Disciplina: Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana - ULisboa · Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 10 What have they in common ? A city generates about: 0.1 delivery or pick-up

Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 1

MESTRADO INTEGRADO DE ENGENHARIA CIVILMESTRADO EM URBANISMO E ORDENAMENTO DO

TERRITÓRIOMESTRADO EM PLANEAMENTO E OPERAÇÃO DE

TRANSPORTESLICENCIATURA EM ENGENHARIA DO TERRITÓRIO

Disciplina: Gestão da Mobilidade UrbanaProf. Responsável: Rosário Macário

Aulas Teóricas

Sessão 13: Logistica urbana


Surfing …


Surfing….


Belo Horizonte - Vagas de carga/descarga delimitadas nas viasBelo Horizonte (Br) (I)


Cariacica, Brasil


Signalling in Great Britain


Night Delivery Barcelona


Santiago de Chile



What have they in common ? A city generates about:

0.1 delivery or pick-up per person per day 1 delivery or pick-up per job per week 300 to 400 truck trips per 1000 people per day, and 30 to 50 tons of goods per person per year.

Urban freight represents 10 to 15% of vehicle equivalent miles travelled in city streets 2% to 5% of the employed urban workforce.

3% to 5% of urban land is devoted to freight transport and logistics.

A city does not only receive goods, but is also a place of shipping: 20 to 25% of all truck-km in urban areas are outgoing freight, 40 to 50% is incoming freight and 25 to 40% is originated from and is delivered within the city


What can we expect ?

Growing urbanisation (European Union) 75 – 80% of population lives in urban regions. Urban regions will continue to embrace multiple functions:

working living leisure shopping

Need for sustainable development and preservation of quality of life. Major generators of freight flows

Consumption of goods – importation from other regions; Producer of goods – exportation to other regions;

Manly servicing industry (no relevant major industries); Generator of waste.


Which perceived changes ?

Changes in World Societies and Politics Globalisation, European Construction, MERCOSUL, NAFTA, etc

Progressive reduction of barriers to: trade capital information people

Major technological developments Television, Internet, Mobile phones, etc

Changes in Societies’ culture and way of living Growing intertwine of cultures and fashion Speed-up of life and volatility of desires


Which perceived changes ahead ?

Changes in World Economics Displacement of factories to cheap-labour countries (Asia, Eastern Europe,

Central and South America, North Africa, etc).

Fragmentation of production Products are no longer manufactured in a single factory but produced in multiple

factories in different locations

Changes in the Logistics and Supply Change Increase of distance between production and consumption points Need to keep and improve quality of service (reliability, timing, flexibility, etc) Emergence of new concepts (Just in Time, Lean Production, etc) Need to ensure the return of (defected) products (reverse logistics) Decrease of load factor Increase of consumption of transport services (increase delivery to customer’s door)

Emerging of new trading schemes E-commerce (by pass of intermediaries, no need for shops) Social Networks (increasing power of buyers)


What these cities must have in common ?

• Innovation to solve complex problems

• Private initiative with collaborative solutions

• Low public intervention but public policies acting as facilitators for private entrepreneurship and innovation

• High technical standards (incl environmental and energy)

• Integrated approach to land use and urban living: first, last and transit mile

• Tailored path dependent approach (each city has its own evolutionary path)


Concepts and Definitions (I)

Definition of Logistics (Council of Logistics Management – CLM) It is part of the supply chain process that plans, implements and

controls the efficient and effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption

Definition of Urban Logistics (OCDE, 2003): Distribution of consumer goods (not just retail, but also other sectors

such as manufacturing) in cities and urban areas, including the reverse flow of products considered wasteful (reverse logistics)


Concepts and Definitions (II)

Definition of Urban Logistics Process of optimization of logistics activities undertaken by public or

private entities in urban areas, considering factors such as traffic, congestion and energy consumption in the economic structure of the market (Taniguchi, 2001)

Urban logistics is the planning, implementation and efficient control of the flow and storage of materials and related information, an urban scale, with all its specificities (Caiado, 2004)


Agents in Urban Logistics


Agents in Urban Logistics (II)

Agents - any (private or public) entity with interest in urban logistics activities Producers

Production of the goods Interested in having its goods in the urban region

Wholesale Middle man btw producer and retail store (or final customer) Typically, wholesale buys bulks and sells retail It has warehouses for the temporary storage of goods

producer

retail

wholesale


Agents in Urban Logistics (III)

Agents - any (private or public) entity with interest in urban logistics activities Transport and Logistic Operators

Actual producers of transport services Multiple transport or logistic operations:

Point-to-point transport; Distribution; Mail and freight integrators;

Retailer Final link in the distribution chain Interaction with final customer, normally in tailored warehouse Multiple dimensions (from small shops to major shopping centres) and

functions (supermarkets, fashion apparel, technologies, book shop, etc).


Agents in Urban Logistics (IV)

Agents - any (private or public) entity with interest in urban logistics activities Consumer:

End-user of the goods; Typically, acquired the goods at the retails, but there is a Growth of e-Commerce (goods delivered at home) Growing return of products (defect or simply because it not what they

want) and production of waste – reverse logistics Authorities:

Scope: European, National and (mainly) Local; Limited scope for intervention as logistic activity is mainly a private

sector; Key goal is lead companies to internalise the external costs (pollution,

congestion, accidents damage, etc) Taxation, access restriction, technology standards, etc


Agents in Urban Logistics (V)

Producer Producer

Producer

Producer

Wholesale

Wholesale

Retail

CustomerCustomer

Customer

CarregadorOperador Logístico

Urban Context

Extra – Urban Context

Complex interaction between agents, often embracing hundreds of them


Physical Elements (I)

Physical elements in urban context Platforms:

Main functions: Temporary storage of goods Reception , handling and consolidation of goods; Support for distribution of goods (in urban regions); Transfer between modes of transport; Other services: labelling, picking, sorting, consulting, etc.

Types: Urban distribution centres Freight villages Industrial or logistical parks Special logistical areas


Physical Elements (II)

Physical elements in urban context Consumption centres:

Traditional retail:• Specialised shops • Distributed in the city, along the streets (proximity and

neighbourhood)• Face to face on balcony selling• Small and independent shops (family ownership)

“Modern” retail Large shops and shopping centres Selling of multiple products (although, some are specialised) Products on the shelf (also includes face to face selling) Large corporations, franchising, etc.


Physical Elements (III)

Physical elements in urban context Linear infrastructure:

Connects the physical elements Means of transport

Most used: roads Others include: rail and metro or river


Products

Characteristics of a product

Physical Characteristics

Market Characteristics

Nature Packing

shapedensityvalueperishabilityvulnerabilitydangerousness

shape and materialdensitystandardisation

rotationdemand (time of searching) profit marginvaliditylife cycle


Logistics

Activities

Transport

Handling

Warehousing

Stock and inventory management

Track & Tracing

Urban logistics activities (I)


Agents’ interests business models

Objective: Scope delimitation for business concepts in terms ofmodels and schemes applied and/or expected to be applied.

How we see a business model?There is no general definition of the term ‘‘business model’’.

“A business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value.”

(Source: Alexander Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur, 2010)

Examples of business models :

• Car pooling• Car sharing• Home deliveries• Taxi freight• Bycicle taxi

•Micro terminal• Bus freight• Tram freight• Freight postal boxes• etc


Segment of customers a company wants to offer value to

Means of getting in touch with the customer

Kind of link a company establishes between itself and the customer.

Overall view of a company’s bundle of products and services that are of value to the customer

Representation in money of all the means employed in the business model

Describes the way a company makes money through a variety of revenue flows.

Voluntarily initiated cooperative agreement between two or more companies in order to create value for the customer

Arrangement of activities and resources that are necessary in order to create value for the customer

Ability to execute a repeatable pattern of actions Measures that might

increase their transport costs and might not increase their profits, but are necessary due to the city regulations

Business models canvas

Macário in TURBLOG (adapted from Oosterwalder)


Logistic profile


Definition and establishment of logistic profiles

Agents' needs

City area features

Definition of logistics profile

Product characteristi

cs

What is a logistic profile?Homogeneous group with similar logistics needs

(Source: Macário et all, Logurb 2007)

Step 1: Define logistic needs by defining:

• city area features, • product characteristics, and• agent needs

Three steps for the definition of logistic profiles

Step 2: Determine logistic profile according these variables

Step 3: Determine the best solutions to each logistic profile defined


Examples (I)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris

Store: Monoprix (convenience stores, beauty and hygiene, organics prodcuts...)

Around 286 stores in Paris Experimental service:

Began in 2007 Serves 92 stores Modes of transport:

Rail service: from consolidation warehouse (SE Paris) to Bercy rail station (Paris), 40 min transport time

Road service: last mile (from rail station to store), GNV 190 000 pallets/year (80 x 120cm) – aprox 30 000 tons/year


Examples (II)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris

loading 26 NGV trucks : 06h00 / 12h00

Bercy (75)

Crossdoking over 1 000 palett/day unloading 21h00 / 05h00

Short line Lieusaint –Bercy

5 trains a week VFLI until 1 200 t

Combs & Lieusaint (77)

loading up to 22 freight cars

08h00 / 18h00

Delivery of 90 parisians and suburbans stores

06h30 / 12h30


Examples (III)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris


Examples (IV)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris


Examples (V)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris


Examples (VI)Concorde Square

Development of an urban warehouse (800m2), in an underground parking lot, under the Concorde Square

Transport company: Chronopost Services: Urban delivery Goods: Small packages Electric vehicles


Examples (VII)Concorde Square

Distance travelled reduces in 75% Less noise and pollution video No change in costs Improvement in quality of service


Examples (VIII)La Petite Reine

La Petite Reine is a private company of urban distribution of goods using bicycles

Each bicycle can carry up to 1.5 m3 and 190kg Urban consolidation centre, in the centre of the distribution area


Examples (IX)La Petite Reine

Less pollution and reduction of energy consumption Higher quality of transport service:

No difficulty in parking No problem with congestion

50 new jobs


The good match

Value proposition

Profile needs

And….


Dynamic mechanisms for business concepts implementation and transferability


Policy package(Utrecht,Netherlands)


The five Logistic Profiles defined are the following:

•Profile A: Cluster of shops specialized in one specific type of

service/product

•Profile B: Hotels, restaurants, small grocery stores, small neighbourhood

markets

•Profile C: Business Centre

•Profile D: Large commercial stores

•Profile E: Residential areas with local trade

Examples


Commercial density High

Homogeneity High

Logistic acessibility Reasonable/Bad

Measures considering logistic needs

Some measures considering logistic needs

Level of Congestion High/Reasonable

Restriction applied Yes/no

Easiness of handling Easy/Reasonable/Difficult

Special conditions No special needs/special needs

Urgency of deliveries Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent

Frequency of deliveries Medium/High

Amounts to be delivered Many

Planned deliveries No defined routine/Defined routine

Profile A

Product Characteristics

Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile

City Area Features

Logistic profiles results: Profile A

CLUSTER OF SHOPS SPECIALISED IN ONE SPECIFIC TYPE OF SERVICE/PRODUCT

Main characteristic of these type of profile


HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, SMALL GROCERY STORES, SMALL NEIGHBORHOOD MARKETS

Logistic profiles results: Profile B

Commercial density Low/Medium/High

Homogeneity Low/Medium/High

Logistic acessibility Bad/Reasonable/Good

Restriction applied Yes/No

Easiness of handling Easy/Reasonable/Difficult

Special conditions Special needs

Fragility Fragile

Perishability Perishable

Urgency of deliveries Urgent

Frequency of deliveries High

Amounts to be delivered Several

Planned deliveries Defined routine

Profile BCity Area Features





BUSINESS CENTRE

Logistic profiles results: Profile C


Homogeneity Low


Restriction applied Yes

Easiness of handling Easy

Special conditions No special needs

Urgency of deliveries Relevant/Urgent

Frequency of deliveries High

Amounts to be delivered Few/Several

Planned deliveries No defined routine/Defined routine

Profile CCity Area Features





LARGE COMMERCIAL STORES (RETAIL,

SHOPPING CENTERS, DISTRIBUTION

WAREHOUSES)

Logistic profiles results: Profile D


Homogeneity Low

Logistic acessibility Good

Restriction applied No

Easiness of handling Easy/reasonable/Difficult

Special conditions Might have special needs

Urgency of deliveries Relevant

Frequency of deliveries Medium/High

Amounts to be delivered Many

Planned deliveries Defined routine

Profile DCity Area Features





RESIDENTIAL AREAS WITH LOCAL TRADE

Logistic profiles results: Profile E

Commercial density Low / Medium

Homogeneity Low / Medium


Restriction applied Yes

Easiness of handling Easy/reasonable/Difficult

Special conditions Might have special needs

Urgency of deliveries Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent

Frequency of deliveries Low/Medium

Amounts to be delivered Few/Several/Many

Planned deliveries No defined routine

Profile ECity Area Features





Complexity of the Urban Logistic Activity Location of logistic platforms Demand for road infrastructure (incl congestion) Handling operations Land use Lack of cooperation or non-cooperative behaviours Inadequate enforcement Technological limitations Vehicle operation (Sub-optimal operation + old vehicles) Interaction with pedestrians Contribution to decrease value of urban assets (through congestion) Jeopardizing urban environment

Sources of Conflicts in Urban Logistics Activity


Examples (I)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris

Store: Monoprix (convenience stores, beauty and hygiene, organics prodcuts...)

Around 286 stores in Paris Experimental service:

Began in 2007 Serves 92 stores Modes of transport:

Rail service: from consolidation warehouse (SE Paris) to Bercy rail station (Paris), 40 min transport time

Road service: last mile (from rail station to store), GNV 190 000 pallets/year (80 x 120cm) – aprox 30 000 tons/year


Examples (II)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris

loading 26 NGV trucks : 06h00 / 12h00

Bercy (75)

Crossdoking over 1 000 palett/day unloading 21h00 / 05h00

Short line Lieusaint –Bercy

5 trains a week VFLI until 1 200 t

Combs & Lieusaint (77)

loading up to 22 freight cars

08h00 / 18h00

Delivery of 90 parisians and suburbans stores

06h30 / 12h30


Examples (III)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris


Examples (IV)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris


Examples (V)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris


Examples (VI)Concorde Square

Development of an urban warehouse (800m2), in an underground parking lot, under the Concorde Square

Transport company: Chronopost Services: Urban delivery Goods: Small packages Electric vehicles


Examples (VII)Concorde Square

Distance travelled reduces in 75% Less noise and pollution video No change in costs Improvement in quality of service


Examples (VIII)La Petite Reine

La Petite Reine is a private company of urban distribution of goods using bicycles

Each bicycle can carry up to 1.5 m3 and 190kg Urban consolidation centre, in the centre of the distribution area


Examples (IX)La Petite Reine

Less pollution and reduction of energy consumption Higher quality of transport service:

No difficulty in parking No problem with congestion

50 new jobs


Examples (X)City of Utrecht

Restriction of loss emission vehicles to the inner part of city Euro 4 and Euro 5 (and Euro 3 in special conditions)

Impacts Increase in cost

Private operators: acquisition of new vehicles Municipality: enforcement, technology, etc

Lower traffic Lower pollution


Lisbon Municipal Regulation for freight activitiesRegulamento de cargas e descargas e das bolsas de estacionamento para

actividades comerciais

In force on 13 July 2004, abandoned on 2007. Trial zone in Lisbon (Avenidas Novas). Regulates:

Types of vehicles; Parking places; Timings and scheduling; Pricing; Enforcement.

Free handling time up 20 minutes (payment after that). Need for a special license. Enforcement through EMEL and telematic solution, based on Via Verde. After 2.5 years, technology did not work and trial case never ran.


Only few cities introduce changes in urban logistics.

Why is that ?


Keeping the status quo

Defensive positions Authorities don’t want to take the risk of any responsibility in urban

logistics Operators don’t want interference from authorities, only facilitation

Consensus that relative positions should be kept

Need for a driver


Role of innovation

• Innovation takes cognition on the complexity of the logistic process andfacilitates interaction between agents by way of creating the innovation system

“a network of firms and other economic agents who, together with theinstitutions and policies that influence their innovative behaviour andperformance, bring new products, new processes, and new forms oforganization into economic use” (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka B.,)


Pillars of innovation system

Institutional base setting for innovation,

Human capital to build and sustain a technical foundationRules

Interactive processes

Evolutionary process of innovative design and development of solutions“Path dependence track”

Monitoring and learning structures and processes

Assess short term outcomes and long term impacts (monitor change)

The speed of economic change is a function of the rate of learning, but the direction of that change is a function of the expected payoffs to acquiring different kinds of knowledge (North, 1996)


Innovation Policy

Policy Tool to inducebehaviours in UL

Examples

Direct financial leveragesupport

Grants, subsidies, loans, provision ofequipment or services, loan guarantees

Indirect financial support Schemes encouraging investment ininnovation, venture capital

Information Information networks, advisor centres,consultancy services, specialist libraries,databases, liaison services

Scientific and technicalinfrastructure

Public research laboratories, researchassociation, learned societies, researchgrants

Educational infrastructure General education system, universities andpolytechnics, technical education system,apprenticeship schemes, retraining system


Innovation Policy

Policy Tool to inducebehaviours in UL

Examples

Taxation Company, tax allowancesRegulation Patents, regulations (e.g., in environmental

control)Public enterprise Innovation by public-owned industries, use of

these as pioneering facilities, establishment ofnew industries

Political Planning, regional policies, honours and awardsfor innovation in UL , encouragement of mergersor joint ventures

Documents

Disciplina: Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana - ULisboa · Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 10 What have they in common ? A city generates about: 0.1 delivery or pick-up