ADEUS AO MITO: Uma análise da cobertura da morte de Michael Jackson nas revistas Época, Istoé e Veja

8/7/2019 ADEUS AO MITO: Uma análise da cobertura da morte de Michael Jackson nas revistas Época, Istoé e Veja

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Cfwzf gfcèyko ow ykzvhkw, ov ykzow jf phwwhnfb wf mhqfb pyfwfczfw# Gobo poy ftfbplo,

chwgkbfczow, ghwhbfczo, boyzf, fczyf ovzyow# Wfb h ftkwzácgkh jow ykzow, ë gobo wf owmhzow chzvyhkw, jfwgykzow chw chyyhzk}hw cço pvjfwwfb wf gocgyfzkqhy#

H Lvh zfb wvh dkwz÷ykh bâzkgh, bhw zhbiëb o Wol f hw Ènvhw, hw plhczhw f owhckbhkw# Zojo oiafzo g÷wbkgo zfb vbh “dkwz÷ykh‒# Kwwo wknckmkgh xvf flf ë ghphq jf“mhlhy‒ ho dobfb# F, pflo mhzo jf mhlhy jf wk bfwbo, fb pykbfkyo lvnhy jf “oyknfb‒,jo f}fczo pykboyjkhl fb gocwfxüácgkh jo xvhl phwwov h ftkwzky, o oiafzo wf zoychyfhl f wknckmkghzk}o# $FLKHJF, Bkygfh# 8;>9, p#896+



89

H gocwgkácgkh golfzk}h pyfwwvpöf h hgfkzhîço phwwk}h jow kcjk}âjvow jf vb nyvpo wogkhl

à jfzfybkchjhw yfnyhw zyhjkgkochkw# Wfcjo hwwkb, h gocwgkácgkh bâzkgh pojf wfy

gocwkjfyhjh kcnácvh, hgyâzkgh, ov wfah, hxvflh xvf ë hgfkzh wfb cfcdvbh gyâzkgh# Poy cço

powwvky cfcdvb zkpo jf pyoilfbhzkqhîço f xvfwzkochbfczo, hghyyfzh ch hgfkzhîço jkyfzh

jow bkzow# O golfzk}kwbo ë ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh kbpoyzhczf ch fwzyvzvyh jh gocwgkácgkh

bâzkgh# H ftpfykácgkh kcjk}kjvhl fwzè kczkbhbfczf lknhjh à ftpfykácgkh golfzk}h,

fczyfzhczo, vbh cço hcvlh h ovzyh# Pojf"wf jkqfy xvf o fxvklâiyko kcjk}kjvhl fwzè

jkyfzhbfczf yflhgkochjo gob o golfzk}o# H gocwgkácgkh bâzkgh hjxvkyf ghyèzfy jf

kcnfcvkjhjf jf}kjo ho golfzk}kwbo, pokw fwzf mh}oyfgf h hjhpzhîço f hgfkzhîço hgyâzkgh

jhw yfnyhw zyhjkgkochkw pyophnhjhw pflhw chyyhzk}hw bâzkghw#

9#8#9 O bkzo doaf

Gob o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jhw wogkfjhjfw, h gocwgkácgkh dvbhch mok fcykxvfgkjh gob h

yhqço, pyopoygkochcjo o wvynkbfczo jo pfcwhbfczo gyâzkgo"yfmlftk}o# ]èykhw zyhjkîöfw f

gocgfkzow phwwhyhb h wfy xvfwzkochjow, fczyf flfw o bkzo# H co}h moybh jf pfcwhbfczo,

wvizyhk o ghyèzfy jf woiyfchzvyhl, kbpvlwkoch h mklowomkh, h zëgckgh f h gkácgkh# Gob kwwo,

h gocwgkácgkh bâzkgh jfkth jf wfy o gfczyo jo fczfcjkbfczo jh moybh jf }k}fy#

Goczvjo, h yhqço, ov lonow, cço wvynkv yfpfczkchbfczf ch mhgf jh dvbhckjhjf, dov}f

vb pyogfwwo jf jfwfc}ol}kbfczo dkwz÷ykgo# Hczfw jo hj}fczo jh yhqço, xvf wf jè h

phyzky jo wëgvlo ] h#G, o dobfb fyh yfnkjo pflo pyoafzo bkzogáczykgo, ov wfah, hxvflf

xvf gologh o bkzo co gfczyo jhw gokwhw, jf zojh f xvhlxvfy ftplkghîço jo }k}fy f

gobpyffcwço jh dvbhckjhjf# Bobfczo fb xvf wf pfygfif h pyfwfcîh jh gocwgkácgkh

bâzkgh, ocjf ow ykzvhkw jf yfpfzkîço jço wfczkjo àw f}oghîöfw jo dobfb, gob o oiafzk}o

jf gocgyfzkqhy ow mhzow chzvyhkw#

O }hloy hpojâgzkgo jo bkzo ë pfykojkghbfczf yfgocmkybhjo pflow ykzvhkw# Hyfbfboyhîço f h yfhzvhlkqhîço jo f}fczo pykboyjkhl havjhb o dobfb “pykbkzk}o‒ hjkwzkcnvky f yfzfy o yfhl# Nyhîhw à yfpfzkîço goczâcvh jf vb nfwzo pyhnbèzkgo, hlno wfyf}flh gobo mkto f jvyhjovyo co mlvto vck}fywhl# Hzyh}ëw jh yfpfzkîço pfyk÷jkgh joxvf mok mfkzo kc kllo zfbpoyf, kbpöf"wf h gfyzfqh jf xvf hlno ftkwzf jf vbh bhcfkyhhiwolvzh# Fwwf “hlno‒ ë whnyhjo, ov wfah, zyhcwvbhco f zyhcwbvjhco, bhw hgfwwâ}fl àftpfykácgkh dvbhch# $FLKHJF, Bkygfh# 8;>9, p#89:+

Gob o f}olvky jhw wogkfjhjfw o pyoafzo bkzogáczykgo mok wfcjo, how povgow, wviwzkzvâjopflo Zfogáczykgo, ov wfah, Jfvw f h yflknkço phwwh}hb h wfy o gfczyo jo vck}fywo# Zvjo



87

co bvcjo wf ftplkgh}h hzyh}ëw jflfw# Zojh}kh, bkzo f yflknkço wfbpyf fwzk}fyhb bvkzo

lknhjow# Cço wf whif jkwzkcnvky ocjf zfybkch vb f gobfîh o ovzyo, h yflknkço wfbpyf

fwzf}f gfyghjh jf flfbfczow f ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bâzkghw# Wfnvcjo Hvyk Gvcdh $8;;9+, “o

jkwgvywo zfol÷nkgo jo gykwzkhckwbo yobhco iloxvfh}h xvhlxvfy powzvyh xvf cço

bowzyhwwf wfy o dobfb kczfkyhbfczf wvibfzkjo how jfwânckow jh zyhcwgfcjácgkh

jk}kch‒# $8;;95 988+

Co pyoafzo bkzogáczykgo ow dobfcw }k}khb jf hgoyjo gob h iocjhjf jk}kch, zojow

}k}khb wvafkzow h vb jfwzkco xvf fwghph}h àw wvhw bçow, fyhb }âzkbhw jf ghwzknow

hcgfwzyhkw, jf vbh myhxvfqh kcgvyè}fl# Jkhczf jf zhkw wvioyjkchîöfw f ghyhgzfyâwzkghw,

dov}f h pyopvlwço jf vbh yfmoybh zfol÷nkgh, xvf zf}f gobo pykcgkphl yfpyfwfczhczf

Bhyzkcdo Lvzfyo, xvf bojkmkgh}h bhkw vbh }fq o pyoafzo xvf jh}h wfczkjo à }kjh

dvbhch# O pykcgkphl poczo jh yf}olvîço zfol÷nkgh mok yfgocdfgfy o zyhihldo dvbhco

gobo vbh jhw pykcgkphkw moczfw jf nyhîhw jk}kchw# H phyzky jo zyhihldo o dobfb

hzkcnkykh h mflkgkjhjf f h ykxvfqh# H lkifyjhjf jf fthbf jf gocwgkácgkh, xvf pfybkzkh

gobpyffcjfy f avlnhy h }oczhjf jk}kch zyhqkh co}hbfczf à lvq h yhqço# Fwzh, xvf wvynkv

ch Zyhjkîço Dfláckgh Glèwwkgh fczyf ow nyfnow co wëgvlo ] h#G, dh}kh wkjo wvwpfcwh

jvyhczf h Fyh Bfjkf}hl# H phyzky jf fczço, yhqço f zyhihldo wço }kwzow gobo hw pykcgkphkw

jèjk}hw jk}kchw#

Gob zojow ow hgoczfgkbfczow f yf}olvîöfw ogoyykjhw ch dvbhckjhjf, o lonow

ghbkcdh}h phyh o phzhbhy jf pyoafzo gk}klkqhz÷yko# Hw yf}olvîöfw Gopëyckgh, Kcjvwzykhl,

Myhcgfwh, o Dvbhckwbo f o Klvbkckwbo pyopoygkochyhb h bvjhcîh jf pykwbh phyh h

gobpyffcwço jh }kjh dvbhch# Jfwzh moybh, phwwhbow h zfy o lonow gobo pyoafzo

gk}klkqhz÷yko# O hj}fczo jo pfcwhbfczo gyâzkgo " yfmlftk}o xvfiyh h vckjhjf jo bkzo,

gob flf o ghyèzfy jf woiyfchzvyhlkjhjf ë powzo fb gdfxvf, jhcjo lvnhy àw pfygfpîöfwyfhlkqhjhw pflh mklowomkh, zëgckgh f gkácgkh# Jf hgoyjo gob Ehyfc Hybwzyocn $9006+, “ho

zyhzhy o bkzo gobo wf mowwf yhgkochl, ow gkfczkwzhw, gyâzkgow f mkl÷womow bojfycow o

zoychyhb kchgyfjkzè}fl‒#

Hw xvfwzöfw pyopowzhw pflo pfcwhbfczo gyâzkgo"yfmlftk}o hiyfb fwphîo phyh ovzyo

xvfwzkochbfczo1 gob o hj}fczo jh yhqço wfykh jfgyfzhjh h boyzf jo bkzo? H bhzvykjhjf

jo fwpâykzo dvbhco, oghwkochjh pflh f}olvîço jh dvbhckjhjf, yonh pflo hihcjoco jhwmoybhw bâzkghw f yflknkowhw# H phyzky jf fczço, bkzo f yhqço zoychb"wf opowzow,



8:

phyhlflhbfczf, zfb"wf h kcmfykoykqhîço jo bkzo, glhwwkmkghcjo"o gobo vbh zfczhzk}h

myhghwwhjh jf ftplkghîço jh yfhlkjhjf# Zojh}kh, h gyâzkgh ho bkzo f h fthlzhîço à gkácgkh

mhq chwgfy, goczyhjkzoykhbfczf, o bkzo jo gkfczkmkgkwbo, ov powkzk}kwbo, wfcjo hxvflf

xvf gyá ch gkácgkh gobo h ñckgh moybh jf kczfypyfzhîço jh yfhlkjhjf#

Hlëb jkwwo, o powkzk}kwbo bowzyh"wf yfjvgkockwzh, fbpoiyfgfcjo hw powwkiklkjhjfwjf hioyjhnfcw jo bvcjo, poyxvf h gkácgkh cço ë h ñckgh kczfypyfzhîço }èlkjh jo yfhlcfb ë wvmkgkfczf, aè xvf o bkzo ë vbh moybh mvcjhbfczhl jo }k}fy dvbhco, o bkzo ëo poczo jf phyzkjh phyh h gobpyffcwço jo wfy# Fb ovzyhw phlh}yhw, zvjo o xvfpfcwhbow f xvfyfbow wf wkzvh kckgkhlbfczf co doykqoczf jh kbhnkchîço, cowpyfwwvpowzow bâzkgow, gvao wfczkjo ftkwzfcgkhl wfy}f jf ihwf phyh zojo zyhihldopowzfykoy jh yhqço# $HYHCDH, Bhykh Lñgkh jf Hyyvjh# Bhyzkcw, Bhykh DflfchPkyfw# 9007, p#>6+

Poy wfy h pykbfkyh lfkzvyh dvbhch fb yflhîço ho bvcjo, o wvynkbfczo jf ovzyhw moybhw

kczfypyfzhzk}hw cço o ftglvfb jhw yhâqfw jh kczflknkiklkjhjf# O bkzo ë kczyâcwfgo à yhîh

dvbhch, kcjfpfcjfczf jo hj}fczo jh yhqço, gocwkjfyhcjo xvf hw hczknhw gk}klkqhîöfw

fyhb bkzogáczykghw, kcglvwk}f h gk}klkqhîço dfláckgh glèwwkgh, ocjf wvynf o lonow# H

mhivlhîço, kbpvlwkochjh pflo bkzo, wf mhq pyfwfczf chw bhkw jk}fywhw wkzvhîöfw dvbhchw

f jkèykhw# Ow goczow popvlhyfw, o molgloyf f hzë bfwbo phlh}yhw gobo ghwh, lhy, phk, bçf,

lkifyjhjf, boyzf f chwgkbfczo wço gobpowzhw poy wknckmkghjow gob zyhîow jf

wviafzk}kjhjf# Hmkchl, fwzhw phlh}yhw yfbfzfb h }hloyfw f gowzvbfw zyhjkgkochkw

vck}fywhkw, xvf ftkwzfb co kcgocwgkfczf jo dobfb# Gob ihwf cfwzfw hwpfgzow h

pwkghcèlkwf vzklkqh h ykxvfqh jh chyyhzk}h bâzkgh f pyogvyh, hzyh}ëw jflh, fczfcjfy ow

jfwfaow dvbhcow# Gobo ftfbplo glèwwkgo f kcgoczfwzè}fl, zfbow h kczfypyfzhîço jf

Wknbvcj Myfvj, bëjkgo cfvyolonkwzh f gykhjoy jh pwkghcèlkwf, phyh o bkzo jf Ëjkpo f h

yhqço jow jfwfaow f hcwfkow jo dobfb# H pfywpfgzk}h jf Myfvj wvynkv co kcâgko jo

wëgvlo TT, fcmhzkqhcjo wfy jf yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jhw moyîhw kcgocwgkfczfw h

bo}kbfczhîço jo gobpoyzhbfczo dvbhco#

Co bvcjo goczfbpoyécfo ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh wf kcgvbifb jf

zyhcwmoybhy gflfiykjhjfw, hyzkwzhw f pfywochlkjhjfw fb kbhnfcw ftfbplhyfw xvf, co

kbhnkcèyko golfzk}o, wço wkcúckbow jf yfhlkqhîöfw pfwwohkw, pyomkwwkochkw, wftvhkw#

Hwwkb gobo wvgfwwo, pojfy, ykxvfqh f lkjfyhcîh# Zhkw mknvyhw pfybfkhb o kbhnkcèyko f

kcgocwgkfczf jhw pfwwohw, mhqfcjo gob xvf flhw gykfb kjfczkmkghîço gob fwzhw mknvyhw,

zoychcjo"hw ftfbplow jf }kjh, gykhcjo bkzow goczfbpoyécfow#



86

Poy ftfbplo, ch jëghjh jf 8;60 o hzoy Ahbfw Jfhc ftpyfwwh o bkzo jh “av}fczvjfzyhcw}khjh‒ f Bhykl{c Bocyof vb bkzo wftvhl, powzfykoybfczf ovzyow bojflowwvynfb f jfwhphyfgfb, gocmoybf hw ftpfgzhzk}hw xvf pyfjobkchb fb ghjh pfyâojo#Doaf fb jkh, gob h yhpkjfq jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, fwwhw kcmlvácgkhw zoychb"wfbñlzkplhw f mvnhqfw# Chw dkwz÷ykhw fb xvhjykcdow, o bhckxvfâwbo ftpykbf ohyxvëzkpo jh lvzh fczyf o ifb f o bhl, fcxvhczo h jvplh pfywochlkjhjf jo wvpfy"

dfy÷k hzkcnf fb gdfko o jfwfao jh pfwwoh gobvb jf wvpfyhy h py÷pykhkcftpyfwwk}kjhjf f kbpozácgkh, zoychcjo"wf ftgfpgkochl f pojfyowh# $HYHCDH,Bhykh Lñgkh jf Hyyvjh# Bhyzkcw, Bhykh Dflfch Pkyfw# 9007, p#>=+

Ykzvhkw, wfbfldhczfw how yfhlkqhjow pflhw wogkfjhjfw hyghkghw, zhbiëb fwzço pyfwfczfw

co bvcjo goczfbpoyécfo# Gflfiyhîöfw gobo hck}fywèyko, ghwhbfczow, mfwzhw jf

jfivzhczfw, moybhzvyhw, fczyf ovzyow pojfb wfy gocwkjfyhjow ykzow jf phwwhnfb# Dè

zhbiëb h pyfwfcîh jf gobpocfczfw bâzkgow chw hyzfw f nyhcjfw bhckmfwzhîöfw

popvlhyfw, gobo o ghych}hl# Wfcjo hwwkb, cço wf pojf jkqfy xvf bkzo ë yfwvlzhczf jfvb jflâyko# F, ho goczyèyko jo xvf pyopöf o lonow, o bkzo cço ë vbh bfczkyh, pokw, mhq

phyzf jh }kjh gozkjkhch f vbh jhw wvwzfczhîöfw jh ftkwzácgkh dvbhch# Lono, bkzo f

yhqço wço gobplfbfczhyfw fczyf wk# Poyëb, chw wogkfjhjfw bojfychw o bkzo cço powwvk h

bfwbh hiyhcnácgkh xvf powwvâh chw wogkfjhjfw hyghkghw# Hmkchl, o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo

pfcwhbfczo gyâzkgo"yfmlftk}o pyopoygkoch h gyâzkgh yhgkochl fb yflhîço h bkzow xvf

pojfb wfy pyfavjkgkhkw ho dobfb# Ow bkzow xvf powwhb lf}hy h hlnvb ifcfmâgko wço

lfnkzkbhjow, aè ow xvf wvnfyfb vbh jfwvbhckqhîço wço jfwghyzhjow# Gocwkjfyhcjo xvfow bkzow pyopöfb }hloyfw whvjè}fkw ov cço, ghif à gocwgkácgkh jkwzkcnvk"low f ftfgvzè"

low jh bfldoy bhcfkyh#

Ow bkzow bojfycow cço oiafzk}hb h zyhcwgfcjácgkh, ow fmfkzow jf wfczkjo f h ivwgh jhw

wknckmkghîöfw wço yfhlkqhjow hzyh}ëw jf ykzvhkw pyomhcow# Ow ykzvhkw pyomhcow wço

jfwwhgyhlkqhjow, f}oghb hw fboîöfw gozkjkhchw xvf pykoykqhb h whzkwmhîço, pyhqfy f

jfwgoczfczhbfczo# Wço ghyhgzfykqhjow zhbiëb pflo mhzo jf cço powwvâyfb hpflo àzyhcwgfcjácgkh, fwzço yflhgkochjow hpfchw à yfhlkqhîço jow jfwfaow gocgyfzow f ow

kcjk}kjvhkw, hkcjh xvf ow pyogfwwow phyh h yfhlkqhîço wfahb golfzk}ow#

9#9 Bkzo f kbhnkcèyko gvlzvyhl

Cço oiwzhczf o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh yhqço, hw chyyhzk}hw bâzkghw goczkcvhyhb h mhqfy

phyzf jh }kjh jo dobfb# Dhah }kwzh xvf o bkzo ë kczyâcwfgo à gocjkîço dvbhch# Poyëb,



8=

o bkzo cço wf hpyfwfczh bhkw jf moybh ftplâgkzh gobo hgoczfgkh chw wogkfjhjfw hyghkghw#

Hnoyh, o bkzo wkzvh"wf co gdhbhjo kbhnkcèyko gvlzvyhl#

Vb pyoafzo gk}klkqhz÷yko, w÷ zobh moybh yfhl jf gk}klkqhîço xvhcjo wf }á ghphq jf

yfwpocjfy h zojhw hw xvfwzöfw dvbhchw, jvyhczf o zyhcwgvywo jh ftkwzácgkh wogkhl,

pyk}hjh f pñilkgh# O lonow, ho wf fwzhiflfgfy gobo pyoafzo gk}klkqhz÷yko, hmkybh"wf ghphq

jf moycfgfy hw yfwpowzhw phyh fwzhw pfynvczhw# Gob kwwo, lhcîh bço jo kbhnkcèyko

gvlzvyhl, vb hlkhjo phyh hvtklkhy cfwzhw yfwpowzhw# Hzyh}ëw jf aonow jf pyoafîço"

kjfczkmkghîço, cow xvhkw wço bowzyhjow kbhnfcw, bojflow, }hloyfw, jfwfaow, mhczhwkhw f

wocdow h wfyfb wfnvkjow, o lonow kcwfyf ch wogkfjhjf o kbhnkcèyko gvlzvyhl, xvf phwwh h

yfwpocjfy hxvklo xvf h yhqço cço gocwfnvf pyo}hy hzyh}ëw jf hcèlkwf f yfmlftço# Gobo

hmkybh Goycflkvw Ghwzoykhjkw $9000+, “o phpfl jhw wknckmkghîöfw kbhnkcèykhw ë o jf

moycfgfy vbh yfwpowzh h fwwhw pfynvczhw, yfwpowzh xvf, f}kjfczfbfczf, cfb h

“yfhlkjhjf‒ cfb h “yhgkochlkjhf‒ pojfb moycfgfy‒#

Zvjo o xvf wf hpyfwfczh à wogkfjhjf, zhczo co wogkhl xvhczo co dkwz÷ykgo, fwzè lknhjo ho

kbhnkcèyko gvlzvyhl, ov wkbi÷lkgo# Hzow kcjk}kjvhkw, yfhkw ov golfzk}ow, gobo hw nvfyyhw,

o zyhihldo, o gocwvbo, o hboy f jk}fywow ovzyow ifcw, wfb ow xvhkw h wogkfjhjf dvbhch

cço wfykh h bfwbh, cço wço jkyfzhbfczf kbhnkcèykow f/ov wkbi÷lkgow# Poyëb, zojow flfw

cço wço powwâ}fkw wfb h lknhîço gob vbh yfjf jf wkbiolkwbo f kbhnkchîço#

O kbhnkcèyko fwzè pyfwfczf fb zfyyfcow cow xvhkw h yfpyfwwço jhw pvlwhîöfw fwzè wfbpyf

pyfwfczf, wfvw poczow jf hpoko fwzço co kcgocwgkfczf jow kcjk}âjvow# Zojh f xvhlxvfy

wogkfjhjf flhioyh wvh py÷pykh kbhnfb à yfwpfkzo jo bvcjo chzvyhl, jo vck}fywo fb xvf

fwzço kcwfykjhw, gob o oiafzk}o jf gykhy vb gocavczo jf wknckmkghîöfw, cow xvhkw

oyknkchyço ow wfyfw chzvyhkw f oiafzow cfgfwwèykow à }kjh golfzk}h# Zhl kbhnfb cço fwzèlknhjh ho lonow, jfpfcjf jo kbhnkcèyko# Pfygfif"wf ckzkjhbfczf h gocwzyvîço jfwzh

kbhnfb chw wogkfjhjfw hyghkghw, hwwkb gobo chw gocgfpîöfw yflknkowhw jf wogkfjhjfw

dkwz÷ykghw# F hzë bfwo chw wogkfjhjfw bojfychw, ocjf o yhgkochlkwbo fwzè pyfwfczf#

Vbh gvlzvyh moycfgf poczow jf hpoko kbhnkcèykow à }kjh pyèzkgh, poczow jf hpokopyèzkgow à }kjh kbhnkcèykh5 flh hlkbfczh o wfy wfbk"yfhl, wfbk"kbhnkcèyko, xvf ghjhpfwwoh wfgyfzh co kczfykoy jf wk $wvh hlbh+, o wfy wfbk"yfhl, wfbk"kbhnkcèyko xvf ghjhvb wfgyfzh co ftzfykoy jf wk f co xvhl wf fc}ol}f $wvh pfywochlkjhjf+# $GVCDH,

Aowë Hvyk# 8;;9# p# 999+



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O kbhnkcèyko gvlzvyhl cow lf}h, jfwjf h kcmécgkh, h }k}fy f yfwpfkzhy hw ftpfykácgkhw

bâzkghw }k}kjhw co phwwhjo# O yfwpfkzo pflow dfy÷kw jh pèzykh, o hboy pflh zfyyh bçf wço

gykhjow hzyh}ëw jf yflhîöfw jf kjfczkmkghîço f pyoafîço# Zhkw yflhîöfw, ch wogkfjhjf ocjf

fwzè kcwzhvyhjo o kbhnkcèyko gvlzvyhl, wf jço pflow ykzvhkw pyomhcow, wviwzkzvzow jowykzvhkw whnyhjow, ch bojfyckjhjf#

Fcxvhczo ow ykzvhkw whnyhjow wço }olzhjow phyh vbh yfhlkjhjf bhkw locnâcxvh,

ftzyhbvcjhch f woiyfchzvyhl, ov wfah, ykzvhkw jf gvlzo, jf pyfwfczkmkghîço jo jk}kco f

oiafzk}hb h zyhcwgfcjácgkh, ow ykzvhkw pyomhcow cço o wço#

9#7 O pojfy jow bkzow ch Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl

O bvcjo phwwov poy jokw pyogfwwow jf kcjvwzykhlkqhîço# Co kcâgko jo wëgvlo TT o pojfy

kcjvwzykhl, ov wfah, jhw bèxvkchw, zobov goczh jf zojo o nloio zfyyfwzyf# Bojkmkgov

hîöfw, bëzojow f zëgckghw jf zyhihldo# Fb wfnvkjh, o fwpâykzo dvbhco phwwov h wfy

kcjvwzykhlkqhjo# Dè vbh wfnvcjh golockqhîço, jfwzh }fq h jh hlbh# Poy kczfybëjko jfwzh

golockqhîço f kcjvwzykhlkqhîço, o ftzfykoy ë powzo jf lhjo, phyh wf jfjkghy ho kczfykoy jo

dobfb, xvf phwwh h wfy o yfgfpzoy jkyfzo jf bfyghjoykhw gvlzvyhkw#

Oykvcjh jow pyoilfbhw ghvwhjow poy zojow ow pyogfwwow jf kcjvwzykhlkqhîço fwzè h

zfygfkyh gvlzvyh, ov, gvlzvyh jf bhwwh# Boykc $8;;>+ jfmkcf fwzf zfybo gobo hxvflh xvf

ë pyojvqkjh wfnvkcjo hw moybhw jf mhiykghîço kcjvwzykhl, gobo vb }fyjhjfkyo bhzfykhl

gocgyfzo# H pyophnhcjh jfwzh gvlzvyh ë yfhlkqhjh jf hgoyjo gob hw zëgckghw jf

jk}vlnhîço bhgkîh f hiyhcnfczf# Zhl gvlzvyh ë jfwzkchjh h vbh nyhcjf f dobonácfh

bhwwh wogkhl# H gvlzvyh jf bhwwh, gobo zojh gvlzvyh, ë gocwzkzvâjh poy wâbiolow,

kbhnfcw f bkzow yfmfyfczfw à }kjh pyèzkgh f à kbhnkcèykh# Gocwzkzvkcjo hwwkb, vb

wkwzfbh jf pyoafîço"kjfczkmkghîço# Gobo zojh gvlzvyh pyojvq wfvw bkzow, wâbiolow f

pyojvzow, hwwkb h gvlzvyh jf bhwwh zhbiëb o mhq# Zfcjo gobo pyojvzoyh h kcjñwzykh

gvlzvyhl#

Jf hgoyjo gob Boykc $8;;>+, jfczyf ow mhzoyfw xvf gobpöfb o pyogfwwo jf gykhîço jh

kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl, fwzè o bojflo ivyogyèzkgo"kcjvwzykhl# Xvf jfgkjfb f fwzkpvlhb o nyhv

jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf jhxvklo xvf wfyè pvilkghjo, poy ftfbplo# O xvf nfyh vb phyhjoto,



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pokw fwzh moybh jf hîço wf gdogh gob vbh ftknácgkh goczyèykh, kcfyfczf à py÷pykh

kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl, o kcjk}kjvhlkqhjo f co}o#

H kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl jf}f, pokw, wvpfyhy gocwzhczfbfczf vbh goczyhjkîçomvcjhbfczhl fczyf wvhw fwzyvzvyhw ivyogyhzkqhjhw"phjyockqhjhw f h oyknkchlkjhjf$kcjk}kjvhlkjhjf f co}kjhjf+ jo pyojvzo xvf flh jf}f moycfgfy# Wfv py÷pykomvcgkochbfczo wf opfyhyè h phyzky jfwwfw jokw phyfw hczkzëzkgow1 ivyogyhgkh"kc}fcîço,phjyço"kcjk}kjvhlkjhjf# $BOYKC, 8;;>, p# 9=+

Ow bkzow bojfycow wço hlnvcw jow pykcgkphkw hzoyfw jh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl# Hzyh}ëw jflfw,

h kcjñwzykh zfb o wfv –pojfy jf }fcjh‟ hbplkhjo f jk}fywkmkghjo# Jf hgoyjo gob Hvyk

Gvcdh $8;;9+, ow bkzow bojfycow cço záb gobo oiafzk}o h zyhcwgfcjácgkh, flfw wço

bkzow pfcwhjow# Záb poy mvcîço pyoafzhy ow jfwfaow dvbhcow, hzyh}ëw jo kbhnkcèyko

gvlzvyhl# Ov wfah, zvjo o xvf wf hwwfbfldh ho wocdo ë ghpzhjo pflo kbhnkcèyko fykzvhlkqhjo jf hgoyjo gob ow bkzow bojfycow, ov wfah, jf moybh jfwwhgyhlkqhjh# Wfcjo

hwwkb, h kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl zfb cow bkzow vbh ykgh moczf jf bhzëykh pykbh phyh h

pyojvîço jow ifcw h wfyfb gocwvbkjow pflh gvlzvyh jf bhwwh# Wfnvcjo Boykc $8;;>+ h

gvlzvyh jf bhwwh nhcdh }kjh hzyh}ëw jo jvplo bo}kbfczo jo kbhnkcèyko hyyfbfcjhcjo

o yfhl, f, jo yfhl pfnhcjo hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo kbhnkcèyko# O nyhcjf pñilkgo zoych"wf

gocwvbkjoy jo bkzo yfgykhjo pflh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl#

Ch yfhlkjhjf, hxvklo xvf pfybkzf ho lfkzoy gocwvbky o bkzo kcogfczfbfczf ë o mhzo jfflf cço }fy co bkzo vb wkwzfbh wfbkol÷nkgo, bhw wkb vb wkwzfbh kcjvzk}o1 ocjfftkwzf hpfchw vbh fxvk}hlácgkh, flf }á vbh fwpëgkf jf pyogfwwo ghwvhl1 owknckmkghczf f o wknckmkghjo bhczáb, phyh flf, yflhîöfw chzvyhkw# Pojf ftpykbky"wffwzh gocmvwço jf vb ovzyo bojo1 zojo o wkwzfbh wfbkol÷nkgo ë vb wkwzfbh jf}hloyfw5 oyh, o gocwvbkjoy jo bkzo gocwkjfyh h wknckmkghîço gobo vb wkwzfbh jfmhzow1 o bkzo ë lkjo gobo vb wkwzfbh mhzvhl, xvhcjo ë hpfchw vb wkwzfbhwfbkol÷nkgo# $IHYZDFW, 8;40# PN# 869+

Gob h kcwzhvyhîço jo lonow, o bkzo phwwov h wfy zyhzhjo jf bhcfkyh yhgkochl# Gkfczkwzhw,

mkl÷womow f gyâzkgow o zoychyhb kchgyfjkzè}fl# Gob kwwo, govif how hyzkwzhw f yobhcgkwzhw

hjozè"low gobo bhzëykh pykbh jf wvhw gykhîöfw# Gobo hmkybh Ehyfc Hybwzyocn $9006+,

“wf ow lâjfyfw yflknkowow f pyomkwwkochkw cço pojfb cow kcwzyvky co gocdfgkbfczo bâzkgo,

cowwow hyzkwzhw f yobhcgkwzhw zhl}fq powwhb ogvphy fwwf phpfl whgfyjozhl f hpyfwfczhy

vbh }kwço co}h h cowwo bvcjo pfyjkjo f h}hykhjo‒# Jfwzh moybh, ow bkzow nhcdhb

kbpoyzécgkh ch pyojvîço jf goczfñjow jh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl#



8;

9#: O phpfl jow olkbpkhcow ch yflhîço fczyf kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl f wogkfjhjf Jfczyf ow jk}fywow pyojvzow f bkzow gykhjow pflh gvlzvyh jf bhwwh, vb jow xvf bhkw wf

jfwzhghb wço ow olkbpkhcow# Jf hgoyjo Boykc $8;;>+, ow olkbpkhcow wço hxvflfw xvf

pyopöfb vb bojflo kjfhl jf }kjh, lhqfy# Flfw }k}fb jf hgoyjo gob h ëzkgh jfmflkgkjhjf, pyhqfy, aono f fwpfzègvlo# Fwzfw wfyfw bojflow jf }kjh wço jozhjow jf

wkbphzkh, wvwgkzhb hboy f zfycvyh#

Ë co poczo jf goc}fynácgkh fczyf o âbpfzo jo kbhnkcèyko phyh o yfhl f jo yfhl phyh o

kbhnkcèyko, xvf wf wkzvhb ow olkbpkhcow, xvf wço hw nyhcjfw }fjfzfw jh kbpyfcwh# Ow

olkbpkhcow cço wço hpfchw ow hwzyow f fwzyflhw jo gkcfbh f zflf}kwço# Kcglvfb"wf cfwzh

lkwzh ow ghbpöfw, dfyjfkyow yfhkw, hyzkwzhw gëlfiyfw, wogkhlkzfw, ftployhjoyfw, fzg#

O olkbpkwbo jf vcw chwgf jo kbhnkcèyko, kwzo ë, jf phpëkw fcghychjow cow mklbfw$hwzyow+, o jf ovzyow chwgf jf wvh mvcîço whnyhjh $yfhlfqh, pyfwkjácgkh+, jf wfvwzyhihldow dfy÷kgow $ghbpföfw ftployhjoyfw+ ov fy÷zkgow $plh{io{w, jkwzflw+#$BOYKC, 8;;>, p# 806+

O Olkbpo ë o pyojvzo bhkw nfcvâco jo co}o gvywo jh gvlzvyh jf bhwwh# Hczfykoybfczf

hw fwzyflhw jo gkcfbh fyhb gocwkjfyhjhw jk}kcjhjfw, fwzf co}o zyhafzo jh gvlzvyh hw

dvbhckqov, bvlzkplkghcjo hw yflhîöfw gob o pñilkgo# Boykc $8;;>+ hmkybh xvf owolkbpkhcow wço woiyf"dvbhcow co phpfl xvf flfw fcghychb f dvbhcow ch }kjh pyk}hjh

xvf powwvfb# H kbpyfcwh jf bhwwh, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf goczykivk phyh fwzf phpfl

bkzol÷nkgo jow gëlfiyfw, flh bfynvldh ch }kjh pfwwohl h mkb jf ftzyhky jflhw h wviwzécgkh

dvbhch xvf kyè pyopoygkochy h kjfczkmkghîço jo nyhcjf pñilkgo#

Hzyh}ëw jfwzh jvplh chzvyfqh, h jk}kch f h dvbhch, ow olkbpkhcow gkygvlhb fczyf o

bvcjo jh pyoafîço f jh kjfczkmkghîço# “Flfw yfhlkqhb ow mhczhwbhw xvf ow boyzhkw cço

pojfb yfhlkqhy, bhw ow gdhbhb phyh yfhlkqhy o kbhnkcèyko‒# $BOYKC, 8;;>, p# 80>+

Boykc $8;;>+ hmkybh xvf ow olkbpkhcow fwzço pyfwfczfw fb zojow ow wfzoyfw jh gvlzvyh

jf bhwwh# Fwzço ocjf wf goc}fynfb h gvlzvyh jf bhwwh f o pñilkgo1 mfwzhw, fwpfzègvlow,

f}fczow jf ghykjhjf# Ow olkbpkhcow pyopoygkochb h gobvckghîço fczyf o kbhnkcèyko, h

kcmoybhîço, gocwfldow, kcgkzhîöfw f coybhw# Gocgfczyhb ow pojfyfw bkzol÷nkgow f ow jh

gvlzvyh jf bhwwh#



90

Wfcjo hwwkb, ow olkbpkhcow wf zyhcwmoybhyhb ch poczf bhkw hgfwwâ}fl f fmkghq ch

yflhîço fczyf kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl f wogkfjhjf# Pfybfkhb o kbhnkcèyko gvlzvyhl# Gobo o

lonow cço zfb ghphgkjhjf wvmkgkfczf phyh wvpyky zojow ow hcwfkow jow dobfcw, ë

cfgfwwèyko xvf dhah yfmñnkow how xvhkw o dobfb powwh yfgoyyfy, phyh xvf hlk, bhckmfwzf

wvhw }oczhjfw# Ch hzvhl wogkfjhjf, ow olkbpkhcow, pyoafzhjow pflh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl,

yfpyfwfczhb fwzf phpfl jf –}èl}vlh jf fwghpf‟#

Hkcjh xvf o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh yhqço zfcdh pyopoygkochjo jk}fywow ifcfmâgkow à

popvlhîço, cço wf pojf jkqfy xvf dov}f zykvcmo hiwolvzo# H }oczhjf jf ky bhkw hlëb jf

ocjf wf fwzè, jf hjxvkyky bhkw jo xvf wf zfy f jf wfy bhkw jo xvf wf ë, pfybfkh o

kcgocwgkfczf jow wfyfw dvbhcow# H popvlhîço fwzè wfbpyf fb ivwgh jf vbh ftkwzácgkh

plfch, whzkwmhz÷ykh f kczfcwh# Wfnvcjo Ehyfc Hybwzyocn $9006+, h wogkfjhjf zfczh

hlghcîhy fwzh jkbfcwço, jf }kjh plfch f whzkwmhz÷ykh, hzyh}ëw jh hyzf, jh bñwkgh gobo o

yoge c‟ yoll, jhw jyonhw# Hkcjh dè h pyogvyh kcgfwwhczf poy dfy÷kw# Cço à zoh Fl}kw

Pyfwlf{ f h pykcgfwh Jkhch moyhb zyhcwmoybhjow fb wfyfw bâzkgow kcwzhczécfow, f phyh

hlnvcw, hzë bfwbo hjoyhjow fb gvlzo yflknkowo#

Zojh}kh, ftkwzf gfyzo jfwfxvklâiyko cfwzh hjoyhîço how olkbpkhcow# “O bkzo jo dfy÷k cço

}kwh}h moycfgfy âjolow phyh hjbkyhîço, bhw fwzkbvlhy h }fkh dfy÷kgh jfczyo jf c÷w# O

bkzo jf}f lf}hy à kbkzhîço ov à phyzkgkphîço, cço à goczfbplhîço phwwk}h‒#

$HYBWZYOCN, 9006, p#88:+# Ë cfgfwwèyko xvf ow olkbpkhcow yfpyfwfczfb hlno bhkw,

hlëb jf bojflow jf }kjh f hcwfkow#

Pyfgkwhbow jf bkzow xvf cow havjfb h cow kjfczkmkghy gob cowwow wfbfldhczfw, fcço hpfchw gob xvfb pfyzfcgf h cowwh zykio ëzckgh, chgkochl ov kjfol÷nkgh# U###RPyfgkwhbow jf bkzow xvf cow havjfb h jfwfc}ol}fy vbh hzkzvjf fwpkykzvhl, phyhfctfynhy hjkhczf jf cowwhw cfgfwwkjhjfw kbfjkhzhw, f cow pfybkzhb hiwoy}fy vb

}hloy zyhcwgfcjfczf xvf jfwhmkh cowwo fnoâwbo wolkpwkwzh# Pyfgkwhbow jf bkzow xvfcow hvtklkfb h co}hbfczf }fcfyhy h zfyyh gobo vb lvnhy whnyhjo, fb }fq jf vzklkqè"lh hpfchw gobo “yfgvywo‒# $HYBWZYOCN, 9006# p# 886+

Ow olkbpkhcow wço pyoafzhjow pflh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl gobo bojflow ftfbplhyfw, h wfyfb

wfnvkjow pflh wogkfjhjf# Ow olkbpkhcow, xvf hwwvbfb o powzo jf mknvyhw bâzkghw

goczfbpoyécfhw, wvynfb gobo wfyfw kczogè}fkw# Poyëb, how povgow ow olkbpkhcow

yf}flhb wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw dvbhchw, bvkzhw }fqfw bowzyhjhw pflh py÷pykh kcjñwzykh

gvlzvyhl, f hwwkb hvbfczhb hkcjh bhkw h kjfczkmkghîço fczyf pñilkgo f olkbpkhcow#

Wfnvcjo Boykc $8;;>+, ow olkbpkhcow wço woiyf dvbhcow co phpfl xvf flfw fcghychb,



98

dvbhcow ch ftkwzácgkh pyk}hjh xvf flfw lf}hb# H kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl, ho bfwbo zfbpo

fb xvf yfmoyîh o powzo jf bkzo jow olkbpkhcow, pyogvyh bfynvldhy h mvcjo fb wvhw

}kjhw pyk}hjhw, gob o oiafzk}o jf ftzyhky jflhw h fwwácgkh dvbhch xvf powwh gykhy h

kjfczkmkghîço#



99

7 AOYCHLKWBO GVLZVYHL, YF]KWZHW KCMOYBHZK]HW F BKZOW 7#8 Aoychlkwbo f gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf H hzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh gocwkwzf fb zyhihldhy gob cozâgkhw, hgoczfgkbfczow mhgzvhkw ov

cço, pyojvîço f jk}vlnhîço jf kcmoybhîöfw# O aoychlkwbo ë gocwkjfyhjo vbh hzk}kjhjf

jf gobvckghîço# Gocwkjfyh"wf xvf o aoychl bhkw hczkno jh dkwz÷ykh wfah o Hgzh Jkvych ,

xvf wvynkv fb zoyco jf 6; h#G, woi h }oczhjf jo kbpfyhjoy Añlko Gfwhy fb kcmoybhy h

popvlhîço jhw hîöfw wogkhkw f polâzkghw xvf ogoyykhb co kbpëyko# Ch Èwkh, bhkw

pyfgkwhbfczf ch Gdkch, ow pykbfkyow aoychkw fwgykzow à bço jhzhb jo wëgvlo ]KKK#

Goczvjo, mok hpfchw fb 8::> gob h kc}fcîço jh kbpyfcwh poy Nvzfbifyn xvf o aoychl

nhcdov }kjh ènkl f gocxvkwzov o bvcjo#

H hzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh h xvf zfbow hgfwwo hzvhlbfczf, chw wogkfjhjfw jfbogyèzkghw,

zfb yhâqfw co wëgvlo TKT# Mok ho locno jfwzf wëgvlo xvf wf jfwfc}ol}fv o pykbfkyo

bhww bfjkh, h kbpyfcwh# H phyzky jf fczço h moybh gobo fyhb cozkgkhjow ow

hgoczfgkbfczow nhcdov co}ow goczoycow# Gob kwwo, mok cfgfwwèyko yfpfcwhy h bhcfkyh

gobo hw cozâgkhw fyhb pyojvqkjhw, f bhkw, xvhkw hgoczfgkbfczow pojfykhb wfy

zyhcwmoybhjow cozkgkhjow# Fwzhiflfgfyhb"wf fczço ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf f ow

}hloyfw"cozâgkh#

Gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf pojfb wfy gocwkjfyhjow “o gocavczo jf }hloyfw "cozâgkh xvf

jfzfybkchb wf vb hgoczfgkbfczo, ov hwwvczo, ë wvwgfpzâ}fl jf wf zoychy cozâgkh, kwzo ë,

jf wfy avlnhjo gobo bfyfgfjoy jf wfy zyhcwmoybhjo fb bhzëykh cozkgkè}fl f, poy kwwo,

powwvkcjo “}hloy "cozâgkh‒‒# $ZYHXVKCH, 9006, p# =7+# Ho hchlkwhy fwzfw gykzëykow ho

locno jow wëgvlow, pfygfif"wf xvf wfvw }hloyfw ièwkgow }hykhyhb povgo# Jfwzh moybh, hw

pykcgkphkw xvhlkjhjfw jf vbh cozâgkh goczkcvhb wfcjo o ftzyhoyjkcèyko, o hzvhl, hwnvfyyhw, h ghlhbkjhjf, o kcw÷lkzo $o dobfb xvf boyjf o ghgdoyyo+ f h boyzf# Ch

hzvhlkjhjf, fwzh ë vb jow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf xvf bhkw wf jfwzhgh# Ë gocwkjfyhjh

vb }hloy"cozâgkh mvcjhbfczhl fczyf ow jk}fywow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço#

Ftkwzfb hkcjh ow gykzëykow wviwzhczk}ow# Wfnvcjo ôlm $8;;6+, fwzfw gykzëykow hyzkgvlhb"

wf fczyf jokw kbpoyzhczfw mhzoyfw1 h kbpoyzécgkh f o kczfyfwwf jh cozâgkh# Co xvf wf yfmfyf

à kbpoyzécgkh gocwkjfyh"wf o nyhv f câ}fl dkfyèyxvkgo jow fc}ol}kjow co hgoczfgkbfczo

cozkgkhjo, o kbphgzo woiyf h chîço f o kczfyfwwf chgkochl, h xvhczkjhjf jf pfwwohw



97

fc}ol}kjhw f yflf}écgkh f mvzvyhw gocwfxüácgkhw jo hgoczfgkbfczo# Aè o kczfyfwwf pflh

cozâgkh fwzè lknhjo à kbhnfb xvf ow aoychlkwzhw f }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço záb jo

pñilkgo# Pojfb wfy gocwkjfyhjhw kczfyfwwhczfw hw cozâgkhw xvf gocwfnvfb kczfypyfzhy vb

hgoczfgkbfczo jf vb poczo jf }kwzh dvbhckwzh# Hwwkb gobo, fcmhzkqhy o kcw÷lkzo,

hzyh}ëw jf pfxvfchw gvykowkjhjfw xvf hzyhfb ow gkjhjçow#

Jfbhkw poczow gobo h pyotkbkjhjf, yflf}écgkh, zfbpo, h kcmyhîço, h goczyo}ëywkh f o

gocmlkzo, ow fwgécjhlow f h cozhiklkjhjf zhbiëb wço gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf xvf

yfnfb h pyojvîço f jk}vlnhîço jhw cozâgkhw# Poyëb, vb jow pykcgkphkw gykzëykow ë h

cozoykfjhjf, ov wfah, h }kwkiklkjhjf xvf powwvk o hzoy pykcgkphl jo hgoczfgkbfczo f hw

jfbhkw pfwwohw fc}ol}kjhw# Jfwjf o wvynkbfczo jow pykbfkyow aoychkw f jfbhkw }fâgvlow

jf gobvckghîço hw gflfiykjhjfw f h kbpoyzécgkh dkfyèyxvkgh jow fc}ol}kjow cow

hgoczfgkbfczow, wfbpyf powwvâyhb }hloy gobo cozâgkh# “Xvhczo bhkw o hgoczfgkbfczo

jkwwfy yfwpfkzo àw pfwwohw jf flkzf, bhkw pyo}h}flbfczf wfyè zyhcwmoybhjo fb cozâgkh‒,

gobo hmkybh Zyhxvkch $9006 hpvj NHLZVCN, Aodhc f YVNF, Bhykf Dolbiof#

8;;=/8;;7+

7#9 O aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl f hw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw Fb 8>88 o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl womyfv vbh nyhcjf zyhcwmoybhîço# Cfwzf hco ow fcwhâwzhw

kcnlfwfw, Ykgdhyj Wzfflf f Aowfpd Hjjkwoc, gykhyhb h yf}kwzh jkèykh Zdf Wpfgzhzoy# H

yf}kwzh zkcdh h mkchlkjhjf jf lf}hy h mklowomkh jkwgvzkjh cow nhikcfzfw f ikilkozfghw,

fwgolhw f hghjfbkhw phyh o gkjhjço gobvb# Fb phvzh fwzh}hb ow bhkw jk}fywow

hwwvczow, gobo ÷pfyh, mfwzk}hkw jf bñwkghw, zfhzyo f polâzkgh# Gob vbh lkcnvhnfb

wkbplfw f jkyfzh hzkcnkh h zojow ow pñilkgow# Jfwzh moybh, pojf"wf jkqfy xvf o aoychlkwbo

gvlzvyhl zf}f gobo fbiykço h yf}kwzh Zdf Wpfgzhzoy , xvf chwgfv ch gkjhjf f gob hgkjhjf#

Wfnvcjo Pkqh $900:+, o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl wf jfjkgh h h}hlkhy kjfkhw, hyzfw f }hloyfw# Ë

gocwkjfyhjo pyojvzo jf vbh fyh kckgkhjh hp÷w o Yfchwgkbfczo# Fb bfhjow jo wëgvlo

TKT, h kcjvwzykhlkqhîço aè dh}kh zobhjo goczh jh Fvyoph, o fcwhâwbo f h gyâzkgh gvlzvyhl

mkghyhb hkcjh bhkw kcmlvfczfw# Hkcjh co wëgvlo TKT, o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl hzyh}fwwov o

Ogfhco Hzléczkgo f gdfnov, jf bhcfkyh hzvhczf, h phâwfw gobo ow Fwzhjow Vckjow jh

Hbëykgh f o Iyhwkl#



9:

Fb zfyyhw iyhwklfkyhw, o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl nhcdov moyîhw co mkchl jo wëgvlo TKT#

Phyhlflhbfczf, h hyzf bojfych jfyyviov bvyow f zhivw f o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl kckgkov

vb pyogfwwo jf yfco}hîço# Hzë o kcâgko jo wëgvlo TT, o aoychlkwbo hpyfwfczh}h vb

fwghwwo cozkgkèyko, hyzknow polâzkgow fb ftgfwwo f jfihzfw woiyf lk}yow f hyzfw# Poyëb, h

bojfyckqhîço jh wogkfjhjf, zhbiëb zyhcwmoybov h kbpyfcwh# O aoychlkwbo bojfyco

mogov"wf bhkw ch yfpoyzhnfb, yflhzo jf mhzow f kckgkov o pyogfwwo jf pyomkwwkochlkqhîço#

O aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl zhbiëb nhcdov moybh, lhcîov bço jh yfpoyzhnfb f jh fczyf}kwzh,

hlëb jf gyâzkghw jf hyzf bhkw iyf}fw f phyzkgkphczfw# Hw yf}kwzhw f ow zhil÷kjfw lkzfyèykow

goczkcvhyhb h jfwfbpfcdhy phpëkw mvcjhbfczhkw co aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# Aè chw jëghjhw

jf 8;70 f 8;:0 h polâzkgh goczhbkcov ihwzhczf o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# Mok cfwzh ëpogh,

fwpfgkhlbfczf jkmâgkl phyh ow fvyopfvw, xvf Co}h [oye nhcdov fwphîo gobo gfczyo

kczflfgzvhl, nyhîhw h yf}kwzhw gobo h Cf~ [oyefy # H gyâzkgh goczkcvov wfcjo h fwpkcdh

joywhl jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl#

O aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl bojfyco myfxvfczfbfczf phwwh poy gykwfw jf kjfczkjhjf, fb

fwpfgkhl h phyzky jh bfzhjf jo wëgvlo TT# H phyzky jh jëghjh jf 8;90 hw yf}kwzhw

gvlzvyhkw wf bvlzkplkghyhb f wfîöfw gvlzvyhkw ch nyhcjf kbpyfcwh zoychyhb"wf

oiyknhz÷ykhw aè ch jëghjh jf 8;60#

O aoychlkwbo, xvf mhq phyzf jfwwh dkwz÷ykh jf hbplkhîço jo hgfwwo h pyojvzowgvlzvyhkw, jfwpyo}kjow jf vzklkjhjf pyèzkgh kbfjkhzh, pyfgkwh whify oiwfy}hy fwwfbfyghjo wfb pyfgocgfkzow kjfol÷nkgow U###R# Poy ovzyo lhjo, gobo h mvcîçoaoychlâwzkgh ë wflfgkochy hxvklo xvf yfpoyzh $fjkzhy, dkfyhyxvkqhy, gobfczhy, hchlkwhy+,kcmlvky woiyf ow gykzëykow jf fwgoldh jow lfkzoyfw, moycfgfy flfbfczow f hynvbfczowphyh wvh opkckço, h kbpyfcwh gvlzvyhl zfb o jf}fy jo wfcwo gyâzkgo, jh h}hlkhîço jfghjh oiyh gvlzvyhl f jhw zfcjácgkhw xvf o bfyghjo }hloykqh poy wfvw kczfyfwwfw U###R#

$PKQH, Jhckfl, 900:, p#:6+

Jf hgoyjo gob Pkqh $900:+, o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl }fb wf ftphcjkcjo bhkw phyh ow

lk}yow cow ñlzkbow hcow# Bhkw mhgklbfczf }fbow golfzécfhw jf fcwhkow f gyâzkghw, hwwkb

gobo pyoafzow jf yfpoyzhnfb gykhjow fwpfgkhlbfczf phyh lk}yow# H kczfycfz zhbiëb }fb

wfcjo vb ghbkcdo hlzfychzk}o phyh o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# Goczvjo, hw yf}kwzhw hkcjh wço

gocwkjfyhjhw o ifyîo jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# Fwzf zkpo jf pvilkghîço, wfbpyf jfjkgov

fwphîo phyh ow goczfñjow pyojvqkjow poy fwzh yhbkmkghîço jo aoychlkwbo#



96

Yf}kwzhw wço }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço, pojfb zhbiëb wfy gocwkjfyhjhw pyojvzow,

cfn÷gkow, vbh bfwglh jf aoychlkwbo f fczyfzfckbfczo, vb hphcdhjo jf wfy}kîow, f hzë

bfwbo, vbh bhygh# Poyëb, yf}kwzhw wço bhkw jo xvf kwzo# Phyh Wghlqo $900:+ yf}kwzh ë

zhbiëb vb fcgoczyo fczyf vb fjkzoy f vb lfkzoy, vb goczhzo xvf wf fwzhiflfgf, vb mko

kc}kwâ}fl xvf vcf vb nyvpo jf pfwwohw f, havjh h gykhy kjfczkjhjfw, wfcwhîço jf

pfyzfcgfy h vb jfzfybkchjo nyvpo#

H pykbfkyh pvilkghîço glhwwkmkghjh gobo yf}kwzh jhzh jo hco jf 8==7, ch Hlfbhcdh,

gdhbh}h"wf Fyihvlkgdf Bochzdw"Vczfyyfjvcnfc $Fjkmkghczfw Jkwgvwwöfw Bfczhkw+# Wfv

hwpfgzo f moybh fyhb wfbfldhczfw how jf vb lk}yo, f hpfchw mok gocwkjfyhjh yf}kwzh poy

zyhqfy }èykow hyzknow f jkwgvwwöfw woiyf vb bfwbo hwwvczo, f, wfy }olzhjh phyh vb

pñilkgo fwpfgâmkgo# Hlëb jkwwo, zkcdh o oiafzk}o jf wfy pvilkghjh pfykojkghbfczf, f,

wfy}kv jf ftfbplo f kcwpkyhîço fb zojo o bvcjo#

Ho jfgoyyfy jo wëgvlo TKT, h yf}kwzh nhcdov fwphîo, }kyov bojh f zhbiëb jkzov

zfcjácgkhw# H xvfjh jo câ}fl jf hchlmhifzkwbo chw ghbhjhw bfcow mh}oyfgkjhw jh

popvlhîço pyopoygkocov vb hvbfczo chw }fcjhw jfwzfw pfyk÷jkgow# Hw pfwwohw yfgëb

hlmhifzkqhjhw ivwgh}hb kcmoybhîço, poyëb, cço wf kczfyfwwh}hb pflow lk}yow, xvf hkcjh

fyhb }kwzow gobo jf flkzf f povgo hgfwwâ}fkw# O h}hcîo zfgcol÷nkgo, pyfwfczf zhbiëb

chw nyèmkghw, pyopoygkocov h zyhcwmoybhîço jhw yf}kwzhw co lvnhy kjfhl phyh h yfvckço jf

jk}fywow hwwvczow, ch gobphcdkh jf kbhnfcw phyh klvwzyè"lhw#

Pfybkzkv zhbiëb o hvbfczo jhw zkyhnfcw, o xvf gocwfxvfczfbfczf, hzyhkv ow

hcvcgkhczfw, xvf oiafzk}h}hb lf}hy wfvw pyojvzow phyh vb pñilkgo ghjh }fq bhkw

jk}fywkmkghjo# Gob h yfcjh jh pvilkgkjhjf mok powwâ}fl jkbkcvky ow pyfîow jhw

pvilkghîöfw, o xvf poy wvh }fq, hvbfczov o cñbfyo jf }fcjhw# Hwwkb, hw yf}kwzhwphwwh}hb h wfy lkjhw poy hkcjh bhkw ghbhjhw jh popvlhîço, ykgow f poiyfw zkcdhb

hgfwwo àw pvilkghîöfw# Jfwzh moybh, chwgfv o bfyghjo jhw yf}kwzhw, xvf doaf mhq phyzf

jh kcjñwzykh jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# Goczvjo, jfzfybkchjhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jfwzf

chwgkbfczo kcmlvfcgkhyhb cow boljfw h wfyfb wfnvkjow pflhw yf}kwzhw, hwwkb gobo wvhw

fwzyvzvyhw f mvcîöfw#

Fcxvhczo ow aoychkw, zhczo jkèykow gobo wfbhchkw, chwgfb f gyfwgfb fcnhahjow,lknhjow h zfcjácgkhw kjfol÷nkghw, h phyzkjow polâzkgow f à jfmfwh jf ghvwhw pñilkghw,hw yf}kwzhw hghihb zobhcjo phyh wk vb phpfl kbpoyzhczf ch gobplfbfczhîço jh



9=

fjvghîço, yflhgkochcjo"wf kczkbhbfczf gob h gkácgkh f h gvlzvyh# Gob yfgvywowbhkw bojfwzow xvf ow aoychkw, bvkzhw }fqfw hw yf}kwzhw cço gocwfnvkhb zfy hgfwwo àbfwbh zfgcolonkh f poy kwwo hghih}hb zfcjo xvf gykhy bojflow phyhlflow# U###R zhl}fqfwzf mhzoy zfcdh havjhjo h yfhmkybhy h }oghîço jfwzf zkpo fwpfgâmkgo jf pvilkghîço,xvf wf }á fbpvyyhjh h jfwfc}ol}fy vbh chzvyfqh jkmfyfczf, bhkw hmhwzhjh jocozkgkèyko, bhkw pyfogvphjh fb ivwghy ghbkcdow hlzfychzk}ow, h fcgoczyhy wvh

py÷pykh mvcîço, wfv pñilkgo, wvh lkcnvhnfb# $WGHLQO, 900:, p#98+

Jfwjf o wvynkbfczo jh pykbfkyh yf}kwzh, fb 8==7, }èykow bojflow jf pvilkghîço

chwgfyhb f boyyfyhb ch dkwz÷ykh jh kbpyfcwh# Hlnvcw mkqfyhb bhkw wvgfwwo xvf ovzyow#

F, gob o phwwhy jo zfbpo, h wfnbfczhîço jh pyojvîço mok cfgfwwèykh# Fyh pyfgkwo mhlhy

gob vb pñilkgo bfcoy, phyh wf mhlhy bfldoy# Hw yf}kwzhw mfbkckchw moyhb hw pykbfkyhw h

nhcdhy fwphîo, h pykbfkyh jflhw wvynkv fb 8>;7, ch Myhcîh# Aè co wëgvlo TKT, wvynfb

yf}kwzhw }olzhjhw phyh h lkzfyhzvyh f gkácgkh# Ch bfwbh ëpogh, pyomkwwkochkw jf jk}fywhw

èyfhw phwwhb h jkwpoy jf yf}kwzhw fwpfgâmkghw# “Gob gkygvlhîço yfwzykzh, flhw wf

zyhcwmoybhyhb fb yfmfyácgkh fb wfv bfko f jfyhb oyknfb àw yf}kwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw,

lknhjhw h ghzfnoykhw pyomkwwkochkw ov h zfbhw jf kczfyfwwf zëgckgo‒# $WGHLQO, 900:,

pn#99+#

Poyëb, hw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw wfbhchkw moyhb hw xvf bhkw wf jfwzhghyhb co yhbo# H

phyzky jo chwgkbfczo jh Zkbf, pvilkghjh pflh pykbfkyh }fq co jkh 07 jf bhyîo jf 8;97,

cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, xvf o nácfyo oizf}f vb nyhcjkowo pyonyfwwo# O oiafzk}o pykcgkphlfyh lf}hy phyh o lfkzoy hw cozâgkhw jh wfbhch, chgkochkw f kczfychgkochkw, jk}kjkjhw poy

wfîöfw, h phyzky jf kcmoybhîöfw pfwxvkwhjhw f gdfghjhw# Fwzf mok o fbiykço jhw yf}kwzhw

kcmoybhzk}hw#

Jf hgoyjo gob ]klhw Iohw $8;;=+, gocwkjfyhcjo hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f pyopowzhw jhw

yf}kwzhw wfbhchkw kcmoybhzk}hw, gocglvk"wf h nyowwo bojo xvf flhw pyffcgdfb hw lhgvchw

jfkthjhw pflow jfbhkw }fâgvlow jf kcmoybhîço, gobo ow aoychkw, zflf}kwço f yèjko#]hqkow kcmoybhzk}ow ghvwhjow, pykcgkphlbfczf, pflh yhpkjfq jfbhcjhjh poy fwzfw

}fâgvlow f zhbiëb pflo gocwvbo }oyhq jo pñilkgo hl}o jfwzfw bfkow# Ho goczyèyko jhw

yf}kwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, hw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw cço mhlhb phyh vb pñilkgo fwpfgâmkgo#

Ow bhkw jk}fywow hwwvczow hioyjhjow chw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw pfybkzfb xvf zojow ow

nyvpow wogkhkw wkczhb"wf kczfyfwwhjow pflo goczfñjo pyojvqkjow poy flhw# Bvkzhw }fqfw

hw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw jfjkghb bvkzhw jf wvhw pènkchw ho aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl,

goczvjo, cfb wfbpyf o goczfñjo ë pyojvqkjo poy fwpfgkhlkwzhw jo hwwvczo#



9>

Gob vb }kwvhl bhkw zyhihldhjo f womkwzkghjo, o zftzo jf yf}kwzh ë bvkzo bhkw pyomvcjo

xvf o jo aoychl# Gob bhkw zfbpo phyh hchlkwhy ow mhzow, hw yf}kwzhw omfyfgfb zftzow bhkw

gykhzk}ow, lhcîhcjo bço jf yfgvywow fwzklâwzkgow xvf ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw ë kbpfcwè}fl

co aoychlkwbo jkèyko# Jfwzh moybh, h yfpoyzhnfb kczfypyfzhzk}h ë o nyhcjf moyzf jhw

yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw#

Yfgvywow nyèmkgow wço ow nyhcjfw jkmfyfcgkhkw jhw yf}kwzhw, kcjfpfcjfczfw jf xvhl zfbh

hioyjfb# Fb nfyhl, hw ghphw wço hw nyhcjfw fwzyflhw co vck}fywo jow yfgvywow nyèmkgow#

Phyh wfy gobpyhjh, ë cfgfwwèyko xvf h pvilkghîço powwvh vbh ioh ghph, pokw, cflh

goczëb o yfwvbo jh fjkîço, wfy}kyè, poyzhczo, jf }kzykcf phyh o lfkzoy# Iohw kbhnfcw

wfbpyf wço moyzfw hzyhzk}ow fb ghphw jf yf}kwzhw, hwwkb gobo o lonozkpo, pykcgkphlbfczf

xvhcjo h pvilkghîço ë gocdfgkjh f powwvk gyfjkiklkjhjf avczo ho pñilkgo# Gdhbhjhw

glhyhw f oiafzk}hw zhbiëb mvcgkochb gobo kwghw# –H gdhbhjh pykcgkphl f h kbhnfb jh

ghph jf}fb wf gobplfbfczhy, phwwhcjo vbh bfcwhnfb gofwh f gofyfczf‟$WGHLQO,

900:, p#=7+#

Zço kbpoyzhczf xvhczo àw gdhbhjhw pykcgkphkw, wço ow lfhjw, ov wfah, o pykbfkyo

phyènyhmo jh cozâgkh, fb aoychlkwbo kbpyfwwo# Co ghwo jf ovzyhw bâjkhw, gobo o yèjko,

poy ftfbplo, goyyfwpocjf à pykbfkyh mhlh jf vbh cozâgkh, ë o zftzo lkjo pflo

hpyfwfczhjoy# Wfnvcjo Lhnf $9000+, olfhj goyyfwpocjf hkcjh ho yflhzo jo mhzo

pykcgkphl jf vbh wëykf, ho xvf ë o bhkw kbpoyzhczf f/ov kczfyfwwhczf# Fb wvh moybhîço

glèwwkgh, co ghwo jh cozâgkh kbpyfwwh, goczëb vb wvafkzo, vb pyfjkghjo f hw

gkygvcwzécgkhw xvf gfyghb fwzf wvafkzo# Ch gocgfpîço hghjábkgh jf Lhw~fll, o lfhj zfb

h mvcîço jf yfwpocjfy hw wfkw pfynvczhw ièwkghw1 xvfb, o xvf, xvhcjo, ocjf, gobo f poy

xvf#

Co aoychlkwbo jkèyko zfbow h vzklkqhîço, fb lhynh fwghlh, jo lfhj glèwwkgo# Poyëb, Lhnf

$9000+ fcvbfyh ovzyow zkpow jf lfhjw xvf pojfb wfy fcgoczyhjow ch kbpyfcwh fwgykzh#

Fczyf flfw zfbow o lfhj kczfypyfzhzk}o xvf ë bvkzo vzklkqhjo fb aoychlkwbo

fwpfgkhlkqhjo# Cfwzf ghwo, h kczfypyfzhîço ë wkczëzkgh f ÷i}kh, “poyxvf h cozâgkh cço ë

zftzo hjfxvhjo à hchlkwf bhkw pyomvcjh jow mhzow, bhw }hk hlëb jh wkbplfw zyhjvîço jf

phlh}yhw f ftpyfwwöfw# Ogoyyf ch goifyzvyh jf fwpoyzfw, polâzkgh, gkácgkh f zfgcolonkh

fzg‒# $LHNF, 9000# p#7=+ Aè o lfhj jkmfyfcgkhjo ë o lfhj chyyhzk}o, bhkw gobvb cocozkgkèyko jkèyko# Ë gocwzkzvâjo hpfchw jf vbh wfxvácgkh chyyhzk}h, fb povghw lkcdhw#



94

O jfwknc jhw yf}kwzhw zhbiëb ë fwwfcgkhl# Goczvjo, ho goczyèyko jo xvf wf pfcwh, jfwknc

cço ë hpfchw hyzf, fb yf}kwzh ë zhbiëb gobvckghîço, kcmoybhîço f bhkw vb poczo phyh

mhqfy gob xvf h yf}kwzh, f zojo wfv goczfñjo, hzyhkhb bhkw ow lfkzoyfw# Phyh xvf o jfwknc

hlghcgf o oiafzk}o fwpfyhjo ë cfgfwwèyko xvf mkxvf jfmkckjh xvhl wfyè h lkcnvhnfb

nyèmkgh jh yf}kwzh, gocwkjfyhcjo xvf cfwzh fzhph o lfkzoy zhbiëb zfb }oq hzk}h#

Ë o vck}fywo jf }hloyfw f kczfyfwwfw jow lfkzoyfw xvf }hk jfmkcky h zkpolonkh, o goypojo zftzo, h fczyflkcdh, h lhynvyh jhw golvchw, hw goyfw, o zkpo jf kbhnfb f h moybhgobo zvjo kwzo wfyè jkwpowzo ch pènkch# Poy kwwo, o pyoafzo nyèmkgo zfb xvf fwzhykcwfykjow cvb pyoafzo fjkzoykhl bhkw hbplo# O pyoafzo jf vbh yf}kwzh jf zvykwbogfyzhbfczf }hk vwhy bvkzhw mozow, aè vbh pvilkghîço woiyf gkácgkh zhl}fq pyfmkyh vwhykcmonyèmkgow, vbh yf}kwzh phyh pfwwohw bhkw }fldhw }hk fwgoldfy vb goypo f vbhfczyflkcdh bhkoy phyh mhgklkzhy h lfkzvyh, fcxvhczo vbh yf}kwzh phyh gykhcîhw zfyè,cfgfwwhykhbfczf, zftzow bhkw gvyzow### $WGLHQO, 900:#p#=>+

H mozonyhmkh ë h pykbfkyh gokwh h wfy }kwzh fb vbh yf}kwzh, hczfw bfwbo jo xvf xvhlxvfy

phlh}yh# Flh ë h yfwpocwè}fl poy pyfcjfy, ov cço, h hzfcîço jo lfkzoy fb vbh pènkch#

Lono, ë fwwfcgkhl powwvky iohw mozow# O oiafzk}o jhw mozonyhmkhw cço ë hpfchw klvwzyhy ow

zftzow jhw yf}kwzhw, bhw fwzkbvlhy, fczyfzfy, kcmoybhy f hzë bfwbo hvtklkhy o lfkzoy ch

gobpyffcwço jh bhzëykh# Jh bfwbh moybh hpyfwfczhb"wf hw lfnfcjhw# Ë jf iob wfcwo

xvf fb zojhw hw mozow jf vbh yf}kwzh dhah lfnfcjhw, flhw mhqfb gob xvf o lfkzoy

hpyomvcjf"wf co hwwvczo, ho kc}ëw jf wf hmhwzhy#

Ho lhjo jh mozonyhmkh, ow kcmonyèmkgow gobpöfb hw pykcgkphkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf vbh

pvilkghîço kbpyfwwh# Wfy}fb gobo hvtklko f kczfypyfzhîöfw phyh ow zftzow# Ow

kcmonyèmkgow moycfgfb ho lfkzoy, fb bvkzow ghwow, kcmoybhîöfw ftzyhw# Hzyh}ëw jf

zhiflhw, nyèmkgow, lfnfcjhw, mozow bhphw, bhxvfzfw f klvwzyhîöfw# Wço gocwkjfyhjow

kcmoybhîöfw }kwvhkw#

Wfnvkcjo ow phjyöfw aoychlâwzkgow, hw yf}kwzhw wolkgkzhb jf wfvw pyomkwwkochkw zftzow

flfnhczfw f xvf wfjvqhb ow lfkzoyfw# Wfnvkcjo"wf ow }hloyfw kjfol÷nkgow jo }fâgvlo fb

xvfwzço, cço ftkwzfb bvkzhw yfnyhw yânkjhw# Jf hgoyjo gob ]klhw Iohw $8;;=+ ow zftzow

powwvfb zochlkjhjf, ov wfah, vbh fwgoldh pyë}kh jf lkcnvhnfb xvf pyf}hlfgfyè $dvboy,

zyhnëjkh, zfcwço fzg+, gocwkjfyhcjo"wf zhbiëb xvf vb zftzo jf yf}kwzh, xvf àw }fqfw

ogvph gkcgo ov wfkw pènkchw, cço wf bhczëb cfvzyo# H cfvzyhlkjhjf ë vbh “pyfzfcwço‒

oiafzk}hjh pflo aoychlkwbo jkèyko# O zftzo jf yf}kwzh wf pyopöf h kczfypyfzhy o mhzo jf



9;

bhcfkyh bhkw ftplâgkzh, flf cço ë hpfchw vbh yf}kwço ov jfwjoiyhbfczo jhxvklo xvf aè

mok lkjo ov }kwzo ch wfbhch, flf pyopöf vbh yfmlftço, hpyfwfczh vbh }kwço jfzhldhjh jo

goczftzo#

7#7 Hw mknvyhw bâzkghw co aoychlkwbo H bâjkh powwvk h ghphgkjhjf jf kcmlvfcgkhy h gocwzyvîço jo kbhnkcèyko gvlzvyhl

goczfbpoyécfo# H goczykivkîço bkjkèzkgh phyh fwzf kbhnkcèyko ë gobpowzh poy vbh

}hwzh f gobplfth yfjf jf wkncow, wâbiolow, yfmfyácgkhw gvlzvyhkw, polâzkghw, wogkhkw f

hyzâwzkghw# Fwzfw poczow pyfwvbfb vb nácfyo jf bfb÷ykh golfzk}h nloihlkqhjh, vb

bvcjo ghjh }fq bhkw wfb myoczfkyhw#

Wfnvcjo Hyift $9009+, ftkwzf vbh bâjkh plhcfzèykh ch xvhl ow hw nyhcjfw bhyghw f

âgocfw jo bvcjo gëlfiyf hzkcnfb ow bhkw locnâcxvow poczow jo plhcfzh zfyyh# Wço

gocwkjfyhjow ow yfwpocwè}fkw poy ftgkzhy ow jfwfaow, fjvghy hw pfygfpîöfw, f hzë bfwbo

hlzfyhy ykzbow f yozkchw gocwzyvâjow poy zyhjkîöfw f gowzvbfw loghkw#

O aoychlkwbo, poy wvh }fq, cfgfwwkzh }fcjfy wfvw pyojvzow, gob kwwo lhcîh bço jf zhkw

bhyghw f mknvyhw gëlfiyfw, gob o oiafzk}o jf hzkcnky o bhkoy f bhkw jk}fywkmkghjo

pñilkgo# Goczvjo, h nyhcjf kbpyfcwh wfnvf vbh zfcjácgkh ho wkcgyfzkwbo, gob o kczvkzo

jf whzkwmhqfy zojow ow nowzow f kczfyfwwfw xvf wf hpyfwfczhb co }hwzo lfxvf jh gvlzvyh jf

bhwwh# Poyëb, fwzh zfczhzk}h jf whzkwmhîço ë mfkzh hzyh}ëw jf vbh yfz÷ykgh myfxvfczf, h

vckmkghîço jf jokw wfzoyfw jh gvlzvyh kcjvwzykhl1 h kcmoybhîço f o yobhcfwgo# Boykc

$8;;>+ hmkybh hkcjh xvf co wfzoy jh kcmoybhîço h bhkoy pyogvyh ë pflo wfcwhgkochlkwbo

f pflhw }fjfzfw xvf phyfgfb }k}fy fb ovzyo phzhbhy jh }kjh# H kcmoybhîço lhcîh bço

jf flfbfczow yobhcfwgow, gocwzhczfbfczf vzklkqhjow ov gykhjow pflh kbpyfcwh#

H gvlzvyh jf bhwwh ë hckbhjh poy fwwf jvplo bo}kbfczo jf kbhnkcèykohyyfbfjhcjo o yfhl f jo yfhl pfnhcjo hw goyfw jo kbhnkcèyko# Fwwh jvplhgoczhbkchîço jo yfhl f jo kbhnkcèyko $###+ fwwf pyojknkowo f wvpyfbo wkcgyfzkwbo wfkcwgyf}f ch ivwgh jo bètkbo jf gocwvbo f jço à gvlzvyh jf bhwwh vb jf wfvwghyhgzfyfw mvcjhbfczhkw#‒ $BOYKC, 8;;>, pnw# 7="7>+

Wfnvcjo Boykc $8;;>+, h kbpyfcwh jf gvlzvyh mhq }fjfzf zvjo hxvklo xvf powwh wfy

gobo}fczf, wfcwhgkochl, ftgfpgkochl# Zvjo o xvf jkq yfwpfkzo àw py÷pykhw }fjfzfw f

bkzow wço zyhcwmoybhjow fb fwpfzègvlow# Hw goc}fywhw, ifkaow, gocmkjácgkhw, hboyfw f

jfwhboyfw# O lfkzoy wf poyzh gobo wf mowwf vb fwpfgzhjoy jf zvjo o xvf hgoczfgf, zfcjo



70

hw }fjfzfw gobo ow hzoyfw jo fwpfzègvlo# Fwzf gocwvbo fthgfyihjo jh }kjh pyk}hjh jhw

}fjfzfw ghbkcdh jf bçow jhjhw gob o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo pyk}hjo jo wfzoy jh

kcmoybhîço#

Mok h phyzky jh jëghjh jf 8;70 xvf hw mknvyhw gëlfiyfw gobfîhyhb h pfybfhy hw

pyojvîöfw jo aoychlkwbo# Fwzh kcwfyîço gobfîov gob o wvynkbfczo jh kjfkh jf pvilkghy

fb yf}kwzhw zkyhw jf xvhjykcdow, xvf hczfykoybfczf fyhb pvilkghjhw pflow aoychkw# Zço

lono, hw zkykcdhw nhcdhyhb }kjh py÷pykh f phwwhyhb h wfy }fkgvlhjhw hw yf}kwzhw jf

dkwz÷ykhw fb xvhjykcdow# Co bfwbo pfyâojo, o kczfyfwwf pflh }kjh gëlfiyf jf

Doll{~ooj gdhbov h hzfcîço jhw pvilkghîöfw# Jfwzh moybh, chwgkh h pykbfkyh yf}kwzh jf

mçw, gob hiwolvzo wvgfwwo jf }fcjhw# Co Iyhwkl cço mok jkmfyfczf, h pykbfkyh yf}kwzh

iyhwklfkyh jf mçw, h Gkcflécjkh, gdfnov h }fcjfy 960 bkl ftfbplhyfw# Goczvjo, mok hyf}kwzh Wfcdoy xvf, fb 8;6;, co hvnf jh fmfy}fwgácgkh jh gvlzvyh chgkochl xvf bhygov h

dkwz÷ykh gobo vbh jhw yf}kwzhw bhkw ifb wvgfjkjhw co phâw# Kjfhlkqhjh poy Chdvb

Wkyozwe{, ft"fjkzoy jf ]kwço f Bhcgdfzf, Wfcdoy yfvckh o bfldoy jo aoychlkwbo, f,

hpowzh}h fb jfwknc, dvboy f lkzfyhzvyh# Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf pfybfkhb o aoychlkwbo,

hkcjh doaf# Hmkchl, yf}kwzhw gobo fwzh, kbpvlwkochb h pyojvîço jo aoychlkwbo, fb

fwpfgkhl o gvlzvyhl#

Ftkwzfb jk}fywhw bhcfkyhw jf wf goczhy dkwz÷ykhw, goczvjo, cfcdvbh jflhw wf mhq wfb o

pfywochnfb# Ftkwzfb zhbiëb kcñbfyhw bhcfkyhw jf hpyfwfczè"lo ho pñilkgo, hwwkb

gobo ghyhgzfykqè"low f hzykivky hzvhîöfw h flfw# Bvkzhw }fqfw o zftzo xvf wf kcgvbif jf

bowzyhy ho pñilkgo h fwwácgkh jf vb pfywochnfb, hghih poy kczfcwkmkghy h yfhlkjhjf, f,

phyhlflhbfczf gobphyzkldhy pvilkghbfczf h ftpfykácgkh jf wf gocdfgfy, fb phyzfw, h

fwwácgkh jfwzh mknvyh# Jf hgoyjo gob Ow~hljo Gokbiyh $8;;7+, h jfcwkjhjf pwkgol÷nkgh

ë vb moyzf flfbfczo phyh jkwzkcnvky hw pfywochnfcw xvhczo à wvh gocwzyvîço# Jfwzhmoybh, wço hpyfwfczhjhw zfybkcolonkhw, gykhjhw poy F# B# Mowzfy f hpyfwfczhjhw co lk}yo

Hwpfgzw om zdf co}fl $8;7>+, phyh ghyhgzfykqhy ow zkpow jf pfywochnfcw ftkwzfczfw#

H pfywochnfb plhch ë hxvflh xvf ë gocwzyvâjh h phyzky jf vbh ñckgh kjëkh ov xvhlkjhjf

hpyfwfczhjh# Hp÷w h wvh jfwgykîço, wfbpyf }olzh how bfwbow nfwzow, ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf

gobpoyzhbfczo, zoych"wf yfjvcjhczf# Aè h pfywochnfb yfjocjh ë hxvflh xvf wf yf}fwzf

jf gobplftkjhjf phyh wviwkjkhy h gocwzyvîço jf vbh pfywochnfb ifb bhyghjh# Vb jow

pykcgkphkw poczow jf wvh gocmknvyhîço ë h yf}flhîço lfczh f nyhjvhl jf wfvw zyhvbhw,



78

oiwfwwöfw f }hgklhîöfw# Ghyhgzfykqh"wf hkcjh poy wfy jkcébkgh f bvlzkmhgfzhjh# Ovzyo

zkpo jfmkckjo poy Mowzfy $8;7>+ ë h pfywochnfb yfmfyfcgkhl, ov wfah, hxvflh xvf yfbfzf h

vb wfczkjo plfco f mkto, xvf mok kboiklkqhjo poy vbh gvlzvyh# Lono, wvh hpyffcwço f

gobpyffcwço fwzço wvibfzkjhw ho nyhv jf phyzkgkphîço jo lfkzoy/pñilkgo ch gvlzvyh fb

xvfwzço#

Ë gobvb h nyhcjf kbpyfcwh zyhzhy jf mknvyhw f/ov pfwwohw xvf o pñilkgo aè gocdfîh

hczfykoybfczf# Kwwo wf jf}f ho mhzo jf hbiow fwzhyfb kcwfykjow ch bfwbh gvlzvyh#

Goczvjo, o mhzo jfwzhw mknvyhw f/ov pfwwohw pñilkghw ftkwzkyfb phyh o pñilkgo moyh jf vb

zftzo, cço wknckmkgh xvf dè vb kbpfjkbfczo phyh yfgykhîço jflhw fcxvhczo pfywochnfb

jo zftzo, gobo hmkybh Gokbiyh $8;;7+#

Mowzfy $8;7>+ ghyhgzfykqh hkcjh h pfywochnfb hcèmoyh xvf ë hxvflh xvf ho goczyèyko jh

yfmfyfcgkhl, w÷ ë gobplfzhbfczf gobpyffcjkjh co zftzo, ov hkcjh, ch yfjf jf yflhîöfw

bhczkjhw pflo zftzo# Dè hkcjh o mknvyhczf, xvf àw }fqfw ë jfcobkchjh jf pfywochnfb

gob mvcîço jfgoyhzk}h# Wvh mvcîço wvihlzfych ë glhyh, hlëb jkwwo, ë jkwzhcgkhjo f

phwwk}o fb yflhîço how hgoczfgkbfczow chyyhjow# Goczvjo, cço ë jkwpfcwè}fl# Goczykivk

phyh h klvwzyhîço jf vb gfcèyko, vbh hzbowmfyh#

Fczyfzhczo, cço ë hpfchw h glhwwkmkghîço jhw pfywochnfcw xvf ë gocwkjfyhjh fb wvh

gobpowkîço# Wfnvcjo Gokbiyh $8;;7+, ftkwzfb ovzyhw glhwwkmkghîöfw xvf gocwkjfyhb

ghjh pfywochnfb jf hgoyjo gob jk}fywow gykzëykow, gobo1 mvcîço, yflf}écgkh, fzg#

Wfnvcjo ]klhw Iohw $9007+, yfpoyzhnfcw xvf hpyfwfczhb pfywochnfcw, bvkzhw }fqfw,

záb o phpfl jf nfyhy fbphzkhw# Fbphzkh ë gocwkjfyhjh h pyfogvphîço gob h ftpfykácgkh

jo ovzyo, vbh moyzf zfcjácgkh fb zfczhy wfczky o xvf o ovzyo wfczkykh ghwo fwzk}fwwf chwbfwbhw wkzvhîöfw }k}kjhw pflh pfywochnfb# Pfywochnfcw jf nyhcjf jkbfcwço popvlhy,

coybhlbfczf ogvphb bhkw fwphîo chw pvilkghîöfw# Poyëb, ë pyfgkwo zfy gvkjhjo cfwzf

xvfwkzo1

O $mhlwo+ pyoilfbh jh jkbfcwço jo pfywochnfb# Ch kbpyfcwh goc}fcgkochl, owfwphîow, bfjkjow fb gfczâbfzyow ov fb ghyhgzfyfw, wço jfzfybkchjow pflhwyfhlkqhîöfw jh pfwwoh# Bfwbo hwwkb, ë pyfgkwo xvf hw yfhlkqhîöfw zfcdhb wkjoyhzkmkghjhw pflo bhkcwzyfhb# $]KLHW IOHW, Wëynko# 9007, p#86+



79

Ftkwzf vbh zfcjácgkh fb dvbhckqhy ow pfywochnfcw, hzkzvjfw gobo fwzh powwvfb vbh

ftpyfwwço bhkw hiyhcnfczf, oykvcjh jf pfwxvkwhw xvhlkzhzk}hw fb Gkácgkhw Wogkhkw1 hw

Dkwz÷ykhw jf ]kjh, gobo ftplkgh ]klhw Iohw $9007+# Zhl bojhlkjhjf mogh"wf zozhl ov

phygkhlbfczf chw chyyhzk}hw woiyf h }kjh jf kcjk}âjvow, gob o oiafzk}o jf dvbhckqhy vb

mhzo, zfbh ov bfwbo vbh wkzvhîço goczfbpoyécfh# Fb wvh moybh bhkw hiyf}khjh, h

dkwz÷ykh jf }kjh hchlkwh fpkw÷jkow f hgoczfgkbfczow fwpfgâmkgow jh zyhafz÷ykh jo

pyozhnockwzh#

7#: Fwpfzhgvlhykqhîço co aoychlkwbo Avczo gob h hzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh chwgfv h kjfkh jf xvf hw cozâgkhw, kcjfpfcjfczfbfczf

jf xvhl }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço wfahb pvilkghjhw, wço o yfzyhzo jo mhzo fthzhbfczfgobo hgoczfgfv# Gob kwwo, ow ghchkw jf kbpyfcwh wfbpyf jkwpvzhyhb o yfgocdfgkbfczo

jf wfy hxvflf xvf jk}vlnh ow hgoczfgkbfczow jh bhcfkyh fthzh, oiafzk}h f kwfczh#

Zojh}kh, ftkwzfb ow gyâzkgow fb yflhîço à oiafzk}kjhjf xvf hgyfjkzhb xvf mhzow cço

ftkwzfb, f, wkb hpfchw kczfypyfzhîöfw# O xvf, jf gfyzh bhcfkyh, kc}hlkjhykh o zyhihldo jf

hpvyhîço aoychlâwzkgh# Poyëb, cço ë plfchbfczf hgfkzè}fl h kjfkh jf xvf ow mhzow wço

hpvyhjow, jf moybh oiafzk}h, f zyhcwbkzkjow jf bhcfkyh mkfl ho pñilkgo# Jf}f"wf

gocwkjfyhy xvf h bfcwhnfb, hzë gdfnhy ho yfgfpzoy mkchl phwwh poy hlnvcw mklzyow# Gobo

oiwfy}h Aowë Hyift $9009+, “cço hpfchw o oldhy jo oiwfy}hjoy ë wflfzk}o xvhczo ho

f}fczo pyfwfcgkhjo, gobo ho yflhzhy vb f}fczo o oiwfy}hjoy wflfgkoch, dkfyhyxvkqh,

oyjfch hw kcmoybhîöfw ftpowzhw, mhqfcjo hk kczfymfyky hw wvhw fwzyhzënkhw jf chyyhîço‒#

Jf hgoyjo gob Hyift $9009 hpvj Jfioyj, 8;;>+ h wogkfjhjf jf gocwvbo, hzyh}ëw jow

bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh, zyhcwmoybh"wf ch wogkfjhjf jo fwpfzègvlo, ov wfah, o

fwpfzègvlo zoych"wf h fwwácgkh jh wogkfjhjf jf gocwvbo# Jfczyf hw jk}fywhw jfmkckîöfw

phyh fwpfzègvlo jfwzhgh"wf h jf Jfioyj1

O fwpfzègvlo gocwkwzf ch bvlzkplkghîço jf âgocfw f kbhnfcw, pykcgkphlbfczf hzyh}ëwjow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh, bhw zhbiëb jow ykzvhkw polâzkgow, yflknkowow fdèikzow jf gocwvbo, jf zvjo hxvklo xvf mhlzh à }kjh yfhl jo dobfb gobvb1gflfiykjhjfw, hzoyfw, polâzkgow, pfywochlkjhjfw, nvyvw, bfcwhnfcw pvilkgkzèykhw ‗ zvjozyhcwbkzf vbh wfcwhîço jf pfybhcfczf h}fczvyh, mflkgkjhjf, nyhcjkowkjhjf fovwhjkh# $HYIFT, 9009 hpvj JFIOYJ, 8;;>, pn# =;+



77

O fwpfzègvlo, ov dkpfy"yfhl, hwwkb gdhbhjo poy Hyzdvy jh Zè}olh, co hyzkno “H cozâgkh

gobo fwpfzègvlo dkpfy"yfhl‒ powwvk jvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf bojkmkghb h yflhîço fczyf

yfgfpzoy f mhzo fb wk# Pokw, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf hpyotkbh h yfhlkjhjf jo

fwpfgzhjoy, hzyh}ëw jf hvbfczo poy lfczfw, jfwzhxvfw f hpyotkbhîöfw, o dkpfy"yfhlkwbo

mhq hvbfczhy h fwzyhcdfqh, hwwkb gobo kcwfyf vb flfbfczo xvf pyo}ogh yfhîöfw# “Wfb

hmhwzhy jo yfhl, bhw zoychcjo"o bhkoy jo xvf ë, wkbvlhcjo, kcglvwk}f, wfy flf h ftpyfwwço

jh yfhlkjhjf zozhl f gocwzyvkcjo vbh lkcnvhnfb ch xvhl o yfgvywo jh ácmhwf wf

zyhcwmoybh co py÷pyko jkwgvywo‒ $Zè}olh, 8;;7+#

O dkpfy"yfhlkwbo ë fcgoczyhjo, kckgkhlbfczf, ch lkzfyhzvyh, f, fb wfnvkjh ch

gobvckghîço# Gob o oiafzk}o jf ftpyfwwhy h pfyplftkjhjf pyfwfczf ch

goczfbpoyhcfkjhjf, jf vbh bhcfkyh xvf hphyfczh wvynky jf vbh cfgfwwèykh oiafzk}kjhjf

ch kcmoybhîço# Poyëb, h wviafzk}kjhjf ë o xvf gobhcjh h cozâgkh gobo fwpfzègvlo# Poy

powwvky, klvwoykhbfczf, vbh mvcîço oiafzk}h o dkpfy"yfhl jkyfgkoch o pñilkgo how

oiafzk}ow f goc}kgîöfw jfwfahjhw pflo fbkwwoy#

Pfygfif"wf xvf fb gocwfxvácgkh jh hjoîço jo fwpfzègvlo/dkpfy"yfhl ch gocwzyvîço jhw

cozâgkhw, hlnvcw flfbfczow gocwzyvzk}ow jh yfhlkjhjf phwwhyhb h wfy gocmvcjkjow# Mkgîço

f yfhlkjhjf wf mvcjfb, ihchlkqhîço f yfpñjko à }kolácgkh, f}hwço f phyzkgkphîço,hlkfchîço f bklkzécgkh# Zojow fwzfw mhzoyfw phwwhb h mkghy lhjo h lhjo ch pfygfpîço f

kczfypyfzhîço jhw cozâgkhw# Ch hzvhlkjhjf, hw bhcgdfzfw kcmoybhzk}hw ftfygfb nyhcjf

pojfy, hwwkb gobo ow zâzvlow jhw bhzëykhw, hw ghphw jf yf}kwzhw, vbh mozo, ov h

gobikchîço jf zftzow gob kbhnfcw fb vb zflfaoychl# H phyzky jh ácmhwf fbozk}h xvf wf

hplkgh cfwzfw flfbfczow zhczo wf pojf hvbfczhy h wfcwkiklkjhjf, “xvhczo gocjvqky àw

gocglvwöfw jfwfahjhw pflh jkzhjvyh oykvcjh jo bojo wfjvzoy jf hpyfwfczhîço jhw

kcmoybhîöfw‒, gobo hmkybh Zè}olh $8;;7+#

Gob o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh kcjñwzykh f jh zfgcolonkh, ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço

jfwfc}ol}fyhb, f hkcjh jfwfc}ol}fb, wvhw zëgckghw jf hpyfwfczhîço jhw cozkgkhw#

Flfbfczow ghyhgzfyâwzkgow jh jyhbhzvynkh f jh pvilkgkjhjf wço kcwfykjow ch

gobvckghîço, gobo poy ftfbplo, h zfcwço jyhbèzkgh, hw ftzyfbkjhjfw jo wfy dvbhco,

hbikîöfw f bfjow#

Hw yfnyhw jo fwpfzègvlo, xvhwf wfbpyf cvzykjhw ch ftpfykácgkh jh mkgîço,zyhcwbkzfb"wf à kcmoybhîço, bojflhcjo"ldf o yfwvlzhjo hzyh}ëw jf vbh kczfy}fcîço



7:

ch wvh moybh f h bhckpvlhîço jf wfv goczfñjo# H cozâgkh gobo fwpfzègvlo vzklkqhflfbfczow yfzkyhjow jh jyhbhzvynkh f jh pvilkgkjhjf# Fwzh, xvhwf zojh }hqhjh fblkcnvhnfb wvpyh"yfhl $wvyyfhlkwzh poy }fqfw+ ov dkpfy"yfhl, hgowzvbov o pñilkgo h)lfy) bfcwhnfcw ho bfwbo zfbpo kbfjkhzhw f kczfcwhw# O dkpfy"yfhl hphyfgf chpyfwfcîh wvpfylhzk}h jhw )xvhlkjhjfw) hcvcgkhjhw# U###R H kjfczkmkghîço gob dfy÷kw ovgob }klöfw, h wkbiolonkh jo )ifb) f jo )bhl), h ivwgh jo kcwzhczf zyhcwmknvyhjoy,

yfwvlzhczf jo bètkbo jf hlfnykh ov jf joy, h kczfcwkjhjf jf yowzow fb )glowf vp), hftzyo}fywço jow kbpvlwow ièwkgow jo wfy f jow kcwzkczow, ow g÷jknow jh boyhl }knfczff ow g÷jknow jh wvh zyhcwnyfwwço# $ZÈ]OLH, 8;;7+

Jf hgoyjo gob Fvnácko Ivggk $9000+, ë lfnâzkbo xvf hw chyyhzk}hw aoychlâwzkghw

oiafzk}fb pyfcjfy o pñilkgo fb wvhw pyojvîöfw, hzyh}ëw jf zojo f xvhlxvfy wfczkbfczo

xvf powwhb jfwpfyzhy# Goczvjo, à bfjkjh xvf hw fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw moyhb wfcjo

kcgoypoyhjhw how gocnlobfyhjow jf bâjkh, dov}f bvjhcîhw ch gvlzvyh f chw

fwpfgkmkgkjhjfw jh kbpyfcwh# Pokw, ow gocnlobfyhjow oiafzk}hb hgvbvlhy ow cfn÷gkowjo aoychlkwbo gob ow cfn÷gkow jo fczyfzfckbfczo# Lono, o fczyfzfckbfczo phwwov h

kcmlvfcgkhy hw chyyhzk}hw kcmoybhzk}hw# H hplkghîço jow flfbfczow jyhbèzkgow f

pvilkgkzèykow co aoychlkwbo pyopoygkoch o hgdhzhbfczo jo pfcwhbfczo# O yfgfpzoy jhw

bfcwhnfcw fwpfzhgvlhykqhjhw zoychb"wf phwwk}ow f hgowzvbhjow h moyzfw fboîöfw,

jfpyfwwk}hw f bhcâhghw#

H yfhlkjhjf xvf kczfyfwwh, phyh vb $aoychlkwbo gob ihwf cow mhzow+ f phyh ovzyo$fczyfzfckbfczo gob ihwf ch mkgîço+, ë h yfhlkjhjf fwpfzhgvlhy, vbh yfhlkjhjf xvf wfgocmfggkoch phyh wfjvqky f fbogkochy h plhzëkh# H gocwfxüácgkh jh gocmfgîço jhyfhlkjhjf fwpfzhgvlhy cço fwzè hpfchw co wfcwhgkochlkwbo5 flh yfjvcjh fbfnogfczykwbo, fb mfzkgdkwbo, fb wftkwbo f wf bhzfykhlkqh co gvlzo jhw mhlwhwkbhnfcw# Fwwh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh wfbpyf fwzf}f hâ, jfwjf xvf gobfîhyhb h wfy pvilkghjhwhw pykbfkyhw yfpoyzhnfcw, bhw flh wf kczfcwkmkgov }kolfczhbfczf chw ñlzkbhwjëghjhw#U###R O ifb f o bhl oynhckqhb h kcmoybhîço# $IVGGK, 9000# pnw#8:9"8:7+

Fwzf gkglo }kgkowo hghih poy phjyockqhy o zyhihldo jow pyomkwwkochkw jf gobvckghîço, fb

fwpfgkhl jo aoychlkwbo# Hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo fwpfzègvlo zyhcwmoybhb"wf fb lkcnvhnfb,

jfwzh moybh, jf bhcfkyh kcgocwgkfczf yfjhzoyfw, yfp÷yzfyfw, moz÷nyhmow f gkcfnyhmkwzhw

wço hzykivâjow jf powzvyhw jyhbhzñynkghw f pvilkgkzèykhw# “Xvhwf cvcgh wf jço goczh jf

xvf zhl gob flfw ogoyyf# Hghihb poy hgyfjkzhy jf zhl moybh ch fmkgègkh jf wfv pyogfwwo

kcmoybhzk}o xvf, jflf, wf zoychb bvlzkplkghjoyfw, f, fb bvkzow ghwow, pyomfwwoyfw jf

kcmoybhîço dkpfy"yfhl‒ $ZÈ]OLH, 8;;7+#

O vck}fywo jo fwpfzègvlo/dkpfy"yfhl kbpyfnch o aoychlkwbo, fwzf hghih poy wfy

pfybfhjo, fb nyhcjf phyzf, poy dkpëyiolfw, fthnfyow, kczfcwkjhjfw f hgfczvhîöfw# H



76

goczfbpoyhcfkjhjf }kiyh f wf yfgocdfgf co vck}fywo jh ácmhwf f jo fthnfyo, jfwzh

moybh, o aoychlkwbo fbihygh cfwzfw poczow#



7=

: BKGDHFL AHGEWOC1 VB BKZO FB PÈNKCHW JF YF]KWZHW Phyh Wghlqo $900:+, zojh f xvhlxvfy yf}kwzh, kcjfpfcjfczf jf fjkzoykh ov fwpfgkhlkqhîço,

zfb h ghphgkjhjf jf fwzhiflfgfy gob wfvw lfkzoyfw vbh yflhîço jkwzkczh jow jfbhkw

}fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço# O lfkzoy jf yf}kwzh h zfb gobo hlno pfyzfcgfczf à wvhkczkbkjhjf, gobo vb ifb bhzfykhl#

Zvjo o xvf gobpöf vbh yf}kwzh goczykivk phyh xvf fwzh wfah hzyhfczf f jk}fywkmkghjh# H

gocwzyvîço zftzvhl, h bhcfkyh gobo ow hwwvczow f cozâgkhw wço hioyjhjow, ow yfgvywow

nyèmkgow, mozow f hzë bfwbo o zkpo jf moldh# Zojow fwzfw flfbfczow mhqfb gob xvf hw

yf}kwzhw gykfb vbh yflhîço jf kjfczkmkghîço gob o wfv lfkzoy# Gobo hmkybh ]klhw Iohw

$8;;=+, bfwbo gob vbh pfykojkgkjhjf jkmfyfczf jow ovzyow }fâgvlow kcmoybhzk}ow, hwyf}kwzhw mhqfb aoychlkwbo ihwfhjhw chxvklo xvf hkcjh ë yflf}hczf cow cozkgkèykow,

hgyfwgfczhcjo hkcjh pfwxvkwhw, jogvbfczhîço f ykxvfqh zftzvhl# Zojhw fwzhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw hlkhjhw pyopoygkochb vb zftzo pyhqfyowo jf wf lfy, xvf yobpf gob hw

hbhyyhw jh phjyockqhîço jo jkh h jkh#

Gobo aè }kwzo, fwzh pfwxvkwh zfb gobo oiafzk}o hchlkwhy h goifyzvyh jh boyzf jf

Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc chw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw Ëpogh, ]fah f Kwzoë , }fykmkghy wf fwzhw

goczykivfb phyh h bhcvzfcîço jh mknvyh bâzkgh jo hyzkwzh, ov wf bhczáb vbh powzvyh

cfvzyh jkhczf jo mhzo# Hw yf}kwzhw powwvfb pvilkghîöfw wfbhchkw, gob cozâgkhw f

fjkzoykhw jk}fywhw# Phyh hlghcîhy o oiafzk}o, moyhb fwgoldkjhw zyáw fjkîöfw, vbh jf ghjh

yf}kwzh, wfcjo hw zyáw, fjkîöfw fwpfgkhkw woiyf h boyzf jo hyzkwzh# Hw pvilkghîöfw

fwgoldkjhw zyhqfb gobplfbfczow hgfygh jh boyzf jo ghczoy, hwwkb gobo yflfbiyhb h

zyhafz÷ykh pyomkwwkochl f pfwwohl, jfwzhxvfw phyh ow hgoczfgkbfczow goczyhjkz÷ykow f

wvypyffcjfczfw xvf ogoyyfyhb ho locno jh }kjh jfwwh gflfiykjhjf1

Ëpogh ‗ fjkîço 640/avcdo 900;

Kwzoë " fjkîço 90=4/ avldo 900;

]fah ‗ fjkîço 988;/ avldo 900;

H yf}kwzh ]fah mok gykhjh fb 8;=4 pflo fbpyfwèyko ]kgzoy Gk}kzh f pflo aoychlkwzh Bkco

Ghyzh# How boljfw jh coyzfhbfykghch Lkmf, ]fah, hkcjh doaf, ë pvilkghjh pflh Fjkzoyh

Hiykl W# H# H pvilkghîço hioyjh jk}fywow zfbhw jh wogkfjhjf iyhwklfkyh f bvcjkhl gobo



7>

polâzkgh, fgocobkh, whñjf, fczyfzfckbfczo f fczyf}kwzh, chw wvhw pènkchw hbhyflhw# H

bhkoykh jow zftzow wço mfkzow poy aoychlkwzhw, poyëb, hlnvbhw wfîöfw jh yf}kwzh cço wço

hwwkchjhw# H yf}kwzh goczh zhbiëb gob golvchw hwwkchjhw pflo fwgykzoy f yozfkykwzh

Jkono Bhkchyjk, o dvboykwzh f hpyfwfczhjoy jf zflf}kwço Aú Wohyfw f h fwgykzoyh L{h

Lvmz# ]fah ë h yf}kwzh kcmoybhzk}h wfbhchl jf bhkoy gkygvlhîço co Iyhwkl, gob vbh

zkyhnfb wvpfykoy h vb bkldço jf ftfbplhyfw# Wfnvcjo Bhyâlkh Wghlqo $900:+, ë h xvhyzh

yf}kwzh kcmoybhzk}h bhkw lkjh fb zojo o bvcjo#

Zykczh hcow hp÷w o lhcîhbfczo jf ]fah gdfnh}h àw ihcghw, fb bhko jf 8;;4, h yf}kwzh

Ëpogh# Pvilkghjh pflh Fjkzoyh Nloio# O oiafzk}o bhkoy jfwzf lhcîhbfczo fyh h kcwfyîço

jh fjkzoyh co bfyghjo fjkzoykhl jf yf}kwzh, pokw, hzë fczço hw Oynhckqhîöfw Nloio, jf

Yoifyzo Bhykcdo, fwzh}hb }olzhjhw, pykcgkphlbfczf, phyh ow aoychkw, zflf}kwço f

wkwzfbhw jf yèjko# Gob zkyhnfb py÷tkbh h :90 bkl ftfbplhyfw, Ëpogh powwvk fwzklo

phyfgkjo ho jh pvilkghîço hlfbç Mogvw, ch xvhl wf }hloykqh o phjyço jf kbhnfb f jf

hpyfwfczhîço jhw bhzëykhw f yfpoyzhnfcw# Zfbhw gobo gfcèyko polâzkgo, whñjf, lkzfyhzvyh,

gkácgkh gobpöfb hw fjkzoykhw jh yf}kwzh# Fczyf ow pykcgkphkw golvckwzhw jf Ëpogh fwzço

Qvfcky ]fczvyh, Ykghyjo Myfkyf f Yvzd jf Hxvkco#

H yf}kwzh Kwzoë mok lhcîhjh fb 8;>=, pvilkghjh pflh Fjkzoyh Zyáw, hzë ow jkhw hzvhkw# O

yfwpocwè}fl pflh gykhîço jf Kwzoë ë Bkco Ghyzh, xvf zhbiëb lhcîov ]fah f Ghyzh

Ghpkzhl# Gob vbh gkygvlhîço jf 7=9 bkl ftfbplhyfw poy fjkîço, h pvilkghîço ë

gocwkjfyhjh vbh jhw pykcgkphkw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw wfbhchkw jo Iyhwkl, ho lhjo jf

]fah f Ëpogh# Hw pykcgkphkw fjkzoykhw jh yf}kwzh wço polâzkgh, hzvhlkjhjfw, whñjf,

fczyfzfckbfczo f whñjf#

Pyfzfcjf"wf zhbiëb gob h hcèlkwf gykhy vb phyhlflo gobphyhzk}o fczyf h goifyzvyh jfyf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw pfyhczf vb bfwbo mhzo# Moyhb fwgoldkjhw hw aè gkzhjhw yf}kwzhw

poy wfyfb hlnvbhw jhw pykcgkphkw jo wfnbfczo co Iyhwkl# O bëzojo vzklkqhjo ë hcèlkwf

jo goczfñjo jhw bhzëykhw, woiyf h boyzf jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc pvilkghjh chw fjkîöfw

fwpfgkhkw#

Phyh yfhlkqhy h hcèlkwf jf goczfñjo moyhb fwzhiflfgkjhw hw wfnvkczfw ghzfnoykhw1



74

h+ Ghzfnoykh jf hcèlkwf jh gocwzyvîço zftzvhl f vwo jf lkcnvhnfb

Hchlkwhy h gocwzyvîço zftzvhl jhw bhzëykhw, h bhcfkyh gobo moyhb yfjknkjow ow zftzow f

o zkpo jf goczfñjo xvf phwwhb ho lfkzoy# Wf pojfbow gocwkjfyè"low zftzow gobphzâ}fkw

ho fwzklo jf yf}kwzh, wf hpyfwfczhb o vwo jf hjafzk}ow, gobphyhzk}ow f avâqow jf }hloy#

H}hlkhy gobo, hzyh}ëw jow zftzow, hw yf}kwzhw fwzvjhjhw kcmoybhb h boyzf jf Bkgdhfl

Ahgewoc# Zâzvlow f wvhw jfyk}hîöfw zhbiëb wfyço hchlkwhjow, hwwkb gobo hw lfnfcjhw, h

phyzky jow bfwbow gykzëykow jf h}hlkhîço jow zftzow pykcgkphkw#

i+ Ghzfnoykh jf hcèlkwf jh pyfwfcîh jh mknvyh bâzkgh

Hchlkwhy gobo h mknvyh bâzkgh wf mhq pyfwfczf chw bhzëykhw fwzvjhjhw# H phyzky jow

xvfwkzow h}hlkhzk}ow jh ghzfnoykh hczfykoy, }fykmkghy wf dè vb hmhwzhbfczo ov h

yfhmkybhîço jh mknvyh bâzkgh#

g+ Gobphyhîço fczyf hw yf}kwzhw

Fwzhiflfgfy vbh gobphyhîço fczyf hw goifyzvyhw yfhlkqhjhw pflhw yf}kwzhw# ]fykmkghy xvhl

jflhw yfmoyîh bhkw h mknvyh bâzkgh f xvhl jflhw hpyfwfczh bhkoy hmhwzhbfczo gyâzkgo fb

wfv zftzo#

:#8 Vb phcoyhbh jhw yf}kwzhw fwzvjhjhw H yf}kwzh ]fah zyhq jvhw bhzëykhw xvf ogvphb 89 pènkchw jh fjkîço 988;# H pykbfkyh,

xvf ogvph wfzf pènkchw jh pvilkghîço, ë hwwkchjh poy Wëynko Bhyzkcw f lf}h o zâzvlo

“Vbh lfcjh fc}olzh fb bkwzëyko, jfczyo jf vb fcknbh‒#

Wëynko Bhyzkcw ë gyâzkgo jf bñwkgh f wvifjkzoy jf Hyzfw f Fwpfzègvlow jh yf}kwzh ]fah#

Zyhihldov ch yf}kwzh Ikqq, vbh jhw pykcgkphkw pvilkghîöfw woiyf bñwkgh co Iyhwkl, f ch

yf}kwzh Ëpogh# Wëynko zhbiëb aè fwgyf}fv vb hyzkno woiyf Bñwkgh Popvlhy Iyhwklfkyh,

pvilkghjo ch yf}kwzh coyzfhbfykghch Zkbf#

H bhzëykh ë ifb klvwzyhjh, wfcjo yfgdfhjh poy }kczf f jvhw mozow, hlëb jf vb

kcmonyèmkgo xvf zyhq kcmoybhîöfw woiyf ow hgoczfgkbfczow bhkw bhyghczfw jh ghyyfkyh jo



7;

hyzkwzh, gob o zâzvlo “Ow hlzow f ihktow jf Bkgdhfl $fb cñbfyo jf g÷pkhw }fcjkjhw+‒#

Lfnfcjhw hgobphcdhb hw mozow, gobplfbfczhcjo hw kcmoybhîöfw#

H bhzëykh “O h}fwwo jo h}fwwo‒ ogvph gkcgo pènkchw# Hwwkchjh poy Lkqkh I{jlo~wek,

zyhq fb wfv goczfñjo hw zyhcwmoybhîöfw mâwkghw jf Bkgdhfl, wvhw bhckhw f yflhîöfw

hboyowhw# Lkqkh ë aoychlkwzh, zyhihldh ch yf}kwzh ]fah dè 8: hcow, yfwpocwè}fl pflh

fjkzoykh jf gobpoyzhbfczo, gob mogo chw èyfhw jf bojh, fwzklo f gflfiykjhjfw# O zftzo ë

klvwzyhjo poy jfqfwwfkw mozow, wfcjo wfzf jflhw pfyzfcgfczfw h vbh lkcdh jo zfbpo

yflhzk}h àw zyhcwmoybhîöfw mâwkghw jo hyzkwzh# Vb iot kczkzvlhjo jf “Hw gkcgo bvldfyfw‒

mhlh woiyf h lknhîço jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc gob o wfto mfbkckco, wvhw hbkqhjfw gob

bvldfyfw kbpoyzhczfw f wfvw ghwhbfczow# Hwwkb gobo ch pykbfkyh bhzëykh, hw mozow

zhbiëb }áb hgobphcdhjhw jf lfnfcjhw xvf gobplfbfczhb hw kcmoybhîöfw jo zftzo

pykcgkphl#

Aè h yf}kwzh Ëpogh zyhq fb wvh pvilkghîço, fjkîço 640, vbh ñckgh bhzëykh, jf ghph,

woiyf h boyzf jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, wfcjo fwzh h bhzëykh jf ghph# Ogvphcjo wfzf pènkchw,

h bhzëykh kczkzvlhjh jf “O nácko hzoybfczhjo‒ ë hwwkchjh poy Lvâw Hczúcko Nkyoc# Lvâw

ë aoychlkwzh f gyâzkgo gvlzvyhl, p÷w nyhjvhjo fb bvwkgolonkh# Jfwjf 9009, hzë ow jkhw

hzvhkw, ë fjkzoy jh wfîço Bfczf Hifyzh jh yf}kwzh Ëpogh, ocjf fwgyf}f woiyf ow

pykcgkphkw hgoczfgkbfczow jo bvcjo jh bñwkgh, lkzfyhzvyh, Z] f gkcfbh#

H bhzëykh goczëb bvkzh klvwzyhîço, gob okzo mozow lknhjhw ho zftzo pykcgkphl f xvhzyo

kcmonyèmkgow# O bhkoy jflfw “O âgocf jo pop f wfv zfbpo‒, xvf mhq vb phyhlflo jh }kjh

jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc gob o xvf hgoczfgkh co bvcjo, ogvph gkcgo jhw wfzf pènkchw

jfwzkchjhw ho zftzo jf Nkyoc# Ë vbh lkcdh jo zfbpo, hwwkb gobo o kcmonyèmkgo “Iyhcgo

ov Cfnyo‒ xvf bowzyh hw zyhcwmoybhîöfw mâwkghw jo hyzkwzh ho locno jf zojh h wvh }kjh#Ow ovzyow jokw kcmonyèmkgow wço yflhzk}ow à xvhczkjhjf jf jkwgow }fcjkjow poy Bkgdhfl f

gobo o wfv zyhihldo kcmlvfcgkov jk}fywow bñwkgow fb jkwzkczhw nfyhîöfw#

H yf}kwzh Kwzoë zyhq 70 pènkchw jfjkghjhw h Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ch fjkîço 90=4# Fwzh

fwpëgkf jf jowwká ë gobpowzh poy okzo bhzëykhw, fwgykzhw poy hvzoyfw jkwzkczow, jokw

kcmonyèmkgow yflhzhcjo h hwgfcwço f jfghjácgkh jo hyzkwzh fb wvh }kjh pyomkwwkochl#

Ovzyo kcmonyèmkgo mhlh woiyf hw ftgfczykgkjhjfw jf Bkgdhfl# Vb Iot kczkzvlhjo jf “Cçofwzè gocwgkfczf‒ zyhcwgyf}f h goc}fywh fczyf o fbpyfnhjo jo hyzkwzh f o hzfc jfczf jo



:0

wfy}kîo jf vynácgkh xvf pyfwzov ow pykbfkyow wogoyyow h Ahgewoc, xvhcjo flf phwwov bhl

fb ghwh# Hw okzo pènkchw xvf hczfgfjfb hw bhzëykhw pykcgkphkw gobpöfb vbh fwpëgkf

jf kczyojvîço f yfwvbo woiyf h zyhafz÷ykh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# Xvhzyo pfxvfcow zftzow,

jf bhcfkyh nyhjhzk}h, hpyfwfczhb o jfgoyyfy jh }kjh jo hyzkwzh# Zojow klvwzyhjow poy

mozow fxvk}hlfczfw ho bobfczo xvf yflhzhb# Bvkzhw mozow klvwzyhb hw 70 pènkchw, h

bhkoykh jflhw ë hyxvk}o, bhw bvkzhw moyhb zkyhjhw co bobfczo xvf wvgfjfb h boyzf jf

Bkgdhfl# Myhwfw jf hyzkwzhw gocwhnyhjow lhwzkbhcjo h pfyjh jo bñwkgo, zhbiëb wço

hpyfwfczhjhw fb vbh jhw bhzëykhw#

H pykbfkyh bhzëykh jf Kwzoë ë hwwkchjh pflow aoychlkwzhw Hczúcko Ghylow Pyhjo f K}hc

Glèvjko# K}hc ë fjkzoy"hwwkwzfczf jh fjkzoykh jf gvlzvyh f Hczúcko Ghylow ë fjkzoy

ftfgvzk}o jh Kwzoë # O yfp÷yzfy jf gobpoyzhbfczo Aoço Lofw ë o yfwpocwè}fl pflh

bhzëykh “Ëyhbow Gkcgo‒# H fjkzoyh Jhckflh Bfcjfw, fb phygfykh gob h yfp÷yzfy

fwpfgkhlkqhjh fb gobpoyzhbfczo, bojh f wogkfjhjf, ]fyúckgh Bhbiykck, hwwkch h

bhzëykh “O bvcjo fcghczhjo jf Cf}fylhcj‒# “O bfckco xvf cço gocwfnvkh hbhy hw

bvldfyfw‒ ë o zâzvlo jh yfpoyzhnfb hwwkchjh pflh fjkzoyh Jëioyh Gyk}fllhyo f pflh

yfp÷yzfy Glèvjkh Aoyjço# O fjkzoy jf gvlzvyh K}hc Glèvjko zhbiëb ë o yfwpocwè}fl pflh

bhzëykh “O hyzkwzh yf}olvgkocèyko‒# H aoychlkwzh Ghykch Yhiflo, xvf aè zyhihldov cow

aoychkw O Nloio f H Zhyjf $IH+, mok yfp÷yzfy jhw fjkzoykhw Iyhwkl f Gobpoyzhbfczo, ch

yf}kwzh Kwzoë , hwwkch h bhzëykh “Bfczf kcwhch fb goypo jofczf‒, ho lhjo jh Lvkqh

]kllhbëh, fjkzoyh jh Kwzoë , f ft"mvcgkocèykh jow aoychkw Moldh jh Zhyjf f O Nloio#

:#9 H yfhmkybhîço jh mknvyh bâzkgh h phyzky jow gykzëykow aoychlâwzkgow

Hw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw, gocmoybf hmkybh ]klhw Iohw $8;;=+, záb o pojfy jf pyffcgdfy

hw lhgvchw jfkthjhw pflo aoychlkwbo jkèyko# O zftzo jhw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw ë bhkwpyomvcjo xvf o aoychl# Gob bhkw zfbpo phyh hpvyhy ow mhzow, hw yf}kwzhw omfyfgfb zftzow

bhkw gykhzk}ow, zfcjo gobo moyzf h yfpoyzhnfb kczfypyfzhzk}h# H phyzky jow phjyöfw

aoychlâwzkgow, hw yf}kwzhw omfyfgfb zftzow xvf wfjvqfb wfvw lfkzoyfw, wfb fwzhy pyfwo h

yfnyhw bvkzo yânkjhw#



:8

Yf}kwzh Ëpogh Mknvyh 8

H yfpoyzhnfb kczkzvlhjh jf “O Nácko Hzoybfczhjo‒, hwwkchjh poy Lvkw Hczúcko Nkyoc,fwzè loghlkqhjh fb jvhw fjkzoykhw wkbvlzhcfhbfczf1 bvcjo f bñwkgh# Gocwkjfyhcjo"wf

xvf Lvkw Hczúcko Nkyoc ë vb aoychlkwzh fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb gvlzvyh f hyzfw, wvh yfpoyzhnfb

ë ho bfwbo zfbpo kczfypyfzhzk}h f yfmlftk}h# O zâzvlo jh bhzëykh }fb hgobphcdhjo jf

vb “iknojf‒ $yfgvywo vzklkqhjo phyh gobplfbfczhy vbh kcmoybhîço+, co xvhl wço

hpyfwfczhjow ow z÷pkgow xvf wfyço hioyjhjow co zftzo pykcgkphl# Gob h vzklkqhîço jf

hjafzk}ow wvpfyfwzkbhjow, o zftzo jo iknojf fcnyhcjfgf o zyhihldo jo hyzkwzh f ho

bfwbo zfbpo gykh jñ}kjhw h yfwpfkzo jo mhlfgkbfczo jf Bkgdhfl# “H zyhafz÷ykhftzyhoyjkcèykh, o lfnhjo hyzâwzkgo, h }kjh goczyo}fyzkjh f h boyzf wvypyffcjfczf f

fcknbèzkgh jo yfk jo pop‒#

Ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf mhqfb phyzf jh yozkch jf xvhlxvfy }fâgvlo kcmoybhzk}o#

Jfczyf ow pykcgkphkw gykzëykow cozkgkowow fwzè h boyzf, gobo hmkybh Zyhxvkch $9006+# Ch

hzvhlkjhjf ow oldhyfw wf }olzhb phyh o }hloy cozâgkh jf vbh boyzf, hkcjh bhkw xvhcjo wf

zyhzh jf cobfw pñilkgow# Gocwkjfyhcjo"wf fwzf gykzëyko h yf}kwzh Ëpogh jfjkgov wvh ghph

$fjkîço 640+ pyhzkghbfczf zojh h Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, ch oghwkço jf wvh boyzf, jfkthcjo

hpfchw zyáw pfxvfchw gdhbhjhw fb wvh phyzf wvpfykoy# Cfwzf ghwo, gocwkjfyh"wf zhbiëb

o gykzëyko jf yflf}écgkh jow fc}ol}kjow, pokw, o ghczoy zkcdh mhbh bvcjkhl, hwwkb gobo

zojh wvh mhbâlkh#

Gocmoybf hmkybh ]klhw Iohw $8;;=+, hw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw pyffcgdfb ow }hqkow

jfkthjow pflo aoychlkwbo jkèyko, gob kwwo, hw yfpoyzhnfcw jfwzfw }fâgvlow záb ghyèzfy

kczfypyfzhzk}o# Ow zftzow jf yf}kwzhw, coybhlbfczf, wço bhkw kczfyfwwhczfw, hzyhfczfw f



:9

yfmlftk}ow# O nyhcjf oiafzk}o jfwzfw zftzow ë mvnky jo goc}fcgkochl f cço yfpfzky o xvf aè

mok jkzo woiyf vb mhzo# Nkyoc hpyfwfczh mhzow co}ow fb wvh yfpoyzhnfb, gobo poy

ftfbplo, ow zyáw kbpoyzhczfw hgoczfgkbfczow how xvhkw Bkgdhfl fwzf}f à myfczf#

“Pykbfkyo wkbiolkqov hw bvjhcîhw jf bojkmkghîço wogkhl cow Fwzhjow Vckjow f co

bvcjo chw ñlzkbhw gkcgo jëghjhw‒# F hkcjh “hmkybov o lvnhy jf jfwzhxvf jow hyzkwzhw

cfnyow, mfq bojh f hlzfyov o gobpoyzhbfczo jh av}fczvjf‒# Nkyoc hmkybh hkcjh xvf

Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc “hzvov gobo pfîh mvcjhbfczhl phyh h zyhcwmoybhîço jh kcjñwzykh jh

bñwkgh f jo fczyfzfckbfczo fb vb cfn÷gko nknhczfwgo‒, f xvf “wvh goczykivkîço

hyzâwzkgh wf yf}flov zço pojfyowh xvf doaf xvhwf zojh h bñwkgh pop jf wvgfwwo ë

jf}fjoyh jf wvhw kc}fcîöfw‒# Jfwzh moybh, pfygfif"wf xvf h bhzëykh ftpöf mhzow xvf

}ço hlëb jh chyyhzk}h jh boyzf jo hyzkwzh# Hwwkb gobo, hpyfwfczh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf

aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl, h}hlkhcjo kjfkhw, oiyhw f hyzfw, gobo jfwzhgh Pkqh $900:+#

O zâzvlo jh bhzëykh jf Nkyoc ë gvyzo f gobpowzo poy jokw hjafzk}ow yflhgkochjow à

pfywochnfb gfczyhl1 nácko f hzoybfczhjo# Pfygfif"wf, lono jf kcâgko, vbh hzykivkîço jf

}hloyfw à Bkgdhfl, pojf wf wvpoy xvf h phlh}yh nácko yfmfyf"wf ho zyhihldo hyzâwzkgo

yfhlkqhjo poy Bkgdhfl, f o hjafzk}o hzoybfczhjo fwzè lknhjo à }kjh jo hyzkwzh poy zyèw jow

dolomozfw# O iknojf zhbiëb zyhq hjafzk}ow xvf wvpfyfwzkbhb o zyhihldo f h }kjh jo

bfbiyo bhkw mhbowo jh mhbâlkh Ahgewoc# Jfmkcf h zyhafz÷ykh jo hyzkwzh gobo

ftzyhoyjkcèykh, f, wvh boyzf gobo kcfwpfyhjh f fcknbèzkgh, yfmfyf"wf h flf gobo “Yfk jo

Pop‒#

Gocmoybf hmkybh Boykc $8;;>+, h nyhcjf kbpyfcwh wfnvf vbh zfcjácgkh ho wkcgyfzkwbo,

gob o kczvkzo jf whzkwmhqfy zojow ow nowzow f kczfyfwwfw xvf wf hpyfwfczhb co }hwzo lfxvf

jh gvlzvyh jf bhwwh# Poyëb, hzyh}ëw jf vbh yfz÷ykgh myfxvfczf, h vckmkghîço jf jokw

wfzoyfw jh gvlzvyh kcjvwzykhl1 h kcmoybhîço f o yobhcfwgo# Boykc $8;;>+ hmkybh hkcjhxvf co wfzoy jh kcmoybhîço h bhkoy pyogvyh ë pflo wfcwhgkochlkwbo f pflhw }fjfzfw xvf

phyfgfb }k}fy fb ovzyo phzhbhy jh }kjh# H kcmoybhîço lhcîh bço jf flfbfczow

yobhcfwgow, gocwzhczfbfczf vzklkqhjow ov gykhjow pflh kbpyfcwh# Zhkw poczvhîöfw

pojfb wfy pfygfikjhw co zfygfkyo phyènyhmo jo zftzo jf Nkyoc, h myhwf kckgkhl ë vb

nhcgdo jo wfnvcjo phyènyhmo, xvf zfybkch jkqfcjo xvf Bkgdhfl fyh “vb hyzkwzh

goczvyihjo f wkcgfyo gvahw gocmkwwöfw cvcgh moyhb lf}hjhw h wëyko‒# Co phyènyhmo

wfnvkczf $o zfygfkyo+ dè vbh hmkybhîço jf xvf fthzhbfczf poy fwzhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jfBkgdhfl, xvhcjo ow “z~kzzfyw f wkzfw jf momoghw hcvcgkhyhb wvh boyzf, mvyhcjo ow



:7

aoychkw‒ zvjo hxvklo phyfgkh iohzo, “fczyf ow bvkzow xvf fc}ol}fyhb Bkgdhfl‒# Poyëb,

lono fb wfnvkjh o aoychlkwzh jkq xvf jfwzh }fq fyh }fyjhjf, f xvf h “cozâgkh lf}ov vb

gdoxvf jf pyopoyîöfw bvcjkhkw‒, o xvf yfmoyîh h kjfkh jf Boykc $8;;>+, jf xvf hw

cozâgkhw woiyf hw }fjfzfw f olkbpkhcow záb h ghphgkjhjf jf jfwpfyzhy h gvykowkjhjf jo

pñilkgo, f h kbpyfcwh, poy wvh }fq, hlkbfczh fwzh gvykowkjhjf gob wfcwhgkochlkwbo,

gykhcjo wvh py÷pykh yfhlkjhjf, gobo ë o ghwo jfwzf zyfgdo1

H boyzf jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc mok gocmkybhjh omkgkhlbfczf ch zhyjf jh xvkczh"mfkyh 96,co Gfczyo Bëjkgo jh Vck}fywkjhjf jh Ghlkm÷yckh fb Low Hcnflfw $VGLH+# U###RKbfjkhzhbfczf, bvlzkjöfw whâyhb fwpoczhcfhbfczf àw yvhw co bvcjo kczfkyo phyhyf}fyfcgkhy o âjolo bètkbo jo pop# Jf Bvihk h Co}h [oye, jf Wço Phvlo hLocjyfw, hw pfwwohw wf yfvckyhb phyh mhqfy dobfchnfcw f ghczhy avczhw ow wvgfwwowjo âjolo# $ËPOGH, p#;:, avcdo 900;+

Pfygfif"wf fczço, h vzklkqhîço jo dkpfy"yfhl ch bhzëykh jf Nkyoc phyh gykhy vbh wkzvhîço

xvf fc}ol}f vb pfywochnfb olkbpkhco, cfwzf ghwo h goboîço ghvwhjh pflh boyzf jf

Bkgdhfl, o xvf hghih poy nfyhy vbh powwâ}fl fthgfyihîço jh yfhlkjhjf# Pokw, o dkpfy"

yfhl/wfcwhgkochlkwbo zfb h ghphgkjhjf jf bojkmkghy h yflhîço fczyf mhzo f yfgfpzoy#

Hmkchl, ho hpyotkbhy h yfhlkjhjf jo yfgfpzoy poy bfko jf lfczfw f jfwzhxvfw, o dkpfy"yfhl

zhbiëb oghwkoch fwzyhcdfqh f pyo}ogh yfhîöfw# “Wfb hmhwzhy jo yfhl, bhw zoychcjo"o

bhkoy jo xvf ë, wkbvlhcjo, kcglvwk}f, wfy flf h ftpyfwwço jh yfhlkjhjf zozhl f

gocwzyvkcjo vbh lkcnvhnfb ch xvhl o yfgvywo jh ácmhwf wf zyhcwmoybh co py÷pyko

jkwgvywo‒ $Zè}olh, 8;;7+, gobo }kbow hczfykoybfczf fwzh hmkybhîço $}kjf pènkch 77+#

Phyh Fvnácko Ivggk $9000+, zojh f xvhlxvfy chyyhzk}h aoychlâwzkgh oiafzk}h pyfcjfy o wfv

pñilkgo hl}o, pykcgkphlbfczf, hzyh}ëw jow wfczkbfczow xvf wço ghphqfw jf jfwpfyzhy# Kwzo

ë pfygfikjo co zftzo jf Nkyoc fb bvkzow bobfczow# Vb jflfw ë o zyfgdo fb xvf ë

yflhzhjh h zfcwço }k}kjh poy Bkgdhfl cow bobfczow xvf pyfgfjkhb wvh }olzh how phlgowgob h zvycá Zdkw kw kz, xvf fwzyfhykh co jkh 87 jf avldo jf 900; fb Locjyfw, gob vbh

wëykf jf gkcxvfczh wdo~w# “H zfbpoyhjh fwzh}h pyë"gocwhnyhjh, gob 400 bkl kcnyfwwow

}fcjkjow phyh 60 wdo~w pyonyhbhjow hzë bhyîo jo hco xvf }fb $9080+# U###R Flf zkcdh

gocwgkácgkh jf xvf wvh ghyyfkyh cço pojfykh goczkcvhy jfpokw‒# Cfwzf zyfgdo,

pfygfifbow h hcwkfjhjf ftpfgzhzk}h pflo yfzoyco jo hyzkwzh how phlgow, vbh }olzh

glhwwkmkghjh gobo wvgfwwo hczfw bfwbo jf hgoczfgfy# Lono fb wfnvkjh, h myvwzyhîço

gob o mkb hcvcgkhjo jf vbh ghyyfkyh# Bhkw hjkhczf, h chyyhzk}h wf zoych hkcjh bhkw

fbozk}h gob h gkzhîço jf mhlhw bhyghczfw jo py÷pyko Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, xvhcjo fwzf



::

hcvcgkov h wvh zvycá fb vbh golfzk}h jf kbpyfcwh# “ Fwzh wfyè h bkcdh goyzkch mkchl,

jkwwf jkhczf jf > bkl mçw# Jfpokw jkwwo, chjh bhkw# Ë kwwo f poczo $Zdkw kw kz +‒# Phyh

Ivggk $9000+, h yfhlkjhjf xvf kczfyfwwh phyh h nyhcjf kbpyfcwh, ov wfah, hxvflh xvf

yfhlkqh vb aoychlkwbo mhgzvhl ë h yfhlkjhjf phvzhjh co dkpfy"yfhl, co fwpfzhgvlhy# Vbh

yfhlkjhjf xvf wf gocwzy÷k gob o oiafzk}o jf wfjvqky f fbogkochy wvh plhzfkh# Gobo wf

pfygfif co zyfgdo hihkto1

F fbfcjov, gob hw lènykbhw zyhcwphyfgfcjo, hpfwhy jf wfvw ÷gvlow bhkw fwgvyow xvfwfv ghiflo locno zkcnkjo jf cfnyo, fcgoiykcjo o yowzo jfwmknvyhjo poy wvgfwwk}hwgkyvynkhw plèwzkghw1 “Fv hbo }ogáw, jf }fyjhjf(‒# Hw bvlzkjöfw xvf ldf pyfwzhyhbzykivzo co bvcjo kczfkyo cow ñlzkbow jkhw bowzyhyhb xvf o wfczkbfczo fyh yfgâpyogo#$ËPOGH, p#;:, avcdo 900;+

Yf}kwzh ]fahMknvyh 9

H yf}kwzh ]fah zyhq jvhw bhzëykhw woiyf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc1 h pykbfkyh ë hwwkchjh pflo

gyâzkgo bvwkghl f wvifjkzoy jf hyzfw f gvlzvyh Wëynko Bhyzkcw# Ho goczyèyko jh yf}kwzh

Ëpogh, o zâzvlo jf Bhyzkcw ë nyhcjf, poyëb, hwwkb gobo o jf Nkyoc zhbiëb kbpvzh

}hloyfw f wvnfyf yfmlftöfw# O zâzvlo “Vbh lfcjh fc}olzh fb bkwzëyko, jfczyo jf vb

fcknbh‒ ë vbh phyèmyhwf, gobo jkq o py÷pyko aoychlkwzh, jh mhbowh myhwf jf ^kcwzoc

Gdvygdkll# H bfwbh ë yfpfzkjh co mkchl jo pykbfkyo phyènyhmo, yfhmkybhcjo hw jñ}kjhw f

xvfwzkochbfczow xvf gfygh}hb o hyzkwzh#

Wfnvkcjo ow phyébfzyow ftpowzow poy ]klhw Iohw $8;;=+, o zftzo jf Bhyzkcw monf jo

lfhj goc}fcgkochl jo aoychlkwbo jkèyko# Hzyflhcjo"wf ho fwzklo ghyhgzfyâwzkgo jo zftzo jf

yf}kwzh, h yfpoyzhnfb jf Bhyzkcw hpyfwfczh vb lfhj xvf fwzhiflfgf gobphyhîço fczyf hw

pykcgkphkw mknvyhw hyzâwzkghw jow Fwzhjow Vckjow f wvhw yfhlkqhîöfw, hgyfwgfczhcjo hwwkb

ho wfv zftzo, zyhîow jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# “H bñwkgh popvlhy hbfykghch jfv oyknfb h



:6

zyáw âjolow kcgoczfwzè}fkw co wëgvlo phwwhjo# Myhce Wkchzyh mok### Myhce Wkchzyh# Fl}kw

Pyfwlf{ mok h gkczvyh f o zopfzf jo yoge# Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, o zfygfkyo, kc}fczov h bñwkgh

pop ‗ f cço dè fthnfyo cfwwh hmkybhîço‒, wço hw myhwfw xvf gobpöfb o lfhj jo zftzo jf

Bhyzkcw# Nyhcjf phyzf jh bhzëykh powwvk hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw kczfypyfzhzk}hw, hchlâzkghw f

gyâzkgh xvf wf fcgoczyhb co aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl, cfwzf ghwo, poy bfko jf yflhzow jf mhzow,

gobo hgoczfgkbfczow jo yhbo fgocúbkgo xvf mh}oyfgfyhb o bfyghjo bvwkghl,

pykcgkphlbfczf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# “H Woc{ ahpocfwh lhcîov vb âgocf gvlzvyhl zço

pojfyowo xvhczo o py÷pyko Zdykllfy 1 o ~hlebhc, hgfww÷yko xvf kchvnvyov h fyh jh

poyzhiklkjhjf jh bñwkgh# Bhw ow Fwzhjow Vckjow, wf cço kc}fczhyhb o hphyfldo, zkcdhb

h bñwkgh xvf wf ov}kh cflf ‗ Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc‒# Gob kczfypyfzhîöfw h yfwpfkzo jo

zyhihldo jfwfc}ol}kjo poy Bkgdhfl f h kcmlvácgkh ftfygkjh poy flf fb ovzyow hyzkwzhw,

Bhyzkcw mhq jo wfv zftzo jf yf}kwzh, cfwzh bhzëykh fb fwpfgkhl, hkcjh bhkw py÷tkbo jo

aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# Poy bfko jfwzhw gobphyhîöfw fwzhiflfgkjhw poy flf, pfygfif"wf h

kbpoyzécgkh gvlzvyhl, bvwkghl f bfyghjol÷nkgh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# Wvhw hzkzvjfw

bhyghyhb bojkmkghîöfw wogkhkw cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, gobo h kcglvwço jh bñwkgh cfnyh

fb loghkw hczfw pyokikjow, wvh oiyh ë gobphyhjh à jf nyhcjfw cobfw xvf, hwwkb gobo o

hyzkwzh, oizk}fyhb wvgfwwo f yfpfygvwwço fb fwghlhw bvcjkhkw# Co wfzoy fgocúbkgo, h

moyîh jf wfv zyhihldo f ghphgkjhjf jf }fcjh ë gobphyhjh h vbh pozácgkh bvcjkhl#

Mhzoyfw fwzfw xvf yfmoyîhb h jkbfcwço f wvpfylhzk}o xvf gfygh}hb o ghczoy#

H chyyhzk}h aoychlâwzkgh jh bhzëykh jf Wëynko Bhyzkcw ë bhkw oiafzk}h, bhw zhbiëb

gvbpyf, phyhlflhbfczf, wvh mvcîço jf fbogkochy o lfkzoy f jfwpfyzhy wfczkbfczow fb

yflhîço à dkwz÷ykh goczhjh# Co phyènyhmo ocjf ë jfwgykzh h zyhafz÷ykh jo hzfcjkbfczo jf

Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc fb wvh bhcwço hzë h gocmkybhîço jf wvh boyzf, wço ftpowzhw

kcmoybhîöfw xvf bowzyhb h jkbfcwço f “goboîço nloihl‒ ghvwhjhw pflo mhlfgkbfczo jo

hyzkwzh# Yfhmkybhcjo hwwkb o gykzëyko jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf h yfwpfkzo jh yflf}écgkh jhwpfwwohw fc}ol}kjhw co mhzo#

O zyèmfno jf wfy}kîow jf bkgyoilonw Z~kzzfy joiyov# O Noonlf fczyov fb phcf,zhczhw hw ivwghw# O wfy}kîo jf bfcwhnfcw kcwzhczécfhw jh HOL zhbiëb womyfv vbgolhpwo cow Fwzhjow Vckjow# O kZvcfw f h Hbhqoc, hw bhkoyfw loahw }kyzvhkw jfbñwkgh jo bvcjo, yfnkwzyhyhb vb hvbfczo ftzyhoyjkcèyko chw }fcjhw jf jkwgow fghcîöfw jf Ahgewoc# Co ghwo jh Hbhqoc, o }olvbf jf }fcjhw gyfwgfv kcgyâ}fkw >00}fqfw# $]FAH, p# ;4, avldo 900;+



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H boyzf gobo gykzëyko jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf zhbiëb wf mhq pyfwfczf, cço hpfchw chw

fwpfgvlhîöfw woiyf o xvf zfykh lf}hjo o ghczoy h ÷ikzo, bhw pykcgkphlbfczf o kbphgzo

xvf flh ghvwov, wvhw gocwfxvácgkhw f lfnhjo# Bhyzkcw zhbiëb }hk hlëb fb wvhw

kcmoybhîöfw f, wfnvkcjo o oiafzk}o jo zftzo jf yf}kwzh jf omfyfgfy bhkw kcmoybhîöfw jo

xvf ow jkèykow, ftplkgh o xvf yfbëjkow f hchlnëwkgow, gobo ow xvf Bkgdhfl vzklkqh}h,

pojfb ghvwhy co oynhckwbo, o nyhv jf jfpfcjácgkh xvf nfyhb fb xvfb ow kcnfyf gob

myfxvácgkh f zyhq hkcjh h mhlh jf vbh bëjkgh gocmkybhcjo fwzhw gologhîöfw#

Co xvf wf yfmfyf ho dkpfy"yfhl, h yfpoyzhnfb jf Wëynko Bhyzkcw hpyfwfczh jowf bojfyhjh

jh jfzvyphîço jh gfch yfhl# Gob h vzklkqhîço jf hjafzk}ow fb yfmfyácgkh à oiyh jf

Bkgdhfl, pfygfif"wf h jfwgykîço jf vb hyzkwzh kcgoczfwzè}fl co ghbpo jo zhlfczo f

gykhzk}kjhjf# Ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf kczfypyfzh, o zftzo mhq kcmfyácgkhw f pyopöf

yfmlftöfw woiyf o ghczoy# Ow zyfgdow h wfnvky wço ftfbplow jfwzhw hjafzk}hîöfw f

powwâ}fkw yfmlftöfw# “Co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf 40, bobfczo jh ftplowço jf Ahgewoc, cfb

cow gocmkcw jo plhcfzh wf fcgoczyhykh vb hjolfwgfczf xvf cço zk}fwwf wf hyykwghjo h

kbkzhy o xvhwf kbpowwâ}fl booc~hle ‒, f bhkw hjkhczf “Ahgewoc jfwfcdov hkcjh o bhph

jf gobpoyzhbfczo jo âgocf pop phyh hw jëghjhw wfnvkczfw‒#

H wfnvcjh bhzëykh woiyf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, fjkîço 988; jh yf}kwzh ]fah, ë hwwkchjh poyLkqkh I{jlo~we{# H yfpoyzhnfb mhlh jhw bvzhîöfw mâwkghw womykjhw poy Bkgdhfl, hw

yflhîöfw gob bvldfyfw f hzkzvjfw goczfwzhjhw pflh popvlhîço bvcjkhl# O zâzvlo “O

h}fwwo jo h}fwwo‒ pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjo vbh yfmfyácgkh àw jk}fywhw hphyácgkhw mâwkghw

xvf o hyzkwzh hpyfwfczov ho locno jf wvh ghyyfkyh, f, o xvf flf zyhqkh fb wvh fwwácgkh poy

zyèw jfwzhw mknvyhw# O iknojf jh bhzëykh pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjo bhkw kczfypyfzhzk}o jo xvf

kcmoybhzk}o, yfwwhlzhcjo zyhvbhw f jfwfaow kcgocwgkfczfw jo ghczoy, gobo wf pfygfif co

zftzo xvf gobpöf o iknojf1 “Bkgdhfl phwwov h kcmécgkh zyhihldhcjo gobo vb hjvlzo#Hâ, gyfwgfv f jfjkgov h bhkoy phyzf jf wfv zfbpo h hnky gobo gykhcîh f h xvfyfy pyo}hy

xvf kwwo fyh h gokwh bhkw chzvyhl jo bvcjo‒#

Hwwkb gobo Wëynko Bhyzkcw, Lkqkh zhbiëb monf jo lfhj goc}fcgkochl# O zftzo ë

kckgkhjo gob h yfpyojvîço jhw mhlhw jow phkw jo ghczoy fb fczyf}kwzh à yf}kwzh Zkbf# O

jfpokbfczo jf Aowfpd Ahgewoc, o phk, yf}flh h zkbkjfq jo ghczoy locnf jow phlgow f h

phktço poy hckbhkw# Aè jf Ehzdfykcf, bçf jf Bkgdhfl, ë h yfwpfkzo jh wftvhlkjhjf jomkldo# H phyzky jfwzhw jfglhyhîöfw, Lkqkh kckgkh wfv jkwgvywo py÷pyko gob hjafzk}hîöfw f



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poczvhcjo yfmlftöfw woiyf Bkgdhfl# H chyyhzk}h aoychlâwzkgh wf wfnvf gob wvhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf jfwpfyzhy fboîöfw f gobo zftzo jf yf}kwzh, mvnkcjo jow phyébfzyow jo

aoychlkwbo jkèyko, gobo wf pfygfif co zyfgdo “H hbikîço jow phkw cço gocdfgkh lkbkzfw#

How = hcow, Bkgdhfl wf zoycov h bhkoy fwzyflh jo nyvpo gykhjo poy flf# Hghih}h hlk wvh

kcmécgkh# Fcwhkh}h o jkh kczfkyo# U###R wf ow bfckcow fyyh}hb vb phwwo ov vbh cozh, o phk

wf fcmvyfgkh gobo vb zyfkchjoy jf gkygo‒#

H boyzf f cozoykfjhjf jow fc}ol}kjow wço ow pykcgkphkw gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf

ftkwzfczfw ch bhzëykh, bhw ovzyow mhzoyfw gobo fwxvkwkzkgf f kczfyfwwf jo pñilkgo

zhbiëb pojfb wfy gocwkjfyhjow# Hlëb jf yf}flhy hgoczfgkbfczow jh kcmécgkh f

hjolfwgácgkh jo hyzkwzh, vb iot zyhq vb yfwvbo woiyf ow yflhgkochbfczow jf Bkgdhfl

gob bvldfyfw, mhzo xvf wfbpyf jfwpfyzov h hzfcîço jo pñilkgo, pokw o hyzkwzh wfbpyf

zf}f wvh wftvhlkjhjf xvfwzkochjh f mok hpoczhjo gobo pykcgkphl wvwpfkzo fb jfcñcgkhw

jf hwwëjko wftvhl# Hw fwxvkwkzkgfw gobo vbh ghbh dkpfyièykgh, h vzklkqhîço jf bèwghyhw

poy zfboy how nfybfw, o yhcgdo Cf}fylhcj , h hbkqhjf gob gykhcîhw f o ghwhbfczo gob

Lkqh Pyfwlf{ wço gocwkjfyhjow mhzoyfw ghphqfw jf jfwpfyzhy h hzfcîço jo pñilkgo,

pykcgkphlbfczf poy wfyfb yflhzk}ow h vbh pfwwoh jf nyhcjf cozoykfjhjf#

Co zftzo jf Lkqkh, pfygfif"wf xvf h jyhbhzkqhîço, bvkzo vzklkqhjh chw chyyhzk}hw

aoychlâwzkghw, fwzè ftzyfbhbfczf lknhjh ho dkpfy"yfhl/ wfcwhgkochlkwbo# Vzklkqhcjo

hjafzk}ow f ghyhgzfykqhcjo o hyzkwzh àw }fqfw gobo gocwgkfczf jf wvhw hîöfw, àw }fqfw

}âzkbh jf }èykow hgoczfgkbfczow f pfwwohw, h bhzëykh hpyfwfczh"wf, ho bfwbo zfbpo,

gobo kczfypyfzhzk}h, xvf ë o moyzf jhw yfpoyzhnfcw jf yf}kwzhw, yfmlftk}h f opkchzk}h#

Yf}kwzh Kwzoë

Mknvyh 7



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Hw okzo bhzëykhw xvf gobpöfb o fwpfgkhl woiyf h boyzf jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ch yf}kwzh

Kwzoë , fjkîço 90=4, jk}kjfb"wf poy zfbhw yflhzk}ow à }kjh jo hyzkwzh# “Hw }èykhw }kjhw jf

Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc‒, hwwkchjh poy Hczúcko Ghylow Pyhjo f K}hc Glèvjko mhlh h yfwpfkzo jh

ghyyfkyh pyomkwwkochl jo hyzkwzh f zvjo xvf o gfygh}h cfwzh èyfh# Hwwkb gobo o wfv èpkgf

f h xvfjh# “Hw ñlzkbhw doyhw‒ ë hwwkchjh poy xvhzyo aoychlkwzhw1 Hjykhch Pyhjo, Nvwzh}o

jf Hlbfkjh, Bhâyh Bhnyo f Yfchzh Ghiyhl# Gobo o py÷pyko zâzvlo yf}flh, h bhzëykh zyhq

kcmoybhîöfw woiyf hw doyhw xvf hczfgfjfyhb o mhlfgkbfczo jo bñwkgo, f h yfpfygvwwço

bvcjkhl# O aoychlkwzh Aoço Lofw hwwkch h bhzëykh “Ëyhbow Gkcgo‒ xvf goczh h zyhafz÷ykh

jo Ahgewoc Mk}f f h whâjh jf Bkgdhfl jo nyvpo# “O bvcjo fcghczhjo jf Cf}fylhcj‒, jf

Jhckflh Bfcjfw f ]fyúckgh Bhbiykck, hioyjh o nyhcjf wâbiolo bhzfykhl jo hyzkwzh f

wvhw ftzyh}hnécgkhw# Glèvjkh Aoyjço f Jëioyh Gyk}fllhyo mhlhb woiyf ow

yflhgkochbfczow jf Bkgdhfl fb “O bfckco xvf cço gocwfnvkh hbhy hw bvldfyfw‒# O

zhlfczo jo ghczoy f jhcîhykco ë yfwwhlzhjo co}hbfczf poy K}hc Glèvjko fb “O hyzkwzh

yf}olvgkocèyko‒# H whñjf f myhnklkjhjf mâwkgh f fbogkochl wço yfwwhlzhjhw poy Ghykch

Yhiflo f Lvkqh ]kllhbëh fb “Bfczf kcwhch fb goypo jofczf‒# Poy mkb, Flkhcf Loihzo

fb “H mhbh bhzh‒ yflhgkoch h mhbh jf Bkgdhfl à wvh boyzf#

Wfnvcjo ]klhw Iohw $8;;=+, hw yf}kwzhw kcmoybhzk}hw záb h ghphgkjhjf jf mhlhy phyh vb

hbplo pñilkgo, phyh jk}fywow nyvpow wogkhkw# Ë o xvf wf pfygfif chw bhzëykhw gkzhjhw

hgkbh, woiyf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# Wfnvkcjo hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo zftzo jf yf}kwzh, hw

yfpoyzhnfcw hpyfwfczhb zâzvlow hzyhfczfw f zftzow mlvâjow, wfb hw hbhyyhw jh

phjyockqhîço pyfwfczf co aoychlkwbo jkèyko# Gob lfhjw xvf monfb jo gobvb, hw

bhzëykhw hpyfwfczhb"wf jf bhcfkyh chyyhzk}h, fb hlnvbhw, gobphyhzk}h f yfmlftk}h fb

ovzyhw# Gobo poy ftfbplo, fb “Hw ñlzkbhw doyhw‒1 “Ch cokzf jh xvhyzh mfkyh 9:,

Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc gdfnov zyáw doyhw hzyhwhjo ho nkcèwko phyh h zvycá xvf yfhlkqhykh co

py÷tkbo báw‒, zfbow hxvk fb lfhj chyyhzk}o# Aè fb “O bfckco xvf cço gocwfnvkh hbhy hw bvldfyfw‒ zfbow vbh kczyojvîço bhkw kczfypyfzhzk}h1 “Fl}kw Pyfwlf{ fyh bhkw jo xvf

vb âjolo phyh Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# Fyh vbh bfzh h wfy hlghcîhjh# F wvpfyhjh‒#

H ivwgh pflh fboîço jo lfkzoy poy kczfybëjko jh chyyhzk}h aoychlâwzkgh, gkzhjh poy

Fvnácko Ivggk $9000+ zhbiëb fwzè pyfwfczf cow zftzow, gob jfwzhxvf phyh ow zâzvlow f

iknojfw# O zâzvlo “Bfczf kcwhch fb goypo jofczf‒ zyhcwbkzf h wfcwhîço jf myhnklkjhjf

ch xvhl wf fcgoczyh}h o bñwkgo# Aè o iknojf }fb poy yfmoyîhy fwzh kbhnfb phwwhjh pflozâzvlo1 “gdfko jf fcfynkh co phlgo, o hwzyo lvzh}h goczyh h whñjf myènkl f hw hcnñwzkhw



:;

pwkgol÷nkghw jh }kjh yfhl‒# Phlh}yhw jo py÷pyko Bkgdhfl wço yfpyojvqkjhw, o xvf yfmoyîh

h kjfkh jf womykbfczo, o xvf goczykivk phyh o wvynkbfczo jf fboîöfw co lfkzoy# Gobo ch

mhlh h wfnvky, “h pyfwwço jfwwh mhlwh hgvwhîço, avczo gob h kcgyâ}fl fcfynkh cfgf wwèykh

phyh xvf fv bf hpyfwfczf, pyo}ogov jfbhwkhjh zfcwço, o xvf bf jfktov fthvwzo# U###R Fv

bf zoycfk bvkzo bhkw jfpfcjfczf jf hchlnëwkgow‒#

Phyh ôlm $8;;6+, h kbpoyzécgkh f o kczfyfwwf jh cozâgkh wço jokw kbpoyzhczfw mhzoyfw

gocwzkzvkczfw jow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf# Fwzfw mhzoyfw fwzço pyfwfczfw chw okzo

bhzëykhw, hwwkb gobo h boyzf, h yflf}écgkh jo pfywochnfb, o kcw÷lkzo, o kbphgzo ch

chîço f poy wfy vbh cozâgkh yfmfyfczf h vbh gflfiykjhjf, hmkchl, hw mknvyhw gëlfiyfw

wfbpyf jfwpfyzhb h gvykowkjhjf jo pñilkgo# Co xvf wf yfmfyf à boyzf jf Bkgdhfl zojhw

hw bhzëykhw h gkzhb, poyëb, h yfpoyzhnfb “Hw ñlzkbhw doyhw‒, xvf ogvph xvhzyo pènkchw,

zfb h mvcîço ftglvwk}h jf goczhy gobo mok o mhlfgkbfczo jf Bkgdhfl f wvh kbfjkhzh

yfpfygvwwço# Goczh hkcjh gob h zyhcwgykîço gobplfzh jh goc}fywh zflfmúckgh fczyf o

mvcgkocèyko jh ghwh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc f o hzfcjfczf wogoyykwzh, bkcvzow hczfw jo

bñwkgo wfy lf}hjo phyh o dowpkzhl# O kcw÷lkzo f fthnfyo fwzço pyfwfczfw, fb fwpfgkhl, ch

bhzëykh “O bvcjo fcghczhjo jf Cf}fylhcj‒ ocjf wço bowzyhjhw hw phktöfw jo hyzkwzh

poy hckbhkw f iykcxvfjow, wfcjo o yhcgdo Cf}fylhcj “vb wâbiolo jf wvhw

ftzyh}hnécgkhw‒# Vb lvnhy bènkgo, o wocdo jf xvhlxvfy gykhcîh, gob qool÷nkgo f zojh woyzf jfiykcxvfjow# Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc mfq jo yhcgdo Cf}fylhcj, loghlkqhjo fb Whczh Ihyihyh,ch Ghlkm÷yckh, wfv phyhâwo phyzkgvlhy# U###R Gobpyhjo fb 8;;4 pflo ghczoy poy VW*8>bkldöfw, zfb gfygh jf 8#800 dfgzhyfw f ë gfyghjo poy mhqfcjhw jf nhjo f phyyfkyhw#U###R Hiyknh}h vb qool÷nkgo gob nkyhmhw, oyhcnozhcnow, zknyfw f wfypfczèyko# Pkwzh jfehyz, jvhw lkcdhw mëyyfhw, vbh jhw xvhkw ghphq jf hgobojhy vb zyfb hczkno h }hpoy,f vb úckivw hbhyflo gob kbhnfcw fb zhbhcdo yfhl jow Zyáw Phzfzhw jo lhjo jfmoyh# Xvhyzo jf iykcxvfjow, jf iocfghw f vbh bkckhljfkh kcjânfch# $KWZOË, p# >7,avldo 900;+

Ch fwzfkyh jhw kjfkhw jf ]klhw Iohw $8;;=+, ow zftzow jf yf}kwzhw pyffcgdfb hw lhgvchwjfkthjhw pflo aoychlkwbo jkèyko hzyh}ëw jf zftzow bhkw hpyomvcjhjow, gob pfwxvkwhw f

kcmoybhîöfw gobplfbfczhyfw# Kwwo ë pfygfpzâ}fl cow jokw kcmonyèmkgow yflhzk}ow à

ghyyfkyh jo bñwkgo# Hbiow ogvphb jvhw pènkchw, lhjo h lhjo# O kczkzvlhjo jf

“Hwgfcwço‒ yfmfyf"wf à jkwgonyhmkh f wvhw }fcjhnfcw, goczh hkcjh gob vb yfwvbo woiyf

h }kjh jo hyzkwzh# Aè o kcmonyèmkgo “Jfghjácgkh‒ bowzyh o jkcdfkyo nhwzo poy Bkgdhfl cow

pyogfwwow avjkgkhkw f phnhbfczow jf jâ}kjhw# Bowzyh hkcjh h zyhcwmoybhîço mâwkgh ho

locno jow hcow f hw ftgfczykgkjhjfw jo bñwkgo, gobo h goyoh jf ovyo jhjh poy wfvwmkldow f vbh Lkbvwkcf pfywochlkqhjh gob ovyo 9: xvklhzfw# Zyhq hkcjh hw phlh}yhw jf



60

fwpfgkhlkwzhw gobo ch bhzëykh “O bfckco xvf cço gocwfnvkh hbhy hw bvldfyfw‒# H

wftvhlkjhjf jo ghczoy, zfbh pykcgkphl, ë hpyfwfczhjh h ftplkghîço jf vb pyomfwwoy

fwpfgkhlkwzh woiyf hw hzkzvjfw wftvhkw jf pfwwohw xvf cço }k}fb h kcmécgkh fb wvh

plfckzvjf#

Co xvf wf yfmfyf ho aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl, pyopowzo poy Pkqh $900:+, hw bhzëykhw xvf bhkw

wf hpyotkbhb jfwzhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wço “Hw }èykhw }kjhw jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc‒ f “O

hyzkwzh yf}olvgkocèyko‒, gocwkjfyhcjo xvf hbihw wço hwwkchjhw poy K}hc Glèvjko,

wvifjkzoy jh wfîço jf gvlzvyh# H pykbfkyh bhzëykh gvkjh jow pyábkow f zâzvlow jo hyzkwzh,

hwwkb gobo wvh hwgfcwço co vck}fywo jh bñwkgh# Aè h wfnvcjh mhlh jh fwwácgkh jh

bñwkgh pyopykhbfczf jkzh# O zyfgdo h wfnvky ë o iknojf jh bhzëykh “O hyzkwzh

yf}olvgkocèyko‒1 “o ghczoy gocgfikh h bñwkgh gobo vbh mvwço jf wob f }kwvhl h hiykv o

pop phyh hw bkwzvyhw jf ykzbow‒, yfwwhlzhcjo o zhlfczo f gykhzk}kjhjf bvwkghl jf Bkgdhfl#

Aè o zyfgdo xvf wf wfnvf yfwwhlzh h kbpoyzécgkh xvf Bkgdhfl hlghcîh}h ch bñwkgh f wvhw

}fyzfczfw, “kbpowwâ}fl woiyf}k}fy mfgdhcjo ow oldow ho co}o hwzyo, hzë poyxvf ow glkpfw

xvf o py÷pyko Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc gocgfifyh phyh hgobphcdhy hw ghcîöfw zhbiëb fyhb

vbh yf}olvîço‒# H myhwf pfyzfcgf à bhzëykh “Hw }èykhw }kjhw jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc‒ f

yfmfyf"wf à ëpogh jo lhcîhbfczo jo }kjfoglkpf jh bñwkgh Zdykllfy f à pykbfkyh }fq xvf h

fbkwwoyh jf zflf}kwço BZ] hiykh fwphîo phyh hyzkwzhw cfnyow#

Gocmoybf hmkybh Zè}olh $8;;7+, h gobvckghîço zfb ftployhjo h jyhbhzkgkjhjf,

bowzyhcjo hw hcnñwzkhw jo wfy dvbhco, wvhw hbikîöfw, jfwfaow f bfjow# Ho locno jhw

okzo bhzëykhw pfygfifbow h ftpowkîço jow bfjow f hcwfkow jf Bkgdhfl, hkcjh bhkw

ftployhjh fb “Bfczf kcwhch fb goypo jofczf‒, gobo wf pfygfif cow zyfgdow h wfnvky#

“Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc fcmyfczh}h vbh myhnklkjhjf mâwkgh f fbogkochl xvf, co jfgoyyfy jf wvh

ghyyfkyh, pyojvqkv vb ftzfcwo pyoczvèyko bëjkgo‒ f bhkw hjkhczf1 “vbh bfczf kcwhchfb vb goypo jofczf, ë jkmâgkl fwzhiflfgfy h myoczfkyh jh yfwpocwhiklkjhjf h phyzky jh

xvhl h ghifîh jf Bkgdhfl kcmfyckqh}h wvh whñjf mâwkgh ov o goczyèyko1 h jofcîh yfhl

hnyh}h}h wvhw pfyzvyihîöfw bfczhkw‒# Hw jfbhkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo dkpfy "

yfhl/wfcwhgkochlkwbo zhbiëb fwzço pyfwfczfw chw okzo bhzëykhw, gobo poy ftfbplo, h

zfczhzk}h jf hpyotkbhîço bètkbh jo lfkzoy ho hgoczfgkbfczo, cfwzf ghwo hzyh}ëw jh

zyhcwgykîço jh goc}fywh zflfmúckgh fczyf o mvcgkocèyko jf Bkgdhfl f o wogoyykwzh# O

fthnfyo, mhlhcjo"wf yfpfzkjhw }fqfw woiyf hw fwxvkwkzkgfw, bhckhw f gowzvbfw jfBkgdhfl#



68

:#7 “O jfwzkco ldf xvkw bkzo‒ f h bâjkh yfhmkybov

O bkzo fwzè hwwogkhjo à chyyhzk}h# Wfnvcjo Flkhjf $8;>9+, fwzh chyyhzk}h ë vbh yfhlkjhjf

gvlzvyhl jf nyhcjf gobplftkjhjf, wvafkzh h jk}fywhw hioyjhnfcw f kczfypyfzhîöfw#

Goczvjo, fwzhw chyyhzk}hw cço wço goczhjhw hlfhzoykhbfczf, záb h mvcîço jf nvkhy o

dobfb ho locno jf wvh dkwz÷ykh# Gob o f}olvky jo zfbpo, o gocgfkzo jf bkzo

zyhcwmoybov"wf avczhbfczf gob o wfy dvbhco# Chw wogkfjhjfw hyghkghw mok o gfczyo jh

dvbhckjhjf f ftplkghîço jf zojo o }k}fy, ho locno jow hcow mok wviwzkzvâjo pflo pyoafzo

Zfogáczykgo $Jfvw f h yflknkço wço o gfczyo jo vck}fywo+, f, powzfykoybfczf pflo

Lonogfczykwbo, co xvhl h yhqço fyh o mvcjhbfczo jf zojhw hw hîöfw# F hwwkb pfybhcfgf

hzë ow jkhw hzvhkw# Goczvjo, o bkzo ë kczyâcwfgo how dobfcw, ov wfah, flf pfybhcfgf f

wfbpyf pfybhcfgfyè ch gvlzvyh jh dvbhckjhjf#

Wf chw wogkfjhjfw hyghkghw ow Fczfw Woiyfchzvyhkw fyhb ow nyhcjfw pfywochnfcw jhw

chyyhzk}hw bâzkghw, doaf wço hw mknvyhw olkbpkhchw, gkzhjhw poy Boykc $8;;>+, xvf

pyozhnockqhb hw chyyhzk}hw bâzkghw# Ch goczfbpoyhcfkjhjf, wço ow }fâgvlow jf

gobvckghîço jf bhwwh ow yfwpocwè}fkw poy zyhcwmoybhy hw gflfiykjhjfw, pfywochlkjhjfw

f hyzkwzhw fb bkzow# Flfw wf zoychb ow ftfbplow h wfyfb wfnvkjow, pfyhczf h wogkfjhjf

wço wkcúckbow jf wvgfwwo, yfhlkqhîöfw, ykxvfqh f pojfy# Hzyh}ëw jf fczyf}kwzhw,yfpoyzhnfcw f jk}fywhw ovzyhw hioyjhnfcw h kbpyfcwh lf}h ho pñilkgo hw kcmoybhîöfw xvf

jfwpfyzhb h gvykowkjhjf# Jfwzh moybh, mknvyhw wço mfkzhw }fjfzfw, gobo hmkybh Boykc

$8;;>+# Zojh f xvhlxvfy chyyhzk}h powwvk wvh pfywochnfb f ftkwzfb jk}fywhw bhcfkyhw

jf hpyfwfczè"lh ho pñilkgo# Gobo hmkybh Gokbiyh $8;;7+, hlnvbhw hpyfwfczhîöfw

hghihb poy kczfcwkmkghy jfzfybkchjhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw ov hgoczfgkbfczo jh }kjh jfwzh

mknvyh#

Yf}kwzh Ëpogh O jkwgvywo jh bhzëykh jf Lvkw Hczúcko Nkyoc ë phvzhjo fb hjafzk}hîço f flfbfczow

wvpfylhzk}ow co xvf wf yfmfyf à mknvyh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# O zâzvlo jh bhzëykh jf Nkyoc

‗ “O nácko hzoybfczhjo‒ " ë gvyzo f gobpowzo poy jokw hjafzk}ow yflhgkochjow à

pfywochnfb gfczyhl1 nácko f hzoybfczhjo# Pfygfif"wf, lono jf kcâgko, vbh hzykivkîço jf

}hloyfw h Bkgdhfl, pojf wf wvpoy xvf h phlh}yh nácko yfmfyf"wf ho zyhihldo hyzâwzkgo

yfhlkqhjo poy Bkgdhfl, f o hjafzk}o hzoybfczhjo fwzè lknhjo à }kjh jo hyzkwzh poy zyèw jow

dolomozfw# O iknojf zhbiëb zyhq hjafzk}ow xvf wvpfyfwzkbhb o zyhihldo f h }kjh jo



69

bfbiyo bhkw mhbowo jo Ahgewoc Mk}f# Jfmkcf hkcjh h zyhafz÷ykh jo hyzkwzh gobo

ftzyhoyjkcèykh, wvh boyzf gobo kcfwpfyhjh f fcknbèzkgh, yfmfyf"wf h flf gobo “Yfk jo

Pop‒#

O zftzo pykcgkphl gobfîh gobphyhcjo h boyzf jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc à jf âjolow gobo

Fl}kw Pyfwlf{ f Aodc Lfccoc, yfwwhlzhcjo xvf h “goboîço bvcjkhl‒ ghvwhjh pflh boyzf

jf Bkgdhfl fwzf}f, hzë ow jkhw jf doaf, yfwfy}hjh hpfchw h fwzfw ovzyow jokw hyzkwzhw#

Hkcjh cfwzf bfwbo phyènyhmo, myhwfw gobo “H yfhîço jow mçw ghcockqh o “yfk jo pop‒‒

f “Cço pojfykh dh}fy hpflkjo bhkw hjfxvhjo‒ yfmoyîhb h kbhnfb jf bkzo jh bñwkgh

pop#

Hwwkb gobo Pyfwlf{ nhcdov o zâzvlo jf “yfk jo yoge‒ f Lfccoc wf gocwhnyov gobo o

pofzh jh yfifljkh nloihl jow hcow =0, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc mok o lâjfy yf}olvgkocèyko jhbñwkgh pop, o mvcjhjoy jh fyh jo }kjfoglkpf, o jfmfcwoy jf ghvwhw wogkhkw f o bhkoy}fcjfjoy jf jkwgow jf zojow ow zfbpow# $Yf}kwzh Ëpogh, p#;9, avcdo, 900;+

Jf hgoyjo gob Boykc $8;;>+, mknvyhw olkbpkhchw gobo Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, powwvfb

jvplh chzvyfqh, h jk}kch f h dvbhch, f hzyh}ëw jflh gkygvlhb fczyf o bvcjo jh pyoafîço

f jh kjfczkmkghîço# Boykc $8;;>+ hmkybh xvf ow olkbpkhcow wço woiyf"dvbhcow co phpfl

xvf fcghychb fb pñilkgo, f, dvbhcow ch }kjh pyk}hjh xvf powwvfb# H kbpyfcwh jf

bhwwh, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf goczykivk phyh fwzf phpfl bkzol÷nkgo jow gëlfiyfw, flhbfynvldh ch }kjh pfwwohl h mkb jf ftzyhky jflhw h wviwzécgkh dvbhch xvf kyè

pyopoygkochy h kjfczkmkghîço jo nyhcjf pñilkgo#

H gologhîço hgkbh pojf wfy gobpyo}hjh ho locno jo zftzo jf “O nácko hzoybfczhjo‒#

Co wfnvcjo phyènyhmo jh bhzëykh, o hvzoy yfwwhlzh hw pykcgkphkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf

powwvfb ow âgocfw jh gvlzvyh pop# Wfcjo flhw ghykwbh, bkwzëyko, jfghjácgkh f boyzf#

Nkyoc hzykivk zojow fwzfw hjafzk}ow h Bkgdhfl f hkcjh }hk hlëb# “Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc yfvckvzojow fwwfw flfbfczow# Wvikv bhkw hlzo xvf zojow, mok o hyzkwzh bhkw popvlhy jo plhcfzh f

hbhynov vbh locnh jfyyoghjh hyzâwzkgh xvf jvyov 90 hcow# U###R# Bkgdhfl phwwov jf hcao

h bocwzyo, bhw h dkwz÷ykh jf}fyè ldf jhy o wzhzvw jf nácko‒ #

Co xvf wf yfmfyf àw yfhîöfw ghvwhjhw pflh cozâgkh jh boyzf jo hyzkwzh, fb zojo o zftzo,

wço hpyfwfczhjhw gobo hlno xvf zobov pyopoyîöfw bvcjkhkw, lf}hcjo àw yvhw bvlzkjöfw

cow xvhzyo ghczow jo bvcjo# Ho locno jf zojh h bhzëykh, h }kjh pyomkwwkochl jf Bkgdhfl

Ahgewoc ë bhkw fcmhzkqhjh jo xvf h }kjh pfwwohl, poy zyèw jow dolomozfw# Bfwbo cço wf



67

hpyomvcjhcjo bvkzo h yfwpfkzo jh zyhafz÷ykh bvwkghl, h bhzëykh yfmfyf"wf h flh jf bhcfkyh

flonkowh# H ghyyfkyh jo hyzkwzh ë hpyfwfczhjh gob h vzklkqhîço jf hjafzk}ow f wvpfylhzk}ow#

Wfah co zftzo pykcgkphl, ov chw lfnfcjhw f jfbhkw yfgvywow nyèmkgow, dè h pyfwfcîh jfwzfw

hzykivzow# Gobo poy ftfbplo, co zâzvlo f iknojf jh lkcdh jo zfbpo yflhzk}h à jkwgonyhmkh

jo hyzkwzh1 “O BHKOY WVGFWWO JH DKWZ×YKH JH BVWKGH1 o jkwgo Zdykllfy

}fcjfv =6 bkldöfw jf g÷pkhw co bvcjo kczfkyo# Mok o hvnf jf vbh ghyyfkyh

ftzyhoyjkcèykh, gob vb yfgoyjf gocwkjfyhjo kbihzâ}fl‒#

Zvjo o xvf wf yfmfyf ho zyhihldo yfhlkqhjo poy Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, fb zojh wvh ghyyfkyh, ë

gologhjo poy Nkyoc gobo hlno ftzyhoyjkcèyko, gdfnhcjo h hmkybhy xvf “flf kcwzhvyov h

fyh jow wvpfyhwzyow‒# Zojhw hw yfhlkqhîöfw jo bñwkgo wço hpyfwfczhjhw ch bhzëykh gobo

goczykivkîöfw phyh o vck}fywo jh bñwkgh# “Ovzyh goczykivkîço jo hyzkwzh fwzè ch

zyhcwmoybhîço jo }âjfo bvwkghl fb pfîh jf hyzf# Hczfw, o }kjfoglkpf fyh vwhjo gobo

pfîh pyobogkochl‒

Wfnvcjo Gokbiyh $8;;7+, ë gobvb h nyhcjf bâjkh zyhzhy jf mknvyhw f pfywochnfcw xvf

wfahb gocdfgkjhw pflo nyhcjf pñilkgo, poyëb, kwwo cço kbpfjf xvf dhah vbh yfgykhîço

jh fwwácgkh f ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jfwzh pfywochnfb# Pfygfif"wf fwzh gologhîço ho locno jh

bhzëykh, Bkgdhfl yfgfif hjafzk}ow jf “}kwkocèyko wogkhl‒, “lâjfy yf}olvgkocèyko‒# Xvhcjo

gkzhjo o zâzvlo jf “Yfk jo Pop‒, hzykivâjo ho hyzkwzh pflh hzykq Flkqhifzd Zh{loy, h myhwf

xvf gobplfzh fwzf jhjo ë h wfnvkczf1 “Cço pojfykh dh}fy hpflkjo bhkw hjfxvhjo‒, o xvf

yfmoyîh h kbhnfb jf nyhcjkowkjhjf jo ghczoy co vck}fywo bvwkghl# Goczvjo, ë co

pfcñlzkbo phyènyhmo jh bhzëykh xvf Nkyoc yfmoyîh h kbhnfb jf bkzo jf Bkgdhfl

Ahgewoc, yfmfykcjo"wf h flf jkyfzhbfczf pflo hjafzk}o# “Cfwzh ñlzkbh jëghjh, o pñilkgo

ldf }kyov hw gowzhw# Wfv ñlzkbo jkwgo, Kc}fcgkilf, cço gvbpykv h pyobfwwh jo zâzvlo1

hpfwhy jh xvhlkjhjf à hlzvyh jo bkzo U###R#‒

Yf}kwzh ]fah

O zftzo jf Wëynko Bhyzkcw, hwwkb gobo o jf Lvkw Hczúcko Nkyoc, zhbiëb wf kckgkh

gobphyhcjo Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc h ovzyow cobfw jh bñwkgh popvlhy coyzfhbfykghch# Wfcjo

flfw Fl}kw Pyfwlf{, zhbiëb gkzhjo poy Nkyoc, f Myhce Wkchzyh# Bhyzkcw hzykivk h Fl}kw

Pyfwlf{ “h gkczvyh f o zopfzf jo yoge‒# “Myhce Wkchzyh mok### Myhce Wkchzyh‒, aè BkgdhflAhgewoc ë hpyfwfczhjo gobo “o kc}fczoy jh bñwkgh pop‒, gobplfbfczhcjo fwzh



6:

kcmoybhîço wfnvf"wf h myhwf “f cço dè fthnfyo cfwzh hmkybhîço‒, ch xvhl pfygfifbow h

hzykivkîço jf }hloyfw à mknvyh jo ghczoy# Ho locno jf zojh h yfpoyzhnfb o hyzkwzh ë gkzhjo

gobo vb yf}olvgkocèyko, fbpyffcjfjoy f à myfczf jf wfv zfbpo# H }kjh jf pyomkwwkochl

jf Bkgdhfl ë bhkw fcmhzkqhjh jo xvf h }kjh pfwwohl, goczvjo, cow bobfczow fb xvf

fwzh ë hioyjhjh mogh"wf bhkw chw jfpfcjácgkhw xvâbkghw womykjhw pflo bñwkgo#

Zojh f xvhlxvfy yfmfyácgkh mfkzh h Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, ch bhzëykh jf Bhyzkcw, wf jè poy

hjafzk}ow f wvpfylhzk}ow# O zâzvlo jh yfpoyzhnfb ë vbh phyèmyhwf jh myhwf jf ^kcwzoc

Gdvygdkll f hzykivk ho hyzkwzh zyáw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw fb hpfchw vbh myhwf1 “Vbh lfcjh,

fc}olzh fb bkwzëyko, jfczyo jf vb fcknbh‒# Pojfbow pfygfify h hzykivkîço jhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw lfcjh, bkwzëyko f fcknbh ho hyzkwzh, zhczo co xvf wf yfmfyf ho wfv zyhihldo,

xvhczo h wvh }kjh# Lono, wvh mknvyh bâzkgh, f olkbpkhch, ë yfmoyîhjh pfyhczf o lfkzoy,

gocwkjfyhcjo xvf phyh Boykc $8;;>+ hw }fjfzfw f fwzyflhw fwzço wfbpyf fc}olzhw ho

wvyyfhl f fwpfzhgvlhy#

Fb jk}fywow bobfczow jh yfpoyzhnfb Bkgdhfl ë gkzhjo gobo nyhcjkowo fb wfv

zyhihldo, f zvjo hxvklo xvf yfhlkqh}h cflf# Ow wfvw phwwow jf jhcîhw wço gdhbhjow jf

“goyfonyhmkhw wfcwhgkochkw‒, wvhw kco}hîöfw f ftpfykbfczow bvwkghkw ow jço o zâzvlo jf

gykhjoy jh bñwkgh pop, gobo Wëynko jkq ch myhwf “flf jf mhzo gykov o pop‒, f hkcjh

“Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc mok o pykbfkyo nyhcjf âjolo bkykb jh bñwkgh‒# Co zftzo pykcgkphl,

chw lfnfcjhw f kcmonyèmkgow o hyzkwzh ë gkzhjo jf bhcfkyh flonkowh# Ë o xvf wf pfygfif co

kcmonyèmkgo “Poy xvf flf mok nyhcjf‒ fb jk}fywow wfzoyfw# Yfmfyfczf à wvh bñwkgh zfbow

h myhwf, “gob flf, h bñwkgh cfnyh zoycov"wf h moyîh jobkchczf co pop‒# O yfgvywo

zhbiëb fcmhzkqh wvh bojh f fwzklo, “wfv }kwvhl mok bojh cow hcow 40# U###R ow iykldhczfw

f o ovyo jf wvhw lv}hw f ghwhgow zoychyhb"wf phyzf jo }oghivlèyko jh hlzh"gowzvyh ‗ hzë

bfwbo fb jfwmklfw jfwzf hco, jf nykmfw gobo Lovkw ]vkzzoc‒# F xvhczo à jhcîh jfBkgdhfl, o kcmonyèmkgo hmkybh xvf “jfpokw jf Bkgdhfl, wfy vb iob jhcîhykco zoycov "wf

kbpfyhzk}o phyh xvhlxvfy hwzyo bhwgvlkco jh bñwkgh pop‒# Lono, pfygfifbow xvf dè

zhbiëb co}hbfczf vbh hmkybhîço jf mknvyh nyhcjkowh f bâzkgh jo hyzkwzh#

Ahgewoc jfwfcdov hkcjh o bhph jf gobpoyzhbfczo jo âgocf pop phyh hw jëghjhwwfnvkczfw1 o hyzkwzh kchgfwwâ}fl xvf, gob wvhw fwxvkwkzkgfw f jfbhcjhw, ghvwh myfcfwkfczyf ow phphyhqqk, hvbfczh h gkygvlhîço jow zhil÷kjfw flf}h wfvw hwwfwwoyfw fgoczyhzhczfw à lovgvyh# $]FAH, p#800, avldo 900;+



66

H phyzky jo zyfgdo hgkbh pfygfif"wf xvf ch bhzëykh jf Wëynko Bhyzkcw, hwwkb gobo fb

bvkzow bobfczow jf wvh }kjh, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ë }kwzo gobo vbh pfywochnfb# Gobo

hmkybh Gokbiyh $8;;7+, wço jk}fywow ow bozk}ow xvf glhwwkmkghb hw pfywochnfcw jf zojh

f xvhlxvfy dkwz÷ykh chyyhjh, fczyf flfw fwzço h mvcîço, yflf}écgkh f pfywochlkjhjf# Fb

jk}fywow bobfczow wço hzykivâjow h Bkgdhfl hjafzk}ow xvf lfbiyhb h jf pfywochnfcw

mkgzâgkow gobo “kcmhczklkqhjo‒ xvf }k}f fb vbh “ikqhyyh pyopykfjhjf‒ fb vb vck}fywo

phyzkgvlhy “kbfywo fb fwxvkwkzkgfw‒, f, xvf “mhqkh xvfwzço jf owzfczhy o fpâzfzo jf “yfk jo

pop‒‒# Fb vbh jhw lfnfcjhw jo kcmonyèmkgo “Ow hlzow jf ihktow jf Bkgdhfl‒, flf gdfnh

h wfy gdhbhjo jkyfzhbfczf jf pfywochnfb# “Ihj ‗ 8;4> ‗ Gokcgkjf gob ow pykbfkyow

wkchkw jf plèwzkghw f jfwgoloyhîço jh pflf# H phyzky jf wfv lhcîhbfczo, hw pfwwohw

gobfîhb h pyfwzhy bhkw hzfcîço co pfywochnfb Bkgdhfl xvf fb wvh bñwkgh‒# Ch

pfcñlzkbh myhwf jh yfpoyzhnfb o ghczoy ë ghyhgzfykqhjo gobo vbh pfywochnfb

jfwzohczf jo hvnf jf wvh ghyyfkyh# “Fwwf Ahgewoc hifyyhczf f phzëzkgo fcgoiykv o zozfb

jh yf}olvîço pop‒# Goczvjo, hkcjh ë hjafzk}hjo gobo vbh mknvyh jf ftzyfbh

kbpoyzécgkh phyh h bñwkgh# O bhkoy ftfbplo jfwzh hjafzk}hîço jf mknvyh bâzkgh fwzè

pyfwfczf ch ñlzkbh myhwf jo pykbfkyo phyènyhmo, ocjf h phlh}yh âgocf yfmfyf"wf h Bkgdhfl

Ahgewoc# “Co bobfczo jf wvh boyzf, goczvjo, }olzov h wfy o xvf mok ch bhkoy phyzf jh

}kjh1 vb âgocf‒#

Ch yfpoyzhnfb hwwkchjh poy Lkjkh I{jlo~we{ zfbow vb hpyomvcjhbfczo ch }kjh

pfwwohl f hboyowh jo hyzkwzh# Phyh Ow~hljo Gokbiyh $8;;7+ h jfcwkjhjf pwkgol÷nkgh jh

pfywochnfb fb xvfwzço ë vb moyzf flfbfczo phyh jfmkcky h wvh gocwzyvîço fcxvhczo

mknvyh pykcgkphl jf vbh yfpoyzhnfb# Pfygfifbow fwzh hioyjhnfb pwkgol÷nkgh aè co zâzvlo

jh yfpoyzhnfb, “O h}fwwo jo h}fwwo‒ cow jè h kjfkh jf hlno kczfykoy f fwgocjkjo jf

zojow# H bhzëykh wf kckgkh gob h yfpyojvîço jo zyfgdo jf vbh fczyf}kwzh jow phkw jf

Bkgdhfl gocgfjkjh à yf}kwzh Zkbf# Cfwzh fczyf}kwzh o phk jf Bkgdhfl o jfmkcf gobo vbhpfwwoh zâbkjh xvhcjo fwzè jkhczf jf povghw pfwwohw f wolzo xvhcjo fwzè cow phlgow#

Pfygfifbow hk h jvplh chzvyfqh olkbpkhch gkzhjh poy Boykc $8;;>+# O jfpokbfczo jf

Ehzdfykcf Ahgewoc, bçf jf Bkgdhfl, yfmfyf"wf à wftvhlkjhjf jo hyzkwzh, hlno xvf wfbpyf

mok xvfwzkochjo f fwpfgvlhjo ho locno jf wvh ghyyfkyh f, wviwkjkov h gykhîço jf iohzow

hgfygh jf wvh }kjh# “Mhlhb xvf flf ë nh{# Bkgdhfl cço ë nh{# Kwwo kykh goczyh h yflknkço,

goczyh Jfvw‒#



6=

Xvhcjo ftpöf wfv py÷pyko zftzo, Lkqkh ghyhgzfykqh Bkgdhfl gobo vbh mknvyh

“fwxvkwkzâwwkbh, hbiânvh f jfwfxvklkiyhjh‒# Ho locno jf zojo o zftzo, o ghczoy ë

hpyfwfczhjo gobo vbh mknvyh bâzkgh xvf pfcjfv phyh o lhjo bhkw ifyyhczf xvf h mhbh

pojf zfy, f, pyo}oghy fb vb olkbpkhco# Gob h zfczhzk}h jf zfczhy fczfcjfy o xvf wf

phwwh}h co kczfykoy jow wfczkbfczow f pfcwhbfczow jf Bkgdhfl, dhah }kwzh o zâzvlo jh

bhzëykh, wço hpyfwfczhjow mhzow xvf goczykivâyhb phyh o chwgkbfczo jf zyhvbhw ch }kjh

jo ghczoy# Gobo poy ftfbplo, hw jvyhw gyâzkghw jo phk fb yflhîço h hphyácgkh mâwkgh jf

Bkgdhfl xvhcjo ao}fb, o xvf }kykh h wfy vb jow pykcgkphkw bozk}ow jhw gkyvynkhw

plèwzkghw# Hw yflhîöfw hboyowhw f wftvhkw jo hyzkwzh zhbiëb hphyfgfb ch bhzëykh,

goczvjo, Bkgdhfl wfbpyf ë hpyfwfczhjo gobo ikqhyyo f moyh jow phjyöfw gocwkjfyhjow

coybhkw# “Xvhczo bhkw fwzyhcdo phyfgkh, bhkw Bkgdhfl Ahgwoc xvfykh pyo}hy xvf fyh vb

dobfb coybhl‒, fwzh myhwf pfyzfcgf ho xvhjyo “Hw gkcgo bvldfyfw‒ yflhzk}o àw yflhîöfw

jo hyzkwzh gob hw bvldfyfw, wfahb gobo hbknhw ov gobo fwpowhw# Zhbiëb cfwzf zftzo

Bkgdhfl ë hpyfwfczhjo h phyzky jo pykwbh ikqhyyo jh mhbh, vbh mknvyh bâzkgh ftgáczykgh#

Wço hzykivâjow h flf hjafzk}ow gobo “fwxvkwkzo‒, “yfglvwo‒, “ghlhjo‒, “wolkzèyko‒,

“hghihjo‒, “bvlzkbklkocèyko‒ f “jfwfxvklkiyhjo‒#

H bhzëykh jf Lkqkh hmkybh xvf h }kjh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjh vb

“ftfbplo hghihjo‒ phyh bhcvhkw ièwkgow jf pwkgolonkh, “fb fwpfgkhl cow ghpâzvlow

woiyf ow fmfkzow ch pfywochlkjhjf jh kcmécgkh pfyjkjh f jh ivwgh zoyzvyhczf pflh

pfym fkîço‒# Hw zyhcwmoybhîöfw mâwkghw jo ghczoy wço hioyjhjhw ch bhzëykh, dè vbh

wfxvfcgkh jf wfzf mozow bowzyhcjo hw bvjhcîhw jf Bkgdhfl ho locno jow hcow# Pfygfif"

wf xvf zojhw hw yfmfyácgkhw mfkzhw àw fwzhw zyhcwmoybhîöfw, jkmkgvljhjf jf yflhgkochbfczo

gob o wfto opowzo, yflhîço gob hw gykhcîhw f ow mkldow wço bowzyhjhw gobo ikqhyyhw, o

xvf yfmoyîh h wvh kbhnfb jf mknvyh bâzkgh, f ho bfwbo zfbpo zfczh dvbhckqè"lh# O xvf

wfnvf h kjfkh pyopowzh poy Boykc $8;;>+, co xvf wf yfmfyf à hbiknvkjhjf jogobpoyzhbfczo jhw mknvyhw gëlfiyfw#

“Iocqkcdo? Cfb zhczo1 h kbhnfb gvlzk}hjh pflh pyotkbkjhjf gob bfckcow gobo

Bhghvlh{ Gvlekc jfwpfjhîov"wf gob hw hgvwhîöfw jf pfjomklkh f hw kbpyvjácgkhw gob o

py÷pyko mkldo‒# Fwzh lfnfcjh yfmfyf"wf h jvhw mozow, vbh ocjf fwzço Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc,

Bhghvlh{ Gvlekc f vb iocfgo jo Bkgef{, f ch ovzyh Bkgdhfl ihlhcîh wfv mkldo ghîvlh,

hkcjh ifiá, ch whghjh jf vb dozfl fb Ifylkb# Zhczo h yflhîço jf Bkgdhfl gob o hzoybkykb f wvh hzkzvjf gob o mkldo yfcjfyhb gyâzkghw f fwpfgvlhîöfw, ch bhzëykh fb



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xvfwzço, wço yfmoyîhjhw hw powzvyhw gyâzkghw woiyf zhkw hîöfw jo hyzkwzh# Goczvjo, h

bhzëykh wfbpyf wf yfmfyf h Bkgdhfl gobo vbh pfywochnfb bâzkgh f olkbpkhch#

Yf}kwzh Kwzoë

Ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, hw yfpoyzhnfcw f bhzëykhw xvf wf kcgvbifb jf hpyfwfczhy vbh

pfywochnfb, jfwfahb nfyhy fbphzkh# Hlëb jkwwo, xvfyfb wf hpyotkbhy ho bètkbo jow

wfczkbfczow jfwzh pfywochnfb fb jfzfybkchjhw wkzvhîöfw# H phyzky jf xvfwzöfw gobo

fwwhw, àw pfywochnfcw jf nyhcjf jkbfcwço popvlhy wço jfjkghjow ow bhkoyfw fwphîow

jhw pvilkghîöfw# Ë o xvf wf pfygfif ch yf}kwzh Kwzoë , ocjf 70 pènkchw yfmfyfb"wf h

Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc#

O fwpfgkhl woiyf Bkgdhfl powwvk vbh kczyojvîço jf okzo pènkchw, poyëb, h bhkoy phyzf

jfwzhw pènkchw ë ogvphjh poy mozow f hpfchw pfxvfcow zftzow# Fwzfw gobpöfb vb

yfwvbo woiyf h zyhafz÷ykh jo hyzkwzh# O pykbfkyo jflfw “Co kcâgko, o fcghczo‒ mhlh woiyf o

kcâgko jh ghyyfkyh jf Bkgdhfl cow Ahgewoc Mk}f, hcvcgkhcjo jfwjf aè xvf “o yowzo

kcmhczkl f o woyykwo hbknè}fl jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc wfjvqkyhb ow hbfykghcow‒# F }hk hlëb,

hmkybh xvf h kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl oiafzk}h}h vb yozfkyo jkmfyfczf phyh mhqfy bo}fy wvh

“bèxvkch jf wvgfwwo‒ f xvf Bkgdhfl, fczço gob gkcgo hcow, “}kykh h wf zoychy fwwh pfîh

gdh}f‒# O pfxvfco zftzo fwzè hgobphcdhjo poy vbh nyhjf mozo, xvf ogvph jvhw

pènkchw, jow Ahgewoc Mk}f jvyhczf vbh hpyfwfczhîço, cflh Bkgdhfl fwzh à myfczf jow

kybçow hwwvbkcjo ow }oghkw jo nyvpo#

O wfnvcjo zftzo “Ch av}fczvjf, o mfcúbfco‒ mhlh h yfwpfkzo jo lhcîhbfczo jo èlivb

Zdykllfy f zojh h wvh yfpfygvwwço, jfwgykzo gobo vbh oiyh xvf powwvk vbh “fcnyfchnfb

pfymfkzh jow hcow 8;401 vb jkwgo kyyfpyffcwâ}fl, h goyfonyhmkh wvypyffcjfczf f oghwhbfczo jo wob gob h kbhnfb‒# Ho hyzkwzh ë hzykivâjh h mvcîço jf kchvnvyhjoy jh

fyh jo }kjfoglkpf# H mozo xvf klvwzyh o zftzo ë vbh gfch jo }kjfoglkpf jf bfwbo cobf

jo èlivb Zdykllfy , ch xvhl Bkgdhfl, hkcjh co}o f cfnyo, hphyfgf gfyghjo jf qvbikw#

O zfygfkyo zftzo “Co hvnf, o bkzo‒ ë yfmfyfczf ho wvgfwwo jf Bkgdhfl fb wdo~w f

}fcjhw jf jkwgow# Jow xvhzyo zftzow xvf gobpöfb o yfwvbo woiyf h zyhafz÷ykh jo hyzkwzh,

fwzf ë o bhkw flonkowo# Fb wfv py÷pyko zâzvlo aè yfmoyîh h kbhnfb bâzkgh jf Bkgdhfl# H



64

mozo yfmfyfczf ho zftzo zhbiëb ogvph jvhw pènkchw, f zyhq Bkgdhfl ghczhcjo fb vb

phlgo, gob vbh powf xvf yfbfzf pojfy f moyîh, ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf mknvyhw bâzkghw#

O hyzkwzh, xvf ch jëghjh jf >; mfq h zflf}kwço f ch jf 40 o }kjfoglkpf, mok o pyfgvywoy

jow bfnh gocgfyzow# Co fwzèjko jf ^fbilf{, zf}f bhkw pñilkgo xvf Ifhzlfw ovYollkcn Wzocfw# H zvycá “Ihj Zovy‒, gob 897 hpyfwfczhîöfw f :,: bkldöfw jfkcnyfwwow }fcjkjow fb 86 phâwfw, fczyov phyh h dkwz÷ykh gobo h bhkw yfczè}fl jowëgvlo TT# Jfzëb o yfgoyjf jf bhkoy }fcjfjoy jf jkwgow jf zojow ow zfbpow, gob>60 bkldöfw jf g÷pkhw jf 8= èlivcw# Mhzvyov bhkw jf VW* 8 ikldço ch ghyyfkyh# “Fvbf wkczo docyhjo poy zfy wkjo fwgoldkjo pflow gëvw phyh wfy kc}fcgâ}fl‒, jfglhyov fb9008# $KWZOË, p# >7, avldo 900;+

O xvhyzo f ñlzkbo zftzo jh kczyojvîço ë kczkzvlhjo jf “Co mkb, o fcknbh‒# Kckgkh"wf gob

h myhwf “H fwzyflh wf hphnov ch doyh fb xvf jf}fykh }olzhy h iykldhy‒, pfygfifbow xvf

zhczo co zâzvlo xvhczo ch myhwf kckgkhl o fwzknbh jf bkzo, lfcjh f hwzyo ë yfmoyîhjo xvhczo

h Bkgdhfl# O zftzo gkzh, yhpkjhbfczf, h wëykf jf wdo~w xvf o ghczoy mhykh co báw

wfnvkczf à wvh boyzf# F, hwwkb gobo chw yf}kwzhw Ëpogh f ]fah zhbiëb ë gobphyhjo h

jokw nyhcjfw hwzyow jh gvlzvyh coyzf hbfykghch co bobfczo jf wvhw boyzfw, Bhykl{c

Bocyof f, bhkw vbh }fq, Fl}kw Pyfwlf{# Pyopöf hkcjh vb xvfwzkochbfczo xvf jè h

fczfcjfy xvf wfyè yfwpocjkjo chw bhzëykhw xvf wf wfnvfb, o xvf yfhlbfczf ghvwov wvh

boyzf, “h bfczf kcwzè}fl, o goypo myènkl ov h gyfwgfczf jfpfcjácgkh jf yfbëjkow?‒# H

mozo klvwzyhzk}h jo zftzo, hwwkb gobo hw jfbhkw, ogvph jvhw pènkchw f bowzyh h fwzyflh

gob o cobf jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ch Ghlîhjh jh Mhbh, fb Doll{~ooj, gfyghjh poy

}flhw, mloyfw f mçw bobfczow jfpokw jh boyzf jo hyzkwzh, yfpyfwfczhcjo hwwkb h goboîço

xvf hihzfv ow mçw jo ghczoy#

H pykbfkyh bhzëykh jo fwpfgkhl ë hwwkchjh poy Hczúcko Ghylow Pyhjo f K}hc Glèvjko f

kczkzvlhjh jf “Hw }èykhw }kjhw jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc‒# Jf zojhw, fwzh ë h bhkw flonkowh h

Bkgdhfl, o lfhj wf kckgkh jfmkckcjo o ghczoy gobo “h bhkoy fwzyflh pop jf zojow ow

zfbpow‒, fwzh myhwf ë yfpfzkjh xvhzyo }fqfw fb vb phyènyhmo jf okzo lkcdhw# H phyzky

jfwzh myhwf wço mfkzhw hzykivkîöfw hgfygh jh goy, wftvhlkjhjf f }kjh jo ghczoy#

H bhkoy fwzyflh pop jf zojow ow zfbpow cço zkcdh goy# Zf}f }èykhw# H bhkoy fwzyflhpop jf zojow ow zfbpow cço zkcdh vbh wftvhlkjhjf glhyhbfczf jfmkckjh# Jkwwf flf,gfyzh }fq, xvf zkcdh }èykhw# H bhkoy fwzyflh pop jf zojow ow zfbpow, cfb wfxvfyzkcdh mhgf ‗ zhbiëb hâ zf}f }èykhw# H bhkoy fwzyflh pop jf zojow ow zfbpow, BkgdhflAhgewoc, xvf boyyfv fb Low Hcnflfw ch xvkczh"mfkyh 96, cço zf}f }kjh# Zf}f }èykhw#$KWZOÄ, p# >=, avldo 900;+



6;

Jfczyf ow jk}fywow zkpow jf pfywochnfcw gkzhjhw poy Gokbiyh $9007+, Bkgdhfl ë

hpyfwfczhjo gobo vbh pfywochnfb yfjocjh, ov wfah, hxvflh xvf zfb wfvw zyhvbhw,

oiwfwwöfw f jfwfaow hpyfwfczhjow jf bhcfkyh nyhjvhl# Pojfbow pfygfify kwzo ch bhzëykh

jf Pyhjo f Glèvjko, o lfhj zyhcwgykzo hgkbh ë vb ftfbplo jfwzh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh# Goczvjo,

h yfpoyzhnfb jfmkcf o bñwkgo cço wobfczf gobo vbh pfywochnfb, yfmoyîh zhbiëb wvh

kbhnfb bâzkgh f olkbpkhch# H boyzf jf Bkgdhfl ë hpoczhjh gobo “ñckgh f wolkzèykh‒,

goczvjo, hmkybh hkcjh xvf hp÷w o zëybkco jhw dobfchnfcw p÷wzvbhw wfyè jfwgoifyzo

“xvhl Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc wfyè gocjvqkjo à kboyzhlkjhjf‒, o xvf lknh h mknvyh jf Bkgdhfl à

kjfkh zyhjkgkochl jf bkzo poypowzh poy Flkhjf $8;>9+, ch xvhl ow bkzow wço kboyzhkw,

jkmfyfczfbfczf jow bkzow hzvhkw xvf cço hcwfkhb h zyhcwgfcjácgkh#

H phlh}yh bkzo ë hzykivâjh jkyfzhbfczf ho hyzkwzh ho locno jo zftzo, hwwkb gobo wf

yfmfyfb jf bhcfkyh flonkowh ho zhlfczo jf Bkgdhfl, jfmkcfb wfvw zyhihldow gobo “ifb"

wvgfjkjow‒, “ghcîöfw pfymfkzhw‒, “zvycá h}hwwhlhjoyh‒, fczyf ovzyow# H bhzëykh wf pyopöf

h ftployhy bhkw h }kjh pyomkwwkochl jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc f h ghyhgzfykqh gobo hlno

wvypyffcjfczf, jozhjh jf bvkzh gykhzk}kjhjf f dkwz÷ykgh# Poyëb, hlnvcw mhzow jh }kjh

pfwwohl zhbiëb wço hioyjhjow, gobo wvh “jkmvwh wftvhlkjhjf‒, o powwâ}fl hwwëjko

wftvhl h gykhcîhw# Gdfnh h gkzhy o hpflkjo xvf o ghczoy ojkh}h “^hgeo Ahgeo, ov wfah,

Ahgewoc Bhlvgo‒# Fczyfzhczo, o zftzo pykcgkphl ë pfybfhjo poy mhlhw jf nyhcjfw cobfw

jh bñwkgh, gkcfbh f polâzkgh xvf lhbfczhb h boyzf jo hyzkwzh f yfmoyîhb wvh kbhnfb jf

olkbpkhco f lfcjèykh# H myhwf bhkw fbilfbèzkgh, co xvf wf yfmfyf h fwzf yfmoyîo jf

kbhnfb bâzkgh ë “h phyzky jhâ zvjo xvf wf phwwov h wf yfmfyky h Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc mok

hwzyocúbkgo f wvpfylhzk}o, o jfwzkco ldf xvkw bkzo‒#

H wfnvcjh bhzëykh “Hw ñlzkbhw doyhw‒ yfzyhzh ow bobfczow xvf hczfgfjfyhb h boyzf jf

Bkgdhfl# Poy wfy vbh bhzëykh bhkw chyyhzk}h cço wf hpfnh àw xvfwzöfw pyomkwwkochkw ovpfwwohkw jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, goczvjo, wfbpyf wf yfmfyf h flf gobo “âjolo pop‒, “hwzyo‒

o xvf f}kjfcgkh wvh mknvyh olkbpkhch# Zvjo o xvf wf yfmfyf àw fboîöfw f gvykowkjhjfw

ghvwhjhw pflh boyzf jo hyzkwzh ë hpyfwfczhjo poy vb pykwbh wvpfylhzk}o, gobo pojfbow

pfygfifbow fb myhwfw gobo1 “Ow jkèlonow jow mvcgkocèykow nyh}hjow f zyhcwbkzkjow

phyh zojo o plhcfzh‒5 “H kbhnfb jh joy fwzh}h fwzhbphjh fb mçw kcgocwolè}fkw,

hiyhîhjow ov hzúckzow ch poyzh jo dowpkzhl‒5 “U###R h polâgkh gfygov f kczfyjkzov o hgfwwo

ho dowpkzhl xvf, h fwwh hlzvyh, dh}kh }kyhjo hl}o jf hzfcîço kczfychgkochl‒,f poy mkb,“vbh mh}flh ghykogh, fb fwpfgkhl, fczyov fb lvzo1 o Boyyo Joch Bhyzh‒#



=0

H bhzëykh “Ëyhbow Gkcgo‒, hwwkchjh poy Aoço Lofw, zyhzh jo wvynkbfczo jo ny vpo

Ahgewoc Mk}f, xvf hlîov Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ho fwzyflhzo bvcjkhl# Ho locno jf zojo o zftzo

Bkgdhfl ë hpyfwfczhjo gobo vbh mknvyh zhlfczowh, nfckhl f kjolhzyhjh# H mhbâlkh

Ahgewoc ë cobfhjh cfwzh bhzëykh gobo h “Mhbâlkh Yfhl jo Pop‒# O iknojf jfwgyf}f h

bvwkghlkjhjf pyfwfczf ch bfwbh f xvhl h powkîço jf Bkgdhfl cflh1 “H mhbâlkh bvwkghl

gobhcjhjh pflo phk zkyhco f goczyolhjoy pfyjf wvh poyîço bhkw nfckhl‒, yfmfykcjo"wf

zhbiëb ho bobfczo fb xvf Bkgdhfl kckgkov ghyyfkyh wolo#

H bhzëykh gkzh hkcjh ow kbpoyzhczfw pyábkow xvf o ghczoy yfgfifv ho locno jf wvh

ghyyfkyh, fczyf flfw fwzço 89 Nyhbb{w, h bhkoy f bhkw kbpoyzhczf pyfbkhîço jh bñwkgh

bvcjkhl, f, hkcjh o pyábko fwpfgkhl jf “Lfcjh jo Nyhbb{‒, fb 8;;7# Hgoczfgkbfczow

gobo fwzfw havjhb h yfmoyîhy h kbhnfb bâzkgh f lfcjèykh jo hyzkwzh# Ivwghcjo h jvplh

chzvyfqh jow olkbpkhcow, pyopowzh poy Boykc $8;;>+, o zftzo hpyfwfczh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

nfckhkw jf Bkgdhfl ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf o dvbhckqhb#

Mok o bhkw ao}fb f myènkl bfbiyo jh zyvpf, Bkgdhfl, xvfb wvwzfczov h mhbâlkh cowdo~ ikq poy bhkw jf xvhzyo jëghjhw# Aof bkwzvyov }kolácgkh, zhlfczo bvwkghl f vbhnvîhjo zkco fbpyfwhykhl phyh gykhy o mfcúbfco pop# Bkgdhfl, gob zhlfczo hyzâwzkgo

pvyo, cço w÷ wvwzfczov h bâwzkgh gobo zyhcwmoybov ow Ahgewoc fb vbh kcjñwzykhiklkocèykh# $KWZOË, p# 4=, avldo 900;+ Kczfy}fcîöfw jf Aof Ahgewoc f jf Bkgdhfl pfybfkhb h bhzëykh, fczyf flhw fwzè o

jfwhihmo jf Bkgdhfl jvyhczf o f}fczo co xvhl yfgfifv o pyábko jf “Lf cjh jo

Nyhbb{‒, “cço zkcdh Chzhl cfb hck}fywèyko, cço zk}f ow pyhqfyfw jf vbh kcmécgkh

coybhl ‗ flfw moyhb wviwzkzvâjow poy bvkzo zyhihldo, fwmoyîo f joy‒# Pfygfifbow xvf h

vzklkqhîço jfwwf jfpokbfczo zfb o oiafzk}o jf gykhy wviwkjko phyh h wvwzfczhîço jh

mknvyh hpyfwfczhjh co zftzo#

H bhzëykh “O bvcjo fcghczhjo jf Cf}fylhcj‒ jh goczh jhw ftzyh}hnécgkhw jo hyzkwzh

xvf, zhbiëb cfwzf zftzo, ë hpyfwfczhjo gobo “âgocf pop‒, “hwzyo‒ f “âjolo‒# O mvzvyo

jo yhcgdo jf Bkgdhfl ë pyf}kwzo ch bhzëykh gobo hlno xvf zhbiëb }fcdh h yfmoyîhy wvh

mknvyh jf fwzyflh, f bâzkgh# “Gob h wvh boyzf, jf}fyè wfy }fcfyhjo gobo vb whczvèyko

pflow mçw jo âgocf pop‒# Oiwfy}h"wf hkcjh xvf zojh hwwogkhîço mfkzh fczyf Bkgdhfl f o

yhcgdo ë phvzhjh fb wvpfylhzk}o# “Cf}fylhcj fwzhyè phyh wfbpyf hwwogkhjh h BkgdhflAhgewoc f, phyh wfvw mçw, wfyè o nvhyjkço jh bhnkh f jo fcghczo xvf o hwzyo pop kyyhjkov



=8

ho dkpcozkqhy o bvcjo gob wvh jhcîh f wvh }oq‒# Bhkw vbh }fq zfbow h hzykivkîço jf

bhnkh f fcghczo ho hyzkwzh# Fb “O bfckco xvf cço gocwfnvkh hbhy hw bvldfyfw‒ zfbow

vbh hioyjhnfb yflhzk}h à }kjh hmfzk}h jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# Goczvjo, zhbiëb cfwzh

bhzëykh ow hjafzk}ow yfmfyfczfw h Bkgdhfl yfmoyîhb wvh kbhnfb jf mknvyh bâzkgh,

olkbpkhch f wvpfylhzk}h# “Hwzyo pop‒, “âjolo pop‒ f “hwzyo cfnyo‒ wço hw pykcgkphkw

moybhw jf yfmfyácgkhw ho ghczoy ho locno jo zftzo#

H wfnvcjh bhzëykh xvf lf}h h hwwkchzvyh jf K}hc Glèvjko ë “O hyzkwzh yf}olvgkocèyko‒#

Gob mogo ch }kjh pyomkwwkochl jo hyzkwzh, flh zhbiëb o fwzknbhzkqh gobo hwzyo f bkzo# O

zyhihldo jf Bkgdhfl ë jfmkckjo gobo pfymfkzo, wfahb wvhw bñwkghw ov wvh jhcîh# H

bhzëykh hmkybh xvf, h phyzky jf zyhihldow gobo Ikllkf Afhc f Zdykllfy “flf gyh}ov wfv

cobf jfmkckzk}hbfczf ch dkwz÷ykh jh bñwkgh‒ f xvf “Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc fyh vb nácko jh

bñwkgh# O pfymfggkockwbo jf Bkgdhfl ë hioyjhjo ch yfpoyzhnfb, o xvf ë ghyhgzfykqhjo

gobo vbh jhw oyknfcw jh xvhlkjhjf jf wfv zyhihldo# “Ikllkf Afhc ë o bfldoy ftfbplo

jfwzf pfymfggkockwbo‒, ftfbplkmkgh o aoychlkwzh# O ghczoy ë hpoczhjo zhbiëb gobo o

yf}olvgkocèyko pykcgkphl jh bñwkgh pop, h phyzky jh mvwço jf pop f dfh}{ bfzhl ch

ghcîço Ifhz kz “hiykv o pop phyh o gyvqhbfczo jf ykzbow, vbh bfwzkîhnfb wocoyh xvf

hkcjh fwzè fb pyogfwwo‒# Yfmoyîhcjo hkcjh bhkw h kbpoyzécgkh jhw gykhîöfw jo ghczoy

phyh o vck}fywo bvwkghl f h wvh mknvyh bâzkgh, zfbow o zyfgdo1 “Kwwo ftplkgh poy xvf o

jfwhphyfgkbfczo jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc jfktov o bfko bvwkghl fwzhyyfgkjo# Wfb flf, h

bñwkgh mkgov bfcoy‒#

H mozo xvf klvwzyh h bhzëykh ë vbh wfxvácgkh jo phwwo booc~hle , o bhkw mhbowo jf

Ahgewoc# H lfnfcjh xvf h hgobphcdh yfmoyîh o pyfgkowkwbo jo zyhihldo jo ghczoy, f,

hkcjh yfmoyîh wvh powzvyh lfcjèykh# “WFB NYH]KJHJF Bkgdhfl jhcîh o “booc~hle‒,

xvf fcwhkov bvkzo phyh lhcîhy “Ikllkf Afhc‒, vbh bñwkgh pfymfkzh jf vb jkwgo pfymfkzo‒# Hwwkchjh pflhw aoychlkwzhw Ghykch Yhiflo f Lvkqh ]kllhbëh, “Bfczf kcwhch fb goypo

jofczf‒, h yfpoyzhnfb hioyjh h jvplh chzvyfqh olkbpkhch jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# Hwwkb

gobo jfmkcf Boykc $8;;>+, o zftzo ë kckgkhjo gob h hpyfwfczhîço jow jokw lhjow jo

hyzkwzh# “Co phlgo, o pfywochnfb fyh ènkl, mlftâ}fl f kyyhjkh}h fcfynkh# Fwwhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jh}hb"ldf moyîhw phyh fcghyhy bvlzkjöfw# Ch }kjh yfhl, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc

fcmyfczh}h vbh myhnklkjhjf mâwkgh f fbogkochl U###R‒# H bhzëykh hioyjh fwzf lhjo

goczyhjkz÷yko jf Bkgdhfl fb yflhîço à wvh powzvyh cow phlgow f gobo hnkh cow ihwzkjoyfw



=9

f locnf jow dolomozfw# Pojf wf oiwfy}hy xvf Bkgdhfl ë hpyfwfczhjo gobo vbh

pfywochnfb# Wfnvkcjo h pyopowzh jf ]klhw Iohw $9007+ zfbow h dkwz÷ykh jf }kjh jo

hyzkwzh chyyhjh pflo pykwbh jh kcwhckjhjf, dhah }kwzh o zâzvlo# Lhcîhcjo bço jh moybh

bhkw hiyf}khjh jf wf chyyhy h dkwz÷ykh jh pfywochnfb, zfbow vbh hcèlkwf hgfygh jf

fpkw÷jkow zyhvbhzkqhczfw ogoyykjow gob Bkgdhfl ho locno jf wvh }kjh# Cfwzf zftzo,

Bkgdhfl ë hpoczhjo gobo vbh }fjfzf xvf hphyfczh }k}fy fb ovzyo phzhbhy jh }kjh,

phvzhjo fb ikqhyykgfw f wvyyfhlkwbo#

H ñlzkbh bhzëykh jo fwpfgkhl ë hwwkchjh poy Flhkcf Loihzo# “H mhbh bhzh‒ mhlh h

yfwpfkzo jf gobo h }kjh wfb lkbkzfw jhw gflfiykjhjfw pojf lf}hy à boyzf, o mhlfgkbfczo

jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ë o poczo jf phyzkjh jo zftzo# H yfpoyzhnfb cço ftployh hwpfgzow

pyomkwwkochkw ov pfwwohkw jh }kjh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, yf}flh hpfchw gobo h gflfiykjhjf

zfb o pojfy jf zyhcwmoybhy poy gobplfzo h }kjh jo gëlfiyf, h poczo jfwzf cço whify

gobo yfhlkqhy hîöfw ihchkw jo gozkjkhco# Zobfbow gobo ftfbplo o zyfgdo h wfnvky1

“Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc w÷ wf wfczkh à }oczhjf co phlgo# Jkqkh fwzhy zço hgowzvbhjo h hcjhy

gob wfnvyhcîhw f hwwkwzfczfw xvf zyfbkh wf zk}fwwf jf hiyky vbh poyzh‒#

Bfwbo cço wfcjo yfmfyfczf h hwpfgzow jkyfzhbfczf yflhgkochjow à }kjh jf Bkgdhfl, wço

hzykivâjhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf yfmoyîhb h kbhnfb bâzkgh jo ghczoy, gobo wf pfygfif chw

myhwfw, “Phyh Noljkb, Ahgewoc pyo}ov xvhczo fyh pojfyowo xvhcjo jfgkjkv bvjhy h

py÷pykh nfcëzkgh, zyoghy jf pflf‒# F fb, “Ov wfah, pyfbkwwhw xvf pyhzkghbfczf kcftkwzfb

ch }kjh jf fwzyflhw jh nyhcjfqh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc‒#

Hlëb jhw bhzëykhw, jokw kcmonyèmkgow gobpöfb o fwpfgkhl, ogvphcjo jvhw pènkchw# O

pykbfkyo jflfw “Hwgfcwço‒, gobo o py÷pyko zâzvlo wvnfyf, zyhq hw pykcgkphkw kcmoybhîöfw

woiyf ow hcow jf wvgfwwo hiwolvzo jo hyzkwzh# Bowzyh hkcjh vbh lkcdh jo zfbpo gob hjkwgonyhmkh jo ghczoy f ow cñbfyow jf }fcjhw yflhzk}ow h flh# Vb pfxvfco yfwvbo woiyf

h }kjh jf Bkgdhfl ë hpyfwfczhjo ch bfwbh pènkch, fwzh ë iyhcgh gob lfzyhw pyfzhw# O

kcmonyèmkgo “Jfghjácgkh‒, gob o cobf fwgykzo ch phyzf kcmfykoy jh pènkch, zyhq

kcmoybhîöfw hgfygh jhw zyhcwmoybhîöfw mâwkghw jf Bkgdhfl, hwwkb gobo ow }hloyfw xvf

flf pfyjfv fb nhwzow bhzfykhkw f jfwpfwhw gob h avwzkîh# Hw ftgfczykgkjhjfw mkchcgfkyhw

jo ghczoy zhbiëb wço hioyjhjhw# O mvcjo jh pènkch ë pyfzo gob lfzyhw iyhcghw, o

kc}fywo jh pènkch ocjf fwzè o kcmonyèmkgo woiyf ow bobfczow jf nl÷ykh jf Bkgdhfl#



=7

Pojfbow kczfypyfzhy xvf h goy pyfzh lknh"wf ho lvzo f zykwzfqh pflh jfghjácgkh f boyzf jo

ghczoy#

Phyh Wghlqo $900:+, ow kcmonyèmkgow wço gocwkjfyhjow hjfcjow kcmoybhzk}ow phyh hw

bhzëykhw kbpyfwwhw, havjhb h gobplfbfczhy f fcykxvfgfy ow zftzow# Hvtklkhb zhbiëb

ch kczfypyfzhîço jow mhzow# Oiwfy}h"wf fczço, xvf fwzfw jokw nyèmkgow havjhb ch yfmlftço

woiyf o phzhbhy mkchcgfkyo f hyzâwzkgo hlghcîhjow poy Bkgdhfl# H phyzky jf kcmoybhîöfw

gobo “VW* 8 ikldço mok o xvhczo o hwzyo mhzvyov fb zyáw jëghjhw jf ghyyfkyh‒ f “hp÷w 89

hcow wfb whky fb zvycá, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc hcvcgkov fb bhyîo jfwzf hco vbh wëykf jf 60

wdo~w fb Locjyfw phyh avldo# :0 bkl kcnyfwwow moyhb }fcjkjow poy doyh‒, h kbhnfb

bâzkgh f wvpfylhzk}h jo ghczoy ë zhbiëb yfmoyîhjh pflow kcmonyèmkgow#

:#: Zyáw yf}kwzhw, zyáw goifyzvyhw

H phyzky jh hcèlkwf yfhlkqhjh chw zyáw yf}kwzhw oiwfy}hbow xvf Kwzoë ë h xvf bhkw

goczykivk phyh h bhcvzfcîço jh mknvyh bâzkgh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# Jhw zyáw pvilkghîöfw

fwzvjhjhw, Kwzoë jfjkgh 70 pènkchw jf wvh fjkîço phyh zyhzhy jh boyzf jf Bkgdhfl, hwwkb

gobo ovzyow zfbhw yflhzk}ow ho hyzkwzh, o xvf poy wk w÷ pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjo gobo

yflf}hczf, pokw wf zyhzh jf vbh kbpoyzhczf yf}kwzh kcmoybhzk}h, xvf hiyf bço jf bhzëykhwwoiyf ovzyow hwwvczow, phyh jhy bhkoy hzfcîço ho hyzkwzh# Ho locno jow zftzow, h

pvilkghîço ë h xvf bhkw wf yfmfyf ho ghczoy poy hjafzk}ow gobo hwzyo, âjolo f nácko#

Pfygfif"wf xvf cço dè vb hmhwzhbfczo gyâzkgo fb yflhîço ho mhzo#

Goczvjo, o zftzo jf Lvkw Hczocko Nkyoc, ch yf}kwzh Ëpogh, ë o xvf gocwzy÷k jf bhcfkyh

bhkw flonkowh o zyhihldo jf Bkgdhfl# Gocwkjfyhcjo xvf o aoychlkwzh ë fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb

aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl, h oiyh jf Bkgdhfl ë hchlkwhjh gob vb oldhy bhkw gyâzkgo f zëgckgo#Bhw, hkcjh hwwkb ë hzykivâjo h flh, f zhbiëb ho hyzkwzh, o wzhzvw jf nfckhlkjhjf f

pyfgkowkwbo# H }kjh jo hyzkwzh cço powwvk nyhcjf fwphîo ch bhzëykh jf Nkyoc, poyëb,

xvhcjo gkzhjh, wf mhq jf bhcfkyh ghvzflowh, wfb h hzykivkîço jf hjafzk}ow moyzfw, gobo

wf pfygfif ch yfpoyzhnfb jf Lkqkh I{jlo~wek, ch yf}kwzh ]fah, xvf hpyfwfczh h }kjh jf

Bkgdhfl gobo hlno ikqhyyo, pyoilfbèzkgo f fwxvkwkzo, fb zojow ow hwpfgzow# Fczyfzhczo,

o zftzo jf Lkqkh zhbiëb wf yfmfyf h Bkgdhfl gobo vbh zâpkgh mknvyh bâzkgh f olkbpkhch#



=:

Hw bhzëykhw jf ]fah zhbiëb yfmoyîhb kbhnfb bâzkgh jf Bkgdhfl, poyëb, fb }èykow

bobfczow záb"wf h wfcwhîço jf o hyzkwzh wfy hioyjhjo gobo vbh pfywochnfb mkgzâgkh#

Fb fwpfgkhl ch bhzëykh hwwkchjh poy Lkqkh I{jlo~wek# Hjafzk}hîço f gobphyhîöfw

zhbiëb wço hzykivâjhw ho ghczoy, xvf ë gdhbhjo jf âjolo f hwzyo# Goczvjo,

gobphyhcjo"wf how zftzow jf Ëpogh f Kwzoë , h yf}kwzh bhczëb o bhkoy hmhwzhbfczo

gyâzkgo f fbogkochl pfyhczf o mhzo yfpoyzhjo, pykcgkphlbfczf co xvf wf yfmfyf à mhlzh xvf

o hyzkwzh mhyè ho gfcèyko bvwkghl f ho zyhihldo yfhlkqhjo poy flf#



=6

6 GOCGLVWÇO Yfhlkqhjhw hw hcèlkwfw jf goczfñjo, chw xvhkw moyhb gocwkjfyhjhw h gocwzyvîço zftzvhl f

h pyfwfcîh jh mknvyh bâzkgh, gocglvâbow xvf hw yf}kwzhw fwzvjhjhw yfmoyîhb h fwwácgkh

bâzkgh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ch goifyzvyh jf wvh boyzf# H hcèlkwf yfhlkqhjh ë xvhlkzhzk}h,phvzhcjo"wf ch h}hlkhîço jf gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf, wfcwhgkochlkwbo, ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

jow zftzow jf yf}kwzhw, bkzow, olkbpkhcow f gobphyhîço fczyf hw yf}kwzhw#

Gocwkjfyhcjo ow fwphîow jfjkghjow, hioyjhnfcw, aoychlkwzhw fc}ol}kjow, vzklkqhîço jf

}ogèivlow, hjafzk}hîöfw f gobphyhîöfw hw yf}kwzhw hpyfwfczhb how lfkzoyfw vbh mknvyh

jozhjh jf nfckhlkjhjf f fwwácgkh bâzkgh# Gobo hmkybh Boykc $8;;>+, h nyhcjf kbpyfcwh

lhcîh bço, gob nyhcjf myfxvácgkh, jf zvjo o xvf powwh wfy gobo}fczf, wfcwhgkochl,ftgfpgkochl# Zvjo o xvf wf yfmfyf à }kjh jhw }fjfzfw, mknvyhw olkbpkhchw f bkzow ë

zyhcwmoybhjo fb fwpfzègvlo# Ë o xvf pfygfifbow chw pvilkghîöfw hchlkwhjhw, xvf

zyhqfb h boyzf jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc gobo vb nyhcjf f}fczo jf goboîço f pyopoyîöfw

bvcjkhkw#

H }kjh jhw mknvyhw olkbpkhchw f bâzkghw ë gfyghjh pflo wvpfylhzk}o# Zvjo o xvf wf yfmfyf

h flhw ë bowzyhjo how gkjhjçow gobvcw jf bhcfkyh pyk}klfnkhjh f kczfcwh# Ghwhbfczow,

hck}fywèykow, mfwzhw f yobhcgfw wço hioyjhjow pflo pykwbh jo dkpfy"yfhlkwbo# Pojfbow

oiwfy}hy xvf chw yf}kwzhw hchlkwhjhw, fb fwpfgkhl fb Kwzoë xvf zyhq vbh goifyzvyh bhkw

hpyomvcjhjh, fwzfw hgoczfgkbfczow ch }kjh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, wço gfyghjow jf

nyhcjkowkjhjf, wfcwhgkochlkwbo f fwpfzhgvlhykqhîço, o xvf yfmoyîh o wzhzvw jf bkzo,

hzykivâjo ho hyzkwzh#

Wfnvkcjo h pfywpfgzk}h jf jvplh chzvyfqh olkbpkhch, pyopowzh poy Boykc $8;;>+,

oiwfy}hbow xvf hw goifyzvyhw ivwghb h poyîço dvbhch jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, à bfjkjh

xvf yflhzhb phwwhnfcw jf wvh kcmécgkh, yflhgkochbfczo gob ow phkw, hcwfkow f bfjow#

Goczvjo, ë h mknvyh woiyf"dvbhch f h fwwácgkh bâzkgh jo hyzkwzh xvf nhcdhb bhkw

fwphîo# O zyhihldo jf Bkgdhfl ë flf}hjo à nfckhlkjhjf, wfv wzhzvw jf hyzkwzh ho jf “wvpfy

hwzyo‒ f “bhkoy fwzyflh jf zojow ow zfbpow‒# Fb cfcdvb bobfczo, f poy cfcdvbh jhw

yf}kwzhw, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ë gobphyhjo h gkjhjçow gobvcw# Wvh }kjh f zyhihldo wço

gobphyhjow à jf mknvyhw gobo Fl}kw Pyfwlf{, Myhce Wkchzyh f Aodc Lfccoc, zojow

zhbiëb gocwkjfyhjow bkzow pflh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl# H nyhcjf kbpyfcwh, jf hgoyjo gob



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Boykc $8;;>+, bfynvldh ch }kjh jf wvhw }fjfzfw gob o oiafzk}o jf ftzyhky jflh h

fwwácgkh dvbhch xvf kyè pyopoygkochy h kjfczkmkghîço jo pñilkgo, zfbow vb pfxvfco

hpyomvcjhbfczo ch }kjh phyzkgvlhy jf Bkgdhfl, poyëb, bfwbo cfwzf xvfwkzo o hyzkwzh ë

bowzyhjo jf moybh wvpfylhzk}h f ftzyhoyjkcèykh# Gobo poy ftfbplo, o chwgkbfczo jf

wfvw mkldow ë ftployhjo pflo pykwbh jh ikqhyykgf# O mkldo ghîvlh jo hyzkwzh ë myvzo jf

kcwfbkchîço hyzkmkgkhl, kwwo ë bowzyhjo gobo hlno ftgáczykgo f xvfwzkocè}fl# Hwwkb

gobo wvhw yflhîöfw hmfzk}hw f ghwhbfczow#

Phyh Flkhjf $8;>9+, h bhww bfjkh kbpöf à golfzk}kjhjf fwzyvzvyhw f gobpoyzhbfczow

bâzkgow# Hlnvcw jfwzfw gobpoyzhbfczow wço yfgocdfgkjow f gocwkjfyhjow ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

jh wogkfjhjf bojfych, hpyfwfczhb"wf gobo h zyhjvîço jo jfwfao oiwgvyo jf

zyhcwgfcjfy ow lkbkzfw jh gocjkîço dvbhch# Oiwfy}h"wf jf bhcfkyh xvf nfyhl xvf hw

yf}kwzhw hchlkwhjhw yfmoyîhb fwzfw gobpoyzhbfczow f fwzyvzvyhw bâzkghw xvf gfyghb h

mknvyh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# Myhwfw gobo “Co bobfczo jf wvh boyzf, goczvjo, }olzov h

wfy o xvf mok ch bhkoy phyzf jh }kjh1 vb âgocf‒ $]fah+5 “Bkgdhfl phwwov jf hcao h

bocwzyo, bhw h dkwz÷ykh jf}fyè ldf jhy o wzhzvw jf nácko‒ $Ëpogh+ f “O jfwzkco xvkw"ldf

bkzo‒ $Kwzoë + wço ftfbplow gyvgkhkw jf xvf hw pvilkghîöfw, ch goifyzvyh jh boyzf,

yfmoyîhb h kbhnfb jf bkzo hzykivâjh h Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ho locno jf wvh ghyyfkyh#



=>

YFMFYÁCGKHW HYIFT Ay#, Aowë# Wdo~ychlkwbo1 h cozâgkh gobo fwpfzègvlo# Wço Phvlo1 Ghwh Hbhyflh,9009#

HYBWZYOCN, Ehyfc# H nyhcjf zyhcwmoybhîço ogkjfczhl kc Iyf}f Dkwz÷ykh jo Bkzo#Zyhjvîço Gflwo Convfkyh# Wço Phvlo1 Gobphcdkh jhw Lfzyhw, 9006# HYHCDH, Bhykh Lñgkh jf Hyyvjh# PKYFW, Bhykh Dflfch Pkyfw# Mklowomhcjo, vbhkczyojvîço à mklowomkh, 7# fj# Wço Phvlo1 fjkzoyh Bojfych, 9007# IHYZDFW, Yolhcj# Bkzolonkhw# Zyhjvîço jf Ykzh Ivocnfybkco, Pfjyo jf Wovqh# WçoPhvlo1 Jkmfl, 8;;7# IVGGK, Fvnácko# Woiyf ëzkgh f kbpyfcwh# Wço Phvlo1 Gobphcdkh jhw Lfzyhw, 9000#

GHBPIFLL, Aowfpd# O pojfy jo bkzo gob Ikll Bo{fyw# Zyhjvîço jf Ghylow MflkpfBokwëw# Wço Phvlo1 Phlhw Hzdfch, 8;;0# GHWZOYKHJKW, Goycflkvw# H kcwzkzvkîço kbhnkcèykh jh wogkfjhjf# 6# fj# Zyhjvîço jfNv{ Yf{chvj# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Phq f Zfyyh, 9000# GOKBIYH, Ow~hljo# O zftzo jh yfpoyzhnfb kbpyfwwh1 vb gvywo woiyf wvh fwzyvzvyh#Wço Phvlo1 Èzkgh, 8;;7#

GVCDH, Aowë Hvyk# Mklowomkh, kckgkhîço à kc}fwzknhîço mklow÷mkgh# Wço Phvlo1 HzvhlFjkzoyh, 8;;9# FLKHJF, Bkygfh# Bkzo f yfhlkjhjf# Zyhjvîço Polh Gk}fllk, Wço Phvlo1 Pfywpfgzk}h,8;>9# LHNF, Cklwoc# H fwzyvzvyh jh cozâgkh# 6# fj# Wço Phvlo1 Fjkzoyh Èzkgh,9000# BOYKC, Fjnhy# Gvlzvyh jf Bhwwhw co Wëgvlo TT, ]olvbf K1 Cfvyowf# Zyhjvîço jfBhvyh Ykifkyo Whyjkcdh, Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Moyfcwf Vck}fywkzèykh, 8;;># PKQH, Jhckfl# Aoychlkwbo Gvlzvyhl# 9# fj# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 900:#

W×JYF, Bvckq# MFYYHYK, Bhykh Dflfch# Zëgckgh jf yfpoyzhnfb1 cozhw woiyf hchyyhzk}h aoychlâwzkgh# Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 8;4=# WGHLQO, Bhyâlkh# Aoychlkwbo jf yf}kwzh# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 900:# ZÈ]OLH, Hyzvy jh# H cozâgkh gobo fwpfzègvlo dkpfy"yfhl# Ihygfloch, 8;;7# Jkwpocâ}flfb < dzzp1//~~~#jvikzofynowvb#tpn#gob#iy/h78:#dzb3# Hgfwwo fb1 89/88/9080# ZYHXVKCH, Cflwoc# Zfoykhw jo aoychlkwbo, ]ol# KK# H zykio aoychlâwzkgh ‗ vbhgobvckjhjf kczfypyfzhzk}h zyhcwchgkochl# Mloykhc÷polkw1 Kcwvlhy, 9006#

]KLHW IOHW, Wëynko# O fwzklo bhnhqkcf# Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 8;;=#



=4

]KLHW IOHW, Wëynko# Pfymkw f gobo fwgyf}á"low# Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 9007# ÔLM, Bhvyo# Zfoykhw jh gobvckghîço# Lkwioh1 Fjkzoyh Pyfwfcîh, 8;;6#



=;

LKWZH JF MKNVYHW Mknvyh 08 ‗ Yf}kwzh Ëpogh, fjkîço 640, avcdo 900;#

Mknvyh 09 ‗ Yf}kwzh ]fah, fjkîço 988;, avldo 900;# Mknvyh 07 ‗ Yf}kwzh Kwzoë, fjkîço 90=4, avldo 900;#

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