTan, aleqsandr silvestrovTan da edison

denisovTan erTad sofia gubaidulina gamorCeul, axal

musikalur enas qmnis. magram swored maTTan erTad aR-

moCnda dasjili sabWoTa ideologiis mier. àraswori~

SemoqmedebiTi gza da Tavisufali arCevani sicocxlis

fasad daujdaT Snitkesac da denisovsac. izolirebul

gubaidulinas ki xsnad mxolod dasavleTi moevlina, isic

80-ian wlebSi...

xruSCovis òttepelis~ epoqis xanmokle gamonaTebam,

TiTqos romantizmi da SemoqmedebiTi imedebi gamoa-

cocxla. es gamovlinda gubaidulinas SemoqmedebaSic,

romelic garkveulwilad 60-ianelTa disidenturi su-

liskveTebiT da poetur-filosofiuri gavleniT aris

aRbeWdili. magaliTad, `sulis saaTi~ (vokaluri cikli

marina cvetaevas leqsebze) da oratoria `Rame memfisSi~

(ana axmatovas teqstis mixedviT). poeturi sityvis trans-

formacia da misi mniSvneloba gubaidulinasTan lamis

Tavad musikasTan aris gaTanabrebuli. es ki momgebianad

gamoarCevs mas kompozitorebisagan, romelTa Semoqmede-

istoria

cxeli Sokoladi 47

baSic gadamwyvetia wminda musikaluri teqnika da ara si-

tyvasTan musikis kavSiri.

samocdaaTian wlebSi kompozitorTa kavSiris Tavmjdo-

maris, tixon xrenikovis `wyalobiT~ gubaidulinas nawar-

moebebi `Sav siaSi~ moxvda. TiTqmis aTi wlis ganmavloba-

Si misi musikisaTvis yvela sakoncerto darbazi Cairaza.

moskovis erToTaxian binaSi gamoketili, usaxsrod, TiTq-

mis SimSilobis zRvarze myofi qmnis STambeWdav, magram

damTrgunvel De profundis (solo akordeonisaTvis); aseve

kantatas rilkes leqsebze. `gaza arsaiT~ _ ase uwoda al-

fred Snitkem 70-iani wlebis sabWoTa kulturas da sina-

mdviles, romelic iseTi mousyidveli da daucveli xe-

lovanisTvis, rogoric gubaidulinaa, didi gamocdisa Tu

gaZlebis xanac iyo.

mxolod `perestroikis~ xanaSi, 1986 wels SeZlo gu-

baidulinam saavtoro koncertebiT Casuliyo germania-

Si, sadac triumfiT Sesrulda misi saviolino koncerti

Ofertorium. es jer kidev myarad mdgari berlinis kedlis

locva rwmenisa da disharmoniis enaze

gubaidulinas musikaluri ena, zogadad, misi musikis

struqtura TiTqmis yovelTvis filosofiur sawyiss

an garkveul koncefcias eyrdnoba. giganturi, TiTqmis

50-wuTiani simfonia orkestrisa da orRanisaTvis saxe-

lwodebiT `mesmis... dadumda...~ meoce saukunis progra-

muli simfoniebis gamoZaxilia, sadac brukneris, maleris,

Sonbergisa da SostakoviCis simfonizmis gavlena aSkarad

igrZnoba.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania mis SemoqmedebaSi religiuri

motivebi, rac TiTqmis yvela mis nawarmoebSi airekleba.

Sua saukuneebis RvTismetyvelis, maister ekhardtis po-

eturi saxeebi, romelic locvas ufro hgavs (`ca wmindaa

da mis sinaTles veraferi auferulebs; mas ar exeba arc

dro da arc sivrce~) musikis poetur-religiur gancdas

kidev ufro amZafrebs. finalSi dramatul-qaoturi sa-

wyisi (romelic bgerebis warmoudgeneli koncentraciiT

xasiaTdeba) martiv, homofoniur da poetur-naivur Temas

`musika xelovnebis erTaderTi dargia, sadac logosi ver mbrZaneblobs. misi

axsna fabulis an siuJetis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia, amitomac is TiTqos

ganTavisuflebulia moralisa da zneobriobisgan. Tumca, istoriaSi aris

magaliTi, roca nacizmma vagneri erTgul mekavSired aqcia. stenli kubrikis

filmSi `meqanikuri forToxali~ mTavari gmiri sadistur mkvlelobebs beThovenis

STagonebiT Cadis~.

dacemas hgavda. ideologiuri akrZalva gauqmda da herme-

tulad daxSulma musikam gareT axali, tragikuli ZaliT

gamoxeTqa. uCveulo, myife, sabediswero `kreSCendom~ da

masStaburma finalma, sadac baxis siRrme da SostakoviCis

sarkazmi ̀ paraleluri gancdebiT~ aisaxeboda, axali, kos-

miuri ganzomileba SeiZina.

evropul presaSi gaCnda recenziebi, sadac mas meoce

saukunis udidesi kompozitorebis _ dimitri Sostakovi-

Cisa da luiji nonos gverdiT moixseniebdnen. saviolino

koncerti (romelSic solo partias ukve gidon kremeri

asrulebda) parizSic aJRerda, xolo koncertis Semdeg

safrangeTis radiom mas simebiani trio SeukveTa, rome-

lic boris pasternakis xsovnas mieZRvna.

erTi sityviT, sabWoTa `gzani wamebisani~ dasrulda!

evropisa da amerikis musikalur wreebSi ucnobi kompo-

zitori-qalbatonis fenomenze alaparakdnen. ukve aRia-

rebuli gubaidulina germaniaSi Sexvda Tanamedroveobis

lamis miTiur kompozitors, jon keijs, romelTanac er-

Tad mogvianebiT sankt-peterburgSi gamarTul `Taname-

drove musikis kvireulSi~ monawileobda. Tumca sruliad

gansakuTrebuli da albaT, istoriuli mniSvnelobisaa

2000 wlis koncerti StutgartSi, sadac baxisa da gubai-

dulinas saxelebi vokalur-simfoniuri ìoanes vnebebiT~

erTmaneTs samudamod gaeriTma.

upirispirdeba. orRanis giganturi disharmoniuli JRe-

radoba da siZliere yvelafers nTqavs, magram sadRac

Soridan susti, Zlivs gasagoni melodia aRmocendeba...

rogorc katastrofis winaSe mdgari dedamiwis bavSvuri

aRsareba da titini; rogorc umweoba, romelic Zalado-

bas daZlevs. Cinur andazaSic xom asea _ sisuste Zliere-

baa da Zala araraoba.

sxvaTa Soris, aRmosavluri kulturisa da musikis ga-

vlena gubaidulinas bolodroindel musikalur nawar-

moebebSi aSkarad igrZnoba. gansakuTrebiT 90-iani wlebis

Semdeg, roca man iaponiaSi imogzaura da adgilobriv

musikalur kulturas, arqiteqturas da poezias eziara.

sabWoTa gigantomaniiT `mowamluli~ adamianisaTvis aR-

mosavluri daxvewiloba, xelovnebis asketuri formebi

da budisturi filosofia erTgvarad Sokismomgvreli

aRmoCnda. iaponiaSi gubaidulina cnobili musikosisa da

kompozitoris kazue savais Semoqmedebas ecnoba, rome-

lic jer kidev meeqvse saukuneSi Seqmnil instrumentze

_ kotoze ukravs.

swored budizmis gavleniT Seiqmna misi kamerul-ins-

trumentuli nawarmoebebi `diliT adre, gaRviZebisas~

(1995) da `xeebis CrdilSi~ (1998), risTvisac iaponiis impe-

ratoris premia miiRo.


istoria

48 cxeli Sokoladi

istoria

cxeli Sokoladi 49

interviu

vekiTxebi, _ `seksualnaia kontr-

revolucionerka~ varo, _ rom werT,

_ Tanac iatakqveSeTSi gadasulxarT,

`Cvenken~ rodis da sad iyo amgvari

revolucia, rom `seksualnaia kon-

tra~ eSva-Tqo? ase mpasuxobs: `me

mxedvelobaSi mqonda piradi istoria,

Cemi Sinagani dro. sabednierod, re-

volucia male CaaxSes~...

imasac vekiTxebi, _ mamakacs rom

mSobiarobis unari hqondes da post-

samSobiaro Soki gamoscados, poe-

zia rogori iqneboda-meTqi? vera

didxans fiqrobs da... dumiliT mpa-

suxobs. sami wlis win Cems sayvarel,

amJamad 90 wlis beber New Yorker-Si

maSin CemTvis jer kidev ucnobi vera

pavlovas leqsebi aRmovaCine _ oTxi

poema. inglisurad kiTxvas Tavi ma-

Sinve mivanebe da internetSi ori-

ginaluri teqstis Zieba daviwye. New Yorker-Si gamoqveyneba TavisTavad

dadebiT recenzias niSnavs, anu, ro-

gorc am SemTxvevaSi amboben, avtors

`kargi presa aqvso~. mere vera Vogue-

is furclebzec gaCnda Tavisi axali

inglisurenovani wigniT as sasiyva-

rulo istoriaze. kinaRam Playboys-is

`binadaric~ gaxda: yvelaferi mzad

iyo, magram Jurnalis dastambvamde

gamocemis literaturuli gverdi

gauqmda da verac `gaauqmes~. Vogue pa-

vlovas axmatovasa da cvetaevas gam-

grZelebels uwodebs, xolo mis leq-

sebs _ `mgrZnobiaresa da epigramuls;

bednieri, qedmaRluri, maqmanuri,

romantikuli ganwyobebiT; mowvde-

nili xma Zlieri, gawmendili emociis

nacvlad; drodadro erotikuli,

nazi da dedobrivi~ . . .

roca saubrobs, anu roca ar wers,

mainc ggonia, rom leqss xmamaRla

wers, radgan ar unda Tavis poetur

stils uRalatos, poeziidan gamo-

vides. SeiZleba imis bralicaa, rom

interviuebi saSinlad ar uyvars. iS-

viaTad saubrobs kiTxva-pasuxis pro-

ziT. magram, rogorc ki gaigo, rom

misi sityvebi, rogorc Tavad miTxra,

`lamazi qarTuli asoebiT daiwereba~,

interviuze maSinve damTanxmda. vera

pavlovas leqsebSi poeturi eroti-

kaa. `cud~ gogonas Zalian kargad Ta-

maSobs da albaT amitomac, xuTianis

garda, sxva niSans ar cnobs. sakuTari

sxeuli da vneba misi muza da eqsli-

brisia. zemoT rom Tqva, _ sabednie-

rod, revolucia male CaaxSeso, _

isev `verkas~ `xuliganski~ diskurss

SeiZleba davabraloT. ho, kidev erTi

ram: yvela poets `Tanamedroves~

uwodebs.

qarTul asoebze gacilebiT adre

ki misi naazrevi laTinuriT gaCnda.

ufro sworad _ inglisurad. amas

winaT ki niu-iorkis literaturis

avtori: ia merkvilaZe

mouTmenlad veli,

rodis dampatiJeben saqarTveloSi

vera pavlova

50 cxeli Sokoladi

moyvarulTa maRaziebis Taroebze

gamoCnda vera pavlovas axali wigni

If There Is Something To Desire _ siyva-

rulze, sinazeze, ltolvaze, mona-

trebaze, Tavisianebze, ojaxze. veras

leqsebs misi amerikeli qmari, profe-

sionali mTargmneli Targmnis.

vici, rom lamazad wers, melodiu-

rad, Tan `kontrrevoluciurad~,

TiTqos harmonias waimRerebs, Tanac

cocxal ritmSi. ganaTlebac Sesaba-

misi aqvs _ musikis istorikosia. daa-

mTavra Snitkes saxelobis koleji da

gnesinebis samusiko akademia. werda

musikas, 10 weli saeklesio gundSi

mReroda, poeturi xelovnebis saba-

vSvo studiac gaxsna. rogorc Ta-

vad ambobs, 4 wlis asakis 12 bavSvi

15 wlis asakamde zarda da Tan maTi

`bavSvoba TavisTvis Seinaxa~. dRes

ufro metia, vidre rusi moduri po-

eti, Tanac ar uyvars sityva `poete-

sa~. Если меня не любишь, значит, это не я.... ai, aseTia.

vTxov, iqneb iseTi ram miTxraT

Tqven Sesaxeb, rac inetSi ar aris-

Tqo...

_ ubralo kiTxvaa, ara? _ mpasuxo-

bs, _ `hau a iu?~ _ es im rigis kiTxvaa,

romelsac me mxolod leqsebiT Semi-

Zlia vupasuxo. magaliTad ase:

АВТОПОРТРЕТ В ПРОФИЛЬЯ _ та, котораяпросыпаетсясправаот тебя.imedi maqvs, rom qarTulad Targ-

mnisas kibis marjvena kide wvetian-

cxvirian profilTan msgavsebas Sei-

narCunebs, _ Targmans ver vpirdebi

da vekiTxebi:

_ ratom werT, rom anbanSi iWyli-

tebiT? asoebs rom ar earsebaT, maS ra

iarsebebda TqvenTvis?

_ notebi. asec iyo: rvidan Tormet

wlamde musikas vwerdi. mere asoebi

movidnen da gaimarjves.

_ kidev: Дарвин, Дарвин, хочу назад!

sad ukan?

_ mindorze. mwerebis sazogadoeba-

interviu

Si. WiamaiebTan da kaliebTan. daviRa-

le fiqriT.

_ saeklesio gundSi Tqveni warmod-

gena ratomRac miWirs.

_ Cemi sadiplomo romanis gmiri _

SostakoviCi gaxldaT. Cemi leqsebi

musikas daesesxnen ara marto melo-

diurobas, aramed harmonias, poli-

fonias, kompoziciur xerxebs. rac

Seexeba gunds _ Cemi pirveli meuRle

regenti iyo.

_ Tqven aram xaCaturiansac icnob-

diT...

_ aTi wlis viyavi. samusiko sko-

laSi vswavlobdi. xaCaturiani Cve-

ni klasis kompoziciis koncertze

moiyvanes. Cven am kompozitorisTvis

sakuTar nawarmoebebs vukravdiT. xa-

Caturianma Tavisi safortepiano pie-

sebis krebulze giganturi nabeWdi

asoebiT damiwera, _ ВЕРОЧКЕ УСПЕХОВ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ. erTi sityviT, damlo-

ca, sanam miwaSi Cavidoda.

_ pirveli qaliSvilis dabadeba le-

qsebis dabadebas ukavSirdeba? meoris?

_ oh, ase iyo. me ise xSirad vyvebi

amis Sesaxeb, rom Cemi Tavi ukve mom-

bezrda. magram simReridan sityvebs

ver amoagdeb: pirveli leqsebi sam-

Sobiaro saxlSi davwere. grZnobebis

mozRvavebisgan. anda sulac mSobia-

robisSemdgomi Sokis gamo, romelic

ager ukve 26 weli grZeldeba. gau-

mjobeseba jer ar Cans. meore qaliS-

vilis dabadebam ki simptomebi kidev

ufro gaamZafra.

_ zogierTebs miaCniaT, wamikiTxavs,

rom Tqvens leqsebSi genderuli iden-

tobis elementebi gamosWvivis. eTanx-

mebiT amas?

_ es imaT hkiTxeT, vinc amas wers.

me pasuxismgebeli var mxolod imaze,

rasac Tavad vwer. Tanac ara _ yovel-

Tvis, da ara _ yvelas mimarT.

_ qali arsebobs Tu _ ara?

_ vfiqrob, qalad gaxdoma mTeli

cxovreba grZeldeba. Tumca, es namd-

vil qalebs exebaT _ didi iSviaTo-

baa, genialurobis msgavsi. darCe go-

gonad, roca qaliSvili xdebi, darCe

qaliSvilad, roca qali xdebi, darCe

axalgazrdad, roca moxucdebi da

Tan ise, rom yvela es stadia erTime-

ores aSuqebdes, gisxltebodes, fiq-

sirebas ar eqvemdebarebodes. raRac-

nairad ase. aq yvelaferi daSvebulia,

nebismieri wvrilmani.

_ `brZeni suleli qali~. vinaa igi?

sul tiris?

_ ho, man tirili swored yvelaze

kargad icis! droa tirilis gakveTi-

lebic ki Caataros! ras akeTebs? na-

xeT Cemi wigni «Мудрая дура» da gai-

gebT.

_ erT qarTvel poets vicnob, rome-

lic Tavis megobrebTan erTad axali

wlis Sexvedras Empire State Building-

is mwvervalze apirebda. Tqven?

_ amjerad axal wels odnav dabla

Sevxvdi: me am axal wels ara ̀ emfaier-

ze~, aramed sxva caTambjenis saxu-

ravze Sevxvdi, romelic im parkTan

_ cnobili dakotas axlosaa, sadac

lenoni mokles. es ufro mokrZale-

buli saxli iyo, mxolod 38 sarTu-

li. èmfaieri~ xom 102-sarTuliania.

moskovSi ki axal wels ostankinoSi,

saxlSi, saxlis me-18 sarTulze Sevxv-

debodi da swored am binis macxovre-

blebs aviyvandi niu-iorkis saxura-

vze: Cems qaliSvilebs, mSoblebs, 97

wlis bebos. raTa isini CemTan erTad

datkbnen im salutiT, romelic fexe-

bqveS cekvavs.

_ ratom niu-iorki?

_ mniSvnelovani Sesworeba: me mar-

to niu-iorkSi ar vcxovrob. mosko-

vsa da evropaSi aranakleb dros

vatareb. amas daumateT isic, rom

37 wlis asakamde me ara marto sam-

Soblos sazRvrebs ar gavcdenilvar,

arc arsad gadavbargebulvar. vcxo-

vrobdi binaSi, romelSic samSobia-

ro saxlidan mimiyvanes! bolo aTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi ki, mogzaurobis

garda, sxvas aRarafers vakeTeb. ase

rom, me, rasakvirvelia, mwvaved vgr-

Znob kontrastebs, roca ama Tu im

sazRvars vkveT. ise mwvaved, rom es

gancdac mxolod leqsebiT SemiZlia

gadmovce. wignSi, romelzec amJamad

vmuSaob, aseTi leqsi cota ar iqne-

ba. magram gacilebiT naklebi, vidre

sasiyvarulo! siyvaruli amerikaSic

siyvarulia!

_ ra aris TqvenTvis amerikis viza?

cxeli Sokoladi 51

interviu

poezia col-qmris sawolis sufTa da

Rrma sixarulebs.

_ ratom maincdamainc morCileba?

qmari _ colis morCili?

_ colis qmrisadmi morCileba su-

lieri mamisadmi monazvnis morCile-

bas hgavs. mTavaria, ipovo mamakaci,

romelsac pativs scem, romliTac

aRfrTovanebuli xar, romelic ise

aRgemateba, rom misi morCileba _

siamovnebaa, mas ekuTvnode _ pativia.

vSiSob, aseTi bevri araa. me gamimar-

Tla.

_ Tqven werT, rom fatalisti xarT.

_ arsebobs laTinuri gamonaTqvami:

Amor Fati. ai, mec miyvars Cemi bedi. da

am siyvarulis aracalmxrivobis ime-

di maqvs. me imedi maqvs, rom mas eyo-

fa niWi da gemovneba, raTa zedmeti

moZraobebisgan damicvas.

_ Tqven ojaxuri yofisadmi cveta-

evaseul Tavzars ar iziarebT. ojaxSi

rolebis patriarqaluri gadanawileba

bevr drosa da energias ar garTmevT?

_ sworedac rom patriarqaluri

modeli, Домострой, Tumca _ Cveni

mosaxerxebeli drois koreqtivebiT:

swrafi momzadebis produqtebi, sao-

jaxo teqnika.

_ Tqvens leqsebSi simsubuqe da eqs-

centriuloba igrZnoba. es Tqveni cxo-

vrebiseuli stilicaa, radgan stili

yvelaferia?

_ vimedovneb, rom simsubuqis qveS

Tqven frenasa da msubuqwonianobas

gulisxmobT. frenas bunebrivad va-

Rwev, romelic, Tavis mxriv, SromiT

miiRweva; me vityodi _ ostatobiT.

Tan ar unda vgrZnobde, rom ostato-

ba poets mxolod xels uSlis. rTu-

lad meZleva? diax. magram es netari

simZimea. igi netaria im mamakacis si-

mZimesaviT, romelic zevidan gawevs _

radgan me erotikul poetad viTvle-

bi.

_ rodis werT? rodis xarT sakuTar

TavTan axlos? roca dumxarT Tu _ sa-

wolSi?

_ roca uxmod sawolSi vwer. radga-

nac swored iq vwer. ufro sworad ki,

viwer imas, rac abazanaSi movifiqre.

albaT iq, abazanaSi, Cems TavTan yve-

laze axlos var.

_ bavSvobaSi dabrunebisas?

_ me iq mudmivad vbrundebi. leq-

sebSi. oRond raRacas odnav vcvli

leqsebis saSualebiT. miyvars sauba-

ri Cemsa da sxvis leqsebze. bolos da

bolos es erTaderTi sferoa, romel-

Sic me namdvilad kargad verkvevi. ar

miyvars imaze saubari, rac ar vici.

_ Tqven cnobili rusi poetebis leq-

sebi waikiTxeT da CD -ze CawereT.

_ kompania `kontent-mediisTvis~

7 diski _ pasternaki, cvetaeva, man-

delStami, axmatova, kuzmini, bloki,

esenini Cavwere. me Tavad SevarCie

leqsebi, amisTvis ki am mSvenierTa

mier dawerili yvelaferi wavikiTxe:

pirvelidan ukanasknel asomde. mgo-

ni, maTi leqsebi ukeTesad wavikiTxe,

vidre, rogorc wesi, Cemebs vkiTxu-

lob, romlebsac, gamoxmaurebebis mi-

xedviT Tu vimsjelebT, Zalian kar-

gad vkiTxulob.

_ Tqvens saitze animaciaa _ `friado-

sani gogonas intimuri dRiuri~.

_ animacia Tanamedrove poetebis

motivebze Seqmnili klipebis pro-

gramisTvis gakeTda. `friadosani

gogonas intimuri dRiuri~ Cemi mee-

qvse wignia. me arasodes vyofilvar

kargosani, miT umetes _ orosani.

RmerTma damifaros! ver vitan `xal-

turas~, momabezrebel gakveTilebs,

yvelaze metad vafaseb friads plu-

siT da maswavleblis mier gamoxatul

mowonebas.

_ da, bolos, qarTul literaturaze

gkiTxavT.

_ qarTul literaturaze gacile-

biT naklebi vici, vidre sasurveli

iqneboda. CemTvis aseve rTulia qar-

Tuli da rusuli literaturuli

kavSirebis wyvetis Sesaxeb saubari.

magram moskovis bienale-2007-ze qar-

Tveli poetebis gamosvla yvelaze

dasamaxsovrebeli iyo. poeturi sti-

qia maT leqsebSi Cqefda, duRda, zR-

vars gadadioda. mouTmenlad veli,

rodis dampatiJeben saqarTveloSi:

me xom saqarTveloSi arasodes vyo-

filvar. da kidev erTi ram _ cotaa

iseTi wigni, romlebsac ise xSirad

vubrundebi xelaxla, rogorc merab

mamardaSvilis wignebs.

_ CemTvis amerikis viza aris Cems

qmarTan yofnis saSualeba. Cemi qmari

_ ase moxda! _ amerikelia. da madlo-

ba RmerTs (`RmerTs~ me didi asoTi

vwer!), rom Cven `vegetarianul~ dro-

Si vcxovrobT, da me ara var valde-

buli, arCevani qmarsa da mSoblebs

Soris gavakeTo _ SemiZlia vicxovro

iqac da aqac. «Вездесь». erT-erT Cems

wigns swored ase hqvia. aba, scadeT

da gadaTargmneT es saxelwodeba!

_ ver gadavTargmni. Tqveni wignebi

Tqveni Svilebia Tu qmrebi?

_ Svilebi da sayvareli Svilebi.

Cemi amerikuli wigni (Ìf There Is Nothing To Desire, Knopf~, 2010) _ gansakuTre-

biT miyvars: igi Cemma qmarma sTiven

seimourma gadaTargmna. is Targmni-

da im leqsebs, romlebic Cven erTad

vicxovreT, romlebSic me mas siyva-

ruli avuxseni. Cven erTad gaviareT

wignis dabadebis yvela stadia. am

bednier wignTan SedarebiT, sxva Cemi

wignebi _ mamiT oblebi arian. Cveni

qorwinebis safuZveli patiosneba da

gulaxdilobaa, da kidev _ erTgule-

ba. da colis qmrisadmi morCileba. es

tradicia CemTvis wmindaa. me vumRe-

ri erotikas, da raa gasakviri imaSi,

rom bevri Cemi leqsi erotikulia?

gasakviri sxva ram ufroa: rogor nak-

leb mniSvnelobas aniWebda rusuli

52 cxeli Sokoladi

avtori: erik altermani

ilustracia: maia sumbaZe


©statia pirvelad gamoqveynda Jurnal `niu-iorkerSi~, marti 2008

aRar ibeWdeba amerikuli gazeTis sicocxle da aRsasruli

istoria

amerikuli gazeTi arsebobis da-

axloebiT samas wels iTvlis. 1690

wels, benjemin harisis TaosnobiT,

`fabliq oquarensis~ (Publick Occu-rences, Both Forreign and Domestick) er-

TaderTi nomeri gamovida, romlis

gamosvlisTanave masaCusetsis ad-

gilobrivma xelisuflebam gazeTi

daxura. harisis pozicia indielTa

gandevnis mimarT xisti da poli-

tikurad gaumarTlebeli aRmoCnda,

viRac-viRacebi ki im cnobam gaaRi-

ziana, rom safrangeTis mefe prin-

cis meuRles earSiyeboda.

1721 wlamde, roca benjemin

franklinis ufrosma Zmam, tipogra-

fma jeims franklinma `niu inglend

kuranti~ (New England Courant) ga-

mouSva, CrdiloeTi amerikis te-

ritoriaze, britanul koloniaSi

namdvili gazeTis msgavsi araferi

gamodioda. franklinma uari Tqva

standartuli salicenzio xel-

Sekrulebis dadebaze. amasTanave,

is mudmivad upirispirdeboda niu

inglendis mmarTvel wreebs, ris

Sedegadac saredaqcio damoukide-

blobac moipova da komerciuli

warmatebac. gazeTi ivseboda sxva-

dasxva movlenis winaaRmdeg mimar-

Tuli kampaniebiT (mekobreebiT da-

wyebuli koten da inkris mezerebis

ZalauflebiT damTavrebuli), edi-

sonisa da stilis literaturuli

eseebiT, gansxvavebuli CanaxatebiT,

mravalgvari filosofiuri gana-

zrebebiT.

franklinis `kurantis~ gamosvli-

dan sami saukunis Semdeg ki pesimis-

toba ar iqneba, Tuki dainteresdebi

_ vin iqneba ukanaskneli namdvili

amerikuli gazeTis gamomcemeli?

cota vinmes Tu sjera, rom gaze-

Tebi dRevandeli, nabeWdi formiT

didxans SeZleben arsebobas. maTi ga-

momcemeli kompaniebi iseTi siswra-

fiT kargaven reklamis SemkveTebs,

mkiTxvels, sabazro Rirebulebas da,

garkveuli azriT, sakuTari misiis

gancdas, rom amas sul raRac oTxi

wlis winac ki veravin warmoidgenda.

cota xnis win `taimsis~ aRmasru-

lebelma redaqtorma, bil keler-

ma londonSi sityviT gamosvlisas

ganacxada: ìq, sadac gamomcemlebi

da redaqtorebi ikribebian, bolo

dros iseTi ganwyoba sufevs, Tavi

dakrZalvaze gegoneba. redaqtorebi

erTmaneTs ise frTxilad ekiTxebian:

`rogor xar?~, rogorc im megobars

SeekiTxebodnen, romelmac axlaxan

sareabilitacio kursi gaiara an gan-

qorwinebis usiamovno procesi ga-

daitana~. keleris sityva ̀ gardianis~

vebgverdze ganTavsda, saTauriT:

`jer ar momkvdara~.

ras unda Seeqmna ganwirulobis

amgvari gancda, Tu ara _ tiraJebsa

da reklamebTan dakavSirebul ten-

denciebs: internetis mzard popu-

larobas, romelmac yoveldRiuri

gazeTi dagvianebul da araadekva-

tur mopasuxed aqcia; kreglistis

Seqmnas, romelmac erTianad mospo

sagazeTo sareklamo gancxadebebi.

mediamflobelis, alen materis na-

Tqvamis Tanaxmad, bolo sam weliwa-

dSi savaWro qselSi arsebulma, da-

moukidebelma amerikulma gazeTebma

sabazro Rirebulebis 42% dakarges.

iSviaTad Tu dasjila uol strit-

ze korporacia ise, rogorc isini,

romlebmac sagazeTo biznesSi fu-

lis Cadeba gabedes. 2005 wels `makk-

leC kampeni~ erTaderTi kompania

iyo, romelmac auqcionze gamota-

nili `naiT rideris~ SesaZenad gana-

cxadi gaakeTa, Tumca mas Semdeg 6,5

milion dolarad SeZenili aqciebis

sabazro Rirebulebam 80%-ze metiT

daiklo. `li enterpraizis~ saaqcio

kapitali sami meoTxediT Semcir-

da mas Semdeg, rac imave wels man

`puliceri~ SeiZina. amerikis naqebi

beWdviTi organoebi moulodnelad

korporaciebs mZime tvirTad daa-

wvnen. daundobeli transformacie-

bis epoqaSi, sxvebisTvis konkuren-

ciis gawevis nacvlad, im ojaxebma,

romlebic `los enjiliz taimssa~

da ùol strit jernels~ flobd-

nen, aqciebis didi nawili gayides.

2004 wlis Semdeg `niu iork taim-

sis~ aqciebi 54%-iT Semcirda, ga-

suli wlis Tebervlis bolos ki

man ufro didi zarali naxa, roca

`doiCe bankis~ analitikosma Tavis

klientebs `taimsis~ aqciebis gayid-

va urCia. ùoSignton posti~ amgvar

xvedrs mxolod imiT gadaurCa, rom

rebrendings mimarTa da `saganmana-

Tleblo mediakompaniad~ gadaiqca.

axla misi Semosavlis naxevari Semo-

aqvs `kaplans~, sadac sxvadasxva ti-

pis gamocdebis Casabareblad msur-

velebs amzadeben.

bolo dromde gazeTebi monopo-

liisa da maRali Semosavlis piro-

bebSi gamodioda. aTwleulebis man-

Zilze ara mxolod mowinave, aramed

standartuli, amerikuli qalaqis

gazeTis gamocemac ki TiTqmis imas

niSnavda, rom fulis moWris ufle-

ba gqonda. da mainc, internetis

epoqaSi veravin moifiqra, rogor

unda gadaerCinaT igi SeerTebul

StatebSi Tu mis farglebs gareT.

gazeTebma vebgverdebi Seqmnes, rom-

lebic mzardi onlain-reklamebis-

54 cxeli Sokoladi

istoria

gan garkveul sargebels iReben,

magram miRebuli Tanxa odnavadac

ver uaxlovdeba Semosavlis im ra-

odenobas, romelsac isini gayiduli

tiraJebiTa da sagazeTo gancxade-

bebiT iRebdnen. aRniSnul sferoSi

dasaqmebuli menejerebis umravle-

sobam biznesis Cavardnas upasuxa

biujetis SekveciT, biuroebis da-

xurviT, aqciebis sakontrolo pake-

tis gayidviT, gamocemis droebiTi

SeCerebiT da gverdebis zomisa Tu

svetebis sigrZis SemcirebiT. 1990

wlidan dRemde amerikul gazeTebSi

samuSao adgilebis meoTxedi dai-

karga. gardacvalebamde cota xniT

adre mimomxilveli moli aivinsi

Cioda: sagazeTo kompaniebma pro-

blemis gadasaWrelad `Cveni produ-

qti ufro Seamcires, ufro usarge-

blo da uintereso gaxades~. swored

amiT axsneba, Tu ratom mcirdeba

dRiTi dRe im amerikelebis ricxvi,

romlebic yoveldRiur gazeTs yi-

duloben, mis wakiTxvas ki ufro

cota dros uTmoben: saSualod _

TveSi TxuTmet saaTze naklebs. 18-

dan 34 wlamde amerikelebis mxolod

19% Tu Seavlebs xolme Tvals yo-

veldRiur gazeTs. amerikuli gaze-

Tebis mkiTxvelebis saSualo asaki

55 welia da is kidev ufro aiwevs.

filip meieri 2004 wels gamoce-

mul wignSi `gamqrali gazeTi~ wi-

naswarmetyvelebs, rom 2043 wlis

erT mSvenier dRes saxlis zRurbl-

Tan ukanaskneli gazeTis ukanaskne-

li egzemplari dagxvdebaT. unda aR-

vniSnoT, rom am avbediT tendencias

rogorRac daemTxva gazafxulze,

vaSingtonSi, 450 milion dolarad

Sefasebuli Jurnalistikis muzeumis

gaxsna. is, rasac bil keleri ̀ melnia-

ni celulozis Zvelebur, mimzidvel

dastas~ uwodebs, sul ufro emsgav-

seba vitrinaSi gamosafen artefaqts.

rasakvirvelia, gazeTs interneti

Caenacvla, romelic sadacaa, gaaswre-

bs kidec mas da erTaderTi wyaro ga-

xdeba, saidanac amerikeli mkiTxvele-

bi politikur siaxleebs Seityoben.

axalgazrdebisa da politikiT dain-

teresebulebis umravlesobisTvis es

dRe ukve dadga. jer kidev 2004 wlis

maisSi axalgazrdebi gazeTebs, ro-

gorc axali ambebis Setyobis saSua-

lebas, bolo adgilze asaxelebdnen.

karnegis korporaciis mier gamoqvey-

nebuli angariSis Tanaxmad, 35 wlamde

respondentebis 39%-ma mkvlevrebs

ganucxada, rom momavalSi axali am-

bebis Sesatyobad mxolod internets

gamoiyenebs. mxolod 8%-ma Tqva, rom

am mizniT gazeTebs mimarTavs. aris

raRac gaumarTlebeli ironia imaSi,

rom vebsivrceSi politikuri xasia-

Tis informaciis Zebnisas mkiTxveli

xSirad iseT gverds gadawydeba xol-

me, sadac gazeTebidan amokrefili

statiebia Tavmoyrili, Tumca amas

aRarc sagazeTo samuSao adgilebis

gadarCena SeuZlia da aRarc am gamo-

cemebis aqciebis Rirebulebis gazr-

da.

qaRaldis gazeTebidan cifruli

informaciis samyaroSi gadasvlis

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes aspeqts

Tavad àxali ambebis~ buneba war-

moadgens. amerikuli gazeTebi (da

saRamos telegadacemebi) urTierT-

sapirispiro RirebulebebiTa da

SexedulebebiT gamorCeuli farTo

auditoriis mizidvas imiT axerxeben,

rom miznad dasaxul obieqturobas

bolomde icaven. bevri gazeTi, wo-

nasworobisa da miukerZoeblobis sa-

Cveneblad, reportiorebs sakuTari

Sexedulebebis sajarod gamoTqmis

uflebas ar aZlevs, ukrZalavs de-

monstraciebSi monawileobas, po-

ramdenadac gazeTi pasuxismgeblobas iRebs sakuTar masalaze im saredaqcio

procesis saSualebiT, romlis drosac profesionali reportiorebi da

redaqtorebi saguldagulod amowmeben wyaroebs, azusteben gamosaqveynebel

informacias, blogosfero xarisxis kontrols mTlianad mkiTxvelebs andobs.

cxeli Sokoladi 55

litikur kampaniebSi moxaliseebad

Cabmas, politikuri emblemiT gamor-

Ceuli aqsesuarebis tarebas, manqane-

bze stikerebis miwebebas.

pirad saubrebSi reportiorebic

da redaqtorebic aRiareben, rom

obieqturoba idealia, miuwvdome-

li horizontia. Jurnalistebi ki,

cota ar iyos, ficxi da iolad ga-

sanawyenebeli xalxia. bevr maTgans

gauWirdeba sajarod imis aRiareba,

rom nabeWdi teqstis Tundac mci-

red Sesworeba mouxda. isini skepti-

kurad uyureben imas, rom SesaZloa,

maTi warmodgenebi zegavlenas ax-

dendes ambis obieqturad gadmoce-

maze. rogorc ùoSington postis~

saxelganTqmuli politikuri mi-

momxilveli, devid broderi ambo-

bs, `saSualo reportiors mxolod

namcecisodena ideologia Tu aqvs~.

amasobaSi gazeTebis mimarT sazo-

gadoebis ndoba sul ufro mcirdeba.

`seiqrid harT iuniversiTis~ (Sacred Heart University) mier axlaxan gamo-

qveynebuli gamokvleva mowmobs, rom

amerikelebis 20%-ze naklebs sjera

mediis `mTlianad an didwilad~.

bolo xuT weliwadSi es cifri 27%-

iT Semcirda. `xuT kacSi erTs Tu

sjera imis, rasac Jurnal-gazeTebSi

kiTxulobs~, _ naTqvamia 2007 wels

gamoqveynebul angariSSi (`sainfor-

macio mediis dRevandeli mdgomare-

oba~), romelic moamzada kvleviTma

organizaciam Project for Excellence in Journalism. aqve vkiTxulobT: `sinamd-

vileSi, CNN-s Fox-ze metad, an ABC-

s NBC-ze metad sulac ar endobian.

adgilobriv gazeTsac ise uyureben,

rogorc `niu iork taimss~. gacile-

biT met amerikels sjera mfrinavi

TefSebis Tu 9/11-is SeTqmulebis

Teoriis, vidre meinstrimuli sain-

formacio mediis miukerZoeblobisa

da met-naklebi obieqturobis~. `sei-

qrid harTis~ gamokvlevis Tanaxmad,

aTidan cxra amerikeli ambobs, rom

media mizanmimarTulad cdilobs,

sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlenis

moxdenas, Tumca maT gansxvavebuli

Sexedulebebi aqvT imis Taobaze,

liberalebisken ufro ixreba media,

Tu konservatorebisken.

aranakleb angariSgasawevia is

swrafi transformacia, romelic

Tavad àxali ambebis~ mimarT sa-

zogadoebis damokidebulebam da

moTxovnebma ganicada. 2005 wlis

aprilSi, Dow Jones & Co-sa da ùol

strit jernelis~ SeZenamde ori

wliT adre, rupert merdoki ame-

rikuli gazeTebis gamomcemelTa

asociaciisadmi mimarTvaSi media-

biznesSi CarTul, wamyvan redaqto-

rebsa da gamomcemlebs afrTxile-

bda, rom dasrulda is dro, roca

ìnformaciis gadacemas bolomde

akontrolebda ramdenime reda-

qtori, romelic wyvetda, ra unda

gvcodnoda da ra ara~. xalxi aRar

dauSvebs `vinme RmerTis msgavsis~

arsebobas, romelic axal ambebs ze-

modan `saxarebasaviT~ gadmogvcems.

dRevandel momxmareblebs `surT,

rom axali ambebi umalve miawodo,

maT ganaxlebaze mudmivad izruno.

maT mxolod is ki ar ainteresebT,

ra moxda, aramed isic, rac am wams

xdeba... da bolos, undaT, rom in-

formacia ufro farTod gamoiye-

non _ isaubron, ikamaTon, SekiTxve-

bi dasvan, im xalxs Sexvdnen, visac

maTi msgavsi an maTgan gansxvavebu-

li warmodgena aqvs samyaroze~.

merdokis gamosvlidan erTi Tvis

Tavze sainformacio teqnologiebis

gamocdili ostati, 31 wlis jona

pereti da AOL-is yofili xelmZRva-

neli, kenet lereri yovlismnaxvel

mimomxilvel-gubernatorobis kan-

didat-politikur aqtivists eriena

hafingtons daukavSirdnen da masTan

erTad axali vebgverdi Seqmnes, ro-

melsac `hafington posti~ uwodes.

Tavidan `draj rifortis~ (Drudge Report) liberalur alternativad

Cafiqrebuli gverdi politikuri

siaxleebiTa da WorebiT Seivso. ma-

leve blogic Seiqmna, romelzec

isini werdnen, vinc eriena hafingto-

nis warmoudgenlad did samegobro-

sanacnobos ekuTvnoda. es kavSirebi

am qalbatonma wlebis ganmavlobaSi

gaaba, roca iyo mwerali, romelic

yvelaferze werda, berZnuli fi-

losofiiT dawyebuli pikasos cxo-

vrebiT damTavrebuli; kaliforniis

mdidari respublikeli kongresmenis

meuRle, ganqorwinebisa da ideolo-

giis Secvlis Semdeg ki _ los-anje-

leseli liberali mimomxilveli da

gubernatorobis kandidati.

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, `hafing-

ton postis~ mflobelebma TiTqmis

SemTxveviT aRmoaCines is formula,

romelmac internetis epoqaSi ga-

zeTebis winaSe mdgari problemebis

mogvareba SesaZlebeli gaxada. isini

irwmunebian, rom mzad arian, ameri-

kuli gazeTi Tavidan Seqmnan. lere-

ri acxadebs: àdreve davinaxeT, rom

`drajis~ mibaZva am saqmeSi bevrs

verafers mogvitanda. es Cveni audi-

toriis motyueba iqneboda. gamosa-

vali is gaxldaT, rom auditoriis

TvaliT Segvexeda imisTvis, rasac

vakeTebdiT~.

vebgverdze pereti ganmartavs,

rom axali ambebi zemodan ki ar

unda mogvawodos vinmem, aramed ès

procesi momwodeblisa da momxma-

reblis erToblivi Zalisxmevis Se-

degad unda mimdinareobdes~. igi

merdoksac exmaureba da ambobs, rom

interneti redaqtorebs `yovelwa-

mier informacias~ awvdis imis Se-

saxeb, Tu ra ainteresebT mkiTxve-

lebs, romeli siaxle imsaxurebs

maT komentarebs, romel axal ambavs

uziareben isini megobrebs, da ras

eZeben yvelaze metad vebsivrceSi.

pereti amtkicebs, rom axali ambebis

vebgverdi `yovelTvis iseTi cocxa-

lia, rogoric verasdros iqneboda

melniani furceli~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom `hafington

posts~ sakuTari Jurnalistebi hya-

vs (patara jgufia, magram momavalSi

misi gafarToebis imedi aqvT), masze

ganTavsebuli masalebis umravle-

soba sadRac sxvagan iqmneba, beWdur

mediasa Tu televiziaSi, viRacis vi-

deokameriTa Tu mobiluri telefo-

niT. redaqtorebi yvelafers Tavs

uyrian, rac, maTi azriT, mocemul

Temaze Seqmnil saukeTeso masalas

warmoadgens. Semdeg isini mas Tval-

Sisacem, xSirad liberaluri JRe-

istoria

56 cxeli Sokoladi

radobis mqone saTaurs urCeven da

qvemoT komentarebis ganyofilebasac

miabamen xolme, sadac mkiTxvele-

bs saubris gabma SeuZliaT. statie-

bis irgvliv rogorc cnobili (nora

efroni, lari deividi), aseve ucnobi

blogerebis usasrulo armia kama-

Tobs _ maTi ricxvi 1 800-s aWarbebs.

blogerebs xelfass ar uxdian. sar-

gebeli, romelic am yvelafers moa-

qvs, SesaZloa, arc iseTi TvalsaCino

iyos, magram, lereris mtkicebiT, ̀ ga-

dmocemisa da gaazrebis axleburi gza

mTlianad cvlis axal ambebs, iseve,

rogorc CNN-ma gaakeTa 30 wlis win~.

eriena hafingtonsa da mis partnio-

rebs sjeraT, rom maTi modeli imaze

miuTiTebs, Tu saiT midis sainfor-

macio mediabiznesi. àdamianebi ise

saubroben gazeTebis aRsasrulze,

TiTqos es momxdari faqti iyos. Cemi

azriT, sasacilo ambavia. ubralod,

tradiciulma mediam unda gaacnobie-

ros, rom internet samyaro misi mte-

ri ar aris. sinamdvileSi, swored is

gadaarCens mas, Tu am sivrces bolom-

de aiTvisebs~, _ ambobs is.

TiTqmis komikurad Tamami ambiciaa

im eqsperimentisTvis, romelsac mxo-

lod 46 TanamSromeli axorcielebs.

maTma didma nawilma xom sul axla-

xan miaRwia manqanis daqiravebisTvis

saWiro asaks. garda amisa, vebgver-

dis gankargulebaSi daaxloebiT 11

milioni dolaria, Tumca is mainc

Seinaxavda sakuTar Tavs reklamebi-

dan miRebuli wliuri SemosavliT,

romlis odenobac eqvsidan aT mi-

lion dolaramde meryeobs. is, rac

yvelaze metad xiblavs reklamebis

SemkveTebs da sasowarkveTaSi agdebs

sagazeTo kompaniebis xelmZRvanele-

bs, veb-gverdis vizitorTa mzardi

ricxvia. kompaniis monacemebis Tana-

xmad, gasuli 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi,

didwilad demokratebis praimerTan

dakavSirebuli aJiotaJis wyalobiT,

11 milionamde avida ùnikaluri

vizitorebis~ ricxvi. es im kompiu-

terebis raodenobas aRniSnavs, rom-

lebidanac momxmareblebi aRniSnul

vebgverdze erTxel mainc Sevidnen.

Nielsen NetRating-isa da ComScore-s ga-moTvlebiT, dRes `hafington posti~

gazeTebis veb-gverdebis reitingSi

me-8 adgilzea, dekemberSi ki me-16-

ze imyofeboda.

erTxel artur milerma kargi ga-

zeTi daaxasiaTa, rogorc `sakuTar

TavTan molaparake eri~. mxolod am

azriTac, ̀ hafington posti~ didi ga-

zeTia. araferia uCveulo imaSi, rom

blogze gakeTebul patara Canawers

aTasobiT mkiTxvelis komentari mos-

devs. saubari sxvadasxva mimarTule-

biT viTardeba da im argumentebamde,

im dialogebamde midis, romlebic

mTavar Temas aRarafriT ukavSirde-

ba. xandaxan komenatrebSi marTlac

originaluri xedva, damafiqrebeli

argumentebi Cans, magram bevria ise-

Tic, romelic abanos kedlis warwe-

rebs mogvagonebs.

is, rom `hafington posti~ konku-

rencias gauwevs (Tumca naklebad

Caanacvlebs) saukeTeso tradiciul

gazeTebs, sxva mxrivac sakamaToa.

Tavad vebgverdis Jurnalistikuri

resursi sakmaod mwiria. ar xdeba

sportisa Tu wignebis regularuli

mimoxilva, gasarTobi ganyofileba

ki internetis WorebiT savse sanagves

hgavs. `hafington postma~ warmate-

bas miaRwia imaSi, rom progresuli

politikosebi da holivudis libe-

ralurad moazrovne varskvlavebi

buSis administraciis winaaRmdeg mi-

marTul sentimentebs mis gverdebze

afrqveven, magram amave dros iq ga-

moqveynebuli bevri Canaweri ̀ mausis~

dawkapunebasac ki ar imsaxurebs.


istoria

dRes TiTqmis yvela seriozuli gazeTi cdilobs im teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebis

gamoyenebas, romlebsac axali ambebis cifruli gziT gavrceleba sTavazobs.

maT Sorisaa: individualuri blogebi, video reportaJebi da mkiTxvelebis

dialogis SesaZlebloba.

cxeli Sokoladi 57

fsevdo_gzajvaredinebi

Jan starobinskis erTi Zalze

saintereso wigni aqvs, `1789 weli:

gonebis emblemebi~. wignSi safran-

geTis revoluciis Tanadroul xe-

lovnebazea saubari, xedvaze da

xedvis cvlilebaze, imaze, Tu ram-

denad revoluciurad Seicvala sa-

myaros aRqma, sad daukavSirda erT-

maneTs revolucia da esTetika, iyo

Tu ara es revolucia wyalgamyofi,

gzajvaredini ara mxolod evro-

pis politikuri istoriis, aramed

stilebis istoriaSic? esaa wigni,

sadac Zalian kargad moCans maSin-

deli kulturis dinamika da Taname-

drove kulturis sawyisebi.

starobinski pirvel abzacSi wers:

`revoluciebi maSinve ver qmnian

mxatvrul enas, romelic axal po-

litikur wyobas Seesabameba. kidev

didxans rCeba warsulidan memkvi-

dreobiT miRebuli formebi, miu-

xedavad imisa, rom Zveli samyaro

ukve daeca~. dRevandel saqarTve-

los swored amgvar pirobebSi uwevs

cxovreba. 1988 wlidan, ufro zus-

tad ki, 1989 wlis 9 aprilidan moyo-

lebuli Cveni qveyana ganuwyvetliv

gzajvaredinebis winaSe dgas, rome-

lic mxolod erTi SexedviT hgavs

realur gzis dasawyiss, xelaxal

gamococxlebas. sinamdvileSi igi

mxolod iluzoruli sulismoTqma

aRmoCndeba xolme da meti araferi.

swored amitomac, mTel am epoqas 9

aprilidan dRemde, me fsevdo-gza-

jvaredinebis xanas vuwodebdi.

avtori: malxaz xarbedia

ukanaskneli ocwleulis qarTu-

li istoria miTis levi-strosi-

seul wakiTxvas daemsgavsa, oRond

im gansxvavebiT, rom levi-strosi

paradigmatul da sintagmatur

wakiTxvebs Tanabar mniSvnelo-

bas aniWebda, Cvens istoriaSi ki

Txroba da Tanmimdevruloba araa,

igi mxolod raRac paradigmatul

svetebSi gaqvavda, sadac aranairi

TanmimdevrulobisTvis, logikis-

Tvis da reziumeebisTvis adgili

da dro ar darCa. Cveni istoria

mxolod ConCxia, sadac mxolod

miTologemebisa da maradiuli

ganmeorebebis mZlavri meqanizme-

bi muSaoben. aq raRacis axlidan

dawyeba mxolod iluziaa, rome-

lic ukve momxdars ki ar mosdevs

konformizmi da winaaRmdegobaTanamedrove qarTuli literaturis dabadeba

analizi

58 cxeli Sokoladi

da aviTarebs, aramed yvelanairad

cdilobs isev momxdarTan dagva-

brunos, dagvabrunos ara gasaa-

zreblad, aramed gasameoreblad.

albaT swored amitom movwydiT

istorias da masSi mxolod am is-

toriis wakiTxva da gaazreba Tu

dagvabrunebs.

dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan is

Soreuli 1988 weli umniSvnelova-

nes gzajvaredinad moCans, piradad

CemTvis da Cemi qveynisTvisac. aqe-

dan daiwyo Cveni axali cxovreba,

orivem erTdroulad gavakeTeT ar-

Cevani, mec da qveyanamac da Semdeg,

xan gaazrebul nabijebs vdgamdiT,

xanac raRac gaugebars miverekebo-

diT. erTi Wkuis viyaviT, erTad da-

viwyeT azrovneba, da pirveli pro-

testis grZnobac erTad gagviCnda.

1988-Sive Camoyalibda religiuro-

bis is tipi, romelic dResaa qveya-

naSi gamefebuli, Sesabamisad, me da

Tanamedrove qarTuli religiuri

grZnobac Tanatolebi varT, da

aseve Cemi kbilaa axali qarTuli

patriotizmic.

sad ibadeba `poezia~?

zemoT CamoTvlili religiur-

patriotuli paTosebisa da Cemi

gza didi xnis win gaiyo, Cven pa-

ralelurad vizrdebodiT 20 wlis

ganmavlobaSi da mTeli am perio-

dis manZilze, me ufro poeturi

azrovneba mainteresebda da misken

ufro vixrebodi. poeziaSi siaxle

am drois manZilze bevri iyo, Tum-

ca Zalian cota Tu darCa saTamaSo

moedanze, bolomde ver gaiara gza,

zogs mkiTxveli Semoefanta, zogs

sityvebi da saTqmeli, zogic wavi-

da am qveynidan. da, rac mTavaria,

samwuxarod religiuri da patrio-

tuli grZnobebi darCa yvelanairi

poeziis miRma.

mxcovani poeti, iv bonfua, Tavis

erT-erT SarSandel interviuSi am-

bobda: `maT, visac religia izidavs,

poeziaze unda ifiqron~-o. CvenTan

piriqiT moxda, poezia da poetebi

raRac mcire seqtad iqca, reli-

giuri grZnoba ki imdenad totalu-

ri gaxda, rom dRes ukve poezias

ki ara, realobasac veRar amCnevs.

realobaSi upirveles yovlisa, re-

alur adamians vgulisxmob, ganume-

orebeli xmiT, romelsac gacnobie-

rebuli aqvs Tavisi sasruloba da

am codnis amara darCenili eZiebs

TavSesafars. ra Tqma unda, reli-

gia TavSesafaria, magram xSirad

iq erTi adamianis adgili ar aris,

aramed mxolod aTasebis. am dros,

`poezia adamians arasodes iviwyebs

da gamudmebiT ubrundeba mas da

misi yofierebis gansakuTrebulo-

bas warmoaCens~ (iv bonfua). sxva sa-

qmea ramdenad warmoaCens amas Tana-

medrove qarTuli poezia, ramdenad

sasowarkveTili, fiqriani, amboxe-

buli, sarkastuli, Tavganwirulia

igi. amaze ukve iwereba statiebi,

ukve vcdilobT gaviazroT ukanask-

neli ocwleulis ara mxolod for-

analizi

cxeli Sokoladi 59

maluri Ziebebi, aramed seqtamde

daviwrovebuli `poeturobis bune-

ba~, raze fiqric gacilebiT mets

mogvcems, vidre viRacis ostatoba-

ze dakvirveba. me Zalian did pativs

vcem ostatobas, gamarTul leqss,

erTgvar poetur apolonizms, Tum-

ca dRes is ufro mainteresebs, sad

ibadeba `poezia~ da es interesi yo-

velgvar daxvewilobaze da gamar-

Tul leqsze maRla dgas.

wesiT Tanamedrove poeziis aseTi

dabadebis adgilad moedani unda

qceuliyo, Tumca imis miuxedavad,

rom dRes yvela Zalian aqtiuradaa

CarTuli politikaSi, es xmamaRa-

li, e.w. samoqalaqo lirika CvenTan

ise farTod mainc ver gavrcelda

(aseTi „xmamaRali poetebidan~ pir-

vel rigSi zurab rTveliaSvilsa da

kote yubaneiSvils davasaxelebdi).

90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli „si-

marTlis leqsi~ sxva mimarTule-

biTac ixveweboda: pirvel rigSi es

unda iTqvas bolo periodis oTar

WilaZis poeziaze (gardaicvala

2009 wels), besik xaranaulze, zviad

ratianis leqsebze. garda amisa, 90-

iani wlebidanve daiwyo axali sain-

tereso Zvrebi qarTul poetur

azrovnebaSi, romelsac erTmane-

Tisgan absoluturad gansxvavebu-

li poeturi kulturis matarebeli

avtorebi iwvevdnen: andro buaCi-

Ze, daTo barbaqaZe, daTo CixlaZe,

SoTa iaTaSvili, rusudan kaiSau-

ri, ela goCiaSvili, zaza TvaraZe

(gardaicvala 2007 wels), zviad ra-

tiani... ufro mogvianebiT ki maia

sariSvili, rati amaRlobeli, nika

jorjaneli, lela samniaSvili da

rezo geTiaSvili. dRes aqtiurad

weren 70-80-ianelTa Taobis poe-

tebic, lia sturua, givi alxaziS-

vili, baTu danelia, Tumca amis

miuxedavad, mainc gaurkvevelia, ra

adgils daikavebs poeti da poezia

im sazogadoebaSi, romelsac sul

ufro naklebad ainteresebs wigni,

sadac cota dro rCeba seriozuli

kulturisTvis, didad ar adardebs

warsuli (an mxolod raRac aCrdi-

lebis gamosaxmobad sWirdeba igi)

da sakmaod bundovani warmodgena

aqvs literaturul Rirebulebe-

bze. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom esaa sa-

zogadoeba, sadac e.w. „inteleqtu-

alebsac~ ki ar ainteresebT poezia,

samagierod meore mxriv poezias

yovelTvis farad ifareben jgu-

febi, romelTa xelSic warsuli

raRac mouqnel monoliTad iqceva,

poezia ki sadRegrZelod.

proza da mkiTxveli

Tanamedrove qarTuli litera-

turis erT-erTi mTavari proble-

ma is aris, rom man Tavis droze,

80-90-iani wlebis mijnaze aqtiu-

ri mkiTxveli ver SeiZina, anu jer

erTi, ar moxda im Zveli, 80-iane-

li (gnebavT sabWoTa) mkiTxvele-

bis `gadmobireba~ da, meore mxriv,

verc Cemi asakis ymawvilebisgan

(romlebic maSin 18-20 wlis iyvnen)

Seiqmna kargi mkiTxveli. Zalian

bevri, vinc maSindel `Tanamedrove

literaturas~ kiTxulobda, uceb

analizi

60 cxeli Sokoladi

Tavad gaxda mwerali, ramac sul

male raRac ucnaur klanebad dayo

qarTuli mwerloba, sadac yvela-

ni erTdroulad mwerlebic iyvnen

da mkiTxvelebic. potenciuri mki-

Txveli ki televizorebs miujda.

erTxel megobars gavuziare Cemi

es azri da man mipasuxa, rom mTa-

vari mizezi sabWoTa mkiTxvelis

gaqroba da is sicariele iyo, rac

mis Semdeg gaCnda. 90-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi da Semdegac, es sicarie-

le sul ramdenime wignma amoavso.

pirvel rigSi es iyo oTar Wila-

Zis „avelumi~ da „godori~ (2002),

Wabua amirejibis „gora mborga-

li~, jemal qarCxaZis „ganzomile-

ba~, oTar CxeiZis romanebi, Tumca

axali etapi mainc aka morCilaZis

pirvel romanebs ukavSirdeba. „mo-

gzauroba yarabaRSi~, „faliaSvilis

quCis ZaRlebi~ da „gadafrena mada-

Tovze~ is romanebi iyo, romlebic

1992-1998 wlebis manZilze, SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, qarTvel mkiTxvels

ayalibebda. yoveli misi romani

garkveuli kulturuli xarvezis

amovsebis mcdeloba iyo da erTad-

erTi `literatura~, romlis vel-

Sic mkiTxvelis mwerlad gadaqceva

ar xdeboda, aka morCilaZis bele-

tristika iyo (beletristikadac

albaT mogvianebiT iqca aka morCi-

laZis nawerebi, rasac ver vityviT

mis pirvel sam romanze), romelic

maSin mxolod mkiTxvelze iyo pasu-

xismgebeli da mxolod mis Seqmnaze

zrunavda.

es axali mkiTxvelic ramdenime

weliwadSi iSva. imave periodSi ga-

vigone `cocxali klasikosebisgan~,

rom maTac ki waikiTxes aka morCi-

laZe. Tumca roca mkiTxvelma dai-

naxa, rom aka morCilaZes veravin

auba mxari da rom mis garda namd-

vili, gemrieli, Wkvianuri sakiTxa-

vi veravin Seqmna, mkiTxveli male

gadaiRala.

mcdelobebi ra Tqma unda iyo,

magram es nawerebi an akas emsgavse-

boda, an Zalian etyoboda, rom ar

surda mas damgvaneboda. raRac axa-

lis Seqmnis Zalian didi survili

hqonda 2002 wels zaza burWulaZes

(am dros gamovida misi `werili de-

das~), magram samwuxarod es mxo-

lod survili iyo, rac ukanaskneli

7 wlis manZilze gagrZelda da sul

cota xnis win, 2009 wlis dekember-

Si misi es mravaljeradi mcdelobe-

bi roman „Adibas~-iT dagvirgvinda,

zazam Seqmna axali saukunis pirve-

li aTwleulis damagvirgvinebeli,

Zalze zusti, moqnili da dasrule-

buli teqsti, romelic misi wina na-

warmoebebisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro

laRicaa da masSi mweralic ufro

kargad davinaxeT.

Tanamedrove qarTveli prozai-

kosebidan aRniSvnis Rirsia aseve

kote jandieri, zaza TvaraZe, zu-

rab qarumiZe, irakli samsonaZe,

zura mesxi, gigi sulakauri, beso

xvedeliZe, zurab leJava, gela

Cqvanava, laSa buRaZe, daviT qar-

TveliSvili da sxv.


analizi

cxeli Sokoladi 61

`biznesis da samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis problemebi~

diskusia

`vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg saxelmwifo institutebis gaZlierebam garkveulwilad samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebis Sesustebazec imoqmeda. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebi yvelaze ufro aqtiuri revoluciis wina

periodSi iyo. tradiciulad, es organizaciebi ar iyvnen da ar arian mibmulni adgilobrivi biznesebis, korpo-

raciebis Tu individualur Sewirulobebs. meore mxriv, biznesebi imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs Zlieri samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba, ver axdendnen sakuTari koleqtiuri interesebis artikulirebas. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sisus-

te aisaxeba ara mxolod biznesis, aramed zogadad kanonis mmarTvelobis xarisxzec saqarTveloSi.

amitom, Cveni dRevandeli mizania, pirvel rigSi faqtobrivi informacia movipovoT mTel rig sakiTxebze, rac

exeba bizness da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, da es sakiTxebi gavacnoT mkiTxvels; da meore _ vecadoT, es informa-

cia garkveul konceptualur CarCoSi movaqcioT.

avtori: giorgi cxadaia

merab kakulia

ekonomikuri eqsperti

Tamar gurCiani

iuristi

irakli SaviSvili

auditori

monawileebi:

62 cxeli Sokoladi

giorgi cxadaia: ratom uWirT saqarTveloSi biznese-

bs sakuTari interesebis dacva? ra problemebi eqmne-

baT maT politikuri istebliSmentisgan?

Tamar gurCiani: interesebis dacva xdeba garkveuli

samarTlebrivi wesebis mixedviT. Tu ratom ar arian

isini mowadinebulni, rom samarTlebriv zomebs mimar-

Ton, amaze martivi pasuxi arsebobs: bizness kidev sxva

wesebi da sxva logika marTavs, vidre es dawesebulia,

davuSvaT, samarTlebrivi regulaciebiT.

giorgi cxadaia: magaliTad, ra logika?

Tamar gurCiani: biznes sferoSi interesebi abalan-

sebs erTmaneTs da ara normebSi moqceuli samarTle-

brivi Rirebulebebi. albaT amitom ar mimarTaven am

zomebs. garda amisa, arsebobs maTi daterorebis Za-

lian seriozuli safrTxe. rodesac samarTlebriv si-

vrceSi ki ar operireb, aramed sul sxva interesebis

logika gmarTavs, SeuZlebelia, rom Tavad bolomde

endobode da ar geSinodes pasuxismgeblobis.

giorgi cxadaia: aqedan gamomdinare, kiTxva: aris Tu

ara biznesebis saqmianoba srulad harmonizebuli ka-

nonmdeblobasTan? da Tu ar aris, eZleva Tu ara amiT

xelisuflebas biznesze zewolis berketi?

irakli SaviSvili: modiT, pirvel rigSi, biznesebi

erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT; imitom, rom es ar aris

erTgvarovani sivrce. aris msxvili, saSualo da mcire

biznesi. msxvil bizness TiTqmis mTlianad akontrole-

bs xelisufleba. amitom, am bizness, principSi, arafe-

ri uWirs am TvalsazrisiT.

giorgi cxadaia: amitom, Cveni kiTxva ufro wvril da

saSualo biznesebs Seexeba, romlebsac ufro uWirT

Tavis dacva. arian Tu ara isini kanonmdeblobasTan

SesabamisobaSi da Tu arian, maSin ra problema iqmneba?

ratom ver gamoTqvamen TavianT azrs xmamaRla, an ra-

tom ver icaven Tavs?

irakli SaviSvili: es problema TavisTavad Zalian

mravalwaxnagovania da Sevecdebi, ramdenime maTgani

gamovyo. pirveli, rac unda ucnauri iyos, aris sasa-

marTlos problema, da albaT bevri laparaki arc aris

saWiro am problemis aRsawerad. meore, es aris kanonm-

deblobis problema. kanonmdebloba imdenad swrafad

icvleba, rom misTvis Tvalis midevnebac SeuZlebelia.

magaliTisTvis getyviT, rom sagadasaxado kodeqsSi

dRes Sesulia ukve 56 Tu 57 cvlileba, 57 sakanonm-

deblo aqtiT aris Sesuli cvlileba. zogierTi cvli-

leba redaqciuli xasiaTisaa, zogi _ erTmaneTisgan

diametrulad gansxvavebuli koncefciis matarebeli.

giorgi cxadaia: ra mizniT axorcielebs xelisufle-

ba am cvlilebebs?

irakli SaviSvili: ar vici, aq mizani mravalgvari Sei-

Zleba iyos. SeiZleba iyos, vTqvaT, biujetis defici-

tis problema. SeiZleba iyos gavlenis mopovebis pro-

blema. saqme is aris, rom rodesac ase swrafad icvleba

kanonmdebloba, Tqven ver aswrebT sakuTari biznesis

diskusia

dagegmvas. amitom, es biznesi gadadis yoveldRiuri

moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaze da grZel vadaze misi

gawera SeuZlebeli xdeba. xuT weliwadSi 57 Seswore-

baa sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Sesuli, anu _ daaxloebiT

TveSi erTi Sesworeba. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac erT

dRes sami-oTxi cvlileba Sesula, romlebic Sinaar-

siT erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. kuriozuli situaciebi

iqmneba xolme. Semdegi sakiTxi aris am kanonmdeblobis

Seusabamoba zogadad samarTalTan. aqac uamravi de-

talia. Semdegi problemaa xelisuflebis mxridan Ta-

visive dawerili kanonebis daucveloba. xelisufleba

iqceva sxvanairad da wers sxvanairad. amis aseve ua-

mravi magaliTia. ZiriTadad, saxelmwifos ekonomika

ar dgas msxvil biznesze, is dgas wvril da saSualo

biznesze. es ar aris Cemi sityvebi, es aris reiganis

gamonaTqvami. principSi, biznesis sfero erTaderTia,

romelic materialur dovlaTs qmnis. yvela danarCe-

ni aris am dovlaTis gamanawilebeli da momxmarebeli.

aqedan gamomdinare, mas aqvs bunebrivi wnexi, rom yve-

las surs misi Seqmnili dovlaTis moxmareba. amazea

agebuli saxelmwifo struqturebi, misgan moiTxovs

Sewirulobas arasamTavrobo seqtori, gnebavT, reli-

giuri organizaciebi, an dausaqmebelTa seqtori, ase

vTqvaT, umuSevrebi da a.S. es yvelaferi bunebrivad

bizness awevs tvirTad. amas emateba kidev xelovnuri

tvirTebi, romelsac xelisufleba xSirad qmnis. ami-

tom, rodesac imgvar qmedebebs atarebs biznesis mi-

marT, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, daluqvebi, inventarizacia

da sakontrolo Sesyidvebi, biznesi amas erTi mizezis

gamo ar asaCivrebs: mas ar surs, zedmetad gaaRizia-

nos xelisufleba, radgan bevri aqvs dasakargi. miT

umetes, rom kanonmdebloba imdenad winaaRmdegobri-

via, rom praqtikulad SeuZlebelia kanonis mixedviT

moqmedeba.

giorgi cxadaia: am yvelafris miuxedavad, xom arse-

bobs raRac meqanizmebi, riTac wvrilma da saSualo

biznesma SeiZleba Tavi daicvas. vTqvaT, Seqmnas raime

saxis gaerTianeba. ramdenad realuria aseTma meqaniz-

mebma muSaoba SeZlon?

merab kakulia: Tqven sworad aRniSneT, rom saxel-

mwifosTan urTierTobaSi yvelaze daucvelia wvrili

da saSualo biznesi. arada, mxolod wvril biznesze

modis registrirebul sawarmoTa 80%, magram Tu am

sawarmoebis mier Seqmnili produqciis xvedriT wil-

ze visaubrebT, suraTi absoluturad sawinaaRmdegoa:

msxvili sawarmoebi mTliani produqciis 60%-ze mets

qmnian. msxvil kompaniebs ufro ukeTesad SeuZliaT

Tavis dacva imis gamo, rom maT meti saSualebebi aqvT.

aq ara marto individualur saSualebebs vgulisxmob

(vTqvaT kvalificiuri iuridiuli momsaxurebiT sar-

geblobas), aramed imasac, rom maT aqvT saSualeba,

koleqtiuri interesebic gamoxaton. amis magaliTia

sul axlaxan Seqmnili „saqarTvelos biznes asocia-

cxeli Sokoladi 63

cia“, romelic ZiriTadad msxvili biznesis warmo-

madgenlebisgan aris dakompleqtebuli. misi mTavari

amocanaa, saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis regulireba,

maT Soris _ mudmivi konsultaciebi xelisuflebas-

Tan sasurveli biznes garemos Camoyalibebis mizniT.

garda amisa, asociacia miznad isaxavs misi wevrebis

interesebis dacvas qveynis gareTac; aseve, wevrebs So-

ris mediatoris funqciis Sesrulebas. es yvelaferi

Zalian kargia, magram am asociaciaSi ubralod wvri-

li da saSualo biznesi ver gaerTiandeba. sxvas rom

Tavi davaneboT, asociacia eyrdnoba TviTdafinanse-

bis princips, anu sawevro gadasaxadebs, romelic Tve-

Si 850 lars Seadgens. wvrili biznesisTvis es Zalian

didi Tanxaa. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom am aso-

ciaciis koncefciaSi wvrili da saSualo biznesisTvis

biznes sferoSi interesebi abalansebs

erTmaneTs da ara normebSi moqceuli

samarTlebrivi Rirebulebebi. garda

amisa, arsebobs biznesis daterorebis

Zalian seriozuli safrTxe. rodesac

samarTlebriv sivrceSi ar operireb,

SeuZlebelia, bolomde endobode da ar

geSinodes pasuxismgeblobis.

Tamar gurCiani

diskusia

adgili ar moiZebna. da es ar aris SemTxveviTi: wvri-

li da saSualo biznesis problematika mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba im problematikisgan, romelic msxvili

biznesisTvisaa aqtualuri. aviRoT Tundac saxelmwi-

fosTan urTierTobis formati: msxvil bizness Ta-

visi specifikuri urTierToba aqvs saxelmwifosTan.

wvrili biznesmenisTvis problema aris, vTqvaT, is,

rom xSirad sirTulis gamo is sworad ver igebs sa-

gadasaxado kodeqsis debulebebs. sxvaTa Soris, 2009

wels ganxorcielebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom erT-erTi

mTavari problema, rasac wvrili biznesi awydeba, aris

sagadasaxado kodeqsis gaugebari ena da bundovani

frazebi. sxvaTa Soris, amaze saubaria mas Semdeg, rac

dRes moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsi miiRes. verafriT

moxerxda, rom Canawerebi gasagebi iyos, rom es ar gax-

des Semdeg im finansuri darRvevebis safuZveli, ris-

Tvisac fiskaluri organoebi jarimebs adeben wvril

mewarmeebs. meore Tema, romelic maT daasaxeles, aris

buRaltruli aRricxvis problema, mogexsenebaT, rom

karg buRalters kargi anazRaureba sWirdeba. yvela

kvalificirebuli buRalteri cdilobs, rom msxvil

kompaniasTan hqondes saqme, radgan iq anazRaurebac

ukeTesia da perspeqtivac meti. samwuxarod, wvrili

da saSualo biznesi rCeba naklebad kvalificirebuli

specialistebis xelSi. amasTanaa dakavSirebuli Sem-

deg is sirTuleebi, rac maT sagadasaxado kodeqsTan

eqmnebaT; da mesame, rac maT daasaxeles, es aris biz-

nesis dagegmvis problema. maT ar hyofniT resursi,

rom biznesgegma Seadginon anu TavianTi saqmianobis

parametrebi gansazRvron da realisturi miznebi dai-

saxon. am problemebis gadawyveta, mniSvnelovanwi-

lad, SeiZleba maT mier asociaciebis SeqmniT, raSic

maT ucxoeli donorebic unda daexmaron. ramdenadac

vici, arsebobs mcire da saSualo mewarmeTa asocia-

cia, magram, misi momcveloba da gavlena maincdamainc

didi ar unda iyos. bolo dros modaSi Semovida ase-

Ti praqtika: saxelisuflebo organoebi siamovnebiT

aweren xels sxvadasxva asociaciasTan memorandumebs

TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, finansTa saminis-

trom amas winaT moawera xeli analogiur memorandums

mTel rig asociaciebTan, romelTa Soris ver vxedavT

mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebs. msgavs

memorandums moewera xeli premier-ministrTanac, Tu-

mca saqmian wreebs, am SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadad ucxoeli

biznesmenebiT dakompleqtebuli asociaciebi warmo-

adgenen: amerikis savaWro palata saqarTveloSi, saer-

TaSoriso savaWro palata saqarTveloSi, safrangeTis

savaWro palata saqarTveloSi da sxva. rogorc Cans,

ucxoeli biznesmenebi qmnian qmediT asociaciebs; qme-

diTs imitom vambob, rom maT aqvT saxelmwifosTan

urTierTobis meti meqanizmebi, isini ucxoelebi arian

da Tavis dacvis meti saSualebebi aqvT. isini ar ga-

nicdian SiSs saxelmwifos mimarT, Tavisuflad gamo-

Tqvamen TavianT azrs da finansurad uzrunvelyofi-

li arian.

Tamar gurCiani: me skeptikurad vuyureb aseT gaer-

Tianebebs. ra Tqma unda, kargia nebismier sferoSi ga-

erTianebebis Seqmna, magram pasuxismgebloba, romelic

bizness eniWeba saxelmwifos mxridan, aris absolutu-

rad individualuri. Tu es aris dajarimeba, es aris

administraciuli sakiTxi, Tu es aris sisxlis samar-

Tlis pasuxismgebloba, es aris absoluturad indivi-

dualuri iuridiuli pirebis SemTxvevaSic. amitom, ra

Tqma unda, verafers Secvlian erTi ramis garda, rom

Sida wreSi moagvaron garkveuli problemebi da aseTi

SesaZleblobebi Cven gvaqvs kanonmdeblobiT, rogo-

ric aris arbitraJi. Tu ar endobi sasamarTlos da

erTmaneTSi gaqvT rame gasarkvevi, SegiZliaT mimar-

ToT arbitraJs.

64 cxeli Sokoladi

merab kakulia: me mainc bolomde ver daveTanxmebi

Tamars. sxvas yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, am biz-

nes asociaciebs, ubralod, erTi martivi ram SeuZliaT:

Tundac kvalificirebuli iuridiuli momsaxurebis ga-

weva, an kidev kvalificirebuli konsultacia buRal-

truli aRricxvis kuTxiT. maT SeuZliaT, davuSvaT,

treningebi Caataron. is, rom ar ikiTxeba sagadasaxado

kodeqsi, esec xom SeiZleba raRacnairad moagvaron. ra-

Sia, iciT, saqme? am seqtors rom ar aqvs Tavisi intere-

sebis gamoxatvis meqanizmi, Tundac asociaciebis saxiT,

es dakavSirebulia dafinansebis problemasTan. mcire

da saSualo biznesis sferoSi, bolo aTi wlis manZil-

ze, uamravi proeqti ganxorcielda, romelic ucxoeli

donorebis mier iyo dafinansebuli: msoflio bankidan

dawyebuli, naklebad cnobili organizaciebiT damTa-

vrebuli. es proeqtebi iwyeboda da mTavrdeboda Tavi-

si fazebiT da gagrZelebebiT, magram maTi Sedegianoba

minimaluri iyo. xom SeiZleboda, rom am proeqtebis

farglebSi Seqmniliyo qmediTi asociaciebi mcire da

saSualo biznesis daxmarebisTvis?

irakli SaviSvili: es proeqtebi xelisuflebis ga-

vliT mtkicdeba da amitomac xdeba ase.

merab kakulia: ar aris mTlad ase. magaliTad, iyo

mcire biznesis mxardaWeris USAID-is proeqti, rome-

lic sakredito komponentsac Seicavda. am proeqtis

farglebSi, mTeli rigi mcire sawarmoebisa daafi-

nanses, magram es zRvaSi wveTia, amiT problemas ver

gadawyvet. SeiZleba viRacas daexmaro, ramdenime pi-

loturi proeqti ganaxorcielo da mTlianobaSi, aman

suraTi ver Secvalos.

giorgi cxadaia: Tamar, rogor fiqrobT, biznesis

problemebis (da ara marto) gadaWraSi ra mniSvnelo-

ba aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis an mediis aqtivobas?

ramdenad aqvT gaazrebuli biznesebs, rom warmatebu-

li iuristTa asociacia, amave dros, SeiZleba udri-

des warmatebul bizness, imitom, rom maTi saqmianobiT

SeiZleba gaizardos saxelmwifos angariSvaldebuleba

sazogadoebis mimarT?

Tamar gurCiani: ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia am rolis

Sesruleba, magram me vfiqrob, rom ver asrulebs da

es isev dakavSirebulia im problemasTan, romelic

TviTon bizness udgas. me minda, rom ukan davbrunde,

Zalian kargad Camoayalibes batonebma es problemebi

da me ubralod maT sxva perspeqtividan Sevxedavdi.

yuradReba minda gavamaxvilo kanonmdeblobaze da sa-

samarTloze. magaliTad, daviwyeb kanonmdeblobiT. es

aris Zalian seriozuli problema. aris kriteriumebi,

romlebic daadgina evropis adamianTa uflebebis sa-

samarTlom _ ra kriteriumebs unda akmayofilebdes

kanoni, rom is CavTvaloT kanonad, romelic Cvens

uflebebs an SezRudavs an am uflebebs mogvaniWebs.

pirvel rigSi, es unda iyos xelmisawvdomi, anu es unda

qveyndebodes da adamianebisTvis fizikurad unda iyos

diskusia

xelmisawvdomi. meore, es unda iyos advilad misaxve-

dri, anu iq rac weria, es unda iyos gasagebi da Seni

momavali prognozirebadi unda iyos am kanonTan mi-

marTebaSi; da mesame _ ar unda iyos orazrovani. arc

erT am kriteriums ar akmayofilebs sagadasaxado ka-

nonmdebloba. Semdegi, rac batonma iraklim axsena da

absoluturad veTanxmebi: sakanonmdeblo cvlilebe-

bis intensivoba aris aseve seriozuli problema. ara

marto intensivoba, aramed is winapirobebi, romlebic

am sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs win uZRvis. yovelTvis

spontanturad miiReboda gadawyvetilebebi. maga-

liTisTvis aviRoT prezidentis gancxadeba imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom yvela gadasaxadis SemoReba refe-

rendumis gziT unda xorcieldebodes. Semdeg viRac

dafiqrda, rom es iniciativa maincdamainc gonivruli

ar iyo da, Sesabamisad, sakonstitucio cvlilebebis

Setanamac gadaiwia, Tu ar vcdebi, 2012 wlamde. me ver

getyviT, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebas msgavs inicia-

tivebze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba Seswevs.

giorgi cxadaia: ainteresebs ki samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebas aseTi sakiTxebi?

merab kakulia: ai, es aris Zalian mniSvnelovani saki-

Txi, ramdenad ainteresebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas,

kerZod arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, biznesgaremos

maregulirebeli da masTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmde-

blo aqtebis eqspertiza?

giorgi cxadaia: me mrCeba STabeWdileba, rom samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebis organizaciebis umravlesoba saqar-

TveloSi, orientirebulia raRac viwro miznebze, rom-

lebsac donorebi awvdian. eseni ar arian adgilobriv

niadagze aRmocenebuli samoqalaqo organizaciebi.

irakli SaviSvili: kidev erTi ram davazustoT _

ras vgulisxmobT „samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi“? main-

cdamainc arasamTavrobo seqtors? imitom rom bizness

didi roli aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyali-

bebaSi.

Tu biznesis dawyebis advilobaSi

vgulisxmobT gadawyvetilebis miRebas

biznesis dawyebis Sesaxeb, es Zalian

rTuli proceduraa, miT umetes im

situaciaSi, rodesac gveubnebian, rom

omi aris mosalodneli.

irakli SaviSvili

cxeli Sokoladi 65

giorgi cxadaia: modiT, maSin es cneba ufro dava-

zustoT: ese igi, rodesac vsaubrobT biznesze, vsau-

brobT organizaciaze, romelic aris mogebaze orien-

tirebuli da romelsac ainteresebs Tavisi piradi

mogeba, da ara sxva biznesis; rodesac vlaparakobT sa-

moqalaqo sazogadoebaze, es aris organizaciebi, rom-

lebic imisTvis iqmneba, rom is sakiTxebi gadawyviton,

romlebsac cal-calke biznesebi ver wyveten. isini ar

arian mogebaze orientirebulebi, aramed cdiloben,

daicvan koleqtiuri interesebi.

Tamar gurCiani: giorgi, Tu SeiZleba, mindoda kidev

damematebina, rom sasamarTlos sfero ar aris miuker-

Zoebuli. samwuxarod, da es yvela doneze iCens Tavs.

saintereso dakvirveba minda gagiziaroT: samoqalaqo

kolegia rodesac ixilavs davebs, sadac saxelmwifo

ar aris Careuli, gadawyvetilebebi yovelTvis ufro

obieqturia xolme, da miCneulia, rom mosamarTleTa

korumpirebulobis donec dabalia. rodesac saxel-

mwifoa Careuli, iq samoqalaqo sazogadoebas uWirs

zegavlenis moxdena. magaliTad, Cven vasaCivrebdiT

dadgenilebebs, romliTac aramarTlzomieri kon-

troli xdeboda adgilobrivi biujetebis, magaliTad,

saxelmwifos rwmunebulebis aparatebis mxridan, rom-

lebsac maSin aranairi legaluri statusi ar hqondaT;

vidre Cvens saqmes sasamarTlo ganixilavda, saerTod

Secvales es kanoni, anu manipulaciebis avtori aris

ara mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi, aramed

kanonmdeblobac. Tumca, kanonmdeblobis SemTxvevaSi,

samoqalaqo sazogadoebas moqmedebis ufro meti Sesa-

Zlebloba aqvs, vidre _ sasamarTlos SemTxvevaSi.

giorgi cxadaia: magram kanonmdeblobis miRebac

CvenTan spontanurad xdeba. vgulisxmob imas, rom

ucxoeTSi, am procesSi CarTulni arian interesTa

jgufebi da mimdinareobs konsensusze orientirebuli

diskusia. CvenTan am dros xdeba ucxouri gamocdile-

bis kalkireba, rig SemTxvevebSi _ sruliad araracio-

nalurad da arapragmatulad.

merab kakulia: cvlilebebis Setana Zalian xSirad

xdeba saerTaSoriso eqspertebis rCevebis safuZvel-

ze. samwuxarod, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ucxoeli

eqspertebi cdiloben im praqtikis gadmotanas Cvens

sinamdvileSi, romelic maT qveynebSi moqmedebs, an

im qveynebSi, sadac maT umuSaviaT. xSirad Cveni qar-

Tuli sinamdvile ararelevanturia im sinamdvilis,

romelic iq arsebobs. amitom moxda, rom fiskalur

kanonmdeblobaSi Sevida mTeli rigi cvlilebebisa,

romlebic ar iyo inicirebuli adgilobrivi rea-

lobiT da Semdeg am cvlilebebma, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

ar imuSava. normalur qveynebSi biznesTan da eko-

nomikasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis inicireba

sami mTavari wyarodan xdeba: pirveli, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis im seqtoridan, romelic biznesis in-

teresebs gamoxatavs, anu biznes asociaciebidan,

diskusia

meore, momxmarebelTa da dasaqmebulTa interesebis

gamomxatveli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebidan, da

mesame _ akademiuri seqtoridan, romelic eyrdno-

ba rogorc fundamentur, ise empiriul socialur-

ekonomikur kvlevebs. Cvens sinamdvileSi, biznes aso-

ciaciebi sustia da isini, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ukve

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis uSedego kritikiT Tu arian

dakavebulebi. kidev ufro sustia momxmarebelTa

sazogadoebebi da daqiravebul muSakTa interesebis

damcveli sazogadoebebi, maT Soris _ profkavSirebi.

amasTan, maTsa da biznes asociaciebs Soris aranairi

dialogi ar arsebobs. niSandoblivia, rom saqarTve-

los biznes asociaciam profkavSirebis mier inici-

rebul Sromis kanonmdeblobis cvlilebebis proeqts

„socialisturi“ uwoda. diametrulad gansxvavebuli

interesebis miuxedavad, ajobebda, am sakiTxis ufro

sagnobrivi ganxilva gamarTuliyo orive mxaris mo-

nawileobiT. miT umetes, rom arsebobs amgvari dia-

logis pozitiuri ucxouri gamocdileba. rac Seexeba

akademiur seqtors, igi iSviaTad Tu iCens iniciati-

vas, isic mxolod maSin, rodesac kvlevebs donorebi

afinanseben. gamodis, rom CvenTan kanonmdeblobis

miRebis meqanizmi, biznesTan dakavSirebul kanonmde-

blobas vgulisxmob, araefeqtiania, rac aisaxeba ki-

dev kanonmdeblobis xarisxSi.

Tamar gurCiani: davamateb garkveul iuridiul de-

talebs, romlebic, Cemi azriT, Zalian mniSvnelova-

nia: warmovidginoT, rogor iqmneba es kanonproeqtebi.

maTi iniciativis ufleba vis aqvs, es viciT. jer gadis

parlamentis biuros, Semdeg sakomiteto mosmenebs,

Semdeg plenarul mosmenebs, Tan aris pirveli, meore

da mesame mosmena, da bolos qveyndeba sakanonmdeblo

macneSi. unda aRvniSnoT, rom parlamentis reglamenti

sul axlaxan Seicvala da es procedurebi kidev ufro

bundovani gaxda. magaliTad, iseTi bundovani gaxda,

rom dRevandeli reglamentis mixedviT, SeiZleba

vTqvaT, rom mesame mosmenis dros, rodesac mxolod

saredaqcio Sesworebebi SeiZleba Sevides (wertili da

mZime daesvas da a.S.), maSinac ki SeiZleba Seicvalos

kanoni. ese igi, arsebobs saSualeba, rom nebismier

dros zemoqmedeba moxdes kanonmdeblebis mxridan.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba waradgens Tavis daskvnebs,

waradgens Tavis iniciativebsac, magaliTad, Zalian

bevrjer SegviTavazebia alternativebi. ara mxolod

vakritikebT, aramed vTavazobT kidevac raRacebs, ma-

gram rodesac mesame mosmenaze SeiZleba raRac Sei-

cvalos, SeuZlebelia, rom rame viRonoT. iyo dro,

rodesac saerTod ar gvismendnen, axla gismenen da ar

iTvaliswineben.

giorgi cxadaia: ar gismenen imitom, rom, etyoba,

TqvenSi ver xedaven angariSgasawev Zalas. es dakavSi-

rebulia, Cemi azriT, mediis problemasTanac.

Tamar gurCiani: diax, Zalian cota mediis saSualeba

66 cxeli Sokoladi

aqcevs aseT rameebs yuradRebas. zogierTebi an saer-

Tod ver igeben, an ar miaCniaT saerTod mniSvnelov-

nad.

giorgi cxadaia: Tumca, msoflio bankis 2005-2006

wlis angariSis mixedviT, saqarTvelo biznesis keTe-

bis kuTxiT msoflios reformatori qveynebis wlis

aTeulSi iyo Sesuli.

irakli SaviSvili: Tu „biznesis advilobaSi“ vgu-

lisxmobT registracias, maSin, ki batono, advilia. re-

gistracia did dros ar moiTxovs. Tu biznesis dawye-

bis advilobaSi vgulisxmobT gadawyvetilebis miRebas

biznesis dawyebis Sesaxeb, es Zalian rTuli procedu-

raa, miT umetes im situaciaSi, rodesac gveubnebian,

rom omi aris mosalodneli. ratom unda miviRo aseTi

gadawyvetileba, gaugebaria. erTaderTi motivi, ris

gamoc SeiZleba miviRo aseTi gadawyvetileba, isaa,

rom SimSiliT ar movkvde da yoveldRiuri sarCo mo-

vipovo. seriozuli biznesis dawyeba aq, am pirobebSi

sruliad gamoricxulia. modiT, aqve vikiTxoT _ Ti-

Toeul Cvengans rom hqondes milioni dolari Tavisu-

fali fuli, saqarTveloSi davabandebT?

giorgi cxadaia: modiT, es sakiTxi kidev gavSaloT: ese

igi, erT-erTi mTavari problema, romelsac xelisufle-

ba ugulebelyofs, aris stabilurobis problema.

irakli SaviSvili: aq aris aseve TviTon kanonmde-

blobis arastabilurobis sakiTxi, sasamarTlos sakiT-

xi, xelisuflebis zewolis sakiTxi _ es yvelaferi ra-

Rac erT mankier wres qmnis. xelisufleba aterorebs

bizness, biznesi iwyebs yoveldRiur sarCo-sabadebel-

ze fiqrs da ara grZelvadian perspeqtivaze, Sesabami-

sad, is ar ganaviTarebs Tavis bizness, mas aRar uCn-

deba damatebiTi finansuri saxsrebi, romliTac unda

daafinansos samoqalaqo sazogadoeba im gagebiT, ra

gagebiTac Cven vambobT. samoqalaqo sazogadoebas ar

aqvs adgilobrivi finansuri resursebi, amitom is da-

mokidebulia ucxour dakveTebze. is ucxouri dakve-

Ta ar icnobs saqarTvelos biznesis problemebs da,

aqedan gamomdinare, adekvatur dakveTas ver aZlevs.

saboloo jamSi isev iqamde mivdivarT, rom samoqala-

qo sazogadoeba ver axdens gavlenas xelisuflebaze

da xelisufleba amiT TavaSvebuli aterorebs bizness.

mankieri wrea, romelic sadRac unda gairRves.

giorgi cxadaia: kidev erTi faqtori: omis mudmivi

SiSi. aq ìmedis~ siuJetic vaxsenoT: ramdenad uwyobs

xels msgavsi gamoxdomebi qarTuli prosaxelisufle-

bo mediidan SiSis da gaugebrobis kultivirebas?

merab kakulia: TavisTavad, omisaTvis mudmivi mzadyo-

fnis garemos kultivireba Zalian cud gavlenas axdens

ekonomikur aqtivobaze mTlianobaSi, magram _ ufro

sainvesticio garemoze. Cven, vinc am qveyanaSi vcxovro-

bT bolo oci wlis manZilze, samwuxarod SeveCvieT imas,

rom saqarTveloSi yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes, ucxoe-

lebisTvis ki es calsaxad uaryofiTi signalia.

diskusia

irakli SaviSvili: saqme is gaxlavT, rom xelisu-

flebas, rogorc Cans, ar aqvs kargad gaazrebuli, rom

Zlieri da damoukidebeli biznesi ufro Zlieri da-

sayrdenia misTvis, vidre monopolizebuli biznesi.

giorgi cxadaia: 2004 wlidan, SegaxsenebT, rom sa-

mxedro biujeti gaizarda, mSp-s 1%-dan 8%-mde. Ta-

vidanve erT-erTi mTavari prioriteti iyo samxedro

ritorikaze awyobili. ramdenad gaazrebuli aqvs xe-

lisuflebas, ra sWirdeba xalxs?

irakli SaviSvili: saqme is aris, rom garkveulwi-

lad xelisufleba yovelTvis TamaSobs sazogadoebriv

ganwyobebze. Cvens sazogadoebaSi namdvilad iyo ise-

Ti ganwyoba, rom dakarguli teritoriebi unda da-

vibrunoT samxedro gziT. Sesabamisad, xelisuflebam

iTamaSa am ganwyobaze. sazogadoebis mier es nabijebi,

Tundac samxedro biujetis es 8-jeradi zrda, waxali-

sebuli iyo. amavdroulad, Seiqmna iseTi ganwyoba, rom

mTavaria, es teritoriebi davibrunoT da amis xarjze

SeiZleba Cveni Tavisuflebis nawilic davTmoT, maT

Soris _ ekonomikuri keTildReobac. es iyo Tavidanve

sazogadoebis araswori ganwyoba, Cemi azriT. sazoga-

doebas rom sxvanairi ganwyoba hqonoda, xelisufleba

amas ver gabedavda. am sazogadoebas kidev sxva pro-

blema aqvs: komunisturi warsuli. erT-erTi yvelaze

didi danaSauli, rac komunisturma ideologiam Caidi-

na adamianis winaSe _ am adamians daakargvina sakuTari

Tavisadmi pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. adamians aRar

sWirdeboda imaze fiqri, ra iyo misi interesi, radgan

misi yvela interesi dakmayofilebuli iyo. Sesabami-

sad, is darCa isev imis momlodine, rom viRac mova da

moutans xvavs da baraqas: kidec daasaqmebs, uzarmazar

xelfass miscems da a.S.… es erT-erTi mTavari pro-

blemaa.

2009 wels ganxorcielebulma kvlevam

aCvena, rom erT-erTi mTavari problema,

rasac wvrili biznesi awydeba, aris

sagadasaxado kodeqsis gaugebari ena da

bundovani frazebi. sxvaTa Soris, amaze

saubaria mas Semdeg, rac dRes moqmedi

sagadasaxado kodeqsi miiRes.

merab kakulia

cxeli Sokoladi 67

postkomunisturi mdgomareoba postkomunizmis Svilebi

postkomunisturi Jargoni metad

ucnauri metaforebiT gamoirCeva:

demokratiis swavla, demokratiis

saklaso oTaxebi, demokratiis ga-

mocdebi, demokratia, romelic

izrdeba da mwifdeba, Tumca isic

SeiZleba, rom mas pirze rZe jer ar

SeSrobodes, an fexs axla idgamdes

da, ra Tqma unda, saymawvilo seni-

Tac itanjebodes. postkomunizmis

ena iseT paradoqss gvimxels, ro-

melic uaxlesi istoriis udides

skandals unda warmoadgendes:

isini, vinc Tavisi politikuri

simwife 1989-80 wlebis e.w. `de-

mokratiuli revoluciebis~ dros

daamtkices, amis Semdeg erT Rame-

Si bavSvebad gadaiqcnen! jer kidev

guSin maT warmatebiT daamxes to-

talitaruli reJimebi, romelTa

uryevobisa da Seuvalobis mTel

e.w. `Tavisufal~, `demokratiul~

samyaros bolo wuTamde mtkiced

sjeroda, am reJimebis Zleva-

mosileba ki mas aramiwieri warmo-

Sobis urCxuliviT afrTxobda.

komunisturi safrTxis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi am samyarom mTel Tavis

politikur, ideologiur da samxe-

dro Zalebs, udides politikoseb-

sa da generlebs, filosofosebsa

da mecnierebs, propagandistebsa

da jaSuSebs mouyara Tavi, Tumca

totalitaruli mxeci odnavadac

ver SeaSina. miuxedavad amisa, maT,

vinc SiSveli xelebiT gaumklavda

am nadirs, is `bavSvebs~ uwodebs.

jer kidev guSin am xalxma sa-

sikvdilo sarecelze mwoliare

msoflio istorias suli STabera

da didi xnis Semdeg welSi gamarT-

vis saSualeba misca. dRes ki maT

Tavad unda aidgan fexi. jer kidev

guSin isini msoflios istoriul

gakveTils utarebdnen simamaceSi,

politikur damoukideblobasa da

simwifeSi, dRes ki axali, TviT-

marqvia maswavleblebis winaSe dam-

jere, gulisxmier moswavleebad

unda wardgnen. jer kidev guSin

isini sabediswerod dasneulebul

sazogadoebebs wamlobdnen, dRes

ki Tavad itanjebian im saymawvi-

lo seniT, romelic aucileblad

unda daamarcxon imisTvis, rom

sicocxlis gagrZeleba SeZlon.

aseTi ra saswauli moxda erT Ra-

meSi? romelma jadoqarma gadaaq-

cia isini bavSvebad? ra Tqma unda

_ politikam. bavSvi, romelic am

momwifebul xalxSi moulodnelad

amoicnes, arc fsiqologiuri gan-

viTarebis Seferxebis Sedegia, arc

infantiluri regresiiT cnobili

fsiqopaTologiuri fenomenis ni-

muSi _ is politikuri cxovelia,

namdvili zoon politicon.

tranzitologia _

gardamavali periodis

ideologia

adamiani, rogorc politikuri

bavSvi, demokratiuli ganaxlebi-

sTvis aucilebel, TiTqmis sru-

lyofil subieqts warmoadgens.

esei

avtori: boris budeni


68 cxeli Sokoladi

mis mxrebs warsulis simZime ar

awveba, misi mzera mTlianad mo-

mavliskenaa mimarTuli. is savsea

energiiTa da fantaziiT, damyoli

da gulisxmieria. Tavisuflebas

mTeli arsebiT asxivebs, magram

sinamdvileSi sulac ar gaxlavT

Tavisufali. bavSvi yovelTvis

sxvazea damokidebuli, bavSvs

ufrosebi marTaven da patrono-

ben. amis wyalobiT, is sazoga-

doebas ukeT emsaxureba, siaxlis

danergvisTvis noyier niadagad

gadaiqceva. ase qreba yovelgvari

winaaRmdegoba, rac sazogadoebi-

sTvis moulodnelad Tavs damty-

dar Tavisuflebas axlavs xolme,

winaaRmdegoba mmarTvelebsa da

marTulebs Soris. uTanasworo

urTierTobis arc erTi gamov-

lineba ar aris iseTi TvalsaCino

da bunebrivi, rogoric bavSvsa

da mis patrons Sorisaa, zegavle-

nis moxdenis arc erTi mcdeloba

ar aris imdenad umanko da kanon-

ieri, rogoric bavSvebis mimarT

ganxorcielebuli mcdelobebia.

maT aravin arTmevs Tavisuflebas,

ubralod, droebiT SeuzRudaven,

samomavlod gadaudeben xolme.

patroniani bavSvi, rogorc poli-

tikuri arseba, erTgvarad gadade-

buli TavisuflebiT tkbeba. da Tu

erT dResac es dapirebuli Tavi-

sufleba sicrue aRmoCndeba, yov-

elTvis SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom is

mxolod sabavSvo zRapari iyo da

sxva araferi.

komunizmisgan axlaxan gaTa-

visuflebuli sazogadoebebis

represiuli infantilizacia e.w.

postkomunisturi mdgomareobis

mTavari maxasiaTebelia. igi post-

komunisturi gardamavali peri-

odis ideologiis nayofia _ im

ucnauri Teoriisa, romelic de-

mokratiamde gasavleli gardama-

vali periodis rolis gagebasa da

axsnas isaxavs miznad. aq cinizmi

politikuri mecniereba xdeba. am

politikuri mecnierebis perspeq-

tividan ki postkomunizmi, pirvel

rigSi, gardamavali periodia, rom-

lis drosac `realurad social-

isturi~ sazogadoeba kapitalis-

tur, demokratiul sazogadoebad

gardaiqmneba. politologia am

gardamaval periods specifikur

istoriul epoqad ar ganixilavs.

mas xom mTavari saidentifikacio

maxasiaTeblebi aklia: magaliTad,

specifikuri postkomunisturi

politikuri subieqti Tu sistema,

warmoebis specifikuri postko-

munisturi wesi, sakuTrebis for-

ma. sinamdvileSi politologias

postkomunizmis idea saerTod ar

sWirdeba. mas zemoT xsenebuli ̀ de-

mokratiamde gasavleli gardamava-

li periodis~ idea urCevnia, rom-

lis farglebSic gansakuTrebul

disciplinas qmnis _ tranzitolo-

gias, romlis amocanaa aRniSnuli

procesis Seswavla. is swored am

cinikur ideas efuZneba: xalxma,

romelmac Tavisufleba brZoliT

moipova, axla misi saTanadod gam-

oyeneba unda iswavlos. mocemuli

paradoqsis mniSvneloba bevrad

scildeba im istoriul situacias,

romelSic aRmosavleT evropis

postkomunisturi sazogadoebebi

aRmoCndnen 1989 wlis Semdeg.

gardamavali periodis idea

orTodoqsma politologebma

Semotanes 60-iani wlebis bolo-

sa da 70-ianebis dasawyisSi, um-

Tavresad samxreT amerikasa da

samxreT evropaSi sxvadasxva tipis

reJimebis monacvleobis asaxsne-

lad. Tavdapirvelad gardamavali

periodi mxolod òr gansxvave-

bul politikur reJims Soris ar-

sebul intervals~ aRniSnavda _

aseT minimalistur gansazRvrebas

iZleodnen 1984 wels. gardamavali

esei

cxeli Sokoladi 69

periodi yovelTvis `saidanRac ga-

mosvlas~ gulisxmobda: magaliTad,

àvtoritaruli mmarTvelobidan~,

rogorc o’donelis, uaiThedisa da

Smiteris wignis saTaurSia. imxanad

politologia reJimis Secvlis

fenomens retrospeqtulad ganixi-

lavda da cdilobda, istoriuli

gamocdileba gakveTilad gamo-

eyenebina. mas momavali naklebad

ainteresebda, radgan amgvari

gardamavali periodebis Sedegebi

met-naklebad cxadi iyo. maT yov-

elTvis demokratia ar mohyveboda,

SeiZleboda avtoritaruli re-

Jimi avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis

sxva formiT Secvliliyo. maSin

jer kidev Tvlidnen, rom samxreT

amerikaSi samxedro diqtaturas

marqsistuli an sulac maoistu-

ri diqtatura Secvlida. magali-

Tad, demokratiis mosurne Cileli

xalxi, prezident aliendesTan er-

Tad, Taviseburi `socialisturi

demokratiis~ Senebas Seudga, ma-

gram samxedro xuntam is sul sxva

mimarTulebiT waiyvana.

maSindeli politologebis

TvalSi msoflio jer kidev Zalian

rTuli da mravalsaxovani Canda:

mxolod ori dapirispirebuli

ideologiur-politikuri sistema

da samxedro bloki ki ar aqti-

urobda, aramed `mesame samyaros~

anti-kolonialuri moZraobebic,

romlebsac gauTvaliswinebeli

politikuri Sedegebi mohyveboda

xolme. im dros jer kidev egonaT,

rom arCevani arsebobda, rom isto-

riis ganviTareba nebismieri mimar-

TulebiT SeiZleboda. 1980-iani

wlebis bolos raRac Seicvala da

tranzitologiamac sakuTari kv-

levis sagani sxvagvarad gaiazra.

dRes politikuri transformaci-

is procesi winaswar gansazRvras

iTxovs. misi mizani xom yvela

SemTxvevaSi cnobilia: dasavluri

liberaluri demokratiis glo-

balur kapitalistur sistemaSi

CarTva. aqedan gamomdinare, gar-

damavali periodis idea TiTqmis

eqskluziurad e.w. postkomunis-

tur sazogadoebebs daukavSirda.

man demokratiisken gadadgmuli is

nabijebi aRniSna, romelTa dawyeba

1989-90 wlebis cnobil istoriul

movlenebs daemTxva, procesi ki

dResac met-naklebi warmatebiT

grZeldeba, umTavresad _ aRmosav-

leT evropaSi. am situacias kar-

gad icnoben `komunizmis Svilebi~,

romlebsac istoriuli determin-

izmis logikiT zrdidnen. sazoga-

doeba xom swored klasTa brZolis

mamoZravebel Zalas mihyavda uke-

Tesi, uklaso momavlisken. imxanad

Tavisufleba imas niSnavda, rom

istoriis rkinis kanonebi geRiare-

bina da maT damorCilebodi. gza

bevrad ukeTesi, komunisturi mo-

mavlisken ara mxolod garkveviT

Canda, aramed masze gavla sruliad

gardauvalic gamxdariyo.

dRes am xalxs eubnebian, rom maT

isev msgavsi gamocdileba unda mi-

iRon, amjerad istoriis zogad

kanons upirobod unda daemor-

Cilon. mizani naTlad da garkveviT

Cans, misi miRwevis SesaZleblobac

garantirebulia. gardamavali pe-

riodis axali ideologis Tanax-

mad, demokratiis gzaze didi

dabrkolebebi ar Segxvdeba, Tu

realur gare faqtorebs (ekonomi-

kurs, kulturuls, instituciurs

da a.S.) zustad gansazRvrav da

angariSs gauwev. zog SemTxvevaSi,

geografiuli mdebareobac sakma-

risi aRmoCndeba. `rasakvirvelia,

geografiuli mdebareoba erTad-

erTi mizezia, romelic imeds gva-

Zlevs, rom aRmosavleTi evropis

qveynebi demokratiisa da aRmSene-

blobis gzas gahyvebian. Tu eko-

nomikur zrdasa da instituciur

qsels gavakontrolebT, demokra-

tias namdvilad mivaRwevT~, _ wers

erT-erTi tranzistologi, visac

politika gare faqtorebis dasaZl-

evad warmoebul brZolad miaCnia.

sxvebi cota Sors midian. de-

mokratiisken mimavali gza Tavad

bunebam gangvisazRvra. es `bunebri-

vi tendenciaa da amrigad, Znelad

misaRwevi ar aris~.


esei

70 cxeli Sokoladi

esei

cxeli Sokoladi 71

mkiTxveli mixvda, albaT, rom sa-

Taurad dasmuli sityvebi perifra-

zia cnobili gamoTqmisa _ „Cven ar

wavalT kanosaSi“. Tumca, isic SeiZ-

leba yvelam ar icodes, ras niSnavs

es da amdenad patara ganmartebaa

saWiro.

Sua saukuneebSi germaniaSic ise

iyo, rogorc sxvagan. erTmaneTs

mtrobdnen saero da sasuliero

xelisufalni. mudmivi SuRli iyo

mefesa da feodalebs Soris. or

duSmans Sua (erT mxares _ eklesia,

meore mxares _ feodalebi) moqceul

mefes, dro da Jamis Sesaferad, xan

erTi unda aerCia mokavSired, xan

_ meore. asec iqceodnen. eklesiis

saSualebiT feodalebs aviwroebd-

nen. feodalebis meoxebiT eklesias

boWavdnen. wonasworoba imisda mi-

xedviT icvleboda, mefes rogori

xasiaTi hqonda. mSvidni da Wkuada-

mjdarni inarCunebdnen SedarebiT

wynar urTierTobas. Wirveulni da

Zalauflebismoyvarulni gamudme-

bul WidilSi iyvnen.

1075 wels hainrix meoTxem (1050-

1106 ww.) milanoSi mTavarepiskopo-

si, xolo spoletosa da fermoSi

episkoposebi daniSna. aman romis

papi grigol meSvide Zalian gaabra-

za _ uCemod rogor gabedao. magram

amjerad mefis Tavxedoba moiTmi-

Cven ar wavalT moskovSi 1990

avtori: akaki baqraZe

esei

72 cxeli Sokoladi

na da urTierToba aRar gaamwvava.

hainrixma papis siCume sisusted

miiCnia. Tavs gavida. 1076 wels,

vormsSi, germanel mTavarTa kre-

baze, grigol meSvide papis taxti-

dan gadayenebulad gamoacxada. es

ukve metismeti iyo. gacecxlebul-

ma grigol meSvidem hainrix meoTxe

SeaCvena, eklesiidan mokveTa da

misi qveSevrdomebi mefis erTgule-

bis ficisagan gaaTavisufla. ico-

cxleT, axla ki SeSinda mefe. ifi-

qra _ papis wyevlas feodalebi Cems

winaaRmdeg gamoiyenebeno, taxti da

qveyana Tavze dameqcevao _ da 1077

wels Tavzenacardayrili eaxla

grigol meSvides kanosaSi (papebis

rezidenciaa alpebSi) patiebis sa-

Txovnelad. hainrixi Seiwyales, ma-

gram Sercxvenili da damcirebuli

dabrunda samSobloSi.

amis mere rva saukune gavida,

roca „rkinis kanclerma“ oto bis-

markma, 1872 wlis 14 marts germa-

nel ers gamoucxada: „Cven ar wa-

valT kanosaSi“. es ki imas niSnavda,

rom im dRidan germania aRaravis

uzenaesobas ar cnobda. igi iyo Ta-

visufali da TavisTavadi.

Sors ar aris is dRe, roca qar-

Tvelma xelisufalmac unda Tqvas:

Cven ar wavalT moskovSi. magram

am qadilis Zala iseve unda Segwe-

vdes, rogorc oto bismarks. ami-

saTvis Seqmnil viTarebas fxizlad

unda SevxedoT. yvelaferi zustad

gavTvaloT. is winaaRmdegobebi

naTlad gaviTvaliswinoT, rac Ta-

visuflebisaken mimaval gzaze ga-

dagveRobeba. marTalia, Secdomisa-

gan kaci arasodes aris dazRveuli,

magram Cven Cveni xeli saqmes ar

unda davakloT.

ssrk, rogorc erTiani, unitaru-

li saxelmwifo, irRveva. es aRar

aris saeWvo. amas ara marto litvis

gadawyvetileba adasturebs, aramed

saerTo mdgomareoba-ganwyobile-

bac. litvas misi mezoblebi latvia

da estoneTi mihyvebian. mere mol-

daveTi da saqarTvelo gaikafavs

gzas da ase sxvebic TandaTanobiT.

marTalia, xelisufleba ebRauWeba

ssrk-is SenarCunebas da nair-nairi

axali kanonebiT cdilobs proce-

sis SeCerebas, magram es momakvdavis

ukanaskneli gabrZolebaa. Tumca

es imas srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom

ssrk sikvdils gulmSvidad Seege-

beba. ufro is aris mosalodneli,

rom ukanaskneli gabrZoleba iqneba

sastiki da daundobeli. xelisu-

flebis mzakvrobas rom Tavi dava-

neboT, calkeul, TavzexelaRebul,

gonebaSeryeul tipsac ki SeuZlia

ubedurebis datrialeba. kargad

iciT, ssrk teritoria dafarulia

atomuri elsadgurebiT, Termo-

birTvuli, qimiuri, biologiuri

iaraRis qarxnebiTa da sawyobebiT.

sakmarisia romelime maTganis afe-

Tqeba da ra mohyveba amas, rei bre-

dberic ver warmoidgens. yvelafe-

ri rogorc xalxis, ise mTavrobis

keTilgonierebazea damokidebuli.

orive mxarem Tanabrad unda gaigos

dRevandeli istoriuli procesis

moTxovnileba: yoveli xalxi Ta-

visufali da damoukidebeli unda

iyos. am procesis xelis SeSla da-

marcxebisaTvis aris ganwiruli.

amitom mas xeli unda Seuwyo da win

ar gadaeRobo. xelis SeSla pro-

cess ver SeaCerebs, msxverpls ki

gamoiwvevs. amis sruli gacnobie-

reba aucilebelia xalxisTvisac da

xelisuflebisTvisac.

davakvirdeT saqarTvelos konkre-

tul magaliTs.

daiSala saqarTvelos komkavSi-

ri. aman qarTveli axalgazrdobis

sixaruli gamoiwvia. magram rogor

Sexvdeba mas araqarTveli ymawvi-

lkacoba? afxazebi, osebi, rusebi

ueWvelia ruseTis komkavSirs Seu-

erTdebian. cxadia, amas uaxloesi

momavali gviCvenebs, magram, Cemi

azriT, dResac darwmunebuli unda

viyoT, rom es ase moxdeba. azerbai-

janelebi da somxebi, albaT, amjo-

bineben azerbaijanisa da somxeTis

komkavSirs SeuerTdnen. Tumca arc

is aris gamoricxuli, rom maTac

ruseTis komkavSiri airCion. am

saqmeSi metad aqtiurad Caerevian

moskovis emisrebic.

maSasadame, erovnuli niSnis mi-

xedviT, saqarTvelos axalgazrdo-

ba gaiyofa.

uaxloes xanebSi saqarTvelos ko-

munisturi partiis yriloba Catar-

deba. Tu saerTo tendencias gavi-

TvaliswinebT, maSin saqarTvelos

kompartia gamoeyofa skkp-s. Tu ase

moxdeba, arc aq aris araferi sa-

eWvo, rom afxazTa da osTa partiu-

li organizaciebi darCebian skkp-Si

da ara saqarTvelos kompartiaSi.

ras izamen azerbaijanelebi, ruse-

bi, somxebi? ufro is aris savarau-

debeli, rom isinic skkp-Si yofnas

amjobineben.

maSasadame, partiuli da erovnu-

li niSniT, saqarTvelos mosaxleo-

bas gayofa elis.

Tumca ra dasamalia da qarTve-

loba ukve gayofilia. qarTuli

erovnuli moZraobis partiebisa da

organizaciebis gverdiT ukve ar-

sebobs social-demokratiuli par-

tia, organizacia „stalini“, iqmneba

(Tu ukve Camoyalibebuli ar aris)

leninur-stalinuri bolSevikuri

partia (1936 wlis konstituciis

platformaze).

yvelaferi es uTuod da uTum-

caod metyvelebs erovnuli moZra-

obis yvela organizaciisa da par-

tiis gaerTianebis aucileblobas,

erTiani, yvelasaTvis savaldebu-

lo, erovnuli politikis Camoya-

libebis gardauvalobas.

1989 wlis cnobebis mixedviT, sa-

qarTveloSi sul 5 milion 400841

kaci cxovrobs. aqedan qarTveli 3

milion 787393 adamiania (gaz. „ko-

munisti“, 1990 w., 24 marti). danar-

Cen erT milion 613248 araqarTvels

mkafiod, gasagebad, damajereblad

unda vuTxraT: qarTuli erovnu-

li moZraoba ar emuqreba arc erTi

araqarTvelis erovnul uflebas,

Rirsebas, Tavisuflebas, damouki-

debel, Tavisufal saqarTveloSi

maT eqnebaT yvela is ufleba, rac

qarTvel moqalaqes. qarTveli xal-

xi saukuneebis manZilze cxovrob-

da erovnuli diskriminaciis piro-

bebSi. man kargad icis, ras niSnavs

esei

cxeli Sokoladi 73

es. amitom igi arasodes gaimetebs

sxvas Cagvrisa da damcirebisaTvis.

Tamaris samefoSi mTeli amierka-

vkasia da nawilobriv Crdilo ka-

vkasiac iyo gaerTianebuli. ramde-

nadac vici, arc erT imdroindel

mematianes (arc qarTvels da arc

somexs, arc arabsa da arc spar-

sels) ar dauCivlia, ar dauweria da

uTqvams _ saqarTveloSi religiu-

rad an erovnulad romelime xal-

xi iCagrebodao. Tuki XII saukuneSi

movZebneT Tanacxovrebis forma da

ena, me-20 saukunis bolos ra Rmer-

Ti unda gagviwyres, rom es ver mo-

vaxerxoT?!

dRevandel viTarebaSi gadaude-

blad mosagvarebelia problema:

saqarTvelos araqarTulma mosa-

xleobam mxari dauWiros qarTul

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel mo-

Zraobas. es im SemTxvevaSi gaxdeba

SesaZlebeli, Tu azerbaijanelebs,

kidebeli saqarTvelo mowyobili

politikur-administraciuli da

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.

saqarTvelo administraciulad,

misi istoriuli provinciebis mi-

xedviT, olqebad unda daiyos (qar-

Tlis, kaxeTis, guriis, samegrelos

da a.S. olqebi). roca rusTavelis

sazogadoebis regionaluri organi-

zaciebis amgvari dayofa movindo-

meT, aman seriozuli winaaRmdegoba

gamoiwvia. kuTxur gankerZoebulo-

bas Seuwyobso xels _ SeeSindaT.

es me sayuradRebo argumentad ar

mimaCnia. jer erTi imitom, rom Tu

Cven me-20 saukunis bolos erTia-

ni erovnuli cnobiereba ar gvaqvs,

maSin daRupula Cveni saqme da es

aris. meorec imitom, rom Tana-

medrove ekonomikuri sistema am

gankerZoebulobis araviTar sa-

Sualebas ar iZleva. piriqiT, er-

Tianobas moiTxovs. amis Cinebuli

im olqebSi, sadac qarTuli mo-

saxleobis gverdiT cxovrobs ara-

qarTulic, araqarTul mosaxleo-

bas unda mieniWos sruli erovnuli

TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba.

ra principebiT da kanonebiT mo-

qmedebs erovnuli TviTmmarTve-

loba, es unda SemuSavdes qarTuli

erovnuli moZraobisa da araqar-

Tuli mosaxleobis warmomadgenel-

Ta erToblivi SeTanxmebiT.

saqarTvelos politikur-admi-

nistraciuli principis saswrafo

damuSaveba imitomac mimaCnia au-

cileblad, rom amJamad moskovSi,

am kuTxiT rogorc mTel ssrk, ise

mokavSire respublikebis mowyobis

nair-nairi variantebi muSavdeba. ma-

galiTad, vinme boltenkova, mosko-

vSi, sul axlaxan gamocemul wign-

Si _ „Межнациональные отношения в перспективе“ _ gvimtkicebs, mokav-

Sors ar aris is dRe, roca qarTvelma xelisufalmac unda Tqvas: Cven ar wavalT

moskovSi. amisaTvis Seqmnil viTarebas fxizlad unda SevxedoT. yvelaferi zustad

gavTvaloT. is winaaRmdegobebi naTlad gaviTvaliswinoT, rac Tavisuflebisaken

mimaval gzaze gadagveRobeba. marTalia, Secdomisagan kaci arasodes aris

dazRveuli, magram Cven Cveni xeli saqmes ar unda davakloT.

afxazebs, berZnebs, osebs, rusebs,

somxebs, qurTebs da sxvebs ecodi-

nebaT, rogoria qarTuli erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis na-

cionaluri politika. deklaraciis

saxiT, dauyovnebliv unda gamocxa-

ddes erovnuli politikis ZiriTa-

di principebi, SemuSavebuli yvela

qarTuli partiisa da organizaciis

mier. mieces saTanado axsna-ganmar-

teba, movisminoT araqarTuli mo-

saxleobis azri. Cven unda vicodeT

mkafiod da utyuarad _ vis uWers

mxars saqarTvelos araqarTuli

mosaxleoba, qarTul erovnul-gan-

maTavisuflebel moZraobas Tu mis

mowinaaRmdege Zalas.

amis garkveva didad aris damoki-

debuli imaze, rogor iqneba damou-

magaliTi germaniis federaciuli

respublikaa. iqac istoriuli pro-

vinciebis mixedviT aris adminis-

traciulad qveyana dayofili. Cven

SegviZlia am gamocdilebis Seswa-

vla da gamoyeneba (amgvari azri ir.

Sengelaiasac aqvs gamoTqmuli).

yovel administraciul erTeuls

didi TviTmmarTveluri uflebebi

unda mieces. isini ar unda iyvnen

mTlianad saqarTvelos mTavrobaze

damokidebuli. saqarTvelo warmo-

midgenia respublikad, romelsac

prezidenti marTavs. Cemi varau-

diT, saqarTvelos prezidents ise-

Tive uflebebi unda hqondes, rac

safrangeTis prezidents aqvs. aq

safrangeTis gamocdileba SeiZle-

boda gagveziarebina.

Sire respublikebis statusi saer-

Tod ar unda arsebobdeso. vTqvaT,

amierkavkasiaSi azerbaijani, saqar-

Tvelo, somxeTi ki ar unda iyvnen,

rogorc saxelmwifo erTeulebi,

aramed amierkavkasias unda erqvas

Закавказский край, sadac yvela mo-

saxle ers Tanabari social-eko-

nomikuri, politikur-kulturuli

uflebani eqnebaT. aseve baltiis-

pireTSi estoneTi, latvia, litva

ki ar unda figurirebdnen, aramed

maTi saerTo saxeli Прибалтийский край. roca yvela erovnuli saxel-

mwifoebrioba moiSleba, maSin ero-

vnuli SuRlic aRar iqnebao, _ gva-

rwmunebs boltenkova.

arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom

Tavad kremlSi karga xania gacxo-

esei

74 cxeli Sokoladi

velebuli saubaria sabWouri fe-

deraciis axlebur formaze, axal

samokavSireo xelSekrulebaze. am

bolo dros gansakuTrebiT daCqar-

da am kanonebis SemuSaveba-ganxil-

va. marTalia, es kanonproeqti jer

sabolood miRebul-damtkicebuli

ar aris, magram sruliad dabejiTe-

biT winaswar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

saqarTvelom igi unda uaryos.

ratom?

kanonproeqti iTvaliswinebs sa-

erTo saxalxo referendumis Cata-

rebas. referendumma unda gadawyvi-

tos, surs Tu ara ama Tu im mokavSire

respublikas ssrk-dan gasvla. Tu

referendumi daadasturebs gasvlis

survils, mere igi unda ganixilos

ssrk-is saxalxo deputatTa yrilo-

bam. yriloba uflebamosilia dae-

Tanxmos an ar daeTanxmos saxalxo

referendumis gadawyvetilebas. Tu

yriloba daeTanxmeba saxalxo refe-

rendumis gadawyvetilebas, mokavSi-

re respublika gava ssrk-dan. Tu ar

daeTanxmeba, ver gava.

ra gamodis? mTeli eris survil-

sa da gadawyvetilebaze maRla dgas

yrilobis Tanxmoba an arTanxmoba.

qarTveli an romelime sxva xal-

xis miswrafeba Tavisuflebisaken

SeuZlia Caklas erovnulad Wreli

Semadgenlobis yrilobam. qarTveli

xalxi ki ar aris gadamwyveti Tavi-

si bedis, aramed romelime CuvaSis

an udmurtis xma. iseve, rogorc

romelime qarTveli deputatis xmas

SeuZlia daabrkolos imave CuvaSis

da udmurtis Tavisuflebis saqme.

meore, rasac kanonproeqti iTxo-

vs, gaxlavT is, rom ama Tu im moka-

vSire respublikis avtonomiur

erTeulebs ufleba eqnebaT Tavad

gadawyviton sad darCnen _ im res-

publikaSi, romelic ssrk-dan gadis

Tu ssrk-Si. e.i. avtonomiuri er-

Teulebi calke atareben referen-

dums da ara mokavSire respublikis

mTel mosaxleobasTan erTad.

garegnulad es ise gamoiyureba,

TiTqos erTa Tanasworuflebiano-

bas iTvaliswinebdes, namdvilad ki

mokavSire respublikis Zireul mo-

saxleobas yvela uflebas arTmevs.

saqarTvelos bedis gadawyveta qar-

Tvel xalxze ki ar aris damokide-

buli, aramed afxazeTis assr-sa da

samxreT oseTis ao-ze. Tu qarTve-

li xalxi moisurvebs ssrk-dan gas-

vlas, xolo afxazeTis assr da sa-

mxreT oseTis ao ssrk-Si darCenas,

saqarTvelo kargavs am miwa-wyals.

amas emateba isic, rom ama Tu im

mokavSire respublikaSi kompaqtu-

rad dasaxlebul sxvadasxva xalxs

SeuZlia gamoxatos Tavisi neba da

scnos an ara mizanSewonilad mokav-

Sire respublikis gasvla ssrk-dan.

Sens erTaderT sacxovrisSi, Sens

istoriul samSobloSi rom yvela

uflebas CamogarTmeven, es Turme

xalxTa Tanasworuflebianoba yo-

fila.

sainteresoa, ras ityodnen axa-

li samokavSireo xelSekrulebis

avtorebi, maTTvis vinmes rom Se-

eTavazebina kanoni, romlis Tanax-

mad saxlis yidva-gayidva patronis

ufleba ki ar ariso, aramed _ mdg-

muris. amaSic Tanasworuflebiano-

bas dainaxavdnen?

kuluarebSi bevrs laparakobdnen

imaze, rom axali samokavSireo xel-

Sekruleba unificirebuli ar iq-

neba. igi mokavSireobis problemas

diferencirebulad miudgeba. yve-

la mokavSire respublikas ufleba

mieniWeba sakuTari Sexedulebisa-

mebr dados axali xelSekruleba.

laparaki laparakad darCa. araferi

amgvari kanonproeqtSi ar aris.


esei

cxeli Sokoladi 75

URBAN TRIBE`me var poeti-jedai~

daviT-defi gogibedaSvili

`dari duri

dari duri

dari daralee~

xalxuri

kavkasiuri `betonis jungle-

bSi~ arsebobisas Zalauneburad

iwyeb fiqrs pirovnuli gadarCe-

nis strategiebze, xSirad es spon-

tanuri da gauazrebeli procesia,

magram yvela SemTxvevaSi sasowa-

rkveTilad mimarTulia mentalu-

ri da fizikuri gadarCenisken da

Tu jizasis stilistikiT vityviT,

_ vai maT, vinc araefeqtur stra-

tegias airCevs. SeiZleba saqar-

Tvelom moipova damoukidebloba

1989-Si, magram pirovnuli Tavi-

suflebis mosapoveblad dResac

agrZelebs brZolas. mTeli `sxva

saqarTvelo~ sigaretis boliT

damZimebul oTaxebsa da sabWoTa

TreSiT gavsebul fantomur qala-

qebSi. Sesabamisad, am junglebSi

arsebobs Temuri wyobilebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli gemrieli to-

mobrivi sistema da yoveli tomi

Tavisi totemebiT da meTodebiT

ibrZvis, saboloo jamSi, rogorc

Cans _ gadarCenisTvis.

Cemi tomi, iseve rogorc sxva

axalgazrda tomebi, SedarebiT

axalia am qaotur, ierarqiul sis-

temaSi da formirdeba iseT dros,

roca ar arsebobs masala formi-

rebisTvis, xolo Zveli berZenis

opiumnarevi sityvebi _ `momeciT

sayrdeni da me amovatrialeb mso-

esei

mSobliuri Sizoanu paTetikuri teqsti sakuTari nihilizmis

an (SeiZleba) sizarmacis gasamarTleblad

avtori: zura jiSkariani

76 cxeli Sokoladi

flios~ _ sakmaod aqtualuri Temaa

da Zalian hgavs Cveni tomebis di-

lis bodvebs, gansakuTrebiT iafi

sasmelebis (romlebic gaZvirda) da

ormag fasSi nayidi eqstazis mox-

marebis meore dRes, roca rTulia

patriotizmi, xolo `guli Zgers,

guli, guli Zgers...~ rogorc aqe-

dan mixvdebodiT, axalgazrda to-

mebi gadarCenis radikalur meTo-

debsac ki mimarTaven xolme, da

erT-erTi aseTi Cveni sayvareli

meTodia informacia, `Wkviani wig-

nebi~: fsiqologiuri literatura,

rogorc mentaluri iaraRi sakuTa-

ri, erTaderTi da Zvirfasi tvinis

profilaqtikisTvis. tvinis profi-

laqtika ki Cemi tomis sayvareli

meTodia.

Cven gvainteresebs pirovnuli

drama rogorc performansi, stre-

sis qveS myofi neironebis Teatri,

romelic iwvis, qalaqis Tavisufa-

li binebis ruka (droebiTi avto-

nomiuri zonebi), Tavisufali seqsi

da Cumi CaTlaxuri (kulturuli)

Canafiqrebi. ori sityviT, is, rasac

eZaxian ontologiur anarqizms.

Cven naklebad gvjera, rom socia-

luri aqtivoba bananis respublika-

Si imdenad efeqturi SeiZleba iyos,

rom megobarTan cxeli Cais dale-

vas (`Star Wars~-is yurebas, sawol-

Si Cagorebas, saTevzaod wasvlas,

kompiuteris TamaSs) saprotesto

aqciaze wasvla arCio. SeiZleba es

nihilizmia, da dae iyos, Tu am Se-

mTxvevaSi, nihilizmi wamlis is pa-

tara dozaa, romelic kurnavs to-

taluri Sizofreniisgan. (waikiTxe:

romelsac bariga morfeusi aZlevs

axalgazrda haker neos `matricis~

pirvel seriaSi) swored Sizofre-

niaze vilaparakebT qveviT.

ormagi Setyobineba, anu

àmisTana bednieri gana

aris sadme~...

`mkvdari ukve me aris~

spandera

ìdeologia aris Sizofrenia~

gi debori

ra akavSirebs erTmaneTTan pre-

zidents, agvistos omis droindel

mis paTosur gamosvlebs da kadre-

bs, sadac is isterikamdea SeSinebu-

li, helouinis darbevis videos da

ganrisxebul mRvdlebs, kviris wir-

vebis kacTmoyvare ritorikas, qar-

Tul Jurnalistikas da samyaros,

romelSic vcxovrobT?

kavSiri am urTierTsawinaaRmde-

go movlenebs Soris negatiuria da

hqvia simulakri (imedia, filoso-

fosi gogoebi da biWebi mapatieben

am erTob uxamsi da Tavze lafdasx-

muli sityvis xmarebas). es kavSiri

aris Cavardnili propaganda, rea-

lobis kolafsi.

ìmedis~ cnobili siuJeti realo-

bis gaqrobis umaRlesi pilotaJi

iyo. Cven bileTebi mogvces media

jadoqrobis, komunikaciuri Savi

magiis ritualze dasaswrebad da

gvanaxes, rogor xdeba yalbi rea-

lobis fabrikacia. TiTqos cota

xniT aRmovCndi uzarmazar qarxana-

Si, sadac brma deidebi da biZiebi

àkeTeben~ samyaros, romelSic Cven

vcxovrobT. me mgoni es am gadace-

mis erTaderTi plusi iyo. `qro-

nikam~ moaxerxa da qarTulenovan

masobriv sistemebSi uwyvetad mi-

mdinare Sizofreniis yoveldRiur

dozas ramdenjerme gadaaWarba,

aseTi IL propagandistuli over-

dozi ki SeuZlebelia ukvalod

gaqres. axla ki mivubrundeT pir-

vel abzacSi dasmul ritorikul

kiTxvebs. minda, cota gavxalisdeT

da Tqveni yuradReba erT saintere-

so faqtze SevaCero, romelic, ukve

didi xania, daJinebuli sijiutiT

meordeba Cveni naciis sakomunika-

cio sistemebSi da eTnofsiqiatre-

bis saTuT yuradRebas elodeba.

Sizofreniis TeoriaSi arsebobs

Zalian saintereso termini Double Bind ormagi Setyobineba, es aris

mdgomareoba, romelsac erTi ada-

miani gacnobierebulad Tu gauc-

nobiereblad iwvevs meoreSi da

romlis drosac meores aRar rCeba

Sansi, gaakeTos swori arCevani. or-

magi Setyobinebaa, roca avtorite-

ti (mag. deda) eubneba Svils: `gibr-

Zaneb, ar Seasrulo Cemi brZanebebi~.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, Svilis nebismieri

arCevani mcdaria da iwvevs avtori-

tetuli pirovnebis agresias. Sesa-

bamisad, adamiani, romelmac orma-

gi Setyobineba miiRo, ibneva, ver

akeTebs swor arCevans. Tu ormagi

Setyobinebebis nakadi xangrZlivi

periodis ganmavlobaSi meordeba,

adamiani saerTod kargavs sakuTar

nebas, uWirs damoukideblad azro-

vneba, realobis adekvaturi aRqma.

amxanagi gregori beiTsoni, òrmagi

Setyobinebis~ avtori miiCnevs, rom

ormagi Setyobinebebi Sizofre-

niis gamomwvevi mTavari mizezia.

ar aris aucilebeli, aseTi Setyo-

bineba maincdamainc teqstis saxiT

arsebobdes. nebismier komunikacias

ramdenime logikuri done aqvs, da

Tu am doneebs Soris SeuTavseblo-

baa, e.i. saxezea ormagi Setyobineba

(cota uxeSi magaliTi: prezidenti

ambobs, rom omi movigeT da bed-

nierebi unda viyoT, saxeze ki feri

ar adevs; an popularuli telearxi

acxadebs, rom ruseTma dabomba ae-

roporti. Tqven ki fanjridan xe-

davT, rom aeroporti adgilzea da

ar iciT, ras daujeroT _ sakuTar

Tvalebs Tu masmedias). ormagi Se-

tyobinebis Teoriis axali danama-

tia _ sammagi Setyobineba, romelic

Cndeba xolme Zalauflebriv stru-

qturebTan an adamianebTan komu-

nikaciis Semdeg. magaliTad, Tu

mTavroba acxadebs, rom sityvis Ta-

visufleba misi umTavresi miRweva

da sazrunavia, Tqven didi yoymanis

Semdeg gamodixarT da am Tavisufa-

li sityvis gamoyenebiT akritikebT

Zalauflebas, xolo amis sapasuxod

gesmiT, rom aseT dros sityvis Ta-

visuflebis gamoyeneba Ralatia da

es isjeba _ ai, es aris sammagi Se-

tyobineba. ai, es aris Sizofreniis

namdvili didi muSti, romelic Te-

savs konspirologiur paranoias,

rogorc marTvis sistemas gabrue-

buli tvinebis fxvier niadagze.

axla dafiqrdiT da gaixseneT

saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria _

esei

cxeli Sokoladi 77

politikuri debatebi, mTeli mas-

mediuri TreSis terabaitebi, rac

ki am xnis ganmavlobaSi giWamiaT.

gaixseneT da SeecadeT, ipovoT am

kadrebSi ormagi Setyobinebis ni-

muSebi. nu SegeSindebaT, rom Cve-

ni ormagi Setyobinebebis dRiuri

doza bevrad aRemateba Sizofre-

niuli riskis saSualo maCvenebels.

roca erTsa da imave gadacemaSi

ori politikosi agresiuli saso-

warkveTilebiT amtkicebs or Seu-

Tavsebel rames da Tavisi versiis

dasadastureblad orive (!) `flo-

bs~ specialur dokumentacias da

wonian mtkicebulebebs _ ormagi

Setyobinebebis garda, adgili aqvs

realobis speqtaklad qcevas, vir-

tualizacias da Tu es `realoba~

amavdroulad mayureblis cocxa-

li nawilia, gamodis, rom yvela _

ekrans iqiT, ekrans aqeT _ mTeli

qveyana gadaqceulia virtualur,

simulaciur TamaSad. am gaugebro-

baSi moxvedrili yvela adamiani

Sizofreniuli spamis generatori

xdeba, daClungebuli `Tavisufali~

nebiT. yvelas Tavisi matrica aqvs.

`gixaroden, gixaroden, mzem Rru-

blebi gadadeeenaaaa~...

taqtikuri media Tu

taqtikuri realoba?

taqtikuri media mis pirvel mani-

festSi aRwerilia rogorc `krizi-

sis, kritikisa da opoziciis media~.

es oficialuri tvinisrecxvis wi-

naaRmdeg alternatiuli, damou-

kidebeli informaciuli `mauwye-

blobebis~ praqtikaa. teqnikurad

nebismieri taqtikuri media efuZ-

neba iaffasian an ufaso teqnolo-

giebs, rac patara saSualebas mainc

iZleva didi mediebis (waikiTxe:

realobis oficialuri versiis)

winaaRmdeg sakuTari tribunis Se-

saqmnelad. TiTqos saqarTveloSi

uamravi mizezi arsebobs taqtikuri

mediis arsebobisTvis, magram sa-

boloo jamSi, rac gvaqvs, es aris

ramdenime blogi da ramdenime ada-

miani, vinc adekvatur da droul

reaqcias amJRavnebs garemos cvli-

lebebze. igive situaciaa qarTul

artSic, romlis warmomadgenelTa

Zalian didi nawili dakavebulia an

zogadi xasiaTis masturbaciiT an

iaffasiani saxelmwifo propagandis

konveieriT (patriotuli klipebi

da videoebi, mTavrobis an opozi-

ciis mxardamWeri rok an saestrado

koncertebi da a.S.), saboloo jamSi

grovdeba tonobiT kitCi, rac 5-6

wlis Semdeg, darwmunebuli var,

iseTive sasacilo TreSi iqneba,

rogorc SevardnaZis droindeli

oficialuri qarTuli pop-kul-

tura. magram vinc ar Tvlis Tavs

pop-kulturul botad (specialu-

ri programa, romelic dawerilia

erTi funqciis Sesasruleblad)

,mag. qarTveli pankebi, ras akeTe-

ben dRes? bolo mini pank-festiva-

li, romelic DVD-zec ki gamovida,

mourideblad patriotul-naciona-

luri deviziT Catarda: `pativi eci

Sens ers, imRere qarTul enaze~,

riT gansxvavdeba leqsenis diskur-

sisgan? TiTqos aravis araferi aqvs

saTqmeli. erekle deisaZem Tavi-

si protesti (rogor SemaZules es

sityva) zumbas àfxazeTos~ nihi-

listuri pank-versiis SesrulebiT

rom gamoxata, lamis fexqveS gaig-

des qarTvelma patriotma, mili-

taristma pank-rokerebma (ormagi

Setyobinebis adamianebi). Semdeg

pank-rok festivals albaT erqmeva

`vazis naJuri~ an `mokali rusi~.

aqtualuri artis ase mcire

doziT arseboba yvelganmyofis

ormagi Setyobinebis TvalsaCino

Sedegia. amas emateba memarjvene

militaristuli diskursi da kon-

servatoruli azrovnebis tota-

luri mefoba, yoveldRiuri eko-

nomikuri problemebis siuxve da

sazogadoebis totaluri konfor-

mizmi, romelic SeiZleba ubralo

daRlilobiTac ki aris gamowveu-

li. es foni Zalian mouxerxebeli

samoqmedo arealia nebismieri me-

marcxene kritikuli artisTvis,

Tu aqtivobisTvis da, amavdrou-

lad, zRva masala da mizezi am

artis sakeTeblad. Tumca para-

noidaluri Sizofrenia imdenad

areulia yvela sferosa da infor-

maciul nakadSi, rom rTulia kla-

sikuri kritikiT saWiro efeqtis

miRweva. mag. telearxi `maestro~

an `kavkasia~ xSirad imdenad ara-

profesionaluri da DIY taqtikiT

moqmedebs, rom SeiZleba taqtiku-

ri mediis karg magaliTad gamod-

ges, magram maTi miznebi absolu-

turad gansxvavebulia nebismieri

media-ninZas miznebisgan, igivea

qarTuli mitingebis, samoqalaqo

daumorCileblobis da `revolu-

ciebis~ rigi taqtikebi, romlebic

aSkarad memarcxenuli `warmoSo-

bisaa~, magram memarjvene miznebiT

da mesijebiT ikvebeba. am qaotur

garemoSi martivia, liberalurma

aqtivistma sakuTari Tavi ultra-

memarjvene militaristis gverdiT

aRmoaCinos, rogorc es Tundac

ìmedis~ protestis dros moxda.

Sesabamisad, sakuTari `tribunis~,

xmis ararsebobis gamo (Tu am tri-

bunas ar SemovsazRvravT mxolod

socialuri qseliT internetSi),

kritikuli azri tradiciulad (ix.

mixako wereTeli) sustia gurjis-

tanSi da Zalauneburad daTmobaze

midis nebismier avtoritarul, Si-

zo-paranoidul diskursTan, rome-

lic uxvad iRvreba teleyuTidan.

erTi mxriv, socialuri media

`Zlierdeba~, moviyvan dodi xare-

lis (Dodka.ge) frazas feisbuqidan:

ìmedTan~ dakavSirebiT upreceden-

to faqti moxda qarTul socialur

mediaSi. garda ganxilvebisa, blo-

gebze dawerili uamravi posti-

sa, forumebs da aqaurobas aRarc

vTvli, soc. mediis saSualebiT mo-

xda aqciebis organizeba da arxis

direqtormac ki gancxadeba feis-

buqis saSualebiT gaakeTa~.

es marTla uprecedento situ-

aciaa saqarTvelosTvis, magram

informaciuli teqnologiebis

sinaTlis siCqariT gavrcelebis

pirobebSi sakmaod bunebrivicaa

samoqalaqo internet aqtivo-

ba (Tundac forumis saSualebiT

sakuTari azrebis dafiqsireba).

esei

78 cxeli Sokoladi

Tumca gacilebiT saintereso iqne-

ba kritikuli, antiavtoritaruli

media an calkeuli subieqti (ro-

melic Tavis mxriv mono-mediaa),

romelic seriozuli travmebis

gareSe SeZlebs ormagi Setyobi-

nebebis eTnofsiqiatriul sfero-

Si operirebas. taqtikuri media

(romelic aucileblad gulisxmo-

bs soc.medias da dafuZnebulia

masze) ufro met dros uTmobs

Zalauflebrivi, manipulaciuri

mesijebis gamovlenas, speqtaklis

TvalTvals sxvadasxva kuTxidan,

saidanac misi absurduloba Cans.

is axerxebs Ripiani politikuri

Waobis winaaRmdeg axalgazrduli

energiis da ulimito protestis

ramdenime muStSi mogrovebas. ma-

gram rogor SeiZleba pozitiu-

ri axalgazrduli energiis kon-

centracia sazogadoebaSi, sadac

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi

nebismieri `pozitiuri~ wamowyeba

iyo gabrazebuli masebis griali

parlamentis SenobasTan, tyuili

dapirebebi, zemodan inscenire-

buli speqtaklebi, nacionaluri

TreSisa da cru idealebis zeimi?

yvela mitingi, yoveli revolucia

ìmedis~ siuJetisnairi speqtakli

iyo (ubralod im speqtaklebis

mere aravis uTqvams, rom es iyo

modelireba). da ramdenadac yo-

veldRiuri cxovrebis virtuali-

zacia Cveni cnobierebis iseTive

`cocxali~ nawilia rogorc Sim-

Silis grZnoba _ es absurdis spe-

qtaklebi Cveni piradi istoriis

(zogjer mrwamsis da imedebis) or-

ganuli nawili gaxda.

zustad aq minda isev vaxseno

socialuri nihilizmi, romelic

xSirad bunebrivi reaqciaa aseT

unebisyofo da gamanadgurebel ga-

remoze. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs ra-

mdenime saxis nihilizmi, da taqti-

kuri mediis ararsebobis erT-erTi

mizezi swored aseTi nihilizmia,

romelic Cems Taobas axasiaTebs.

am SemTxvevaSi, Cven da Cveni tomebi

arsebobis gansakuTrebul riTmze

gadavediT, romelic mxolod pa-

siur amboxs gulisxmobs _ pro-

tests cxovrebis stiliT, gulu-

bryvilo imedis da rwmenis gareSe

socialur cvlilebebSi.

Cveni nihilizmi gansxvavdeba sxva

zarmaci moqalaqis religiuri pro-

testisgan, an paranoiduli agre-

siisgan, an opoziciuri ritorikis-

gan.

Cveni nihilizmi pasiuri samoqa-

laqo daumorCileblobaa, uaria

speqtaklSi monawileobaze, piradi

cxovrebis ufro meti SinaarsiT

datvirTvis xarjze.

Cveni nihilizmi sakuTari komu-

nikaciuri sistemebis mSeneblobaa,

mTvrali mogzauroba xruSCovkebi-

dan xruSCovkebSi, Cven gvafrTxo-

bs, magram amavdroulad mogvwons

sakuTari Tavis aRqma virusad,

romelic ar ekuTvnis mocemul

sxeuls, ormag Setyobinebebs Cven

vebrZviT Tavisufali siyvaruliT,

artiT da TviTganaTlebiT inter-

netSi.

Cven yvelas wasvla gvinda am

qveynidan, imitom, rom ar gvjera

momavlis, imitom, rom ar gvjera

tyuilebis da CvenTvis calkeu-

li megobris, individis cxovreba

gacilebiT saintereso da gulis

amaCuyebelia, vidre nebismieri

ideologiuri fiqcia an valdebu-

leba, romelsac Tavs gvaxvevs `sa-

mSoblo~, romelsac arasodes ar

gaukeTebia CvenTvis rame `kargi~.

Cveni nihilizmi Sizofreniis ga-

daxarSvis wamalia. da Tu dRes an

xval Cven mainc gadavalT taqtiku-

ri realobidan taqtikur mediaze,

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar dagvaviwy-

deba, rom `mizani sistemis gaumjo-

beseba ki ara, misi mwyobridan ga-

moyvanaa. Tu virusad grZnob Tavs,

ratom unda gadardebdes is, rom

morig bags waawydi? `<©> daviT

makariZe [http://www.22111965.blogs-pot.com/]

imitom, rom: àraferi icvleba,

erT wreze vtrialebT da ase gagr-

Zeldeba usasrulod, Tavisi samo-

qalaqo dapirispirebebiT, areulo-

bebiT, tvinis recxvebiT, masobrivi

SizofreniiT, SiSebiT da mesianuri

ideebiT Sepyrobili prezidentebis

arCeviT, patriotizmis Tavze mo-

xveviT, militarizmis qadagebiT da

mogebuli, magram wagebuli omebiT.

mokled, dRes cud xasiaTze var:]~

<©> naja orasaki [nawyveti Zveli

iaponuri papirusebidan]

ìmedis~ cnobili siuJeti realobis gaqrobis umaRlesi

pilotaJi iyo. Cven bileTebi mogvces media jadoqrobis,

komunikaciuri Savi magiis ritualze dasaswrebad da

gvanaxes, rogor xdeba yalbi realobis fabrikacia.

esei

cxeli Sokoladi 79

saavtoro

butoviavtori: levan berZeniSvili


Savi zRvis margaliti, SesaniSnavi

qalaqi odesa XIV saukunis bolos

daaarsa litvis didma mTavarma vi-

tovtma. male osmanebma daipyres.

maSin mas xajibei, an polonurad

koCubei, erqva. osmanebma es dasax-

lebuli punqti edisanis provincia-

Si Seitanes. meTvramete saukuneSi

Turqebma xajibeiSi cixe-simagre

xelaxla aaSenes da mas eni-dunia

uwodes. xajibei maSin silistris

provinciis sanjayis centri iyo.

ekaterines mecadineobiT, ruseTma

SemoierTa es teritoriebi da ode-

sa „axali ruseTis~ anu novorosiis

did saporto qalaqad Camoyalib-

da. erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi igi

ruseTis imperiis sididiT meoTxe

qalaqi gaxda peterburgis, mosko-

visa da varSavis Semdeg.

sxva tradiciebTan erTad, odesa

saxelganTqmuli iyo babelis mier

romantizebuli damnaSaveTa sa-

myaroTi, ebrauli saTvistomoTi,

yvela epoqis politikuri anekdo-

tebiT, moqalaqeTa frondioro-

biT, Tavisuflebisadmi SesamCnevi

ltolviT da, Sesabamisad, disiden-

tebis mravalricxovani saxelebiT.

Cvens zonaSi am SesaniSnav qalaqs

Rirseulad warmoadgenda Teore-

tikosi fizikosi petre butovi. igi

1982 wlis 10 Tebervals iyo dapa-

timrebuli da odesis saolqo sasa-

marTlos mier 5 weli banaki da 2

weli gadasaxleba hqonda misjili.

petre butovis damsaxureba disi-

denturi istoriis winaSe uzarma-

zaria: man viaCeslav igrunovisgan

Caibara, gazarda da istoriis mo-

napovari gaxada sabWoTa iatakqve-

SeTis saocreba, `samizdatisa~ Tu

`tamizdatis~ produqtebisgan Se-

mdgari antisabWoTa literaturis

veeberTela biblioTeka. ra ar iyo

am biblioTekaSi: solJenicinidan

da saxarovidan dawyebuli bul-

gakoviT, platonoviT, zamiatini-

Ta Tu pasternakiT damTavrebuli,

„mimdinare movlenaTa qronikidan~

dawyebuli da „litvis kaToliku-

ri eklesiis qronikebiT~ damTavre-

buli, oruelis 1984-iT dawyebu-

li da amalrikis „gaZlebs Tu ara

ssrk 1984 wlamde~ damTavrebuli,

maqsimoviseuli Jurnal „kontinen-

tiT~ dawyebuli da rusi solida-

ristebis saxalxo-SromiTi kavSi-

ris JurnaliT, saxelganTqmuli

„poseviT~damTavrebuli.

sabWoTa istoriis manZilze aseTi

iatakqveSa biblioTekebi sul sami

yofila: moskovis, peterburgisa da

odesis. saerTo aRiarebiT, yvelaze

didi yofila odesis biblioTeka,

romelSic 20 000-ze meti dasaxele-

bis TiTqmis 30 000 beWdviTi erTeu-

li (wigni, Jurnali, gazeTi, plaka-

ti da a.S.) da 20 000 mikrofilmi

80 cxeli Sokoladi

cema iyo imdroindeli mxatvruli,

politikuri da sazogadoebrivi

azris kvintesencia.

iatakqveSa biblioTekam butovis

xelSi TiTqmis aT weliwads iar-

seba, igi aTasobiT adamians ise

moemsaxura, rom Tavis arsebobas

safrTxe ar Seuqmna. butovi Sesa-

niSnavi direqtori iyo, brwyinvale

menejeri da administratori: sanam

Tavisufali iyo, biblioTeka yvao-

da da izrdeboda. aseve izrdebo-

da misi saxeli da dideba, odesis

biblioTekaze ukve miTebi iqmnebo-

da da es iqneboda imis SesaniSnavi

ilustracia, Tu risi gakeTeba Seu-

ZliaT adamianebs Tundac `borote-

bis imperiaSi~. samwuxarod, odesis

legendaruli biblioTeka iseve ga-

nadgurda cecxlSi, rogorc amave

qalaqis legendaruli sazafxulo

Teatri: butovis dapatimrebis Se-

mdeg umadurma Cekistebma samxree-

bze TiTo varskvlavi daimates da

mTeli odesuri biblioTeka mos-

pes. butovi xumrobda, _ Cemma wi-

namorbedma biblioTekarebma xalxi

CauSves da me mxolod wignebi gavi-

meteo. warmomidgenia, ra bedniere-

bi iqnebodnen Cekistebi, rodesac

odesis centrSi, butovis megobari

qalis saxlis saidumlo sardafidan

antisabWoTa literaturis tomeu-

lebi amohqondaT da iqve, saxel-

daxelod mowyobil autodafeze

wvavdnen mTeli kviris ganmavlo-

baSi. sxvaTa Soris, „antisabWoTa

literaturis~, anu kargi wignebis

ganadgurebis es samarcxvino pro-

cesi sabWoTa presamac gaaSuqa da

qarTuli sabWoTa presis flagma-

nis, saxelganTqmuli qarTul „ko-

munistis~ furclebzec ki moxvda.

butovis sasaxelod unda iTqvas,

rom man aawyo antisabWoTa wignebis

Camotanis marSrutebi evropidan

da amerikidan odesis portamde

(SemdgomSi meubneboda, _ mxolod

mezRvaurebs vendobodi da ara ge-

mis kapitanebs, zampolitebsa da

pompolitebso). TiTqmis mTeli an-

tisabWoTa literatura aqcia mi-

krofilmebad, xolo originalebi _

wignebi xeluxlebel fondSi Seita-

na. swored amitom mis biblioTekas

Cavardnamde raime seriozuli da-

nakargebi ar hqonia. beWdviT iSvia-

Tad beWdavdnen, magram Tu am sa-

qmes xels mohkidebdnen, papirosis

qaRalds iyenebdnen, romelic Svid

asls itanda. Tavis droze Cveni

partiis organoc, „samrekloc~ am

ueSmako meTodiT ibeWdeboda. ase

rom, petre butovTan, yvelafer-

Tan erTad, „teqnologiuri Zmobac~

makavSirebda. Cekistebma swored

xeluxlebeli fondi aRmoaCines,

mikrofilmebis saxiT ki butovis

biblioTekam dRevandelobamdec

moaRwia.

butovi ukve patimari iyo da po-

litikur banakSic iyo gadayvanili,

rodesac koreis TviTmfrinavis

tragedia moxda. es ambavi gulTan

ise axlos miitana, rom Tavis mud-

miv safiqralad da samuSaod aqcia.

zonaSi yvela axalmosuls ekiTxe-

boda TviTmfrinavis ambavs, ainte-

resebda yvelaferi: dro, statis-

tika, konkretuli TviTmfrinavis

istoria, mgzavrebi, politbiuros

reaqcia, sainformacio programa

„vremias~ pozicia, dasavleTis re-

aqcia da a.S., mokled, yvelaferi.

reisi 007-is tragedia butovis-

Tvis ara mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris

mier Cadenil vandalizmad, aramed

raRac pirad ubedurebad iqca. 1983

wlis 1 seqtembers sabWoTa gama-

nadgureblebma kunZul saxalinis

dasavleTiT, iaponiis zRvis Ta-

vze, „akrZalul sivrceSi~ Camoag-

des koreis aviaxazebis samoqalaqo

TviTmfrinavi ̀ boing 747~, romelic

asrulebda reiss niu iorki-seuli

(ankorijSi dajdomiT da sawvavis

SevsebiT). TviTmfrinavis bortze

269 adamiani imyofeboda (246 mgza-

vri da 23 ekipaJis wevri). yvela,

maT Soris 12 wlamde asakis 22 bavS-

vi, daiRupa.

sabWoTa kavSiri Tavdapirvelad

uaryofda, rom rame icoda inci-

dentis Sesaxeb, magram Semdeg aRia-

ra samgzavro TviTmfrinavis Camog-

debis faqti da daiwyo mtkiceba,

saavtoro

Sedioda. biblioTekas hqonda

sakuTari gasamravlebeli aparatu-

ra, UDC anu universalur aTobiT

sistemaze awyobili bibliografia,

mikrofilmebis damamzadebeli la-

boratoria da sakuTari finansebic

ki (biblioTekis wevroba fasiani

iyo, wliuri bileTi maneTi Rirda.

garda amisa, biblioTeka garkveuli

safasuris sanacvlod, amzadebda

aslebs, gamoscemda sakuTar pro-

duqcias, magaliTad yovelwliur

almanax „deribasovskaias~).

sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Sem-

deg am biblioTekis Sesaxeb mTelma

msofliom gaigo ludmila aleqse-

evas wignis (История инакомыслия в СССР, gansxvavebulad azrovnebis

istoria ssrk-Si, vilniusi 1992)

gamosvlis Semdeg; 1999 wels mec

mqonda moxseneba aSS-s kongresis

biblioTekaSi msoflios erovnu-

li biblioTekebis direqtorebis

winaSe odesur igrunov-butovis

iatakqveSa biblioTekaze. moxse-

nebam gansakuTrebuli mowoneba

daimsaxura samxreT amerikel ko-

legebSi, portugaliurad da es-

panurad iTargmna da, ramdenadac

vici, kubaSi analogiuri iatakqveSa

biblioTekis (ufro swori iqneba,

Tu vityviT, mediaTekis, radgan

beWduri erTeulebis garda, kubur

iatakqveSeTSi akrZaluli video-

filmebis soliduri maragic Sevi-

da) dafuZnebas Seuwyo xeli.

rogorc ludmila aleqseeva, ru-

suli disidentobis siamaye da Tavi-

suflebisTvis moZraobis namdvili

dedofali aRniSnavda, „samizda-

tis~ sust teqnikur bazaSi imale-

boda misi maRali xarisxis saidu-

mlo. marTlacda, vin gadabeWdavda

rames, vin gawevda seriozul risks

raRac umniSvnelo uazrobis gamo?

stamburad SeiZleba yvela sisu-

lelis beWdva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu

nacnobi gyavs an fuli geguleba;

xolo sabeWd manqanaze ibeWdeba

mxolod is, rac adamians aintere-

sebs, risTvisac is mzadaa, droc

daxarjos da riskic gaswios. swo-

red amitom, `samizdati~ TviTgamo-

cxeli Sokoladi 81

saavtoro

Tavze, aris simbolo ssrk-s momava-

li dacemisa. Sori ar aris is dRe,

rodesac ssrk Sewyvets Tavis arse-

bobas da politbiuros gamocdil

wevrebs uamrav sxva kiTxvasTan

erTad mouwevT pasuxis gacema am

kiTxvazec: kidev gaxsovT bavSvebis

sisxlis gemo?~

butovis zonuri cxovrebidan

erTi epizodi yvelas daamaxsovrda:

erTxel fizikosma da seriozulma

butovma Serlok holmsis roli Se-

asrula, damnaSave aRmoaCina da sa-

xeldaxelo sasjelis gansazRvra-

Sic miiRo monawileoba.

cxovreba savsea moulodnelobe-

biT da es istoriac moulodnelad

daiwyo. qarTuli enis mTeli si-

mdidre rom gamoviyenoT, anazdad

wvrilma rame-rumeebma anu ra-

Rac-raRacebma miyolebiT daiwyo

dakargva. ase, TavisiT „daiwyo~.

wlebis manZilze ar ikargeboda da

axla daiwyo. dakarguli nivTebis

ubralo CamonaTvalma daadastu-

ra, rom raime sistemis SemuSave-

ba maT aRsawerad Zneli iqneboda.

marTlacda, ra akavSirebs erTma-

neTTan levan berZeniSvilis ni-

gozs da 1 qila Sededebul rZes,

rafika papaianis erT Tav niors,

saavadmyofo dietaze myofi joni

laSqaraSvilis simwriT Segrovil

20 g karaqs, giorgi xomizuris 50 g

kvercxis fxvnils, miSa poliakovis

100 g fqvils da a.S.?

am kiTxviT mivadeqi saxelganTq-

mul fizikossa da Serlok holmsis

ubadlo mimdevars, odesis siamayes,

petro butovs (Serlok holmsTan

mas pistoletebisa da violinos

siyvarulic akavSirebda).

_ ucnaur kiTxvebs svamT, moqa-

laqe qarTvelo! _ sixaruliT mii-

Ro davaleba butovma, romelic,

Tavisi didi winamorbedis msgavsad,

mudmivad uCioda danaSaulis nak-

lebobas perestroikis pirvel wle-

bSi. _ marTlacda, ra saerTo unda

hqondes niors da karaqs? axla

wadiT, batono qarTvelo, da erT

saaTSi mobrZandiT, pirveli pasuxi

meqneba.

rom Camoagdo jaSuSi TviTmfrina-

vi. politbiurom ganacxada, rom es

iyo SeerTebuli Statebis ganzraxi

provokacia, Seemowmebina sabWo-

Ta kavSiris samxedro mzadyofna

an omic ki gamoewvia. SeerTebul-

ma Statebma brali dasdes sabWoTa

kavSirs, rom es ukanaskneli xels

uSlida xsnisa da Ziebis operacia-

sac ki. ukve ruseTma momxdaridan

mxolod cxra wlis Semdeg saerTa-

Soriso samoqalaqo aviaciis or-

ganizaciis zewoliT gamoaqveyna

tragediis zusti monacemebi.

es incidenti erT-erTi yvelaze

mZafri momenti iyo civi omis isto-

riaSi, romelmac gaaZliera antisa-

bWoTa ganwyobebi mTel msoflioSi,

gansakuTrebiT _ amerikis SeerTe-

bul StatebSi.

incidentis Sedegad amerikis

SeerTebulma Statebma Secvala

aliaskidan gasuli reisebis trekin-

gis sistema, Seicvala saaviacio

xazebis avtopilotis sqema, xolo

prezidentma ronald reiganma ubr-

Zana samxedroebs, rom globaluri

pozicionirebis sistema (jipiesi)

samoqalaqo reisebisTvisac xelmi-

sawvdomi gamxdariyo (ufasod) mo-

mavalSi msgavsi tragediebis Tavi-

dan asacileblad.

bevri mkvlevris azriT, swored

maSin daebada ronald reigans idea,

sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis „borotebis

imperia~ ewodebina. ai, ra aqvs na-

Tqvami SeerTebuli Statebis pre-

zidents: „sabWoTa kavSiri qadagebs

saxelmwifos upiratesobas, acxa-

debs, rom saxelmwifo pirovnebaze

da, saboloo jamSi, msoflios yve-

la xalxze maRla dgas da, amdenad,

swored amiT igi warmoadgens bo-

rotebis TavSesafars Tanamedrove

msoflioSi~.

mgzavrebis mesamedze meti kore-

eli iyo, TiTqmis meoTxedi _ ame-

rikeli (maT Soris jorjiis Statis

kongresmeni lourens makdonaldi);

iyvnen iaponelebi, Cinelebi, fili-

pinelebi, kanadelebi, tailande-

lebi, avstralielebi, ingliselebi

da sxvebi. TxuTmeti wuTis dagvia-

nebiT mas mihyveboda imave reisis

meore TviTmfrinavi, romelmac

seuls mSvidobianad miaRwia.

saidumlo Sekrebaze, romelsac

aTiode politpatimari eswrebo-

da da romelic zonis biblio-

Tekis patara oTaxSi Sedga, buto-

vma waikiTxa moxseneba koreuli

TviTmfrinavis Sesaxeb. moxseneba

mTavrdeboda sityvebiT: „ar vici,

icoda Tu ara es skkp-s maSindel-

ma generalurma mdivanma, suliT da

xorciT avadmyofma „poetma~, iuri

andropovma (aRar brZandeba cocxa-

li), Tavdacvis ministrma, general-

idiotma dimitri ustinovma (arc

es ar brZandeba) da saxelmwifo

uSiSroebis komitetis meTaurma

viqtor Cebrikovma (amas ra mokla-

vs!), magram TviTmfrinavi, romelic

1983 wlis 30 agvistos afrinda niu

iorkis jon kenedis saxelobis ae-

roportidan da romelic sabWoTa

`su-15~-ma Camoagdo iaponiis zRvis

82 cxeli Sokoladi

erTi saaTis Semdeg Jora xomizur-

Tan da boria maniloviCTan erTad

mivadeqi. es SemTxveviT ar gamike-

Tebia: jer erTi, pavelsonsidan da-

wyebuli da bobkoviT damTavrebu-

li, yvela aseTi wvrilmani qurdoba

bolos mainc borias braldeboda,

rogorc yvelaze ufro damaxasia-

Tebel semits, garda amisa, manilo-

viCi kritikulad iyo ganwyobili

butovis mimarT da mis calkeul ga-

monaTqvamebSi antisemitizmis ele-

mentebs xedavda. amave dros, joxs

Tavis mxares xrida, roca ambobda,

_ butovi ar unda warmoadgendes

odesas, odesa rom warmoadgino,

amisTvis, sul cota, butoviCi an,

kidev ukeTesi, butkeviCi unda iyoo.

_ mobrZandiT, mobrZandiT, bato-

nebo! _ gulTan axlos miitana Cveni

danaxva butovma. _ kargia, daza-

ralebulis garda, uotsonic rom

momiyvaneT, radgan me, pavelsonsis

primitiuli warmodgenebisgan da,

miT umetes, bobkovis cxoveluri

antisemitizmisgan gansxvavebiT,

ebraelebis da, miT ufro, batoni

eqimi Jidagos anu profesori mani-

loviCis funqcias ufro farTod

vxedav kacobriobis xangrZlivi is-

toriis konteqstSi.

_ Cven didi imedi gvaqvs, batono

fizikoso butov, odesis siamayev,

dido biblioTekaro da adamia-

no, rom am wvril saqmes iolad da

mikibv-mokibvis gareSe gamoiZiebT,

damnaSaves ipoviT da samarTals

azeimebT. dazaralebulebs Soris

arian samxreTi kavkasiis xalxTa

sworupovari warmomadgenlebic, _

Camoayaliba saerTo saTqmeli mWe-

vrmetyvelma giorgi xomizurma,

samxreTi kavkasiis xalxTa qristia-

nuli federaciis erTaderTma da

mudmivma Tavmjdomarem.

_ sworad gaqvT Cemi imedi, bato-

no geologo Jora. me ukve gadavd-

gi erTi nabiji danaSaulis gaxsnis

gzaze. me aRmovaCine Rrma kavSirebi

dakargul nivTebs Soris.

_ is xom ara, rom karaqic da nio-

ric iWmeba? _ mokrZalebulad iki-

Txa boriam.

_ ara, eg Tqveni aRmoCenaa, me ver

SegecilebiT, me gacilebiT ufro

mokrZalebuli aRmoCena maqvs.

_ brZaneT, holms.

_ karaqi xom laSqaraSvils mohpa-

res?

_ namdvilad. marjvena filtvSi

procesi gaexsna da eqimma Zlivs

gaimeta dReSi 5 grami. oTxi dRis

karaqi iyo dagrovili, 20 grami wai-

Ro viRac aramzadam! _ aRSfoTda

Jora.

_ emociebi ver dagvexmareba.

ubralod, davimaxsovroT, rom ka-

raqi avadmyofs mohpares. Tanac mo-

hpares iseT kacs, romelsac azra-

dac ar mosvlia misi damalva.

_ sruli simarTlea, holms, _

daudastura boria uotsonma.

_ xolo niori mohpares TviT ra-

fael papaians, romelsac igi saidu-

mlo seifSi hqonda Caketili?

_ saidan moitanda seifs zonaSi?

_ gaikvirva xomizurma. me mis gao-

cebas ar viziarebdi.

_ ki batono, ar vuwodoT seifi,

magram specialurad gadamaluli

xom iyo niori? Tu papaiani gamovi-

Zaxo? _ Cumad ikiTxa butovma.

_ ara, ra saWiroa gamoZaxeba, nio-

ri kargad iqneboda Senaxuli.

_ esec pirveli migneba: qurdis-

Tvis sul erTia, kargad inaxavs

Tu ara Tavis qonebas patroni. is

iparavs miyolebiT da yvelafers,

is poulobs papaianis gadamalul

niorsac ki, rodesac, sami Tvea,

erTi kbili nioric ki ar daunaxa-

vs vinmes! qurds ar erideba, avad-

myofi gaZarcvos, mas sruliad ar

aferxebs moraluri an nacionalu-

ri mizezebi.

_ amiT risi Tqma gsurT, holms?

_ vikiTxe me.

_ imisi, rom Cveni qurdi SesaniS-

navi fsiqologia da kavkasieli ar

aris.

_ fsiqologi mTel zonaSi mxo-

lod maniloviCia, _ Seaxsena Joram.

_ Tan kavkasielic ar aris, _ da-

vamate me.

_ Tqven gsurdaT geTqvaT, rom

saavtoro

odesis biblioTekaze ukve miTebi iqmneboda da es

iqneboda imis SesaniSnavi ilustracia, Tu risi gakeTeba

SeuZliaT adamianebs Tundac `borotebis imperiaSi~.

cxeli Sokoladi 83

fsiqologis diplomi mxolod ma-

niloviCs aqvs, magram me uotsoni

Tavidanve gamoricxuli myavs, is

aseTi wvrili saqmeebisTvis ar gau-

Cenia mama iahves.

_ raSi gamoixateba damnaSavis

fsiqologizmi?

_ imaSi, rom nivris qurdobaSi

brali ki daedeba, magram oqrosa-

viT nivris gaxmobisTvis arc pa-

paians moixseniebs vinme keTilad.

laSqaraSvilic, imis magivrad, ka-

raqs Wamdes, inaxavs, es Cvens qurds

sasacilodac ar hyofnis. warmoad-

gino msxverpli sasacilo mdgoma-

reobaSi _ ai, es aris misi fsiqo-

logiuri iaraRi.

_ karaqs rom iparavs, maSin Ror-

mucelaa da nivris qurdobisas da-

xvewili fsiqologi? _ SevSfoTdi

me.

_ raRac xdeba da me ar meubne-

biT? _ Semogveswro vadim iankovi.

fizikosebi da filologebi bWoben

da sabralo maTematikosebisTvis

adgili ar aris? papaianis niori

nioria da Cemi mTeli qila erbo

erbo ar aris?

_ Tqvenc mogpares? _ ver davma-

le gakvirveba me, radgan kosi ara-

fers ar inaxavda, yvela produqts

amanaTis miRebisTanave, umokles

droSi spobda.

_ Cemi dakvirvebiT, jerjerobiT

iuri baZio erTaderTia, visTvi-

sac araferi mouparavT, radgan mas

yvelaferi Tavisi Tan daaqvs: òm-

nia sua secum portat~, ase araa,

Cemo sokrate? (baZios mudmivad

Tan dahqonda Tavisi magidis saaTi,

romlis tarebis ufleba ruseTi-

sa da ukrainis `ka-ge-be~-sTan sa-

mwliani omis Semdeg moipova).

_ Cven ar vicodiT, rom erbo

gqondaT, _ Seapara butovma.

_ me xom vicodi! _ ar gaitexa ix-

tibari vadimma.

_ qurds Tqveni Sercxvena unda,

Cumad rom WamdiT erbos.

_ xmaurianad unda meWama?

_ ara, CemTvis unda gagesinjebi-

naT, _ dagvianebiT ewyina Jora xo-

mizurs.

_ mapovnineT da yvelas gagasin-

jebT TiTo kovzs. Cais kovzi igu-

lisxmeba. franguli erboa.

_ barem Cemi Tambaqoc ipoveT,

`bleq keptenia~, _ SemogvierTda

poliakovi.

_ ax, qurdi kidec Wams da kidec

eweva! _ daaskvna boria uotsonma.

_ ara, uotson, ar eweva, arc

Wams. qurdi naqurdaliT vaWrobs,

_ mniSvnelovani toniT ganacxada

butov-holmsma.

_ es rogor? _ marTla uotso-

niviT gaikvirva boriam, _ Tan ka-

vkasieli araa, Tan vaWrobs da Tan

fsiqologia? qurdi es me var?

_ ara, SegiZlia damSvidde. Sen

ufro didi saqmeebi gixmoben. war-

moidgine, ra mouva adamians, rome-

lic SeWams erbos, karaqs da niors.

_ ra unda mouvides?

_ diarea. martivi diarea. misi

povna Zalian ioli iqneboda: tua-

letidan cxvirs ver gamohyofda.

arada, diarea ar aqvs. ramdeni xa-

nia, iqiT viyurebi da, razlackis

garda, kaci ar Sesula tualetSi.

ese igi, qurdi xarbad ar nTqavs na-

Sovns, Tanac Seusveneblad muSao-

bs, aSkarad profesionalia.

_ profesional qurds politi-

kur zonaSi ra unda? ager ar aris

mSobliuri „troika~? qurdebic

arian, mkvlelebic da gamaupatiu-

reblebic.

_ aq profesionali vaWaric zis,

„gulags~ rom as maneTad yidda, _

Seaxsena Tanamoazres butovma (mar-

Tlac, rac baraSevoSi Tavi maxso-

vda, gauTaveblad mimdinareobda

polemika, unda CaiTvalos Tu ara

disidentad batoni melnikovi, ro-

melic antisabWoTa literaturiT

ki vaWrobda, magram sakuTari „pro-

duqtis~ ideologias ar iziarebda.

Tavad melnikovi Tavs disidentad

ar miiCnevda).

_ am bebrebSi vin icis, vin vin iyo

Tavis droze, _ gadaitana yuradRe-

ba samxedro damnaSaveebze Jora xo-

mizurma.

_ qurdi axalgazrdaa, _ mou-

lodnelad ganacxada butovma, _

da gasamarTlebulia samocdameaTe

muxliT.

_ saidan ici? _ aSkarad gavikvir-

veT yvelam.

_ papaianma manaxa Tavisi samalavi.

imas rom Sewvde, axalgazrda da fizi-

kurad kargad momzadebuli unda iyo.

_ danarCeni statistikis sakiT-

xia, _ ganacxada Joram. herodote

istoriis mama iyo, aristofane _

komediisa, xolo Jora samarTlia-

nad miiCneoda statistikis mamad.

napoleonis sityvebiT uyvarda

xolme Tqma, statistika saganTa

biujetiao. _ statistikis mixed-

viT, amJamad zonaSi xuTi kacia 30

wlamde asakis. xuTive mamrobiTi

sqesisaa (es aSkarad Warbi mona-

cemia), xuTives samocdameaTe mu-

84 cxeli Sokoladi

xli aqvs misadagebuli, erTi maT-

gani, miSa rivkini, ukve sami Tvea,

ПКТ (Помещение Камерного Типа) anu

burSi zis da gamoiricxeba, darCa

oTxi: Sabonasi, barkansi, mironovi

da udaCini.

_ CavTvaloT, rom qurdis saxeli

dasaxelebulia, _ brZana butovma,

_ darCa mxolod egreT wodebuli

daviwroeba da oTxidan erTis Ser-

Ceva, _ gTxovT, Tqven-Tqveni kandi-

datebi daasaxeloT.

_ Cemi azriT, Zalian sawyeni Se-

degi gveqneba, me arc erTi maTgani

ar memeteba qurdis saxelisTvis, _

gulwrfelad ganacxada iankovma.

_ leqsi daibada CemSi, _ ganacxa-

da maniloviCma:

Нечаянный вор неуслышанных слов Додумывал их, и попыток число Росло без конца, ибо снова и снова Ему не хватало то взгляда, то слова_ aranairi uneburi qurdi Cven

ar gvyavs, _ aRvSfoTdi me, _ sru-

liad konkretuli nigozi moipara,

romlisganac xuTi kacis baJe keTde-

boda, dagvxatavda xuTives axlave.

_ dagvxatavda ki ara, dagvxatavs,

_ Semiswora butovma, _ baJe iqne-

ba dResve. sxva ingredientebi xom

gaqvs?

_ xmeli qinZi, ucxo suneli, yvi-

Teli yvavili da wiwaka maqvs; pa-

paianis nioric Tu aRmoCnda, baJe

ukve mzadaa.

_ miyvars baJe yviTeli yvaviliT,

_ meocnebe xmiT warmoTqva buto-

vma.

_ gansakuTrebiT, Tuki Sig rame

devs, _ ganagrZo maniloviCma, _

sami Tevzis kudi Cemzea.

_ movmkvdarvarT WamiT da egaa,

_ aRmoTqva xomizurma, _ oRond

es mainteresebs, qurds aRar veZe-

bT? TavisiT gamova asparezze da

ityvis, _ me var hamleti da sisxli

meyinebao?

_ Sabonasi unda gamovricxoT, _

Tqva butovma.

_ ra safuZvelze? _ dainteresda

iankovi.

_ bevrs laparakobs, Zalian bevrs

laparakobs, qurdis profailSi ar

jdeba, _ daaskvna butovma.

_ aki zonaSi erTi fsiqologiao!

_ Zveli wyena ar damala maniloviC-

ma, _ ese igi, qurdis profaili ar-

sebobs. rogoria igi?

_ Cveni qurdi aris axalgazrda,

janmrTeli mutruki, gamWriaxi

mzeriT, naTeli gonebiT, daxvewili

manerebiT, sityvaZunwi... _ metisme-

tad TviTdarwmunebulad daiwyo

butovma.

_ ... da aqvs cisferi Tvalebi, _

daasrula maniloviCma.

_ aqilevsis simarde, odisevsis

goneba, linkevsis mzera, hamletis

siRrme, _ daaskvna iankovma, _ la-

mis vaRiaro, rom aseTma kacma unda

moiparos kidec Cemi erbo da berZe-

niSvilis nigozi.

_ Sen gaviwydeba, vadim, rom man

papaianis nioric moipara. argiStis

sikvdilisa da 26 komisris daxvre-

tis Semdeg samxreTi kavkasiisTvis

aseTi Seuracxyofa aravis miuyene-

bia.

miuxedavad iankovis aSkarad dam-

cinavi tonisa da xomizuris saeWvo

aluziebisa, butovi ar aRelda.

_ axalgazrda da janmrTeli ro-

maa, amas adasturebs papaianis sama-

lavi. moxuci da avadmyofi imas ver

Sewvdeboda verasodes. _ gamWriaxi

goneba rom ar hqonoda, papaianis

samalavs ver miagnebda. dRisiT

im adgils ver gaekarebi, RamiT ki

marTla linkevsis mzera gWirdeba.

_ an feldmanis farani, _ davayo-

le me.


saavtoro

antisabWoTa literaturis~, anu kargi

wignebis ganadgurebis es samarcxvino

procesi saxelganTqmuli qarTuli

`komunistis~ furclebzec ki moxvda.

cxeli Sokoladi 85

86 cxeli Sokoladi

postsabWoTa kavSiri

anu gandevnili warsuli

avtori: giorgi maisuraZe

ilustracia: maia sumbaZe

`wiTeli zonis~ miRma da gadaRma

am werilis daweris survili gasuli wlis

oqtombris bolos TbilisSi, kerZod ki „oku-

paciis muzeumSi“ yofnisas gamiCnda. muzeumSi

remonti iyo da eqsponatebis naxva ver SevZeli,

Tumcaki iq am mizniT arc mivsulvar. im dRes

gogi gvaxarias gadacema „wiTel zonaSi“ vmo-

nawileobdi, romelic oqtombris revoluciis

uSualo organizatorsa da sabWoTa saxelmwi-

fos erT-erT damaarsebels lev trockis eZR-

vneboda. gadacemis dasasruls gogi gvaxarias

bolo SekiTxvaze, _ „ratom aris dRevandel

saqarTveloSi memarcxene ideebi arapopula-

ruli?~ _ vupasuxe, rom amisi mizezi memar-

cxeneobis sabWoTa kavSirTan gaigiveba unda

iyos. aseTi pasuxi aradamakmayofilebelia

da ufro vrcel ganmartebas saWiroebs. Ta-

nac misi marTebuloba sazogadoebis mxolod

garkveul jgufebze SeiZleba vrceldebodes,

anu adamianTa im kategoriaze, romlebSic sa-

bWoTa totalitarizmi protests iwvevda da

mis winaaRmdeg met-naklebad aqtiuri qmede-

bisaken ubiZgebda. aseTi kategoriis yvelaze

radikalur frTas disidentebi warmoadgend-

nen, romelTa saqmianobis didi nawili sabWoTa

sistemis Ria kritikasa da mis winaaRmdeg Ziri-

Tadad organizebul saagitacio-saprotesto

qmedebas eTmoboda.

maT paralelurad, arsebobda bevrad ufro

mravalricxovani, „inteligenciad“ wodebuli

sazogadoebrivi fena, romlis warmomadgenel-

Ta udides nawils aranairi iluzia sabWoTa

wyobilebis aRmatebulebisa Tu komunizmis

idealebis Sesaxeb ara hqonia, magram gansxva-

vebiT disidentebisgan, romlebic ZiriTadad

swored inteligenciis rigebidan iyvnen ga-

mosulebi, igi arsebul viTarebasTan morge-

biTa da mis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebiT,

sakuTari saqmianobis areals nebadarTulis

farglebSi SemosazRvravda. amiT inteligen-

cia sazogadoebis reprezentaciul an, ufro

sworad, dekoratiul elitad Camoyalibda,

romelic Tumca Zalauflebis realur meqa-

nizmebs ar flobda, magram xelisuflebasTan

siaxlove masac materialuri Tu moraluri

privilegiebiT amkobda. miuxedavad Sedare-

biT maRali xelfasebisa da zogjer premiebi-

sac, inteligenciis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

axlosac ver mividoda maRal Tu saSualo ran-

gis sabWoTa saqmosnebisa da korumpirebuli

biurokratiis keTildReobasTan. poststa-

linuri xanis korumpirebul sabWoTa sazoga-

saavtoro

„aq, rogorc yovelTvis, amas unda erqvas: pudenda origo! (sa-

sircxvilo warmomavloba _ g.m)“ fridrix nicSe

cxeli Sokoladi 87

doebaSi inteligencia, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,

saSualo fenas warmoadgenda, magram misi Zalaufle-

bisa da eliturobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori am sa-

zogadoebrivi fenis reprezentaciuli statusi da

lavirebis unari iyo, romelsac yvela sxva fenasTan

kargi urTierToba hqonda: „ubralo“ xalxisaTvis is,

rogorc „gamoCenili adamianis“ xati, Tayvaniscemis

obieqti iyo, fuliani saqmosnebisaTvis _ „presti-

Juli“ nacnob-megobari, xolo xelisuflebisTvis _

ideologiuri sayrdeni. inteligencia iyo rogorc

oficialuri sabWoTa kulturuli industriis mTa-

vari mamoZravebeli da aRmasrulebeli Zala, aseve

ideologiurad nebadarTulis farglebSi sabWoTa

sistemis erTgvari sapirispiro, e.w. kontraprezen-

tuli miTebis avtoric.

„kontraprezentuli miTi“ awmyos, arsebuli rea-

lobis sawinaaRmdegod, erTgvari virtualuri, ga-

mogonili samyaros Seqmnas niSnavs da amdenad mas-

Si sxvadasxvagvari Sefaruli formiT mocemulia

awmyos kritika. sabWoTa kontraprezentul miTo-

logiaSi, gansakuTrebiT breJnevis xanis, romelsac

mec moveswari, sami ZiriTadi tipis gamoyofa SeiZ-

leba: pirvelia mTlianad nacionalisturi Sinaarsis,

romelic istoriuli faqtebis gadametebuli paTe-

tikiTa da heroikuli gamosaxviT iqmneba. am miTis

funqcia ki uferuli awmyos gmiruli da saamayo war-

suliT Canacvlebaa. aseTi Canacvleba fsiqologiur

kompensacias emsaxureba: ki viciT, rom cud dReSi

varT, magram samagierod unda gvixarodes, rom ase-

Ti didebuli warsulis mqone da aseTi bumberazi

kulturis warmomadgenlebi varT („me patronma, me

patronma amisTana cis“...). meore tipic istoriuli

xasiaTisaa, Tumca masSi erovnuli siamayis adgili

erTgvar socialur-klasobriv nostalgias ukavia.

esaa „revoluciamdeli“ yofis gaidealeba, degradi-

rebul sabWoTa adamianebis paralelurad, rogorc

oTar ioselianis filmebSia, aristokrat winaprebis

gaxunebuli fotosuraTebisa da antikvaruli nivTe-

bis Cveneba, romlebic erT dros am fotoebze gamo-

saxul „kneinebsa“ da maT oficris mundirian kaval-

rebs ekuTvnodaT. aseT miTebSi kritikuli elementi

sabWoTa adamianis habitusisa da mentalitetiskenaa

mimarTuli, Tumcaki Tavisi SinaarsiT igi elituri

fenis _ inteligenciis dinastiuri miTicaa, romlis

meSveobiTac igi sakuTar „keTilSobilur“ warmoma-

vlobas deklarirebs da „usaxo“ sabWoTa masas emij-

neba. amiT ki sazogadoebrivi elitis gansazRvrebis

ara mxolod revoluciamdeli, aramed premodernu-

li, feodaluri stereotipebis reproduqcia xdeba,

sadac ganmsazRvrelia socialuri warmomavloba.

mesame tipis miTi yvelaze metad „disidenturia“

da misi idealizaciis obieqti ara miRmiur warsulSi,

aramed wiTeli zonis gadaRma mdebare „sazRvarga-

reTSia“. es miTi, romelmac araoficialuri da Ti-

Tqmis mxolod zepirsityvieri diskursi warmoSva,

sabWoTa wyobilebisa da misi ideologiuri miznebi-

sadmi yvelaze mZafri nihilizmis gamomxatveli iyo.

is „kapitalistur“ dasavleTs ise aidealebda, rom

mis avtorebs xSirad elementaruli warmodgenac ki

ar hqondaT arc dasavleTze da arc kapitalizmze.

magram, vinaidan boroti sabWoTa kavSiri socializ-

mis gansaxierebaa, kapitalizmi Tavad sikeTis ideis

xorcSesxma unda iyos. am miTis Tanaxmad, socialuri

Cagvra da eqspluatacia sabWoTa propagandistuli

tyuilebia. sinamdvileSi ki kapitalistur qveynebSi

lamis miwieri samoTxe sufevs, razec sabWoTa kav-

Siridan gaqceuli emigrantebic mowmoben; Tumcaki

iqidan ukan dabrunebuli aravis enaxa, magram samo-

TxeSi mcxovrebi emigrantebi am miTis logikas See-

fereboda.

sabWoTa disidentebis umravlesoba swored in-

teligenciis rigebidan iyo gamosuli da maT, gan-

sakuTrebiT qarTvelebma, samive Sinaarsis miTis ra-

dikalizacia moaxdines. am disidentur politikur

miTologiaSi ki socialur kritikas, an Tundac sabWo-

Ta istoriisa da marqsistuli ideologiis gaazrebas

TiTqmis aranairi adgili aRar ekava (gamonaklisis

saxiT, 50-iani wlebis bolos moskovis axalgazrda

filosofosTa wreebSi, romelsac merab mamardaS-

vilic miekuTvneboda, marqsis naSromebis axleburi,

araoficialuri meTodebiT wakiTxvis mcdelobis

gaxseneba SeiZleba). Tumca arsebobda meoTxe saxis

kontraprezentuli miTic, romelic sabWoTa sazoga-

doebis „dabal“ fenebSi gaCnda da romelic stalinis

pirovnebisa da misi mmarTvelobis idealizacias ax-

denda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es miTi erTaderTi iyo,

romelic, Tumca primitiuli formiT, magram mainc

Seicavda socialur kritikas: ubralo adamianebi,

sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc pirveli Semdgari memarcxene saxelmwifo, am politikuri

platformis absoluturi saxiT gamovlineba iyo, romelic swored Tavisi

absolutizaciiT da WeSmaritebaze monopoliis damyarebiT gadaiqca totalitarul

sistemad da amiT imave idealebis mtrad, romlisTvisac is Tavad ibrZoda.

saavtoro

88 cxeli Sokoladi

anu mosaxleobis umravlesoba, romlebic gvian sa-

bWoTa xanaSi korumpirebuli biurokratiisa da sa-

qmosnebis fonze ukidures gaWirvebaSi aRmoCndnen

da romlebsac arsebobisaTvis yoveldRiuri brZola

uxdebodaT, im xanas aidealebdnen, rodesac koruf-

cia da Cawyobebi ar arsebobda. muSa-mosamsaxureTa

fena sakuTar saxelmwifoSi aRmoCnda yvelaze metad

daCagruli klasi, romelsac socialuri samarTlia-

nobisaTvis brZolis yovelgvari Sansi hqonda warT-

meuli. an vis winaaRmdeg unda ebrZola, rodesac

saxelmwifo reJims socialisturi erqva da sakuTar

Tavs socialuri Tanasworobis idealebis xorcSesx-

mad asaRebda? amdenad TviTgadarCenis erTaderTi

Sansi iyo korumpirebuli ierarqiis rac SeiZleba ma-

Ral eSelonebSi moxvedra.

miTi da utopia

erTi anekdotis Tanaxmad, gansxvaveba memarjvenee-

bsa da memarcxeneebs Soris isaa, rom memarjveneebi

warsulis miTebs qmnian da mere Tavadve ijereben,

efuZneba, anu RmerTis Seqmnil samyaroSi yvelaferi

swori da kargia, da aranair revizias ar unda eqve-

mdebarebodes. am RvTaebriv wesrigs dacva sWirdeba

imaTgan, visac amisi ar sjera...

Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi memarjveneobaSic

da memarcxeneobaSic imdeni sxvadasxva mimdinareo-

ba gaCnda, rom romelime maTganis erT kristalur

formaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. XX saukunis meore

naxevridan moyolebuli dasavlur samyaroSi li-

beraluri demokratia dominirebs, rac, rogorc

memarcxene, aseve memarjvene politikur partiebs

polarizaciis saSualebas ar aZlevs da araerT saki-

TxSi maT erTmaneTTanac aaxloebs. Tanamedrove da-

savleTi swored am ori politikuri mimarTulebis

balanszea damyarebuli. garda amisa, arsebobs kidev

partiul-politikur struqturebs miRma arsebuli,

e.w. inteleqtualuri memarcxeneoba da memarjvene-

oba. memarjvene, anu konservatori inteleqtualebi,

ZiriTadad tradiciuli, qristianuli Rirebulebe-

bis dacviT arian dakavebuli; memarcxeneebisaTvis ki,

realobad aRiqvamen sakuTar Txzulebas da mis sina-

mdvileSi gadmotanas cdiloben. „odiTganve ase iyo,

amitomac aseve unda darCes!~ amis sapirispirod, me-

marcxeneebi miTs utopias upirispireben: warsulSi

araferi sanimuSo da misabaZi araa; istoria _ esaa

adamianis Cagvra da Zaladoba, sicrue da manipula-

cia. amitomac ideali mxolod momavalSi SeiZleba

arsebobdes, romelic, radikaluri memarcxeneobis

SemTxvevaSi, samyaros wesrigSi qirurgiuli Careve-

biT, anu revoluciebiTaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac ada-

mianebi samyaros RmerTis mier dakanonebul WeSma-

ritebad da sikeTed ki ar miiCneven, aramed Tavadve

qmnian iseT wesrigs, romlidanac usamarTloba da

Cagvra gaqreba. am TvalsazrisiT, radikalur memar-

cxeneobaSi, romelic warsulis negaciiT momaval ke-

TildReobaze ocnebobs, qristianuli esqatologiis

modelis damiwebis danaxva SeiZleba, maSin, rodesac

memarjveneoba samyaros Sesaqmis miTsa da Teodicias

romlebic gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moyo-

lebuli dasavlur inteleqtualur samyaroSi umra-

vlesobas warmoadgenen, kritikis ZiriTadi samizne

swored tradiciuli Rirebulebebi da, rac mTava-

ria, Zalauflebis meqanizmebia, romelTa demiTolo-

gizaciiT, maTTvis mistikuri saburvelis CamoxsniT,

Seulamazebeli sinamdvilis danaxva unda iyos Sesa-

Zlebeli. es Tema imdenad vrcelia, rom mis oriode

sityviT mimoxilvas azri ara aqvs. Tanac naklebad

adekvaturia aradasavluri ganviTarebis sabWoTa sa-

myarosaTvis, romlis daxasiaTebasac ufro arqauli

kategoriebi, pirobiTad, miTisa da utopiis metafo-

rebi miesadageba da amitomac, mec maTze dayrdnobiT

gavagrZeleb msjelobas.

sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc pirveli Semdgari memar-

cxene saxelmwifo, am politikuri platformis ab-

soluturi saxiT gamovlineba iyo, romelic swored

Tavisi absolutizaciiT da WeSmaritebaze monopo-

saavtoro

cxeli Sokoladi 89

liis damyarebiT gadaiqca totalitarul sistemad

da amiT imave idealebis mtrad, romlisTvisac is

Tavad ibrZoda. amasTanave, sabWoTa kavSiri maga-

liTia utopiis _ miTad, „esqatologiis“ _ „kos-

mogoniad“ transformaciisa. „utopiuri“ periodi,

romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSanic _ warsul-

Tan gamomSvidobeba, yvelafris axliT da momavlis

proeqtebiT Secvla iyo, 1917 wels oqtombris revo-

luciiT daiwyo da 1927 wels, oqtombris revolu-

ciis me-10 wlisTavze dasrulda, xolo saiubileo

TariRi axal Sesaqmis miTad gardaiqmna, romelmac 10

wlis winandeli istoriac ki xsovnidan amoSala da

gayalbebuli, gamogonili ambebiT Secvala. stalinis

epoqis istoricizmi istoriis ideologiur zRaprad,

miTad gardaqmnas da mis politikur instrumentad

gamoyenebas gulisxmobda. momavali aRar iyo „futu-

ristuli“ proeqti, romelic mankier, Cagvrisa da Za-

ladobis amsaxvel warsulTan gamijvniT, misi gadmo-

naSTebis daZleviTa da yvelafris nulidan dawyebiT

unda Seqmniliyo, aramed igi awmyoSi zombebad gaco-

cxlebuli istoriuli figurebis panTeonad iqca,

romlebic mkvdar Tu cocxal beladebTan erTad bed-

nieri momavlis ukve dadgomasa da gamarjvebas iuwye-

bodnen. amiT dasrulda eqsperimentebisa da novato-

robis xana, iseve, rogorc sabWoTa avangardizmi. ar

unda dagvaviwydes, rom 30-iani wlebis represiebi,

1937 weli, upirveles yovlisa, revolucionerTa da

pirveli Taobis komunistTa ganadgurebisken iyo mi-

marTuli; anu im adamianebis likvidacia moxda, rom-

lebsac gulwrfelad sjerodaT komunisturi uto-

piis. maTi adgili ki usityvod morCilma saldafonma

biurokratiam daikava, romlis umaRlesi idealic

ara romelime ideis erTguleba, aramed beladisadmi

monuri morCileba iyo. utopiis sanacvlod ki, safu-

Zveli Caeyara stalinur monumentur erTferovnebas

_ xalxisa da saxelmwifos erT gigantur koleqtiur

sxeulad SeduRabebas da yovelgvari individualu-

ri mravalferovnebisa da pluralizmis srul mos-

pobas. gmiruli warsulis miTologia, romelic XIX

saukunis nacionalizmebma warmoSva, stalinis xanaSi

gacocxlda da aqamde arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia.

saxelovan winaparTa _ mefeTa da mxedarTmTavarTa

kultma, romelsac aRaraferi saerTo 20-iani wlebis

„proletkulturasTan“ aRar hqonda, wanamZRvrebi

Seuqmna poststalinuri xanis kontraprezentul mi-

Tologiebs da mis Tanmxleb nacionalizmebsa Tu So-

vinistur tendenciebs, romlebic ukve ara arsebuli

realobis alternativa, aramed swored am realobis

_ stalinuri monumenturi kulturis uSualo pro-

duqti iyo.

1956 wels stalinis oficialuri kultis damxo-

biT sabWoTa kavSirSi „RmerTi mokvda“ da sayovel-

Tao nihilizmis xana dadga. stalini mis mier Seqmni-

li sabWoTa imperiis erTaderTi gamaerTianebeli da

saintegracio figura iyo. mis pirovnebaSi utopiuri

esqatologia mesianur imperiad ganxorcielda, ro-

melSic stalins xorcSesxmuli mesiis adgili ekava.

oficialuri ideologiidan stalinis kultis gaqro-

biT Tavad es ideologia aRmoCnda Tayvaniscemis im

erTaderTi subieqtis gareSe, romelisadmi rwmena

da morCileba aseT mesianur ideologias qmediTuna-

rians xdida. da, vinaidan „RmerTi“ a(Ra)r arsebobs,

yvela saxis korufciac nebadarTulia...

30-ian wlebSi devnilobaSi myofma trockim stali-

nis reJimis aRsasruli biurokratiis gaburJuaziu-

lebiT warmoidgina, romelic axal mCagvrel klasad

moevlineboda sabWoTa adamianebs da, saboloo jam-

Si, Signidan daangrevda am saxelmwifo wyobilebas.

poststalinur xanaSi sayovelTao korufcia, ro-

melsac mogvianebiT „Crdilovani ekonomika“ uwodes,

erTgvar paralelur Tu ze-saxelmwifod Camoyalib-

da, romelic mosaxleobisa da saxelmwifo resurse-

bis ZarcviT, sakuTari Tavis ngrevas Seudga. aseTma

hibridma, romelsac aRaraferi saerTo aRar hqonda

Tanasworobisa da socialuri samarTlianobis idea-

lebTan, sabWoTa adamianTa cnobierebaSi memarcxene

politikuri platformis diskreditacia moaxdina.

magram arsebobs kidev sxva, SeiZleba iTqvas, wmindad

fsiqologiuri faqtorebic, romlebic ukve post-

sabWoTa periodSi anti-memarcxene afeqtebis saxiT

gamovlinda.

homo postsovietikusi

rusi mwerali da filosofosi aleqsandr zino-

vievi, romelmac termini homo sovieticus gamoigona,

sabWoTa adamianis yvelaze maxasiaTebel Tvisebebad

gamoyofda, erTi mxriv, oportunizms _ umravleso-

bis azrze yofnas da cxovrebis sayovelTaod aRia-

kapitalisturi dasavleTis, rogorc àRTqmuli miwis~ miTis ngreva dasavleTis

gacnobisTanave daiwyo: postsabWoTa adamianebma aRmoaCines, rom dasavleTSi

materialur keTildReobasTan erTad kidev iseTi raRacebic arsebobs, rac maTTvis

cnobili miTidan ucnobi iyo.

saavtoro

90 cxeli Sokoladi

rebul normebTan morgebas, da amasTan dasavluri

samyaros, rogorc „kapitalisturi sazogadoebis“,

sruliad idealizebul warmodgenas. aman jer kidev

„perestroikis“ xanaSi dabada dasavleTis, rogorc

sabWoTa xalxis mesiisa da ganmaTavisufleblis miTi.

aseTi miTologikiT, radgan amerikis prezidentma

ronald reiganma sabWoTa kavSirs „borotebis impe-

ria“ uwoda, maSasadame Tavad reigani unda yofiliyo

is mesia, romelic borotebis am urCxuls anadgure-

bda. Tumca ki am miTs, romelsac istoriul sinamd-

vilesTan naklebi saerTo aqvs (jer kidev 1990 wels

amerikis prezidentma jorj buSma ganacxada, rom

ssrk-s daSla aranairad ar Sedis amerikis intereseb-

Si; mogvianebiT ki ganmarta, rom amerikas ssrk-s, ro-

gorc zesaxelmwifos gauvnebelyofa undoda, xolo

misi daSla-daqucmacebis winaaRmdegi iyo), sxvagva-

ri axsnac SeiZleba moeZebnos: heroizmsa da miTebze

gazrdil sabWoTa adamianebisaTvis Zneli misaRebi

aRmoCnda sazogadoebis Sinagani xrwnisa da TviTn-

azrovnebis gansxvavebul formaTa mSvidobiani Tana-

arseboba, romelic sazogadoebis erTi nawilis mier

meoris diskriminaciis nebas ar iZleva, da ufro me-

tic, umciresobaTa uflebebs saxelmwifo da misi ka-

nonmdebloba icavs.

ara mxolod rigiTi oportunisti homo sovieti-

kusebisaTvis, aramed araerTi sabWoTa disidentisa-

Tvis dasavluri sazogadoeba aranakleb miuRebeli

aRmoCnda, vidre sabWoTa totalitarizmi. amis sai-

lustracio magaliTia cnobili rusi disidentis

vladimir bukovskis sul cota xnis winaT gamoTq-

muli azrebi dasavluri politkoreqtulobis Sesa-

xeb, romelic mas komunizmze ufro did saSinelebad

miaCnia (http://www.regions.ru/news/2242306/). politko-

reqtuloba, romelic ara samarTlebrivi, aramed

eTikuri principia, adamianebs sazogadoebriv sivr-

ceSi TviTgamoxatvis iseTi formebisaken mouwode-

bs, romlebic sxva adamianis warmomavlobas, sqess,

rasas, seqsualur orientacias, socialur statuss

grevis aRiareba, romelSic igi ara gmirad, aramed

Cveulebriv patara Tu msxvil kriminalad warmoCin-

deboda. amis sakompensaciod, sakuTari „gaTavisu-

flebisaTvis“ borotebis urCxulTan brZolis gmi-

ruli siuJetis gamogoneba gaxda aucilebeli. ufro

Znelad saRiarebeli ki is iyo, rom sabWoTa kavSiri

raRac abstraqtuli warmodgena ar yofila, aramed

korumpirebuli da socialur cnobierebas moklebu-

li, ukritiko da konformisti moqalaqeebisgan Semd-

gari saxelmwifo, romlis yoveli wevri, iSviaTi ga-

monaklisebis garda, arsebuli wyobilebis organul

nawils warmoadgenda da misgan naboZeb „sikeTeebze“

uars arasdros ambobda.

kapitalisturi dasavleTis, rogorc „aRTqmu-

li miwis“ miTis ngreva dasavleTis gacnobisTanave

daiwyo: postsabWoTa adamianebma aRmoaCines, rom

dasavleTSi materialur keTildReobasTan erTad

kidev iseTi raRacebic arsebobs, rac maTTvis cno-

bili miTidan ucnobi iyo. aseTia, magaliTad, azrTa

pluralizmi, socialuri solidaroba, cxovrebisa da

an janmrTelobis mdgomareobas damamcirebeli da

Seuracxmyofeli gamoTqmebiT ar daaxasiaTebs. esaa

adamianebis am niSnebiT diskriminaciis mizniT gaCe-

nil terminologiaze uaris Tqmis moTxovna. sabWoTa

disidentebis did nawils ki Tanasworuflebianobis

sakiTxSi iseTive totalitaruli stereotipebi da

kliSeebi aRmoaCndaT, rogoric im sistemas, romel-

sac isini upirispirdebodnen.

saqme isaa, rom sabWoTa disidentebis umravleso-

ba zustad imave diskursis struqturas imeorebda,

romelzedac oficialuri reJimi idga. disidente-

bic sabWoTa sazogadoebisa da azrovnebis sabWouri

stilis nawili iyvnen, romlebic, faqtobrivad, da-

savleTisagan ukeTesi sabWoTa kavSiris miTs Txza-

vdnen. isini simbiozs qmnidnen sabWoTa sistemasTan,

uromlisodac maTi arseboba TiTqmis SeuZlebe-

li iyo. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg isini ufunqciod da

„saarsebo sivrcis“ gareSe aRmoCndnen. dasavlurma

realobam ki maT ukanaskneli sayrdeni daungria _

maTive SeTxzuli miTi dasavleTis Sesaxeb. maTTvis,

saavtoro

cxeli Sokoladi 91

rogorc sabWoTa kreaturebisaTvis, dasavluri

pluralizmi da gansxvavebul poziciaTa Tanaarse-

boba gaugebari da miuRebeli aRmoCnda. magram, amis

gacnobierebis sanacvlod, kidev axali miTi daibada:

esaa evropeli Tu amerikeli memarcxeneebi, rogorc

yovelive am borotebis mTavari mizezi _ memarcxene-

ebi, rogorc liberalizmisa da demokratiis mtrebi,

romlebic dasavleTSi sabWoTa wyobilebisa da pro-

letariatis diqtaturis damyarebisaTvis ibrZvian.

„komunizmis“ halucinaciebi ki disidentebisTvis

dakarguli saarsebo garemos reproduqcias waagavs:

saWiroa axali mtris xati, evropasa da amerikaSi mo-

siarule komunizmis aCrdili, memarcxeneebis, femi-

nistebis, homoseqsualebis msoflio SeTqmulebebis

gamogoneba da mxileba, romlis winaaRmdeg brZolac

erT dros „gansxvavebulad moazrovneebs“ dakargul

heroikul funqciasa da statuss daubrunebs. amito-

mac maTi mekartistuli fantaziebi totalitarizmi-

sa da sabWouri tipis normatiuli moralis imagina-

ciiskenaa mimarTuli. dasavleTis maTeuli kritika

maTive totalitarul cnobierebas amJRavnebs, gan-

sakuTrebiT, rodesac saqme exeba nebismieri niSniT

„umciresobebis“ Temas. es Tviseba sabWoTa adamianma

Tavis pirmSos _ homo postsovietikussac uanderZa,

romelic aRSfoTebulia imis gamo, rom mas vinmes ar

aCagvrineben da, ufro metic, mas uTanabreben.

homo postsovietikusis mTavari maxasiaTebeli ni-

Sani, rac mas aseve memkvidreobiT ergo, umravle-

sobis mxares yofnaa, anu iq, sadac ara solidaroba,

aramed Zala da erTobaa. igi iqaa, sadac yvela da Ta-

nac ver itans, brZolas ucxadebs maT, vinc am umrav-

lesobas emijneba, ar swams koleqtiuri eiforiebisa

da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Tu damkvidrebuli WeS-

maritebebis... amave dros homo postsovietikusebi

yvelaze mtkivneulad sakuTari sabWoTa pudenda ori-go-s _ „sasircxvilo warmomavlobis“ daviwyebiTa da

mexsierebidan gandevniT arian dakavebuli, rac sxva-

dasxva saxis akviatebuli SexedulebebiT gamoixateba.

maT sayovelTao gamemarjvenebasa da sakuTari Tavis

ultrakonservatorad, radikal antikomunistad, an-

timemarcxened warmosaxvaSi sabWoTa kavSirTan, ara

mxolod rogorc totalitarul sistemasTan ideo-

logiuri gamijvnis meqanizmi, aramed ufro metad

fsiqologiuri motivaciebis mTeli kompleqsi moqme-

debs. upirveles yovlisa, esaa sakuTari sabWoTa war-

momavlobis dafarva misi polarulad sawinaaRmdego

ideologiuri poziciis ukritiko da gauazrebeli mi-

RebiT. Tuki sakuTar Tavs rac SeiZleba memarjvene-

konservatorad warmovaCen, miT ufro advili iqneba

im iluziis Seqmna, rom araferi saerTo saZulvel

da Tanac damarcxebul sabWoTa kavSirTan ar maqvs.

es meqanizmi gvaris gadakeTebas waagavs, gansakuTre-

biT _ ara sakuTari nacionalobisa da eTnikurobis,

aramed socialuri warmomavlobis Secvlis mizniT,

rasac, garda fsiqologiuri zekompensaciisa, aranai-

ri sxva funqcia ar gaaCnia. Tu adamiani „Tavadur“

gvars irqmevs, igi amiT sakuTari aristokratulo-

bis, klasobriv ierarqiaSi amaRlebis iluzias iqmnis,

mxolod imis vergacnobierebis xarjze, rom gvaro-

vnuli aristokratia, rogorc feodaluri klasi,

aRar arsebobs da sakuTari „keTilSobilobisa“ da

aRmatebulobis Sua saukuneebis kriteriumebiT ga-

mosaxva ubralod sasacilo anaqronizmia. aseTive

anaqronuli komponenti arsebobs homo postsovieti-

kusebis akviatebul memarjveneobaSic, rodesac maT-

Tvis memarcxeneoba, rogorc mSromeli da Cagruli

xalxis uflebebisaTvis gaCenili msoflmxedveloba,

romelic socialur ierarqiebsa da uTanasworobas

upirispirdeba, mdabiur warmomavlobasTan igivdeba.

amitomac rac ufro metad konservatori iqneba, rac

ufro SeiZulebs socialurad susts da daucvels,

miT ufro gaezrdeba sakuTari arasabWouri, „revo-

luciamdeli“ keTilSobilobis gancda.

aq calke aRniSvnis Rirsia memarjvene-konservato-

rad konvertirebuli homo postsovietikusi inte-

leqtualis tipaJi, romelic faqtebis ara mxolod

tendenciuri gaSuqebiT, aramed maTi damaxinjebiTac

cdilobs ukve dasavleTis memarcxene inteleqtua-

lebis, rogorc sxvadasxva saxis totalitarizmis

mqadageblebis mxilebas. mxilebis mTavari samizne ki

1968 wlis evropasa da amerikaSi momxdari studen-

turi gamosvlebi da mis fonze warmoSobili post-

modernizmia. 1968 wlis ambebi, romelic homo post-

sovietikusTa azriT, sxva araferi yofila, garda

totalitaruli lozungebiT liberalizmis winaaR-

mdeg brZolisa, xolo „postmodernisti“ filoso-

fosi miSel fuko ki aiaTola xomeinis kultmsaxu-

ri, sabWoTa satirul Jurnal „niangis“ politikuri

sakuTari sabWoTa warmomavlobis uaryofa, misgan gaqceva, misi ara gaazreba, aramed

kvalis waSla, magaliTad Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, homo postsovietikusebis

mxridan sruliad destruqciuli saxiTac vlindeba, romelic sabWoTa warsulis

gamaxsenebeli simbolikis ganadgurebiskenaa mimarTuli.

saavtoro

92 cxeli Sokoladi

gverdebis tradiciis gagrZelebas hgavs, romelic

dasavluri imperializmis gaSarJebasa da dagmobas

emsaxureboda. risi gaxsenebac 68 wlis movlenebze

saubrisas homo postsovietikusebs mudam aviwydebaT,

swored is faqtia, rom es amboxi, upirveles yovlisa,

avtoritaruli saganmanaTleblo sistemisa da oja-

xuri struqturis, muSa-mosamsaxureTa araadekva-

turi anazRaurebisa da mZime socialuri pirobebis

da, rac mTavaria, sakuTari saxelmwifoebis kolo-

nialuri Tu neokolonialuri politikis winaaRmdeg

iyo mimarTuli. mTavari kiTxva, romelsac am Taobis

adamianebi sakuTar mSoblebs da maswavleblebs usva-

mdnen, sakuTar danaSaulsa da konformizms exeboda

da igi uaxlesi warsulis gadafasebasa da gaazrebas

emsaxureboda. frangebi safrangeTis kolonialur

politikas da 1954-1962 wlebis alJiris omSi sakuTa-

ri mTavrobisa da armiis mier Cadenil sisastikeebs

amxeldnen; germaniaSi am procesis gagrZeleba ara

mxolod memarcxene terori, aramed germaniis mTa-

vrobis meTauris, federalur kancler vili bran-

dtis mier 1969 wels varSavis getos memorialTan mu-

xlis modreka da germanuli nacional-socializmis

mier Cadenili danaSaulis aRiareba iyo; amerikelebi

ki vietnamSi oms aprotestebdnen da swored am pro-

testSi daibada saerTaSoriso pacifisturi moZrao-

ba... saboloo jamSi, am movlenebma Tavad dasavluri

liberalizmi ufro liberaluri da TviTkritikuli

gaxada. postmodernulma kritikam ki TavisTavad

cxadi WeSmaritebebisa da „umaRlesi idealebis“ ar-

seboba eWvqveS daayena da maTi demiTologizaciiT

aseTi miTebis ukan mdgari Zalauflebis manipulato-

ruli meqanizmebi gamoaaSkarava.

sakuTari sabWoTa warmomavlobis uaryofa, mis-

gan gaqceva, misi ara gaazreba, aramed kvalis waSla,

magaliTad Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, homo post-

sovietikusebis mxridan sruliad destruqciuli sa-

xiTac vlindeba, romelic sabWoTa warsulis gamax-

senebeli simbolikis ganadgurebiskenaa mimarTuli.

aseTi qmedebebis arsi warsulis gadaazreba ki araa,

aramed misi gandevna, rogorc dakarguli umankoebis

daviwyeba da yvelaferSi sxvis, „ucxo Zalis“ dadana-

Sauleba. am movlenis saukeTeso ilustraciad homo

postsovietikusebis gamogonili ritorikuli for-

mula „70 weli“ gamodgeba, romlis gaCeniTac postsa-

bWoTa kavSiris istoria iwyeba. aseTi formula mTel

sabWoTa periods ise warmoaCens, TiTqos sabWoTa

sistema romeliRac Soreuli galaqtikidan Camosuli

abstraqcia yofiliyo, romlis Seqmnasa da zemoqme-

debaSic adamianebi ar monawileobdnen. Tumca far-

dobiTobis principi „70 welzec“ gavrcelda da misi

„okupaciis muzeumad“ saxeldeba moxda: saqarTvelo

70 weli okupirebuli iyo, amitomac is yovelgvari

pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufalia! es warmodgena

qarTvel homo postsovietikusebs ara mxolod maT

„sasircxvilo warmomavlobas“ aviwyebs, aramed saku-

Tari ucdomelobisa da umankoebis iluziasac uqm-

nis. rodesac sabWouris sakuTar TavSi Secnoba da

misgan gaTavisufleba ar xdeba, mTeli energia „ga-

regnul“ niSnebze gadadis: yvelaferi, rac okupants,

anu ruseTs ukavSirdeba _ rusuli ena, literatu-

ra, kino, musika, romelzedac ara mxolod qarTvel

homo postsovietikusTa Taobebia gazrdili, rac maT

sakuTar sabWoTa „sasircxvilo warmomavlobas“ axse-

nebs, aramed romlis simbiotur nawilsac bolo ori

saukunis qarTuli kulturac warmoadgenda, mexsie-

rebidan unda amoiSalos.

saboloo jamSi, realoba, romelsac homo postso-

vietikusebi qmnian, aris sabWoTa kavSiris virtualu-

ri postsabWoTa kavSiriT Secvla, romelic sakuTar

TavSi sabWouri stereotipebisa da miTebis daZle-

visken ki araa mimarTuli, aramed swored sabWoTa

xanaSi Camoyalibebuli miTosuri saazrovno stru-

qturebis karikaturulobamde misul absolutiza-

cias cdilobs. mexsierebidan gandevnili da miTebad

qceuli warsuli akviatebuli ideebisa da qmedebebis

saxiT ukan brundeba da yvelaze metad swored to-

talitaruli warsulisagan gaTavisuflebas uSlis

xels.

saavtoro

cxeli Sokoladi 93

gagrZeleba

<<< dasawyisi gv. 30

2008 wlis martSi uprecedento

ram moxda: mmarTveli `samarTlia-

nobis da ganviTarebis partiis~

winaaRmdeg sakonstitucio sasa-

marTlos mTavarma prokurorma,

ialCinkaiam saqme aRZra da, qveynis

konstituciasTan da laicistur

principebTan winaaRmdegobis gamo,

misi akrZalva moiTxova. ialCinkaia

partias qveynis araerTi sferos fa-

rul islamizaciaSi sdebda brals.

imave wels sakonstitucio sasamar-

Tlom saboloo gadawyvetileba mii-

Ro da braldebas moTxovnaze uari

eTqva, Tumca, partiam seriozuli

gafrTxileba miiRo da biujetic

Seekveca. prezidenti abdula giuli

da premieri erdoRani xuTi wliT

politikur saqmianobasTan damSvi-

dobebas gadaurCnen.

ori wlis win qalbatoni erdo-

Rani erT-erT samxedro hospital-

Si ar SeuSves, im dRes mas, isla-

mis wesiT, hijabi exura, romelic

qals mxolod Tmas ufaravs. sa-

mxedro elitis warmomadgenlebma

daTmobas premierisTvis bodiSis

moxda amjobines. Tumca, erdoRans

sakuTari coli oficialur Sexve-

drebze mainc arasdros dahyavs _

TurqeTSi moqmedi kanonis gamo,

romelic qalebs saxelmwifo da-

wesebulebebSi TavsaburiT gamoCe-

nas ukrZalavs. 2008 wels partiam

am akrZalvis nawilobriv gauqmebas

(umaRlesi saswavleblebis studen-

tebisTvis) miaRwia. wels premierma

erdoRanma ganacxada, rom hijabis

akrZalva adamianis uflebis darR-

vevaa, ataros iseTi samosi, ro-

gorc Tavad surs.

mustafa qemalis samoqalaqo re-

formis udidesi miRweva araTu is-

lamuri samyaros, aramed msoflio

masStabiTac ki, xelisuflebis

mxridan qalTa emansipaciis upre-

cedento mxardaWera iyo. maSin

qalebi gamoCndnen sazogadoebriv

cxovrebis bevr sferoSi, miecaT

arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba...

kidev erTi saintereso paradoqsi

isaa, rom roca qalis Tu mamakacis

CacmulobaSi (feskis da Cadris ta-

reba) sakuTari koreqtivebi Sehqon-

da, aTaTurqi iseve Zaladobda,

rogorc petre I rusi Tavadaznau-

robis mimarT. erdoRanis iniciati-

va ki Turqi qalebis im 2/3-isTvisaa

gankuTvnili, vinc islamis tradi-

ciul normebs misdevs, Turqul ga-

remoSi es Sesworeba bunebrivad da

misaRebad gamoiyureba.

`samarTlianobis da ganviTare-

bis~ proislamurma RonisZiebebma

piks wels, 2010 wlis 22-23 Teber-

vals miaRwia, rodesac erTdrou-

lad samxedro elitis ormocdaa-

Tiode gamorCeuli warmomadgeneli

daakaves. maT brali wauyenes samxe-

dro gadatrialebis mcdelobis-

Tvis.

armiis mimarT xalxis siyvarulis

miuxedavad, es ambebi qveyanaSi er-

Tgvarovnad ar aRqmula. ̀ SesaniSna-

vi ambavia TurqeTisTvis, SesaniSna-

vi ambavia demokratiisTvisac~, _

werda im dReebSi stambolis erT-

erTi gazeTi. avtoris mtkicebiT,

Zalian mcdaria gavrcelebuli Se-

xeduleba, TiTqos Turquli armia

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi qveynis

demokratiulobis garanti yofi-

Turquli demarSi

94 cxeli Sokoladi

gagrZeleba

liyos. `piriqiT, _ werda Jurna-

listi, _ demokratia Cven swored

samxedroebma wagvarTves~.

TurqeTma gonivrulad gamoiyena

Seqmnili viTareba da erTdroulad

ori kurdReli daiWira: samxedroe-

bis Zalauflebis moTokvasac Seud-

ga da evrokavSiris rekomendaciac

Seasrula. zedapiruli ganxilviT,

es SeiZleba kidev erT paradoqsad

gamoCndes: prodasavluri samxedro

elitis moTokvas TurqeTs, didi

xania, swored evrokavSiri sTxovs.

Tumca, moTxovnis arsi isaa, rom

armia samoqalaqo xelisuflebas

unda eqvemdebarebodes. aseTi Za-

laufleba armias evropis arc erT

qveyanaSi ar aqvs.

proislamur talRaze TurqeTs

metismetad daeZaba urTierToba

Tavis Zvel partniorTan, israel-

Tan. arada, 1949 wels TurqeTi is-

lamuri samyaros pirveli saxelmwi-

fo iyo, romelmac israeli aRiara,

da mas Semdeg ori qveyana mWidrod

TanamSromlobda bevr, maT Soris _

samxedro sferoSic. usiamovnebis

mizezad (SesaZloa, sababad) israe-

lis mier SarSan RazaSi Catarebuli

operacia ̀ mdnari tyvia~ iqca. wels,

ianvarSi TurqeTis telearxma TTR1 am ambebis amsaxveli antiisraeluri

teleserialis Cveneba daiwyo, rac

diplomatiuri uTanxmoebis pirvel

etapad iqca. TurqeTma israels

uari uTxra erTobliv samxedro

wvrTnebSi monawileobaze. amas ian-

varSi, davosis forumze erdoRanis

antiisraeluri replikebi da ka-

tegoriuli demarSi daemata. maSin

premiers stambolSi erovnuli gmi-

riviT daxvdnen. martSi TurqeTma

israeli miwisZvris Sedegebis li-

kvidaciis drosac ar daixmara da

SeTavazebaze uari uTxra.

qemalisturi ideologiis Turqe-

Ti is qveyanaa, romelic XX sauku-

nis islamur samyaroSi avtorite-

tiT arasdros sargeblobda. axla

TurqeTi iransac uaxlovdeba,

erTi mxriv, isteriuli antisemi-

tis, ahmadineJadis, da meore mxriv,

israelTan mkveTri dapirispirebiT

dRiTi dRe igebs arabuli samyaros

guls da aRmosavleTis mimarTule-

biTac ixsnis gzas. wels erdoRanma

CineTi muslimi, da Tan Turquli

warmoSobis xalxis, uigurebis ge-

nocidSi amxila.

Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

mas sulac ar gahfuWebia urTier-

Toba ruseTTan _ CrdiloeT kavka-

siis muslimuri mosaxleobis mi-

marT warmoebuli politikis gamo.

ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobaSi

daaxloebis axali etapi ki lamis

saqarTvelo-ruseTis 2008 wlis

omis dros daiwyo. omis dReebSive,

roca iranis xelisuflebam qarTu-

li mxaris mier afxazebis da osebis

genocidi dagmo, abdula giulma

ruseTs, samxreT oseTSi misi 2000

moqalaqis daRupvis gamo, TanagrZ-

noba gamoucxada.

bevri rusi eqspertis azriT,

Turquli diplomatia brwyinvaled

muSaobs, da msoflios aCvenebs,

rogor SeiZleba Sedegiani urTier-

Tobebis damyareba erTdroulad

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis oms Tur-

qeTis da somxeTis urTierTobis

saintereso, magram droebiTi da-

Tboba mohyva. am or mxares Soris

urTierTobis normalizaciaze sau-

bari, sami welia, mimdinareobs. 2008

wlis cnobili safexburTo vizitis

Semdeg, SarSan, 2009 wels ori qvey-

nis sagareo uwyebis warmomadgen-

lebma ciurixSi erToblivi gancxa-

deba gaakeTes, rom diplomatiuri

urTierTobis aRdgenas apireben da

samoqmedo dokumentze, e.w. `sagzao

rukis~ SemuSavebaze muSaoben. es

ambavi msofliom sasiamovno siax-

led miiRo. Tumca male probleme-

bic gamoCnda. `sagzao ruka~ arsad

gamoqveynebula, da somxurma dias-

poram, romelic genocidis aRiare-

bis msoflio procesis ̀ avangardSi~

dgas, axsna-ganmarteba moiTxova.

somxeTis xelisuflebasa da dias-

poras Soris urTierToba daiZaba

da procesi gaiyina.

amiT ZiriTadad Turqebma moi-

ges: SarSandeli aprilis Semdeg

genocidis aRiarebis procesi mniS-

vnelovnad SeCerda, da mis mimarT

mtrulad ganwyobili da gavleniani

somxuri diaspora somxeTis xeli-

suflebas daupirispirda: Turqe-

Ti gaero-s usafrTxoebis sabWos

droebiT wevrad iqna arCeuli: re-

gionuli mniSvnelobis procesebSi

man sakuTari roli mniSvnelovnad

gazarda, da Tan SeerTebuli Sta-

tebisa Tu evrokavSiris winaSe mi-

mzidvel moTamaSed warmoCinda.

Tumca, 2010 wlis dasawyisi, ge-

nocidis aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT,

somxebisTvis mosavliani gamodga.

martSi somxebis genocidi aRiara

SvedeTis da kataloniis parlamen-

tebma da, rac mTavaria, martSive,

aSS-s kongresis warmomadgenel-

Ta palatis saerTaSoriso saqme-

Ta komitetma miiRo rezolucia,

romelSic osmaleTis imperiaSi

somexTa masobrivi xocva-Jleta

genocidadaa Sefasebuli. Tumca,

barak obamam da hilari klintonma,

romlebic adre aRiarebis momxree-

bad moiazrebodnen, komitetis ga-

dawyvetileba dagmes, da mizezad

is moitanes, rom axaldawyebul

Turqul-somxur dialogs es faqti

CixSi Seiyvans.

am fonze Zalian mkafiod ikve-

Teba TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris

urTierTobis daTboba. wina sauku-

nis ormociani wlebidan, ufro ki

1952 -dan (nato-Si gawevrianebidan

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde) es ori

qveyana mtrul banakebs warmoad-

genda. mas Semdeg, rac samxreT

kavkasiaSi sami damoukidebeli sa-

xelmwifo warmoiqmna, TurqeTi

aq sakuTar gavlenas nel-nela da

Zalze efeqturad afarToebda. ise

rom, dRemde Tan aSS-s interesebis

gamtareblad rCeboda da Tan ru-

seTTan daaxloebasac axerxebda.

putinis mosvlasTan erTad, da

evrokavSirTan dausrulebeli po-

litikuri vaWrobis fonze, ori

saxelmwifos daaxloeba evropis

mxridan msgavsi damokidebulebis

WrilSi gagrZelda.

urTierTobis daTbobis axali

cxeli Sokoladi 95

talRa ruseT-saqarTvelos omis

Semdeg iwyeba. am xanmokle omis

aqtiur fazaSi TurqeTis rolma

rusuli mxaris mowoneba daimsa-

xura. omis yvelaze mwvave fazaSi,

TurqeTma saqarTvelosken momava-

li amerikuli samxedro tankere-

bi sakuTar wylebSi ar SeuSva.

omis dasrulebisTanave ki, kavka-

siis xuTi regionisTvis (TurqeTi,

ruseTi, saqarTvelo, somxeTi da

azerbaijani) stabilurobis pla-

tformis Seqmnis ideiT mimarTa ru-

seTs. da, rasakvirvelia, SeerTebu-

li Statebis wyroma kidev erTxel

daimsaxura.

daaxloebiT aseTive iyo CineTis

qmedebebi agvistos omis Semdeg.

CineTis warmomadgenlobiTi dele-

gacia ruseTSi omis dasrulebis-

Tanave Cavida da mxardaWera ga-

moucxada. delegacias, bunebrivia,

qarTuli mxaris poziciac aintere-

sebda, magram ruseTis gaRiziane-

bas moerida da mxolod reigionSi,

baqoSi Casvla gabeda. TurqeTTan

amas kavSiri ar aqvs, mxolod is mo-

menti ikveTeba, rom Zlieri saxel-

mwifoebis umetesoba, romlebic

evraziuli interesis nawilad gani-

xilebian, regionSi ruseTis domi-

nantobas kiTxvis niSans arasdros

usvamen.

ukanasknel wlebSi aSS da ruseTi

erTad ubiZgeben somxeT-azerbai-

jans da somxeT-TurqeTs saerTo

enis gamonaxvisken. aSS-sTvis es da-

axloeba somxeTze ruseTis gavle-

nis Semcirebas moaswavebs. ameriku-

li xazi am urTierTobaSi sruliad

marTebulad wamoswevs erT dros

somxebisgan daviwyebul realobas,

rom maT genocidSi ruseTs Tur-

qeTis Tanabari roli miuZRvis.

es mosazreba yovelwliurad met

mxardamWers iZens Tavad somxeTSi

(somxur diasporas msgavsi simar-

Tlis aRiarebis problema ar aqvs).

2003 wels sakiTxze momuSave erT-

erTma somxurma komisiam ortomeu-

li gamosca. meore tomSi avtorebi

mxolod ruseTis wil danaSaulze

amaxvileben yuradRebas.

TurqeTi ise gaerTo rusul-

somxur xazTan daaxloebiT, rom

erT-erT molaparakebaze (mar-

Talia, kulisebSi) azerbaijanis

mxares SesTavaza, yarabaRi somxe-

TisTvis daeTmoT. anu, TurqeTis-

Tvis miebaZaT da ise moeSorebinaT

tvirTi Tavidan, rogorc TurqeTma

_ kviprosis problema `moagvara~.

ase rom, rogorc vxedavT, da ro-

gorc batonma putinma brZana, ìqm-

neba axali realoba~ (TurqeTis mxa-

res albaT ukeT esmis, rogoria es

reloba, radgan putinis es mimar-

Tva patriot Turq samxedroebs ise

moewonaT, sakuTar vebgverdzec ki

ganaTavses), romelSic partniorebi

proteJeebs, da xandaxan aramxo-

lod maT, `msubuqad~ Ralatoben.

regionis sakiTxebze momuSa-

ve amerikeli eqspertebi _ meTiu

braiza da zeino barani TurqeTis

prorusuli nabijebis gamo SeS-

foTebas ukve agvistos omis Sem-

deg gamoTqvamdnen. zeino barani

TurqeTis mier `nabukos~ proeqtis

Tavdapirveli Canafiqris gauTva-

liswineblobas da egreT wodebuli

`samxreTis nakadis~ mimarT rusuli

interesis gatarebas did Secdo-

mad uTvlida. Tumca, mxolod ru-

seTze ar aris saubari. TurqeTma

`nabukos~ proeqtSi monawileoba

iransac SesTavaza. marTalia, aSS-

s kongresis mier zemoT naxsenebi

rezoluciis miReba somxuri dias-

poris Zalisxmevis Sedegicaa, ma-

gram, SesaZloa, TurqeTis mimarT

sagareo politikis veqtorebis

gadanacvlebis, aseve ruseTTan me-

tismeti daaxloebis gamo, patara

profilaqtikur gafrTxilebadac

miviCnioT.

TurqeTis mxridan muslimur

samyaroSi prestiJis amaRlebaze

zrunva udavod gonivruli gada-

wyvetilebaa. urigo ar iqneboda,

amaze samomavlod qarTul saxel-

mwifosac ezruna, amgvari kapita-

lis dagrovebis dawyeba uaxloesi

wlebidanac SeiZleba, Tuki saqar-

Tvelo dasavleTisa da CrdiloeT

kavkasiis interesebis gonivrul ga-

dabmas moaxerxebs da iqneb, region-

Si mcxovrebi patara muslimuri

erebis interesebis pirveli gamta-

rebelic ki gaxdes.

TurqeTis protesti dasavluri

samyarosadmi absoluturad gasa-

gebia. osmalur-somxuri sakiTxi

namdvilad rTuli samecniero pro-

blemaa, orive mxares seriozuli

argumentebi da sakiTxis sakuTa-

ri, damajerebeli xedva aqvs. dasa-

zustebelia, riT xelmZRvaneloben

evropis parlamentebi, rodesac ge-

nocids aRiareben. ucnauria isic,

rom, am sadavo sakiTxis gamo, arc

aSS-s kongresi moerida masStabur

cvlilebebs.

Turqi avtorebi, Jurnalistebi

axla im damokidebulebaze saubro-

ben, romelic aSS-m regionSi Tavi-

si mokavSireebis mimarT gamoiCi-

na. amerika, maTi TqmiT, sakuTari

partniorebis interesebs ar icavs,

maSin, roca ruseTma Tavisi mokav-

Sireebis ricxvi regionSi samamde

gazarda.

asea Tu ise, Sua evropis aRmosav-

leTiT saintereso situacia iqmne-

ba. ukrainis arCevnebSi prorusuli

ianukoviCis arCevis Semdeg, roca

TurqeTi veqtorebs dasavleTis

winaSe kunTebiviT aTamaSebs, azer-

baijans regionis kvalobazec ki

Znelad SeiZleba ewodos demokra-

tiuli qveyana, somxeTi ki Tura-

nuli ideebis winaSe panikur SiSs

da rusul perspeqtivas ver eleva,

saqarTvelos mniSvnelovneba re-

gionSi, wesiT, kidev metad unda

warmoCeniliyo. wina aTwleulis

saqarTveloSi aRsaniSnavi tempiT

viTardeboda samoqalaqo sazoga-

doeba, romelsac dasavleTidan

meti mxardaWera da gaZliereba

sWirdeboda. mxardaWera dResac

swored qarTvel moqalaqes sWir-

deba, romelic Sin Tu gareT, mis

garSemo daZrul veqtorebs Soris,

cvalebad realobaSi, gaurkveveli

perspeqtivebis winaSe martoa dar-

Cenili.

gagrZeleba

96 cxeli Sokoladi


yvela gisosze aucileblad Se-

xvdebiT dambali puriT miwebe-

bul, „yviTeli“ Jurnalebidan

amoWril xatebsa da saqarTvelos

kaTalikos-patriarqis portrete-

bs. zurgze xelebdakrefilebi am

sarkmlisken piriT videqiT. kame-

ris mkvidrni or-orad gahyavdaT

derefanSi, saidanac cema-tyepis

xma moismoda. damamcirebel gamo-

naTqvamebze patimrebis Sepasuxe-

bis xma ar gagvigonia. ismoda mxo-

lod tylaSa-tyluSi da kedelze

Tavis mirtymis yru baguni. Cveni

jeric dadga, magram jer sxva ka-

meraSi gadagviyvanes. erTi me-

Tvalyuris xeli Tvalze momxvda.

ar mtkenia, TiTqmis amcda.

am kameraSi gverdiT proeqto-

ris qurdobaSi eWvmitanili biWi

medga. is ara, lamazi romelic

iyo, meore. man miTxra, Sen na-

rkotikebis Semotana giweria ba-

raTSi da magrad gcemen, da modi,

me sxvasTan erTad gavalo. kargi,

batono-meTqi. is biWi Cemamde ga-

vida da magrad scemes _ Tu swa-

vlobdi, geswavla, ras iparavdi,

rom iparavdio.

axla ki aliyuris koridori

unda gamevlo da cixis ufrosi-

saTvis Cemi baraTi mimeca. manamde

patimrebma gamafrTxiles, fexsa-

cmlis enebi gaiswore, rom kori-

doris gavlisas ar daece, Torem

Senze ixtunavebeno. isic miTxres,

xma ar amoiRo, Torem ufro mets

girtyameno. bloki Tu auRe, haer-

Si gaburTavebeno. isic ar vicodi,

Cems sasikeTod maZlevdnen am rCe-

vebs Tu Radaobdnen. mokled, Cemi

jeric movida. gavedi koridorSi,

arc erT meTvalyures ar Sevxede,

pirdapir cixis ufross gavuswo-

re Tvali da Tavdajerebuli da

gamarTuli nabijiT gavemarTe

misken. cixis ufross mivawode Cemi

baraTi da sakuTari gvari, saxeli

da mamis saxeli vuTxari. raze da-

giWireso. planze-meTqi, mivuge. aq

ori muxli giweriao. braldebas

nawilobriv veTanxmebi-meTqi. ho,

ho, eg nawili gaasaCivreo, iro-

niulad momigo. misi ironia Zalian

tkbilad Camesma, is fizikuri gve-

misagan indulgenciis momaswavebe-

li iyo. ar mcemes.

SevediT kidev erT, msgavs ka-

meraSi, sadac ukve nacemi xalxi

idga. Cem mimarT wayenebuli bral-

debebis simZimiT dafiqrebuli da

mainc sastikad nacemi studenti

isev Cem gverdiT idga. Semecoda,

magram erTi niSnismogebiT ki ga-

davxede. imiTRa daimSvida Tavi,

rom miTxra, Tvalze fingali gaqv-

so. warmovidgine, rogor gauxar-

deboda, marTla rom momxvedro-

da, magram ver mivarTvi.

gamogviyvanes karantinidan da

daiwyo kamerebze aweva. adminis-

traciidan pirvelive korpusSi

Segviyvanes da pirvelive sarTul-

ze sxvadasxva kamerasTan dagvaye-

nes. manamde vcdilobdi maTTan

movxvedriliyavi, visac an kape-

zedan, an karantinidan vicnobdi.

axla ase aRar vfiqrobdi. pirve-

li, igive „e“ korpusis X kameraSi

Semiyvanes.

gagrZeleba

cxeli Sokoladi 97

`svaboda~

Zalian gamimarTla. gamimarTla,

rom movaxerxe Tavdacva karantin-

Si, gamimarTla, rom 24 saaTSi da-

gvSales, gamimarTla, rom TiTqmis

ar momxvedria, namdvilad gami-

marTla, im kameraSi rom movxvdi,

sadac amwies, da Cems sixaruls sa-

zRvari ar hqonda, rodesac Sevi-

tyve, rom imdenadac gamimarTla,

rom kviraSi erTxel xelmisawvdo-

mi abano 2 saaTSi iqneboda. mok-

led, magari gamimarTla.

korpusi 1, kamera X

Tavidanve vityvi, rom karg kame-

raSi movxvdi _ maZRarSi, rogorc

aseTebs cixis administracia uwo-

debs. sigaretisTvis Tavis danebe-

bis gegma filtriani sigaretis da-

naxvisTanave Caifarcxa. sigaretma

gamabrua, imdeni xani ar mqonda

moweuli. kameraSi garkveuli wes-

rigi idga da mec Sevecade, am wes-

rigis arss Cavwvdomodi.

kameraSi ramdenime rames unda

daukvirde: vin wevs dabla da vin _

maRla. unda gamoricxo fizikuri

janmrTelobis faqtori, romlis

gamoc vinme SeiZleba dabla iwves.

imasac unda miaqcio yuradReba,

vis meti aqvs lariokis baraTze,

miuxedavad amisa, ramdenad xel-

gaSlilia. Tu xelgaSlilicaa,

kameraSi „macqeralobis“ preten-

ziac aqvs. „macqeraloba“ maTi

mogonili sityvaa, vinc mxolod

socialuri uTanasworobis gamo

ver „mayureblobs“ da xandaxan am

mware sityvis sarkastulad war-

moTqmiT egueba realobas. kidev

erTi ramaa gasaTvaliswinebeli:

vinc xSirad „atarebs“ usiamovno,

„megobrul“ xumrobas, yvelaze

moulodnel da radikalur qmede-

bebsac misgan unda elode.

SesvlisTanave civilizebuli

adamianebis xeli vigrZeni. siga-

reti SemomTavazes, gamosacvleli

tansacmeli, pirsaxoci momixies

da saponi momces. Cemi adgili ma-

Cvenes da Cemi winamorbedis kbi-

lis jagrisic momces, miTxres,

sapniT garecxe, araferi sWirdao.

gavixade sacvlebi da gavrecxe,

rom abanodan gamosuls sufTa

sacvlebi mqonoda. miTxres, sanam

tansacmeli Semogiva, ar mogeri-

dos, yvelafers gaTxovebTo. bevr

kiTxvebs vusvamdi. isinic moTmi-

nebiT mpasuxobdnen. kameraSi iyo

radio, romliTac saaTs vigeb-

diT, iyo Jurnal-gazeTebic da

Wadrakic. igive zomis kamera iyo,

rac karantinSi, magram aq mxolod

eqvsni viyaviT da rigrigobiT

Zili ar gvWirdeboda. patimrebi

yoveldRiurad saguldagulod

alagebdnen kameras. paraSazec

uCveulo sisufTave iyo. ganwyo-

bis amaRlebaze givi zrunavda,

romelic kameras „ganagebda“.

givi surameli biznesmeni iyo,

romelmac nasesxebi fuli drou-

lad ver daabruna. mevalemac ar

daayovna da uCivla. givim amis Se-

saxeb Seityo da mTeli Tavisi qo-

nebisa da biznesebis axloblebze

gadaformeba moaswro, amitomac

„gasrokvas“ didad ar ganicdi-

da. ganaTlebuli kaci iyo, sain-

tereso. ambobda, daceminebisas

„svabodas“ nu iZaxiT, Tavisufle-

ba TqviT, es xom ufro lamazad

JRerso. 6 Tve iyo, rac givi im ka-

meraSi ijda.

SedarebiT naklebstaJiani Ta-

nakamereli iyo zura, qurdobisa-

Tvis daWerili veeberTela kaci,

saxis nakvTebic ki veeberTela

hqonda. uSvelebeli mxrebi hqon-

da, da roca kameraSi SuadRis

da saRamos locvis gaZlierebis

rituali imarTeboda, misi mxre-

bis mezoblad Cumad mdgoms sul

imis SiSi mqonda, ybaSi ar gaertya

pirjvris gadasawerad moqneuli

xeli. es SiSi gavuziare kidec. xu-

mroba gaigo.

21 wlis WiaTureli giorgi Se-

darebiT cota xnis win daeWiraT

da kameris danarCen binadarTa

msgavsad, jerac „gausudavi“ iyo

(ara, nu, raRaca arsebobs ra _

visi asakic gavige _ samisa _ yve-

la 21 wlis iyo). giorgi qurduls

awveboda, rac danarCen Tanakame-

relebSi xSirad xumrobis sagnad

iqceoda xolme _ ara imitom, rom

qurduls pativs ar scemdnen, ara-

med imitom, rom eg palaJenia miSas

xelSi veRar dabrundeboda, rad-

ganac imdeni obSiaki verasodes

aikrifeboda, rom axali drois Ci-

novnikebis avtobanis mSeneblobi-

dan da sxva elituri biznesebidan

miRebuli wili gadaefara. gior-

gim Tavisi maisuri maTxova. kargi

biWi iyo giorgi.

konstantinoviCi Cemi megobris

Zmakacis mama aRmoCnda. fizikosi

iyo, inteleqtuali, da kameraSi

ganviTarebuli movlenebisa Tu

saubrebis umetesobas mdumare

ironiiT adevnebda Tvals. rode-

sac Cemi istoria movyevi, Cumad

miTxra, mTel Sens emociebs nu

gaamJRavnebo. albaT, Cemken iyo.

mokled, konstantinoviCi erTiT

meti nugeSi myavda tusaRobisas.

is imitom daiWires, rom mTvral-

ma poker klubSi iCxuba. konstan-

tinoviCi ayvanis dros sastikad

scemes, nekni stkioda, eqTans ki

omeprazoli Semohqonda. omepra-

zoli kuWis wamalia, magram eqTan-

ma uTxra, neknebTan kunTs da-

giamebso. konstantinoviCi mainc

kmayofili iyo, radgan kuWic awu-

xebda.

da bolos, veSapo, igive zug-

dideli vato. veSapo imitom Se-

arqves, rom veeberTela zuras

xSirad uZaxda ase da es saxeli

bolos isev TviTon SerCa. vato

yvelaze naklebad hgavda veSaps:

patara, gamxdari, warsulSi efe-

drinis miRebisagan mudam mZinare.

veSapo sul klubur cxovreba-

ze mekiTxeboda _ ra xdeba „neiT

ofisSio“. es kiTxvebi sayovelTao

xorxocs iwvevda. vuxsnidi, rom

„naiT ofisi“ sinamdvileSi erTi

didi nagvis ormo iyo, magram mas

mainc sxvanairad enTeboda Tvale-

bi. misTvis im nagvis ormos xsene-

ba saxeze dacemul ezos lampione-

biT ganaTebuli gisosebis Crdils

ultraTanamedrove klubur gana-

Tebad aqcevda.

gagrZeleba

98 cxeli Sokoladi

ai, abanozec gagviyvanes da

cota momeSva. mere sadilic mo-

vida. balanda mdidari sakvebi Ri-

rebulebis mqone produqtebisagan

keTdeba, magram rogor axerxeben,

rom aseTi ugemuri iyos, vera-

friT davadgine. samagierod, la-

riokze ajika iReba da yvelafers,

tkbils Tu cximians, ajikas ama-

teb, rom rame gemo mieces da bo-

los makaronsac, piuresac, supsac

da brinjsac marto ajikis gemo

aqvs. calke aRniSvnas imsaxurebs

puri, romelsac diliT gaZleven.

axali puri moaqvT, magram xelSi

iSleba _ umariloa. patimrebi am-

bobdnen, adre kacze naxevar purs

iZleodnen da miSas ministrobis

dros mTeli puris mocema daiwye-

so. Cai? Caize ambobdnen, broms

ureven, rom erTmaneTi ar dava-

makoTo. ra vici, ra vici...

balandis mosvla mixaroda _ na-

xevar saaTs klavs. Wadrakic klavs

dros. bavSvobis mere ar meTamaSa

da Tavidan „davamuRame“. erTis

garda yvelas veTamaSe. im erT-

Tan rom davapirebdi TamaSs, sul

raRac xdeboda. erTxel balanda

moitanes, erTxel locvis dro

dadga, erTxel „praverka“ daiwyo,

erTxelac kontroliorma radio

wagvarTva da yvelani gabrazebu-

lebi viyaviT, da bolos erTxelac

cixis ufrosma momakiTxa.

palaJenia

cixis ufrosis piradad stu-

mroba ucnaurad meCvena. xelebi

zurgze davilage da derefanSi

gavedi. uceb nacnobi xma Semo-

mesma, cixis ufross ekiTxeboda,

xelebi zurgze ratom ulagiao.

cixis ufrosma miugo, wesia aseTi

batono giorgio. es nacnobi xma

ombudsmens ekuTvnoda. warmomad-

geneli axlda, romelic pirvelive

dRidan axdenda Cemi saqmis doku-

mentirebas. giorgis piradad mos-

vlam Zalian gamaxara. samorigeoSi

SevediT sasaubrod. cixis ufross

qcevaze Sevatye, rom ombudsmenze

STabeWdilebis moxdenas cdilob-

da _ mainc saCvenebeli cixea.

giorgim pirobebi gamomkiTxa.

mec yvelaferi vuambe. saerToSi

ratom xaro, calke ar Segiyvane-

so? me arc vicodi, calke kamere-

bic Tu iyo. is Turme „palaJenias“

gulisxmobda. saubris dasasruls

cixis ufrosma miTxra, ratom ar

miTxari, Tu aseTi Tema iyo, Tavi-

danve „palaJeniaze“ gagwevdio. me

vuTxari, rom aranair palaJeniaze

gaweva ar mindoda da Cems kameraSi

darCena merCivna. man sastiki uari

Tqva im motiviT, rom mand dacu-

li ver iqnebi da me Rame ver da-

viZineb, rodesac es mecodinebao.

wamiT davfiqrdi: rogor SeiZle-

boda, mTel karantins detalurad

scodnoda Cem Sesaxeb da cixis

ufross ver gaego.

TanakamerelebTan normalurad

damSvidobebac ki ver movaxerxe,

ise gadamiyvanes palaJeniaze.

palaJenia calke korpusia para-

lelurad Camwkrivebuli korpuse-

bis gverdiT. pirvel or sarTulze

absluga cxovrobs. es Cveule-

brivi patimrebi arian, sxva pati-

mrebisaTvis balanda da larioki

daaqvT. maT uniformiT gamoarCe-

vT. amaSi gasamrjelos ar uxdian,

Tumca sigarets aZleven da cixis

teritoriaze Tavisuflad gada-

adgilebis saSualeba aqvT. maTi

kamerebi saRamos 8 saaTamde ar

iketeba. bolo sarTulze ki sa-

qaTmea. saqaTme imitom hqvia, rom

iq wesiT qaTmebi unda isxdnen. qa-

Tami cixis Jargonze mamaTmavals

hqvia. saqaTmis ramdenime kameraSi

ZiriTadad pedofilebi da gaupa-

tiurebisTvis daWerilebi ixdian

sasjels. arian mesame kategoriis

patimrebic, romlebic iq gaurkve-

veli mizeziT sxedan. ar vici, da-

narCeni patimrebisagan maTi izo-

lireba albaT sxva niSniT wydeba.

mTel saqaTmeze erTi qaTa-

mi ijda _ baTumeli maqsime. mis

garda kameraSi isxdnen maqsimes

„qmari“ da kidev orni, vinc gaupa-

tiurebisTvis ixdidnen sasjels.

maqsimem maSinve gamarkvia iqaur

wesebSi. vecade, male dameZina,

radgan Tanamosaubre ver vnaxe.

Zalian ganvicade, rom iq mimiyva-

nes. RamiT maqsimem zeda Sponki-

dan zewari Camoafara da, damswre-

Ta miuxedavad, Zalian vokaluri

aqti moawyo „qmarTan“.

im Rames Tu daviZinebdi, ar me-

gona. qveda Sponkidan iseTi suni

amodioda, rom Zils mifrTxob-

da. zewaric Zalian WuWyiani iyo.

diliT maqsimesa da misi qmris

Cxubma gamaRviZa. sul Cxubobd-

nen, rogorc namdvil col-qmars

Seefereba. qmari umtkicebda, sva-

bodaze kacTan dawola grexia da

SigniT _ arao. maqsime ironiu-

lad pasuxobda, razec qmari kidev

ufro brazdeboda.

daiwyo namdvili jojoxeTi. mi-

vxvdi, rom im kameraSi gaCereba

Cemi fsiqikis dangrevis xarjze Tu

moxerxdeboda. qveda mezobeli,

romelsac stefane „ieRovelos“

eZaxda, mTeli dRe loculobda.

mere momiyva istoria, romelmac

`TeTri bairaRebis~ „Semomeupa-

tiura“ gamaxsena. kameris mexuTe

binadarma ki miambo, Tu rogor

wauyvana Zmakacs qali, romelmac

agreTve iCivla. is mexuTe binada-

ri gamudmebiT iRimoda. ieRove-

lo sul imas cdilobda, misTvis

sakuTari gonebrivi upiratesoba

daemtkicebina _ krosvordSi xma-

maRla amoikiTxavda xolme iseT

kiTxvebs, romelzec TviTon hqon-

da pasuxi, da rodesac mosaubris-

gan pasuxs ver moismenda, TviTon

ambobda da debiloo, eZaxda. er-

Txel misi krosvordebis gazeTi

aviRe da TiTo krosvordSi 3-4

Sevsebul sityvaze meti ver vnaxe.

Zalian, Zalian gavbrazdi ieRove-

loze.

amasobaSi maqsime miyveboda, rom

erTi suli hqonda, zonaze rodis

gadaiyvandnen. meubneboda, zona-

ze magrad iqnebi, filtriani da

sguSoni ar mogakldebao. es Tur-

me gasamrjeloa seqsualuri saxis

momsaxurebisaTvis. vkiTxe, cixeSi

an zonaSi prezervativi Tu iyo.

gagrZeleba

cxeli Sokoladi 99

gaecina. rac mets miyveboda, miT

ufro depresiaSi vvardebodi. bo-

los erT wertils mivaSterdi da

vecade, araferi gamego, rasac me-

laparakebodnen.

rogorc iqna, dadga is nanatri

wami da advokatTan gamiyvanes.

haeri rom CavisunTqe, bednieri

viyavi _ im kameridan gasvla me-

Rirsa. am daculi palaJeniis erT

Taviseburebasac davakvirdi: ro-

desac im korpusidan gamodixar,

ramdenime korpusis patimrebi xv-

debian, rom saqaTmidan mohyavxar,

radgan abslugis forma ar gacvia.

Tan kameraSi iseTi xalxi zis, rom

rodis ra mouva TavSi azrad, ver

mixvdebi. ai, aseTi daculi aris es

palaJenia. mere karantinze svanis

naTqvami gamaxsenda, purs erTad

xom ar SevWamTo, da mivxvdi, ra-

tom aTavsebdnen calke zogierT

patimars.

„axalgazrda iuristebis“ ad-

vokati iyo. Zalian SeSfoTebuli

miyurebda, rame xom ar moxda,

adre aseTi daTrgunuli ar iya-

vio. me suliT da guliT vTxove,

cixis ufrosi enaxa da im kameri-

dan moveSorebine.

misi naCuqari qaRaldis xelsa-

xoci Smonze damatovebines, ar

SeiZlebao. advokatma piroba Se-

asrula da cixis ufrosTan er-

Tad dabrunda. gadavwyvite, cixis

ufrosTan blefze wavsuliyavi da

vuTxari, rom ombudsmenma Cemi

dacul kameraSi gadayvana Cemi

muSaobis Temis gamo moiTxova da

ara Cemi piradi identobis gamo.

me iq ver gavCerdebi da an SimSi-

lobas daviwyeb, an rames davimar-

Teb-meTqi. Zalian SeSfoTda. sa-

erTod, ar awyobda es ambavi. unda

gavarkvioo da saRamos moval ka-

meraSio.

isev im kameraSi dabruneba mo-

miwia. ar gavamxile, rom saRamos

sulmouTqmelad velodi, rom ar-

cerTi maTganis saxe aRar damena-

xa. arada, adre ase aravis movqce-

vivar, amanac Zalian damafiqra.

meRirsa: cixis ufrosma ramdenime

dRe iTxova Cem mier gaziarebuli

informaciis gadasamowmeblad da

sanacvlod gverdiT kameraSi ga-

dayvana SemomTavaza. visargeble

imiT, rom es SemoTavazeba bolom-

de damakmayofilebeli ver iqne-

boda da sigareti, axali zewrebi,

adiala da axali saparsi vTxove.

cixis ufrosma gankargulebebi

gasca da umalve yvelaferi momi-

tanes. kmayofili viyavi, radgan

depresiuli garemos Semdeg situ-

aciis Cems sasargeblod gamoyene-

ba movaxerxe.

bolo pasadka

XX-dan XY kameraSi aRmovCndi.

momijnave kamerebis binadarni

komunikaciis primitiuli xerxe-

biT sargebloben _ kedelze abra-

xuneben da Semdeg tualetSi Se-

dian, rom saventilacio sistemis

gamoyenebiT miawvdinon erTma-

neTs xma. aman damafiqra, vicodi,

rom maqsimes megrel „qmars“ Cems

axal kameraSi nacnobi hyavda da

megrulad esaubreboda xolme. ar

mindoda, Cemze rame rom gaegoT

axal kameraSi, radgan vivaraude,

rom cixis ufrosi maTTanac See-

cdeboda Cemi sqesobrivi idento-

bis dadgenas da Sesabamisad imas,

rom blefze wavedi. Tadarigi da-

viWire da yvelas vuTxari, rom

Cemi saqmianobis gamo movxvdi

palaJeniaze da rom maqsimes gei

vegone.

im ors ki salaparako bevri

hqonda, Tan megrulad. ar vicodi,

raze dailaparakebdnen.

rodesac cixis ufrosma kamera-

Si piradad Semacila, axali zewre-

bis, sigaretis, saparsis da Cem

mier kompensaciad miRebuli sxva

nadavlis TanxlebiT, yvelam eWvis

TvaliT Semomxeda. Tanac pirve-

lad momaTavses qveda Sponkaze,

egonaT, im Cxubis ambis garkvevaSi

davxmarebodi cixis administra-

cias. es CemTvis aravis uTqvams,

magram patimrobis cxra dRis Se-

mdeg TanakamerelTa ganwyobis

amocnobac viswavle.

axali kamera Zvels arc Seedre-

boda. is gacilebiT sufTa da mo-

wesrigebuli iyo. ganwyobac yve-

las ufro optimisturi hqonda da

saubaric xuTidan oTxTan Tavisu-

flad iyo SesaZlebeli, depresiu-

lobis gareSec.

im kameraSi adgili ramdenime

saaTiT adre gaTavisuflda: pa-

timrebs Cxubi mouvidaT. vinme

prokurori, romlis prokuro-

robac kameris binadrebma CemTan

saubarSi eWvqveS daayenes, nikas

waeCxuba. nikam Sewyalebis Semdeg

policiis TanamSromeli mokla

da kvlav cixes daubrunda. am sa-

qmem sayovelTao yuradReba mii-

pyro. TviTon nikas erTi Tvis

ganmavlobaSi sastikad scemdnen.

naiarevebi jer kidev etyoboda.

rodesac prokurorTan Cxubis Se-

mdeg oriveni karantinSi Caiyvanes,

„prokurorma“ cixis ufross Seax-

sena, rom es swored is patimari

iyo, romelmac policieli gamo-

asalma sicocxles. rogorc Cans,

cixis ufross is wameba, rac am

patimarma dakavebisas gamoiara,

sakmarisad miiCnia da aRar dasa-

ja. metic, sakuTar kameraSi swo-

red is daabruna, „prokurori“ ki

maqsimesTan gaamwesa, Cems yofil

kameraSi.

nika Cemze oriode wliT umcro-

si iyo. igi ise Seiwyales, rom gan-

cxadebac ar hqonda dawerili. man

gviambo, rom roca policielebma

cema dauwyes, forma ar ecvaT da

Tavidan ver mixvda, ra xdeboda.

yvelasaTvis saubedurod, Tan

dana hqonda da policielebi da-

Wra. Wrilobebi sasikvdilo aR-

moCnda.

nika ganaTlebuli biWi iyo. ga-

naTleba CemsaviT saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi hqonda miRebuli

da Cven Soris uTanxmoebis mizezi,

ZiriTadad, krosvordebis dato-

veba xdeboda xolme. qalaqobana-

sac vTamaSobdiT da sityvobana-

sac. Wkviani biWi iyo nika.

donskis ki 10 weliwadze meti

hqonda gatarebuli cixeSi. Ziri-

gagrZeleba

100 cxeli Sokoladi

Tadad, qurdobis gamo iWerdnen.

mas Seyvarebuli hyavda, magram

cixidan gamosvlisa da stabiluri

Semosavlis wyaros uSedego Ziebis

Semdeg uari Tqva qorwinebaze: ar

undoda, colis ojaxze damoki-

debuli yofiliyo. donski Zalian

mxiaruli biWi iyo, kargad xumro-

bda da TanagrZnobasac xSirad ga-

moxatavda. am yvelafers isic ema-

teboda, rom fexze Zalian lamazi

sviringic hqonda.

mindia Cveni partniori organi-

zaciis moxalise yofila da kole-

gebTan mokiTxvac ki damabara. mas

male upirebdnen gaTavisuflebas.

is donskis gamudmebiT eCurCu-

leboda, albaT ar undoda, misi

saqmis detalebi Semetyo. tanmor-

Cili mindiac xSirad xumrobda.

donskis exumreboda, colad unda

SegirToo. isic valSi arasdros

rCeboda da sul eRadaveboda. er-

Txel tualetSi mimaval donskis

mindiam miaZaxa, kari datove Riao.

donski moubrunda da uTxra, ko-

vzi gamoayoleo...

merabs kameraSi yvelaze mistiu-

ri patimris tituls veravin Se-

ecileboda. mas xulignobis gamo

ramdenime weli hqonda misjili

da bralad xulignoba edeboda.

man miambo, rom TavSi Cipi hqon-

da CamontaJebuli. es rom miTxra,

Tavi ver Sevikave da vuTxari, rom

aseTi tipis Cipi ar arsebobs, rom

es religiuri isteriis gamaRvive-

beli Teoriaa. sxvebma gadmomxe-

des, maniSnes, SeeSvio. merabi ima-

sac momiyva, rom roca misi devna

daiwyo, Tbilisidan gaiqca da gza-

Si, xaragaulTan, xmebi Semoesma,

sodis TanamSromlebi eubnebod-

nen, Cagvbardio. igi avtobusidan

Camovida da xaragaulis tyeSi ima-

leboda. rodesac darwmunda, rom

masze kosmosidan xorcieldeboda

meTvalyureoba, tansacmeli gai-

xada da ise daimala, magram di-

dxans veRar gaZlo da xaragaulis

policias Cabarda.

merabs bolomde swamda, rom

marTlac „daCipuli“ iyo da amis

damadastureblad yviTeli Jurna-

lebidan saguldagulod amoWrili

statiebic manaxa, romlebic sru-

liad saqarTvelos antiqristes

manqanebze amcnobda. me vurCie

ombudsmenis ofisisTvis miemarTa.

merabma gancxadeba dawera da

saxalxo damcvels gaugzavna. kon-

sultaciisaTvis madloba ki imiT

gadamixada, rom cixis ufrosis na-

Cuqari erTjeradi saparsiT Tavi

gadamparsa. Tavidan gamikvirda,

is saparsi, romelmac wveric ki

Zlivs gamparsa, mTel skalps ro-

gor momiprialebda. merabma kidev

erTi saidumlo gamimxila _ adia-

las Zafebi gamoaZro, misgan daq-

na basri saWreli, riTac saparsis

damcavi tixari gadaxerxa da swo-

red ase moaxerxa Cemi gadaparsva.

yandaureli Saqro yvelaze se-

vdismomgvreli patimari iyo. igi

TiTqmis ar laparakobda da drois

did nawils Sponkaze mwoli ata-

rebda. 24 wlis Saqros 24-wliani

patimroba hqonda misjili, vinai-

dan mamida gaaupatiura da Semdeg

moaxrCo. rom vkiTxe, ratom-me-

Tqi, mipasuxa, rom mTvrali iyo.

Saqros aravin akiTxavda. albaT

naTesavebma misi saxiT mxolod

balasti dakarges. yvela etapire-

buli patimari mas utovebda tan-

sacmels, kontrolioric Zalian

keTilad epyroboda. ver mivxvdi,

cixeSi ras akeTebda, mis Seracxa-

dobaSi eWvi mepareboda.

erTxel axali krosvordebi moi-

tanes da mindiam hkiTxa Saqros,

aba, ra aweria am gazeTso. Saqrom

Tavdajerebulad miugo, kros-

vordebio. Semdeg mindiam sityva

„axalze“ miuTiTa da hkiTxa _ aba,

aq ra weriao. Saqrom gaicina da

aranaklebi TavdajerebulobiT

upasuxa, sudokuo. es rom movis-

mine, Zalian cudad gavxdi da Se-

vTavaze, wera-kiTxvas gaswavli-

meTqi. biWebma miTxres, rom maTac

araerTxel SesTavazes igive, ma-

gram Saqrom uariT gaistumra. Sa-

qrom arc angariSi icoda.

aseTi iyo Cemi axali sabinadro.

biWebi sul maimedebdnen, sakuTar

nivTebs miyofdnen, sigarets mawe-

vinebdnen, radgan Cemi lariokis

baraTi damzadebuli ar iyo da ve-

rafris yidvas ver vaxerxebdi.

gaTenda, kontroliori Semovi-

da da gviTxra, rom pragulkaze

unda CaveyvaneT. gakvirvebisagan

yvelas Tvalebi gaufarTovda, me

Semomxedes. Tavidan ver mivxvdi,

ratom. kameraSi dabrunebulebma

miTxres, am korpusis xalxs ara-

sodes aseirneben da Sen Tu gada-

giyvanes, albaT maSinve Sewyveten

amis keTebaso.

...saqarTvelos axalgazrda de-

mokratiis wiaRSi aRmocenebu-

li sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis

xelmZRvanelad qali dainiSna.

patimrebi am faqts dadebiTi an-

tisipaciiT Sexvdnen. ver mivxvdi,

ratom. savaraudod, imitom, rom,

maTi azriT, qalis mier marTul

struqturaSi amdeni sisastike

aRar iqneboda. mec dadebiTad Se-

vafase es movlena, vinaidan kar-

gad vicnob menejmentis qalur

stils, is ufro horizontaluria,

ufro demokratiuli da patriar-

qalur ierarqias bzars uCens, es

ki Tanamdebobriv kibeze mcocav

mamakacebs arakeTilsindisierad

muSaobis, da karieruli wins-

vlisaTvis yvelanairi principis

ugulebelyofis motivacias ukar-

gavs. Tumca erTi ram ver gaviTva-

liswine _ amis gakeTeba mxolod

iseT qals SeuZlia, vinc sakuTar

Tavs ar daumorCilebs im mankie-

rebebs, romlebiTac ase uxvadaa

es sistema gajerebuli. aseT qals

saqarTveloSi sasjelaRsrulebis

ministrad kidev did xans ar da-

niSnaven...

svaboda

dasasruli yvelasaTvis mou-

lodnelad dadga.

paraskevi saRamo iyo. uqmeebiT

gamowveuli mSvidi da mosawye-

ni realobisaTvis ganvewyve. sa-

axalwlo gegmebic davawyve: 25

dekemberi iyo da Cemi saqmis da-

gagrZeleba

cxeli Sokoladi 101

Cqarebis imedic aRar mqonda. ma-

Sin aRmovaCine, rom saaxalwlo

„ivenTebis“ radioTi ulimitod

reklamirebas CemSi depresia aqa-

mde ar gamouwvevia. mdumared

gavcqerodi gisosebs miRma mo-

elvare dumbaZis gamzirs, sadac

erTi Zalian monatrebuli adamia-

ni meguleboda. gviani saRamo iyo.

cixe am dros daketilia da gareSe

pirebis Semosvlac ikrZaleba. ami-

tom Zalian gamikvirda, rodesac

gamomiZaxes.

oTaxSi Cemi saqmis gamomZiebeli

da advokati melodnen. Zalian ga-

mikvirda. gamomZiebeli aRar meu-

xeSeboda. gaRimebulma momaxsena,

rom prokuraturam saproceso Se-

Tanxmeba SemomTavaza. advokatTan

pirispir darCena viTxove, da man

miTxra, rom saerTaSoriso orga-

nizaciebisa da diplomatiuri mi-

siebis reaqciis gamo saswrafod

undaT Cemi gaTavisufleba, imde-

nad Cqaroben, Cemi cixeSi datove-

ba orSabaTamdec ki ar undaT.

ra pirobebiT?

rodesac Sevityve, rom Cem mi-

marT wayenebuli brali srulad

unda meRiarebina da ganaCenis

gadasinjvac SeuZlebeli iqnebo-

da, vkiTxe, Rirda Tu ara, saqmis

arsebiTad ganxilvas davlodebo-

di. man mipasuxa, rom mdgomareo-

ba SeiZleba Secvliliyo da aRar

gaeTvaliswinebinaT is mxardaWe-

ra, romelic amdenma adamianma ga-

miwia. mokled, saproceso SeTanx-

mebas xeli movawere.

cixis ufrosma momiloca da

mTxova, gancxadeba damewera, rom

cixeSi yofnis dros problemebi

ar Semqmnia da rom amisaTvis admi-

nistraciis madlobeli viyavi. es

Txovnac Sevasrule.

gaTavisuflebis Semdeg xSirad

vusvam Cems Tavs SekiTxvas, Tu

ratom vawerdi xels ama Tu im

dokuments. ratom Caviyene Tavi

aseT mdgomareobaSi. magram giso-

sebs miRma es SekiTxvebi ar gamCe-

nia _ me xom ase mindoda Tavisu-

fleba.

...davbrundi kameraSi. erTi wuTi

Cumad vijeqi, ar vicodi, ra for-

miT mecnobebina sxvebisaTvis es

ambavi. dumili TviTon daarRvies.

me vuTxari, rom saprocesoTi

gamaTavisuflebdnen, meore di-

liTve, sasamarTlo darbazidan.

Zalian gauxardaT, Tumca maleve

danaRvliandnen. yvela meubnebo-

da, rogor gavaxsendebi, rogor

SemeCvivnen da rogor davakldebi.

mec davnaRvliandi.

im Rames gvianobamde visxediT

da vsaubrobdiT. yvela raRac

rCevas mekiTxeboda, Semomna-

trodnen da mpirdebodnen, rom

gaTavisuflebis mere minaxulebd-

nen. me davpirdi, rom saaxalwlod

donskis baraTze garkveul Tanxas

davuricxavdi, rom Cems saxelze

moelxinaT. maT miTxres, rom es

ar iyo saWiro. diliT erTmaneTs

davemSvidobeT. diax, ai, ase, mok-

led da konkretulad, radgan ami-

saTvis bevr dros ar gaZleven.

korpusidan morigem gamomiyva-

na. gzad „smenis“ ufrosi Segvxvda

da gaTavisufleba momiloca. me

vTxove, rom im korpusis patimre-

bis dilaobiT saseirnod Cayvana

gaegrZelebinaT. miTxra TviTon

eridebodnen adreo. me vuTxari,

rom sinamdvileSi maT es Zalian

sWirdebaT da es sami dila SeeCvi-

vnen kidevac.

Tavisuflebisaken gza igive

marSrutiT unda gamevlo, riTac

cixeSi mimiyvanes. jer karantinSi

Camiyvanes da fuqsSi Semiyvanes.

rodesac patimari fuqsSi SehyavT,

yvela xvdeba, rom is palaJenii-

dan aris Camoyvanili. erT-erTma

kontroliorma Semomiyvira da

cemiT damemuqra _ jibidan xeli

amoiReo. am dros kidev erTxel

moviSvelie cixis ufrosTan pi-

radi nacnoboba da ase moviSore

abezari kontroliori. Tan saku-

Tari saqcielic aRar minania, rom

cixis administraciis misamarTiT

dadebiTi gancxadeba davwere wina

saRamos.

...furgonSi Segviyvanes. badragma

cixis mcvelebs informacia mia-

woda _ 13 patimaria, erTi èr-

bedan~ (rezbalnica, igive cixis

saavadmyofo) da erTi qalio. vi-

fiqre, rom cixeSi qalebis kor-

pusic iyo da romelime patimar

qals amoiyvandnen. arada, yvela

sxva patimari mixvda, rom Cemze

iyo saubari, radgan fuqsidan ga-

mosvlis dros daminaxes.

sasamarTlo darbazSi Cemi ko-

legebi ar damxvdnen, iyvnen de-

daCemi, Cemi da da siZe. dedaCemi

mkacrad miyurebda, magram cota

xanSi Zalian molba da mis gamo-

xedvaSi ufro meti alersi da

monatreba amovikiTxe. naiarevi

prokurori uCveulod karg xa-

siaTze iyo, TiTqos uxaroda Cemi

gaTavisufleba. mosamarTlem

uyoymanod daamtkica saproceso

SeTanxmeba. xelborkilebi momxs-

nes. prokurorma xelic ki Camo-

marTva da momiloca. axloblebs

gadavexvie da sasamarTlo darba-

zi davtoveT.

aq unda davasrulo Txroba,

radgan yvelaze saintereso mov-

lenebi swored svabodaze moxda.

arcTu advili aRsaweria is, rac

gareT meloda. arcTu TavSesa-

qcevi wasakiTxi iqneba. undoblo-

ba, SiSi, imedgacrueba, Ralati,

mitoveba, Seuracxyofa, damcire-

ba, dacinva, martooba, depresia,

sakuTari Tavis rwmenis dakargva,

tkivili, motyueba, danaSaulis

grZnoba, Secodeba, xelmocaru-

loba, imedi, mokled klasika... es

sityvebi Zalian, Zalian sustad

gamoxatavs imas, rasac miqadda es

ybadaRebuli „svaboda“.

P.S. „Cipian“ merabs etapireba

gaukeTes da zonaze gadaiyvanes.

damireka da momikiTxa. mkiTxa,

donskis baraTze Sen Caricxe fu-

lio? me mivuge, rom mxolod da-

napirebi Sevasrule. man naRvliani

xmiT miTxra _ netav icode ram-

deni dagvpirebiao... donski mome-

natra.

gagrZeleba

102 cxeli Sokoladi

aRar ibeWdeba <<< dasawyisi gv. 54

vebgverds sxva ucnaurobebic axasia-

Tebs. ramdenadac gazeTi pasuxismge-

blobas iRebs sakuTar masalaze im saa-

redaqcio procesis saSualebiT, romlis

drosac profesionali reportiorebi

da redaqtorebi saguldagulod amowme-

ben wyaroebs, azusteben gamosaqveynebel

informacias, blogosfero xarisxis kon-

trols mTlianad mkiTxvelebs andobs.

`hafington postSi~ jona pereti ganmar-

tavs, rom redaqtorebi `mTavar gver-

ds aqceven yuradRebas~ da yvelafers

akeTeben imisTvis, rom mxolod sando

blogerebma daweron da sarwmuno in-

formacia moxvdes masze. mTeli gverdis

masStabiT komentarebis umravlesoba ki

manamde qveyndeba, vidre redaqtori wai-

kiTxavs. is mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ereva

dauyovnebliv, Tu mkiTxveli romelime

komentars cru informaciis an lanZRva-

ginebis Semcvelad miiCnevs.

`hafington postis~ saredaqcio pro-

cesebi, peretis gamoTqma rom vixmaroT,

`malitis strategias~ (mullet* strategy)

efuZneba (`win wamoweuli biznesi da ukan

datovebuli mkiTxvelebis jgufi~ _ ase

xatovnad gvixsnis am ideas monaTesave

gagrZeleba


gubaidulinas erTnairad aRelvebs

socialuri, religiuri da filoso-

fiuri sawyisi. `mistikuri komentare-

bi~, anu teqsti, romelic man parizSi

sakuTari musikaluri nawarmoebebis

Sesrulebas daurTo, swored aRmosa-

vluri poeziisa da filosofiis gav-

lenis Sedegia. igi TiTqos gaSmagebiT

eZebs `vertikalis~ _ anu socialuri

sferos da `horizontalis~ _ religiis

gadakveTas da am misias musikaluri

liturgiis formas akisrebs.

sofia gubaidulina: àrsebobs faru-

li Tu gacxadebuli mizezi, ratomac

irCevdnen kompozitorebi sasuliero

Janris musikas: vnebebs, oratoriebs,

kantatebs. baxidan an buqstexudedan

moyolebuli, olivie mesianiT damTa-

vrebuli, kompozitorebi cdiloben

sulieris Canacvlebas miwieriT, anu _

socialuriT. kompozitori, romelic

dRes musikis religiur formas irCevs,

sinamdvileSi stadionze an teleekranis

win Sekrebil mayurebels mimarTavs. es

praqtikulad igivea, rac saukuneebis

win wirvaze misuli xalxi, romelic ta-

ZarSi locvas an orRans usmens~.

berZnuli sityva `liturgia~ swored

`saerTo samuSaos~ niSnavs da kompo-

zitoric am saerToobisa da samuSa-

os `msxverplia~, romelic, yvelafris

miuxedavad, adamians mimarTavs _ cod-

vils, susts, dacemuls. raTa Tavisi

xma uzenaess miawvdinos.

mxolod brwyinvale goneba ar iye-

nebs am RvTiur, disharmoniul xmas

miwieri didebisaTvis. magram eWvgare-

Sea Tu ara miwieri didebiT sargeblo-

ba? es xom Zalian didi cdunebaa. meore

mxriv, warmatebis SegrZneba xelovans

sakuTari SesaZleblobis ganmtkicebaSi

exmareba.

didi xelovneba isev warmogvidgeba

saidumlo horizontad, okeaned, ro-

melSic samoTxe mudmivad dafarulia

nisliT da miuRweveli sixaruliT. cxa-

dia, Semoqmedebis saidumlo arsebobs,

iseve rogorc am saidumloTi mogvrili

tkivili, romelic xelovans mudam Tan

sdevs. amis Sesaxeb bevri ram Tqmula

da dawerila. magram arsebobs ubra-

lod tkivili, romelsac cxovreba da

zogjer sakuTari qveyana ayenebs xelo-

vans da romelic ubralod waruSlelia.

ufro sworad, tkivilis gancda erT ad-

gilas gubdeba da mogvianebiT mexsiere-

baSi Waobad iqceva, saidanac gaqceva Tu

Tavdaxsna sasicocxlod aucilebelia.

sofia gubaidulina, didi xania,

imdroindeli, Sededebuli sabWoTa

mexsierebisa da jandabas gagzavnili

kompozitorTa kavSiris miRma cxo-

vrobs. TiTqos sagangebod gamoiketa

patara, ekologiurad sufTa, mSvid

da uSfoTvel germanul qalaqSi, raTa

musikis karibWe gaxsnas. damRleli me-

gapolisis Semdeg is qmnis gigantur,

mSvid disharmonias, raTa adamianebma

ubralod iwamon, magram tkivili ar

daiviwyon.

brwyinvale disharmoniuli goneba

cxeli Sokoladi 103

vebgverdi BuzzFeed). `momxmareblebis

mier vebgverdis sivrcis Sevseba Zalian

moduria, Tumca maTi komentarebis

umravlesoba sruli nagavia~, _ ambobs

pereti. malitis strategia momxmare-

blebs iwvevs `meorexarisxovan gverde-

bze sakamaTod da azris gamosaTqmelad,

im dros, roca profesionali redaqto-

rebi mTavar gverdze wesrigs mkacrad

icaven~. malitis strategia swored am

midgomas aviTarebs, radgan veb-kompa-

niebisTvis trefikis gazrdis sauke-

Teso saSualebaa momxmareblebisTvis

kontrolis SeTavazeba, Tumca reklamis

mozidvis saukeTeso gzas TvalSisacemad

mimzidveli mTavari gverdi warmoadgens,

sadac korporatiuli sponsorebi saku-

Tari brendebis xilviT datkbebodnen.

es politika unaklo namdvilad ar

aris. im dros, roca qariSxali katrina

mZvinvarebda, aqtivistma rendal robin-

sonma erT-erT komentarSi ganacxada,

rom is niu orleanidan miRebul infor-

macias eyrdnoboda, romlis Tanaxmadac,

zogierTebi iq `gvamebs Wamdnen, SimSi-

liT rom ar daxociliyvnen~. roca erie-

na hafingtonma am komentaris Sesaxeb

gaigo, robinsons daukavSirda da aRmo-

aCina, rom mas ar SeeZlo, sakuTari war-

mosaxvis nayofi faqtebiT gaemyarebina.

erienam am adamians sakuTari sityvebis

sajarod uaryofa mosTxova. namdvilad

misasalmebeli iyo adekvaturi reaqcia,

romlis Sedegadac Secdoma gamosworda,

magram aman mainc ver SeuSala xeli im

cru informaciis swrafad gavrcelebas,

romelic yvelas pirze ekera.

daZabuloba meinstrimul mediasa da

vebsivrcis warmomadgenlebs Soris jer

kidev me-20 saukuneSi iwinaswarmetyve-

les, erT-erTi yvelaze cxare da anga-

riSgasawevi diskusiis dros.

1920-1925 wlebSi axalgazrda uolter

lipmanma sami wigni gamosca, romleb-

Sic demokratiisa da presis Teoriul

kavSirebs ikvlevda. maT Soris iyo `sa-

zogadoebrivi azri~ (1922), romelic da-

debiTad miiRo rogorc sazogadoebas-

Tan urTierTobis sferos praqtikosTa

jgufma, aseve Jurnalistikis kvlevis

akademiurma wrem. lipmanma SeniSna, rom

erTmaneTs metad daSoreboda is, rasac

demokratiisgan bunebrivad elodnen

da is, rac xalxis Sesaxeb icodnen. de-

mokratiis Teoriis moTxovniT, moqa-

laqeebi kargad unda erkveodnen sxva-

dasxva sakiTxSi da icnobdnen im pirebs,

romlebsac winamZRolobas sTxoven. es

mosazrebebi udavod keTilgonivruli

iyo jeims franklinis droindeli bos-

tonis TeTrkaniani, mamrobiTi sqesis,

miwaTmflobelTa klasisTvis, magram,

lipmanis azriT, misi Tanadrouli ka-

pitalisturi sazogadoeba imdenad ga-

zrdiliyo da garTulebuliyo, rom

saSualo moqalaqe veRar erkveoda um-

niSvnelovanes movlenebSi.

lipmani werda, rom Jurnalistika Ta-

vis saqmes kargad asrulebs, roca ìs

sportuli Sejibris angariSs gvacnobs,

transatlantikuri reisis Sesaxeb mogvi-

Txrobs an monarqis sikvdils gvauwyebs~.

Tumca situacia gacilebiT rTuldeba,

roca `magaliTad, saqme exeba politi-

kur warmatebas an ucxoeTis romelime

qveynis socialur pirobebs, anu iseT

SemTxvevebs, romlebsac martivi pasuxi

ar moeZebneba da faqizi midgoma, miuker-

Zoebeli gadmocema sWirdeba~. am dros

JurnalistikaSi `sruli uTavbolobaa,

gaugebroba da faqtebis damaxinjebis Se-

mTxvevebic ki~.

lipmanma saSualo amerikeli, romel-

sac enamoswrebulad àutsaideri~ uwo-

da, sportul Sejibrze `bolo rigSi

Camomjdar yru mayurebels~ Seadara:

`man ar icis, ra xdeba, ratom xdeba da

ra unda moxdes~. is ìm samyaroSi cxo-

vrobs, romlis arc danaxva SeuZlia, arc

gageba da arc marTva~. sazogadoebis mi-

seuli aRwera iqneb gulzec moxvdes mas,

vinc dRevandel sakabelo arxebze uyu-

rebs axal ambebs an im radiogadacemebs

usmens, romlebSic mowveuli stumrebi

saubroben xolme. misi sityvebiT, sazo-

gadoeba `gvian fxizldeba, yuradReba ki

swrafad efanteba... da mxolod maSin in-

teresdeba, roca movlenebi melodrama-

tuli konfliqtis saxes iRebs~. lipmani,

vinc Tavgadakluli elitisti iyo, ver

xvdeboda, ratom unda daezafra vinme

mis daskvnebs. saSualo moqalaqeebs xom

aravin sTxovda elementaruli nawilake-

bis fizikisa Tu poststruqturalizmis

srulyofil codnas. ratom unda mogve-

Txova maTTvis, rom kongresis politi-

kaSi bevrad ukeT garkveuliyvnen, vidre

Sua aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis stra-

tegiebSi?

lipmanis mier SemoTavazebuli gamo-

savali, arsebiTad, demokratiaze xelis

aRebas gulisxmobda. am mosazrebas is

imiT amarTlebda, rom mTavari Sedege-

bi iyo. maSinac ki, Tu xalxi sakmarisad

informirebuli iqneboda da sakuTa-

ri Tavis samarTavad brZnuli nabije-

bis gadadgmas SeZlebda, `saeWvoa, bevr

Cvengans TiTis ganZreva moesurvebina~.

aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv pirvelad

saubrisas, 1920 wels gamocemul wign-

Si, `Tavisufleba da axali ambebi~, li-

pmani acxadebda, rom es problema maSin

gadaiWreboda, Tu Jurnalistika ufro

metad dafasebuli profesia gaxdebo-

da. ori wlis Semdeg daweril `sazo-

gadoebriv azrSi~ ki man daaskvna, rom

Jurnalistika mocemul problemas ver

gaumklavdeboda ̀ 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi

adamianebze mxolod ocdaaTwuTiani ze-

moqmedebiT~. lipmanma Tavisi xangrZlivi

karieris manZilze mofiqrebuli erT-er-

Ti yvelaze ucnauri formulireba Semo-

gvTavaza: unda Seqmniliyo ìnteleqtu-

alTa biuroebi~, romlebic yovelgvari

saWiro informaciiT uzrunvelyofilni

iqnebodnen da miukerZoeblad gansjid-

nen mTavrobis qmedebebs, ar gauwevdnen

angariSs arc demokratiul Rirebulebe-

bs da arc sazogadoebriv azrs. mas ar

auxsnia, ra roli unda Seesrulebina (an

saerTod Tu unda Seesrulebina raime

roli) am procesSi sazogadoebas.

jon diuim `sazogadoebriv azrs~ uwo-

da àlbaT yvelaze mZime braldeba de-

mokratiis mimarT, rac ki odesme vinmes

gamouTqvams~. momdevno 5 weliwadi man

swored am wignis kritikas moandoma.

1927 wels gamoqveynebuli naSromi, saxe-

lwodebiT ̀ sazogadoeba da misi proble-

mebi~, ukiduresad tendenciuri, mZimed

wasakiTxi ram iyo, magram mainc mniSv-

nelovan wigns warmoadgenda. diui ar

upirispirdeboda lipmanis mosazrebebs

Jurnalistikis xarvezebsa Tu iolad ma-

nipulirebadi sazogadoebis Taobaze. is

ubralod Tvlida, rom mis mier SeTava-

zebuli wamali bevrad mavne iyo, vidre

Tavad sneuleba. lipmani sazogadoebriv

azrs calkeuli adamianebis mosazre-

gagrZeleba

104 cxeli Sokoladi

bebis jamad aRiqvamda (sociologiuri

gamokiTxvis Sedegebis msgavsad), diui ki

mniSvnelobas fokus jgufebs aniWebda.

misTvis demokratiis damkvidreba ufro

saubars, gansjas ukavSirdeboda, vidre

informaciis qonas. demokratiuli sazo-

gadoebis wevrebs unda gamoemuSavebinaT

is, rasac Jurnalistikis mkvlevari jei-

ms keiri debatebis aRwerisas demokra-

tiis àqtiur unar-Cvevebs~ uwodebda _

gansxvavebuli Temebis ganxilvis, Rrma

analizis unarebi da aseve, imgvari kama-

Tis unari, romelsac mokamaTeebis kon-

sensusamde miyvana SeeZlo.

diuim lipmani ganaTlebuli, infor-

mirebuli elitis ndobisTvisac gaakri-

tika. èqspertebis wrisTvis imdenad

ucxoa sazogadoebis interesebi, rom is

udavod gadaiqceva im jgufad, romel-

sac piradi interesebi amoZravebs. Sesa-

bamisad, misi codnac SezRuduli iqneba.

fexsacmelebis kervis ostatma SesaniS-

navad icis, rogor unda moargos kacs

fexsacmeli, magram visac fexsacmeli

acvia, is ukeT grZnobs, sad uWers igi~, _

amtkicebda is.

lipmanma da diuim cxovrebis didi

nawili Seswires im problemebTan ga-

mklavebas, romelTa diagnozic Tavad

dasves: lipmanma, rogorc arqetipulma

swavlul-gandobilma da diuim, rogorc

demokratiuli ganaTlebis profetma.

ramdenadac am kamaTSi gamarjvebulis

gamovlena momdevno Taobebis gadasa-

wyveti gaxda, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

momavali ufro lipmanis ideals daua-

xlovda. diuis demokratiisadmi ndoba

ki mniSvnelovanwilad darCa `rwmenad,

rom Sesabamis pirobebSi adamianebs go-

nivruli gansja da moqmedeba SeuZliaT~.

Teoretikosis mravalricxovan naSro-

mebSi miniSnebasac ver wavawydebiT imis

Taobaze, rom aseTi pirobebi _ misive

gansazRvrebiT, demokratiuli skolebi,

sawarmoebi, Tavisufali asociaciebi da

gansakuTrebiT, gazeTebi _ mis sicocx-

leSi sadme arsebobda (92 wlis diui 1952

wels gardaicvala).

amerikuli presis istoriaSi profe-

sionalizaciis iseTi tendencia Sei-

niSneba, rogorzec lipmani saubrobda.

rodesac is am Temaze werda, bevri ga-

zeTi isev me-18-19 saukuneebis ameriku-

li presis modelis erTguli rCeboda.

redaqtorebi da gamomcemlebi sakuTar

Tavs romelime politikuri Zalis an

mfarvelTa jgufis damatebad Tvlidnen

da, Sesabamisad, axal ambebsac tenden-

ciurad aSuqebdnen (warmoidgineT Tomas

jefersoni da eligzander hamiltoni,

romlebic erTmaneTs sakuTari gaze-

Tebis meSveobiT epaeqrebodnen jorj

vaSingtonis ministrTa kabinetSi msa-

xurebis dros). swored lipmanis dros

Caisaxa me-20 saukunis modeli _ gazeTe-

bis brZola politikuri damoukideblo-

bisTvis da maT mier mediatoris rolis

Sesrulebis mcdeloba partiaTa konku-

renciis procesSi, sazogadoebis intere-

sebidan gamomdinare.

ramdenadac Jurnalistika sul ufro

rTuli da dafasebuli profesia xde-

boda _ nawilobriv lipmanis nimuSis

wyalobiTac _ wamyvani reportiorebis,

telewamyvanebisa Tu redaqtorebis sta-

tusebi bunebrivad izrdeboda da uTa-

nabrdeboda senatorebis, ministrTa

kabinetis mdivnebis, korporaciis aR-

masrulebeli direqtorebis socialur

statusebs, romelTa Sesaxebac Tavad

mogviTxrobdnen. diuis winaswarmetyve-

lebis kvalad, es reportiorebi da re-

daqtorebi sakuTar Tavs bevrad ufro

bunebrivad aigivebdnen siuJetebis mTa-

var moqmed pirebTan, vidre mkiTxvele-

bTan. im arCevnebis garda, romlebSic

sul ufro cota amomrCeveli iRebda

monawileobas, politika TandaTan pro-

fesionalebis saqme gaxda da amasTanave,

saseiro sanaxaobadac iqca farTo mase-

bisTvis _ rogorc lipmani imedovnebda

da diui SiSobda. mkiTxvels sruliad

pasiuri roli daekisra: isic sakmari-

si iyo, xandaxan redaqtors werils Tu

miswerda.

Tavdapirvelad lipmanis modelma ga-

mowveva memarjveneebisgan miiRo. bevri

konservatori meinstrimul medias _

wamyvan telearxebs, gazeTebsa da yo-

velkvireul gamocemebs aRiqvamda, ro-

gorc liberal mediatorebs, romlebsac

ar SeeZloT miukerZoeblad gaeSuqebi-

naT samxreT StatebSi samoqalaqo ufle-

bebis damcvelTa moqmedebebi Tu bari

golduoTeris saprezidento kampania.

memarjveneebma kvleviTi centrebi da

sakuTari media-punqtebi Seqmnes, romle-

bsac meinstrimuli media unda gamoewvia

da amasTanave, misi gverdis avliT emo-

qmeda. xelisuflebis saTaveSi reigani-

sa da konservatorebis mosvla mxolod

prezidentobis kandidatis, rogorc

`didebuli mosaubris~, pirovnuli xi-

bliT ki ar iyo ganpirobebuli, aramed _

aTwleulebis manZilze Catarebuli, mo-

samzadebeli ideologiuri samuSaoebiT.

es yvelaferi ki iseTma Jurnalebma gana-

xorcieles, rogorebicaa uiliam baklis

`neSenel riviu~ da norman podhorecis

`komentari~, Tavisi wvlili ki ùol

strit jernelis~ sabrZolo suliskve-

TebiT gamorCeulma im saredaqcio we-

rilebmac Seitana, romlebsac 30 wlis

ganmavlobaSi robert bartli werda. e.w.

konservatiuli `kontristebliSmentis~

damkvidreba, xolo mogvianebiT iseTi

media-fenomenebis gaCena, rogorebic

iyvnen radio gadacemebSi raS limbo da

sakabelo telegadacemebSi bil o’reili,

SeiZleba ganvixiloT diuianuri gaer-

Tianebis mcdelobad, romlis mizani iyo

lipmaniseburi elitisTvis demokratiu-

li mmarTvelobisa da informaciis sada-

veebis warTmeva.

diuianuri gaerTianebis liberaluri

variantis Seqmnas didi dro dasWirda,

nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom Tavad li-

beralebma didxans ver moaxerxes im xar-

vezebis aRmoCena, romlebic mediasTan

urTierTobaSi xels uSlidaT. gasuli

saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolomde bevri

meinstrimuli gamocema Riad ixreboda

liberalizmisken, razec konservatore-

bi maT mudmivad miuTiTebdnen. amasTa-

nave, es gamocemebi sruliad darwmune-

bulebi brZandebodnen Zlieri, aqtiuri

mTavrobis aucileblobaSi, romelic

moralur pasuxismgeblobas aiRebda da

uzrunvelyofda rogorc qalTa ufle-

bebis, aseve _ eTnikuri Tu rasobrivi

umciresobebis uflebebis dacvas. Tum-

ca meinstrimuli Jurnalistikis Tval-

Si metad mimzidveli aRmoCnda axali

konservatiuli kontristebliSmentidan

Tanamedrove swavlulebis gamoxmoba,

rasac Tan daerTo mdidari memarjvene

aqtivistebisa Tu biznesmenebis mxridan

investiciebis ganxorcieleba kvleviT

centrebSi, konkretul politikur wre-

gagrZeleba

cxeli Sokoladi 105

ebSi, periodul gamocemebSi, radiosad-

gurebsa Tu telearxebze. am yvelaferma

ki iseTi mimzidveli konteqsti Seuqmna

konservator kandidatebs, rogorsac

golduoTeris mxardamWerebi verasdros

warmoidgendnen.

ekonomikis yofili profesori danken

bleki, vinc eitriousis saxeliT erT-

erTi yvelaze popularuli blogi Seqm-

na, ambobs, rom odesRac masac sjeroda

`liberaluri mediis miTis~: `magram pre-

sis koleqtiur gamoxmaurebaze dakvir-

vebam klintonis impiCmentis moTxovnisa

Tu goris kampaniis dros, 11 seqtembris

Semdeg, erayis omis dawyebis win da,

agreTve, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

mimarT buSis administraciis absurdul-

ma da saxifaTo mowodebebma Cemi rwmena

absurdad aqcia. amerikuli sazogadoe-

bis 65% buSis administraciis qmedebebs

gmobs, magram amgvar xedvas dResac ki

Zalian iSviaTad gadaawydebiT meinstri-

mul mediaSi~.

liberaluri blogosferos dabadeba,

romlis wiaRSic, didi media-institucie-

bis gverdis avliT, TanamoazreTa wreSi

dialogebis gamarTva SeiZleba, diuiseu-

li warmodgenis gamococxlebasa da axa-

li ambebis lipmanisebur gaazrebasTan

dapirispirebas niSnavs. es ukanaskneli

Cvens xedvas emTxveva, aRniSnulma da-

pirispirebam ki, SesaZloa, diuis cnebas

_ WeSmaritad demokratiul diskurss

STaberos suli. globaluri qseli jgu-

febis Sesaqmnelad mZlavr platformas

qmnis, ambebis gadacema uwyvetad, swra-

fad da iafad xdeba. Zveli demokratiu-

li modeli niu inglendis im qalaqebis

erTobaze iyo morgebuli, romlebSic

keTilSobili, kargad informirebuli

fermerebi cxovrobdnen. dRes ki, glo-

baluri qselis wyalobiT, yvelas Segvi-

Zlia diuianur debatebSi CaverToT da

vikamaToT prezidentebze, politikaze,

sxvadasxva gegmaze. amisaTvis mxolod

xarisxiani interneti gvWirdeba.

`hafington posts~ popularoba 2005

wlis zafxulsa da SemodgomiT gamo-

qveynebulma im statiebma moutana, rom-

lebSic eriena hafingtoni umowyalod

akritikebda `taimsis~ reportioris,

judit mileris reportaJebs samxedro

operaciebsa da sagareo politikaze.

is im gaJonil informaciasa da rCevebs

eyrdnoboda, romlebsac `taimsis~ reda-

qtorebisa da reportiorebisgan uwyvet

nakadad iRebda. miuxedavad amisa, Jurna-

listikis sferoSi mis kompetenturobas

mediasamyaro mainc eWvis TvaliT uyure-

bda.

`hafington posti~ sulac ar yofila

pirveli vebgverdi, romelmac am teqni-

kas mimarTa: mkiTxvelebis codna da in-

teleqti meinstrimul media-narativTan

dasapirispireblad gamoiyena. magali-

Tad, konservatorma blogerebma `liTl

grin fuTbolsis~ vebgverdze didi sia-

movnebiT gaanadgures den rezeri mas

Semdeg, rac man saeWvo Rirsebis doku-

menturi filmi aCvena imis Sesaxeb, rom

TiTqos jorj buSi teqsasSi, sahaero Za-

lebis danayofSi msaxurobis dros mkur-

nalobis gansakuTrebul kurss gadioda.

den rezerze konservatorebis Seteva-

mde didi xniT adre liberalma Jurna-

listma, joSua maika marSalma vebgverdi

`Toqing points memo~ (Talking Points Memo)

Seqmna. mas surda, informacia gansxvave-

buli arxebiT mieRo da ara im wyaroebi-

dan, romlebidanac meinstrimuli media

iRebda. amdenad, marSali xSirad eyrd-

noboda moxaliseTa mokvlevebsa Tu en-

Tuziasti mkiTxvelebis droulad mowo-

debul informaciebs. misma vebgverdma,

2000 wlis floridis debatebidan moyo-

lebuli, ramdenime monaTesave vebgverds

daudo dasabami, romelTa saerTo saxe-

lwodebaa TPM Media. isini finansdebian

rogorc mkiTxvelTa SemowirulobebiT,

aseve reklamidan Semosuli TanxiT. `ko-

lambia jernelizm rivius~ SefasebiT,

`Toqing points memo~ `TiTqmis erTa-

derTi vebgverdi iyo, romelmac ameri-

keli gadamdgari prokurorebis Tema

mTeli simZafriT gaaSuqa~. sabolood,

am skandals generaluri prokuroris,

alberto gonsalesis gadadgoma mohyva,

marSali ki pirveli blogeri gaxda, ro-

melic jorj polkis premiiT daajildo-

ves. `Toqing points memom~ agreTve mTa-

vari roli Seasrula buSis socialuri

usafrTxoebis gegmis CavardnaSi da im

faqtis farTod gaSuqebaSi, rom trent

lotma pozitiurad Seafasa strom ter-

mondis 1948 wlis segregacionistuli

saprezidento kampania. Sedegad, loti

iZulebuli gaxda, senatis umravlesobis

lideris Tanamdebobidan gamdgariyo.

marSalis Tanaxmad, vebgverdis `Tana-

mSromlobiTi aspeqti~ `sruli SemTxve-

viTobis nayofia~. Tavidan mas surda,

yvelaferi `gamWvirvale~ yofiliyo da

mkiTxvelebs misi `mkafiod gamokveTi-

li Tvalsazrisi~ kargad gaerCiaT Se-

Tavazebuli faqtebis fonze. droTa

ganmavlobaSi ki man aRmoaCina, rom im

uzarmazar sapasuxo reaqcias, rasac misi

naSromi iwvevda, `didi raodenobiT Ri-

rebul informaciamde~ mihyavda. meins-

trimuli mediis reportiorebisTvis es

informacia yovelTvis xelmisawvdomi

ar gaxldaT. isini xom saqmes umTavre-

sad, marSalis gamoTqma rom gavimeoroT,

`profesional wyaroebTan~ iWerdnen. ma-

galiTad, qariSxal katrinas mZvinvare-

bis dros man aRmoaCina, rom zogierTi

mkiTxveli klimatsa da amindze dakvir-

vebis federalur samsaxurSi muSaobda.

isini iseT sando informacias awvdidnen

mas da mis vebgverds, rogorsac sxvagan

versad naxavdiT.

miuxedavad marSalis udavo warmate-

bisa, tradiciuli gazeTebis TanamSrom-

lebze did STabeWdilebas ver axdens im

stilis Jurnalistika, rogorsac poli-

tikuri vebgverdebi irCeven. tradiciis

mimdevrebi isev lipmaniseburad aRmer-

Teben kuluarul informacias da maTTan

Sejibrs, visac masze xeli ar miuwvdeba.

bevri maTgani am vebgverdebs ise uyu-

rebs, rogorc seriozuli romanistebi

Sexedavdnen gareubnebidan samsaxurSi

mimavali iaponelebis mobilur telefo-

nebSi Cayril `romanebs~. gazeTebis Ta-

namSromlebi gvaxseneben, rom namdvili

reportaJis, Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis

momzadeba Zviri siamovnebaa, kompilacia

da azrebis frqveva ki iafia.

marTalicaa: arc erTi vebgverdi im

Tanxis naxevarsac ki ar xarjavs, rasac

saukeTeso gazeTebi xarjaven reporta-

Jebis momzadebaze. bolo saStato Sem-

cirebisa da aqciebis nawilis gayidvis

Semdeg `taimsi~ 1200-ze meti Jurnalis-

tisgan Semdgar birTvs inarCunebs, rac

daaxloebiT 50-jer aRemateba `hafing-

ton postisas~. ùoSington postsa~ da

`los enjiliz taimss~ 800-900 TanamSro-

meli hyavT. mxolod `taimsis~ baRdadis

gagrZeleba

106 cxeli Sokoladi

biuros Senaxva weliwadSi daaxloebiT

sami milioni dolari jdeba. am investi-

ciebiT garkveulwilad `hafington pos-

tic~ sargeblobs, Tumca Tavad mcired-

sac ar xarjavs.

gazeTebSi daSvebuli uamravi Secdo-

mis miuxedavad, reportiorebisa da

redaqtorebis didi umravlesoba wle-

bis, aTwleulebis manZilzec ki utria-

lebs sakuTari statiebis Temebs da

yvela wvrilmanSi garkvevas cdilobs.

gagviWirdeba romelime blogeris da-

saxeleba, vinc im donis profesionali

Jurnalisti iqneboda, rogorebic arian

ùoSington postis~ barton gelmani da

dana pristi, ̀ taimsis~ deqster filkinsi

da elisa rubini.

2005 wlis oqtomberSi, finiqsSi,

reklamis sferos warmomadgenelTa kon-

ferenciaze, bil kelerma daiCivla, rom

blogerebi, ubralod, àxal ambebs Ta-

vidan ReWaven~. man xazi gausva, rom am

dros `taimsi~ bevrad met yuradRebas

aqcevs `gadamowmebis Jurnalistikas~ (es

misi gamoTqmaa), vidre ubralod `raRa-

cis mtkicebas~.

`blogerebi axal ambebs ar ReWaven.

isini axal ambebs fqvaven~, _ ukmayofi-

leba ver damala eriena hafingtonma

sakuTar blogze. bevri liberali blo-

geris msgavsad, is ar eTanxmeba tradi-

ciis mimdevari Jurnalistebis varauds,

TiTqos simarTlis gulisgulSi Casa-

wvdomad isini blogerebze mets muSa-

oben. erayis omis dros meinstrimuli

mediis reportaJebSi blogerebis mier

aRmoCenilma xarvezebma ̀ e.w. meinstrimu-

li mediisa da blogosferos sandoobis

Sedarebis sruli absurduloba aCvena, _

ambobs is, _ erayis omis dawyebisas mra-

valma meinstrimulma media-saSualebam,

maT Soris `niu iork taimsma~, eWvmiuta-

neli WeSmaritebis mRaRadeblis gareg-

nuli iersaxe dakarga bevri mkiTxvelisa

da mayureblis TvalSi. hoda, naTeli

gaxda, rom axali wyaroebis ndobac Sei-

Zleboda. isini xom xSirad tradiciul

wyaroebze ufro swrafad asworeben daS-

vebul Secdomebs~.

hafingtoni yuradRebas ar amaxvile-

bs gazeTebis mimarT im parazitul da-

mokidebulebaze, romelic faqtobri-

vad yvela sainformacio vebgverdsa da

blogis mimomxilvels axasiaTebs. Tumca

`hafington postma~ gasul wels mainc

gadadga nabiji profesionalizmisa da

tradiciuli reportingis mimarTule-

biT, roca politikur redaqtorad ùo-

Sington postsa~ da araerT sxva gazeTSi

namuSevari, 40 wlis gamocdili Jurna-

listi tomas edsoli aiyvana. ̀ hafington

postSi~ gadmosvlisas edsolma ganacxa-

da, rom grZnobda, rogor `CaiTria ùo-

Sington posti~ SiSis talRam: SeeSinda

mkiTxvelebis gandgomis, reklamis da-

mkveTebis dakargvis, Semosavlebis Sem-

cirebis, imis, rom interneti walekavda,

rom sruliad usargeblo gaxdeboda. am

SiSma gazeTs erTianad daria xeli da

axali ambebis momzadebis procesi Ta-

vdayira daayena~. edsolis TqmiT, `ha-

fington postSi~ gadmosvla raRaciT

`cixis kedlebis datovebas~ hgavda. man

isic aRiara, rom mas Semdeg sruli Ta-

visuflebis gancdiT wers. Tumca aseTi

magaliTebi metad iSviaTia.

im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu hafingtonis

mier `taimsis~ misamarTiT gamoTqmul

mware-mware SeniSvnebs da ùoSington

postis~ edsoliseul kritikas gavizia-

rebT, SeuZlebelia, ar davinteresdeT:

ra daemarTeba ara mxolod axal ambebs,

aramed Tavad demokratias im msoflio-

Si, sadac aRar dagvWirdeba gazeTebi,

arc maT mier warmoudgenlad didi re-

sursebis daxarjva da profesiuli sia-

mayis gamovlena imis saTqmelad _ Tun-

dac arasrulyofili saxiT _ Tu ra unda

vicodeT.

`simfsonebis~ axal seriaSi den re-

zeris animaciur oreuls xelSi pano

uWiravs, warweriT: `ron lehari, ùo-

Sington postis~ Jurnalisti~. bartis

dauZinebeli mteri, nelsoni Sexedavs da

wamoiyvirebs: àha, Seni mediumi kvdeba!

nelson!~ _ biWs skineri gamoeqomageba.

`marTla kvdeba!~ _ ar Cerdeba nelsoni.

is ar cdeba. gazeTebi marTlac kv-

deba. yvelgan TvalnaTliv Cans, rogor

mcirdeba maTi sicocxlisunarianoba,

Semosavlebi, xarisxi, siRrme, TanamSro-

melTa raodenoba da gverdebis ricxvi.

rTuli saTqmelia, ras gviqadis moma-

valSi es yvelaferi. sami wlis win ru-

pert merdokma gazeTebis redaqtorebi

gaafrTxila: `bevri Cvengani saocrad,

gamaogneblad TviTkmayofili iyo... da

im imediT ikvebeboda, rom is, rasac

cifrul revolucias uwodeben xolme,

gverdiT Cauvlida~. dRes TiTqmis yvela

seriozuli gazeTi cdilobs im teqno-

logiuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas,

romlebsac axali ambebis cifruli gziT

gavrceleba sTavazobs. maT Sorisaa: in-

dividualuri blogebi, video reporta-

Jebi da mkiTxvelebis dialogis SesaZle-

bloba. zogierTi gazeTi, `taimsisa~ da

`postis~ msgavsad, albaT mainc gauZlebs

teqnologiur transformacias da sxva

formas miiRebs. isini TanamSromlebis

raodenobas Seamcireben, onlain ver-

siebis siRrmesa da moculobas gazr-

dian. sxvebi ecdebian, rom lokaluri

mniSvneloba SeiZinon. dRes gazeTebis

redaqtorebi aRiareben, rom `magrad

moxvdaT~. miuxedavad amisa, tradiciis

mimdevar Jurnalistebs mainc abrmave-

bT im statusze emociuri mijaWvuloba,

romelic lipmanma mougonaT: eqsklu-

ziuri informaciis mflobeli. isini ara

mxolod blogosferodan wamosul kri-

tikas ar iReben, aramed arc im demokra-

tiul vnebaTRelvas iziareben, romelic

am kritikas Sobs. axlaxan `Cikago tri-

biuni~ iZulebuli gaxda, yvela poli-

tikuri statiis komentarebis ganyofi-

leba daexura sakuTar vebgverdze. misi

redaqtori timoTi j. maknalTi arcTu

usafuZvlod Cioda, rom ìqauroba bi-

lwsityvaobis asparezad iqca~.

Tavis mxriv, eriena hafingtons sje-

ra, rom onlain-gazeTebi da beWduri

media erTmaneTs sul ufro uaxlov-

deba: `radgan reklamidan vebgverdebis

mimarTulebiT dolarebis nakadi modis

_ marTalia, nela, magram Seuqcevadad _

`hafington posti~ met reportaJs moa-

mzadebs, `niu iork taimsi~, ùoSington

posti~ da maTnairi gazeTebi ki isev

tradiciul reportaJebs SemogvTavaze-

ben, magram maT did nawils vebgverde-

bze moamzadeben~. is winaswarmetyvelebs

kidec: `momavalSi kidev ufro mZafri

reportaJebi iqneba, rac Jurnalistebis

erTobliv muSaobasa da saqmis gadana-

wilebas moiTxovs _ iseTi Wkvianurad

momzadebuli reportaJebi, rogormac

generalur prokurorTan dakavSirebu-

li skandali aagora~. mas ar aRelvebs is,

gagrZeleba

cxeli Sokoladi 107

rac am dros SeiZleba daikargos: `dRes

reportaJebis umravlesoba tradiciuli

erudiciis xarjze mzaddeba, mniSvnelo-

vani ambebi ki `niu iork taimsis~ wina

gverdze Rafavs suls~.

did gazeTebs Soris isini gadarCebian,

romlebsac arakomerciuli seqtori da-

exmareba. liberali milionerebis, herb

da merion sendlerebis mier dafuZne-

buli ProPublica, romlis saTaveSic ùol

strit jernelis~ yofili aRmasrule-

beli redaqtori pol steigeri dgas,

imedovnebs, rom meinstrimul medias

imgvari Jurnalisturi gamoZiebebiT

moamaragebs, rogorzec bevrma gamoce-

mam Tqva uari. ùaiedis~ (Wired) yofili

avtoris, deivid benehamis mier Seqm-

nilma `damoukidebeli mediis centrma~

axlaxan ùoSington postis~ Jurnalis-

ti jeferson morli da `los enjiliz

taimsisa~ da `niu iork taimsis~ yofi-

li redaqtori elison silveri aiyva-

na sakuTari vebgverdis ùoSington

indipendentis~ mosamzadeblad. igi im

sainformacio blogebis erTobliobas

warmoadgens, romelTa mizanic adgilo-

brivi Tu vaSingtonis gazeTebis Semci-

rebuli Jurnalisturi korpusis muSao-

bisas gaCenili xarvezebis amovsebaa. maT

imedi aqvT, rom informaciebs yvelgan

gaavrceleben. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod

ocneba Tu SeiZleba imaze, rom filan-

Tropiis gziT Seivsos Jurnalistebis

SemcirebiT gamowveuli yvela xarvezi.

ase rom, sadacaa, im danawevrebul, qa-

osur sainformacio sivrceSi amovyofT

Tavs, romelsac ufro meti saubrebi da

xarisxiani Jurnalistikis SedarebiT da-

bali done axasiaTebs. gazeTebis trans-

formacia informaciis obieqturad

momwodebeli organizaciebidan im jgu-

febis erTobliobad, romlebsac mxo-

lod sakuTari informaciebi ainterese-

bT (amasTanave, TiToeul maTgans Tavisi

`simarTleebi~ aqvs, romlebis irgvlivac

debatebsa da diskusiebs marTavs), uda-

vod erTiani erovnuli narativis dakar-

gvaze migvaniSnebs. ikargeba erTgvarad

SeTanxmebuli `faqtebis~ mTlianobac,

ris mixedviTac politika unda agvego.

informacia an `wiTelia~, an `cisferi~.

es ki sulac ar aris axali. sanam adolf

oqsi 1896 wels `niu iork taimss~ Caud-

geboda saTaveSi da sazogadoebas cno-

bili deklaraciiT mimarTavda, amerika

savse iyo samarcxvinod mikerZoebuli

gazeTebiT. didi xnis win bevr evropul

qveyanaSic Jurnalisturi kultura sxva-

dasxva politikuri jgufis narativebis

dapirispirebas gulisxmobda, TiToeuli

gazeTi ama Tu im partiis Tvalsazriss

gamoxatavda. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos,

rom dRes am qveynebSi politikuri br-

Zola im dones aRwevs, romlis fonzec

amerikuli dapirispireba umniSvnelod

mogeCvenebaT.

es transformacia seriozul danakar-

gs gamoiwvevs. `taimsis~ redaqtoris,

bil keleris sityvebi rom gavimeoroT,

`siswrafesa da mkiTxvelebis CarTu-

lobaze orientirebuli vebgverdis

formatSi veRar gameordeba bednieri

SemTxvevebi~, romelTa wyalobiTac, ga-

zeTebma amerikis mniSvneloba ganumar-

tes mis moqalaqeebs (sxvaoba vebgver-

debsa da gazeTebs Soris mas `saaTsa da

kalendars Soris arsebul gansxvavebas~

agonebs). 11 Tebervlis diliT (es dRe

SemTxveviT SevarCie) saxlis zRurblTan

mivedi da `niu iork taimsi~ aviRe. im am-

bebTan erTad, romelTa Sesaxebac yvel-

gan waikiTxavdiT (obama kidev erTxel

amarcxebs klintons, buSis administra-

cia eqvsi guantanamoeli patimris si-

kvdiliT dasjas iTxovs) pirveli gverdi

statiebis unikalur kombinacias mTava-

zobda. aseTi ambebi SeiZleba sulac ga-

qres Cveni koleqtiuri cnobierebidan,

Tu aRar iqneba institucia, romelic

maT moamzadebs da gamoaqveynebs. im di-

liT ki maT Soris iyo: jefri jeTlmanis

mier nairobiSi momzadebuli reportaJi

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens

eTnikuri dapirispirebebi da Zaladobis

SemTxvevebi keniis mosaxleobis saSualo

fenaze; Tamar levinis Setyobineba doha-

dan, katarSi amerikuli universitetebis

kampusebis matebis Taobaze; `hafington

postis~ politikis gverdze gamoqveyne-

buli sensacia, romelmac im dRes mTe-

li blogosfero aaforiaqa: maikl gor-

donis statia arakomerciuli kvleviTi

centris RAND-is mier momzadebuli kv-

levis Sesaxeb, romelSic mZafrad iyo

gakritikebuli buSis administraciis

qmedebebi eraySi. amgvarad Tavmoyrili

gansxvavebuli Temebi ara mxolod in-

formaciis wyaros warmoadgens gazeTis

mkiTxvelebisTvis, aramed im samyaros

suraTsac uxatavs maT, romelSic cxo-

vroben. nacionalizmis fesvebis Sesaxeb

daweril umniSvnelovanes wignSi `warmo-

saxviTi erTobebi~ (1983) politologi

benidiqt andersoni hegelis Sedarebas

ixsenebs, Tu rogor hgavs dilis gazeTis

kiTxvis rituali dilis locvas: èrTo-

bis TiToeulma wevrma icis, rom mis mier

Sesrulebul ceremonias imavdroulad

aTasobiT (an milionobiT) sxva imeorebs,

romelTa arsebobaSic mas eWvi ar epare-

ba, Tumca ki maTi vinaobis Sesaxeb um-

ciresi warmodgenac ar aqvs~. andersoni

wers, rom nawilobriv yoveldRiuri ga-

zeTebis mier uzrunvelyofili es `war-

mosaxviTi erTobac~ ganapirobebs erebis

kavSirs.

da bolos, imazec unda davfiqrdeT,

ra daemarTebaT im adamianebs, rogorc

Cvens qveyanaSi, aseve mis farglebs ga-

reT, romlebsac Jurnalisturi ini-

ciativebi icavs wamebis, Seviwroebisa

da usamarTlobis sxvadasxva gamovli-

nebisgan. àdamianebi aTas saSinelebas

ukeTeben erTmaneTs. iq ki, sadac yvela

wyvdiadSi imyofeba, bevrad uaresi ambe-

bi xdeba~, _ ambobs omis veterani, fo-

tografi jorj gasri 1978 wels ucxo-

eTis korespondentebis Sesaxeb daweril

tom stopardis piesaSi. mas Semdeg, rac

jeims franklinis `niu inglend kurant-

ma~ pirveli warmateba moipova, yovel-

dRiuri gazeTi nebismier sxva saSuale-

baze metad uzrunvelyofda mTel ers

im informaciiT, romelic mas imisTvis

sWirdeboda, rom `wyvdiadSi~ ar yofi-

liyo. rogor gaavrcelebs internetze

orientirebuli sainformacio kultura

imgvar `sinaTles~, rac xalxis saSinele-

bebisgan dasacavadaa saWiro, miT ufro

reportiorebisa da fotografebisgan

Semdgari tradiciuli jaris gareSe?

_ es is SekiTxvaa, romlis pasuxic jon

diuis stilis yvelaze gulmxurvale de-

mokratsac ki Tavzars dascemda.

* mullet _ safeTqlebsa da Txemze aWri-

li Tma, romlis qveda nawilic grZelia

da adamians mxrebamde swvdeba.

gagrZeleba

108 cxeli Sokoladi

konformizmi da winaaRmdegoba


am mweralTa nawili ironiul,

enobriv-inteleqtualuri Tama-

SebiT aRsavse prozas qmnis, ro-

melsac zogierTi kritikosi, meti

moxerxebulobisTvis, postmoder-

nulsac uwodebs. Tumca maT Soris

iseTebic moiZebnebian, romlebic

gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT aRweren

bolodroindel movlenebs. uka-

nasknel wlebSi sruliad axali gze-

bis ZiebaSia CarTuli Tanamedrove

klasikosi guram doCanaSvilic,

xSirad ibeWdeba rezo WeiSvili,

aseve guram gegeSiZe da vaJa gi-

gaSvili. gasul wels gardaicvala

nugzar SataiZe, visi prozac, erTi

mxriv, qarTul tradiciul kultu-

ras utrialebda, meore mxriv ki,

Zalze zustad xatavda Tanamedro-

ve urbanul samyaros.

gansakuTrebuli Temaa qali mwer-

lebi, romelTaganac naira gelaS-

vils, maka miqelaZes, ana korZaia-

samadaSvilsa da Tamri fxakaZes

gamovarCevdi. 2009 wlis bolos

gamosuli naira gelaSvilis roma-

ni „pirveli ori wre...~ namdvilad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos ukanaskneli

ocwleulis yvelaze ambiciur Cana-

fiqrad. es ucnauri formiT dawe-

rili 800-gverdiani romani „mTarg-

mnelobiTi kolegiis~ bedis fonze

aRwers Cem mier zemoT dasaxele-

bul fsevdo-gzajvaredinebis pe-

riodis saqarTvelos.

yvela zemoCamoTvlili mwerali

Zalze mcire tiraJiT vrceldeba

qarTul bazarze. maTgan yvelaze

kargad aka morCilaZis romanebi

iyideba (igi erTaderTi qarTveli

mweralia, romelic yovel wels

gamoscems wigns, zogjer ramde-

nimesac). yvela bolodroindeli

rekordi moxsna daTo turaSvilis

„jinsebis Taobam~, wignma, romelic

1983 wels, qarTveli axalgazrde-

bis mier TviTmfrinavis gatacebis

saqmes eZRvneba.

infantilizmi da

konformizmi

saqarTveloSi kargad mxolod

sabavSvo wignebi iyideba da bevrs

igi danarCeni literaturis lamis

erTaderT xsnad miaCnia. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gamomcemlebs

vendobiT, erTi Semosavliani mi-

marTuleba meore, araSemosavlian

mimarTulebaSi fulis Cadebis sa-

Sualebas iZleva. saSualebas ki

iZleva, magram yovelTvis ase iqce-

vian gamomcemlebi? ra Tqma unda

ara. gadaSli romelime araSemo-

savliani avstrieli avtoris cud

qarTul Targmans, anda karg sae-

naTmecniero gamokvlevas da aRmoa-

Cen, rom wigni an ucxourma fondma

daafinansa, an avtoris megobarma,

romelic sadme ucxoeTSi moRvawe-

obs da megobars ar iviwyebs.

sabavSvo literatura momgebia-

ni saqmea, igi wignebis mozrdili

tiraJebiT dabeWdvis saSualebas

iZleva, Tanac am wignebs beWdaven

sadme TurqeTSi, an ungreTSi, sa-

dac maRalpoligrafiuli gamoce-

ma orjer ufro iafi jdeba, vidre

qarTul stambebSi aseTive xarisxis

wignis dabeWdva.

sabavSvo literaturaze gamaxsen-

da da calke unda aRiniSnos Tana-

medrove qarTuli literaturis

infantiluri bunebac. mwerlebis

banalur-infantilur konfor-

mizmze aq arafers vityvi, avtorebi

amjerad ar mainteresebs, aramed

is raRaca, rac Tavisdauneburad

Zalauflebas umyarebs safuZvels,

Zalauflebas, romelic sxvadasxva

niRbis miRma imaleba, da erT-erTi

aseTi niRabi, samwuxarod, sabavSvo,

anu bavSvuri literaturacaa. dRes

mTeli qarTuli literatura, ar-

sebiTad, infantilobaSia Cafluli,

igi sabavSvoa im gagebiT, rom misi

wakiTxva mxolod yuradRebas Tu

gadagataninebs (sabavSvo litera-

turac xom esaa, mTavaria mosmenis

an Tvalierebis procesSi bavSvma

saWiro raodenobis lukma gadayla-

pos, droze daiZinos, ar icelqos

da a.S.), am literaturis kiTxvas

mxolod moduneba mosdevs, xSirad

apaTia geufleba xolme, ufro iS-

viaTad ki gasarTobad Tu gamodge-

ba. uaxles qarTul literaturaSi

iSviaTad naxavT Zlier, amboxebul,

Wkvianur, maxvilgonivrul, geslian

teqstebs da Zveli Tu axali Taobis

qarTveli fsevdo-bitnikebi samwu-

xarod saqmes ver Svelian, iseve ro-

gorc ucxour samwerlo piar teq-

nologiebs ayolili da mSobliur

wiaRSi enasTan xan warmatebiT da

xan warumateblad moTamaSe skanda-

gagrZeleba

cxeli Sokoladi 109

listi hermetistebi, rom araferi

vTqvaT enaSi da ambebSi CaRrmave-

bul nayofier ostatebze da xumara

romanistebze.

mwerlebi mwerlebis Sesaxeb

aseve Zalze mtkivneuli Temaa

kritika da literaturuli pro-

cesebis Sefaseba. aq saqme mxolod

profesionali Jurnalistebis,

eseistebisa da recenzentebis de-

ficitSi araa, aramed Tavad mwer-

lebis sizarmaceSi. axlandeli

qarTveli mwerlebidan mxolod sa-

mi-oTxis dasaxeleba SemiZlia, vinc

bevrs wers an saubrobs Tanamedro-

ve kolegebze. bolo aTwleulebis

manZilze Tanamedrove klasikose-

bis, cnobili an Tundac axalgazr-

da mwerlebis interviuebi rom na-

xoT, Tavad darwmundebiT, rom maT

yovelTvis Zalian uWirT gvarebis

dasaxeleba. jer erTi ar icnoben

kolegebis nawers da Tuki icnoben,

sityva ar emetebaT maTTvis. anda

piriqiT, asaxeleben mxolod Ta-

vianT megobrebs, maT `qaCaven~.

maxsovs ramdenime wlis win gamo-

maval erT literaturul gazeTSi,

sadac yovel nomerSi ibeWdeboda

interviuebi, kiTxvaze, vis gamoyo-

fdiT Tanamedrove mwerlebidan,

sul erTi da igive avtorebs asaxe-

lebdnen da ase grZeldeboda gamu-

dmebiT. gansakuTrebuli problema

eqmnebaT Tanamedrove klasikosebs.

Tavis droze erTi korespondenti

samjer, sami sxvadasxva kiTxviT Se-

ecada daecdeninebina saxelovani

mwerlisTvis Tundac erTi saxeli

umcrosi Taobidan, da mainc vera-

fers gaxda. icoda, magram ar Tqva,

wakiTxulic hqonda zogierTi maT-

gani, magram ver aTqmevines.

ukve ramdenime welia vocnebob,

rom saqarTveloSi recenzirebis,

mimoxilvisa Tu kritikis sxva,

ufro Tanamedrove wesebi damkvi-

drdes, sadac veravin winaswar ver

ganWvrets, Tu ras dawers erTi

avtori meoreze. ra Tqma unda, am

saqmidan jerjerobiT araferi ga-

modis, pirvel rigSi ki imitom, rom

avtoris neba ar arsebobs, daweros

meore avtorze. ar iqneboda uri-

go, rom mwerlebi erTi mxriv wig-

nis gayidvaSi daexmaron kolegebs,

meore mxriv ki, mkiTxvels axali da

saintereso wigni apovninon. swored

asea SesaZlebeli, rom literatura

ar darCes istoriis, sazogadoebis,

protestis an Tundac, anekdote-

bisa da xumrobebis miRma. ar unda

dagvaviwydes, rom literatura zo-

gierTisTvis biznesicaa, Tumca me-

ore mxriv literatura yovelTvis

uars ambobs `racionalur diskur-

sze~, gawonasworebulobaze, kon-

formistul komfortze...

procesi, rogorc `gabaaseba~

CvenTan wlis literaturuli

produqciis met-naklebad srulyo-

filad Sefasebas erTaderTi lite-

raturuli premia, „saba~ axerxebs,

Tumca xarvezebi aqac SeiniSneba. es

pirvel rigSi premiis sainforma-

cio uzrunvelyofas Seexeba. Zalze

mniSvnelovania ara mxolod gamar-

jvebulebis, aramed e.w. „SorT_

listebSi~ moxvedrili avtorebis

win wamoweva, maTTan interviuebi,

romlebic sxvadasxva literatu-

rul gamocemaSi daibeWdeba. kargi

iqneba, Tuki yvela am nawarmoebze

daiwereba ara Sida, aramed presis-

Tvis (Sesabamisad, farTo mkiTxve-

lisTvis) gankuTvnili recenziebi,

gaimarTeba mrgvali magidebi, Sed-

geba kiTxvarebi, romelic daegzav-

nebaT literatorebs da sxv.

darwmunebuli var, literatu-

ruli procesi gacilebiT ufro

saintereso gaxdeba, Tuki qveynis

yvelaze prestiJuli premiis yve-

la nominants CavrTavT saqmeSi,

anu TiTo nominaciidan erTs ki

ara, ramdenime avtors gavacnobT

mkiTxvels. amiT media avtorsac

daexmareba, mkiTxvelsac, gamomce-

mlobasac da, Sesabamisad, gamoiri-

cxeba iseTi nominantis „gayvanac~,

romelzec aravis araferi aqvs sa-

Tqmeli. es iqneba garanti imisa,

rom Tanamedrove literaturuli

premiebi cieb-cxelebis reJimidan

_ Sefasebisa da daskvnebis reJimSi

gadavides.

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi sak-

maod did rols asrulebs litera-

turuli periodika, sadac uaxlesi

nawarmoebebi ibeWdeba, Tumca sa-

surveli iqneboda am gamocemebSi

meti analizi, kritikuli Sefase-

bebi, recenziebi da informacia

gvenaxa. dRes Zalian momravlda

literaturuli portalebi, fo-

rumebi Tu blogebic, romlebic

aucileblad imsaxureben yura-

dRebas, meore mxriv ki, gasaTva-

liswinebelia maTi SeniSvnebic,

romlebsac isini beWduri gamoce-

mebis mimarT gamoTqvamen xolme.

meti yuradRebaa misaqcevi Targm-

nis xarisxzec, romelsac udidesi

mniSvneloba eniWeba Tanamedrove

saliteraturo enis Camoyalibeba-

Si. Tanac unda gaviTvaliswinoT,

rom dRes saqarTveloSi gacile-

biT meti Targmnili wigni gamodis,

vidre originaluri literatura,

rac gvavalebs kidev ufro yura-

dRebianebi viyoT am gamocemebis

mimarT. calke sakiTxia beWduri

da satelevizio media, mkiTxvelis

mopovebis yvelaze mZlavri iaraRi

mTels msoflioSi, romelic sa-

qarTveloSi imdenad sustia, rom

misi wyalobiT literatura dRes

yvelaze mosawyen rameebTan aso-

cirdeba.

es rom ase ar moxdes, aucilebe-

lia, rom media da kritika Seeca-

dos wesrigi Seitanos Tanamedrove

literaturul qaosSi. am mowesri-

gebis mcdelobas SesaZloa uaresi

areulobac mohyves, raRacis ga-

rkvevasa da klasifikacias ki _ qa-

osi da sayvedurebi. da es kargia,

imitom, rom erTaderTi, rasac li-

teratura ver egueba, klasifika-

ciaa, igi mudam atarebs Tavis TavSi

winaaRmdegobas da cxadyofisken

gadadgmul yovel aseT nabijs myis-

ve mohyveba pasuxi literaturis,

poeziis mxridan. literaturul

processac swored es Sepasuxeba, es

`gabaaseba~ qmnis.

gagrZeleba

110 cxeli Sokoladi

gagrZeleba


TviT politikis ideac ki darvinis

bunebrivi gadarCevis Teorias efuZneba.

demokratiis darvinistuli Teoriis av-

tors, tatu vanhanens imisac sjera, rom

demokratia gazomvadi kategoriaa. hoda,

man e.w. demokratiulobis indeqsi Sem-

oiRo, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu demokra-

tiuli ganviTarebis ra etapze imyofeba

sazogadoeba. Sesabamisad, am avtorma

demokratiuli sazogadoebebis klasifi-

kaciac moaxdina. komunizmis marcxamde

cota xniT adre Sedgenil siaSi man 61

qveyana gansazRra demokratiulad, 5 _

naxevrad demokratiulad da 81 _ arade-

mokratiulad. WeSmaritad demokratiul

qveynebad vanhanenma mxolod isini aRiara,

romlebmac 5 qulaze meti daagroves. am

niSnuls qvemoT avtoritaruli qveynebi

ganTavsdnen. ori polusi: ̀ avtoritaruli

mmarTveloba~ da `namdvili Tavisufleba~

(anu liberaluri demokratia) istoriuli

ganviTarebis xazs gviCvenebs _ avtori-

tarizmidan demokratiamde. gardamavali

periodi teleologiurad ganisazRvra,

anu mosalodneli Sedegis perspeqtivas

daukavSirda. mTavaria, demokratiulo-

bis skalas TavSi moeqce, liberaluri

demokratiis sistemaSi namdvili Tavisu-

flebis mdgomareobas miaRwio. amisaTvis

ki mxolod bunebis kanons unda mihyve.

erTi mxriv, avtoritarizmi da meore

mxriv, Tavisufleba (avtonomia) _ es ori

polusi crurwmenebisgan Tavisufali, Ta-

namedrove ganaTlebis idealsac gansaz-

Rvravs: avtoritetul pirze damokide-

buli, umwifari ymawvilis aRzrda da

Tavisufali sazogadoebis damoukidebel,

momwifebul wevrad Camoyalibeba. van-

hanenis mixedviT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdens

demokratiulobis indeqsze, konkuren-

cia da partniorobaa. misi formula mar-

tivia: rac ufro demokratiulia sazoga-

doeba, miT ufro maRalia konkurenciisa

da partniorobis done. es ukanaskneli

ki politikuri SesaZleblobebis xelmi-

sawvdomobas, gansxvavebuli interesebis,

politikuri da ideologiuri alterna-

tivebis simravles ganapirobebs. `part-

nioroba~ politikur cxovrebaSi mo-

qalaqeebis nebayoflobiT CarTvasa da

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas

gulisxmobs. WeSmaritad momwifebuli

demokratia momwifebul demokratebs

iTxovs, romlebsac damoukideblad fiqri

da moqmedeba SeuZliaT.

am konceptualuri debulebebis fonze,

postkomunisturi gardamavali periodi

saganmanaTleblo procesad moCans, rom-

lis idealsac warmoadgens ganaTleba sim-

wifisa da pasuxismgeblobisTvis. Tumca

is am Zveli, ganmanaTleblobisdroindeli

ideis sruliad sapirispiro mxaresac

gviCvenebs.

ganaTleba umwifarobisa da

upasuxismgeblobisTvis

rogorc cnobilia, analogia kacobrio-

bis istoriul ganviTarebasa da bavSvis

aRzrdas (mis mizanmimarTul ganaTle-

bas) Soris ganmanaTleblebis gamogone-

baa. rasakvirvelia, ganaTlebis miRebis

procesi mxolod gardamavali periodia

umwifarobidan simwifemde, an, rogorc

1784 wels daweril kantis cnobili eses

pirvel winadadebaSi vkiTxulobT, `kacis

mier sakuTari xeliT Tavsmoxveuli umwi-

farobis dateveba~. am ukanasknels ki is

`sxvisi xeliT marTvis gareSe, mxolod

sakuTari azrovnebiT sargeblis naxvis

uunarobad~ gansazRvravs. ra azriTac

umwifaroba `sakuTari xeliT Tavsmoxveu-

lia~, imave azriT simwife sakuTari Zal-

isxmevis Sedegad miiRweva. SeuZlebelia,

vinmes an raimes momwifebulad martivad

gamocxadeba, movlis, gazrdis procesisT-

vis gverdis avliT _ sul erTia, buneba

iqneba, RmerTi Tu romelime moZRvari.

emansipaciis ideac Tavdapirvelad swored

amas gulisxmobda: mamobrivi mzrunvelo-

bisgan, monuri mdgomareobidan gaTavi-

suflebas. ganmanaTlebelTa mier mogo-

nili, simwifemde gasavleli gardamavali

periodis ideas ufro refleqsuri azri

aqvs, is ufro TviTemansipaciaa. ra Tqma

unda, es gardamavali periodi revoluci-

aSi ar unda agverios. ganmanaTleblobis

kantiseuli koncefcia iseT emansipacias

gulisxmobs, romelic revoluciuri nax-

tomiT ki ar miiRweva, aramed azrovnebis

wesis SecvliT, mudmivi ganviTarebiT _

mxolod asea SesaZlebeli subieqtis iden-

tobis SenarCuneba, ganmanaTleblobis

subieqtad darCena.

kantis Semdeg ganmanaTleblobisdroin-

delma simwifis idealma da masTan erTad

emansipaciis, rogorc istoriis msvlelo-

bisas xangrZlivi periodis aRqmam, mniS-

vneloba TandaTan dakarga. misi adgili

emansipaciis sxva ideam daikava. amjerad is

usamarTlod Tavsmoxveuli uTanasworo-

bisgan gaTavisuflebis aqts aRniSnavda.

mis mizans momwifebuli adamiani ki aRar

warmoadgenda, aramed yovelgvari uTanas-

worobisgan Tavisufali sazogadoeba. am

moZraobis dros `simwifem~ emansipaciis

emfatikuri mniSvneloba dakarga.

ucnauria, magram aRniSnuli ideiT xe-

laxla mxolod 1945 wels dainteresdnen.

rasakvirvelia, es gardamavali periodi

iyo: faSisturi diqtatura damokrati-

uli mmarTvelobiT icvleboda. masebis

mtkivneulma istoriulma gamocdile-

bam, romelTa udidesi nawili bolomde

brmad mihyva fiurers da katastroful

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, isev mimzidve-

li gaxada damoukidebeli, momwifebuli,

pasuxismgeblobiT gamorCeuli kacebisa

da qalebis arsebobis idea. `simwife~ de-

postkomunisturi mdgomareoba postkomunizmis Svilebi

cxeli Sokoladi 111

gagrZeleba

mokratiis winapirobad aRiares. xangrZli-

vi istoriuli ganSorebis Semdeg ̀ simwife~

da èmansipacia~ erTmaneTs isev Sexvdnen,

ramac omisSemdgom filosofiur azrzec

moaxdina zegavlena. magaliTad, habermasi

emansipatorul codna-interess simwifiT

dainteresebas ukavSirebda. amave dros

`simwifis~ idea pedagogikamac aRmoaCina.

is ganaTlebis miznad, emansipatoruli

saganmanaTleblo Teoriis mTavar prin-

cipad iqca. postfaSistur gardamaval

periodSi simwifiT, pasuxismgeblobiT

gamorCeuli moqalaqeebis ideali axali,

demokratiuli sazogadoebis aSenebisas

mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala gaxda. ra

gasakviria, rom es ideali postkomunis-

turma gardamavalma periodmac SeinarCu-

na. saboloo jamSi, es axali mdgomareoba

posttotalitarulad moiazreba, radgan

orive totalitaruli reJimisgan _ ro-

gorc faSisturisgan, aseve komunistur-

isgan _ ideologiurad da istoriulad

Tavisufldeba. amgvarad xdeba warsulSi

samkvdro-sasicocxlod gadamterebuli

ori ideologiisa da politikuri moZrao-

bis retroaqtiuri gaTanabreba.

momwifebuli, sakuTar qmedebebze pa-

suxismgebeli moqalaqeebis postkomu-

nisturi ideali arasdros ise naTlad

ar gamoCenila, rogorc e.w. `samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebis~ mSeneblobisas. es

ukanaskneli xom demokratiuli cxovrebis

amosaval wertilad, demokratiuli Rire-

bulebebis, samarTlis, sajaro pirTa Tu

adamianis uflebebis safuZvelTa safuZ-

vlad moiazreba. iTvleba, rom komunis-

turi mmarTvelobisgan gaTavisuflebul

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba Zalian sustia. SeiZleba

vTqvaT, mas `pirze rZec ki ar SeSrobia~

_ ai, ratom unda aRizardos, ganaTldes,

ganviTardes, fexi aidgas. saocaria, rom

aravis gauCnda kiTxvebi: gana samoqalaqo

sazogadoebebma ar daangries Zveli re-

Jimebi aRmosavleT evropaSi? gana polon-

uri `solidaroba~ Seuvali, mebrZoli da

radikaluri cvlilebebis momxre samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebis paradigmul institu-

cias ar warmoadgenda? rogor dasustda

ase uceb, Tu guSin komunizmis damxoba

SeeZlo? vin moacxo pirze rZe polonel

mSromelebs, im mamac kacebsa da qalebs,

romlebmac demokratiuli revolucia

daiwyes, kontrrevoluciis sastik repre-

siebs gauZles da demokratiisTvis brZo-

la saboloo gamarjvebiT daagvirgvines?

vin da ratom Caacva maT amis Semdeg fa-

CuCebi, ymawviluri sneulebis diagnozi

daudgina, skolis gzas gauyena da ga-

mocdebis Cabareba mosTxova?

es gardamavali periodis cinikosma

ideologebma, postkomunisturi trans-

formaciis sulisCamdgmelebma gaakeTes,

rogorc maT vuwodebT xolme. da mainc,

maT cinizmSi logika Canda, gabatoneb-

ulTa logika. Tu ̀ ganaTleba simwifisa da

pasuxismgeblobisTvis~ swored gabatoneb-

ulTa interess warmoadgens da amdenad,

im usasrulo procesad iqceva, romlis

dasrulebac mxolod ganmanaTlebelTa

neba-survilzea damokidebuli, maSin, ro-

gorc robert Spaemani wers, mowodeba

`simwifisa da pasuxismgeblobisken~ `mom-

wifebulTa ricxvs ki aRar zrdis, aramed

maT rigebs, vinc ameridan umwifrad ga-

mocxaddebian~. ase rom, bavSvis metafora,

romelic postkomunisturi gardamavali

periodis JargonisTvis aseTi tipuria,

sinamdvileSi, axali saxelisuflebo

urTierTobebis simptomad gvevlineba. is

naTlad miuTiTebs represiul SezRudu-

lobasa Tu `demokratiuli cvlilebis~

namdvili subieqtis swavla-aRzrdis pro-

cesze, iseve, rogorc mis retroaqtiur

desubieqtivaciaze. swored amas ambobda

adorno, roca radioSi saubrisas (Tema:

`ganaTleba simwifisa da pasuxismge-

blobisTvis~) aRniSnavda: `dRevandel

msoflioSi mowodeba simwifisa da pasux-

ismgeblobisken, SesaZloa, erTgvar kamu-

flaJad iqces, romelic xalxis samudamod

umwifrad datovebas SeniRbavs~.

vis interess unda warmoadgendes es

yvelaferi? vin unda gzavnides isto-

riuli qartexilebis protagonistebs

saswavleblad da aRsazrdelad? vin unda

arTmevdes maT sakuTar statuss? es

SekiTxvebi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc gan-

manaTleblobisdroindeli simwifis idea.

hamanic pirdapir kants gadaswvda: `vin

aris... saZageli meurve~? is Tavad kants,

ufro zustad ki, ganmanaTleblis kre-

biT saxes moiazrebda am meurved. dRes

masSi dasavleli damkvirveblebi unda

moviazroT, romlebsac 1989-90 wlebis

revoluciebSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT.

isini aRmosavleT evropis demokratiuli

revoluciebis protagonistebis sagmiro

saqmeebs namdvilad ar Sexvedrian ènTu-

ziazmiTa da partniorobis surviliT~,

romliTac kantis pasiuri damkvirveble-

bi safrangeTis revolucias Seegebnen.

piriqiT, komunizmis damxobis Semdeg maT

erTgvari cinikuri `partnioroba~ moun-

daT, raSic mxolod Zalauflebis aRebis,

gabatonebis survili ikiTxeba. feodal-

uri absolutizmis aRsasrulis (1789 w.)

damkvirveblebis msgavsad, am istoriul

movlenaSi maT marTlac `srulyofilebi-

sken swrafva~ amoicnes, rogorc `mTeli

kacobriobis tendencia~. Tumca am xalxma

CaTvala, rom es tendencia maT realobaSi

didi xnis win ganxorcielda da, hegelise-

burad rom vTqvaT, istoriis msvlelobi-

sas mniSvnelovnad Sesustda kidec. `Tqven

ukeTesi samyaro gnebavT, ukeTesi samyaro

ki Cven varT~, _ ase upasuxes dasavlelma

damkvirveblebma aRmosavleT evropaSi

momxdar demokratiul revoluciebs. am

azriT, isini sruliad gansxvavdebian maT-

gan, vinc 1789 wels udidesi enTuziazmiT

Seegebnen parizis movlenebs. im dros,

roca am ukanasknelebma sxvebis revolu-

ciur sinamdvileSi sakuTar ocnebas moh-

kres Tvali, dRevandelma damkvirveblebma

sxvebis revoluciur ocnebebSi mxolod

sakuTari sinamdvile dainaxes.

am gansxvavebam Sesabamisi Sedegic moi-

tana: maT, vinc TavisuflebisTvis brZola

saboloo gamarjvebiT daagvirgvina aR-

mosavleT evropaSi, TiTqmis erT RameSi

yvelaferi dakarges. ara, amaSi Savi magia

ar eria, es hegemoniis xeliT aRsrulda.

swored hegemoniam aqcia dasavleli dam-

kvirveblebi namdvil gamarjvebulebad,

romlebmac mxolod komunizmi ki ar

daamarcxes, aramed revoluciis protago-

nistebic. modi, Tavad hegemoniis mier am

gamarjvebis aRiareba movisminoT:

`marTalia, gamarjvebulTa jars damar-

cxebulTa teritoria ar daukavebia, ma-

gram konfliqtis bunebidan da misi dasas-

rulidan gamomdinare, damarcxebulebma

logikurad gaiTavises gamarjvebulTa

instituciebi da rwmena-warmodgenebi. es

logikuri iyo, radgan swored politi-

kuri da ekonomikuri mowyobis dasavlur-

ma meTodebma gaimarjva da ara jarma~.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom am sityvebis

112 cxeli Sokoladi

gagrZeleba

avtori, maikl mandelbaumi da misi kole-

ga, politologi jon miuleri araoraz-

rovnad laparakoben imitaciaze, rogorc

demokratiisken mimaval saukeTeso gzaze.

amaze uaresi raRa unda iyos: demokra-

tiuli revoluciebis protagonistebs

mxolod gamarjveba ki ar waarTves da

damarcxebulebad aqcies, amave dros maT

aRzrda-ganaTlebasac mihyves xeli da

dauweses, brmad mibaZon meurveebs ra-

Rac suleluri rwmeniT, TiTqos swored

ase iswavlian damoukideblobas. amaSi mx-

olod am axali mmarTvelebis axireba ki

ara, upirveles yovlisa, maTi mmarTvelo-

bis logika Cans.

ganaTleba gasulelebisTvis

amdenad, cneba _ `komunizmis Svilebi~

metafora ar aris. is erTgvarad daqvem-

debarebul subieqtebs aRniSnavs, visi

mdgomareobac im axleburma ìstori-

ulma aucileblobam~ ganapiroba, ro-

melic postkomunistur gardamaval peri-

ods iwyebs da mis msvlelobas mTlianad

gansazRvravs. aqedan gamomdinare, de-

mokratiis mSenebloba arafridan iwyeba.

Sesabamisad, 1989 wlis Semdeg aRmosavle-

Ti evropa istoriuli nangrevebiT mofe-

nil adgils warmoadgens, sadac mxolod

bavSvebi, umwifari adamianebi cxovroben.

maT ar SeuZliaT demokratiis principe-

biT cxovreba sxvisi meurveobis gareSe.

isini sakuTar Tavs arc am procesis subi-

eqtebad aRiqvamen, arc avtorebad, Tumca

demokratia sruliad martoebma brZoliT

moipoves. postkomunistur gardamaval

periodSi maT is waarTves, raTa Tavidan

SeeTavazebinaT, rogorc ucxo ram, ris

mosapovebladac xangrZlivi, rTuli da

damRleli gzis gavla mouxdebodaT.

postkomunistur ucnaur samyaroSi de-

mokratia erTdroulad mizanic aris,

romelsac unda miaRwio, da raRac, rac

daikarga. amgvarad, `komunizmis Svilebi-

sTvis~ ukeTesi momavlis perspeqtiva mx-

olod melanqoliur WrilSi Cans. gasak-

viri ar aris, rom maTi postkomunisturi

awmyo ase Zalian hgavs maTsave komunis-

tur warsuls. am xalxs Tavisufali ar-

Cevani ara aqvs. `komunizmis Svilebi~ imad

rCebian, vinc iyvnen: ubralo marione-

tebad istoriul procesSi, romelic maTi

neba-survilisgan damoukideblad mim-

dinareobs da TiToeul maTgans ukeTesi

momavlisken miaTrevs. hoda, isini kargad

icnoben socialuri cxovrebis im ucnaur

formas, romelsac `gardamaval periods~

vuwodebT. rogorc cnobilia, e.w. realu-

rad arsebuli socializmi, ideologiuri

debulebebis mixedviT, mxolod erTgvari

gardamavali formacia iyo kapitalizmi-

dan komunizmamde da sxva araferi. ase

rom, gardamavali periodis erTi forma

meorem Secvala. istoriuli ganviTarebis

aucileblobisa da gardauvlobis rwmenac

gardamavali periodis mudmiv maxasiaTe-

blad bolomde SenarCunda.

aqedan gamomdinare, postkomunistur

epoqaSi momavali ukve garkveulia, war-

suls ki yovelgvari azri dahkargvia.

komunizmis Svilebisgan aravin elis komu-

nisturi warsulis kritikulad gaazrebas.

ai, zustad amitom aqcies isini bavSvebad:

warsuli rom ar gaexsenebinaT. bavSvebs

xom is saerTod ar aqvT. paradoqsia: mx-

olod postkomunistur periodSi grCeba

iseTi STabeWdileba, TiTqos komunizmi

arasdros arsebobda. ukve 1991 wels

saubrobda Jan-luk nansi im gaRiziane-

baze, romelsac `komunizmis dasasrulis~

Sesaxeb gauTavebeli laqlaqi iwvevda. is

azri, rom istoria sabolood dasrulda

marqsizmsa da komunizmTan erTad, mas sa-

sacilod ar hyofnida:

`TiTqos istoria, Cveni istoria, ra-

Rac warmosaxviTi, gamWvirvale, fafuki

substancia iyos, romelic asormocdaaTi

wlis manZilze RrublebSi dagvalivliveb-

da, erT dRes ki es Rrublebi gaifanta.

TiTqos SesaZlebeli iyos, rom Secdoma,

namdvili, suleluri Secdoma amgvarad

gamoswordes da aRmoifxvras. TiTqos

aTasobiT e.w. ìnteleqtuali~, ubralod,

gabriyvda, milionobiT adamiani ki kidev

ufro briyvi aRmoCnda, roca maTi bodva

daijera~.

nansis gaRizianebasa da SeSfoTebas

iwvevs ara imdenad komunizmis, rogorc

istoriuli faqtis miCqmalva, postko-

munizmis istoriuli cnobierebidan ko-

munisturi warsulis waSla mTeli Tan-

mxlebi inteleqtualur-politikuri

maxasiaTeblebiT, aramed is unapiro

umecreba, romliTac postkomunisturi

samyaro uars acxadebs warsulis gaazre-

baze. is ar svams SekiTxvas: `ratom moxda

es yvelaferi?~ nansi amaSi postkomunis-

turi periodis WeSmarit, TiTqmis epoqa-

lur sibriyves xedavs.

ra Tqma unda, bavSvebi sulelebi ar

arian. miuxedavad amisa, mainc SesaZle-

belia maTi gasuleleba, ufro zustad _

ganaTlebis gziT gasuleleba. asi wlis

win froidi werda, _ swavla-aRzrdis

meSveobiT, kultura azrovnebis kom-

pleqsebs unergavs moswavleebs, raTa

isini ufro morCilebi da damyolebi

gaxadoso. is amgvari SezRudvis sam tips

gamoyofda: avtoritaruls, seqsualursa

da religiurs, romlebsac `ganaTlebis

sami produqti~ Seesabameboda: morCili,

seqsualurad ganuviTarebeli, religiuri

adamianebi. inteleqtualuri atrofiis am

formebs froidi qalebisa da kacebisT-

vis bavSvobaSi Tavsmoxveuli akrZalvebis

Sedegebad ganixilavda. maT xom imaze

fiqrsac ukrZalavdnen, rac yvelaze me-

tad ainteresebdaT. froidis dros ga-

naTlebis yvelaze TvalsaCino amocanas

seqsualobis daTrgunva warmoadgenda.

rogorc ki kompleqsi warmatebiT Cain-

ergeboda seqsualobis sferoSi, is sxva

mimarTulebebiTac vrceldeboda da

amgvarad, pirovnebis umTavresi maxasiaTe-

beli xdeboda.

ra rolsac im dros seqsualoba as-

rulebda, postkomunizmis samyaroSi

politika asrulebs. maswavleblebi

yovelmxriv exmarebian komunizmis Svi-

lebs seqsualuri Tavisuflebis miRweva-

Si, daTrgunuli seqsualuri identobebis

xmamaRla gacxadebasa da sayovelTaod

warmoCenaSi, sakuTari mniSvnelobis

SecnobaSi, demokratiuli samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis moazrovne, Tavisufal

wevrebad CamoyalibebaSi (totalitaruli

saxelmwifos morCili adamianebis nacv-

lad). miuxedavad amisa, Cans, rom maT

gaTavisuflebul inteleqts araferi es-

aqmeba politikaSi. TiTqos ra unda iyos

sakvirveli: yvela politikur SekiTxvas

xom swori pasuxi didi xnis win gaeca.

gana mxolod imaze ar unda vfiqrobdeT,

rogor davnergoT es yvelaferi, rogor

movergoT winaswar gansazRvruli mode-

lebs da rogor ganuxrelad mivyveT meur-

veTa brZnul rCeva-darigebebs? Cans, rom

ganmanaTleblobisdroindeli dialeqtika

postkomunisturma samyaromac kargad

cxeli Sokoladi 113

gagrZeleba

moirgo, amjerad _ politikuri kuTxiT.

ganaTleba, romlis mizanic sazogadoebis

simwifisa da pasuxismgeblobis zrda unda

yofiliyo da romelsac axali xelisu-

flebisTvis samsaxuri unda gaewia, gadai-

qca ganaTlebad, romelmac miznad xalxis

politikuri gasuleleba daisaxa. es Tav-

dayira ayenebs kantis ideals, radgan zus-

tad im adamianebs eyrdnoba, visac saku-

Tari inteleqti arafrad argia da mudam

sxvisgan karnaxs elis. amgvarad, sibriyve,

romelsac nansi postkomunistur epoqas

miawers, sinamdvileSi im kompleqsis Sede-

gia, romelic postkomunistur politi-

kur azrSi xelovnurad Canerges. swored

politikuri kuTxiT daiwyes postkomu-

nistur qveynebSi xalxis aRzrda-ganaTle-

ba, adamianebi _ bavSvebad da sabolood,

politikur briyvebad aqcies.

amis gaazrebam ki ar unda dagvzafros,

piriqiT, simwifis miRwevaSi unda Segvi-

wyos xeli. `bavSvi~, rogorc wamyvani

politikuri figura postkomunizmis epo-

qaSi, mxolod axali hegemoniis ubralo

instrumenti ar gaxlavT. mas udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs im axali socialuri

realobis warmosadgenad, romelic post-

komunistur samyaros saboloo formas

aZlevs. rogorc gardamavali periodis

sazogadoebis erTgvari biopolitikuri

abstraqcia, is im subieqtis rols as-

rulebs, romelic Tavisufalia komu-

nisturi kriminaluri warsulisgan da

axal socialur urTierTobebs (maT So-

ris, sxvis batonobas) moralurad sufTa

egebeba. garda amisa, rogorc `bavSvs~,

mas arc postkomunizmis danaSaulebis

mimarT akisria raime pasuxismgebloba.

is pasuxs ar agebs im kriminaluri priva-

tizaciisTvis, romlis drosac TiTqmis

erT RameSi erovnuli simdidre ramden-

ime adamians Cauvarda xelSi; masebis xe-

laxali gaRatakebisTvis, mTeli Tavisi

socialuri da individualuri SedegebiT;

im istoriuli regresisTvis, romelmac

zogierTi postkomunisturi qveyana eko-

nomikurad, kulturulad da moralurad

imaze bevrad ukan daswia, vidre komu-

nizmis dros iyo; da bolos, yvelanairi

nacionalizmisTvis, rasizmisTvis, fa-

SizmisTvis, sisxlismRvreli samoqalaqo

omebisTvis da genocidebisTvisac ki.

dRes es yvelaferi gardauval saymawvilo

saxadad gviCveneba, an uxeSad rom vTqvaT,

axlad dabadebuli liberalur-demokra-

tiuli sazogadoebis Casvril safenebSi

gaxveul usiamovno, Tumcaki sruliad

Cveulebrivi ganavlis masad.

gaxsovdeT: protesti da

winaaRmdegoba

postkomunizmis dros `bavSvi~ sazoga-

doebis erTgvari `graund zeroa~, romli-

Tac yovelgvari katastrofis gadafarva

SeiZleba: rogorc warsulisgan memkvi-

dreobiT miRebulis, aseve axlis, axlad

warmoqmnilis. is pirvelqmnili social-

uri umankoebis nimuSia, romlis wyalo-

biTac SesaZlebeli xdeba nebismieri ramis

(maT Soris, `dauSveblis, Seuwynareblis~

(nansi)) CarTva axal heroikul robinzo-

niadaSi. umanko pirveli nabijebis Sesaxeb

sayovelTaod miRebul narativsac Tavi-

dan vismenT. ucodveli bavSvis ideolo-

giuri figuris SemotaniT kapitalisturi

liberalur-demokratiuli sazogadoeba

totaluri ideologiuri gameorebebis ep-

oqas iwyebs. yvelaze Soreul kunZulzec

ki SeiZleba Cvilis akvani raRac droiT

dairwes, sul erTia, ris safasurad. sab-

olood, globalizaciis xanaSi infanti-

luri umankoeba mniSvnelovan zegavlenas

axdens burJuaziuli individualisturi

ideologiis mTel horizontze. is xels

uwyobs kacobriobis istoriis antagonis-

turi, politikuri simarTlis dayvanas im

urTierTobamde, romelic sasamarTlos

modelis mixedviT aris agebuli (urT-

ierToba borotmoqmedTa da maT umanko

msxverplTa Soris). istoriasac mxolod

erTgvar sasamarTlo eqspertizas utare-

ben, rogorc im gvams, romlis gakveTi-

Tac sayuradRebo informaciis mopoveba

SeiZleba.

hegelma icoda, rom umanko mxolod

qvaa, rogorc uZraobis metafora (`bavS-

vic ki ara~). am azriT, postkomunisturi

sazogadoebis axali, umanko pirveli nabi-

jebis warmodgena mxolod Sewyvetili

istoriuli ganviTarebis perspeqtivida-

naa SesaZlebeli. SewyvetisTanave man gay-

inuli bavSvis, rogorc politikuri subi-

eqtis forma miiRo. am dros, gardamaval

periodSi monoba Tavisuflebam Secvala,

romelsac bavSvebi imisTvis sWirdeba, rom

maT yvelaferze uari uTxras.

amdenad, gasakviri ar aris, rom, ro-

gorc nansi aRniSnavs, epoqis cinizmi

xalxis gaRizianebasa da gabrazebas

iwvevs. postkomunisturi triumfalizmiT

gamowveul gaRizianebaSi is tipur poli-

tikur ganwyobilebas xedavs, saxeldobr,

`dauSveblis, Seuwynareblis~ mimarT reaq-

cias. miuReblobis, winaaRmdegobis es

gamoxatuleba metad Sors midis. gabra-

zeba, romelzec nansi msjelobs, politi-

kuria, radgan igi gamowveulia politikis

dawvrilmanebiT `keTilmowyobamde da

gavlenebamde~, rac postkomunizmis epo-

qaSi istoriulad SesaZleblis farglebs

gansazRvravs. es gabrazeba kars uRebs im

politikur ganzomilebas, romelic moce-

muli farglebidan gasvlis Semdeg Cndeba.

amdenad, postkomunisturi swavla-aRzr-

dis saboloo ganadgureba mxolod namd-

vili simwifis pirobebSi gaxdeba SesaZle-

beli da swored mis macned mogvevlineba.

adornos mixedviT, `simwifis misaRwevi

erTaderTi gza~ aris `ganaTleba protes-

tisa da winaaRmdegobisTvis~. ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb saubari man gafrTxilebiT daas-

rula (es misi bolo sajaro gamosvla

gaxldaT, ramdenime kviraSi igi gardaicv-

ala). adornos gafrTxileba postkomu-

nisturi gardamavali periodis ideolo-

giisa da praqtikis Sejamebadac SeiZleba

CaiTvalos. rogorc is amtkicebs, zustad

cvlilebis Cveneuli survilis fonze,

romelsac ase iolad vaxSobT xolme sa-

kuTar TavSi, samyaros Secvlis aqtiur

mcdelobebs umalve upirispirdeba arse-

bulis yovliswamlekavi Zala da maT me-

tismetad asustebs. ase rom, `nebismieri,

visac cvlilebis ganxorcieleba surs,

amas mxolod maSin miaRwevs, Tu swored am

uZlurebas, Tavis uZlurebas aqtiur in-

gredientad gadaaqcevs sakuTar azrovne-

baSi da albaT qmedebebSic~.

CvenSi represiulad infantilizebuli

bavSvi mxolod politikuri da isto-

riuli uZlurebis sufTa gansxeulebad

gvevlineba postkomunizmis idealur sa-

myaroSi. epoqaluri megalomaniis piro-

bebSi is sakuTar Tavs SecdomiT aRiqvams

Tavisuflebis axdenil ocnebad. sakuTari

TavisTvis Tavsmoxveuli umwifarobis

daZlevis erTaderTi gza ki mis mimarT

protestis gamoxatva da winaaRmdegobis

gawevaa.

114 cxeli Sokoladi

literaturuli kafe `qaravani~, mis.: furcelaZis 10

literaturuli kafe `qaravani~warmogidgenT:

12 aprili, orSabaTi, 19 saaTiSexvedra poet SoTa iaTaSvilTan

da misi werilebis krebulis `dalageba~

prezentacia

26 aprili, orSabaTi, 19 saaTigoderZi Coxelis xsovnis saRamo

gagrZeleba


axali samokavSireo xelSekrule-

bac morigi tyuili gamodga.

sagangebod Seqmnili yvela barie-

ris gadasalaxavad unda gamoinaxos

saTanado xerxebi da saSualebani.

iuridiuli barieris gadamlaxavi

xerxic iuridiuli unda iyos. eko-

nomikuri barieris damZlevi xer-

xic ekonomikuri unda iyos. Tqma ar

unda, rogorc ki damoukideblobas

gamovacxadebT, maSinve ekonomikur

blokadas mogviwyoben. amas litvis

magaliTic mowmobs. rogor gavu-

ZloT blokadas? es programa ukve

unda muSavdebodes. Tan erTi ki

ara, ramdenime varianti unda gvqon-

des, manevrireba rom SegveZlos.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareoba uaRresad mZimea. Tu Seva-

darebT mas fineTis an norvegiis

ekonomikas, davinaxavT gansxvavebis

Tvaluwvdenel ufskruls. sanam

saqarTvelo ssrk-Sia, Cveni ekono-

mikuri mdgomareobis gamosworebis

araviTari imedi ar unda gvqondes.

piriqiT, ufro uaresad iqneba saq-

me. ramdenadac SeiZleba, Cqara unda

davaRwioT Tavi sabWouri ekono-

mikis Cixs, gadarCena Tu gvinda.

marTalia, Tavdapirvelad Zalian

gagviWirdeba, magram igi unda da-

vZlioT, rom fexze davdgeT da

WeSmariti ekonomikuri sistema

davafuZnoT. aucilebelia, Cvenma

ekonomistebma qarTvel xalxs dRe-

vandeli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis utyuari suraTi dau-

xaton. jer kidev kargad ar viciT,

ra dReSi varT. jer kidev iluziebs

vebRauWebiT, raki sufraze arc Se-

mwvari goWi mogvklebia, arc sacivi

da arc xaWapurebi. RvTis madliT,

saqarTvelo iseTi qveyanaa, rom kaci

ekalaTic Seinaxavs Tavs da WinWris

saWamadiTac. magram rusTavelis

qveyanas ar ekadreba msoflios or-

RobeSi egdos upatronod. mdidar

da ganaTlebul kacobriobas, sionis

glaxasaviT, kudSi misCanCalebdes.

arsebuli ekonomikuri siduxWi-

ridan Tavdaxsnis erTi gza gvaqvs _

Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba.

magram es sruliad ar niSnavs imas,

rom Tavisuflebisa da damoukide-

blobis miRebisTanave ekonomikuri

viTareba ukeTesisaken Seicvleba.

Secvlas droc dasWirdeba, dis-

ciplinac, Tavdadebuli Sromac,

magram rac mTavaria, dasWirdeba

mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da ga-

azrebuli ekonomikuri sistema.

roca velosipedi gamogonebu-

lia, me ar var axlis gamogonebis

momxre. amas qarTulad tvinisWy-

leta hqvia. Cven Tavisuflad Se-

gviZlia gavecnoT finur, daniur,

norvegiul, holandiur ekonomi-

kur sistemas. avirCioT, romelic

ufro gamoadgeba Cvens qveyanas da

saqmes SevebaT. dRes farTo infor-

macia unda mivawodoT Cvens xalxs

CamoTvlili qveynebis ekonomikaze,

rom WurSi ar visxdeT axlis mo-

lodinSi. axalgazrda, niWieri eko-

nomistebi gavgzavnoT im qveynebSi,

rom Tavis TvaliT naxon, ra xdeba,

Tavis yuriT gaigon, ras amboben,

raze msjeloben. Tavadac Seiswa-

vlon da Cvenc gvaswavlon _ rogor

moviqceT, rogor avaSenoT momava-

li saqarTvelo.

magram sanam evropaSi ganswavlu-

li ekonomistebi dagvibrundebian,

gavkadnierdebi da am mimarTulebiT

ramdenime sityvas vityvi.

me yovelTvis viyavi kerZo saku-

Trebis momxre da aseTive davrCi.

magram isic vici, rom saqarTve-

los mosaxleobis did nawils kerZo

sakuTrebis eSinia.

erTni damfrTxalni arian imiT,

rom komunistebis xangrZlivma pro-

pagandam xalxs kerZo sakuTreba

raRac sisxlismwovel urCxulad

warmoudgina. meoreni daSinebulni

arian imiT, rom Tanamedrove kerZo

sakuTrebaze agebuli meurneobis

Cven ar wavalT moskovSi

116 cxeli Sokoladi

gagrZeleba

Cven araferi gvesmis. xom ar mox-

deba ise, rom ukan, solomon isakiC

mejRanuaSvilis epoqaSi, davbrun-

debiT da maSin mTlad daviRupebiT.

damerwmuneT, arc erTia saSiSi da

arc meore. arc sisxls gamovwovT

vinmes da arc ukan davbrundebiT.

Tu Cven koleqtivizmi gviyvars

da misgan verafriT gavTavisufle-

bulvarT, maSin SeiZleboda ise mo-

vqceuliyaviT, rogorc iaponele-

bi. iqauri muSebi kapitalistisagan

qarxanas yiduloben. erTad marTa-

ven da mogebas Tanabrad inawileben.

ase yovel qarxanasa, fabrikasa Tu

kolmeurneobaSi SeiZleba dawesdes

TviTmmarTveloba.

Tu amgvari koleqtivizmic ar gvak-

mayofilebs, maSin soflis mmarTve-

lobas uflebamosileba mivceT, rom

miwebi glexebs mudmiv mflobeloba-

Si gaunawildes. misces maT Tavisu-

fali individualuri Sromis saSua-

leba. fabrika-qarxana ki im mrewvels

mivandoT, visic swamT muSebs, ro-

gorc saqmis kacisa. mere, TandaTan,

am mrewvelisagan Tanamedrove kapi-

talisti Camoyalibdeba da pirvelis

patronalizms daafuZnebs. an Tavad

ukeTesic SeiZleba moigonos. magram

mTavari is aris, rom mSromels, muSa

iqneba igi, glexi Tu inteligenti,

misi naSromiT miRebuli Semosavali

masve darCes da sxvam ar miiTvisos.

yoveli mSromeli Tavisi wliuri Se-

mosavlis 10~-ze mets gadasaxadis sa-

xiT, saxelmwifos ar unda aZlevdes.

90~ uklebliv unda rCebodes imas,

vinc Sromobs.

roca moqalaqe mdidaria, qveya-

nac mdidaria. roca saxelmwifoa

mdidari (an cdilobs iyos mdida-

ri), maSin qveyana Ratakia. moqmede-

bs Tivisa da avi ZaRlis „principi“:

arc TviTon Wams da arc sxvas aW-

mevs. saxelmwifo biurokratia-

Si axSobs pirovnebis iniciativas,

enTuziazms, energias. pirovneba

xdeba pasiuri, uqnara, gulgrili.

pirovnebam ekonomikur saqmianoba-

Si SeuzRudavad unda SeZlos niWis

gamovlena, rogorc piradi, ise sa-

zogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis.

ra Tqma unda, Tu gasagebad vTqvi

da farTo sazogadoeba Cems winada-

debas misaRebad miiCnevs, maSin mas

detaluri damuSaveba dasWirdeba,

rac samarTlis, ekonomikisa da so-

flis meurneobis da mrewvelobis

specialistebTan erTad unda mox-

des. Tu ar moewonebaT, maSin sxva

variantebi unda SemuSavdes. mTa-

vari da arsebiTi aq is aris, rom

dayovneba ar SeiZleba. Tundac Te-

oriulad, naTlad unda gvqondes

warmodgenili _ rogori ekonomikis

damkvidreba gvinda. Tu Cveni eko-

nomika Cveni politikuri damouki-

deblobis sayrdeni ar iqneba, qar-

Tveli xalxis Tavisuflebas didi

xifaTi daemuqreba.

Tavisuflebis Senobas orive boZi

Tanabrad sWirdeba _ politikuric

da ekonomikuric.

nuravis gaukvirdeba da nurc Se-

eSindeba, Tu aRmSeneblobis gzaze

bevr qvas da RorRs dagvaxvedre-

ben, bevr Txrilsa da ormos, bevr

yoresa da Robes. es Cveulebrivi

ambavia. mteri Tavisas ecdeba. mTa-

varia da arsebiTi, erTmaneTs ar

SevuSaloT xeli. Sinaurma ganxe-

Tqilebam ar gvZlios. amitom aris

erTianoba saWiro. strategiuli

mizani rom erTi gvaqvs, es aravis

gauxdia sadavod. magram taqtikuri

gzebis gamo ki xSirad aris cxare

sja-baasi. zogjer Seurigebelic.

TiTqos esec Cveulebrivi ambavia,

magram mainc aris raRac damafi-

qrebeli. qajeTis cixis asaRebad

mimaval tariels, avTandils da

fridons Soris TaTbiri aucile-

belia, magram ganxeTqilebisagan

RmerTma dagvifaros. nestanis ga-

Tavisufleba maSin SeiZleba, Tu

isini erTad Seuteven sxvadasxva

mxridan. taqtika mravalferovani

unda iyos, oRond erTad SeTanx-

mebuli. taqtikis erTferovneba

sisustis niSania. SeuTanxmeblo-

ba ki SiSis gamomwvevia. am SiSma,

samwuxarod, aqa-iq Tavi ukve iCi-

na. albaT, arc es unda iyos mou-

lodneli. ssrk-is moqalaqisaTvis

SiSi bunebrivi Tvisebaa, gamomuSa-

vebuli 70 wlis manZilze. magram

guldasawyvetia is, rom zogierTs

SiSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis mimarT gauCnda. es SeiZ-

leba, erTi mxriv, moumzadeblobis

bralic iyos, xolo, meore mxriv,

mtruli Zalebis Cumi propagandisa.

gexsomebaT, al. griboedovis ko-

mediaSi „vai Wkuisagan“ Cackis saq-

cieliT Sewuxebuli famusovi SeS-

foTebuli kiTxulobs _ что станет говорить княгиня Мария Алексеевна.

70 wlis manZilze damfrTxali

sabWoeli moqalaqeni wamdauwum ki-

Txuloben _ ras ityoda kniaginia

maria aleqseevna, anu kompartia.

axla kompartiis aRaravis eSinia.

xalxi SiSisagan Tavisufldeba. ma-

gram bnel Zalebs ar moswonT es.

isev ise undaT, iyos xalxi SiSiT

Tavzardacemuli. amitom axla

kniaginia maria aleqseevnas rol-

Si erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis gamoyvana surT. undaT,

rom damfrTxali adamianebi kiTxu-

lobdnen: ras ityvis kniaginia maria

aleqseevna, anu erovnuli moZrao-

ba.

Tavisufleba maSin aris Tavisu-

fleba, roca aranairi SiSi aRar

arsebobs. roca mis magier adamians

amoZravebs morideba, mokrZaleba,

pativiscema.

roca qarTuli erovnul-ganma-

Tavisuflebeli moZraoba iqneba

erTiani da mTliani strategiuli

mizniTac da taqtikuri gziTac,

roca SemuSavebuli gveqneba Ta-

visufal da damoukidebel saqar-

TveloSi erovnuli politikis

programa,

roca yoveli moqalaqisaTvis

cxadi da naTeli iqneba momavali

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri sistema,

roca kremlis iuridiul

mzakvrobas davupirispirebT saka-

cobrio, humanisturi, samarTle-

brivi principebiT gamarTul kano-

nebs,

saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebel moZraobas amayad da rw-

meniT SeeZleba ganacxados _ Cven

ar wavalT moskovSi.

cxeli Sokoladi 117

gagrZeleba


_ an aladinis farani, _ amyva ma-

niloviCi.

_ sityvaZunwi romaa, saidan vi-

ciT? _ dainteresda Cven Soris yve-

laze sityvaZunwi poliakovi.

_ raRac mainc wamocdeboda, rad-

gan uaRresad ampartavani vinme br-

Zandeba. darwmunebuli var, axla

gviyurebs da siciliT kvdeba, _ ga-

nacxada butovma.

_ ese igi, Sabonasi ar aris. Sabo-

nasi arasodes ar icinis, _ vTqvi me.

_ Sabonass araferi ar SeuZlia,

arc tirili, arc sicili. igi mu-

dmivad laparakobs. esaa laparakis

mama, sityvebisa da frazebis gene-

rirebis manqana, _ brZana iankovma.

_ Cveni Joras naTesavi yofila,

_ odnav wakbina Joras maniloviCma.

_ darCa sami: barkansi, mironovi

da udaCini, _ vTqvi me.

_ WeSmaritad rkinis logika ga-

qvT qarTvelebs, _ dameTanxma bu-

tovi.

_ odeseli rusebisgan vswavlo-

bT, _ sityva ar SevarCine me.

_ odesaSi Caxvide da rusisgan

iswavlo... _ gaikvirva maniloviCma.

_ barkansi unda gamovricxoT, _

brZana Serlok butovma.

_ viTom ratomao, ser? _ gaikvir-

va maniloviCma, _ xmas ar iRebs da

janmrTelobas ar uCivis.

_ umegobro kacia, Tanac nigvzis

komerciul potencialSi darwmune-

buli ver iqneba.

_ megobari ra SuaSia? _ aRelda

poeti da, Sesabamisad, martosuli

maniloviCi.

_ qurdi ampartavania, auditoria

uyvars, erTi axlo megobari mainc

eyoleba. viRacasTan xom unda ga-

moavlinos, rom niWieri da gamWria-

xia.

_ barkanss megobrebi ar hyavs?

_ ara, romantikosi poetiviT sul

marto daiareba.

_ da RamiT mkvdariviT sZinavs, _

daasrula iankovma, barakSi barkan-

sis mezobelma.

_ eg ra ici? _ ikiTxa manilovi-

Cma.

_ me mZinavs cudad, _ sevdianad

gaiRima iankovma.

_ darCa ori: mironovi da udaCi-

ni, _ davaskveni me.

_ dagvimTavrebia Zieba, amxanage-

bo, _ mogviloca Joram. solJeni-

cinis „pirvel wreSi~ atomuri bom-

bis saqmeSi ori eWvmitanili rom

darCa, orive daapatimres.

_ Cven sxva gziT wavalT, _ klasika

daacitira butovma, _ Cven ar movi-

qceviT sionisti liova rubiniviT anu

misi prototipi lev kopeleviviT.

_ rubini sionisti ki ara, idea-

listi komunisti iyo, _ literatu-

risadmi zerele damokidebulebaSi

amxila maniloviCma butovi.

_ ar gewyinos, Cemo boria, rubi-

nis da sologdinis kamaTSi me ner-

Jinisken var, xom ici, _ ar damala

Tavisi sayvareli personaJisadmi

nazi damokidebuleba butovma.

_ rubinis da sologdinis kama-

Ti... lodoviko setembrinisa da

leo naftas kamaTis rusuli varian-

ti, _ gamoamJRavna Tavisi ukidega-

no erudicia da solJenicinisadmi

aramowiwebiTi damokidebuleba va-

dim iankovma.

butovi

118 cxeli Sokoladi

gagrZeleba

_ mironovi Tu udaCini? _ viki-

Txe me.

_ orive axalgazrdaa, fizikurad

mSvenier formaSia orive, gonieri

ymawvilebi arian, mironovs gamo-

TvliTi teqnika itacebs, udaCi-

ni fantastikas etaneba. mironovi

levanTan megobrobs da udaCini

andersonTan, _ mogvawoda infor-

macia xomizurma.

_ icnobdeT udaCins, megobrebo,

rogorc Skodniks, politikuri ba-

nakis ЖХ 385/3-5 Sinaur qurds, _

TiTqmis sazeimod gamoacxada bu-

tovma, _ am dilas saxeze patara ga-

monayaric davunaxe, etyoba berZe-

niSvilis nigvzis gasinjva moaswro

Juglans Regia, es ar aris nigvzis la-

Tinuri saxeli?

_ damnaSave napovnia, axla ra vq-

naT? _ ikiTxa Joram.

_ ver vitan CerniSevskis, _ mou-

lodnelad upasuxa poliakovma.

_ ra vqnaT da mis megobars, an-

dersons vestumroT biblioTekaSi,

gavesaubroT.

mivadeqiT andersons. butovma

mokled gaacno gamoZiebis mimdina-

reoba da Sedegebi. andersoni ra-

tomRac iolad darwmunda da sam-

punqtiani gamosavali SemogvTavaza:

1. udaCini sajarod aRiarebs da-

naSauls.

2. daabrunebs naqurdals.

3. specialurad daaSavebs da Ca-

jdeba sajarimo izolatorSi anu

SizoSi.

winadadeba miiRes. xalxi dai-

Sala. biblioTekasTan davrCiT

samni: me, butovi da andersoni.

samivem vicodiT, rom anderso-

ni zonis sakmaod mokrZalebul,

magram „ideurad gamarTul~ bi-

blioTekas ganagebda. anderson-

ma ar icoda, rom mis winaSe idga

kaci, romelmac iatakqveSeTSi

antisabWoTa literaturis le-

gendaruli biblioTeka Seqmna,

iseTi didi da srulyofili da,

rac mTavaria, ideurad ise gamar-

Tuli, rom ramdenime weli Ramis

Zils ufrTxobda mTeli ssrk-

s uSiSroebas. da, ra Tqma unda,

arc erTma ar vicodiT, rom wle-

bis Semdeg me damekisreboda yo-

fili ssrk-s sididiT mesame, Se-

saniSnavi erovnuli biblioTekis

xelmZRvaneloba.

udaCinma danaSauli Tavxedu-

rad aRiara. saRamos eqvseuli (ga-

momZieblebs plus dazaralebuli

papaiani Tavis nivrianad; anderson-

ma mkvlevrebTan erTad „puris ga-

texvaze~ uari ganacxada) ukve baJes

miirTmevda, xolo depeenka surai-

kins „deboSisTvis~ udaCini SizoSi

mihyavda TxuTmeti dRiT gansamar-

toveblad da cxovrebis sazrisze

dasafiqreblad.

ganTavisuflebis Semdeg buto-

vi emigraciaSi wavida. amJamad

germaniaSi cxovrobs da, profe-

siiT, fizikosad muSaobs. misi

Tanamosaqme viaCeslav igrunovi

rusul politikaSia, meore ka-

cia partia „iablokoSi~, Tumca

Tavad partia seriozul kriziss

ganicdis. koreis TviTmfrinavebi

avtopilots ar endobian da ru-

seTis sazRvrebs axlosac aRar

ekarebian.

reklama

2010 wlis seqtembridan, wamyvani qarTuli saganmanaTle-

blo dawesebuleba _ „evropuli skola“ _ pirvelad saqar-

TveloSi danergavs IB sadiplomo programas. IBO (Internatio-

nal Baccalaureate Organization), saerTaSoriso bakalavriatis

organizacia aris ganaTlebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso done-

ze aRiarebuli lideri organizacia, romelic xels uwyobs

ganaTlebuli, aqtiuri, SemoqmedebiTi da kritikulad moa-

zrovne moqalaqeebis aRzrdas.

„evropuli skolis“ IB sadiplomo programa warmoadgens

orwlian unikalur winasauniversiteto kurss me-11 da me-

12 klaselTaTvis. yvela moswavle swavlobs individua-

luri saswavlo gegmiT, studenti 6 sagnobrivi jgufidan

Tavis survilisamebr irCevs 6 sagans. swavleba mimdinare-

obs inglisur enaze. moswavle valdebulia arCeuli eqvsi

sagnidan sami iswavlos maRal doneze (High Level) da sami _

standartul doneze (Standard level). sagnebis arCevani stu-

dentma unda gaakeTos sadiplomo kursis dawyebisTanave da

orientacia aiRos Tavisi momavali profesiuli interesebis

mixedviT.

garda eqvsi sagnisa, moswavle valdebulia, orwliani

kursis ganmavloabSi Seasrulos sadiplomo programis sami

umTavresi moTxovna.

pirveli _ Seiswavlos codnis Teoriis TOK (Theory of Kno-

wledge) kursi da meore kursze daweros naSromi, romelic

saerTaSoriso eqspertebis mier fasdeba.

meore _ Seasrulos CAS (Creativity, Action, Service) progra-

mis savaldebulo aqtivobebi, romlis SedgenaSi mas exmareba

CAS koordinatori. CAS-is aqtivobebSi moiazreba sporti,

SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba. es kursi xels

uwyobs studentis ara mxolod xarisxian ganaTlebas, ara-

med mis pirovnul srulyofasa da moqalaqed Camoyalibebas.

CAS moTxovnebis srulfasovnad Sesruleba aucilebelia

diplomis misaRebad.

mesame _ daweros sadiplomo naSromi EE (Extended Essay)

_ es aris studentis individualuri kvleva misTvis sain-

tereso saganSi erT konkretul Temaze, romlis moculoba

daaxloebiT 4 000 sityva unda iyos. es naSromic fasdeba

saerTaSoriso eqspertebisa da gamomcdelebis mier.

yovelive zemoCamoTvlilis warmatebiT dasrulebis Sem-

deg saerTaSoriso bakalavriatis sagamocdo komisia ajame-

bs moswavlis mier dagrovil qulebs da kandidats eniWeba

diplomi. TiToeul saganSi Sefaseba xdeba 7-baliani sis-

temiT. dasagrovebeli qulebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa 45,

(eqvsi saswavlo sagnis 7 qula (jamuri 42 qula), rasac ema-

teba codnis Teoriasa da sadiplomo naSromSi erToblivad

miRebuli jamuri 3 qula). imisaTvis, rom kandidats mie-

niWos diplomi, igi valdebulia daagrovos sul mcire 24

qula. sasurvel qulaTa raodenoba ganisazRvreba im umaR-

lesi saswavleblebis moTxovnaTa kriteriumebiT, romelSic

kandidati apirebs swavlis gagrZelebas. msoflios yvelaze

prestiJuli umaRlesi saswavleblebisTvis misaRebia IB-s

38-quliani diplomi.

swrafad mzard konkurentul garemoSi msoflios wamyvani

umaRlesi saswavleblebi upiratesobas aniWeben IB-s studen-

tebis miRebas, radgan dRevandel mobilur samyaroSi stu-

dentebi, maswavleblebi da zogadad mosaxleoba aqtiurad

gadaadgildeba erTi adgilidan meoreze. amis gamo umaR-

lesi saswavleblebisaTvis Zalian xelsayrelia IB-s kurs-

damTavrebulebis miReba, amasTan erTad, IB-s standarti da

moTxovnebi erTnairia mTels msoflioSi, rac imas niSnavs,

rom miRweuli Sedgebi da Sefasebebi unificirebulia.

aqve unda aRiniSnos is upiratesobebi, romlebic sadi-

plomo programis kursdamTavrebulebs gaaCniaT:

kandidats saSualeba aqvs IB sadiplomo programis da-

mamTavrebeli gamocdebis Sedegebis mixedviT pirdapir Cai-

ricxos umaRles saswavlebelSi.

moipovos specialuri stipendia, romelic gankuTvni-

lia mxolod sadiplomo programis kursdamTavrebulTa-

Tvis.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi universitetSi swavlis xangrZli-

voba Seamciros naxevari an erTi wliT.

IBO (saerTaSoriso bakalavriatis organizacia) daarsda

1968 wels Jenevis saerTaSoriso skolis maswavleblebis ini-

ciativiT da sxva saerTaSoriso skolebis daxmarebiT. misi

funqcionireba daiwyo sadiplomo programiT da wlebis Sem-

deg dagrovili gamocdilebis Sedegad IBO gvTavazobs sasko-

lo ganaTlebis srul programebs 3-dan 19 wlis CaTvliT.

IBO, axorcielebs ra misi damfuZneblebis ideebsa da ocnebe-

bs, emsaxureba maRali xarisxis ganaTlebas ukeTesi msoflio-

saTvis. amJamad IBO programiT msoflios 138 qveynis 2 825

skolaSi swavlobs 778,000 moswavle. msoflios 1 700-ze meti

wamyvani universiteti, romelTa CamonaTvali iwyeba harvar-

diT, oqsfordiT, oklendiT da britiS kolambiaTi, cnobs da

aRiarebs saerTaSoriso bakalavriatis diploms. sadiplomo

kursis (DP) garda, romelic saskolo ganaTlebis bolo etaps

moicavs, IB-s aseve gaaCnia sakuTari standartebi dawyebiTi

(PYP) da sabaziso etapebisTvis (MYP). momavali wlidan „evro-

puli skola“ am axal standartebsac danergavs.

gaxdi msoflios nawili evropuli

skolis IB sadiplomo programis daxmarebiT

radio „nacnobi“ gepatiJebaT

klubSi „nacnobi“

tradiciuli qarTuli samzareulo

cocxali musika

misamarTi: abanos q. N 3

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80 70 66 54 50dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/9496/1/CxeliChokoladi_2010_N59.pdf · Sps `em fabliSingi~, Tbilisi 0105, ... sWirdeba es mouxelTebeli materiebi. araviTari filosofia