Estudo de Caso - Internacionalização de Empresas

7/23/2019 Estudo de Caso - Internacionalização de Empresas

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O

Okstotut` Wupnro`r dn Goèkgols Ndugltovls

Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn Niprnsls

î Nstud` dn Gls` dl Niprnsl (ìotod`)

Cognkgolturl ni Turosi` ‗ 7.¸ Lk`

^kodldn Gurroguclr8 Tn`rol dls Rnclæþns Oktnrklgo`klos

D`gnktns8

Dr.ª Okès Glrknor`

Dr. Nilkunc Jurtld`

Dosgnktn8

Iofunc Âkfnc` dn Lbrnu G`rrnol

Hucm` 25<2



OO

Rnsui`

Nstn nstud` pr`gurù nxlioklr l nstrltïfol dn nxplksç` oktnrklgo`klc dn uil niprnsl

m`tncnorl rnfo`klc, ltrlvïs dl lkìcosn d`s dojnrnktns jlt`rns nkv`cvod`s k` snu pr`gnss`

dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`.

Ulrl ` njnot`, jò rnlcozldl uil lkìcosn lpr`jukdldl dl cotnrlturl s`brn

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, tnkd` ni g`ksodnrlæç` ls nstrltïfols, ls vìrols tn`rols, l sncnæç`

d`s inrgld`s, `s i`d`s dn nktrldl n `s prokgoplos `bstìguc`s, dn i`d` l pnrgnbnr qulos

ls `pæþns qun nstç` å dosp`soæç` dls niprnsls qun sn qunorli oktnrklgo`klcozlr, ` qun

p`ssobocotù g`ktrlp`r l okj`rilæç` `btodl gì ls dngosþns tìldls pncl niprnsl plrllssoi nktnkdnr ` qun l cnvù l nssls nsg`cmls.

Ulclvrls-gmlvn8 oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`1 nstrltïfols1 tn`rols1

Lbstrlgt

Tmos study sùfmt t` nxliokn tmn oktnrklto`klc nxplkso`k strltnfy j`r l rnfo`klc m`tnc

gìplky, by lklcyzokf tmn dojjnrnkt jlgt`rs okv`cvnd ok ots pr`gnss `j

oktnrklto`klcozlto`k.

T` tmos nkd, l dntlocnd lklcysos `j tmn cotnrlturn `k oktnrklto`klcozlto`k wls pnrj`rind,

tlaokf okt` lggùkt tmn strltnfons, tmn`rons, sncngto`k `j ilrants, nktry i`dns lkd tmn

ilok `bstlgcns, ok `rdnr t` ukdnrstlkd wmlt `pto`ks lrn lvloclbcn t` gìplkons tmlt

wlkt t` f` oktnrklto`klc, wmogm lcc`wnd t` gìplrn tmn okj`rilto`k `btloknd wotm tmn

dngoso`ks tlank by tmn gìplky s` ls t` ukdnrstlkd wmlt cnd t` tm`sn gmògns.

Anyw`rds8 oktnrklto`klcozlto`k1 strltnfons1 tmn`rons1



OOO

Ékdogn

<. Oktr`duæç` ................................................................................................................. > 2. Int`d`c`fol .............................................................................................................. : 7. Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ................................................................................................... =

7.<. Tn`rols dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` .......................................................................... ? 7.<.<. Tn`rols Ng`k÷iogls dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`............................................... ?

7.<.<.<. Tn`rol d` U`dnr dn Inrgld` ............................................................... ? 7.<.<.2. Tn`rol dl Oktnrklcozlæç` .................................................................... <5 7.<.<.7. Tn`rol d`s Gust`s dn Trlkslæç` ........................................................ << 7.<.<.4. Tn`rol d` Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf ....................................... << 7.<.<.>. Tn`rol dl @rflkozlæç` Okdustrolc ...................................................... <7 7.<.<.:. Tn`rol d` Gogc` dn Zodl d` Ur`dut`.................................................. <7

7.<.2. Tn`rols Gìp`rtlinktlos dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` .................................... <4 7.<.2.<. I`dnc` dn ^ppslcl............................................................................ <4 7.<.2.2. Tn`rol dls Rndns Okdustrolos ............................................................. <>

7.<.7. Tn`rols Nstrltïfogls dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ............................................. <: 7.<.7.<. Tn`rol d` Gìp`rtlinkt` Nstrltïfog` ............................................. <: 7.<.7.2. Tn`rol Blsnldl ni Rngurs`s n Gìpntèkgols ̀ u RBZ .................... <:

7.2. Nstrltïfols dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ................................................................... <6 7.7. Blrrnorls å Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ........................................................................ <= 7.4. L Wncnæç` d`s Inrgld`s Nxtnrk`s ................................................................... 25 7.>. I`d`s dn Nktrldl ............................................................................................ 22

7.>.<. Nxp`rtlæç` ................................................................................................ 22 7.>.2. Cognkgolinkt` .......................................................................................... 27 7.>.7. Jrlkgmosokf ............................................................................................... 24 7.>.4. Ulrgnrols (Lcolkæls Nstrltïfogls ̀ u Hòkt Znkturns) ................................ 2>



OZ

7.>.>. Okvnstoinkt` Dornt` Nstrlkfnor` ............................................................... 26 7.>.:. Lquosoæþns ................................................................................................ 2=

4. Turosi` Oktnrklgo`klc............................................................................................. 75 >. Glrltnrozlæç` n Lprnsnktlæç` dl Niprnsl ............................................................. 7< :. Nstrltïfol dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dl Niprnsl ....................................................... 74 6. G`kgcusç` ............................................................................................................... 76 =. Rnjnrèkgols Bobco`frìjogls ...................................................................................... 7? ?. Lknx` ..................................................................................................................... 44

?.<. Fuoç` dl Nktrnvostl .......................................................................................... 44



>

<. Oktr`duæç`

L fc`blcozlæç` iudù rldoglcinktn l ilknorl gì` ls niprnsls jlzni knf÷go`s.

Dnvod` l`s lvlkæ`s kls gìukoglæþns, k`s trlksp`rtns n kl tngk`c`fol, prltoglinktn

t`d`s `s knf÷go`s, snhl qulc j`r l sul doinksç`, p`dni lf`rl dostrobuor bnks, snrvoæ`s

ù pr`prondldn oktncngtulc l kévnc oktnrklgo`klc, j`rælkd` l sul nktrldl ni k`v`s

inrgld`s dn i`d` l `btnrni uil vlktlfni gìnrgolc dngosovl.

Ils codlr gì `s inrgld`s oktnrklgo`klos ï gìpcogld`. Ls niprnsls dnvni nstlr

pr`ktls plrl supnrlr ls dojnrnkæls rncltovls l`s pr`gndoinkt`s cnflos n rnfuclinktlrns,

ås k`rils gucturlos, l`s pr`bcnils dn cokfulfni n l`s pr`bcnils glibolos. Wìnktn lsilo`rns niprnsls dospþni d`s rngurs`s n nxpnroèkgol plrl supnrlr nssns `bstìguc`s p`r

g`ktl pr÷prol. Iuotls ùtrls niprnsls soipcnsinktn kç` tèi `s ino`s plrl codlr gì

t`dls nssls vlroìvnos, dn i`d` njogonktn, sni l lhudl dn ui plrgnor` dn knf÷go`.

Nstn nstud` nkg`ktrl-sn dovodod` ni qultr` plrtns, lprnsnktlkd`-sn kl proinorl plrtn

ui nkquldrlinkt` tn÷rog` dls prokgoplos tn`rols n nstrltïfols dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`,

lb`rdlkd`-sn ls blrrnorls qun p`ssli nxostor å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, l sncnæç` d`s

inrgld`s nxtnrk`s n `s i`d`s dn nktrldl k` inrgld` oktnrklgo`klc. Kl snfukdl plrtn

snrì nclb`rldl l glrlgtnrozlæç` d` m`tnc, `bhnt` dnstn nstud` dn gls`, plrl dnpòs, kuil

tnrgnorl plrtn, lprnsnktlr l nstrltïfol qun nstn nstì ltulcinktn l oipcninktlr plrl nktrlr

k` inrgld` oktnrklgo`klc. L øctoil plrtn g`ksostn kls prokgoplos g`kgcusþns.



:

2. Int`d`c`fol

Nstn nstud` ï blsnld` k` iït`d` qulcotltov`, uil vnz qun l pnsquosl qulcotltovl rnvncl

n nxpcogl gìp`rtlinkt`s, blsnld` kl sup`soæç` dn qun ncns groli l rnlcodldn å indodl

qun oktnrlfni gì libonktns s`golos. @ jnk÷ink` dn nktrldl dn uil niprnsl kuil

dntnriokldl jr`ktnorl gì` plrtn dl sul nstrltïfol ï gnrtlinktn ilkopucld` p`r pnss`ls

qun tìli dngosþns dostoktls. Nxpcoglr nssn gìp`rtlinkt` rnqunr uil lkìcosn

lpr`jukdldl dls prokgoplos dngosþns. @ iït`d` qulcotltov` ï, nktç`, ` ilos ldnquld`

plrl nstl joklcodldn.

L int`d`c`fol lpcogldl plrl l rnlcozlæç` dnstn nstud` dn gls` jò l pnsquosl bobco`frìjogl n d`guinktlc nxlustovl, l `bsnrvlæç` dorntl n l rnlcozlæç` dn uil

nktrnvostl l ui inibr` dl Dornæç` dl ukodldn m`tncnorl qun jò `bhnt` dnstn insi`

nstud`, dn j`ril l gìprnnkdnr l nstruturlæç` d` snu pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`,

ltulcinktn ni gurs`.

L utocozlæç` dl pnsquosl bobco`frìjogl n d`guinktlc, kuil proinorl jlsn, pnriotou

lpr`jukdlr `s g`kmngoinkt`s s`brn ls dovnrsls tn`rols n g`kgnot`s lgnrgl dl tniìtogl dl

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, ls suls nstrltïfols n nktrlvns, n `s dojnrnktns i`d`s dn nktrldl,

lhudlkd`, lssoi, l g`ks`codlr l okj`rilæç` prnsnktn k` nstud`. L rnvosç` dn cotnrlturl

njntuldl jò, dn jlgt`, nxlustovl, pncl nxostèkgol dn iuotls tn`rols dn dovnrs`s lut`rns, `

qun ̀ rofokù ui nkquldrlinkt` tn÷rog` rncltovlinktn nxtnks`.

Kuil snfukdl jlsn, ltrlvïs dl `bsnrvlæç` dorntl njntuldl durlktn ` dng`rrnr d` nstìfo`,

jò p`ssévnc prnsnkgolr dovnrs`s jlt`rns rnclgo`kld`s gì ` pr`dut` `jnrngod` pncl

niprnsl n ` snrvoæ` prnstld` l` gconktn, ` qun jlgocotù l pnrgnæç` d` snu ncninkt`

dojnrnkgold`r ni rnclæç` å g`kg`rrèkgol. L `bsnrvlæç` jò jukdlinktlc knstn p`kt`,

pòs pr`p`rgo`kù l `p`rtukodldn dn d`guinktlr ls ltovodldns n gìp`rtlinkt`s, sni

tnr qun dnpnkdnr dn v`ktldn n glplgodldn dls pnss`ls plrl rnsp`kdnr l pnrfuktls.

L tnrgnorl jlsn g`ksostou kl rng`cml dn dld`s nipérog`s. @s dld`s j`rli g`cntld`s

durlktn l nktrnvostl gì ui inibr` dl Dornæç` d` M`tnc (ìotod`) qun sn nkg`ktrl

dorntlinktn nkv`cvod` k`s prokgoplos pr`gnss`s dn dngosç` dl niprnsl n, ni plrtoguclr,

k` okégo` dls suls ltovodldns oktnrklgo`klos. Nstl nktrnvostl jò snionstruturldl pòs nrl` iït`d` ldnquld` dn lg`rd` gì ` pr`p÷sot` dl pnsquosl. Ls pnrfuktls j`rli



6

j`riucldls gì blsn kls doinksþns d` quldr` g`kgnptulc n p`dni snr nkg`ktrldls ni

lknx`.

Gì nstn nstud` pr`gurù-sn rnsp`kdnr å qunstç` –\ulc l nstrltïfol n i`d` dn nktrldl

qun incm`r sn ldlptli å niprnsl lklcosldl n p`rquè0’.



=

7. Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`

Lcfuks lut`rns nxpcogli l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` gì` ` i`voinkt` qun plrtn d` oktnro`r

plrl ` nxtnro`r kls `pnrlæþns oktnrklgo`klos dn uil niprnsl (H`mlks`k & Vondnrsmnoi,

<?6>).

Vncgm n Cu`stlroknk (<?==) sufnrni uil dnjokoæç` ilos lipcl dnstn tnri` dnvod` å

sul oktnrcoflæç` oktnrkl-nxtnrkl grnsgnktn, nxpcoglkd` l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` gì` `

pr`gnss` dn grnsgnktn nkv c̀voinkt` kl `pnrlæç` oktnrklgo`klc.

Ulrl Lbrlktns (<???) l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` –sofkojogl l lgtulæç` ni dojnrnktns klæþns

g`kduzokd` i`voinkt`s dn jlgt`rns dn pr`duæç` gì` trlksjnrèkgols dn glpotlc,

dnsnkv`cvnkd` pr`hngt`s ni g``pnrlæç` gì plrgnor`s nstrlkfnor`s ù soipcnsinktn

gìnrgolcozlkd` `s snus pr`dut`s kùtr`s plésns.’

Inynr (<??:, got. ok Dols, 2556, p. 6) –dnjokn l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` gì` ` pr`gnss`

pnc` qulc uil niprnsl okgrninktl ` kévnc dls suls lgtovodldns dn vlc`r lgrnsgnktld`

j`rl d` plés dn `rofni.’

Glc`j n Bnliosm (<??>, got. ok Dols, 2556, p. 6) –rnjnrni qun l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ï `

pr`gnss` dn ldlptlæç` dls `pnrlæþns dl niprnsl (nstrltïfol, nstruturl, rngurs`s, …) l`s

libonktns oktnrklgo`klos.’

Hì Jrnorn (<??6, got. ok Dols, 2556, p. 6) –g`ksodnrl qun l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn uil

niprnsl g`ksostn kl nxtnksç` dls suls nstrltïfols dn pr`dut`s-inrgld`s n dn oktnfrlæç`

vnrtoglc plrl ùtr`s plésns, dn qun rnsuctl uil rnpcoglæç` t`tlc ù plrgolc dl sul gldnol

`pnrlgo`klc.’

Dn ui i`d` iuot` fnrlc, p`dn-sn ljorilr qun l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dls niprnsls ï ui

pr`gnss` pnc` qulc uil niprnsl luinktl frldulcinktn ` snu nkv`cvoinkt`

oktnrklgo`klc. Ulrngn rlz`ìvnc lssuior qun, gì ` quldr` dn jlt`rns ng`k÷iog`s n

niprnslrolos, ls glrlgtnréstogls dnstn pr`gnss` okjcunkgoli ` pldrç` n ` roti` dn

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dls niprnsls.



?

7.<. Tn`rols dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`

L ilo`rol dls tn`rols dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` nxostnktns, qun pr`gurli dnsgrnvnr `

pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, tèi ls suls rlézns kl `rflkozlæç` okdustrolc, tnkd` sod`dnsnkv`cvodls kl dïgldl dn <?65 n <?=5. Kni t`dls ls tn`rols sç` lpcogìvnos l t`d`s `s

gls`s dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` qun `g`rrn k` iukd` niprnslrolc, ils, dn gnrtl j`ril

gìpcninktli-sn, jukgo`klkd` gì` okstruinkt`s dojnrnktns plrl k`s nxpcoglr n k`s

jlznr gìprnnkdnr ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dls niprnsls. Lblox` p`dnr-sn-ì

nkg`ktrlr uil brnvn oktr`duæç` l`s g`kgnot`s tn÷rog`s dn i`d` l jlgocotlr l

gìprnnksç` dn lcfuils dls tn`rols nxostnktns.

7.<.<. Tn`rols Ng`k÷iogls dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`

K` âibot` dls tn`rols ng`k÷iogls dl oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, dnstlgli-sn l tn`rol d` U`dnr

dn Inrgld`, l tn`rol dl Oktnrklcozlæç`, l tn`rol d`s Gust`s dn Trlkslæç`, l tn`rol d`

Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf, l tn`rol dl @rflkozlæç` Okdustrolc n l tn`rol d` Gogc`

dn Zodl d` Ur`dut`. Nstls tn`rols ng`k÷iogls tèi gì` `bhntov` lklcoslr ls tnkdèkgols

ilgr`ng`k÷iogls l kévnc klgo`klc n oktnrklgo`klc.

7.<.<.<. Tn`rol d` U`dnr dn Inrgld`

L tn`rol d` U`dnr dn Inrgld`, dl lut`rol dn Myinr, tni gì` `bhntov` proi`rdolc

nxpcoglr ` kévnc dn g`ktr`c` nkv`cvod` k` okvnstoinkt` oktnrklgo`klc. L insil

dnjnkdn qun ls oipnrjnoæþns k`s inrgld`s nxtnro`rns jlgocotli l `btnkæç` dn

vlktlfnks gìplrltovls p`r plrtn dls niprnsls qun prntnkdli sn oktnrklgo`klcozlr

ni rnclæç` ås niprnsls dnssns c`glos. Dnstn i`d`, ls niprnsls c`glos sç`

prnsso`kldls pncl g`kg`rrèkgol, tlkt` oktnrkl gì` nxtnrkl, l pr`gurlr k`v`sinrgld`s plrl lssoi rnktlbocozlrni ls suls ̀ pnrlæþns.



<5

@ lut`r dnstl tn`rol

(…) lgrndotlvl qun k`s nstìfo`s okogolos dn snu grnsgoinkt` ls niprnsls

g`ktokulinktn luinktlroli sul plrtogoplæç` ni snus inrgld`s dìïstog`s

ltrlvïs dn jusþns, lquosoæþns n nxtnksþns dn sul glplgodldn. G`kj`rinluinktlssn l g`kgnktrlæç` okdustrolc n ` p`dnr dn inrgld` dl niprnsl, tlibïi

luinktlroli `s cugr`s. Nktrntlkt`, nxostorol ui p`kt` `kdn kç` snrol jìgoc

luinktlr lokdl ilos l g`kgnktrlæç` k` inrgld`, pòs lpnkls pùgls niprnsls

pnrilkngnroli. Knstn iìnkt`, `s cugr`s `btod`s d` lct` frlu dn p`dnr

i`k`p`céstog` dnktr` d` inrgld` dìïstog` snroli okvnstod`s ni `pnrlæþns

nxtnrkls, fnrlkd` pr`gnss` soioclr dn g`kgnktrlæç` grnsgnktn ni inrgld`s

nstrlkfnor`s.(Glrknor` & Dob, 2556, p.>)

Glrknor` n Dob (2556, p.=) ljorili lokdl qun –l lb`rdlfni d` U`dnr dn Inrgld`

dnsgrnvn ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` gì` uil busgl p`r p`soæþns dn qulsn

i`k`p÷co` k` inrgld`, dnrovldls dl nxpc`rlæç` dls oipnrjnoæþns dn inrgld` pnc` us`

dn vlktlfnks nspngéjogls dl niprnsl, gì` ls vlktlfnks dn gust` (p`r nx., ng`kìols

dn nsglcl ù p`r nxpnroèkgol dn pr`duæç`) ù gìpntèkgols (p`r nx., pltnktns).’

7.<.<.2. Tn`rol dl Oktnrklcozlæç`

L tn`rol dl Oktnrklcozlæç` tni p`r blsn l odnol dn qun ls niprnsls lpr`vnotli ls

`p`rtukodldns fnrldls pnc`s inrgld`s oipnrjnot`s, ̀ u snhl, l insil

(…) rnsslctl qun l niprnsl tni l jukæç` dn oktnrklcozlr ù oktnfrlr ls trlkslæþns

qun qulkd` rnlcozldls pnc` covrn inrgld` sç` ilos oknjogonktns ù ilos

dospnkdo`sls. Ni ùtrls plclvrls, l niprnsl sn oktnrklgo`klcozl plsslkd` d`

pr`gnss` dn nxp`rtlæç` plrl ùtr`s ilos gìpcnx`s plrl qun `s rngurs`s n

g`kmngoinkt`s gìplrtocmld`s k` nxtnro`r snhli dn pr`prondldn nxgcusovl dl

niprnsl. Oss` jlz gì qun ls glplgodldns n rngurs`s grold`s k` nstrlkfnor`

snhli oktnrklcozld`s.



<<

\ulkd` jlcli`s dn trlkslæþns, k`s rnjnroi`s dnsdn pr`dut`s ltï tngk`c`fol,

plsslkd` pncls j`rils dn fnstç`, n prokgoplcinktn g`kmngoinkt`. Wnkd` qun

qulkt` ilos trlkslæþns blsnldls ni g`kmngoinkt`, ilo`r snrì l pr`pnksç` plrl

l oktnrklcozlæç`, c`f` ilo`r l pr`blbocodldn dl niprnsl ld`tlr j`rils dn

ltulæç` ilos gìpcnxls k` nxtnro`r dostlkgolkd`-sn dl soipcns nxp`rtlæç`.

(B`roko, G`ncm`, Robnor` & Ur`nkæl, s.d., p.7)

7.<.<.7. Tn`rol d`s Gust`s dn Trlkslæç`

K` qun sn rnjnrn å tn`rol d`s Gust`s dn Trlkslæç`, nstl nkv`cvn `s gust`s qun uil

niprnsl sup`rtl qulkd` sn dngodn p`r uil j`ril ink`s gìpcnxl dn

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, gì` ï ` gls` dl nxp`rtlæç`. Wnfukd` Voccolis`k (<?6>) `s

gust`s dn trlkslæç` sç` lquncns qun sn nkg`ktrli lss`gold`s gì ` gìïrgo` dn

pr`dut`s n snrvoæ`s, kngnssìro`s plrl l supnrlæç` dls oipnrjnoæþns dn inrgld`s.

Nxostni tlibïi `s gust`s dn oktnrklcozlæç`, qun sç` `s gust`s qun rnsuctli dn uil

nktrldl k` inrgld` dn ui i`d` ilos gìprìntod`. Nstns gust`s p`dnrç` snr gust`s

dn g`kstruæç` k` nxtnro`r, gust`s gì okvnstoinkt`s, gust`s kl lquosoæç` dn

g`kmngoinkt`s dn inrgld`, nktrn ùtr`s. –\ulkd` nstns gust`s dn oktnrklcozlæç` j`rni

ilo`rns qun `s gust`s dn trlkslæç` l niprnsl dngodn kç` sn okstlclr gì subsodoìrols k`

inrgld` n vogn vnrsl. U`rtlkt`, l dngosç` dl niprnsl ni okgrninktlr suls j`rils dn

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` pnrplssl pnc` trldn-`jj d`s gust`s dn trlkslæç` n oktnrklcozlæç`.’

(B`roko nt lc., s.d., p.7)

7.<.<.4. Tn`rol d` Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf

L tn`rol d` Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf, tlibïi dnkìokldl dn tn`rol @CO

(`wknrsmop, c`glto`k n oktnrklcozlto`k), lp`ktl qun ls niprnsls dnvni p`ssuorvlktlfnks pr÷prols, sujogonktns plrl gìpnkslr `s gust`s dn okstlclæç` n `pnrlæç` k`



<2

nstrlkfnor`, qulkd` gìplrldls gì ls niprnsls c`glos, jlznkd` gì qun l niprnsl sn

t`rkn gìpntotovl k` inrgld` qun prntnkdn oktnfrlr. Nstl tn`rol rnjnrn très vlktlfnks

qun sç` `btodls lqulkd` ui ilo`r gìprìntoinkt` dls `pnrlæþns k` inrgld`

nxtnrk`.

<) L vlktlfni dn pr`prondldn ‗ vlktlfni gìpntotovl qun jorils dn uil

klgo`klcodldn p`ssuni ni rnclæç` lquncls dn ùtrls klgo`klcodldns k`

j`rkngoinkt` dn ui inrgld` plrtoguclr ù g`khukt` dn inrgld`s. Nstl vlktlfni

ï tlibïi dnrovldl dl p`ssn provocnfoldl dn ui ltov` oktlkfévnc nspngéjog`,

gì` p`r nxnipc`, lctl tngk`c`fol, njogonktn pr`gnss` dn pr`duæç` n sostnil dn

gìnrgolcozlæç`1

2) L vlktlfni dn c`glcozlæç` ‗ ï l nxtnksç` dl vlktlfni rnclgo`kldl å nsg`cml

dn c`glcozlæç` dn ltovodldns dn vlc`r lfrnfld` lcïi dn suls jr`ktnorls dn

`rofni. Ni sul nsg`cml dn uil c`glcozlæç` k` nxtnro`r plrl suls ltovodldns,

uil IKN< ï okjcunkgoldl kç` lpnkls gì` l c`glcozlæç` d`s rngurs`s n/ù

inrgld`s lcïi jr`ktnorls orç` ljntlr snus gust`s, ils tlibïi gì` ncns

ljntlrç` sul mlbocodldn dn lquosoæç` n nxpc`rlæç` dl vlktlfni nspngéjogl dn

pr`prondldn –@’ dn ltov`s dl joril1

7) L vlktlfni dn oktnrklcozlæç` ‗ ï l nxtnksç` dl vlktlfni s`brn ls qulos

niprnsls pnrgnbni l utocodldn dl oktnrklcozlæç` d`s inrgld`s plrl l fnrlæç`

n/ù us` dn suls vlktlfnks nspngéjogls dn pr`prondldn –@’ dn ltov`s. \ulkt`

ilo`r ui niprnnkdoinkt` ni ui plés p`ssuo vlktlfnks dn pr`prondldn –@’

s`brn niprnnkdoinkt`s dn ùtrls klgo`klcodldns, ilo`r ` okgnktov` ncns tèi

plrl oktnrklcozlr ` snu us`.

(@covnorl, 255=, p.<?)

< Iuctoklto`klc Nktnrprosn



<7

7.<.<.>. Tn`rol dl @rflkozlæç` Okdustrolc

L tn`rol dl @rflkozlæç` Okdustrolc lssnktl kl odnol qun qulcqunr `pnrlæç` qun snhl jnotl

k` nstrlkfnor` ï sniprn ilos glrl n trlblcm`sl qun qulcqunr `pnrlæç` jnotl k` inrgld`dìïstog`. C`f`, dn i`d` l tnrni sugnss` k` nxtnro`r, ls niprnsls dnvni –(…)

nxpc`rlr ls vlktlfnks gìplrltovls ni goil dls oipnrjnoæþns dn inrgld` n pr`dut`s.

L niprnsl sn oktnrklgo`klcozl plrl nxpc`rlr ls vlktlfnks dn ùtr`s plésns n kç` joglr

dnpnkdnktn dls `sgoclæþns dls nxp`rtlæþns n oip`rtlæþns.’ (B`roko nt lc., s.d., p.7)

Ost` qunr doznr qun ls niprnsls dnvni grolr ls suls pr÷prols vlktlfnks ltrlvïs dl

nxpc`rlæç` dls oipnrjnoæþns ̀ bsnrvldls k`s pr`dut`s d`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s.

7.<.<.:. Tn`rol d` Gogc` dn Zodl d` Ur`dut`

Hì l tn`rol d` Gogc` dn Zodl d` Ur`dut` tni gì` odnol jukdlinktlc ` jlgt` dn qun ls

glrltnréstogls ng`k÷iogls dn ui pr`dut` iudli gì l` c`kf` d` tnip`, dnvod`,

prokgoplcinktn, å nxplksç` n lpr`prolæç`, gldl vnz ilos jìgoc, d`s g`kmngoinkt`s

kngnssìro`s å sul pr`duæç`. Wnkd` lssoi, qulkd` ui pr`dut` gmnfl l` joi d` snu gogc`

dn vodl, l niprnsl dnvn nxpc`rlr ùtrls `p`rtukodldns dn inrgld`, ltrlvïs dl

nxp`rtlæç` dls suls `pnrlæþns n tngk`c`fols, dlkd` okégo` l ui k`v` gogc` dn

cugrltovodldn.

(…) nstn i`dnc` prndoz qun ` gogc` dn vodl dn ui pr`dut` plssl p`r qultr`

ntlpls sugnssovls8 oktr`duæç`, grnsgoinkt`, lildurngoinkt` n dngcéko`. Kl

proinorl ntlpl p`dni rnfostrlr-sn nxp`rtlæþns ni pnqunkl nsglcl plrl ùtr`s

plésns1 durlktn l snfukdl p`dn pr`duzor-sn ui dnsc`glcozlæç` plrgolc ù t`tlc dl

jlbroglæç` plrl plésns nstrlkfnor`s, sniprn qun ` gust` dn trlksp`rtn ù ls

blrrnorls ldulknorls snhli sujogonktninktn ncnvld`s plrl hustojoglr l

dnsgnktrlcozlæç` dl pr`duæç`. îl glrlgtnréstogl dìoklktn dl tnrgnorl ntlpl ï l

trlkscldlæç` dl jlbroglæç` plrl plésns ni vols dn dnsnkv`cvoinkt` plrl `btnr

gnrtls vlktlfnks k`s gust`s. Kl øctoil jlsn l pr`gurl grnsgn k`s plésns ni



<4

dnsnkv`cvoinkt`, qun ï `kdn sn jlbrogl ilo`rotlrolinktn ` pr`dut` n l plrtor dn

`kdn sn nxp`rtl plrl `s plésns dnsnkv`cvod`s.

(Wìkgmnz & Glilgm`, 2556, p.>)

7.<.2. Tn`rols Gìp`rtlinktlos dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`

Nstls tn`rols ljorili qun ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ï jnot` dn ui i`d`

frldulc, dnvod` ås døvodls n okg`rrnæþns dls okj`rilæþns qun sç` rngnbodls s`brn ui

k`v` inrgld`. Nktrn nstls dnstlgli-sn ` I`dnc` dn ^ppslcl n l tn`rol dls Rndns

Okdustrolos.

7.<.2.<. I`dnc` dn ^ppslcl

@ I`dnc` dn ^ppslcl nxpcogl qun `s ilo`rns `bstìguc`s plrl ` pr`gnss` dn

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` sç` l jlctl dn g`kmngoinkt` n dn rngurs`s p`r plrtn dls niprnsls.

Dnstn i`d`, nstn i`dnc` nkv`cvn t`d` ui pr`gnss` dn lprnkdozlfni frldulc, jlznkd`

gì qun ls niprnsls tnkmli ilos gìpntèkgols plrl okvnstor k`vlinktn k` inrgld`, å

indodl qun vç` ldquorokd` g`kmngoinkt`s n nxpnroèkgol k` inrgld` nxtnro`r. Wnfukd`

Wìkgmnz n Glilgm` (2556) ` insi` dnsgrnvn ui sostnil pr`frnssov` dn

dnsnkv`cvoinkt` qun nkv`cvn qultr` ntlpls8

<) ls niprnsls dnsnkv`cvni l sul ltovodldn nxp`rtld`rl nsp`rldoglinktn1

2) l ltovodldn nxp`rtld`rl rnlcozl-sn dn j`ril rnfuclr ltrlvïs dn lfnktns okdnpnkdnktns1

7) lbnrturl dn dnpnkdèkgols gìnrgolos k` nxtnro`r1

4) lbnrturl dn jocolos dn pr`duæç` k` nxtnro`r.



<>

Dnstn i`d`, –tnktlkd` g`rrnr ` iékoi` rosg`, l niprnsl pr`hngtlrol l sul lgtovodldn

oktnrklgo`klc proinor` k`s plésns ni qun nxostl uil ink`r –blrrnorl psog`c÷fogl’, qun

sç` `s qun `jnrngni ui ilo`r frlu dn snincmlkæl l` klgo`klc, plrl p`stnro`rinktn

nstnkdnr-sn l`s ilos dostlktns, ilkojnstlkd`-sn lssoi ` ilos lct` frlu dn

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` p`ssévnc.’ (odni, 2556, p.:)

7.<.2.2. Tn`rol dls Rndns Okdustrolos

L tn`rol dls Rndns Okdustrolos lssnktl k` jlgt` dn qun nxostn uil rndn dn

rnclgo`klinkt`s nktrn niprnsls k`s inrgld`s okdustrolos, k` snktod` qun groli,

dnsnkv`cvni, n sustnktli rnclæþns knf`golos s÷codls gì ùtrls niprnsls. Knstn

snktod`, l vlktlfni gìpntotovl dls niprnsls ï glcgucldl pnc`s snus pr÷pro`s rngurs`s n

pncl gìpntèkgol plrl i`voinktlr n g``rdnklr `s rngurs`s dn ùtr`s.

Wnfukd` G`voncc` n IgLucny (<???, got. ok Dols, 2556) sn lpcoglri`s l pnrspntovl dls

rndns å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, l niprnsl ï vostl k` g`ktnxt` dls rndns dn rnclæþns

oktnr`rflkozlgo`klos n oktnrpnss`los.

–l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ï, lssoi, rnsuctld` dl nxtnrklcozlæç` iuctocltnrlc ltrlvïs dn

rndns dn knf÷go` n s`golos (n kç` dl oktnrklcozlæç`). @ jnk÷ink` dl

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` rnsuctl d` nstlbncngoinkt` n dnsnkv`cvoinkt` dn p`soæþns dl

niprnsl jlgn l plrgnor`s qun nstnhli ni rndns nstrlkfnorls. @ frlu dn

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` p`dn snr indod` pncls p`soæþns dntodls pnc`s plrgnor`s dl rndn

ni qun l niprnsl nstì, snkd` qun sn `s plrgnor`s nstovnrni iuotòktnrklgo`klcozld`s, ilo`r ̀ frlu dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dl rndn.’

(odni, 2556, p.<:)



<:

7.<.7. Tn`rols Nstrltïfogls dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`

Nstls tn`rols plrtocmli ui prnssup`st` tn÷rog` prokgoplc, qun ï ` jlgt` dn qun ls

nstrltïfols qun ls niprnsls ld`tli p`ssuérni uil oip`rtâkgol jukdlinktlc k`s

pr`gnss`s dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. Nstl g`rrnktn tn÷rogl ï glrlgtnrozldl p`r duls tn`rols8

L tn`rol d` Gìp`rtlinkt` Nstrltïfog` n l tn`rol Blsnldl ni Rngurs`s n

Gìpntèkgols ̀ u RBZ (Rnsùrgn-Blsnd Zonw).

7.<.7.<. Tn`rol d` Gìp`rtlinkt` Nstrltïfog`

L tn`rol d` Gìp`rtlinkt` Nstrltïfog` –(…) lrfuinktl qun ` pr`gnss` gìpntotov`

nstì blsnld` kl busgl g`ktékul dn vlktlfnks, snkd` ncls rnsuctld`s dn rngurs`s n

glplgodldns. C`f`, l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` trltl-sn dn læþns v`ctldls plrl `btnkæç`

dnssls vlktlfnks ù knutrlcozlæç` dls d`s g`kg`rrnktns’ (R`gml & Lcinodl, 255:, got .

ok Aotlmlrl, G`ncm` & Jncdilkk, 25<5). \unr ost` doznr qun nstl tn`rol blsnol-sn kl

pr`gurl pncl `btnkæç` dn vlktlfnks gìpntotovls p`r plrtn dn uil niprnsl, ni rnclæç`

l`s snus rovlos. Wnfukd` nstl, ls niprnsls p`dnrç` tlibïi lssuior gìp`rtlinkt`s

odèktog`s l`s d`s snus g`kg`rrnktns, gì l joklcodldn dn doiokuor rosg`s n okgnrtnzls.

7.<.7.2. Tn`rol Blsnldl ni Rngurs`s n Gìpntèkgols ù RBZ

U`r sul vnz, l tn`rol RBZ nxpcogl qun ï kngnssìro` prnsnrvlr `s jlt`rns nstrltïfog`s

rncnvlktns l uil niprnsl, dn i`d` l flrlktor uil vlktlfni gìpntotovl. Knstn

snktod`, –qulkt` ink`s plssévnos dn g`dojoglæç` n dovucflæç`, ost` ï, qulkt` ilos

tìgotls j`rni ls gìpntèkgols, ilo`rns snrç` ls p`ssobocodldns dn qun vnkmli l snr

ilktodls k` âibot` dl `rflkozlæç`, durlktn ` pr ̀ gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`.’

(Zolkkl & Lcinodl, s.d.)



<6

Nktnkdn-sn, p`rtlkt`, qun plrl flrlktor uil vlktlfni gìpntotovl, ls niprnsls dnvni

jlznr gì qun `s snus rngurs`s snhli oip`ssévnos dn oiotlr pncl g`kg`rrèkgol.

Nstl tn`rol dnjokn lokdl qun –`s g`kdut`rns dl nstrltïfol dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`,

okgcusovn l nsg`cml d`s i`d`s dn nktrldl, sç` `s rngurs`s nxgcusov`s dl joril n dn sulgìpntèkgol `rflkozlgo`klc.’ (R ̀ gml & Lcinodl, 255:, p.77, got. ok Aotlmlrl nt lc.,

25<5).

7.2. Nstrltïfols dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`

Ï okg`kvnkonktn lb`rdlr ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, sni lktns j`riuclr uil

nstrltïfol, ù snhl, ï kngnssìro` dnsnkv`cvn n nxngutlr ui pclk` dn læç` plrl ltokfor ui

dntnriokld` `bhntov`. U`dn-sn doznr qun sni uil nstrltïfol ldnquldl uil niprnsl orì,

gì gnrtnzl, jlcmlr kl sul oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. L j`riuclæç` dn uil nstrltïfol tlibïi

nkv`cvn l dngosç` dn qulkd`, gì` n qun inrgld`s nktrlr. Nxostni vìro`s i`d`s dn

nktrldl k` inrgld` å nsg`cml, tlos gì` l nxp`rtlæç`, ls hòkt vnkturns, nktrn ùtr`s.

Wn uil niprnsl prntnkdnr oipcninktlr uil nstrltïfol dn dnsnkv`cvoinkt` gì vostl å

sul oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, tni nssnkgolcinktn très `pæþns8 l ltulæç` os`cldl n

okdnpnkdnktn, l grolæç` dn subsodoìrols k` inrgld` nxtnrk` ù l g``pnrlæç` gì ùtrls

niprnsls.

Wnfukd` Jnrrnorl, Rnos n Wnrrl (25<<), nxostni qultr` nstrltïfols p`ssévnos8 L nstrltïfol

oktnrklgo`klc, l iuctodìïstogl, l fc`blc n l trlksklgo`klc. Ls insils sç` glrltnrozldls

dl snfuoktn ilknorl8

Nstrltïfol oktnrklgo`klc ‗ Ls niprnsls nxp`rtli ils kç` tèi `pnrlæþns

dorngtlinktn k` nstrlkfnor`.

Nstrltïfol iuctodìïstogl ‗ Ls niprnsls tèi okvnstoinkt`s ni ùtr`s plésns,

ils ls subsodoìrols k` nstrlkfnor` kç` tèi ui kévnc ncnvld` dn g``rdnklæç`

nktrn ncls n ilktèi ui ncnvld` frlu dn okdnpnkdèkgol p`rqun l `jnrtl ï

lhustldl l gldl inrgld` okdovodulc.



<=

Nstrltïfol fc`blc ‗ Ls niprnsls `pnrli ni vìro`s plésns, ils l `jnrtl k`s

dojnrnktns plésns ï odèktogl n pr`vlvncinktn usli ` insi` ilrantokf iox (gì

ldlptlæþns rncltovlinktn orrncnvlktns, gì` snhl l cékful kui sp`t pubcogotìro`).

L èkjlsn ï p`stl kl iokoilcozlæç` dn gust`s n kl njogoèkgol.

Nstrltïfol trlksklgo`klc ‗ Ls niprnsls pr`gurli lpr`vnotlr ` incm`r dls

nstrltïfols iuctodìïstogls n dls fc`blos soiuctlknlinktn. Ost` sofkojogl qun

vç` pr`gurlr g`khuflr l njogoèkgol kl pr`duæç` gì l ldlptlæç` k` inrgld`

c`glc ‗ ù snhl, dnsgnktrlcozlkd` l rnsp`kslbocodldn dls lgtovodldns dl gldnorl

dn vlc`r ilos pr÷xoils d` inrgld` (tlc gì` ` ilrantokf, vnkdls n snrvoæ`

p÷s-vnkdl) ås subsodoìrols ni gldl inrgld`.

(Jnrrnorl nt lc., 25<<, p.:?)

T`d` ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` nkv`cvn rosg`s n okgnrtnzls n tni ui oiplgt`

sofkojogltov` s`brn l nstrltïfol dl niprnsl. Lssoi, plrl sn oktnrklgo`klcozlr gì

sugnss`, uil niprnsl tni qun doiokuor nssns rosg`s n okgnrtnzls, p`dnkd` jlzè-c`

ltrlvïs dl nsg`cml lgnrtldl dl nstrltïfol n d`s iït`d`s.

@ g`kmngoinkt` d` inrgld` ï ui ncninkt`-gmlvn plrl sn gmnflr l uil b`l nstrltïfol n

iït`d` plrl l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. Nxostni tlibïi lcfuks ùtr`s jlt`rns oip`rtlktns,

tlos gì`8 l rndn dn knf÷go`s, l nxpnroèkgol lktnro`r n ls gìpntèkgols dl nquopl dn

fnstç`, `s rngurs`s joklkgnor`s, ls lfèkgols f`vnrklinktlos, l odldn n ` tlilkm` dl

niprnsl, ls glplgodldns niprnslrolos, nktrn ùtr`s. Durlktn l jlsn dn pclknlinkt`, l

niprnsl dnvnrì dnjokor ` snu pr÷pro` roti` n iìnkt` dn nktrldl, bni gì` qulc `

i`d` dn nktrldl l utocozlr.

7.7. Blrrnorls å Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`

Wnfukd` Gyrok` n @covnorl (2552, got. ok Ur`nkæl & Rli`s, s.d., p.:) p`dni-sn lfruplr

ls blrrnorls å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ni très frup`s8

<) Blrrnorls ̀ rflkozlgo`klos1



<?

2) Blrrnorls klgo`klos1

7) Blrrnorls k` plés dn dnstok`1

Ls blrrnorls `rflkozlgo`klos ninrfni k` oktnro`r dl niprnsl n nktrlvli ls okogoltovls

k` nxtnro`r n p`dni nstlr rnclgo`kldls gì l bur`grlgol nkv`cvodl, gì l jlctl dn

glpotlc, gì l jlctl dn okj`rilæþns s`brn `s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s, nktrn ùtr`s.

Ls blrrnorls klgo`klos nkv`cvni sotulæþns oktnrkls d` plés dn `rofni tlos gì` l jlctl

dn lssostèkgol n ù okgnktov`s d` nstld`, `s hur`s ncnvld`s qun p`dnrç` dojoguctlr `

joklkgolinkt` ù l bur`grlgol c`glc.

Hì ls blrrnorls k` plés dn dnstok` rnjnrni-sn ås rnstroæþns ng`k÷iogls nxtnrkls, tlos

gì` ls tlxls n tlrojls dls lcjâkdnfls n d`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s, n å g`kg`rrèkgol dls

niprnsls c`glos.

Iòko (<??6) lp`ktl gokg` top`s dn blrrnorls rnclgo`kldls gì l nxp`rtlæç` dn bnks ù

snrvoæ`s8

(l) blrrnorls dn ilrantokf - gìprnnkdni l `btnkæç` dn okj`rilæþns s`brn

gconktns n inrgld`s nxtnrk`s, gì` dnjokor prnæ`s n pr`plflkdl k` nxtnro`r1 (b)

blrrnorls dn pr`gndoinkt`s - nstç` cofldls l`s lspngt`s bur`grìtog`s,

d`guinktlos n c`féstog`s nkv`cvod`s ni uil `pnrlæç` dn nxp`rtlæç`1 (g)

blrrnorls dn prìtogls n knf÷go`s oktnrklgo`klos - rnjnrni-sn l`s rnfuclinkt`s

oip`st`s p`r f`vnrk`s, å gìukoglæç` gì gconktns n ås prìtogls gìnrgolos k`

nxtnro`r1 (d) blrrnorls joklkgnorls - dozni rnspnot` l`s rosg`s glibolos, l`

joklkgolinkt` dls `pnrlæþns dn nxp`rtlæç` n å g`brlkæl dls vnkdls l` nxtnro`r1

(n) blrrnorls tïgkogls n dn ldlptlæç` - rnjnrni-sn å ldlptlæç` dn pr`dut`s plrl `

inrgld` nxtnrk` n l`s snrvoæ`s dn p÷s-vnkdl.(Iòko, <??6, got. ok Ilz`k & Wocvl, 255?, p.>)

îl blrrnorl iuot` gìui å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ï l pr÷prol gucturl. \ulkd` uil

niprnsl sn lvnkturl plrl j`rl dls suls jr`ktnorls klgo`klos, tnrì qun sn lhustlr l t`dl

uil gucturl nstrlkfnorl, k` snktod` dn qun nkg`ktrlrì uil gucturl klgo`klc n

niprnslrolc dojnrnktn dl sul, nkv`cvnkd`, lssoi, t`d` ui pr`gnss` dn lgucturlæç` p`r

plrtn dl niprnsl, qun lglrrntlrì, p`r sul vnz, gust`s plrl l insil.



25

Ls blrrnorls gucturlos dng`rrni dls dojnrnkæls kls vlroìvnos gucturlos (gucturl iltnrolc,

`rflkozlæç` s`golc, rncofoç`, cokfulfni, nstïtogl, gucturl p`puclr, ntg.), nktrn ` lkjotroç`

n ` plés dn `rofni. \ulkt` ilo`rns ls dojnrnkæls dnstls vlroìvnos gucturlos, ilo`r snrì l

dostâkgol gucturlc nktrn ` plés nioss`r n ` rngnt`r n ilo`r snrì ` dnsljo` dn sn

oktnrklgo`klcozlr.

Dnstlgl-sn ` jlgt` dn qun t`dls ls blrrnorls å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` p`dni nxostor ni

qulcqunr jlsn d` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`.

7.4. L Wncnæç` d`s Inrgld`s Nxtnrk`s

Kl sncnæç` d`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s, ls niprnsls tèi qun dngodor qulos `s top`s dn plésns

qun dnvni snr g`ksodnrld`s, tnkd` ni g`ktl dovnrs`s jlt`rns, tlos gì` l fn`frljol, l

p`puclæç`, l gucturl, ` gcoil p`cétog` n s`golc, ls glrltnréstogls dn pr`dut` qun sç`

lgnotns k` inrgld`, nktrn ùtr`s.

Dn lg`rd` gì H`mlks`k n Zlmckn (<?66, <??5, got ok. Wgmknodnr, 2552, p.<?), –l

nsg`cml dn inrgld`s snrol plutldl pncl pnrgnpæç` dn dostâkgol gucturlc, okogolkd`-sn l

læç` oktnrklgo`klc pnc`s inrgld`s gucturlcinktn ilos pr÷xoi`s. Å indodl qun l

niprnsl ldquorossn nxpnroèkgol, plsslrol l busglr inrgld`s gucturlcinktn ilos

dostlktns.’

Wnfukd` Brldcny (<??>, got. ok Wgmknodnr, 2552, p.2<),

(…) nsg`cmnr ` inrgld` n l ilknorl dn nktrlr g`rrntlinktn kncn jlz plrtn dl

nstrltïfol gìpntotovl dl niprnsl. îl pnsquosl guodld`sl s`brn `s plésns ni

qun sn prntnkdn nktrlr ï nssnkgolc ni jukæç` dls dovnrsodldns dn inrgld`s

lprnsnktldls. Nssl pnsquosl nkv`cvn l lquosoæç` dn okj`rilæþns, sul lkìcosn n l

nclb`rlæç` dn dojnrnktns lctnrkltovls dn læç`, lssoi gì` l incm`r nstoiltovl

p`ssévnc d`s rnsuctld`s qun gldl lctnrkltovl p`dn pr`p`rgo`klr.

Nstn plss` nxtrnilinktn oip`rtlktn tni qun snr tìld` lktns dl nsg`cml d` i`d` dn

nktrldl. Nstl sncnæç` `brofl l ui gìprìoss` p`r plrtn dl niprnsl plrl gì ui



2<

dntnriokld` inrgld`, nstlbncngnkd` uil blsn plrl l sul nstrltïfol ni rnclæç` å

gìpntoæç` qun orì nkg`ktrlr n okdoglkd` l sul p`soæç` ni rnclæç` å g`kg`rrèkgol. Ulrl

tlc, ï kngnssìro` pr`gndnr å odnktojoglæç` d` inrgld` lcv`, bni gì` d`s gconktns qun

sn prntnkdni ltokfor. Lp÷s nstl odnktojoglæç` ï kngnssìro` p`kdnrlr ls glrltnréstogls

p`sotovls n knfltovls d` inrgld` nsg`cmod`, ù snhl, lklcoslr s̀ pr÷s n `s g`ktrls.

Lpnslr d`s vìro`s i`dnc`s nxostnktns plrl nxpcoglr l sncnæç` dn inrgld`s nxtnrk`s,

plrl I`tl (2556), lpnkls ` i`dnc` dn Ulpld`pùc`s, Gmnk n Tmìls (2552) ï

g`ksodnrld`, p`r snr ui i`dnc` ilos ltulc qun sn pr`pþn l incm`rlr ls coiotlæþns d`s

i`dnc`s lktnro`rns n p`r p`dnr snr lpcogld` l dojnrnktns sngt`rns dn ltovodldn.

Wnfukd` nstn i`dnc` dn Ulpld`pùc`s nt lc. (2552, got ok. I`tl, 2556, p.<5), nxostni

vìrols vlroìvnos qun dnvni snr todls ni g`ktl, lprnsnktldls s`b ` kìn d`s g`kstrugt`s

–dnilkdl p`tnkgolc’ n –blrrnorls l` gìïrgo`’8

U`r ui cld`, plrl dntnrioklr ls glrlgtnréstogls p`sotovls d`s inrgld`s

oktnrklgo`klos, dnkìokldls gì` –dnilkdl p`tnkgolc’, `s lut`rns okgcuni ls

snfuoktns vlroìvnos8 g`ksui` nstoild`1 pnkntrlæç` dl oip`rtlæç`1 vlktlfnks dn

`rofni1 snincmlkæls d` inrgld`. U`r ùtr` cld`, plrl dnsgrnvnr `s pr`bcnils qun `

inrgld` nstrlkfnor` p`dn lprnsnktlr, gìpocld`s dnktr` d` g`kstrut` –blrrnorls l`

gìïrgo`’, `s prì`t`rns d` i`dnc` pr`pþni ls snfuoktns vlroìvnos8 blrrnorls

tlrojìrols1 blrrnorls kç` tlrojìrols1 dostâkgol fn`frìjogl1 top` dn glibo`.

Wlconktl-sn qun l `ronktlæç` nstrltïfogl dl niprnsl ï tlibïi ui jlt`r l snr

g`ksodnrld ,̀ uil vnz qun l nsg`cml d` inrgld` ï uil `pæç` vokgldlinktn nstrltïfogl.

I`tl (2556, p.<<) ljoril qun l

(…) sncnæç` dn inrgld`s oktnrklgo`klos kç` sn blsnol ni rnfrls fnknrlcozldls dn

lpcoglæç` plrl t`dls ls niprnsls. Nstl dngosç` dnvn snr g`ksodnrldl dnktr` dn gldl

niprnsl, ni plrtoguclr, klquncl guhl `ronktlæç` nstrltïfogl ltun gì` uil vlroìvnc

dn g`ktokfèkgol qun dntnriokl ` pns` dn gldl g`kstrut` n suls indodls.



22

7.>. I`d`s dn Nktrldl

@ i`d` dn nktrldl ï ` glklc qun uil niprnsl qun qunorl `pnrlr k`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s

dnvn utocozlr plrl g`ksnfuor nktrlr plrl ui k`v` inrgld` oktnrklgo`klc.

\ulkd` uil niprnsl dngodn nxpc`rlr ui inrgld` nstrlkfnor`, l nsg`cml d` incm`r

i`d` dn nktrldl ï dngododl pncl sul nstrltïfol dn nxplksç`. @ `bhntov` prokgoplc dn

qulcqunr `rflkozlæç` niprnslrolc ï nstlbncngnr-sn k` inrgld` fc`blc. Lssoi, `

pr`gnss` rnqunr ` dnsnkv`cvoinkt` dn uil nstrltïfol njoglz dn ilrantokf oktnrklgo`klc,

l joi dn odnktojoglr ls `p`rtukodldns oktnrklgo`klos, nxpc`rlr rngurs`s n glplgodldns, n

utocozlr gìpntèkgols, plrl incm`r oipcninktlr ls suls nstrltïfols oktnrklgo`klos.

L nsg`cml d` i`d` dn nktrldl dnpnkdn iuot` dls i`tovlæþns dls niprnsls n l dngosç`

dn gì` nktrlr ni ui inrgld` nstrlkfnor` p`dn tnr ui oiplgt` sofkojogltov` s`brn `s

rnsuctld`s dl insil. T`d`s `s i`d`s dn nktrldl lglrrntli vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks,

qun dnvni snr g`ksodnrldls. \ulcqunr qun snhl ` i`d` nsg`cmod`, tnrì sniprn

oipcoglæþns kl qulktodldn dn rngurs`s qun uil niprnsl dnvn dnspnkdnr, k`s rosg`s qun

dnvn lssuior n k` frlu dn g`ktr`c` qun p`dn nxnrgnr.

Nstl nxplksç` plrl inrgld`s nstrlkfnor`s p`dn snr lcglkældl ltrlvïs d`s snfuoktns

inglkosi`s8 Nxp`rtlæç`, Cognkgolinkt`, Jrlkgmosokf, Ulrgnrols (Lcolkæls ù Hòkt

Znkturns), Okvnstoinkt` Dornt` n Lquosoæþns.

7.>.<. Nxp`rtlæç`

L nxp`rtlæç` ï l vnkdl n gìnrgolcozlæç` dorntl dn bnks pr`duzod`s kui plés plrl ui

ùtr` plés. Nxp`rtlr ï ui iït`d` trldogo`klc n bni nstlbncngod` dn ltokfor inrgld`s

nstrlkfnor`s. Kç` mì kngnssodldn dn l niprnsl okvnstor kui plés nstrlkfnor` p`rqun `

lt` dn nxp`rtlr kç` nxofn qun ls inrgld`rols snhli pr`duzodls k` plés dn dnstok`. L

ilo`rol d`s gust`s lss`gold`s l nstl tìl l j`ril dn dnspnsls dn ilrantokf.



27

Ls nxp`rtlæþns p`dni snr gclssojogldls gì` dorntls ù okdorntls. Ls dorntls sç`

rnlcozldls ltrlvïs dn ui oktnrindoìro` qun sn nkg`ktrl j`rl d` plés dn `rofni

(dostrobuod`rns, lfnktns, rnprnsnktlktn gìosso`kld`, jocolc dn vnkdls, nxp`rtlæþns

dorntls plrl ` g`ksuiod`r joklc). Wnfukd` Wgmknodnr (2552, p.44), ost` pnriotn ui

ilo`r g`ktr`c` s`brn `s glklos dn dostrobuoæç` qun sç` utocozld`s bni gì` s`brn `

inrgld` plrl ` qulc sn nxp`rtl. Hì ls nxp`rtlæþns okdorntls sç` rnlcozldls ltrlvïs dn ui

oktnrindoìro`, ils qun dnstl vnz sn nkg`ktrl k` plés dn `rofni ( trldokf gìplkons,

brànrs, gìnrgolc oip`rtld`rl/nxp`rtld`rl). Wgmknodnr (2552, p.44) ljoril qun –l

frlkdn vlktlfni dn sn rnlcozlr nxp`rtlæþns dn j`ril okdorntl ï qun l kngnssodldn dn

g`kmngoinkt` dls k`rils n trâiotns d` gìïrgo` oktnrklgo`klc sç` dn rnsp`kslbocodldn

dnssns lfnktns, kç` kngnssotlkd` ` jlbroglktn dn uil nstruturl pr÷prol.’

L nxp`rtlæç` ï, pòs, uil `pæç` qun kç` nkv`cvn frlkdns rosg`s kni rnqunr ui frlkdn

gìprìntoinkt` p`r plrtn dls niprnsls, snkd` lssoi l proinorl nsg`cml dls niprnsls

qun prntnkdni sn oktnrklgo`klcozlr.

Wnfuni-sn ls suls prokgoplos vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks8

Zlktlfnks Dnsvlktlfnks

Bloxl nxp`soæç` joklkgnorl1 Zucknrlbocodldn l tlrojls, qu`tls, ntg.1

Unriotn nktrldl frldulc1 Gìpcnxodldn n gust`s c`féstog`s1

Kç` rnqunr ` g`kmngoinkt` d` inrgld`

c`glc n p`dn ldquoror lcfuil jliocolrodldn

gì ` inrgld` c`glc1

U`tnkgolos g`kjcot`s gì dostrobuod`rns1

Nvotl rnstroæþns l` ODN1Jrlgl lquosoæç` dn g`kmngoinkt` d` inrgld`

nxtnrk`1

J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Jnrrnorl nt lc. (25<<)

7.>.2. Cognkgolinkt`

@ cognkgolinkt` ï ui lg`rd` dn knf÷go`s nktrn niprnsls (cognkgold`r n cognkgold`), ni

qun uil dncls gndn `s dornot`s å pr`duæç` n gìnrgolcozlæç` d`s snus pr`dut`s, kuil

ìrnl nspngéjogl, qun p`dn nkfc`blr ui økog` inrgld` ù ltï vìro`s plésns. L cognkæl



24

p`dn okgcuor l utocozlæç` dn uil ilrgl rnfostldl, pltnktns, tïgkogls dn jlbrog` n dn

ilrantokf. @ cognkgold` plfl uil tlxl ni tr`gl d`s dornot`s dn utocozlæç` dl

pr`prondldn oiltnrolc n, rnfrl fnrlc, usujruo dn lssostèkgol tïgkogl qulkd` kngnssìro`.

Zlktlfnks DnsvlktlfnksBlox` rosg` joklkgnor` n bloxl kngnssodldn

dn glpotlc1Cugr`s rncltovlinktn coiotld`s1

J`ril dn blox` gust` plrl nktrlr n lvlcolr `

p`tnkgolc dn ui dld` inrgld` nxtnrk`1Dnpnkdèkgol d` cognkgold` n pùg` g`ktr`c`1

Kç` tni kngnssodldn dn lprnkdnr s`brn `

inrgld` c`glc1U`tnkgolos g`kjcot`s gì ` cognkgold`1

Nvotl tlrojls, blrrnorls kç` tlrojìrols n

rnstroæþns l` okvnstoinkt` nstrlkfnor`1

U`ssobocodldn dn grolr ui jutur` gìpntod`r

n/ù pnrdnr tngk`c`fol1

@ cognkgold` j`rkngn ` g`kmngoinkt` d`

inrgld` c`glc1


7.>.7. Jrlkgmosokf

L` okvïs d` cognkgolinkt`, ` jrlkgmosokf nkv`cvn gìprìoss`s dn c`kf` prlz`. U`dn-

sn doznr qun jrlkgmosokf ï ` dornot` qun uil niprnsl ldquorn dn ùtrl niprnsl qun cmns

pnriotn jlznr ltovodldns gìnrgolos, tlc gì` l vnkdl dn ui bni ù dn ui snrvoæ`, s`b

` kìn dn uil niprnsl nspngéjogl, l` qulc sç` ldogo`kld`s l prnstlæç` rnfuclr dn

snrvoæ`s n ` j`rkngoinkt` dn pr`dut`s. @ jrlkgmosokf ï uil j`ril nspngolcozldl dn

cognkæl, ni qun ` jrlkgmosld` sn gìprìntn l snfuor ls rnfrls nstrotls s`brn gì`

pr`gndnr gì ls ltovodldns gìnrgolos8 ` top` dn snrvoæ`, l dnjokoæç` dn nsplæ` jésog`,

nktrn ùtrls. L niprnsl qun vnkdn ` jrlkgmosokf rngnbn ui plflinkt` dn r`ylctons2 ,

qun nstì rnclgo`kld` gì l rngnotl d` jrlkgmosld`, n nvotl iuot`s d`s gust`s n rosg`s qun

tnrol sn lbrossn ` knf÷go` pnc`s snus pr÷pro`s ino`s.

îl niprnsl guh` i`d` dn nktrldl ï ` jrlkgmosokf p`dn g`kstruor uil rndn fc`blc ni

ui gurt` nsplæ` dn tnip`, gì gust`s n rosg`s rncltovlinktn blox`s. î d`s pr`bcnils

2 Nspïgon dn gìossç` s`brn l jlturlæç` brutl, pnc` us` g`ktokuld` dl ilrgl.



2>

l` utocozlr ` jrlkgmosokf ï ` g`ktr`c` dn qulcodldn, pòs `s gconktns dn uil dntnriokldl

ilrgl pr`gurli ` insi` top` dn snrvoæ` qulkd` nkg`ktrli l insil ni dojnrnktns

plrtns d` iukd`.

Dnstlgli-sn, k` quldr` lblox`, ls prokgoplos vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks plrl `jrlkgmosld`r.


Nxplksç` ilos jlgocotldl n rìpodl1 Unrdl dn g`ktr`c` s`brn `s p`kt`s dn vnkdl1

Ilos njogoèkgol n ink`s rosg`s trlblcmostls,

rnjnrnktns l jukgo`kìro`s1Dovosþns dl rngnotl1

Nktrldl ni k`v`s inrgld`s, sni rnlcozlr

frlkdns okvnstoinkt`s1

Rnt`rk` l prlz`s ilos c`kf`s1

J`rtlcngoinkt` dl ilrgl1U`ssobocodldns dn dosputl gì `s

jrlkgmosld`s1

J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Ilrgmo`rnt` & B`rt`clkæl (25<<)

7.>.4. Ulrgnrols (Lcolkæls Nstrltïfogls ̀ u Hòkt Znkturns)

Jnrrnorl, Rnos n Wnrrl (255<, p. >:) rnjnrni qun ls niprnsls p`dni prnjnror nstlbncngnr

uil plrgnrol gì ùtrls, snhli ncls dìïstogls ù nstrlkfnorls, dn i`d` l nktrlrni

k`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s. Dozni lokdl qun ls –plrgnrols p`dni snr ilos ù ink`s

nxtnksls (ost` ï, lbrlkfnr lpnkls uil jukæç` ù vìrols jukæþns) n nxofor ilo`r ( hòkt

vnkturn) ù ink`r (lcolkæl) gìprìoss` dn rngurs`s.’

Lcolkæls Nstrltïfogls ‗ Ls lcolkæls nstrltïfogls sç` dnjokodls gì` uil j`rilniprnslrolc dn g``pnrlæç` nktrn duls ù ilos niprnsls dn dojnrnktns plésns, `kdn gldl

plrgnor` pr`gurl luinktlr ls suls gìpntèkgols ltrlvïs dl gìboklæç` dn snus rngurs`s

gì `s d`s ùtr`s plrgnor`s, ltokfokd` lssoi `bhntov`s qun okdovodulcinktn kç` snroli

ltokfévnos. Ls niprnsls p`dni gìboklr `s snus nsj`ræ`s plrl uil vlrondldn dn joks,

okgcuokd`, ils kç` sn coiotlkd`, l plrtocml dn g`kmngoinkt`, nxpnroèkgol n dnspnsls,

bni gì` plrl lgndnr l k`v`s inrgld`s ù plrl flkmlr uil vlktlfni gìpntotovl

kui dnssns inrgld`s. Lcïi doss`, l grolæç` dn uil lcolkæl nstrltïfogl p`dn jlznr gì



2:

qun g`kg`rrnktns rnlos ù p`tnkgolos sn t`rkni ni plrgnor`s, trlblcmlkd` lssoi plrl ui

`bhntov` gìui.

îl lcolkæl dojnrn dn uil hòkt vnkturn k` snktod` dn qun kç` nxostn ` nstlbncngoinkt`

dn uil k`vl niprnsl.


Ulrtocml d`s gust`s n rosg`s d` pr`hnt`1 Grol gìpntod`r1

Jlgocotl l nktrldl ni k`v`s inrgld`s1 Okgìpltobocodldn n g`kjcot` gì plrgnor`1

Lgnss` ås j`ræls, g`kmngoinkt` n rngurs`s

d` plrgnor`1Unrdl dn lut`kìol1

Urì`vn soknrfols1 Dostrobuoæç` dn cugr`s1

Rosg` dn dojukdor g`kmngoinkt` votlc1J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Jnrrnorl nt lc. (25<<)

Hòkt Znkturns - îl hòkt vnkturn ï qulkd` sn nstlbncngn uil niprnsl qun pnrtnkgn l

duls ù ilos niprnsls okdnpnkdnktns. Nstl hukæç` rnqunr uil plrtocml dn gust`s n

cugr`s, bni gì` uil fnstç` g`khuktl nktrn `s plrgnor`s. Lcïi doss`, uil vnz qun

uil hòkt vnkturn ï ui gòkvnstoinkt` nktrn niprnsls dojnrnktns, gldl uil p`dn

utocozlr ls suls mlbocodldns nspngéjogls plrl fnror l niprnsl groldl dn j`ril njogonktn.

Ls hòkt vnkturns sç` nspngolcinktn p`puclrns kls niprnsls rnclgo`kldls gì `s snt`rns

dn trlksp`rtn n dn volfni qun `pnrli ni dojnrnktns plésns, pòs `jnrngni iuotls

vlktlfnks ås niprnsls qun l g`kstotuni. Ni proinor` cuflr, ls niprnsls p`dni

ldquoror g`kmngoinkt`s nspngéjog`s uil dl ùtrl, k` qun sn rnjnrn l` g`kmngoinkt` d`

knf÷go` n tlibïi dl gucturl d` plés lkjotroç`, d` snu sostnil p`cétog` n dl sul rndn dn

knf÷go`s. Ni snfukd` cuflr, uil vnz qun nxostn uil plrtocml dn rngurs`s joklkgnor`s,

muilk`s n tngk`c÷fog`s, ls niprnsls p`dni rnduzor `s rosg`s n gust`s. U`r øctoi`,

pnriotn uil nktrldl ilos jìgoc ni plésns nstrlkfnor`s qun dosp`kmli dn blrrnorls plrl

` okvnstod`r nxtnrk`. U`r ùtr` cld`, ls hòkt vnkturns p`dni grolr lcfuks `bstìguc`s

ltrlvïs dl coiotlæç` dl fnstç` n g`kjolkæl l`s plrgnor`s nstrlkfnor`s. îl hòkt vnkturn

guhl fnstç` ï dìokldl p`r qulcqunr uil dls plrtns, ù guhls dngosþns s`brn qunstþns

`pnrlgo`klos s÷ p`ssli snr tìldls gì l g`kg`rdâkgol dn libls ls plrtns,

dojogocinktn tnrì sugnss`. Lcïi doss`, sn ls nstrltïfols n intls dn gldl plrgnor` dn

knf÷go` s`jrnrni lctnrlæþns, p`dnrç` ̀ g`rrnr dovnrfèkgols.



26


Ulrtocml dn rosg`s n gust`s dn g`kstruor uil

k`vl `pnrlæç`/jìbrogl1Ilo`r okvnstoinkt` d` qun cognkgolinkt`1

Ulrtocml dn rngurs`s gìpcninktlrns n ùtr`s

ltov`s, luinktlkd` soknrfols n l

pr`blbocodldn dn sugnss`1

Rnqunr l plrtocml dn cugr`s sn ` k`v` knf÷go`j`r bni sugndod` (kç` lpnkls gust`s n rosg`s)1

U`ssobocodldn dn lprnkdnr1

@s plrgnor`s plrtocmli ` g`ktr`c` s`brn ls

`pnrlæþns (lokdl qun p`ssovncinktn ni kévnos

dojnrnktns)1

U`dn snr l økogl j`ril dn nktrlr kui

inrgld`, dldls ls blrrnorls1

Rosg` dn dossnioklr g`kmngoinkt` n ak`w-

m`w grétog` l` plrgnor`1

G`kjcot` nktrn plrgnor`s1


7.>.>. Okvnstoinkt` Dornt` Nstrlkfnor`

@ okvnstoinkt` dornt` nstrlkfnor` (ODN) ï l pr`prondldn dorntl dn okstlclæþns k` plés dndnstok` n nkv`cvn okvnstoinkt`s dn glpotlc, tngk`c`fol n pnss`lc. @ ODN p`dn snr jnot`

ltrlvïs dl lquosoæç` dn uil nktodldn hì nxostnktn ù l ltrlvïs dl grolæç` dn uil k`vl

niprnsl n s÷ ï g`kstotuéd` qulkd` ` okvnstod`r dntïi <5% ù ilos dls læþns `rdokìrols

ù d` dornot` l v`t` kuil niprnsl.

L pr`prondldn dorntl, qun p`dn snr plrgolc ù t`tlc, pr`p`rgo`kl ui frlu ncnvld` dn

g`ktr`c` dls `pnrlæþns, bni gì` l glplgodldn dn g`kmngnr incm`r `s g`ksuiod`rns, `

libonktn gìpntotov` n ` inrgld` ni fnrlc. K` nktlkt`, rnqunr ui ncnvld` kévnc dn

rngurs`s n ui ncnvld` frlu dn gìprìoss`.

Dnktr` d` okvnstoinkt` dornt` nkg`ktrli-sn `s okvnstoinkt`s frnnkjoncd , qun sç` `s

okvnstoinkt`s dn rloz. Nstn top` dn okvnstoinkt` p`dn snr dnjokod` gì` uil j`ril dn

okvnstoinkt` dornt` nstrlkfnor` k` qulc uil niprnsl-içn okogol ui k`v`

niprnnkdoinkt` kui plés nstrlkfnor` ltrlvïs dl g`kstruæç` dn k`vls okstlclæþns

`pnrlgo`klos. Lcïi dn g`kstruor k`vls okstlclæþns, l ilo`rol dls niprnsls-içn tlibïi

grol k`v`s niprnf`s l c`kf` prlz` k` plés nstrlkfnor`.



2=

î okvnstoinkt` dn rloz ï ui i`d` dn nktrldl cnkt` n rnqunr okvnstoinkt`s ncnvld`s.

K` nktlkt`, pnriotn j`rilr uil subsodoìrol i`cdldl plrl sltosjlznr ls kngnssodldns dl

niprnsl dìïstogl. Gì` rnsuctld`, l njogoèkgol ̀ pnrlgo`klc p`dn luinktlr.

Znhli-sn ls vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks d` okvnstoinkt` dornt`8


U`tnkgolc dn cugr`s ncnvld`1Ncnvld` okvnstoinkt` ni rngurs`s

joklkgnor`s, muilk`s n dn fnstç`1

Ilktïi g`ktr`c` t`tlc s`brn ls `pnrlæþns1 Ncnvldl nxp`soæç` l rosg`s p`cétog`s1

Ldquorn g`kmngoinkt` s`brn ` inrgld`

c`glc1Zucknrlbocodldn ås rnstroæþns l` ODN1

Nvotl tlrojls, qu`tls n ùtrls rnstroæþns1 Ilo`r gìpcnxodldn dn fnstç` n g``rdnklæç`1


7.>.:. Lquosoæþns

îl lquosoæç` ï uil ilknorl rìpodl dn nktrlr kui k`v` inrgld`. L niprnsl klgo`klc

(ldquornktn) nktrl k` inrgld` nxtnrk` ltrlvïs dl lquosoæç` dn uil niprnsl hì

nstlbncngodl. Dnstl j`ril, ` ldquornktn p`dn torlr pr`vnot` d`s glklos dn dostrobuoæç`,

dl j`ræl dn trlblcm` qulcojogldl, dl nxpnroèkgol ni fnstç`, d` g`kmngoinkt` c`glc n d`

kìn dl ilrgl hì nstlbncngodl (rnputlæç`).

Dnstn i`d`, nktnkdn-sn qun ls lquosoæþns sç` jnotls jrnqunktninktn gì` plrtn dl

nstrltïfol dn grnsgoinkt` dl niprnsl, k` snktod` dn qun snrì ilos bnkïjog` lssuior ls

`pnrlæþns dn uil niprnsl hì nxostnktn d` qun l nxplksç` p`r g`ktl pr÷prol.

K` nktlkt`, uil lquosoæç` ï uil `pæç` glrl n nkv`cvn rosg`s ncnvld`s. L oktnfrlæç` dl

niprnsl ldquorodl (niprnsl-lcv`) p`dn snr prnhudogldl p`r dojnrnkæls gucturlos. Lcïi

doss`, ls dojnrnkæls gucturlos tlibïi p`dni cnvlr l pr`bcnils dn gìukoglæç` n

g``rdnklæç`.



2?

Dls suls vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks dnstlgli-sn ls snfuoktns8


Rìpodl nktrldl k`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s1 Dojogucdldns dn oktnfrlæç` p÷s-lquosoæç`1

@btnkæç` dn dovnrsojoglæç` qulkd` lniprnsl kç` tni gnrtls gìpntèkgols1

W`brnstoilæç` d`s bnknjégo`s ng`k÷iog`s dllquosoæç`1

Ink`r rosg` qun ` grnsgoinkt` oktnrk`

(ltrlvïs dn okvnstoinkt`s dn rloz)1Gust`s ncnvld`s1

J`ril dn uctrlplsslr blrrnorls å nktrldl1Ur`bcnils oknrnktns l uil sncnæç` okg`rrntl

dl niprnsl l ldquoror1




75

4. Turosi` Oktnrklgo`klc

@ turosi` ï g`ksodnrld` uil dls okdøstrols dn ilos rìpod` grnsgoinkt` snkd`, m`hn ni

dol, ` prokgoplc g`ktrobuoktn plrl ` pr`dut` oktnrk` brut` iukdolc. Ï dn slconktlr qun,

plrl lcfuks dnstok`s, l qu`tl d` inrgld` turéstog` p`dn snr l økogl ilknorl dn ilktnr

vovl l rnfoç`. L nxplksç` fnknrlcozldl d` turosi`, huktlinktn gì l grnsgnktn

dospnrsç` d`s turostls n l dovnrsojoglæç` d`s dnstok`s turéstog`s, tni cnvld` l uil

grnsgnktn oip`rtâkgol d`s dnstok`s.

@ jnk÷ink` dl fc`blcozlæç` luinktù l oktnrdnpnkdèkgol nktrn `s plésns, ng`kìols n

p`v`s. Tlc jlgt` kç` nkv`cvn lpnkls ls frlkdns g`rp`rlæþns, ils tlibïi ls pnqunkls niïdols niprnsls, tlc gì` ls niprnsls jliocolrns. Nstn pr`gnss` g`kduzou å grolæç` n

`pnrlgo`klcodldn d` inrgld` fc`blc dn turosi`, `kdn dnstok`s jukgo`kli dn j`ril

oktnrltovl.

L grolæç` dn uil s`gondldn fc`blc sofkojogl qun ls niprnsls dn turosi` tèi l

glplgodldn dn `pnrlr fc`blcinktn. Ost` jlz gì qun `s dnstok`s gìpotli uks gì `s

ùtr`s k` inrgld` fc`blc, ni busgl dn turostls oktnrklgo`klos.

Unrgnbn-sn, nktç`, l oip`rtâkgol qun ` turosi` tni, snkd` lssoi dnsnhldl l nxplksç` d`

turosi` oktnrklgo`klc, prokgoplcinktn p`r rlzþns ng`k÷iogls.



7<

>. Glrltnrozlæç` n Lprnsnktlæç` dl Niprnsl

@ M`tnc (ìotod`) pnrtnkgn l pnqunkl niprnsl jliocolr n l sul most÷rol tni okégo` mì

gnrgl dn <>5 lk`s. L (ìotod`) `kdn ` insi` nstì oksnrod` jò g`kstruédl k` lk` dn

<=::, tnkd` sod` p`stnro`rinktn lknxldl l uil (ìotod`), qun ltulcinktn nkg`ktrl-sn

j`rl dl pr`prondldn, kuil rul cltnrlc. Ni <?>>, l jliécol (ìotod`), ilos pr`prolinktn

(ìotod`), trlksj`riù-l ni lcbnrflrol, tnkd` knstl lcturl ldquorod` ` kìn dn

(ìotod`). Okogolcinktn `s snrvoæ`s gnktrlvli-sn kl glsl içn n ni lcfuks qulrt`s

gorgukdlktns, dosp`kd` dn <4 qulrt`s, ils l` c`kf` d` tnip` ` m`tnc jò lcv` dn

rni`dnclæþns, tnkd` vokd` l luinktlr ` snu køinr` dn qulrt`s n snrvoæ`s dosp`kévnos,

ils ilktnkd` sniprn l sul trlæl `rofoklc. @ tnrrnk` nkv`cvnktn jò tlibïi lcv` dn

trlksj`rilæç` gì ` plsslr d`s lk`s, dlkd` `rofni l hlrdoks tr`poglos, gì lcfuils

pclktls nkdïiogls rnfo`klos.

@ m`tnc nstì sotuld` kl godldn d` Jukgmlc, l 755 intr`s d` gnktr` urblk`. L sul

c`glcozlæç` provocnfoldl, pnrt` d` p`rt` d` Jukgmlc, `jnrngn uil nspcèkdodl vostl ilr

l`s snus gconktns n p`ssobocotl tlibïi ui jìgoc lgnss` pnd`klc l`s p`kt`s dn oktnrnssn

turéstog`s qun l godldn g`ktïi.

Nstn m`tnc dn 4 nstrncls dospþn ltulcinktn dn 6> qulrt`s n ui – jclt ’ gì g`zokml

nquopldl, t`d`s dupc`s. @s qulrt`s sç` glrlgtnrozld`s p`r dojnrnktns top`c`fols, snkd`

nstls8 Wupnro`r vostl ilr1 Tnrrlæ` ù Blcgç`1 Zostl hlrdoi1 \ulrt`s gmuvnor` n vostl ilr

sni blcgç` (nstns øctoi`s dòs lpnkls kl glsl içn). T`d`s `s qulrt`s nstç` nquopld`s

gì tncnvosç` p`r glb`, tncnj`kn, g`jrn (indolktn lcufunr), iokoblr, sngld`r dn glbnc` n

lr g`kdogo`kld`. @s qulrt`s nstç` dospnrs`s pncl pr`prondldn, nstlkd` lcfuks dncns

c`glcozld`s k` ndojégo` prokgoplc, kl glsl içn, n tlibïi k` hlrdoi.

@ m`tnc `jnrngn uil dovnrsodldn dn snrvoæ`s, tlos gì` posgokl gì ìful d` ilr

lqungodl, s`cìro`, slcl plrl g`kjnrèkgols, slcç` dn h`f`s, rnstlurlktn n blr, oktnrknt

frltuotl (lpnkls kl z`kl dl rngnæç`) n nstlgo`klinkt`.

Gì ` plsslr d` tnip` n gì ` grnsgnktn sugnss` dl sul ukodldn m`tncnorl, l jliécol

(ìotod`) dngodou okvnstor kl g`kstruæç` dn ilos ui m`tnc, dnstl vnz hukt` l` (ìotod`),

gì ` kìn dn M`tnc (ìotod`), lbnrt` l` pøbcog` dnsdn <??7. Wotuldl l lpnkls >iokut`s d` gnktr`, nstl ukodldn, tlibïi dn 4 nstrncls, tni ui nstoc` ilos i`dnrk`,



72

`jnrngnkd` 75 qulrt`s dupc`s vostl ilr n 7 høko`r suotns, t`d`s nquopld`s å snincmlkæl

d` M`tnc (ìotod`).

K` qun rnspnotl l`s snrvoæ`s `jnrngod`s, ` m`tnc dospþn dn t`d`s lquncns qun (ìotod`)

tlibïi tni, l` qun lgrnsgn ui (ìotod`), uil posgokl dn ìful d` ilr gì 2> intr`sdn gìproinkt`, uil posgokl plrl grolkæls n lgnss` dornt` l` ilr.

@s m`tïos nkg`ktrli-sn oktnrcofld`s, p`ssobocotlkd` l`s snus gconktns l utocozlæç` d`s

snrvoæ`s dn lib`s, sni qulcqunr rnstroæç`.

Ltulcinktn, `s m`tïos g`ktli gì 6= g`clb`rld`rns k` t`tlc, dovodod`s pncls dojnrnktns

sngæþns. Lpnslr dl snplrlæç` d`s m`tïos, l ilo`rol d`s snrvoæ`s sç` gìuks l`s dòs,

lpnkls l rngnæç`, g`zokml, rnstlurlktn n blr sç` okdovodulos.

@s m`tïos trlblcmli, ilo`rotlrolinktn, gì @pnrld`rns Turéstog`s, tlos gì` l Tmìls

G`à, l TÔ, l Tmìs`k n l Gclssog M`codlys. K` nktlkt`, l ilo`rol d`s gconktns qun

gmnfli l`s m`tïos jlzni ls suls rnsnrvls ltrlvïs dl B`àokf.gì, lfèkgol `kcokn dn

rnsnrvls m`tncnorls, rnprnsnktlkd` nstl ilos dn 7>% dls gmnfldls inkslos. Lcfuks

gconktns rnsnrvli dorntlinktn gì ` m`tnc, ils ni ink`r køinr`. @ prokgoplc inrgld`

dn lib`s `s m`tïos ï ` okfcès, snfuod` pnc` jrlkgès n ` lcniç`.

@ M`tnc (ìotod`) tni ui køinr` ncnvld` dn gconktns rnpntnktns, qun sn nxpcogl pnc`

jlgt` dn nstn tnr ui glroz jliocolr n trldogo`klc, nxostokd` gls`s dn turostls qun jogli k`

m`tnc vìrols vnzns durlktn ` insi` lk`. L prokgoplc i`tovlæç` pncl nsg`cml dnstn m`tnc

p`r plrtn d`s snus gconktns rnsodn kl qulcodldn d` snu snrvoæ`, p`ssobocotlkd` ui

ltnkdoinkt` pnrs`klcozld ,̀ trltlkd` ` gconktn gì` sn j`ssn ui inibr` dl jliécol.

K` qun rnspnotl å sul nstruturl `rflkozlgo`klc, `s m`tïos sç` fnrod`s pncl Dornæç`, qun ï

luxocoldl pnc` Lssostnktn dn Dornæç`, tnkd` nstn l snu glrf` ` ng`kìlt`, `s rngurs`smuilk`s n l g`ktlbocodldn (dn slconktlr qun l ilo`r plrtn dl g`ktlbocodldn ï rnlcozldl

ltrlvïs dn ùtsùrgokf 7). Nxostn lokdl ui rnsp`ksìvnc plrl gldl dnplrtlinkt`.

@ wnbsotn dl niprnsl nstì dosp`kévnc ni qultr` odoìls (p`rtufuès, okfcès, jrlkgès n

lcniç`) n kncn p`dni-sn nkg`ktrlr okj`rilæþns dn libls ls ukodldns m`tncnorls, tlos

gì` ls linkodldns `jnrngodls, snrvoæ`s dosp`kobocozld`s, dovnrsls j`t`frljols,

7 Wubg`ktrltlæç` dn plrtn dls jukæþns dn uil niprnsl, l ùtrl niprnsl nspngolcozldl nxtnrkl.



77

glcnkdìro` dn nvnkt`s nspngolos, okj`rilæþns s`brn l Ocml dl Ildnorl n ui sostnil dn

rnsnrvls `kcokn.



74

:. Nstrltïfol dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dl Niprnsl

L niprnsl ni lkìcosn, gì l dnkìoklæç` s`golc dn (ìotod`), nstì ltulcinktn dlkd`

`s plss`s okogolos k` snu pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, qun sn nkg`ktrl lokdl ni jlsnsofoc`sl, ltrlvïs dl rnlcozlæç` dn uil plrgnrol gì ui frup` nsplkm`c, tlibïi cofld`

l` sngt`r m`tncnor`.

L tn`rol dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` snfuodl plrl l lkìcosn dnstn gls` jò l Tn`rol d`

Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf, pòs ï uil tn`rol qun hì mlvol sod` rof`r`slinktn

tnstldl ni sngt`rns rnclgo`kld`s gì `s snrvoæ`s, k` qulc sn okgcuo l m`tnclrol. Nstn

i`dnc` `jnrngn ui bì lhustn gì ` turosi` n ` sngt`r m`tncnor` ltrlvïs dl èkjlsn

dldl å oip`rtâkgol d` c`glc gì` ui dn snus très poclrns prokgoplos. @ pr÷pro` pr`dut`

qun l niprnsl p`ssuo, ù snhl, ls suls glrlgtnréstogls pr÷prols rnjnrodls ni snfuodl,

p`dn snr nkglrld` gì` l sul vlktlfni dn pr`prondldn. L c`glcozlæç` nsg`cmodl plrl l

sul nxplksç` oktnrklgo`klc jò ` l Okfcltnrrl, tnkd` sod` lktnro`rinktn rnlcozldl uil

lkìcosn dntlcmldl ås vlktlfnks nvodnktns dl rnfoç` (vlktlfnks dn c`glcozlæç`), pnc` qun

tovnrli ni g`ktl très vlroìvnos oip`rtlktns8 ` tlilkm` n l klturnzl dl godldn ni qun

sn sotulrì ` m`tnc, ls okjrlnstruturls kl rnfoç` n l pnrgnæç` dl rnfoç` gì` ui c`glc dn

knf÷go`s ltrltov`.

Ls ukodldns m`tncnorls pnrtnkgnktns l nstl niprnsl tèi glrlgtnréstogls iuot` pr÷prols,

k` snktod` dn qun `jnrngni ui snrvoæ` dojnrnktn dls frlkdns gldnols, ù snhl, `

trltlinkt` d` gconktn ï iuot` ilos pnrs`klcozld` n pnss`lc, ` qun jlz gì qun ` insi`

sn soktl gì` sn nstovnssn ni glsl. @ jlgt` dn kç` ld`tlrni cokmls g`ktnip`râknls kl

sul lrquotnturl n rnhnotlrni l dng`rlæç` iokoilcostl, prì`vnkd` uil lrquotnturl

gcìssogl gì rlézns trldogo`klos, n `ptlrni p`r dng`rlæç` dn ïp`gl tlibïi tni ui

p`dnr ltrltov` plrl ` gconktn, pòs nstn nstoc`, gmlild` dn frlkky gmog, nstì iuot` ni

v`fl. Nstls glrlgtnréstogls sç` iuot` pr`gurldls pnc`s snus prokgoplos inrgld`s

nioss`rns (okfcès, jrlkgès n lcniç`). L Dornæç` odnktojogù ` snu snfinkt` dn inrgld`,

ltrlvïs dn uil g`kstlktn lkìcosn dls glrlgtnréstogls fn`frìjogls n dni`frìjogls d`s snus

gconktns, g`ksnfuokd` lssoi ilktnr uil `jnrtl qun vlo l` nkg`ktr` dls kngnssodldns n

`rælinkt`s d`s insi`s. @s snus gconktns pnrtnkgni l uil gclssn iïdol/lctl, gì

kévnos dn nsg`clrodldn supnro`r, dn uil jloxl ntìrol lgoil d`s >5 lk`s. @ prokgoplc

i`tov` plrl l dnsc`glæç` dnstns ï l rnlcozlæç` dn jïrols plrl dnsglks` n clznr. L ilo`rol



7>

hì rnsnrvl ls suls nstldols `kcokn, snhl k` sotn d` m`tnc ù ltrlvïs d`s `pnrld`rns

turéstog`s.

K` qun rnspnotl å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, l niprnsl nkglrù-l gì` uil nstrltïfol dn

grnsgoinkt` n `p`rtukodldn dn nxplksç`, pòs lp÷s hì tnr rnlcozld` ui okvnstoinkt` prïvo` kl Rnfoç`, ltrlvïs dl g`kstruæç` dn ùtrl ukodldn m`tncnorl, kç` sn hustojoglvl

k`v` okvnstoinkt` oktnrk`, tnkd` ni g`ktl ls g`kdoæþns prnsnktns d` inrgld`

p`rtufuès n l pr÷prol slturlæç` d` inrgld` rnfo`klc.

L `pæç` dn rnlcozlr uil plrgnrol surfou kl snquèkgol dn vìro`s jlt`rns8 Ni plrtn, l

g`khukturl ng`k÷iogl ltulc fnrù uil lprnnksç` kl dngosç` dn okvnstor k` inrgld`

nxtnrk`. @ jlgt` dn l niprnsl snr pnqunkl, jliocolr n kç` tnr `s rngurs`s, l nxpnroèkgol

n j`ræl dn fnstç` plrl nktrlr ni inrgld`s oktnrklgo`klos jò tlibïi dngosov` kl

nsg`cml d` i`d` dn nktrldl. Lssoi, ` i`d` dn nktrldl nsg`cmod` jò l rnlcozlæç` dn

uil hòkt vnkturn gì ui plrgnor` m`tncnor` c`glcozld` ni Nsplkml, snkd` ` inrgld`-

lcv` l Okfcltnrrl. Nstl lcolkæl dn knf÷go`s pnriotorì å niprnsl lgndnr l` inrgld`

fc`blc dn j`ril ilos rìpodl, ng`k÷iogl n njoglz, pr`gurlkd` ltokfor vlktlfnks

gìpntotovls k` inrgld`-lcv`.

L odnol blsn ï l grolæç` dn ui k`v` pr`dut` knssn insi` inrgld`, snincmlktn l`

pr`dut` `jnrngod` kl Rnfoç`, qun, gì` rnjnrod` lktnro`rinktn, tni glrltnréstogls iuot`

ltrltovls plrl ` inrgld` okfcès n jrlkgès, ils gì uil ilrgl dostoktl dl hì nxostnktn. @

okvnstoinkt` kngnssìro` å oipcninktlæç` dn uil k`vl nstruturl, qun snrì groldl dn rloz,

snrì njntuld` gì glpotlc pr÷pro`, rnplrtod` ni 45% plrl l niprnsl c`glc n :5% plrl l

niprnsl nsplkm`cl.

L nsg`cml dl niprnsl nsplkm`cl surfou ltrlvïs dn ui g`ktlgt` gì l insil, njntuld`

kuil jnorl oktnrklgo`klc dn turosi` mì lcfuks lk`s, tnkd` dnsnkv`cvod`, gì ` tnip`,ui bì rnclgo`klinkt` nktrn libls. Nstl hì `pnrl kl Okfcltnrrl n hì mlvol odnktojogld`

uil `p`rtukodldn dn g`khuflæç` dn j`ræls gì vostl åquncn inrgld`, n gì` hì tni

nxpnroèkgol dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, bni gì` ` g`kmngoinkt` d` inrgld` n dls

prìtogls c`glos, jlgocotl l oktnfrlæç` dn uil k`vl niprnsl klquncn plés. Nstn jò `

plrgnor` lgnrtld`, pòs dospþn dn rngurs`s n lptodþns qun gìpcninktli ` d` ùtr`

plrgnor`.



7:

Nstn lg`rd` dn plrgnrol oktnfrl lokdl uil nstrltïfol dn ilrantokf g`khuktl, ltrlvïs dl

qulc snrì p`ssévnc l grolæç` dn plg`tns dn jïrols (nstldols + volfnks) oktnrcofld`s nktrn

`s m`tïos dn libls ls niprnsls, ltrlvïs d` dorngo`klinkt` dn gconktns nktrn m`tïos. Nstl

nstrltïfol tni gì` `bhntov` prokgoplc l grolæç` dn vlc`r plrl `s gconktns. Dnstn i`d`

lib`s p`dnrç` plrtocmlr l sul blsn dn dld`s d`s gconktns plrl gìnrgolcozlrni ` snu

pr`dut` n tlibïi p`dnrç` `jnrngnr `s pr`dut`s d` snu plrgnor` l`s snus ltulos gconktns.

Dn iìnkt`, ls suls læþns dn ilrantokf blsnoli-sn kl pubcogodldn jnotl pncls lfèkgols

n pnc`s `pnrld`rns turéstog`s, bni gì` ltrlvïs d` snu wnbsotn. Ulrtogopli tlibïi,

gì lcfuil rnfuclrodldn, ni jnorls dn turosi` oktnrklgo`klos, snrvokd` nstls gì` ui

p`kt` dn nkg`ktr` fc`blc plrl `s pr`josso`klos dn turosi`. Kç` mì døvodl dn qun ls

jnorls sç` uil jnrrlinktl dn vnkdls n ilrantokf nxtrnilinktn p`dnr`sl. Kncls, `srnclgo`klinkt`s sç` g`kstruéd`s, `s g`ktrlt`s sç` lssokld`s n `s knf÷go`s sç` jnot`s.

Libls ls niprnsls trlblcmli gì `s insi`s `pnrld`rns turéstog`s, ` qun orì jlgocotlr

nstl `pnrlæç`, pnc` qun nstns ltulrç` gì` ` prokgoplc glklc dn dostrobuoæç` dnstl

nstrltïfol. L grnsgnktn nsg`cml pnc` dnstok` Ildnorl p`r plrtn dn lcfuks `pnrld`rns, qun

tèi lp`stld` ni v``s gì `rofni d` Rnok` ^kod`, orì sni døvodl g`ktrobuor plrl l

b`l ilkutnkæç` dl nstrltïfol pclknldl, luxocolkd` l oktnrcoflæç` nktrn `s dòs dnstok`s

gì l rnfuclrodldn prntnkdodl.

L prì`æç` dl k`vl ukodldn qun orì surfor snrì njntuldl p`r nstns insi`s glklos,

rnjnrod`s lgoil, tnkd` lf`rl l vlktlfni dn snr tlibïi njntuldl k` inrgld` d`

plrgnor`, ` qun lgrnsgnktlrì ilos ui p`ssévnc inrgld`-lcv`, ltï lf`rl oknxpc`rld` pncl

niprnsl rnfo`klc.

K` qun rnspnotl l`s rngurs`s muilk`s, libls ls niprnsls lg`rdlrli ni g`ktrltlr k`

plés-lcv` n orç` grolr pr`frlils dn j`rilæç` oktnksovl, c`glcozld`s kls ukodldnsm`tncnorls hì nxostnktns. L durlæç` dl j`rilæç` snrì vlroldl, dn lg`rd` gì ls

rnspntovls jukæþns, n vosl l ukoj`riozlæç` d` snrvoæ` dn lg`rd` gì `s stlkdlrds d`

M`tnc (ìotod`), uil vnz qun l Dornæç` lssuin qun l fnstç` njoglz d`s rngurs`s

muilk`s ï l gmlvn plrl l g`kstruæç` dn nxgncèkgol kl okdøstrol dn snrvoæ`s. @ `bhntov`

ï pr`duzor pnss`lc lctlinktn gìpntnktn, qun snhli qulcojogld`s n i`tovld`s plrl

dnsnipnkmlr ls suls jukæþns dnktr` dl `rqunstrlæç` fc`blc dl `rflkozlæç`, dn i`dl l

dlr l iìxoil sltosjlæç` l` gconktn.



76

6. G`kgcusç`

Nstn trlblcm` tnvn gì` `bhntov`, p`r ui cld`, rnvnr g`kgnot`s n tn`rols rnclgo`kldls

gì ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. U`r ùtr` cld` prntnkdnu-sn lklcoslr l

nstruturlæç` n oipcninktlæç` dnssn insi` pr`gnss` kuil niprnsl m`tncnorl dl Rnfoç`

Lut÷kìl dl Ildnorl, gì ` `bhntov` dn g`khuflr l tn`rol l uil rnlcodldn prìtogl,

pr`gurlkd` rnsp`kdnr å qunstç` dn qulc l nstrltïfol n i`d` dn nktrldl qun incm`r sn

ldlptli å insil n p`rquè.

Tìlkd` p`r blsn l lkìcosn dnstn nstud` dn gls`, gì t`dl l gìp`knktn tn÷rogl

lktnro`rinktn lprnsnktldl, p`dn-sn g`kgcuor qun l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ï ui plss`kngnssìro` plrl l gìpntotovodldn n s`brnvovèkgol l c`kf` prlz`. Jò p`ssévnc vnrojoglr

qun ` tlilkm` dl niprnsl n l dosp`kobocodldn dn rngurs`s dnsnipnkmli ui plpnc

oip`rtlktn kl ilo`rol dls doinksþns dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`.

G`kgcuo-sn tlibïi qun kç` nxostn uil nstrltïfol dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ukoj`rin plrl

ls niprnsls dn pnqunk` n iïdo` p`rtn. Gldl niprnsl dnvn snfuor l sul pr÷prol

nstrltïfol gì blsn kl sul dosp`kobocodldn dn rngurs`s, kls suls vlktlfnks gìpntotovls

n ̀ p`rtukodldns.

K` qun sn rnjnrn l` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` d` M`tnc (ìotod`), n rnsp`kdnkd`

å pnrfuktl dn plrtodl, l nstrltïfol snfuodl jò uil nstrltïfol fc`blc, uil vnz qun nstl

prntnkdn nstlkdlrdozlr l sul `jnrtl, ltrlvïs dl grolæç` dn ui pr`dut` ofulc k` inrgld`-

lcv`.

@ m`tnc `ptù p`r rnlcozlr uil hòkt vnkturn, ù snhl, groù ui lg`rd` gì ui plrgnor`

plrl uil g`ktrobuoæç` g`khuktl dn glpotlc n g`kmngoinkt` plrl l grolæç` dn uil k`vluil niprnsl. Tnkd` ni g`ktl l tn`rol nstudldl, nstl plrgnrol i`strù snr ` incm`r

iït`d` dn nktrldl k` inrgld` oktnrklgo`klc, tnkd` ni g`ktl l jlctl dn nxpnroèkgol dn

ltulæç` k` nstrlkfnor` n l jlctl dn glpotlc pr÷pro` plrl l grolæç` dn ui okvnstoinkt`

dornt`. Dnstn i`d`, l niprnsl trlz ` g`kmngoinkt` d` pr`dut` n ` plrgnor` nsg`cmod`

g`ktrobuo gì ` g`kmngoinkt` c`glc n nxpnroèkgol oktnrklgo`klc, pnriotokd` lssoi qun

gldl plrtn iokoiozn ` rosg`, l` g`kg`rdlr ni gìplrtocmlr t`d`s `s gust`s n dnspnsls

dl k`vl niprnsl.



7=

Ltulcinktn, `s lg`rd`s dn g``pnrlæç` sç` uil nstrltïfol oknvotìvnc n njoglz plrl ls

niprnsls. D` p`kt` dn vostl nstrltïfog`, uil hòkt vnkturn ï ui lg`rd` v`cuktìro` nktrn

niprnsls, qun nkv`cvn nquodldn, tr`gl, plrtocml, ù g`dnsnkv`cvoinkt` dn pr`dut`s n

snrvoæ`s. Ï gnrt` qun kç` s÷ rnduz `s rosg`s dn `pnrlæç` n `s gust`s oknrnktns å

gìpcnxodldn n okgnrtnzl, ils tlibïi bnknjogol ls niprnsls plrl qun g`ksofli grolr

vlc`r n vlktlfni gìpntotovl k` p`sogo`klinkt` dl okdøstrol.

Dnstn i`d` g`kgcuo-sn, k` qun sn rnjnrn l` m`tnc, qun nstl plrgnrol p`dnrì rnsuctlr kui

luinkt` sofkojogltov` d` vlc`r dl niprnsl, p`ssobocotlkd` uil vlktlfni gìpntotovl

ni rnclæç` å g`kg`rrèkgol.



7?

=. Rnjnrèkgols Bobco`frìjogls

Lbrlktns, L. (<???). L Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` Niprnslrolc kuil Ng`kìol Iukdolcozldl.

Rnvostl Ioccnkoui `k.cokn k¸ <>, Hucm` dn <???. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8

mttp8//www.opv.pt/ioccnkoui/<>Plrq2.mti QG`ksuctld` ni 5>/5:/25<2Y.

B`roko, J., G`ncm`, J., Robnor`, J., & Ur`nkæl, N. (s.d.). @ Urosil dl

Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. Trlblcm` gonktéjog`-gìïrgo` nxtnro`r. ZOO WNIN LD - Wniokìro`s

ni Ldiokostrlæç`. Brlsoc. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8

mttp8//www.nld.jnl.usp.br/sninld/6sninld/plfokls/lrtof`s%25rngnbod s̀/Gìnrgo`%2

5nxtnro`r/G@IN]56-%25`%25prosil%25dl%25oktnrklgo`klcozlgl`.pdj QG`ksuctld`

ni <2/5:/25<2Y.

Brldcny, J. (<??>). Oktnrklto`klc ilrantokf strltnfy. 2. nd. C`kd`k8 Urnktogn-Mlcc

Oktnrklto`klc.

Glc`j, H. & Bnliosm, U. (<??>). Ldlptokf t` J`rnofk Ilrants8 Nxpclokokf

Oktnrklto`klcozlto`k. Oktnrklto`klc Busoknss Rnvonw, 4 (2), pp. <<>-<7<.

Glrknor`, H. & Dob, C. (2556). Lvlcolæç` gìplrltovl d` nsg`p` dnsgrotov` n

nxpclklt÷ro` d`s prokgoplos i`dnc`s dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn niprnsls. OKTNRKN]T ‗ Rnvostl Ncntrôkogl dn Knf÷go`s Oktnrklgo`klos dl NWUI, Wç` Uluc`, v. 2, k. <, pp. <-

2>. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8

mttp8//oktnrknxt.nspi.br/okdnx.pmp/oktnrknxt/lrtogcn/vonwJocn/<:/<> QG`ksuctld` ni

<7/5:/25<2Y.

Gyrok`, L. & @covnorl I. (2552). Unsquosl Fc`blc Uclynrs8 Okvnstoflæç` s`brn

Ur`gnss`s dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn Niprnsls k` Brlsoc. NKLKULD.



45

Dols, I. (2556). L Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` n `s Jlgt`rns dn Gìpntotovodldn8 @ Gls`

Ldorl. Dossnrtlæç` dn Instrld` ni Goèkgols Niprnslrolos ‗ Nspngolcozlæç` ni

Ilrantokf. Jlgucdldn dn Ng`kìol dl ^kovnrsodldn d` U`rt`. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc

ni8 mttp8//www.jnp.up.pt/d`gnktns/gbrot`/Tnsn%25Ilkuncl%25Dols.pdj QG`ksuctld`

ni 5>/5:/25<2Y.

Jnrrnorl, I., Rnos, K. & Wnrrl, J. (25<<). Knf÷go`s oktnrklgo`klos n oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`

plrl ls ng`kìols ninrfnktns. Cosb`l8 Codnc Nd. Tïgkogls.

Jrnorn, L. (<??6). Nstrltïfol ‗ Wugnss` ni U`rtuflc . Cosb`l8 Ndot`rolc Znrb`.

Flcc`, I. & Flrgél-U`kt, G. (<??:). Oip`rtlkt Jlgt`rs ok Jliocy Busoknss

Oktnrklto`klcozlto`k. Gokgokltto8 Bnttnrwly B`às, @. M.

H`mlks`k, H., & Vondnrsmnoi, J. (<?6>). Tmn oktnrklto`klcozlto`k `j tmn jori8 jùrWwndosm glsns. Hùrklc `j Ilklfninkt studons, Z`c. <2 k. 7, p. 75>.

M`tnc (ìotod`) QNi cokmlY Dosp`kévnc ni8 mttp8//www.(ìotod`).gì/ QG`ksuctld` ni

<=/5:/25<2Y.

Aotlmlrl, H., G`ncm`, D. & Jncdilkk, U. (25<5). Ng`kìol Fc`blc n Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`

dn Niprnsls8 uil pr`p`stl dn top`c`fol dn niprnsls oktnrklgo`klcozldls. ]OOO

WNIN LD ‗ Wniokìro`s ni Ldiokostrlæç`. Brlsoc. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8

mttp8//www.nld.jnl.usp.br/sninld/<7sninld/rnsuctld`/trlblcm`sUDJ/727.pdj

QG`ksuctld` ni <7/5:/25<2Y.



4<

Cn Ilorn, H. (<???). Nstrltïfols dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ‗ Dnsnkv`cvoinkt`

Oktnrklgo`klc dl Niprnsl. Cosb`l8 Okstotut` Uolfnt.

Ilrgmo`rnt`, J. & B`rt`clkæl, H., (25<<). Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn Jrlkquols. Gliplkml

Klgo`klc dn Nsg`cls dl Gìukodldn, Jlgucdldn Gnkngostl dn Glpovlro, Wç` Uluc`.

Brlsoc. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8

mttp8//www.f``fcn.gì/urc0sl9t&rgt9h&q9oktnrklgo`klcozl%G7%L6%G7%L7`%25jr

lkgmosokf%25vlktlfnks%25dnsvlktlfnks&sùrgn9wnb&gd9<&vnd95GJ4\JhLL&urc

9mttp%7L%2J%2Jcobdof.gkngglpovlro.br%2Jokdnx.pmp%7J`pto`k%7DgìPrubbnrd`g

%2:vonw%7Dd`g%2:od%7D76>%2:j`rilt%7Drlw&no9C<DfT4ufK4ni5L]drui^

D\&usf9LJ\hGKN2Z6KlBz^WlVvctcJN^ZTuL_Of]f QG`ksuctld` ni

<:/5:/25<2Y.

Ilz`k, J. & Wocvl, V. (255?). Blrrnorls n I`tovlæþns plrl Oktnrklgo`klcozlr8 î

Nstud` Iuctossnt`rolc ni Okdøstrols dn Unqunk` n Iïdo` U`rtns. WOIU@O LKLOW 255?.

Brlsoc.

Inynr, R. (<??:). Tmn Oktnrklto`klcozlto`k Ur`gnss `j tmn Jori Rnvosotnd8 Nxpclokokf

Ulttnrks `j Fn`frlpmog Wlcns Nxplkso`k. Ilklfninkt Rnp`rt, 755, Nrlius ^kovnrsoty,

R`tnrdli.

Iòko, L. (<??6). Blrronrs okmobotokf nxp`rt pnrj`rilkgn `j silcc lkd indoui-sozndilkujlgturokf joris. Hùrklc `j Fc`blc Ilrantokf. v. <5, k. 4, pp.:6-?7.

I`tl, R. (2556). Dngosþns Nstrltïfogls k` Ur`gnss` dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn

Niprnsls8 –J`ril dn Nktrldl’ n –Wncnæç` dn Inrgld`’. 7N‟s ‗ LKULD. QNi cokmlY.

Dosp`kévnc ni8 mttp8//pt.sgrobd.gì/d`g/226<5<?7/Oktnrklgo`klcozlgl`-dn-Niprnsls

QG`ksuctld` ni <>/5:/25<2Y.



42

@covnorl, H. (255=). Oktnrklcozlæç` n Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`8 Nstud` dn Gls`s Iøctopc`s.

Dossnrtlæç` dn Instrld` Ur`josso`klcozlktn ni Ldiokostrlæç`, Jlgucdldn dn Ng`kìol

n Joklkæls OBING. Ro` dn Hlknor`, Brlsoc. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8

mttp8//www.obingrh.br/sub/RH/jocns/dossnrtPinstrld`/LDIPh`l``covnorlPk`v.pdj


Ulpld`pùc`s, K., Gmnk, M. & Tmìls, D., (2552). T`wlrd l Trldn`jj I`dnc j`r

Oktnrklto`klc Ilrant Wncngto`k. Oktnrklto`klc Busoknss Rnvonw << (7), pp.72>-74>.

Ur`nkæl, N. & Rli`s, M. (s.d.). @ Ur`gnss` dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` k` Brlsoc - î

Nstud` Nxpc`rlt÷ro` kl Dndoko. ZOO WNINLD ‗ Wniokìro`s ni Ldiokostrlæç`. Brlsoc.

QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8

mttp8//www.nld.jnl.usp.br/sninld/6sninld/plfokls/lrtof`s%25rngnbod s̀/Ldi%25Fnr

lc/LDI<?-P@Ppr`gnss`PdnPoktnrklgo`klcozl%N6%N7`Pk`PBrlsoc.UDJ QG`ksuctld`

ni <4/5:/25<2Y.

R`gml, L. & Lcinodl, Z. (255:). Nstrltïfols dn nktrldl n dn `pnrlæþns ni inrgld`s

oktnrklgo`klos. Wç` Uluc`8 Wlrlovl.

Wìkgmnz, L. & Glilgm`, N. (2556). Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` niprnslrolc8 ui i`dnc`

nxpcogltov` d` i`d` dn nktrldl. Rnvostl Nkg`ktr`s Gonktéjog`s, k¸ 7, pp. :>-6:. QNi

cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8mttp8//www.umu.ns/lcj`ks̀ Pvlrfls/lrgmov`s/Lrtof`PNkg`ktr`sPGonktojog`sP7.pdj


http://www.uhu.es/alfonso_vargas/archivos/Artigo_Encontros_Cientificos_3.pdf






47

Wgmknodnr, L. (2552). @ Ur`gnss` dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn uil Niprnsl d` Wnt`r

I`vncnor`8 î Nstud` dn Gls`. ^kovnrsodldn Jndnrlc d` Ro` Frlkdn d` Wuc ‗

Ur`frlil dn U÷s-Frldulæç` ni Ldiokostrlæç`. Instrld` ni Ldiokostrlæç`. U`rt`

Lcnfrn. Brlsoc. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8

mttp8//www.nl.ujrfs.br/tnsnsPnPdossnrtlg`ns/td/555=25.pdj QG`ksuctld` ni

<>/5:/25<2Y.

Zolkkl, K. & Lcinodl, W. (s.d.). L dngosç` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlr. Fc`blcozlæç` n

oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn niprnsls. ]OO WNIN LD ‗ Wniokìro`s ni Ldiokostrlæç`. Brlsoc.

QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8

mttp8//www.nld.jnl.usp.br/sninld/<2sninld/rnsuctld`/trlblcm`sUDJ/47?.pdj


Vncgm, C., & Cu`stlroknk, R. (<?==). Oktnrklto`klcozlto`k8 nv`cuto`k `j l g`kgnpt.

Hùrklc `j Fnknrlc Ilklfninkt, Z.<4 k. 2, pp. 74->>.

Voccolis`k, @. (<?6>). Ilrants lkd Monrlrgmons8 Lklcysos lkd Lktotrust Oipcoglto`ks.

Knw _`ra8 Tmn Jrnn Urnss.



?. Lknx`

?.<. Fuoç` dl Nktrnvostl

Nktrnvostld`8 Inibr` dl Dornæç` d` M`tnc (ìotod`)

F`stlrol qun in jlclssn ui pùg` dl most÷rol d` m`tnc. Gì` ï qun tud`

gìnæù0

\ulc ï ` v`ss` prokgoplc snfinkt` dn inrgld`0 Gì` ï qun glrlgtnrozl `

insi`0

Gì` ï qun glklcozli `s gconktns plrl ` v`ss` m`tnc0

Ni qun ï qun ` v`ss` pr`dut` sn dojnrnkgol dl g`kg`rrèkgol0

\ulos tèi sod` ls v`ssls nstrltïfols dn ilrantokf n gì` ï qun tèi jnot` l

v`ssl prì`æç`0

Wno qun nstç` ni jlsn okogolc d` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, qulos j`rli ls

rlzþns plrl tlc n qulos ls blrrnorls nkg`ktrldls0

\ulc ï ` inrgld`-lcv`0 @kdn snrì g`kstruédl nssl k`vl ukodldn0

\ulc l v`ssl nstrltïfol n j`ril dn nktrldl knssn k`v` inrgld`0

\ulos j`rli `s v`ss`s grotïro`s kl nsg`cml d` plrgnor`0

\ulos j`rli `s plrâintr`s qun nstovnrli kl blsn dl v`ssl sncnæç` dn inrgld`0

\ulc l v`ssl p`cétogl dn pr`dut` knssn inrgld`0 Mlvnrì lcfuil g`khuflæç` dn

pr`dut`s gì s̀ d` plrgnor`0

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Estudo de Caso - Internacionalização de Empresas