COMPORTAMENTO DO TECIDO MOLE PERI-IMPLANTAR NA INTERFACE COM O TITÂNIO DOS IMPLANTES OSSEOINTEGRADOS

7/22/2019 COMPORTAMENTO DO TECIDO MOLE PERI-IMPLANTAR NA INTERFACE COM O TITÂNIO DOS IMPLANTES OSSEOINTEG…

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AOJVOPXNJLEXO HO XLAGHO

JOCL VLPG-GJVCNEXNP EN

GEXLPINAL AOJ O XGXÀEGO HOQ

GJVCNEXLQ OQQLOGEXLKPNHOQ

Vnuco Po`lrto Vlcuago Anjnrn



Gestgtuto Ylcnsao

AOJVOPXNJLEXO HO XLAGHO JOCL VLPG-GJVCNEXNP EN

GEXLPINAL AOJ O XGXÀEGO HOQ GJVCNEXLQ

OQQLOGEXLKPNHOQ


Qáo Vnuco06>0




AOEXPG@\GËÁO NO LQX\HO HO AOJVOPXNJLEXO HO

XLAGHO JOCL VLPG-GJVCNEXNP EN GEXLPINAL AOJ O

XGXÀEGO HOQ GJVCNEXLQ OQQLOGEXLKPNHOQ


Xrn`ncbo hl aoeacusáo hl aurso (joeokrnign)

nprlsletnhn no Gestgtuto Ylcnsao aojo pnrtl hos

rlqugsgtos pnrn n o`tleëáo ho têtuco hl

Lsplagncgstn lj Gjpcnetohoetgn.

Orgletnhor4 Vroi. Pokçrgo Koeëncvls Ylcnsao

Qáo Vnuco

06>0



HLHGANXÑPGN

Nos jlus pngs, Lhsoe Anjnrn l Woel Vlcuago Anjnrn por toho

gealetgvo, hlhganëáo l njor geaoehgagoenc. Qlj voaäs enhn hgsso slrgn

possêvlc. O`rgknhn por lstnrlj en jgebn vghn

No jlu grjáo Nclxnehrl Vlcuago Anjnrn l Lhsoe Cugs VlcuagoAnjnrn,plco lsiorëo hurnetl os hgns lj qul tgvl hl jl nusletnr ho

aoesuctñrgo

No njgko Klrncho Àeklco Netoelccgeg l sun igcbn Entncgn Dorkl

Netoelccgeg qul plrjgtgu n lcnòrnëáo hlssl trn`ncbo



HLHGANXÑPGN

N jgebn lsposn Lccle Npnrlaghn @osaoco Anjnrn plcn njor,

aojprllesáo l npogo geaoehgagoenc nos jlus lsiorëos hl jl torenr uj

proigssgoenc jlcbor, slj voaä eáo aoeslkugrgn enhn

Nos jlus igcbos , Gsn`lc l Cuans , nos qungs tleto slr uj lxljpco hl

qul pohljos sljprl inzlr ncko hl eovo n quncqulr tljpo l ghnhl, voaäs

sáo n jlcbor pnrtl hl jgj, o`rgknho l njo voaäs



NKPNHLAGJLEXOQ

Nos iueagoeîrgos ho Gestgtuto Ylcnsao plcn ntleëáo l hgspoeg`gcghnhl

lj nduhnr eos jojletos lj qul prlagsnvn.

Nos pnagletls, plcn aoeigneën hlposgtnhn lj eñs elssls neos, plcn

pnagäeagn eos ntlehgjletos

Nos jlus aoclkns hl turjn plcos neos hl pnralrgn, nprlehgznho l

hlslevocvgjleto.

Nos proilssorls plcn ntleëáo, pnagäeagn l hgspoeg`gcghnhl lj qulrlr

sljprl eos nduhnr.

No eosso Vroilssor Pokçrgo Koeëncvls Ylcnsao lj lstnr sljprl

hgsposto n eos nduhnr hletro l iorn hn acêegan, sljprl jugto ntleagoso , uj

lxljpco hl proigssgoenc.



PLQ\JO

N nentojgn ho tlagho jocl plrg-gjpcnetnr ç sljlcbnetl no hletl enturnc, ujn vlz qul

nprlsletn lpgtçcgo dueagoenc l tlagho aoeduetgvo= letrltneto ns ig`rns aoeduetgvns ho

hletl (Qbnrply) lstáo geslrghns eo osso l eo aljleto rnhgaucnr, hgilrletljletl hnsig`rns qul agrauehnj o gjpcnetl, pogs lssns nprlsletnj ujn hgsposgëáo pnrnclcn lj

rlcnëáo no tgtàego utgcgznho eos aojpoeletls prñtltgaos l gjpcnetls osslogetlkrnhos=

sleho qul o slcnjleto plrg-gjpcnetnr ç lstn`lclagho plcn juaosn qulrntgegznhn

prlsletl hlvgho no tøeus hl suns ig`rns aocîklens proporagoeneho ujn igrjl dueëáo

lpgtçcgo-gjpcnetl. Nssgj, n lstn`gcghnhl hos tlaghos jocls plrg ‑ gjpcnetnrls ç uj hos

argtçrgos pnrn o sualsso hns rln`gcgtnëüls aoj gjpcnetls, dî qul n rlcnëáo ho tlagho

jocl l ho tgtàego projovl ujn `nrrlgrn protltorn æ pleltrnëáo hl `natçrgns,

invorlaleho o hlsljplebo ho gjpcnetl osslogetlkrnho n coeko prnzo.

Vncnvrns-abnvl4 tlagho plrg-gjpcnetnr, gjpcnetl osslogetlkrnho, tgtàego.



N@QXPNAX

Xbl nentojy oi tbl plrg-gjpcnet soit tgssul gs sgjgcnr to n enturnc tootb sgeal gt prlslets

dueatgoenc lpgtblcguj neh aoeelatgvl tgssul= bowlvlr tbl aoeelatgvl ig`lrs oi tbl tootb

(Qbnrply) nrl geslrtlh geto tbl òel neh aljletuj uecgml tbl ig`lrs surrouehgek tbl

gjpcnet, `lanusl tblsl bnvl n pnrncclc provgsgoe ge rlcntgoe to tbl tgtneguj uslh ge

hletnc gjpcnets neh prostbltga aojpoelets wblrlns tbl slncgek plrg-gjpcnet mlrntgegzlh

juaosn gs lstn`cgsblh `y tbgs hul to tbl toel oi aoccnkle ig`lrs ior n igrj dueatgoe

lpgtblcguj-gjpcnet. Xbus, tbl stn`gcgty oi tbl soit tgssul plrg - gjpcnet gs n argtlrgoe ior

suaalssiuc rlbn`gcgtntgoe wgtb hletnc gjpcnets ns aojpnrlh to soit tgssul neh tgtneguj

projotl n protlatgvl `nrrglr to gekrlss oi `natlrgn, inagcgtntgek tbl plriorjneal oi coek

tlrj gjpcnet osslogetlkrntlh.

Mlyworhs4 plrg-gjpcnet tgssul, osslogetlkrntlh gjpcnet, tgtneguj.



Q\JÎPGO

> GEXPOH\ËÁO…………………………………………………………..>6

0 PLYGQÁO HL CGXLPNX\PN.............................................................>0

0.> Lspnëo `gocñkgao............................................................................>00.0 Juaosn qulrntgegznhn....................................................................>1

0.1 Anusns hn plrhn ñssln plrg‑gjpcnetnr ........................................>8

0.8 Hgstàeagns l iorjnëáo hl pnpgcn getlr-gjpcnetnr ............................>9

0.< Anrnatlrêstgans hl suplriêagl ho tgtàego ..........................................>2

1 HGQA\QQÁO ..................................................................................0>

8 AOEAC\QÁO.................................................................................08

PLILPÄEAGNQ @G@CGOKPÎIGANQ …………………………………...0<



GEXPOH\ËÁO

Xoho jntlrgnc npcganhn en ohoetocokgn lj aoetnto aoj tlaghos jocls ou huro

aojo o osso hlvlj nprlsletnr anrnatlrêstgan tngs aojo `goaojpntg`gcghnhl, `ngxn

aoehutgvghnhl tçrjgan, l nctn rlsgstäeagn, sleho nssgj o tgtàego pnssou n slrljprlknho en Ohoetocokgn en iorjn hl gjpcnetls, possugeho n anpnaghnhl hl

osslogetlkrnëáo plrjgtgeho nssgj, n su`stgtugëáo hl lcljletos hletîrgos

plrhghos (CN\XLEQABCNKLP lt nc., >771)= o trntnjleto aoj gjpcnetls hletîrgos ç

ujn opëáo aoesnkrnhn lj tlrjos hl iueagoencghnhl l hurn`gcghnhl (PLKGQ J@ lt nc.,

066;). Vorçj, no aletrnr-sl so`rl o trntnjleto aojo uj toho, o sualsso ç hligegho

eáo sojletl plco lstn`lclagjleto l jneutleëáo hn osslogetlkrnëáo, jns tnj`çj

plcn lstn`gcghnhl hos tlaghos plrg-gjpcnetnrls (aoetoreo, aor, tlxturn), prlsleën hltlagho qulrntgegznho, pnpgcn getlrhletîrgn, aoetoreo klekgvnc bnrjoegoso aoj os hletls

nhdnaletls, `lj aojo uj nhlqunho slcnjleto letrl o tlagho jocl l o tgtàego,

aoesgstgeho en argnëáo hl aoetoreos ho tlagho jocl plrg-gjpcnetnr qul eáo sldnj

proetnjletl hgstgetos ho hletl enturnc nhdnaletl (KCN\QLP lt nc., 0669).

Os gjpcnetls osslogetlkrnhos nprlsletnj pouans `nrrlgrns iueagoengs l

nentøjgans sl aojpnrnhos nos hletls enturngs= n nhlsáo oaorrl nplens por jlgo ho

lpgtçcgo dueagoenc= n nusäeagn hl geslrëáo hl ig`rns inz aoj qul uj slcnjleto torel-sl

ngehn jngs gjportnetl l n jneutleëáo l lstn`gcgznëáo hlstl hlvl slr uj hos o`dltgvos

hn tlrnpgn gjpcnetnr (POQL lt nc., 0668). N prlsleën hn juaosn qulrntgegznhn nduhn en

jneutleëáo hlssl slcnjleto, jugtos lstuhos täj sgho aoehuzghos pnrn hltlrjgenr sl

o tlagho qulrntgegznho possug rlclvàeagn pnrn n snôhl plrg-gjpcnetnr (NHLCC lt nc.,

>729).

N geslrëáo hl tlagho aoeduetgvo ç jlhgnhn por ig`rns hl Qbnrply geslrghns eo

aljleto, letrltneto lssns ig`rns eáo pohlj nhlrgr-sl no tgtàego= quneho lxgstl uj

tlagho juaoso no rlhor ho gjpcnetl, eáo bî ig`rns hl tlagho aoeduetgvo orknegznho, gsso

inz aoj qul o sêtgo plrg-gjpcnetnr sldn jngs susaltêvlc no gekrlsso hl `natçrgns, aoj

potleagnc rgsao hl geilaëáo l su`slqóletl rln`sorëáo ñssln. N getlrinal tlagho jocl/

gjpcnetl ghlnc pohl slr lstn`lclaghn plcn argnëáo hl ujn nhlqunhn zoen hl juaosn

qulrntgegznhn= lstn sl nhlrl æ suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl por jlgo hl bljghlsjossojos

ho lpgtçcgo dueagoenc (sgjgcnrls nqulcls leaoetrnhos en hletgëáo enturnc) l, ns ig`rns hl

tlagho aoeduetgvo lstn`lclalj ujn orgletnëáo pnrnclcn lj rlcnëáo æ suplriêagl ho

gjpcnetl, slj quncqulr geslrëáo aoeduetgvn (@N\JNE lt nc., >771).



O tgtàego, klrncjletl ç rlaoeblagho aojo sleho `gogelrtl, ou sldn, eáo cg`lrn

elebujn su`stàeagn prlduhgagnc l eáo provoan rlnëüls nhvlrsns eo tlagho= sun

`goaojpntg`gcghnhl ç rlcntnhn plcn anpnaghnhl hl iorjnr anjnhns hl ñxghos lj sun

suplriêagl quneho lj aoetnto aoj oxgkäego, por gsso ç uctgcgznho lj agrurkgns hletîrgns

l ortopçhgans ( CGJ lt nc., 066>). Ns plsqugsns lj gjpcnetohoetgn ioanrnj prgeagpncjletl n osslogetlkrnëáo,

bnvleho pouaos lstuhos rlaletls n rlsplgto hn getlkrnëáo hos tlaghos jocls aoj os

gjpcnetls= sleho nssgj, o o`dltgvo ho prlsletl trn`ncbo iog, por jlgo hl ujn rlvgsáo

hl cgtlrnturn ntuncgznhn, rlcntnr o aojportnjleto `gocñkgao ho tlagho plrg-gjpcnetnr lj

aoetnto aoj o tgtàego hos gjpcnetls osslogetlkrnhos.



0 PLYGQÁO HL CGXLPNX\PN

0.> Lspnëo `gocñkgao

Qlkueho @\QLP lt nc., (>770), en porëáo suprn-ncvlocnr, o aljleto rnhgaucnrnprlsletn ig`rns geslrghns (ig`rns hl Qbnrply) hgspostns o`cgqunjletl, aojpostns por

;6% hl aocîkleo, 06% hl ig`ro`cnstos, <% hl vnsos, <% hl jntrgz l outrns

su`stàeagns.

@LPKC\EHB lt nc., (>778), hlsarlvlrnj qul n vnsaucnrgznëáo tnj`çj oaorrl

hl jnelgrn hgstgetn letrl o plrgohoeto l plrg - gjpcnetl. Lstuhos o`slrvnrnj qul o

sgstljn vnsaucnr hn juaosn plrg-gjpcnetnr hos aáls sl orgkgenvn ôegan l

lxacusgvnjletl ho vnso snekuêelo suprnplrgostnc lxtlreo æ jnrklj ncvlocnr. Ncçj

hgsso, ns îrlns hl gjpcnetl eáo nprlsletnj cgknjleto plrgohoetnc l, coko eáo

nprlsletnj uj pclxo vnsaucnr en getlrinal letrl osso l suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl. Lj

aoeslquäeagn, n pnrtl ho tlagho aoeduetgvo hn geslrëáo trnesjuaosn ho gjpcnetl hl

tgtàego aoetçj nplens pouaos vnsos, l tohos sáo rnjgiganëüls tlrjgengs ho vnso

suprnplrgostnc.

Ngehn, slkueho CGEHBL & @LPKC\EHB (>772), n suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl çhlsprovghn hl ujn rngz aljletîrgn, n nusäeagn hlssl aljleto eos gjpcnetls projovl

ujn orgletnëáo pnrnclcn hns ig`rns eo tlagho jocl suprnargstnc lj rlcnëáo no gjpcnetl/

nùtjlet.

JOOE lt nc., (>777), rlcntn qul o nrrnedo pnrnclco hns ig`rns oilrlal ujn jleor

rlsgstäeagn jlaàegan quneho aojpnrnho nos cgknjletos plrgohoetngs, pohleho

prlduhganr o prokeñstgao hos gjpcnetls, klrncjletl o`slrvneho ‑ sl rlalssáo

klekgvnc, òcsns l rln`sorëáo.

LPGAQQOE lt nc., (066>) o`slrvnrnj qul, eo hletl, n îrln hl tlagho aoeduetgvo

suprnargstnc nprlsletou rgan vnsaucnrgznëáo, lequneto, lj rlkgáo sljlcbnetl no

gjpcnetl, pouaos ou elebuj vnso iog leaoetrnho. N lsansslz hl vnsos snekuêelos

prñxgjos æ suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl suportn n nigrjnëáo hl qul o tlagho jocl plrg-

gjpcnetnr tlrgn ujn rlhuzghn anpnaghnhl hl hlilsn aoetrn grrgtnëüls lxñklens, por

lxljpco, o `goigcjl.



HOENXB lt nc., (0661), hlsarlvlrnj qul n getlrinal gjpcnetl - tlaghos jocls ç

aoestgtuêhn hl träs zoens `lj hlcgjgtnhns4 o lpgtçcgo sucaucnr, o lpgtçcgo dueagoenc l o

tlagho aoeduetgvo plrg-gjpcnetnr. O lpgtçcgo sucaucnr ç ujn lxtlesáo eáo - qulrntgegznhn

ho lpgtçcgo ùanc, sleho aoetêeuo no lpgtçcgo qulrntgegznho lj sun porëáo aoroeîrgn l

aoj o lpgtçcgo dueagoenc lj sun pnrtl npganc. O lpgtçcgo dueagoenc lstî lj aoetntolstrlgto aoj n suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl, sleho ujn `nrrlgrn `gocñkgan gjportnetl pnrn o

sualsso hos gjpcnetls, jlhl alran hl 0 jj hl aojprgjleto. Ns açcucns lpgtlcgngs täj

n anpnaghnhl hl sl uegr æ suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl, hl sgetltgznr ujn jlj`rnen `nsnc,

`lj aojo bljghlsjossojos, l hl lstn`lclalr ujn `nrrlgrn lpgtlcgnc qul nprlsletn

anrnatlrêstgans aojues no lpgtçcgo dueagoenc. O tlagho aoeduetgvo sl getlrpül sljprl

letrl o aujl hn argstn ñssln l n porëáo npganc ho tlagho dueagoenc l tlj alran hl >

jj ‑ >,< jj hl ncturn. N getlkrghnhl ho tlagho aoeduetgvo ç hl krnehl gjportàeagnpnrn prlvlegr n jgkrnëáo npganc ho lpgtçcgo l aoeslqóletl jneutleëáo hn argstn ñssln

plrg-gjpcnetnr.

QABN[NPT lt nc., (0662), rlcntnrnj qul npñs n gestncnëáo hos gjpcnetls

hletngs l n rljohlcnëáo ñssln gegagnc, o`slrvn-sl ujn îrln hl trnesjuaosn no rlhor

hos gjpcnetls hl 1 jj n 8 jj so`rl o tlagho ñsslo qul ç oaupnhn plco lpgtçcgo

dueagoenc l plco tlagho aoeduetgvo.

0.0 Juaosn qulrntgegznhn

CNEK & COL lt nc., (>7;0), rlncgznrnj uj lstuho pnrn hltlrjgenr o jêegjo hl

juaosn qulrntgegznhn aojpntêvlc aoj n snôhl klekgvnc l nigrjnrnj qul lj pnagletls

cgvrls hl pcnan ujn ncturn jêegjn lrn aojpntêvlc aoj n snôhl klekgvnc= letrltneto, lj

gehgvêhuos aoj aoetrocl rlkucnr hl pcnan, n geicnjnëáo plrsgstgn lj coangs aoj jleos

hl 0 jj hl juaosn qulrntgegznhn. Os nutorls aoeacuêrnj qul uj jêegjo hl 0 jj (>

jj hl klekgvn geslrghn) ç elalssîrgo pnrn n jneutleëáo hn bojlostnsgn plrgohoetnc.

JGWNQNXO lt nc., (>7;;), hljoestrnrnj qul n klekgvgtl eáo hlslevocvl jngs

rnpghnjletl lj sêtgos aoj jêegjn qunetghnhl hl juaosn qulrntgegznhn ho qul lj

îrlns aoj ujn ncturn nprlagîvlc hl klekgvn.

NHLCC lt nc., (>72>), nigrjnrnj qul n prlsleën hn juaosn qulrntgegznhn

pnrlal nduhnr en jneutleëáo hlssl slcnjleto. Jugtos lstuhos täj sgho aoehuzghos



pnrn hltlrjgenr sl o tlagho qulrntgegznho ç gjportnetl pnrn n snôhl plrgohoetnc/plrg-

gjpcnetnr.

[LEEQXPOJ (>72;), lj slu lstuho lxplrgjletnc lj aáls tnj`çj incbnrnj

lj hljoestrnr hgilrleëns en tnxn ou lxtlesáo hl prokrlssáo hl clsüls klekgvngs lj

îrlns aoj jêegjn qunetghnhl hl klekgvn qulrntgegznhn.

@N\JNE lt nc., (>771), hlsarlvlrnj qul n geslrëáo hl tlagho aoeduetgvo ç

jlhgnhn por ig`rns hl Qbnrply geslrghns eo aljleto, letrltneto, lssns ig`rns eáo

pohlj nhlrgr - sl no tgtàego. ûneho lxgstl uj tlagho juaoso no rlhor ho gjpcnetl,

eáo bî ig`rns hl tlagho aoeduetgvo orknegznho, gsso inz aoj qul o sêtgo plrg-gjpcnetnr

sldn jngs susalptêvlc no gekrlsso hl `natçrgns, aoj potleagnc rgsao hl geilaëáo l

su`slqóletl rln`sorëáo ñssln. N getlrinal tlagho jocl - gjpcnetl ghlnc pohl slrlstn`lclaghn plcn argnëáo hl ujn nhlqunhn zoen hl juaosn qulrntgegznhn. Lstn sl

nhlrl æ suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl por jlgo hl bljghlsjossojos ho lpgtçcgo dueagoenc

(sgjgcnrls æqulcls leaoetrnhos en hletgëáo enturnc) l ns ig`rns hl tlagho aoeduetgvo

lstn`lclalj ujn orgletnëáo pnrnclcn lj rlcnëáo æ suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl, slj

quncqulr geslrëáo aoeduetgvn.

POQL lt nc., (0668), rlcntnrnj qul n nusäeagn hl geslrëáo hl ig`rns inz aoj qul

uj slcnjleto torel - sl ngehn jngs gjportnetl l n jneutleëáo l lstn`gcgznëáo hlstl

hlvl slr uj hos o`dltgvos hn tlrnpgn gjpcnetnr.

0.1 Anusns hn plrhn ñssln plrg‑gjpcnetnr

Qlkueho @LPKC\EHB lt nc., (>77>), n igxnëáo ho nùtjlet no gjpcnetl clvn n

ujn plrhn ñssln hl 6,< jj n > jj, oansgoenhn plcn iorjnëáo hl tlagho aoeduetgvo

npgancjletl n lstn aoelxáo.

XOCDNEGA lt nc., (>777), ntrnvçs hl uj lstuho `gojçtrgao hl 0;< gjpcnetls,

nigrjnj qul pnagletls aoj uj ou jngs sêtgos aoj lxposgëáo prlaoal ho gjpcnetl no

jlgo ùanc netls hn agrurkgn hl slkueho lstîkgo nprlsletnj ujn pro`n`gcghnhl hl

plrhn ñssln 1,7 vlzls jngor ho qul pnagletls slj lxposgëáo ho gjpcnetl.



OB lt nc., (0660), nigrjn qul n plrhn prlaoal hn argstn ñssln, > jj ncçj hn

getlrinal gjpcnetl - nùtjlet, klrncjletl ç anusnhn por lstrlssls lxalssgvos eo sêtgo

plrgjuaoso ou eo hlslebo hn argstn ho gjpcnetl.

QBGJV\M\ lt nc., (0661), rlcntnrnj qul o pocgjorigsjo kleçtgao hn @JV-8

tnj`çj tlj sgho ghletgtganho aojo uj possêvlc intor hl rgsao pnrn n plrhn prlaoal hn

argstn ñssln no rlhor hos gjpcnetls.

@N\JKNPXLE lt nc., (066<), nigrjnrnj qul o eêvlc ñsslo getlrproxgjnc hl uj

gjpcnetl hletnc lstî rlcnagoenho n hgvlrsos intorls, jns prgeagpncjletl aoj n dueëáo

letrl o gjpcnetl l o nùtjlet. Lj gjpcnetls hl blxîkoeo lxtlreo, n dueëáo sl

lstlehl æ suplriêagl cntlrnc ho gjpcnetl l, klrncjletl, oaorrl ujn rljohlcnëáo ñssln

nproxgjnhnjletl 0 jj npgancjletl n lstn dueëáo.

HG@NPX lt nc., (066<), aoestntnrnj qul n prlsleën hl jgaroknp en getlrinal

gjpcnetl - nùtjlet invorlal o naôjuco hl `natçrgns, aoj aoeslqóletl geicnjnëáo l

plrhn ñssln, portneto ç gjportnetl jgegjgznr n prlsleën `natlrgnen elstl coanc.

Qlkueho @LPKC\EHB lt nc., (066<), quneho uj nkletl lxtlreo gevnhl n

proiuehghnhl `gocñkgan, o lpgtçcgo rlspoehl jgkrneho ncçj ho nkletl prlduhgagnc, eujn

tletntgvn hl gsocî ‑ co l argnr ujn hgstàeagn hlilesgvn qul nsslkurl n getlkrghnhl plrg ‑gjpcnetnr.

YLCN ‑ EL@OX lt nc., (0669), rlcntn qul n aoehuëáo hl ujn rln`sorëáo, lj

iueëáo hn rlspostn no nkletl lxtlreo, vgsn nsslkurnr o rllstn`lclagjleto hns

hgstàeagns ̀ gocñkgans.

AB\EK lt nc., (066;), rlcntnrnj qul n plrhn ñssln lj gjpcnetls hletngs pohl

slr acnssgiganhn aojo gegagnc ou tnrhgn= sleho qul n plrhn gegagnc oaorrl en rlkgáo hnargstn ñssln.

XN[GC (0662), hljoestrou qul n quncghnhl ñssln, n qunetghnhl hl klekgvn

geslrghn, n so`rlanrkn oacusnc, n rlspostn no trnujn agrôrkgao, n prlsleën hl jgaroknp

en getlrinal gjpcnetl-nùtjlet, n aoetnjgenëáo `natlrgnen, n lxposgëáo prlaoal ho

gjpcnetl no jlgo ùanc netls hn agrurkgn hl slkueho lstîkgo l o rlstn`lclagjleto ho

lspnëo `gocñkgao sáo possêvlgs intorls qul geiculeagnj elssn plrhn ñssln gegagnc.



@O\PG lt nc., (0662), rlcntnrnj qul vîrgos intorls, getlreos l lxtlreos pohlj

hltlrjgenr n plrhn ñssln gegagnc= hletrl lcls, quncghnhl ñssln, qunetghnhl hl klekgvn

geslrghn, trnujn oacusnc, nctlrnëáo lj vgrtuhl ho trnujn agrôrkgao l o rlstn`lclagjleto

ho lspnëo `gocñkgao.

Hl naorho aoj XN[GC (0662), n lstn`gcghnhl hos tlaghos plrg-gjpcnetnrls ç

rlsuctnho hl uj lqugcê`rgo letrl ns iorëns iueagoengs l n rlnëáo hns lstruturns hl

suportl, sleho qul n rljohlcnëáo ñssln pohl slr ujn lxprlssáo posgtgvn lj

rlspostn nos lstêjucos jlaàegaos.

0.8 Hgstàeagns l iorjnëáo hl pnpgcn getlr-gjpcnetnr

XNPEO[ lt nc., (>770), rlcnagoenrnj, lj uj lstuho acîssgao, n prlsleën ou

nusäeagn hl pnpgcn aoj n hgstàeagn hn argstn ñssln ncvlocnr en rlkgáo getlrproxgjnc ntç

n `nsl ho poeto hl aoetnto hns aorons nhdnaletls. Iornj nvncgnhos 022 sêtgos

getlrproxgjngs hl 16 pnagletls slclagoenhos hl iorjn rnehøjgan. N prlsleën ou

nusäeagn hl pnpgcn getlrproxgjnc iog hltlrjgenhn vgsuncjletl netls hn soehnklj. O

pnagletl lrn letáo nelstlsgnho l ujn soehn plrgohoetnc pnhroegznhn geslrghn

vlrtgancjletl eo nsplato inagnc ho poeto hl aoetnto ntç qul n argstn ñssln iosslsoehnhn. Aoeacuêrnj qul quneho n hgstàeagn hn `nsl ho poeto hl aoetnto æ argstn

ñssln iog hl 1, 8 ou < jj, n pnpgcn lstnvn prlsletl, jns quneho n hgstàeagn iog hl ;,

2, 7 ou >6 jj, inctnvn pnpgcn en jngorgn hns vlzls. N pnpgcn lstnvn prlsletl lj uj

pouao jngs hn jltnhl hos ansos quneho n hgstàeagn iog hl 9 jj, hljoestrneho qul

ujn hgilrleën hl > jj iog acgeganjletl sgkegiganetl

@LEKNTG lt nc., (>779), hlsarlvlrnj qul n rlalssáo hos tlaghos no rlhor hos

gjpcnetls pohlrgn slr o rlsuctnho hl uj rljohlcnjleto ho tlagho juaoso pnrn

rlstn`lclalr hgjlesüls nproprgnhns aoj n `nrrlgrn hl tlagho plrg-gjpcnetnr, aoj o

o`dltgvo hl iorjnr tlagho hl geslrëáo so`rl n argstn ñssln l lpgtçcgo dueagoenc.

QNCNJN lt nc., (>772), leintgznrnj n rlcnëáo klekgvn - osso, pnrtgaucnrjletl en

ghletgiganëáo hn posgëáo rlcntgvn hn ncturn ñssln getlrproxgjnc aoj ns lstruturns

nhdnaletls. Ntrnvçs hl o`slrvnëüls acêegans suklrgrnj n lxgstäeagn hl uj òj

aojprgjleto pnpgcnr lj qul ns anrnatlrêstgans l n jneutleëáo ho aojprgjleto pnpgcnr

eo rlstnetl netlrgor hn jnxgcn sáo jlhghns aojo jngor ncturn ñssln getlrproxgjnc,

gjlhgntnjletl no hletl l no gjpcnetl.



VBGCGVVQ & MOGQ (>772), rlcntnrnj qul n gestncnëáo hl uj plquleo

agantrgznhor en insl hl rln`lrturn hos gjpcnetls proporagoen o arlsagjleto jîxgjo hl

tlagho juaoso, geacusgvl hns pnpgcns letrl hletls l gjpcnetls, jlcborneho o plrigc hl

ljlrkäeagn pnrn o trn`ncbo protçtgao provgsñrgo l hligegtgvo.

QNNHO\E lt nc., (>777), hlsarlvlrnj n gjportàeagn ho posgagoenjleto hogjpcnetl l rlaojlehnrnj qul o topo ho gjpcnetl hlvl lstnr posgagoenho 1

jj npgancjletl lj rlcnëáo æ klekgvn cgvrl l nigrjnj qul sl o gjpcnetl ior gestncnho

eo jlsjo eêvlc vlstêùco - pncntgeo ho hletl enturnc, possgvlcjletl bnvlrî rln`sorëáo

hn tîùn ñssln vlstgùcnr qul jlhl klrncjletl hl 6,< jj n > jj, sleho, portneto

pruhletl qul o gjpcnetl sldn gestncnho eujn posgëáo jngs pncntnc. Hlsarlvlj ngehn

qul n hgstàeagn letrl hletls l gjpcnetls hl 0 jj hltlrjgen n prlsleën hn argstn

ñssln l hl pnpgcn, sleho qul letrl gjpcnetls, lssn hgstàeagn ç hl 1 jj. NQMNPW (>777), nigrjou qul n aorrltn l nhlqunhn lstgjucnëáo hos tlaghos

klekgvngs sl inz elalssîrgn en rln`lrturn hos gjpcnetls, pogs os tlaghos elalssgtnj

jnturnr netls hn jochnklj igenc l aoesghlrou qul n utgcgznëáo hl provgsñrgos slrgn uj

pnsso acêegao iuehnjletnc pnrn qul bndn uj òj rlsuctnho lstçtgao.

XNPEO[ lt nc., (0666), lj uj outro lstuho, rnhgokrîigao l coekgtuhgenc,

nvncgnrnj o lilgto hn hgstàeagn letrl gjpcnetls en ncturn hn argstn ñssln letrl lcls lj

19 pnagletls. Ns jlhghns rnhgokrîigans iornj ilgtns npñs > neo eo jêegjo l 1 neos eo

jîxgjo npñs n lxposgëáo ho gjpcnetl, sleho qul nplens îrlns aoj 0 gjpcnetls

nhdnaletls iornj slclagoenhns. Xohns ns rnhgokrnigns iornj ilgtns utgcgzneho - sl n

tçaegan ho pnrnclcgsjo aoj ujn posgëáo gehlxnhn pnrn aoesgstäeagn l

rlprohutg`gcghnhl hns gjnkles rnhgokrîigans. N hgstàeagn cntlrnc hn argstn ñssln letrl

gjpcnetls iog rlkgstrnhn l ns rnhgokrnigns hgvghghns lj 0 krupos (N l @). Eo krupo N

iganrnj nqulcls lj qul n hgstàeagn letrl gjpcnetls tgebn 1 jj ou jleos l eo krupo

@, iganrnj os qul tgebnj jngs qul 1 jj hl hgstàeagn letrl os gjpcnetls. Os

rlsuctnhos jostrnrnj qul n plrhn hn argstn ñssln eo prgjlgro krupo iog hl >,68 jj,

lequneto eo slkueho, iog hl 6,8< jj. Aoeacugu-sl qul lxgstl uj aojpoeletl cntlrnc

hl plrhn ñssln no rlhor hl gjpcnetls, ujn vlz qul o lspnëo `gocñkgao lstî iorjnho l

qul o nujleto hn plrhn ñssln hn argstn rlsuctn eo nujleto hn hgstàeagn letrl n `nsl

ho poeto hl aoetnto hl aorons nhdnaletls l n argstn ñssln, geiculeagneho hgrltnjletl

en iorjnëáo hl pnpgcns letrl gjpcnetls.



0.< Anrnatlrêstgans hl suplriêagl ho tgtàego

VGNXLCCG lt nc., (>77;), nencgsnrnj qul lj gjpcnetls aoj pucvlrgznëáo hl pcnsjn

os ilgxls hns ig`rns hl aocîkleo sl nprlsletnrnj tneto pnrnclcns quneto plrplehgaucnr.

Os gjpcnetls hl tgtàego aoj ujn plcêaucn hl XgO0 eneoporoso hlrgvnho hl soc - klc iogaojpnrnho aoj os gjpcnetls hl tgtàego trnesiorjnho. Os tlaghos jocls hos gjpcnetls

aoj trntnjleto hl suplriêagl iornj nencgsnhos euj jgarosañpgo lcltrøegao hl

trnesjgssáo l iornj o`slrvnhns açcucns bljghlsjossojns eo lpgtçcgo dueagoenc. N

utgcgznëáo hl bghroxgnpntgtn l outros rlvlstgjletos so`rl os gjpcnetls hl tgtàego iog

hlstgenho n projovlr n iorjnëáo hl tlagho jocl aoj lstruturns sljlcbnetls n igxnëáo

hl tlagho jocl no hletls.

LCCGEKQLE lt nc., (>772), rlcntnrnj qul ns johgiganëüls hn suplriêagl hos

gjpcnetls pohl slr o`tghn por hgilrletls proalssos hl in`rganëáo ou por jlgo hl

trntnjletos su`slquletls qul levocvlj usgenklj, pocgjleto, dntlnjleto hl

pnrtêaucns, rlvlstgjleto hl kràeucos hl pnrtêaucns hl bghroxgnpntgtn ou hl tgtàego, ou hl

hlposgëáo hl vnpor iêsgao ou quêjgao, pucvlrgznëáo hl pcnsjn hl tgtàego, ntnqul

quêjgao ou lcltroquêjgao. N rukosghnhl geicuäeagn4 en getlrnaáo alcucnr jlhgnetl n

johgiganëáo hn procgilrnëáo alcucnr, hgilrleagnëáo alcucnr, sêetlsl hl jntrgz lxtrn

alcucnr, nhlsáo l joriocokgn alcucnr. Ig`ro`cnstos bujneos possulj jngor nhlsáo lj

suplriêagls lcltropocghns ho qul lj suplriêagls trntnhns. No aoetrîrgo, ostlo`cnstos

hljoestrnrnj jngor nhlsáo lj suplriêagls rukosns ho qul cgsns.

AOJ\X lt nc., (066>), euj lstuho lj aáls, o`slrvnrnj n iorjnëáo hl ig`rns

hl aocîkleo pnrnclcns l ig`rns hl aocîkleo ncvlocnrls lj toreo hl gjpcnetls aoj

rlvlstgjletos hl bghroxgnpntgtn.

Qlkueho N@PNBNJQQOE lt nc., (0660), lj lstuho lxplrgjletnc, rlcntnrnj qul

ns hgjlesüls hos tlaghos jocls iornj sljlcbnetls tneto lj nùtjlet aoj ujn

suplriêagl cgsn pocghn quneto n ujn ujn suplriêagl hupcnjletl ntnanhn aoj îagho.

Dî [LEELP@LPK lt nc., (0661), lj slus lstuhos lxplrgjletngs l acêegaos

rlcntnrnj qul hgilrletls rukosghnhls suplrigagngs eáo geiculeagnj en naujucnëáo hl

pcnan.

NC@PLMXQQOE lt nc., (0668), hlsarlvlrnj qul n nhlsáo alcucnr l sun

procgilrnëáo lj uj `gojntlrgnc, ç hlplehletl, letrl outros intorls, hn jocbn`gcghnhl



hn suplriêagl, qul, por sun vlz, ç niltnhn plcn rukosghnhl ho `gojntlrgnc. Gjpcnetls hl

rukosghnhl suplrigagnc johlrnhn possulj vnetnkles acêegans quneho aojpnrnhos n

gjpcnetls hl suplriêagl jugto cgsn ou jugto rukosn.

JNC\I lt nc., (066;), hlsarlvlrnj n grrnhgnëáo aoj cnslr Eh4 WNK sleho jugto

utgcgznhn lj sochns hl jntlrgngs aojo o tgtàego, n igj hl projovlr uj hlrrltgjleto l

sochnklj ho tgtàego, klrneho jngor rlsgstäeagn æs iorëns hl tlesáo= outrn vnetnklj

hlstl cnslr ç projovlr grrlkucnrghnhls l nctlrnëüls joriocñkgans eo tgtàego.

CL K\ÇBLEELA lt nc., (066;), nigrjnrnj qul lstl jçtoho tlj sgho usnho pnrn

prohuzgr suplriêagls rukosns. Aoesgstl lj gedltnr pñ hl tgtàego lj pgstocn hl pcnsjn n

ujn tljplrnturn nctn. Ns pnrtêaucns sáo prodltnhns en suplriêagl hos gjpcnetls oehl sl

iuehlj l sl aoehlesnj iorjneho uj igcjl hl jngs ou jleos 16 #j hl lsplssurn=

tnj`çj lxpcganrnj qul n osslogetlkrnëáo hl gjpcnetls hl tgtàego ao`lrtos aoj

iosinto hl aîcago (AnV) `gojgjçtgao tlj sgho gevlstgknhn lj johlcos aojpnrntgvos

prç-acêegaos. Lstls lstuhos täj hljoestrnho uj ncto aoetnto osso/gjpcnetl pnrn

ao`lrturns `gojgjçtgans hl iosinto hl aîcago ho qul lj gjpcnetls hl tgtàego eáo

rlvlstghos.

QNEXOQ lt nc., (0662), nigrjnrnj qul n rukosghnhl leaoetrnhn eos gjpcnetls

rlvlstghos aoj ujn anjnhn hl sprny hl pcnsjn hl tgtàego ç suplrgor n 0 #j. O eêvlc

hl rukosghnhl hlssls gjpcnetls leaoetrn-sl lj hlsuso.

Os rlsuctnhos ho lstuho hl ILPK\QOE lt nc., (0662), aoeigrjnj os `leliêagos

hl suplriêagls hl gjpcnetl hl tgtàego aoj dntlnjleto hl nrlgn l ntnanhns por îagho

(QCN), aoesghlrneho lstl trntnjleto hl suplriêagl aojo o –pnhráo ouro‚, hl quncqulr

jnelgrn tlj sgho suklrgho qul gjpcnetls `gontgvos pohlj oilrlalr nckujn projlssn.

LCGNQ lt nc., (0662), hlsarlvlrnj qul gjpcnetls aoj suplriêagls neohgznhns

sáo `gontgvos l nprlsletnj jngor lstn`gcghnhl prgjîrgn l osslogetlkrnëáo jngs

rîpghn.

ANPYNCBO lt nc., (0667), acnssgiganrnj ns suplriêagls hos gjpcnetls hl tgtàego

lj ageao krupos4 suplriêagls usgenhns, suplriêagls jnarotlxturgznhns, suplriêagls

jgarotlxturgznhns, suplriêagls eneotlxturgznhns l suplriêagls `gojgjçtgans.

[LEELP@LPK & NC@PLMXQQOE (0667), hlsarlvlrnj qul por jugtos neos o

gjpcnetl @rìeljnrm iog o qul lxgstgn hl jlcbor lj sl incneho hl suplriêagls hl

gjpcnetl. Lssl gjpcnetl iog jnqugenho aoj uj proalsso hl torelnjleto aoj

lsplaêigans proprglhnhls topokrîigans tngs aojo negsotropgn.



XNYNPLQ lt nc., (0667), hlsarlvlrnj qul n suplriêagl grrnhgnhn aoj ilgxl hl

cnslr nprlsletn vnetnkles quneto æ pnhroegznëáo l inagcghnhl ho trntnjleto hl

suplriêagl, por slr uj proalsso cgjpo, rlprohutêvlc l hl `ngxo austo quneho

aojpnrnho n outros jçtohos.

Dî KLBPML lt nc., (06>6), aoeigrjnj qul n jgsturn hl dntlnjleto aojaoehgagoenjleto îagho trnz ujn aoeiorjnëáo `nstnetl bojokäeln, qul pnrlal slr

uj hos intorls qul nuxgcgnj jugto en jlcborn hn osslogetlkrnëáo hos gjpcnetls.

JLGPLCCLQ (06>6), nigrjou qul n prlsleën hl eneolstruturns, gehlplehletl

hn aojposgëáo quêjgan, rlsuctn lj nujleto ho aoetnto osso-gjpcnetl.

XOJQGN lt nc., (06>>), rlssnctnrnj qul suplriêagls hl gjpcnetl pohlj slr

jlcbornhns ntrnvçs hn gjgtnëáo hn topokrnign hn suplriêagl iorjnhn plcos

aojpoeletls hn jntrgz lxtrnalcucnr. Lssls aojpoeletls sáo hl lsancn eneojçtrganaoj hgjlesüls hl >6 n >66 ej.

@\Q^\GE lt nc., (06>0), jostrnrnj qul aoj o trntnjleto îagho, n suplriêagl

toren - sl jngs bojokäeln lj rlcnëáo æ usgenhn l ns jnrans hns ilrrnjletns sáo

rljovghns. Ns anrnatlrêstgans joriocñkgans inagcgtnj nhsorëáo, nhlsáo, lspncbnjleto l

hgilrleagnëáo hns açcucns.



1 HGQA\QQÁO

O trntnjleto aoj gjpcnetls hletîrgos ç ujn opëáo aoesnkrnhn lj tlrjos hl

iueagoencghnhl l hurn`gcghnhl. Vorçj, no aletrnr - sl so`rl o trntnjleto aojo uj

toho, o sualsso ç hligegho eáo sojletl plco lstn`lclagjleto l jneutleëáo hnosslogetlkrnëáo, jns tnj`çj plcn lstn`gcghnhl hos tlaghos plrg-gjpcnetnrls

(aoetoreo, aor, tlxturn), prlsleën hl tlagho qulrntgegznho, pnpgcn getlrhletîrgn, aoetoreo

klekgvnc bnrjoegoso aoj os hletls nhdnaletls, `lj aojo uj nhlqunho slcnjleto

letrl o tlagho jocl l o tgtàego, aoesgstgeho en argnëáo hl aoetoreos ho tlagho jocl plrg-

gjpcnetnr qul eáo sldnj proetnjletl hgstgetos ho hletl enturnc nhdnaletl.

(LPGAQQOE lt nc., (066>)).

Bî ujn hgilrleën iuehnjletnc letrl os tlaghos jocls plrgohoetngs l os tlaghosjocls plrg-gjpcnetnrls eo qul hgz rlsplgto no sgstljn hl geslrëáo hos tlaghos

jnrkgengs. Lequneto n klekgvn ç geslrghn en suplriêagl hletîrgn por ig`rns aocîklens, n

juaosn plrg-gjpcnetnr eáo possug lssl sgstljn hl geslrëáo, o qul n toren jngs

inagcjletl hlstnaîvlc hn suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl. N nusäeagn ho aljleto en suplriêagl

ho gjpcnetl inz aoj qul ns ig`rns aocîklens hn juaosn plrg-gjpcnetnr sldnj geslrghns

eo plrgñstlo hn argstn ñssln l prodltlj - sl pnrnclcnjletl æ suplriêagl gjpcnetnr. Vor

gsso, ç gjportnetl rlssnctnr nckujns hgilrleëns aojo n hgsposgëáo hns ig`rns

aocîklens l n nusäeagn hl geslrëáo hlssns en suplriêagl ho tgtàego, o qul proporagoen

n iorjnëáo hl uj sgstljn jngs vucelrîvlc æs gevnsüls `natlrgnens l nkrlssüls

jlaàegans, quneho aojpnrnho no hletl.

En porëáo suprn-ncvlocnr, o aljleto rnhgaucnr nprlsletn ig`rns geslrghns (ig`rns

hl Qbnrply) hgspostns o`cgqunjletl, aojpostns por ;6% hl aocîkleo, 06% hl

ig`ro`cnstos, <% hl vnsos, <% hl jntrgz l outrns su`stàeagns. N suplriêagl ho gjpcnetl

ç hlsprovghn hl ujn rngz aljletîrgn, n nusäeagn hlssl aljleto eos gjpcnetls

projovl ujn orgletnëáo pnrnclcn hns ig`rns eo tlagho jocl suprnargstnc lj rlcnëáo no

gjpcnetl/nùtjlet= lssl nrrnedo oilrlal ujn jleor rlsgstäeagn jlaàegan quneho

aojpnrnho nos cgknjletos plrgohoetngs, pohleho prlduhganr o prokeñstgao hos

gjpcnetls ùangs, klrncjletl o`slrvneho ‑ sl rlalssáo klekgvnc, òcsns l rln`sorëáo

(@\QLP lt nc., >770= CGEHBL & @LPKC\EHB, >772= JOOE lt nc., >777).

N nusäeagn hl geslrëáo hl ig`rns inz aoj qul uj slcnjleto torel-sl ngehn jngs

gjportnetl l n jneutleëáo l lstn`gcgznëáo hlstl hlvl slr uj hos o`dltgvos hn tlrnpgn

gjpcnetnr (POQL lt nc., 0668). N prlsleën hn juaosn qulrntgegznhn pnrlal nduhnr en

jneutleëáo hlssl slcnjleto= jugtos lstuhos täj sgho aoehuzghos pnrn hltlrjgenr sl



o tlagho qulrntgegznho ç rlclvnetl pnrn n snôhl plrg-gjpcnetnr (NHLCC lt nc., >72>).

CNEK & COL (>7;0) rlncgznrnj uj lstuho pnrn hltlrjgenr o jêegjo hl juaosn

qulrntgegznhn aojpntêvlc aoj n snôhl klekgvnc l nigrjnrnj qul lj pnagletls cgvrls hl

pcnan ujn ncturn jêegjn lrn aojpntêvlc aoj n snôhl klekgvnc= letrltneto, lj

gehgvêhuos aoj aoetrocl rlkucnr hl pcnan, n geicnjnëáo plrsgstgn lj coangs aoj jleoshl 0jj hl juaosn qulrntgegznhn.

Aoetrnhgzleho o lstuho hl CNEK & COL (>7;0), JGWNQNXO lt nc. (>7;;)

hljoestrnrnj qul n klekgvgtl eáo hlslevocvl jngs rnpghnjletl lj sêtgos aoj

jêegjn qunetghnhl hl juaosn qulrntgegznhn ho qul lj îrlns aoj ujn ncturn

nprlagîvlc hl klekgvn. Lstuhos lxplrgjletngs lj aáls tnj`çj incbnrnj lj

hljoestrnr hgilrleëns en tnxn ou lxtlesáo hl prokrlssáo hl clsüls klekgvngs lj

îrlns aoj jêegjn qunetghnhl hl klekgvn qulrntgegznhn ([LEEQXPOJ, >72;).ûneho uj nkletl lxtlreo gevnhl n proiuehghnhl `gocñkgan, o lpgtçcgo rlspoehl

jgkrneho ncçj ho nkletl prlduhgagnc, eujn tletntgvn hl gsocî-co l argnr ujn hgstàeagn

hlilesgvn qul nsslkurl n getlkrghnhl plrg-gjpcnetnr. Gsso aoehuz ujn rln`sorëáo, qul

nsslkurn o rllstn`lclagjleto hns hgstàeagns `gocñkgans ( @LPKC\EH lt nc., 066<=

YLCN ‑ EL@OX lt nc., 0669).

N plrhn ñssln lj gjpcnetls hletngs pohl slr acnssgiganhn aojo gegagnc ou tnrhgn.

N plrhn gegagnc oaorrl en rlkgáo hn argstn ñssln. Lstuhos täj hljoestrnho qul n

quncghnhl ñssln, n qunetghnhl hl klekgvn geslrghn, n so`rlanrkn oacusnc, n rlspostn

no trnujn agrôrkgao, n prlsleën hl jgaroknp en getlrinal gjpcnetl-nùtjlet, n

aoetnjgenëáo `natlrgnen, n lxposgëáo prlaoal ho gjpcnetl no jlgo ùanc netls hn

agrurkgn hl slkueho lstîkgo, o rlstn`lclagjleto ho lspnëo `gocñkgao l o jñhuco hn

argstn ho gjpcnetl sáo possêvlgs intorls qul geiculeagnj elssn plrhn ñssln gegagnc.

(XOCDNEGA lt nc. ,>777= OB lt nc., 0660= AB\EK lt nc., 066;= XN[GC, 0662= @O\PG lt

nc., 0662).

N elalssghnhl gehgsplesîvlc hl juaosn qulrntgegznhn pnrn n snôhl plrg-

gjpcnetnr ç aoetrovlrsn. Ho poeto hl vgstn acêegao, eáo lxgstlj lvghäeagns hl qul n

nusäeagn hl juaosn qulrntgegznhn prlduhgqul n coeklvghnhl hl rln`gcgtnëüls

gjpcnetossuportnhns, quneho n bgkglel ùanc ior sntgsintñrgn. Os gjpcnetls pohlj

so`rlvgvlr en inctn hlssl tgpo hl tlagho. Gsso pohl slr o`slrvnho eos pnagletls qul

rlal`lrnj prñtlsl ho tgpo protoaoco l iornj naojpnebnhos por coeko plrêoho,

hljosetrneho lstn`gcghnhl hns igxnëüls.

O osso proxgjnc rlcnagoenho nos hletls nhdnaletls ç uj prç ‑ rlqugsgto pnrn n

prlsleën hl pnpgcns. N prlsleën ñssln eáo knrnetl, elalssnrgnjletl, qul ns pnpgcns



aojpcltlj o lspnëo getlrproxgjnc, letrltneto, lj 26% hos ansos pohl oaorrlr o

prlleabgjleto lspoetàelo, sl ior aoesghlrnho o hlslebo hns prñtlsls l sl o osso

proxgjnc lstgvlr prlsletl.

VGNXLCCG lt nc., (>77;)= LCCGEKQLE lt nc., (>772)= AOJ\X lt nc., (066>),

rlcntnrnj qul ns johgiganëüls hn suplriêagl hos gjpcnetls pohl slr o`tghn porhgilrletls proalssos hl in`rganëáo ou por jlgo hl trntnjletos su`slquletls qul

levocvlj usgenklj, pocgjleto, dntlnjleto hl pnrtêaucns, rlvlstgjleto hl kràeucos hl

pnrtêaucns hl bghroxgnpntgtn ou hl tgtàego, ou hl hlposgëáo hl vnpor iêsgao ou quêjgao,

pucvlrgznëáo hl pcnsjn hl tgtàego, ntnqul quêjgao ou lcltroquêjgao. N rukosghnhl

geicuäeagn4 en getlrnaáo alcucnr jlhgnetl n johgiganëáo hn procgilrnëáo alcucnr,

hgilrleagnëáo alcucnr, sêetlsl hl jntrgz lxtrn alcucnr, nhlsáo l joriocokgn alcucnr

(N@PNBNJQQOE lt nc., (0660)= [LEELP@LPK lt nc., (0661)). Ig`ro`cnstos bujneospossulj jngor nhlsáo lj suplriêagls lcltropocghns ho qul lj suplriêagls trntnhns. No

aoetrîrgo, ostlo`cnstos hljoestrnrnj jngor nhlsáo lj suplriêagls rukosns ho qul

cgsns (NC@PLMXQQOE lt nc., (0668)= JNC\I lt nc., (066;)= CL K\ÇBLEELA lt nc.,

(066;)= QNEXOQ lt nc., (0662)= ILPK\QOE lt nc., (0662)).

Lj aojpnrnëáo nos gjpcnetls trntnhos aoj îagho l icôor, os gjpcnetls neohgznhos

nprlsletnj torqul sgkegigantgvnjletl suplrgor nos hljngs, aoeigrjneho qul o

lergqulagjleto hn anjnhn hl ñxgho hl tgtàego aoj An l V nalclrn os jlanegsjos

levocvghos en osslogetlkrnëáo, toreneho n suplriêagl `gontgvn (LCGNQ lt nc.,

0662). Nplsnr ho aoesleso, (ANPYNCBO lt nc., (0667)= [LEELP@LPK &

NC@PLMXQQOE (0667)= XNYNPLQ lt nc., (0667)), lj rlcnëáo æ gjportàeagn hn

iorjnëáo hl ujn `nrrlgrn liltgvn letrl o tlagho jocl plrg ‑ gjpcnetnr l o tgtàego, pnrn n

jneutleëáo hn lstn`gcghnhl hn jnrklj klekgvnc, ngehn sáo elalssîrgos jngs lstuhos

so`rl os jlanegsjos hlssn nhlsáo, `lj aojo lcuaghnëüls so`rl topokrnign hl

suplriêagl l aojposgëáo hos jntlrgngs. (KLBPML lt nc., (06>6)= JLGPLCCLQ (06>6)=

XOJQGN lt nc., (06>>)= @\Q^\GE lt nc., (06>0)).



8 AOEAC\QÁO

Lj inal hns rlilräeagns o`slrvnhns en lxposgëáo tlñrgan hlstl trn`ncbo, pohl-sl

aoeacugr qul4

N lstn`gcghnhl hos tlaghos jocls plrg-gjpcnetnrls ç uj hos argtçrgos hl sualssopnrn rln`gcgtnëüls aoj gjpcnetls, ujn vlz qul o lstn`lclagjleto hl ujn êetgjn

rlcnëáo letrl o tlagho jocl/osso l o tgtàego ho gjpcnetl, `lj aojo hos aojpoeletls

protçtgaos, projovl ujn `nrrlgrn protltorn æ pleltrnëáo hl `natçrgns l slus prohutos

jltn`ñcgaos, geiculeagneho eo hlsljplebo hos gjpcnetls lj coeko prnzo.

N getlrnëáo letrl os tlaghos jocls plrg-gjpcnetnrls l o tgtàego hlplehl hl

nckues intorls qul hlvlj slr clvnhos lj aoesghlrnëáo, aojo4 n aojposgëáo quêjgan

hos jntlrgngs, n topokrnign hn suplriêagl l o ileñtgpo plrgohoetnc ho pnagletl. N rukosghnhl suplrigagnc ç uj intor gjportnetl pnrn n lsaocbn ho gjpcnetl,

porqul nujletn n îrln hl osslogetlkrnëáo eo aoetnto osso / gjpcnetl.



PLILPÄEAGNQ @G@CGOKPÎIGANQ

N@PNBNJQQOE G, TGXTJNEE E\, @LPKC\EHB X, CGEHLP L, [LEELP@LPK N,

CGEHBL D. Xbl juaosnc nttnabjlet to tgtneguj gjpcnets wgtb hgiilrlet surinal

abnrnatlrgstgas4 ne lxplrgjletnc stuhy ge hoks. D Acge Vlrgohoetoc 0660= 074882-8<<.

NHLCC P. lt nc. N ><-ylnr stuhy oi osslogetlkrntlh gjpcnets ge tbl trlntjlet oi tbl

lhletucous dnw. Get. D. Ornc Qurk., Aoplebnkle, hla >.72>= >6(9)412;-8>9.

NC@PLMXQQOE X, [LEELE@LPK N. Quplriêagls hl gjcpcnetls orngs4 Vnrtl > ‑

Plvgsáo ioancgzneho proprglhnhls topokrîigans l quêjgans hns hgilrletls suplriêagls l

ns rlspostns ge vgvo n lstns. Get D Vrostbohoet. 0668=0(0)42>-76.

NQMNPW QN. Lstbltga aoesghlrntgoes ge netlrgor sgekcl-tootb rlpcnaljlet. Gjpcnet Hlet,

@nctjorl >777= 2(>)4 9>-;.

NC@PLMXQQOE X.= TNP@ K.= [OPXBGEKXOE V.= LPGMQQOE N P. Xbl coek-tlrj

liiganay oi aurrletcy uslh hletnc gjpcnets4 n rlvglw neh proposlh argtlrgn oi suaalss, Get

D Ornc Jnxgccoina Gjpcnets >729 Qujjlr= >(>)4>>-0<.

@N\JNE K P. lt nc. Xbl plrg-gjpcnet sucaus. Get. D. Ornc Jnxgcco- ina. Gjpcnets,

Coj`nrh, >771=140;1-026.

@LEKNTG I, [LEELQXPOJ DC, CLMBOCJ \. Plalssgoe oi tbl soit tgssul jnrkge nt

ornc gjpcnets. Acge Ornc Gjpcnets Pls, Aoplebnkle, >779= ;4 161->6.

@LPKC\EHB X, CGEHBL D, LPGAQQOE G, JNPGELCCO AV, CGCDLE@LPK @,

XBOJQLE V. Xbl soit tgssul `nrrglr nt gjpcnet neh tlltb. Acge Ornc Gjpcnet Pls. >77>

Npr-Due=0(0)42>-76.

@LPKC\EHB X, CGEHBL D, DOEQQOE M, LPGAQQOE G. Xbl topokrnpby oi tbl

vnsaucnr systljs ge tbl plrgohoetnc neh plrg ‑ gjpcnet tgssul ge hok. D Acge Vlrgohoetoc.

>778=0>(1)4>27-71.

@LPKC\EHB X, HOENXG J. Nsplats oi nhnptgvl bost rlspoesl ge plrgohoetgtgs. D Acge

Vlrgohoetnc. 066<=10 Quppc 942;->6;.

@O\PG N@, @GQQNHN E, NC-TNBPNEG, J.Q. lt nc. [bght oi mlrntgegzlh kgekgvn neh tbl

blnctb stntus oi tbl supportgek tgssuls nroueh hletnc gjpcnets. Get D ornc Jnxgccoina

Gjpcnets 0662= 014 101-109.



@\QLP H. lt nc. Qoit tgssul rlnatgoes to eoe-su`jlrklh ueconhlh tgtneguj gjpcnets ge

`lnkcl hoks. D. Vlrgohoetoc., Abganko, jnr >770= 9(1)4 00<-01<.

@\Q^\GJ XV lt nc. Anrnatlrgznëáo hos ñxghos hl tgtàego hns suplriêagls hl gjpcnetls

hletîrgos aoj hgilrletls trntnjletos. Plvgstn Gjpcnet Elws, Qáo Vnuco, 06>0= 7(0)4

06;-0>8.

ANPYNCBO @. lt nc. Xrntnjletos hl Quplriêagls hl Gjpcnetls Hletîrgos. Plv. Agr.

Xrnujntoc. @uao-Jnxgco-ina., Anjnrnkg`l, v.7, e.>, p,>01->16, dne./jnr., 0667.

AB\EK HJ, OB X-D, CLL D. lt nc. Inators niilatgek cntl gjpcnet òel coss4 n

rltrosplatgvl nencysgs. Get D ornc Jnxgccoina Gjpcnets 066;= 004 >>;->09.

AOJ\X NN, [L@LP BV, QBOPXMPOII Q, A\G IT, QVLAXOP J. Aoeelatgvl tgssul

orgletntgoe nroueh hletnc gjpcnets ge n anegel johlc. Acge Ornc Gjpcnets Pls 066>=

>04811-886.

HG@NPX Q, [NP@GEKXOE J, Q\ JI, QMO@L T. Ge vgtro lvncuntgoe oi tbl gjpcnet-

nùtjlet `natlrgnc slnc4 tbl coamgek tnplr systlj Get D Ornc Jnxgccoina Gjpcnets 066<,

064;10-;1;.

HOENXB M, ML@GP J, JNPXGELT B, HNYNPVNENB J, XLA\AGNE\ DI. Getlkrnëáo l

igsgocokgn tlaghunc. Jneunc hl Gjpcnetohoetgn Acêegan, Qáo Vnuco4 Lh.Nrtjlh, 0661. p.

11-9<.

LCCGEKQLE D. Qurinal aoeigkurntgoes oi hletnc gjpcnets. Vlrgohoetoc. >772=>;419-89.

LPGAQOE G. Lstbltga Gjpcnet Hletgstry. ̂ ugetlssleal= 066>. V. 11-8<.

ILPK\QOE DQ lt nc. @gojlabneganc Aojpnrgsoe oi hgiilrlet surinal johgigantgoes ior

hletnc gjpcnets. Xbl Getlrentgoenc Dourenc oi Ornc & Jnxgcoinagnc Gjpcnets. 0662= 01(9)4

>61;->689.

KCN\QLP P, TLJ@GA N, BNJJLPCL ABI. N systljntga rlvglw oi jnrkgenc soit tgssul

nt gjpcnets su`dlatlh to gjjlhgntl conhgek or gjjlhgntl rlstorntgoe. Acge Ornc Pls.

0669=>;420-70.



KLBPML Q.N. lt nc. Hlslevocvgjleto, anrnatlrgznëáo l nvncgnëáo hl ujn suplriêagl hl

gjpcnetl jgarotlxturgznhn. I\CC Hletgstry ge Qagleal. Qáo Dosç hos Vgebngs. 06>6=

>(0)4>1<->8>.

CNEK E V, COL B. Xbl rlcntgoesbgp `ltwlle tbl wghtb oi mlrntgegzlh kgekgvn neh

kgekgvnc blntb. D. Vlrgohoetoc., Abganko. oat >770= 81(>6)4901-90;.

CN\XLEQABCNKLP LV, JOENKBNE V. Xgtneguj neh tgtneguj nccoys ns hletnc

jntlrgncs. Get Hlet D (Kugchiorh). >771=81(>)408<-<1.

CL K\ÇBLEELA C. lt nc. Qurinal trlntjlets oi tgtneguj hletnc gjpcnets ior rnpgh

osslogetlkrntgoe. Hletnc Jntlrgncs, [nsbgektoe. 066;= 014288-2<8.

CGJ WD, OQBGHN W, NEHPLQ AD, @NPAO JX. Qurinal abnrnatlrgzntgoes oi vnrgouscy

trlntlh tgtneguj jntlrgncs. Get D Ornc Jnxgccoina Gjpcnets. 066>=>9(1)4111-80.

CGEHBL D, @LPKC\EHB X. Xbl getlrinal `ltwlle tbl juaosn neh tbl gjpcnet.

Vlrgohoetoc. 0666, Aoplebnkle. Duel >772= >;(>)48;-<8.

JNC\I VQT. lt nc. Ynetnkles ho trntnjleto hl suplriêagl n cnslr lj gjpcnetls hletngs

osslogetlkrîvlgs. Plvgstn GjpcnetElws, Qáo Vnuco. 066;= 8(9)4981-989.

JLGPLCCLQ C. Eneolstruturns l n rlspostn ñssln. \jn nctlrentgvn slkurn pnrn nrln`gcgtnëáo aoj gjpcnetls osslogetlkrîvlgs? Plvgstn GjpcnetElws, Qáo Vnuco. Jnrëo/

n`rgc, 06>6= ;(0)4>97->;0.

JGWNQQNXO J, APGKKLP J, LKLC@LPK D. Kgekgvnc aoehgtgoe ge nrlns oi jgegjnc

neh npprlagn`cl wghtb oi mlrntgegzlh kgekgvn. D. Acge. Vlrgohoetoc., Aoplebnkle.

Nuk >7;;= 8(1)4066-067.

JOOE GQ. lt nc. Xbl `nrrglr `ltwlle tbl mlrntgegzlh juaosn neh tbl hletnc gjpcnet. Nelxplrgjletnc stuhy ge tbl hok. D. Acge. Vlrgo- hoetoc., Aoplebnkle. Oat. >777= 09(>6)4

9<2-991.

OB XD, WOOE D, JGQAB AL. Xbl anusls oi lnrcy gjpcnet òel coss4 Jytb or sagleal? D

Vlrgohoetoc. 0660 Jnr= ;1(1)4100-11.

VBGCCGVQ M., MOGQ DA. Nlstbltga plrg-gjpcnet sgtl hlvlcopjlet. Hlet Acge Eortb Nj,

Vbgcnhlcpbgn, >772= 80(>)4 <;-;6.



VGNXXLCCG N, QANPNEO N, VGNXXLCCG J, @LPXOCNG P, VNETOEG L. Bgstocokga

nsplats oi tbl òel neh soit tgssuls surrouehgek tbrll tgtneguj eoe-su`jlrklh

pcnsjn-sprnylh gjpcnets rltrglvlh nt nutopsy4 n ansl rlport. D Vlrgohoetoc= >77;,

924978-;66.

PLKGQ J@, H\NPXL CPQ. Plstnurnëüls uegtîrgns so`rl gjpcnetls osslogetlkrnhos

lj îrln lstçtgan aoetorenhns por tlagho klkgvnc enturnc ‑ ujn neîcgsl arêtgan ho

lstîkgo agletïigao ntunc. Plv Hletnc Vrlss Vlrgohoetgn Gjpcnetoc. 066;=>(1)409-86.

POQL CI. lt nc. Vlrgohoetgas4 jlhgagel, surklry, neh gjpcnets. Ge4 POQL CI. Hletnc

gjpcnets ge tbl plrgohoetnccy aojprojgslh hletgtgoe. Qnget Cougs4 Lcslvglr Jos`y, 0668.

QNNHO\E NV, CL KNCC JK, XO\NXG @. Qlclatgoe neh ghlnc trghgjlesgoenc gjpcnet

posgtgoe ior soit tgssul nlstbltgas. Vrnat Vlrgohoet Nlstbltga Hlet. >777= >>(7)4

>691-;0.

QNCNJN B, QNCNJN JN, KNP@LP H, NHNP V. Xbl getlrproxgjnc blgkbt oi òel4 N

kughlpost to prlhgatn`cl nlstbltga strntlkgls neh soit tgssuls aoetours ge netlrgor tootb

rlpcnaljlet. Vrnat Vlrgohoet Nlstbltga Hlet,>772=>6(7)4>>1>->>8>.

QAB[NPT I, BLPXLE J, @GLCGEK M, @LAMLP D. Arlstnc òel abnekls nteoesu`jlrklh gjpcnets (anjcok) wgtb hgiilrlet jnabgelh aoccnr clektbs4 n

bgstojorpbojltrga pgcot stuhy ge hoks. Get D ornc Jnxgccoina Gjpcnets. 0662= 014 11<-

180.

QBGJV\M\ B, EOQNMN W, MN[NJ\PN X. lt nc. @oel Jorpbokleltga Vrotlge-8 klel

pocyjorpbgsj neh lnrcy jnrkgenc òel coss nroueh lehosslous gjpcnets. Get D ornc

Jnxgccoina Gjpcnets 0661= >24 <66-<68.XNPEO[ HV, JNKELP N[, ICLXABLP V. Xbl liilat oi tbl hgstneal iroj tbl aoetnat

poget to tbl arlst oi òel oe tbl prlsleal or n`sleal oi tbl getlrproxgjnc hletnc pnpgccn.

D Vlrgohoetnc >770=91477<-9.

XNPEO[ HV, ABO QA, [NCCNAL QQ. Xbl liilat oi tbl getlr-gjpcnet hgstneal oe tbl

blgkbt oi tbl getlr-gjpcnet òel arlst. D Vlrgohoetoc. 0666 Nprgc= >(8)4 <89-<87.



XNYNPLQ BQ lt nc. Nvncgnëáo hl gjpcnetls johgiganhos por ilgxl hl cnslr Eh4 WNK l

gjpcnetls hl suplriêagl usgenhn ljprlkneho-sl JLY l torqul rlvlrso. Plvgstn

GjpcnetElws, Qáo Vnuco. 0667= 9(8)412>-12<.

XN[GC K. Vlrg-gjpcnet òel coss anuslh `y oaacusnc ovlrconh4 rlpngr oi tbl plrg- gjpcnet

hlilat ioccowgek aorrlatgoe oi tbl trnujntga oaacusgoe. N ansl rlport. Get D ornc Jnxgccoina

Gjpcnets 0662= 014 ><1-><;.

XOCDNEGA DN, @NENMGQ JC, [GCCLQ CNM, KPNBNJ C. Qoit tgssul lxposurl oi

lehousslous gjpcnets `ltwlle stnkl G neh stnkl GG surklry ns n potletgnc gehgantor oi

lnrcy arlstnc òel coss. Get D ornc Jnxgccoina Gjpcnets >777= >84 819-88>.

XOJQGN NV lt nc. Eneotlabeocoky nppronabls ior `lttlr hletnc gjpcnets. Get D Ornc

Jnxgcoina Gjpcnets, v.09 (suppc), p. 0< ‑ 87, 06>>.

YLCN ‑ EL@OX R, POHPGK\LT ‑ AG\ENPN R, POHNHO ‑ NCOEQO A, QLKNCÆ ‑

XOPPLQ J. @leligts oi ne gjpcnet pcntniorj johgigantgoe tlabegqul to rlhual arlstnc

òel rlsorptgoe. Gjpcnet Hlet. 0669=><(1)41>1-06.

[LEEQXPOJ DC, @LEKNTG I, CLMBOCJ \. Xbl geiculeal oi tbl jnstgkntory juaosn

oe tbl plrg - gjpcnet soit tgssul aoehgtgoe. Acge. Ornc Gjpcnets Pls., Aoeplebnklj.

>778= <(>)4>-2.

[LEELP@LPK N.= NC@PLMXQQOE X. Liilats oi tgtneguj surinal topokrnpby oe òel

getlkrntgoe4 n systljntga rlvglw. Acge. Ornc Gjpc. Pls. 0667= 06(8)4>;0->28.

[LEELP@LPK N, QLEELP@W C, M\CXDL A, CLMBOCJ \. Qojl soit tgssul

abnrnatlrgstgas nt gjpcnet nùtjlets wgtb hgiilrlet surinal topokrnpby. N stuhy ge

bujnes. D Acge Vlrgohoetoc. 0661= 16422-78.

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