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ii iii
m%:u uqøKh - 2015
fojk uqøKh - 2016
f;jk uqøKh - 2017
isjqjk uqøKh - 2018
miajk uqøKh 2019
yhjk uqøKh 2020
ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚'
ISBN 978-955-25-0417-4
Published by: Educational Publications DepartmentPrinted by : State Printing Corporation, Panaluwa, Padukka.
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska
mdk`Mj" mdÿlal msysá rcfha uqøK kS;s.; ixia:dfõ
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È'
ii iii
Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh
Y%S ,xld ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/`os w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd - Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s - wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla - wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ - wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iv v
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd
tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda
tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ
ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS
fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
vi vii
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh mS'tka' whs,mafmreu
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
fufyhùu ví,sõ'ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
iïnkaëlrKh hQ' tA' kd,skS fifkúr;ak
iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
t,a' fla' tia' ã' mSßia
iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2020&
f,aLl uKav,h
ã' tia' rdcmlaI iyldr w' w' " l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" n,xf.dv
tia' ta' ã' iqnisxy .=re jD;a;sh" O¾urdc úoHd,h" uykqjr
tï' mS' tia' wd¾' fmf¾rd lÓldpd¾h" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
iqmqks ,shk.=Kj¾Ok - lÓldpd¾h" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
fla' jhs' fÊ' fidaur;ak - lÓldpd¾h" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
tï' tï' tï' b,ahdia - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm ld¾hd,h" .ïmy
iS't,a 'tï' kjdia -.=re WmfoaYl" l,dm ld¾hd,h" bínd.uqj
tï' tï' tï' wiañ .=re jD;a;sh" riSla *Íâ u' ú' mkdmsáh" lrkafo‚h
ixialdrl uKav,h
relau,a ùrisxy fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h tï' ã' mqIaml=udß fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
hQ' tA' kd,skS fifkúr;ak iyldr flduidßia" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
tAa' î' úfÊiQßh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wjidk ixialrKh iy we.hSu
relau,a ùrisxy fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
fidaÿm;a lshùu
fcisld úchúl%u i' w' w' ^úY%dñl&" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" y,dj;
mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh
tA' ù' wfhaId È,arelaIs wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
vi vii
mdßNdIsl jpk ud,dj 104
mgqk
1 jHdmdr ie,eiau 01
2 wf,ú ie,eiau 09
3 ksIamdok ie,eiau 23
4 mßmd,k ie,eiau 29
5 uQ,H ie,eiau 37
6 jHdmdr ixúOdk 61
7 jHjidhl;aj ixialD;sh 83
1
mßÉfþoh 01
jHdmdr ie,eiau
fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska my; ±lafjk lreKq ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'
1'1 jHdmdr ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
1'2 jHdmdr ie,eiaul ixhq;sh
1'3 jHdmdr ie,eiaul wjYH;dj
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
2
1'1 jHdmdr ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
— Tn ie,iqï lsÍug wiu;a jkafka kï Tn wiu;a ùug ie,iqï lrkafkah ˜
by; lshuk l<ukdlrK fËa;%fha biau;= lrkafka id¾:l;ajh i|yd ie,iqul
we;s wjYH;djhs' ´kEu ld¾hhla id¾:l lr .ekSug ie,eiaula ;sîu wjYH
fõ' 10 jk fY%a‚fha § úúO we.hSï l%u Ndú; lrñka jHdmdr wjia:djla f;dard
.kakd wdldrh wOHhkh l< Tn tu jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu
i|yd wjYH jk wjfndaOh ,nd.; hq;= h' fufia f;dard.;a jHdmdr wjia:dj
ienE jHdmdrhla njg mßj¾;kh lr l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd ie,iqï ms<sfh,
lsÍu jHjidhlhdf.a uQ,sl ld¾hhls' fuu mßÉfþoh yeoEÍfuka Tng jHdmdr
ie,iqï ms<sn| j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,efnkq we;'
my; ±lafjk l%shdldrlfuys ksr; ùfuka jHdmdr ie,iqï ms<sn| j Tnf.a
wjfndaOh jvd;a ;yjqre lr.; yels h'
l% shdldrlu 01
my; i|yka m%ldY lshjd tAjd ksjerÈ kïa,l=K o jerÈ kï r ,l=K o bÈßfha
we;s fldgqj ;=< i|yka lrkak'
wkq
wxlhm%ldYh a/ r
01 iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u fyda ixúOdkhlg u bgq lr .ekSug hï
hï wruqKq ;sfí'
02 wdrïN lrk iEu jHdmdrhla u id¾:l fõ'
03 hyñka uqo,a fhoùfuka muKla jHdmdr id¾:l lr .; yels h'
04 mßirfha isÿjk fjkialï iuÕ jHdmdr ie,iqï wkq.; úh
hq;= h'
05 jHdmdrhl lghq;= ms<sn| j miqúmrï lsÍug kï ie,eiaula
;sìh hq;= h'
06 jHdmdr ie,iqï ilia lsÍfï § ndysr mßirh ms<sn| ksYaÑ;
mqfrdal:k lsÍu wúksYaÑ; h'
07 mßir idOl ksrka;rfhka fjkiajk neúka jHdmdr ie,iqï
ms<sfh, lsÍu wjYH fkdfõ'
08 ´kEu wruqKla id¾:l lr .ekSug ie,eiaula ;sîu wjYH fõ'
3
ie,iqï jHdmdr mßir ;;a;ajh úuid n,d
ms<sfh, l< hq;= h' tfia ms<sfh, lrk ,o
ie,iqï ;=<ska iSñ; iïm;a Ndú; lrñka
úúO Wmdhud¾. wkq.ukh lrñka jHdmdr
id¾:l;ajh <Õd lr.; yels úh hq;= h' tfia
fkdùfuka msysgqjd.;a wruqKq bgq fkdúh yels
w;r tA i|yd fhojQ iïm;a o wmf;a hd yels h'
Tfí mdi, úúO ie,iqï wkqj l%shd;aul fjñka mj;sk wOHdmk wdh;khls'
mdif,a m%Odk ld¾hd,fha we;s jd¾Isl ,s; Tn ±l we;ehs is;uq' th mdif,a wÞ<
j¾Ih ;=< l%shd;aul lsÍug wfmalaIs; l%shdldrlï we;=<;a ie,eiauls' tfukau
Tng ,eî we;s mka;s ld,igyk o ie,iqula i|yd bÈßm;a l< yels ksoiqkls'
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍfï § iy mj;ajdf.k hdfï § tu jHdmdrh
u.ska <Õd lr .ekSug wfmalaIs; wruqKq yd tA i|yd l%shd;aul
lsÍug wfmalaIs; úúO ld¾hhka ixúOdkh lr úêu;a wdldrhlg
ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk f,aLkh jHdmdr ie,eiaula f,i ie,lsh
yels h'
fuu meyeÈ,s lsÍug wkqj Tn úiska ksr; jQ by; i|yka l%shdldrlfuys ksjerÈ;dj
kej; mÍlaId lrkak'
1'2 jHdmdr ie,eiaul ixhq;sh
jHdmdr ie,eiaul ixhq;sh uQ,sldx. lsysmhlska iukaú; fõ' bka my; ±lafjk
uQ,sldx. ms<sn| j Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
rEmh 1'2 - jHdmdr ie,eiaul ixhq;sh
úOdhl
idrdxYhwf,ú ie,eiau
ksIamdok
ie,eiau
mßmd,k
ie,eiauuQ,H ie,eiau
jHdmdr ie,eiaul uQ,sldx.
rEmh 1'1
4
by; olajk ,o tla tla uQ,sldx. ms<sn| j fláfhka úuid n,uq'
01' úOdhl idrdxYh
jHdmdr ie,iqul ixlaIsma;h úOdhl idrdxYh f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' jHdmdr
ie,iqula mÍYS,kh lrkq ,nk mqoa.,fhl=g jHdmdrfha jeo.;au lreKq idrdxY
j bÈßm;a lsÍu fuys § isÿfõ'
jHdmdr ie,iqu mßYS,kh lrk
mqoa.,fhl=g úOdhl idrdxYhla
lshejQ miq tu lreKq u.ska
jHdmdrh .ek Ñ;%hla ukfia
ks¾udKh ùug iu;a fjk mßÈ
úOdhl idrdxYh bÈßm;a l< hq;=
h' fuh fndfyda úg ;ks msgqjlska
bosßm;a lrhs'
úOdhl idrdxYhl wka;¾.; jkafka
jHdmdrfha ku" l¾udka; lafIa;%h l=ulao hkak b;d fláfhka
jHjidhlhd úiska wdrïN lr mj;ajdf.k hdug wfmalaIs; jHdmdrfha
ku iy tys iajNdjh wdÈh ms<sn| j ±laùu
wf,úlrK ie,iqfï b;du jeo.;a lreKq u;=lrñka tys idrdxYh
b,lal.; mdßfNda.slhka" wfmalaIs; b,a¨u yd iemhqu" ksIamdÈ;fha ñ,"
fnÞ yeÍfï yd m%j¾Okfha iqúfYaIS;d iy ;r.ldÍ;aj jdis <Õd lr .ekSfï
Wml%u wdÈh ±laùu
ksIamdok ie,iqfï b;du jeo.;a lreKq u;=lrñka tys idrdxYh
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh" ksIamdok msßjeh iy ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha iqúfYaISNdjh
wd§ lreKq ±laùu
mßmd,k ie,iqfï b;du jeo.;a lreKq u;=lrñka tys idrdxYh
mßmd,k jHqyh" mßmd,k lghq;= isÿjk wdldrh wd§ lreKq ±laùu
uq,H ie,iqfï b;du jeo.;a lreKq u;=lrñka tys idrdxYh
jHdmdrhg wjYH jk wruqo,a" tAjd iïmdokh lr .kakd wdldrh iy
,dNÞhS;dj wd§ f;dr;=re ±laùu
jHdmdrfha iqúfYaISNdjh b;d fláfhka
rEmh 1'3
5
ksIamdÈ;fha iqúfYaIS;dj" fnÞ yeÍfï iqúfYaIS;dj wd§ lreKq u.ska ;r.ldÍ
wdh;kj,ska ;u wdh;kh fjkia jkafka flfia o hkak ±laùu
jHdmdr ie,iqu ilia lr bosßm;a lsÍfï mrud¾: yd wruqKq fláfhka
kj jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug fyda mj;sk jHdmdrhla mq¿,a lsÍug wjYH
nexl= Khla ,nd .ekSug fyda ;udf.au wdfhdackhla i|yd bÈß lghq;=
úêu;a j l<ukdlrKh lsÍug o hkak ±laùu
úOdhl idrdxYhg miq msgqfjys jHdmdrfha idudkH f;dr;=re ms<sn| j §¾>
úia;rhla olajhs' tys jHdmdrh iy whs;slrejka ms<sn| j f;dr;=re ±lafõ'
02' wf,ú ie,eiau
jHdmdrhl wf,ú b,lal imqrd .kafka flfia o hkak fuu fldgiska úia;r
flf¾' fuys § wf,ú lsÍug wfmalaIs; NdKavh fyda fiajdj" tA i|yd we;s b,a¨u"
wf,ú Wmdhud¾." wf,ú úhoï iy wf,ú wdÞhï hk lreKq mqfrdal:kh lr
bÈßm;a lrhs'
03' ksIamdok ie,eiau
wf,ú ie,eiafuka mqfrdal:kh lrk ,o NdKav fyda fiajd m%udKh
ie,ls,a,g f.k tAjd ksIamdokh lsÍug jeh jk msßjeh weia;fïka;= fldg olajk
fldgi ksIamdok ie,eiau fõ'
04' mßmd,k ie,eiau
jHdmdrhg wjYH fõ hehs wfmalaId lrk udkj
iïm;a ms<sn| f;dr;=re yd tA i|yd jk msßjeh
we;=<;a fldg ielfik fldgi mßmd,k ie,eiauhs'
05' uQ,H ie,eiau
jHdmdrhl wruqo,a iïmdokh yd fhoùu ms<sn| j
o wdÞhï" úhoï yd ,dNh ms<sn| weia;fïka;=j o
we;=<;a fldgi uQ,H ie,eiauhs'
Tn by; ±lajQ lreKq u.ska jHdmdr ie,eiau ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd .kakg
we;' jHdmdßlfhl=g jHdmdr ie,eiaula wjYH ùug fya;= úuid n,uq'
rEmh 1'4
6
1'3 jHdmdr ie,eiaul wjYH;dj
01' jHdmdr woyi meyeÈ,s lsÍug
jHdmdßlhd fjf<|m<g bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaIs; NdKavh fyda fiajdj
ms<sn|j;a tys iqúfYaIS;ajh ms<sn|j;a jHdmdrh flfrys Wkkaÿjk
md¾Yajhkag meyeÈ,s lsÍug WmldÍ fõ'
02' jHdmdrh i|yd u. fmkaùug
jHdmdrh mj;ajdf.k hdfï § tla tla md¾Yaj
úiska l< hq;= ld¾hhka i|yd fhduq lrùug
yels fõ'
03' jHdmdr mßirh ms<sn| j wjfndaO lr .ekSug
jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k hk mßir ;;a;aj
ksrka;r j fjkia ùug ,lafõ' jHdmdrfha
oekg mj;akd wNHka;r ;;a;aj fukau
ndysr ;;a;aj jk wd¾Ól" iudchSh"
foaYmd,k yd ;dlaI‚l ;;a;aj yd tajdfha
fjkia ùu yd iajdNdúl mßirh fjkia ùu hkd§ ;;a;aj l,a;nd y÷kd
.ekSug jHdmdr ie,iqïlrKh bjy,a fõ'
04' jHdmdrfha wkd.; ÈYdj fmkajd §ug
jHdmdrh wkd.;fha l =uk ;;a; ajhlg m;aùug wfmalaId lrkafka
o hkak meyeÈ,s lsÍug yels fõ'
05' wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSug
,dN ,nk jHdmdrj, wdfhdackh lsÍug wruqo,a imhkakka leue;a;la
olaj;s' jHdmdr ie,eiaula u.ska jHdmdrfha l%shdldß;ajh yd wfmalaIs; m%;s,dN
fmkakqï flf¾' nexl= jeks wdh;kj,g wruqo,a iemhSu ms<sn| j ;SrK
.ekSug jHdmdr ie,eiau w;HjYH fõ'
06' fjf<|m< ms<sn| fyd| ;lafiarejla ,nd.ekSug
jHdmdrhl id¾:l wid¾:l nj ;SrKh ùug fjf<|m< b,a¨u m%Odk
idOlhla fõ' ;r.lrejka ms<sn| j o Tjqkaf.a fjf<|m< fldgi yd wf,ú
Wml%u ms<sn| j o ±kf.k tAjdg .e<fmk mßÈ Wmdhud¾. ilia lsÍu
i|yd ie,iqï wjYH fõ'
07' jHdmdrhg wjYH iïm;a y÷kd .ekSug
jHdmdr ie,eiau u.ska jHdmdr ld¾hhka g wjYH jk fN!;sl yd udkj
iïm;a y÷kd.; yels fõ'
rEmh 1'5
7
08' jHdmdrfha id¾:l;ajh ±k .ekSug
jHdmdr lghq;= mqfrdal:kh fldg wdrïN l< fyd;a hï ksYaÑ; ld,hla
wjidkfha jHdmdrh ,nk m%;sM,h jgyd .; yels h' uekúka mqfrdal:kh l<
jHdmdr ie,eiaulska jHdmdrh wkd.;fha id¾:l fyda wid¾:l fõ o hkak
j¾;udkfha ;lafiare lr wúksYaÑ; ;;a;aj i|yd uqyqK §ug yels fõ'
09' jHdmdrh ms<sn| j iuia; wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug
jHdmdr ie,eiaula u.ska bÈß ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< jHdmdrfha úúO
l%shdldrlï iúia;r j olajk neúka tys wkd.; iajrEmh ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s
wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels h'
l% shdldrlu 02
my; ±lafjkafka jHdmdr ie,eiaul we;=<;a lrk f;dr;=re lsysmhls' tu
f;dr;=re we;=<;a jkafka jHdmdr ie,eiaul l-=uk fldgig o hkak f;dard
bÈßfhka ,shkak'
wkq
wxlhúia;rh
ie,eiau
01 ;r.lrejkaf.a wf,ú Wml%u
02 jHdmdrhg wjYHjk fiajlhka j¾.
03 iuia; jHdmdr ie,eiafï ixlaIsma;h
04 m%d.aOk wjYH;dj
05 weia;fïka;=.; ld¾hd, fiajl jegqma
06 weia;fïka;=.; m%pdrK úhoï
07 tla tla fiajl ldKav i|yd ;sìh hq;= wju iqÿiqlï
08 mqfrdal:kh l< lïy,a úÿ,sh .dia;=
09 jHdmdrfha iajNdjh
10 jHdmdrfha uqo,a .,d tAï yd uqo,a .,d hdï
11 ksIamdok tAllhl msßjeh
12 jHdmdrfha msysàu
13 wf,ú mqfrdal:kh
14 b,lal wf,ú m%foaY
15 jd¾Isl wuqøjH wjYH;dj
8
ms<s;=re ,shuq
01' jHdmdr ie,eiaula hkqfjka Tn woyia lrkafka l=ula o@
02' jHdmdr ie,eiaul uQ,sldx. kï lrkak'
03' jHdmdr ie,eiaulska m%fhdack ,nk md¾Yaj olajkak'
04' hï jHdmdrhlg ie,eiaula fkdue;s ùfuka tu jHdmdrh uqyqK mE yels
.eg¨ ljf¾ ±hs olajkak'
05' jHdmdr ie,eiaul úOdhl idrdxYh hk fldgi jeo.;a jk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
9
mßÉfþoh 02
wf,ú ie,eiau
fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska my; ±lafjk lreKq ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'
2'1 wf,ú ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
2'2 fjf<|m< úYaf,aIKh
2'3 fhdAð; jHdmdrfha wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾.
2'4 úl=Kqï mqfrdal:kh
2'5 wf,ú wdodhu yd wf,ú úhou
2'6 wf,ú ia:djr j;alï
2'7 wf,ú ie,iqï ms<sfh, lsÍu
10
2'1 wf,ú ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
iuia; jHdmdr ie,eiafï moku f,i wf,ú ie,eiau y`ÿkajd Èh yels h' tfia
jkafka wf,ú ie,eiafï we;=<;a b,lal fjf<|m< mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d iy
b,a¨ï lrk tAll m%udKh wd§ lreKq mokï lrf.k iuia; ie,eiafï fiiq
fldgia ms<sfh, flfrk neúks'
jHjidhlhd úiska wf,ú lsÍug wfmalaId lrk NdKavh fyda fiajdj" thg wod<
fjf<|m< yd wf,ú lsÍug wod< Wmdhud¾. meyeÈ,s fldg wfmalaIs; NdKavh
fyda fiajdj iïnkaO wf,úh yd wf,ú úhoï mqfrdal:kh fldg bÈßm;a lsÍu
wf,ú ie,eiafuka isÿfõ'
jHdmdrhl wf,ú lsÍug wfmalaIs; NdKavh fyda fiajdj" b,lal fjf<|m< yd
b,lal fjf<|m<g <Õd jk wdldrh ±lafjk f,aLkh wf,ú ie,eiauhs'
wf,ú ie,eiaul my; ±lafjk fldgia wka;¾.; fõ'
fjf<|m< úYaf,aIKh
fhdað; jHdmdrfha wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾.
úl=Kqï mqfrdal:kh
úl=Kqï wdodhu yd wf,ú úhou
wf,ú ia:djr j;alï
fuu tla tla f;dr;=re ms<sn| j fláfhka úuid n,uq
2'2 fjf<|m< úYaf,aIKh
fjf<om< úYaf,aIKh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka jHdmdrh yd ne`ÿKq fjf<|m<
ms<sn| úuid ne,Suls' bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaIs; NdKavh fyda fiajdj i|yd
we;s b,a¨u" b,lal.; mdßfNda.slhka" ;r.lrejkaf.a iajNdjh yd Tjqkaf.a
wf,úlrK Wml%u wdÈh ms<sn| j .eUqßka fidhd ne,Suls' fï ;=<ska jHjidhlhdg
;u jHdmdrfha wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd i,ld ne,sh hq;=
idOl ms<sn| j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd foa'
fjf<|m< úYaf,aIKhl uQ,sl mrud¾:h jkafka wf,ú ie,eiau jvd;a ksjerÈ j
ms<sfh, lr .ekSug wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu hs' tneúka wf,ú ie,eiafï m<uq
mshjr f,i fjf<|m< úYaf,aIKhla l< hq;= fõ'
11
fjf<|m< úYaf,aIKhlg wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu
fjf<|m< úYaf,aIKhg wjYH f;dr;=re úúO wdldrfhka /ia lr.; hq;= h' tys §
my; ±lafjk l%u nyq, j Ndú; flf¾'
mdßfNda.slhkag m%Yakdj,s ,nd § ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu
mdßfNda.slhka iu. iïuqL idlÉPd lsÍu
fjf<|m< ;=< mdßfNda.slhka .kqfokq lrk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu
mqj;am;a" iÕrd" jd¾;d" wka;¾cd,h jeks uQ,dY% wOHhkh lsÍu
fjf<|m< úYaf,aIKhl § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
1' iajlSh NdKavh fyda fiajdj i|yd we;s b,a¨u
jHjidhlhd fjf<|m<g bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaId lrkafka oekgu;a
fjf<|mf<a wf,úhg we;s NdKavhla úh yels h' tfia ke;fyd;a
hï fjkila we;s l< NdKavhla fyda kj;u NdKavhla úh yels h' tA i|yd
mdßfNda.slhka f.a ñ, § .ekSug we;s leue;a; yd ñ, § .ekSfï yelshdj
mÍlaId lsÍu fuhska woyia fõ'
2' b,lal.; mdßfNda.slhd
;u NdKavh fyda fiajdj ñ, § .kq we;ehs wfmalaId lrk fyda wkd.;fha
ñ, § .ekSug fmd<Ujd .ekSug yels fõ heh s wfm al aId lrk
mdßfNda.slhka b,lal.; mdßfNda.slhd fõ'
my; ±lafjk ksoiqka u.ska b,lal.; mdßfNda.slhd y÷kd .ksuq'
NdKavh fyda fiajdj b,lal.; mdßfNda.slhd
wNHdi fmd;a mdi,a isiqka
rka NdKav ldka;djka
my jir YsIH;aj fmryqre fmd; 4 iy 5 jirj, isiqka
cx.u ÿrl:k w¨;ajeähd fiajdj cx.u ÿrl:k Ndú; lrkakka
lS%vd NdKav lS%vlhka
jHjidhlhd ;u b,lal.; mdßfNda.slhd jvd;a ksjerÈ j y`ÿkd.; hq;= h' tA
ksid mdßfNda.slhdf.a jhi" wdÞhu" ia;S% mqreI Ndjh" /lshdj" iudc ;;a;ajh jeks
idOl wkqj o j¾. lr .ekSu u.ska b,lal.; mdßfNda.slhd jvd;a iqúfYaIS j
yÿkd.ekSug yelsjkq we;'
12
3' ;r.lrejka
jHjidhlhd úiska bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaIs; NdKavh fyda fiajdjg iudk
NdKav fyda fiajd fjf<|m<g imhkakka ;r.lrejka f,i ie,fla'
fjf<|mf<a úúO ikakï kdu hgf;a ;u NdKavhg fyda fiajdjg
iudk j bÈßm;a fldg we;s ;r.ldÍ NdKav fyda fiajd imhkakka óg
wh;a fõ' WÞ( oka;df,am" inka" fpdl,Ü" ÿrl:k fiajd'
;j o tu j¾.fhau NdKav yd fiajd fkdjQ j o ;u NdKavhg fyda fiajdjg
wdfoaYl úh yels NdKav yd fiajd o olakg we;'
my; ±lafjk ksoiqka u.ska wdfoaYl NdKav y÷kd .ksuq
ksIamdÈ;h wdfoaYlh
frÈ fidaok inka leg frÈ fiaÿï l=vq
ng¾ ud.ßka
ngysr ffjoH fiajd wdhq¾fõo ffjoH fiajd
l=,S ld¾ r: fiajh ;%S frdao r: fiajh
f;a fldams
fï wkqj ;r.ldß;ajh wOHhkfha § iucd;sh NdKav fukau wdfoaYl NdKav
yd fiajd ms<sn| j fukau ;r.lrejkaf.a wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾. ms<sn|j o
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
l%shdldrlu 01
fjf<|mf<a we;s NdKav yd fiajd lsysmhla f;dardf.k tu f;dard.;a NdKav yd
fiajd iïnkaO j iudk yd wdfoaYl NdKav ,shd olajkak'
NdKavh$fiajdjúúO ikakï kdu we;s
iudk ksIamdÈ;wdfoaYl ksIamdÈ;
13
2'3 fhdAð; jHdmdrfha wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾.
fjf<|m< f;dr;=re fidhd ne,Sfuka miq
;r.lrejkaf.a wf,úlrK Wml%u ms<sn| j
jegySula jHjidhlhdg ,efí' tu ;r.lrejkag
uqyqK § id¾:l;ajhg meñ‚h yels jk mßÈ ;u
jHdmdrfha wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾. f;dard .; hq;=
h' wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾. f;aÍfï § wf,ú ñY%h
wdY%s; j ;SrK .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' ksIamdÈ;h" ñ,"
fnÞyeÍu yd m%j¾Okh hkq wf,ú ñY%fha m%Odk
úp,Hhka fõ' fïjd 4Ps hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ'
fïjd ms<sn| j flá úia;rhla my;ska ±lafõ'
ksIamdÈ;h (Product) mdßfNda.slhdf.a wjYH;d fyda jqjukd bgqlr §ug fjf<|m<g bÈßm;a
lrk NdKavh fyda fiajdj ksIamdÈ;h f,i ye`Èkafõ'
;ud bÈßm;a lrk NdKavh fyda fiajd iïnkaOj;a tAjdfha wka;¾.;h"
yevh" .=Kh" m%udKh" fjf<|kduh jeks .=Kdx. yiqrejk wdldrh
ms<sn|j;a fuys § i,ld n,kq ,efí'
ñ, (Price) NdKavh fyda fiajdj ,nd .ekSfï § mdßfNda.slhd ±ßh hq;= msßjeh NdKavfha
ñ, fõ' ñ, NdKavhl b,a¨u flfrys o jHjidhlhdf.a ,dNh flfrys o
n,mdk m%Odk idOlhls'
;ud bÈßm;a lrk NdKavh fyda fiajdj iïnkaO j ñ, lsÍfï Wmdhud¾."
ñ, ,l=Kq lrk wdldrh" jÜgï fokafka kï ta ms<sn| j hkd§ lreKq
fuys § i,ld n,hs'
ia:dkh (Place) ;u NdKavh fyda fiajdj b,lal mdßfNda.slhd fj; <Õdlr §u i|yd
wkq.ukh lrk ls%hdud¾. fuhska woyia fõ' tkï ksIamdolhdf.a isg
Rcq j u mdßfNda.slhdg wf,ú lsÍu" is,a,r fjf<÷ka u.ska mdßfNda.slhdg
wf,ú lsÍu" ksIamdolhdf.ka f;d. fjf<÷kag o Tjqkaf.ka is,a,r
fjf<kaokag o wjidkfha mdßfNda.slhd fj; NdKav wf,ú lsÍu wdoS f,i
mdßfNda.slhdg NdKav fyda fiajd ,nd .ekSug myiqj ie,iSug úúO
Wmdhud¾. Ndú; l< yels h'
fuys § ;u NdKavh fyda fiajdj wÞ< mdßfNda.slhd fj; <Õd lr §ug
Wla; Wmdhud¾.hkaf.ka WÑ; Wmdhud¾. i,ld ne,sh hq;= h'
rEmh 2'1
14
m%j¾Okh (Promotion)
fjf<|m<g bÈßm;a lrk NdKav fyda fiajdj,g b,a ula we;s lr.ekSug o
mj;sk b,a¨u jeä lr.ekSug o b,lal mdßfNda.slhd wdl¾IKh
lr.ekSug o Ndú; lrk Wml%u m%j¾Okh f,i yeÈkafõ'
fï i|yd my; ±lafjk wdldrfha l%u Ndú; l< yels h'
rEmjdysksh" .=jkaúÿ,sh" mqj;am;a"
nek¾" w;a m;s%ld" fmdaiag¾ wd§
jHdmdßlhka nyq, j Ndú; lrk
m%pdrK Wml%u
kj ;dl aIKh Ndú; fldg
wka;¾cd,fha fjí wvú" uqyqKq
fmd; (Facebook) jeks m%pdrK
Wml%u
cx.u ÿrl:k u.ska flá m‚úv fiajh (SMS)
.ekqïlrejka fm!oa.,sl j uqK.eiS NdKav fyda fiajd bÈßm;a lsÍu
úúO iudc fiajd" l,d;aul lghq;= wd§ jevigyka ixúOdkh lsÍu
by; úia;r l< whqßka ;u NdKavh fyda fiajdj fj; mdßfNda.slhd fhduqlr
.ekSug iy r|jd .ekSug Ndú; lrk m%j¾Ok l%u ms<sn| j wf,ú ie,eiaul
i|yka úh hq;= h'
2'4 úl=Kqï mqfrdal:kh
bÈß ksYaÑ; ld,hl § jHjidhlhd
fjf<|m<g bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaIs;
NdKav fyda fiajd m%udKh ;SrKh lsÍu
úl=Kqï mqfrdal:khhs' fjf<|m< f;dr;=re
úYaf,aIKfhka miq j ;u NdKavh fyda
fiajdj i|yd b,lal fjf<|m< ;=< mj;sk
b,a¨u ms<sn| j wjfndaO lr.; yels h' fuys
§ ;ud bÈßm;a lrk NdKavh fyda fiajdj
i|yd mq¿,a jQ fjf<|m<la ;sìh yels h'
jHdmdrh wdrïNl wjia:dfõ § u fuu uq¿ b,a¨u wdjrKh fkdl< o ;udf.a
Yla;sh wkqj ;udg w;am;a lr .; yels fjf<|m< fldgfiys úl=Kqï tAll
m%udKh mqfrdal:kh l< yels h'
rEmh 2'2
rEmh 2'3
15
ksoiqka (-
hï NdKavhla i|yd wod< m%foaYh ;=< i;shlg tAll 15 000l
b,a ula we;s nj wkdjrKh úh' ±kg isák ;r.lrejka imhkafka
bka tall 12 000la mu‚' tkï tall 3 000la i|yd fjf<|m< ysveila
we;' tu tAll 3 000l m%udKhu iemhsh yels o ke;skï bka fldgila
muKla imhkafka o hkak kj jHjidhlhd ;SrKh l< hq;= h'
úl=Kqï mqfrdal:khl § wfmalaIs; wf,ú m%udKh Èklg" i;shlg" uilg"
f;uilg" j¾Ihlg wd§ f,i mqfrdal:kh lr.ekSu ;SrK .ekSug myiq lrhs'
tfia mqfrdal:kh lr.;a úl=Kqï m%udKh wf,ú ie,eiafuys i|yka l< hq;= h'
l%shdldrlu 02
my; ±lafjk iqúfYaIS mdßfNda.sl fldÜGdi b,lal lrf.k jHjidhlfhl=g
bÈßm;a l< yels NdKavhla iy fiajdjla ne.ska ,shd olajkak'
wkq wxlh b,lal fjf<|m< NdKavh fiajdj
01 jhi 65 blaujQ ck;dj
02 fmr mdi,a orejka
03 ueo fmrÈ. /lshd wfmalaIs; ldka;djka
04 fm!oa.,sl nia ysñhka
05 úfoia Wiia wOHdmkh wfmalaIs; isiqka
06 úÿ,s ld¾ñlhka
07 /lshd lrk ujqjreka
08 l=vd mßudK jHjidhlhka
09 ffjoHjreka
10 Èhjeähd frda.Ska
2'5 úl=Kqï wdodhu yd wf,ú úhou
úl=Kqï wdodhu
wfmalaIs; NdKav fyda fiajd úl=Kqï tall m%udKh tAllhl wfmalaIs; úl=Kqï
ñf,ka .=K lsÍfuka ,efnk w.h wfmalaIs; úl=Kqï wdÞhu fõ'
wfmalaIs;
úl=Kqï wdÞhu
wfmalaIs; NdKav fyda
fiajd úl=Kqï tall m%udKh
tAllhl wfmalaIs;
úl=Kqï ñ, = x
16
wf,ú úhou
NdKav fyda fiajd wf,ú lsÍug wod< j ork ish¨ úhoï óg wh;a fõ'
ksoiqka (-
wf,ú l<ukdlrejkaf.a yd wf,ú fiajlhkaf.a jegqma yd fõ;k
wf,ú uOHia:dk we;akï tajdfha l=,sh" kv;a;= úhoï" úÿ,sh" c,h"
rlaIKh wd§ úhoï
ÿrl:k" ,sms øjH wd§ wf,ú ld¾hd, úhoï
m%pdrKh yd m%j¾Okh i|yd jQ úhoï
wf,ú r:" wf,ú wxYfha we;s ld¾hd, WmlrK yd iú lsÍï jeks
ia:djr j;alï we;akï tAjdfha msßjeh iy wdhq ld,h i,ld hï
jákdlula úhoula f,i ie,lsh hq;= h' th laIh úhou f,i ye¢kafõ'
by; ±lajQ wdldrhg wdh;kfha uq¿ úl=Kqï wdÞhu iy wf,ú úhou ms<sn|
mqfrdal:k lrk ,o o;a; wf,ú ie,eiaug we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
2'6 wf,ú ia:djr j;alï
jHdmdrfha wf,ú yd fnÞyeÍfï ld¾hhka g Rcq j wÞ< jk ia:djr j;alï wf,ú
ia:djr j;alï fõ'
ksoiqka (-
wf,ú yd fnÞyeÍfï ld¾hhkaj, § Ndú; jk bvï yd f.dvke.s,s"
hka;% WmlrK yd r: jdyk" ld¾hd, WmlrK yd ,S nvq
rEmh 2'4
17
2'7 wf,ú ie,iqï ms<sfh, lsÍu
by; olajk ,o ixl,am ;j ÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd my; olajd we;s
isoaêh weiqßka wf,ú ie,iqula ilia lr we;s wdldrh wOHhkh lruq'
jHdmdr woyia .Kkdjla wOHhkh l< wls, úchj¾Ok fhda.Ü ksIamdokh lsÍug f;dard .;af;a h'
wdrïNl wjia:dfõ Tyq fjfik r;akmqr wr,sh m%foaYh b,lal lrf.k jHdmdrh wdrïN
lsÍug ;SrKh lf<a h' tu m%foaYfha isÿl< fjf<|m< ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sug wkqj fhda.Ü
fjf<|m< iïnkaOfhka /ialr.;a f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ'
r;akmqr wr,sh m%foaYfha ck.ykh 40 000ls'
ck.ykfhka 5]la iEu Èklu fhda.Ü wdydrhg .kS' ±kg fjf<|mf<a fhda.Ü wf,úfhka
75]la lsß fhda.Ü jk w;r 25]la m,;=re fhda.Ü fõ'
;r.lrejka ms<sn| úia;r
;r.lrejka udisl iemhqu fjf<|m< fldgi
rcrg fhda.Ü 12 000 20]
fi!uHd fhda.Ü 18 000 30]
ABC Food iud.u 6 000 10]
Healthy Food iud.u 24 000 40] uq¿ iemhqu 60 000 100]
;r.lrejkaf.a wf,ú Wml%u
ksIamdÈ;h (- lsß fhda.Ü yd m,;=re fhda.Ü f,i j¾. follska bÈßm;a lsÍu
ñ, (- fjf<|m< ñ, wkqj ñ, kshu lsÍu
ia:dkh (- is,a,r fjf<|i,a u.ska mdßfNda.slhdg fnÞyeÍu
m%j¾Okh (- fjf<|i,aj, fhda.Ü kduh fh¥ kdu mqjre m%o¾Ykh yd fmdaiag¾
m%o¾Ykh
18
;u m%foaYh ;=< fhda.Ü b,a¨fuka 50% ndysr iud.ïj,ska imhk nj;a 50% la m%foaYfha
isák ksIamdolhka fofofkla imhk nj;a wkdjrKh úh'
ta wkqj wdrïNl j¾Ifha § b,lal m%foaYfha wf,úfhka 10% w;am;a lr .ekSug;a ta i`oyd
my; i|yka Wmdhud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍug;a ;SrKh lrk ,§'
ksIamdÈ;h (- lsß fhda.Ü yd m,;=re fhda.Ü j¾. ksIamdokh
ñ, (- fjf<|m< ;r.ldÍ ñ,
ia:dkh (- is,a,r fjf<|i,a yd wdmk Yd,d u.ska fnodyeÍu yd ksIamdok
ia:dkfhka wf,ú lsÍu
m%j¾Okh (- wf,úi, wdY%s; j fmdaiag¾ m%o¾Ykh" l=vd <uqka i|yd iaál¾ ,nd §u
fhda.Ü fnÞyeÍu i|yd re' 480 000la jákd ;%Sfrdao r:hla ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaId
lrhs'
wfmalaIs; wfkl=;a úhoï my; ±lafõ'
;%S frdao r:fha jd¾Isl laIh m%udKh re' 4 800
rlaIK jdßlh jd¾Isl j re' 4 800
udisl bkaOk yd fiajd .dia;=j re' 7 200
udisl wf,ú fiajl jegqma re' 10 000
fmdaiag¾ uqøKh i|yd udisl úhoï re' 1 500
iaál¾ uqøKh i|yd udisl úhoï re' 2 000
i;shlg Èk 5la fnÞyeÍfï lghq;=j, ksr; fõ' fjf<|mf<ys fhda.Ü tll ñ, re' 30ls'
lsß fhda.Ü yd m,;=re fhda.Ü ñ, w;r fjkila ke;'
19
wf,ú ie,eiau
1' ksIamdÈ;h
wf,ú lsÍug wfmalaIs; NdKavh ms<sn| úia;r
1' lsß fhda.Ü ^lsß" iSks" jeks,d iys;&
11' m,;=re fhda.Ü ^lsß" iSks" jeks,d" m,;=re fldgia yd fc,s iys;&
2' b,lal lKavdhu
r;akmqr wr,sh m%foaYfha Ôj;ajk ck.ykhhs' ck.ykh 40 000ls'
3' b,lal wf,ú m%foaYh
r;akmqr wr,sh m%foaYh
4' NdKavh iïnkaO fjf<|m<
NdKavh
b,lal
mdßfNda.sl
ixLHdj
mdßfNda.sl
rgdj
udisl b,a¨u jd¾Isl b,a¨u
m%udKhjákdlu
ñ, x tAll m%'m%udKh
jákdlu
re'
1' lsß
fhda.Ü
2' m,;=re
fhda.Ü
1500
^ffoksl&
500
^ffoksl&
j¾Ih mqrd
me;sreKq
b,a¨ula we;
tu
45 000
^60 000 x 75%&
15 000
^60 000 x 25%&
60 000
1 350 000
450 000
1 800 000
540 000
180 000
720 000
16 200 000
5 400 000
21 600 000
5' ;r.lrejkaf.a iemhqï úYaf,aIKh
m%Odk ;r.lrejka imhkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajdTjqkg we;s fjf<|m<
fldgi
1
2
3
4
rcrg bkaviaà%ia
fi!uHd bkaviaà%ia
ABC *qâ iud.u
Healthy *qâ iud.u
lsß fhda.Ü$m,;=re fhda.Ü
tu
tu
tu
20 ]30 ]10 ]40 ]100 ]
6' jHdmdßlhdf.a b,lal fjf<|m< fldgi
NdKavh ie,iqï.; fjf<|m< fldgi
1' lsß fhda.Ü 10 ]2' m,;=re fhda.Ü 10 ]
20
7' ;r.lrejkaf.a wf,ú Wmdhud¾.
wf,úlrK ñY%h Wmdhud¾.
NdKavh Product lsß yd m,;=re f,i j¾. follska fhda.Ü bÈßm;a lsÍu .=K;ajh yd fi!LHdrlaIs; nj ;yjqre lsÍu
ñ, Price ;r.ldÍ ñ, kshu lsÍu
ia:dkh Place is,a,r fjf<|i,a u.ska fnodyeÍu
m%j¾Okh Promotion fhda.Ü kduh fhdÞ fjf<|i,aj, kdu mqjre fh§u wf,ú m%foaYh ;=< m%pdrl fmdaiag¾ m%o¾Ykh
8' jHdmdßlhdf.a fhdað; wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾.
wf,úlrK ñY%h Wmdhud¾.
NdKavh Product lsß fhda.Ü yd m,;=re ñY% fhda.Ü j¾. follska bÈßm;a lsÍu
ñ, Price ;r.ldÍ ñ, kshu lsÍu
ia:dkh Place wdmkYd,d" is,a,r fjf<|i,a iy ksIamdok wdh;kh u.ska
m%j¾Okh Promotion wf,úi, wdY%s; j fmdaiag¾ m%o¾Ykh"
iaál¾ ,nd §u u.ska l=vd <uqka wdl¾IKh lsÍu
9' jHdmdßlhdf.a jd¾Isl úl=Kqï mqfrdal:kh
NdKavh$fiajdj
udisl wfmalaIs;
úl=Kqï tAll
tall ñ,
re'
udisl úl=Kqï
re'
jd¾Isl úl=Kqï
re'
lsß fhda.Ü 4 500 30 135 000 1 620 000
m,;=re fhda.Ü 1 500 30 45 000 540 000
tl;=j ^100%& 6 000 180 000 2 160 000
10' wf,ú úhou
whs;u udisl úl=Kqï úhou re' jd¾Isl úl=Kqï úhou re'
wf,ú fiajl jegqma
jdyk laIh
wf,ú r: rlaIK
bkaOk yd fiajd úhoï
fmdaiag¾ uqøKhg
iaál¾ i|yd
10 000
400
400
7 200
1 500
2 000
120 000
4 800
4 800
86 400
18 000
24 000
tl;=j 21 500 258 000
11' wf,ú ia:djr j;alï
whs;uh jákdlu re' jd¾Isl laIh re'
;%S frdao r:h 480 000 4 800
21
l%shdldrlu 03
rileú,s ksIamdokh lr wf,ú lsÍu i|yd jHdmdrhla wdrïN l< hq;= hehs ;SrKh l<
iiañ;d m%foaYfha wdmkYd,d lsysmhlg f.dia wf,ú lsÍug we;s ri leú,s j¾. ms<sn| j iy
tAjdfha b,a¨u ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Sug woyia l<d h'
fjf<|i,a ysñhkaf.a f;dr;=re wkqj ;sßÕ=msá wdY%s; rileú,s ksIamdokh lrk ksIamdolhka
/ila isáh o iy,a msá yd l=rlalka msá wdY%s; j rileú,s ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd wvq
msßila isák nj weh wjfndaO lr .;a;d h'
úúO fi!LHuh fya;= ksid ck.ykfhka ie,lsh hq;= msßila iy,a msá yd l=rlalka msá Ndú;hg
keUqre jk nj;a fjf<|m< f;dr;=re wOHhkfha § weh wkdjrKh lr .;a;d h' tfukau my;
±lafjk f;dr;=re o tla/ia lr.kakd ,È'
weh Ôj;a jk wl=/iai ch.u m%foaYfha 80 000la muK ck.ykh isák nj
bka 20%la l=rlalka yd iy,amsá ñY% wdydrj,g reÑh olajk nj
Tjqka Èk follg jrlaj;a rileú,s i|yd b,a¨ï lrk nj
oekg isák m%Odk ;r.lrejka yd Tjqkaf.a fjf<|m< fldgi my; mßÈ jk nj
úukais rileú,s ksIamdÈ; - 30% wrekao;S rileú,s ksIamdÈ; - 35%
Tjqka my; i|yka wf,ú Wml%u Ndú; lrk nj o wkdjrKh úh'
rij;a nj yd fi!LHdrlaIs; nj ;yjqrej
Èk follg jrla fnÞyeÍu yd b;sßjk wdydr wdmiq ,nd .ekSu
rileú,s ms<sn| fjf<|i,a wdY%s; j ±kaùï mqjre m%o¾Ykh
weh fjf<|mf<ka 25%la wdjrKh jk fia jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug;a ;r.lrejkaf.a wf,ú
Wml%u tf,iska u Ndú; lrk w;r;=r ;u ksIamdos; ms<sn| j w;a m;%sld u.ska ±kqj;a lsÍug;a
;SrKh lrk ,È'
22
weh wdrïNfha § u iy,a yd l=rlalka msá ñY% flala iy w¿jd fjf<|m<g bÈßm;a lsÍug
;SrKh l< w;r tAjdfha fjf<|m< ñ, my; ±lafjk mßÈ kshu lsÍug ;SrKh lrk ,È'
flala - re'20
w¿jd - re'10
ksIamdÈ; fnÞyeÍu i|yd re' 200 000la jákd h;=re meÈhla ñ,g .ekSug ;SrKh lrk ,È'
my; ±lafjk úhoï weia;fïka;= lrk ,È'
ksIamdÈ; fnÞ yeÍfï fiajlhdg uilg re' 15 000l jegqmla ,nd §u
jd¾Isl rlaIK .dia;= re' 3 000
udisl bkaOk .dia;= re' 10 000
udisl fiajd .dia;= re' 1 500
h;=re meÈh jd¾Isl j re' 4 800la laIh fõ hehs weia;fïka;= lr we;'
±kaùï m;%sld yd mqjre i|yd jd¾Isl j re' 6 000l uqo,la jeh fõ hehs wfmalaId flf¾'
by; f;dr;=re weiqßka iiañ;d rileú,s jHdmdrfha wf,ú ie,eiau ms<sfh, lrkak'
ms<s;=re ,shuq'
01' wf,ú ie,eiau hkq l=ulao@
02' wf,ú ie,eiafï wvx.= fldgia kï lrkak'
03' 4Ps kï lr fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
04' fjf<|m< úYaf,aIKhlg f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd l%u fudkjdo@
05' wf,ú ia:djr j;alï hkak meyeÈ,s lrkak'
23
mßÉfþoh 03
ksIamdok ie,eiau
fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska my; ±lafjk lreKq ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'
3'1 ksIamdok ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
3'2 ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
3'3 ksIamdok ia:djr j;alï
3'4 ksIamdok msßjeh
3'5 tAllhl ksIamdok msßjeh
3'6 ksIamdok ie,iqï ms<sfh, lsÍu
24
3'1 ksIamdok ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
ksIamdok ie,eiau jHdmdr ie,eiaul ;j;a jeo.;a uQ,sldx.hls' th ms<sfh,
lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqKq kï uq¿ ksIamdok msßjeh .Kkh lsÍu;a tA weiqßka ksIamdok
tAllhl msßjeh .Kkh lsÍu;a h'
Tn óg by; § bf.k.;a wf,ú ie,eiafï § jHdmdßlhd wf,ú lsÍug wfmalaIs;
NdKav fyda fiajd m%udKh weia;fïka;= lrk ,È' bkamiqj wjYHjkafka tu
NdKav fyda fiajd m%udKh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd jk msßjeh weia;fïka;= lr
.ekSuhs' tA i|yd jHjidhlhd ksIamdok ie,eiaula ms<sfh, lr .; hq;= h'
hï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla wjika ksIamdÈ;h njg m;alr .ekSfï § tA i|yd
lsishï úhoula ±Íug isÿjk nj Tng jegfykq we;' ksoiqkla f,i Tn Ndú;
lrk wNHdi fmd;a .ek i,ld n,kak' tA i|yd uQ,sl jYfhka lvÞis" weuqKqï
lgq" uqøs; msgljr jeks øjH wjYH jkakd fiau tu fmd;a lemSu" ne£u wdÈh i|yd
hka;% iQ;% yd WmlrK o wjYH fõ' tmuKla o fkdj tu lghq;= lsÍu i|yd
fiajlhka o wjYH fõ'
fï iEu fohla i|yd u hï úhoula ±Íug isÿ fõ' ksIamdokh lrk NdKav yd
fiajd m%udKh jeä jk úg wjYH jk øjH o" fiajlhka o" tA i|yd jeh jk
msßjeh o jeä fõ' tu ish¨ úhoï ie,ls,a,g f.k ksIamdok ie,eiaula ms<sfh,
lsÍu wjYH fõ'
lsishï wfmalaIs; ksIamdok tAll m%udKhla i|yd ±Íug isÿjk msßjeh weia;fïka;=
lr ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk f,aLkh ksIamdok ie,eiau jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h'
ksIamdok ie,eiaul we;=<;a f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
ksIamdok ia:djr j;alï
ksIamdok msßjeh
øjH msßjeh
Y%u msßjeh
fjk;a msßjeh
tAll msßjeh
fu;eka isg tu f;dr;=re tlsfkl ;j ÿrg;a wOHhkh lruq'
rEmh 3'1
25
3'2 ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
wf,ú ie,eiafï § mqfrdal:kh l< wfmalaIs; NdKavh fyda fiajdj ksmojkafka
flfia ±hs úia;r lsÍu ksIamdok l%shdj,sfhka isÿ fõ' tkï wfmalaIs; NdKavh
fyda fiajd j ksIamdokh lsÍug fhdÞ .kakd fhojqï" tu fhojqïj,g isÿ lrk
fjkialï iy wjidk ksIamdÈ;h ms<sn| j iúia;r wjfndaOhla ,nd §ug
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' fuys § fhojqï hkqfjka woyia lrkafka
hï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd wjYH jk iïm;a h'
lsß f;a fldamamhla ilia lr .ekSu ksoiqkla f,i f.k ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
ms<sn| j wjfndaOh mq¿,a lr .ksuq'
fhojqï mßj¾;k l%shdj,sh ksuejqu
c,h
iSks
f;a fld<
lsßmsá
fla;,h
.Eia,sm
.Eia
fldamamh
fcda.=
fmrkh
yekao
nkafoaish
Y%uh
c,h fla;,hlg oud WKq lsÍu
WmlrK msßisÿ lsÍu
lsßmsá yd iSks fcda.=jg oud ñY% lsÍu
f;a l=vq fcda.=jlg oud WKqj;=frka ;eïîu
f;a fmrKhg oud fmrd .ekSu
lsß yd iSks iu. fmrd .;a f;a ñY% lsÍu
fidaÞ msßisÿ lr.;a fldamamj,g lsß f;a fmrd .ekSu
lsß f;a
fldamamh
by; ±lafjk wdldrhg ´kEu ksIamdÈ;hla iïnkaO j fhojqï ksujqï in|;dj
olajk ksIamdok l%shdj,shla mj;S' th my; ±lafjk f,i bÈßm;a l< yels h'
fhojqï mßj¾;k l%shdj,sh ksuejqu
l%shdldrlu 01
my; ±lafjk tla tla ksIamdÈ;j, ksIamdok l%shdj,s meyeÈ,s lrkak'
±j fïih
lñih
ueá .fvd,
26
3'3 ksIamdok ia:djr j;alï
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd kej; kej; È.= ld,Sk j Ndú; lrk f.dvke.s,s"
hka;% iQ;%" WmlrK jeks foa ksIamdok ia:djr j;alï f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h'
3'4 ksIamdok msßjeh
hï ksIamdÈ; tAll m%udKhla ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd øjH" Y%uh yd fjk;a úhoï
fjkqfjka ork ,o msßjehj, tl;=j uq¿ ksIamdok msßjeh f,i .Kkh flf¾'
ksIamdok msßjeh = øjH msßjeh + Y%u msßjeh + fjk;a msßjeh
fuu tla tla msßjeh ms<sn| j ;jÿrg;a wOHhkh lruq'
øjH yd øjH msßjeh
hï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ksIamdokh lsÍfï § Ndú; lrk fhojqï øjH fõ'
ksIamdokfha § øjH f,i fhdÞ .kakd foa i|yd jeh jk uqo, øjH msßjeh f,i
.efka'
by; ksoiqfkys c,h" iSks" f;a fld<" lsß msá" hk fhojqï wuqøjH jk
w;r tAjd i|yd jk msßjeh wuqøjH msßjeh fõ'
Y%uh yd Y%u msßjeh
fhojqï ksujqï njg m;alrk l%shdj,sh i|yd ñksia Y%uh wjYH fõ' Y%uh fjkqfjka
f.ùula l< hq;= jk w;r th Y%u msßjeh kï fõ' tu f.ùï jegqma yd fõ;k
f,i ye¢kafõ
ksIamdokhg jeh jk fjk;a úhoï
by; ±lajQ wuqøjH msßjeh iy Y%u msßjehg wu;r j ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd ±Íug
isÿjk fjk;a úhoï o we;' tAjd ksIamdokhg jeh jk fjk;a úhoï f,i ie,lsh
yels h' by; ksoiqfkys f;a ms<sfh, lrk wjia:dfõ wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSu i|yd
úÿ,s nqnq,la ±,ajQfha kï tA i|yd o msßjehla we;' tfia fmdÿfõ ork úhoï fï
.Khg wh;a fõ' tfukau ksIamdokh i|yd fhdÞ .kakd ia:djr j;alï msßjefhka
tAjdfha wdhq ld,h i,ld hï jákdlula úhoula f,i ie,lsh hq;= h' th laIh
úhou f,i ye¢kafõ'
27
ksIamdok wdh;khl wdf,dallrKhg jehjk úÿ,sh" uqrlref.a jegqm" l¾udka;
Yd,dj rlaIKh lr we;akï tA i|yd jk úhou" ia:djr j;alï laIh wdÈh fuu
j¾.hg wh;a fõ'
3'5 tAllhl ksIamdok msßjeh
uq¿ ksIamdok msßjeh ksIamdÈ; tAll ixLHdfjka fn¥ úg tAllhl ksIamdok
msßjeh .Kkh l< yels fõ'
tAll ksIamdok msßjeh = uq¿ ksIamdok msßjeh
ksIamdÈ; tAll ixLHdj
3'6 ksIamdok ie,iqï ms<sfh, lsÍu
by; olajk ,o ixl,am ;j ÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd my; olajd we;s
isoaêh weiqßka ksIamdok ie,iqula ilia lr we;s wdldrh wOHhkh lruq'
udhd rkaÈhf.a jHdmdrfha ksIamdok úhoï ms<sn| weia;fïka;=j my; ±lafõ'
fuu jHdmdrfha uilg isfuka;s yd je,s ñY%s; íf,dla.,a 12 000la ksIamdokh lrhs'
udisl úhoï weia;fïka;=j
tlla re' 900 ne.ska isfuka;s u¨ 150
tlla re' 6 000 ne.ska je,s lshqí 50
tlla re' 50 ne.ska ,sysis f;,a ,Sg¾ 20
c,h re' 3 000
úÿ,sh re' 3 000
kv;a;= úhoï re' 1 000
mqyqKq Y%ñlhdf.a udisl jegqm re' 25 000
kqmqyqKq Y%ñlhdf.a udisl jegqm re'10 000
hka;% laIh re' 2 000
28
udhd rkaÈhf.a jHdmdrh
ksIamdok ie,eiau
whs;uhudisl
wjYH;djtAll ñ,
re'uq¿ úhou
re'
isfuka;s u¨je,s lshqí,sysiais f;,a ,Sg¾c,húÿ,shkv;a;= úhoïmqyqKq Y%ñlhdkqmqyqKq Y%ñlhdhka;% laIh
1505020---
0101-
9006 000
50---
25 00010 000
-
135 000300 000
1 0003 0003 0001 000
25 00010 0002 000
uq¿ ksIamdok msßjeh - - 480 000
tAll ksIamdok msßjeh 480 000 − 12 000 40
l%shdldrlu 02
my; ±lafjkafka ffoksl j l¨ fÞfÞ,a 25kg la ksmojk zm%Œ; rileú,sZ
ksIamdok jHdmdrfha ffoksl úhoï ,ehsia;=jhs' tA weiqßka jHdmdrfha uq¿ ksIamdok
msßjeh yd tAll ksIamdok msßjeh .Kkh lrkak'
whs;uhffoksl wjYH;dj
tAll úhou re'
uq¿ úhou re'
iSksyd,a msáfmd,a f.ä lcq uo" tkaid,a jeks rildrlor ñáY%ñlhd ^jegqma&
15 kg20 kg
20200 g
041
10010050-
1001 500
1 5002 0001 000
600400
1 500
ms<s;=re ,shuq'
01' ksIamdok ie,eiau Tn y÷kd.kafka flfia o@
02' ksIamdok ie,eiaul we;=<;a wx. fudkjd o@
03' ksIamdok ia:djr j;alï hkq ljf¾ o@
04' ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ksoiqkla u.ska úia;r lrkak'
05' tAll ksIamdok msßjeh .Kkh lrk wdldrh olajkak'
29
mßÉfþoh 04
mßmd,k ie,eiau
fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska my; ±lafjk lreKq ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'
4'1 mßmd,k ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
4'2 mßmd,kuh ;k;=re yd ld¾hhka
4'3 fiajl jegqma yd fõ;k
4'4 wfkl=;a mßmd,k úhoï
4'5 mßmd,k ia:djr j;alï
4'6 mßmd,k ie,iqï ms<sfh, lsÍu
30
4'1 mßmd,k ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
jHdmdrhl lghq;= whs;slreg fyda whs;slrejkag
muKla ;ks j lrf.k hdu wmyiq neúka úúO
udkj iïm;aj, iyh wjYH fõ' fufia wjYH
fõ hehs wfmalaId lrk udkj iïm;a ms<sn|
j f;dr;=re yd msßjeh weia;fïka;= we;=<;a
fldg ielfik fldgi mßmd,k ie,eiau
f,i y÷kajd Èh yels fõ' tu.ska jHdmdrfha
tA tA mqoa.,hkaf.a ld¾hhka yd j.lSï o n,;,
o úia;r lr olajhs'
mßmd,k ie,eiaul we;=<;a f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ'
mßmd,kuh ;k;=re yd ld¾hhka
fiajl jegqma yd fõ;k
wfkl=;a mßmd,k úhoï
mßmd,k ia:djr j;alï
fu;eka isg tu f;dr;=re tlsfkl ;j ÿrg;a wOHhkh lruq'
4'2 mßmd,kuh ;k;=re yd ld¾hhka
jHdmdrhl ksIamdok" wf,ú" uQ,H iy mßmd,k wd§ lghq;=j,g wÞ< j jHdmdrh
;=< msysgqjd we;s wxYj, we;s ;k;=re" tu ;k;=re ork whg wh;a ld¾hhka"
j.lSï yd wÞ< iqÿiqlï ksYaÑ; j ±laùu mßmd,k ie,eiqul wjYH;djls' hï
wdh;khl ld¾hhka wkqj wxY fn§ we;s wdldrh;a tA wkqj we;s l< ;k;=re yd
tAjdfha fm< .eiau;a ixúOdk igyklska ±laúh yels h'
my; ±lafjkafka jHdmdr wdh;khla tu jHdmdrfha uQ,sl ld¾hhkag wkqj fnÞ
we;s wxY i|yd mßmd,k ;k;=re msysgqjd we;s wdldrh ms<sn| ixúOdk igykla
i|yd jk ksoiqkls'
rEmh 4'2
l<ukdlrK wOHlaI
ksIamdok
l<ukdlre
wf,ú
l<ukdlreuQ,H l<ukdlre
udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlre
rEmh 4'1
31
by; olajk ,o ixúOdk igyfkys ksIamdok wxYfha ;k;=re msysgqjd we;s wdldrh
ms<sn| ixúOdk igykla i|yd ksoiqkla my; ±lafõ'
rEmh 4'3
hka;%
l%shdlre 4
ksIamdok
l<ukdlre
iqmÍlaIl 1 iqmÍlaIl 2
hka;%
l%shdlre 1
hka;%
l%shdlre 3
hka;%
l%shdlre 2
mßmd,k ie,eiaul ;k;=re" ld¾hhka yd j.lSï ±laùu i|yd my; ±lafjk
wdldrfha igykla Ndú; l< yels h' tys ±lafjkafka wdh;khl .KldêldÍ
;k;=rg wÞ< j ld¾hhka" j.lSï yd iqÿiqlï fõ'
ld¾hh j.lSu iqÿiqlï
ñ, § .ekSï lñgqj wëlaIKh
wjika f.ùï wkqu; lsÍu
fplam;a w;aika lsÍu
uQ,H m%ldYk ilia lsÍu
kshñ; Èkg
uQ,H m%ldYk
bÈßm;a lsÍu
jr,;a .KldêldÍjrfhl= ùu
l%shdldrlu 01
1' Tnf.a mdif,a mßmd,k jHqyh ±lafjk ixúOdk igyk we| olajkak
2' tu ixúOdk igyfka ;k;=re 03lg wÞ< j my; ±lafjk j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak
;k;=r ld¾hhka j.lSï iqÿiqlï
32
4'3 fiajl jegqma yd fõ;k
jHdmdrfha tla tla wxYhkays ;k;=re orkakkag f.ùug wfmalaIs; uq¿ f.ùï
weia;fïka;= fldg ±laùu mßmd,k ie,iqul wjYH;djls' jHdmdrfha whs;slre
fyda whs;slrejka jHdmdrh fjkqfjka fiajh lrhs kï yd tA fjkqfjka jegqma
f.ùu wjYH jkafka kï tu jegqma o .Kkh fldg ie,iqug we;=<;a l< hq;= fõ'
4'4 wfkl=;a mßmd,k úhoï
by; i|yka l< mßmd,k jegqma yd fõ;kj,g wu;r j jHdmdrfha mßmd,k
lghq;=j,g wÞ< j ±Íug isÿjk fjk;a úhoï fõ kï tAjd o úhoï weia;fïka;=fjys
±laúh hq;= h'
tkï f.dvke.s,s l=,S" ÿrl:k úhoï" ,sms øjH úhoï" mßmd,k ia:djr j;alï
fõ kï tys kv;a;=" w¨;ajeähd yd laIh úhoï" ld¾hd,hSh úÿ,s úhoï" ;eme,a
úhoï" jßmkï nÿ wd§ mßmd,k lghq;=j,g wÞ< úhoï fuu weia;fïka;=jg
we;=<;a l< hq;= fõ'
4'5 mßmd,k ia:djr j;alï
jHdmdrhl mßmd,k lghq;=j,g Rcq j u wÞ< jk f,i Ndú; lrk ia:djr
j;alï o fõ'
f.dvke.s,s yd iú lsÍï" ld¾hd,hSh WmlrK hkd§ mßmd,k ia:djr j;alïj,
jákdlï wdÈh ksoiqka fõ'
4'6 mßmd,k ie,iqï ms<sfh, lsÍu
by; olajk ,o ixl,am ;j ÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd my; olajd we;s
isoaêh weiqßka mßmd,k ie,iqula ilia lr we;s wdldrh wOHhkh lruq'
.S;d ùriQßh mdi,a wOHdmkfhka miq jD;a;Sh mqyqKq mdGud,djlg iïnkaO úh' tys § weh
.uka u¨ ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka ukd ±kqula yd mqyqKqjla ,nd .;a;dh' bka wk;=rej
weh flá ld,hla .uka u¨ ksIamdok wdh;khl iqmÍlaIljßhl f,i lghq;= l<d h'
/lshdfjka bj;a jQ .S;d ;udgu whs;s .uka u¨ ksIamdok wdh;khla wdrïN lsÍug woyia
lrhs'
uyk hka;% 10la fhdÞ kj jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug woyia l< weh tA i|yd k.rfha
f.dvke.s,a,la l=,shg .ekSug ;SrKh l<d h' weh wdh;kfha m%Odk l<ukdldß‚h
f,i lghq;= lsÍug woyia lrk w;r tA i|yd udisl j re' 25 000l fõ;khla ,nd
.ekSug o wfmalaIdfjka isà' jHdmdrfha m%Odk l<ukdlrK lghq;= lrk w;ru ñ, § .ekSfï
yd wf,ú lsÍfï lghq;= o .uka u¨ idok frÈ lemSu o wehf.a ld¾hhka fldg i,lhs'
33
wehf.a iyhg w' fmd' i' ^W ' fm'& úNd.h iu;a j isák ;u fidfydhqrd jHdmdr lghq;=j,g
iyldr l<ukdlre jYfhka iïnkaO lr .kakd w;r fiiq fiaúldjka 10 fokdf.a lghq;= fidhd
ne,Su yd .sKqï ;eîfï lghq;= Tyqg mejÍug wfmalaId lrhs' tA fjkqfjka Tyqg re' 15 000l
udisl jegqmla f.ùug fhdað; h' hka;% l%shdlrejka .uka u¿ ueiSfï ld¾hfhys ksr; fõ' hka;%
l%shdlrejka w' fmd' i' ^id' fm'& úNd.h iu;a úh hq;= w;r we÷ï ueiSu ms<sn`o j udi 06g jeä
m<mqreoaola ;sìh hq;= h'
wdh;kfha mßmd,k lghq;=j,g wod< úhoï my; i|yka mßÈ fõ hehs .Kka n,d we;'
udisl ÿrl:k úhoï re' 2 000
udisl ,sms øjH úhoï re' 250
jd¾Isl rlaIK .dia;= re' 1 500
jHdmdrh re' 65 000la jákd ld¾hd,hSh WmlrK ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaIs; h' ld¾hd,hSh WmlrK
jd¾Isl j msßjefhka 12%la laIh úhoï f,i lmd yeÍug fhdað; h'
mßmd,k ie,iqu
1' jHjidhlh-ka ms<sn| úia;r
jHjidhlhd #- .S;d ùriQßh
iqÿiqlï #- w' fmd' i' ^W' fm(& iu;a
jD;a;Sh mqyqKq iy;slh jev m<mqreoao
2' ixúOdk igyk
m%Odk l<ukdldß‚h
iydh l<ukdlre
hka;% ls%hdlrejka 10
34
3' ixúOdk jHqyfha uQ,sl ;k;=re yd j.lSï
;k;=r ld¾hh j.lSï iqÿiqlï
m%Odk
l<ukdldß‚h
jHdmdr l<ukdlrK lghq;=
ñ, § .ekSï lghq;=
wf,ú lsÍfï lghq;=
.uka u¨ i|yd frÈ lemSu
ld¾hl aIu j
ksIamdok" wf,ú
yd mßmd,k
lghq;= fufyh
ùu
;;a;aj md,kh
w'fmd'i ^W' fm(&
jD;a;Sh mqyqKq
iy;slh
jev m<mqreoao
iyh
l<ukdlre
fiajl lghq;= wëlaIKh
.sKqï lghq;= yd .sKqï
jd¾;d ;eîu
ksIamdok b,lal
imqrd,Su
.sKqï lghq;=
w'fmd'i' ^W' fm(&
hka;%
l%shdlrejka
.uka u¨ ueiSu m%ñ;shg wkqj
ksIamdokh
ksIamdok
b,lal imqrd,Su
w'fmd'i' ^id' fm(&
jev m<mqreoao
^udi 06g jeä&
4' mßmd,k úhoï
whs;uh úhou ^udisl&
re'
úhou ^jd¾Isl&
re'
l<ukdlref.a fõ;kh
iydh l<ukdlref.a fõ;kh
ld¾hd,hSh WmlrK laIh
rlaIK .dia;=
ÿrl:k úhoï
,sms øjH úhoï
25 000
15 000
650
125
2 000
250
300 000
180 000
7 800
1 500
24 000
3 000
515 000
5' ia:djr j;alï
whs;uhjákdlu
re'
jd¾Isl laIh re'
1 jir
ld¾hd,hSh WmlrK 65 000 7 800
35
l%shdldrlu 02
my; ±lafjkafka weÕ¿ï l¾udka; Yd,djl ;k;=re lsysmhls'
1' ksIamdok l<ukdlre
2' mßmd,k ks,OdÍ
3' uQ,H l<ukdlre
4' wf,ú l<ukdlre
5' uyk hka;% l%shdlre
6' .sKqï ,smslre
by; tla tla ;k;=re i|yd .e<fmk iqÿiqlï" ld¾hhka yd j.lSï my; fok ,o
úia;r ;=<ska f;dard fuu j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
;k;=r iqÿiqlï ld¾hhka j.lSï
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
iqÿiqlï
1' wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< úNd.h iu;a ùu iy udi 06l
we֕ ueiSu ms<sn| m<mqreoao
2' wf,úlrKh ms<sn| úfYaI Wmdêh
3' udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| Wmdêh
4' ú,dis;d ks¾udKh yd ksmehqï m%j¾Ok Wmdêh
5' jr,;a .KldêldÍjrfhl= ùu
6' Wiia fm< jd‚c úIhka iu;a ùu yd .sKqïlrK mdGud,djl m<uq wÈhr
iu;a ùu
ld¾hhka
1' uQ,H ;SrK .ekSu
2' ksIamdok lghq;= fufyhùu
3' we֕ ueiSu
4' fiajlhkaf.a ,smsf.dkq kv;a;= lsÍu
5' ffoksl .kqfokq igyka lsÍu
6' m%j¾Ok biõ ixúOdkh
36
j.lSï
1' wLKav j ksIamdok lghq;= isÿùu ;yjqre lsÍu
2' wf,ú b,lal imqrd,Su
3' wNsfm%arKh jQ fiajl lKavdhula kv;a;= lsÍu
4' ffoksl ksIamdok b,lal imqrd,Su
5' ksjerÈ j .kqfokq yd jd¾;d ;eîu
6' wdh;kfha uQ,H ia:djr;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu
ms<s;=re ,shuq'
01' mßmd,k ie,eiau hkq l=ulao@
02' mßmd,k ie,eiaul we;=<;a jk f;dr;=re fudkjdo@
03' mßmd,k ia:djr j;alï kï lrkak'
04' fjf<| jHdmdrhl mßmd,kh uQ,sl jYfhka fnÈh yels wxY kï fldg
tAjdfha ;k;=re kdu olajkak'
05' ksIamdok l<ukdlrefjl=g mejfrk ld¾hhka lsysmhla kï lrkak'
37
mßÉfþoh 05
uQ,H ie,eiau
fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska my; ±lafjk lreKq ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'
5'1 uq,H ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
5'2 jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug fmr ld¾hhka iy úhoï
5'3 uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=j
5'4 wfmalaIs; uqo,a .,d taï iy uqo,a .,d hdï ms<sn| f,aLkh
5'5 jHdmdr m%;sM, .Kkh
iuia; jHdmdr ie,eiau
38
5'1 uQ,H ie,eiau ye¢kaùu
miq.sh mßÉfþoj, § jHdmdr ie,eiaul wvx.= úh hq;= wf,ú" ksIamdok iy
mßmd,k ie,eiau ms<sn| j Tn wOHhkh lr we;' fuu mßÉfþofha § jHdmdr
ie,eiaul wjidk yd jeo.;a u jQ fldgila jk uQ,H ie,eiau ms<sn| j úia;r
flf¾' wfmaCIs; jHmdrfha wdfhdackh i|yd jQ uQ,H wjYH;d iy jHdmdrfha
,dNÞhs;ajh mqfrdal:kh lr olajkafka uQ,H ie,eiau kï fldgisks'
uQ,H ie,iqu u.ska wfmaCIs; jHdmdrh i|yd wdfhdackh lsÍug wfmalaIs; uqo,a
o" jHdmdrh ;=<g .,d tk uqo,a yd jHdmdrfhka msg;g .,d hk uqo,a o" ffoksl
j jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH úhoï o weia;fïka;= flf¾' tfukau
ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< jHdmdrfha mqfrdal:kh l< wdÞhu yd úhou ie,ls,a,g f.k
,efí hehs wfmalaIs; ,dNh o fuys fmkakqï flf¾'
uQ,H ie,iqula u.ska jHjidhlhdg my; ±lafjk m%fhdack ,efí'
jHdmdrhg wjYH jk wruqo,a m%udKh ks.ukh lr .ekSug
uQ,H .eg¨ wju lr .ekSug
ksYaÑ; ld,Éfþohla wjidkfha jHdmdrh ,nk m%;sM,h tkï ,dNh
±k .ekSug
tu m%;sM,h m%udKj;a o hkak we.hSug
uQ,H ie,eiaul wka;¾.; fldgia my; ±lafõ'
jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug fmr ld¾hhka yd úhoï
uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=j
wfmalaIs; uqo,a .,d hdï iy uqo,a .,d tAï f,aLkh
jHdmdr m%;sM, .Kkh
fuu tla tla fldgia ms<sn| j fláfhka úuid n,uq'
5'2 jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug fmr ld¾hhka yd úhoï
´kEu ld¾hhla wdrïN lsÍug fmr tA i|yd iïmQ¾K l< hq;= ld¾hhka iy ±ßh
hq;= úhoï mj;S' tfukau jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug fmr o jHjidhlhd l< hq;=
ld¾hhka yd tAjd i|yd ±ßh hq;= úhoï o fõ' tjeks ld¾hhka iy úhoï lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'
39
fjf<|m< iólaIK úhoï
kj jHdmdr lghq;a;lg t<öug m%:u j flfrk uQ,sl lghq;a;la jkafka tu
jHdmdrh iïnkaO j fjf<|m< wOHhkh lsÍuhs' thg wms fjf<|m< iólaIKh
hehs lshuq' tfia wfmaCIs; jHdmdr lghq;a; iïnkaO j wjYH f;dr;=re tla /ia
lr .ekSu" tAjd úYaf,aIKh lr .ekSu yd jd¾;d ilid .ekSu wd§ lghq;= fjkqfjka
ork úhoï óg wh;a fõ'
ksoiqka (-
mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd ;r.lrejka" NdKav yd fiajd fnÞyßk
wdldrh iy NdKavh fyda fiajdj úls‚h yels ñ, .Kka wd§ lreKq
ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd jk úhoï
ia:dkh ixj¾Okh i|yd jk úhoï
jHdmdr lghq;= wdrïN lsÍug fmr jHdmdr mßY%h Bg wjYH jk f,i ilid .;
hq;= h' tA i|yd ±Íug isÿjk úhoï óg wh;a fõ'
ksoiqka (-
úÿ,sh" N+ñh ieliSu" c, myiqlï"
wka;¾cd, myiqlï" ÿrl:k cd,
myiqlï ia:dmkh i|yd jk úhoï
iy mßY%h ilia lsÍu yd msßisÿ
lsÍu wdÈh i|yd jk úhoï
wuqøjH yd WmlrK fidhd ne,Su i|yd jk úhoï
jHdmdr lghq;= wdrïN lsÍug m%:u jHdmdr lghq;=j,g wjYH jk WmlrK
,ndf.k ia:dms; lr.; hq;= h' tfiau ksIamdok lghq;a;l § kï ,dNÞhs j
wuqøjH" WmlrK wd§ iemhqï fiajd ,nd.; yels l%u yd wdh;k wdÈh ms<sn|
jHjidhlhd f;dr;=re imhd.; hq;= h' tAjd imhk wdh;k" ñ, .Kka" wdÈh
ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd .ekSu i|yd ork úhoï óg wh;a fõ'
ksoiqka (-
iemhqïlrejka fj; f.dia øjH yd WmlrK mÍlaId lsÍug hk
úhoï" ,sms f,aLk yqjudre ùfï úhoï" idïm, mßlaIdj wdÈh
i|yd jk úhoï
rEmh 5'1
40
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd jk úhoï
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lrk úg wÞ< n,h ,;a wdh;kj, ,shdmÈxÑ úh hq;= h' ;j o
we;eï jHdmdr lghq;= i|yd iqúfYaIS wkque;sh fyda n,m;% ,nd .; hq;= h'
ksoiqka (-
l¿.,a leãu iïnkaO jHdmdrhla wdrïN lrk úg § my;
±lafjk wdh;kj,ska úfYaI n,m;% ,nd.; hq;= ùu
Y%S ,xld uOHu mßir wêldßh
mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
N+ úoHd yd m;,a lekSï ld¾hdxYh
fï wdldrhg jHdmdrfha ,shdmÈxÑhg yd úfYaI n,m;% ,nd .ekSu i|yd jk
úhoï óg wh;a fõ'
fjk;a úhoï
jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu fjkqfjka ±Íug isÿjk by; i|yka fkdjQ wkl=;a ish¨u
úhoï fï .Khg wh;a fõ'
ksoiqka (-
ffk;sl lghq;= i|yd hk úhoï" jHdmdr ie,eiau ilia lsÍug
hk úhoï" wdrïNl Èk W;aij úhoï wdÈh
rEmh 5'2
41
l%shdldrlu 01
kj jHdmdrhla wdrïN l< zm%;sNdZ jHdmdrfha úhoï lsysmhla my; ±lafõ' tAjd
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug fmr úhoï hg;g .efka kï ,l=K o tfia fkdfõ
kï ,l=K o bÈßfha we;s fldgqj ;=< fhdokak'
wkq
wxlhúhou $
01 fjf<|m< iólaIK i|yd ABC iud.ug re' 25 000 la f.õjd
02 ld¾hd,hg ,S nvq ñ, § .;a;d re' 60 000
03 n,m;% i|yd m%dfoaYSh iNdjg f.õjd re' 1 500
04 f.dvke.s,s msßisÿ lsÍug f.õjd re' 5 000
05 úÿ,s iemhqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd mßY%h ilia lr .ekSug re' 4 000
06 mß.Kl cd,fha /yeka we§fï .dia;=j re' 8 000
07 mß.Kl hka;% 10la ñ, § .;a;d re' 800 000
08 jHdmdr ie,eiau ieliSu fjkqfjka f.õjd re' 20 000
09 jHdmdr wdrïNl Èkfha ix.%y úhoï re' 8 500
10iemhqïlrejka iu. f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.ekSu i|yd jQ
úhoï re' 1 000
5'3 uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=j
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug wfmalaIs; jHjidhlhdg fhdað; jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍu
i|yd fldmuK uqo,la wdfhdackh l< hq;= ±hs l,a ;nd ±k .ekSu b;du;a
jeo.;a fõ' uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=j tu wjYH;dj Wfoid ilia lrkq ,nk
fldgils' we;eï úgl fuh zjHdmD;s msßjehZ f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí'
42
uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=jl wka;¾.;h
jHdmdr ie,eiaul we;=<;a uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=j my; i|yka fldgiaj,ska
iukaú; h'
ia:djr j;alïj, jákdlu
jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug fmr ±ßh hq;= úhoï
jHdmdr lghq;= ffoksl j mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH jk uQ,sl wruqo,
^ldrl m%d.aOkh&
ia:djr j;alïj, jákdlu
jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdfï § bvï" f.dvke.s,s" hka;% WmlrK" r:jdyk" ,Snvq
wd§ j;alï wjYH fõ' fujeks j;alï jHdmdr fjkqfjka j¾I lsysmhla Ndú; l<
yels fõ' fuys§ jHdmdrfha ia:djr j;alï f,i i,ld nef,kafka óg fmr ±lajQ
ksIamdok" wf,ú yd mßmd,k ie,iqïj, we;=<;a l< ish¨ ia:djr j;alï iy
tAjdfha jákdlï h'
jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug fmr ±ßh hq;= úhoï
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug m%:u ±ßh hq;= úhoï fudkjd ±hs 5'2 fldgiska wOHhkh
lr we;' uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=j ieliSfï § tu úhoï ish,a, wÞ< lr
.efka'
jHdmdr lghq;= ffoksl j mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH jk úhou
jHdmdrfha lghq;= wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdug ;rï m%udKj;a uqo,la jHdmdrh
wdrïNl wjia:dfõ isg jHjidhlhd i;= j mej;sh hq;= h' fufia tÈfkÞ jHdmdr
lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd wjYH jk uqo,a m%udKh ldrl m%d.aOkh hk
kñka o y÷kajhs'
jHdmdrhlg wjYH ldrl m%d.aOkh ;SrKh lsÍfï § jHdmdrfha lghq;= wdrïN
lr jHdmdrhg uqo,a .,d tk f;la .;jk ld,hg wjYH jk ksIamdok úhoï"
wf,úlrK úhoï iy mßmd,k úhoï .Kkh lr.; hq;= fõ'
tkï tu ld,hg wÞ< wuq øjH" fiajl jegqma" c,h" úÿ,sh" ÿrl:k" m%pdrK"
fnÞyeÍfï úhoï" nÿ l=,sh" fmd,S wd§ ish¨ úhoï .Kkh lr.; hq;= fõ'
jHdmdrhl ldrl m%d.aOkh W!k j fyda w;sßla; j mj;ajdf.k hdu wys;lr fõ'
wjYH ;rï ldrl m%d.aOkh fkdue;s jqjfyd;a ffoksl jHdmdr lghq;= iqug j yd
wLKav j lrf.k hdug ndOd we;s fõ'
43
ksoiqka (-
wuqøjH ksis fõ,djg ñ, § .ekSug wjYH uqo,a m%udKj;a fkdjqjfyd;a
tÈfkÞ ksIamdok lghq;= isÿ lsÍug fkdyels jk w;r ish¨
jHdmdßl lghq;= weK ysàu yd m%udo ùu u.ska jHdmdrhg w,dN
we;s ùu
ldrl m%d.aOk wjYH;djg jvd jeämqr uqo,la <Õ ;nd .ekSfuka
tAjd fjk;a wdfhdackhl fhdojd ,nd.; yels j ;snQ wdÞhula
fkd,eî hdu
W!k ldrl m%d.aOk wjia:djl§ hï wjYH;djla i|yd laI‚l j
uqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSfï § jeä fmd,shla f.ùug fyda wjdis
iy.; ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §ug isÿ ùu
ia:djr j;alïj, jákdlu" jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug fmr ±ßh hq;= úhoï iy
jHdmdr lghq;= ffoksl j mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH jk úhoï i|yd l< hq;=
wdfhdack uqo, ;SrKh l< miq tAjd iïmdokh lr.kq ,nkafka whs;slrejkaf.a
uqo,ska o ndysr md¾Yajhkaf.ka ,nd .;a uqo,ska o hkak ;SrKh l< hq;= h'
my; ±lafjk wNHdih u.ska uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=jla ms<sfh, lrkafka
flfiao hkak wOHhkh lrkak'
ir;a isßj¾Ok uy;df.a zj¾OkZ wNHdi fmd;a jHdmdrh fjkqfjka ieliQ jHdmdr
ie,eiafï f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ'
úhoï weia;fïka;= re'
lvÞis lmk hka;%h ñ, § .ekSu 150 000
,shdmÈxÑ .dia;=j 1 500
úÿ,s in|;dj ,nd .ekSug wjYH mßY%h ieliSu 25 000
ld¾hd,hSh ,S nvq i|yd 80 000
ld¾hd,hg mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSu 65 000
wf,ú r:hla ñ, § .ekSu 1 500 000
*elaia hka;%hla ñ, § .ekSu 15 000
jHdmdr ie,iqu ieliSfï úhoï 22 000
iudrïNl Èkfha W;aij úhoï 15 200
fjf<|m< iólaIK úhoï 18 000
44
ksIamdok wdh;kh f,i Ndú; lsÍug wfmalaIs; f.dvke.s,a, ir;a isßj¾Ok
uy;dg wh;a jk w;r tys jákdlu re' 2 000 000ls'
wf,ú r:h ñ, § .ekSug re' 1 000 000l nexl= Khla ,nd .ekSug fhdað; h'
;j o jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdu i|yd i;s 02l ld,hl úhoïj,g
.e<fmk uqo,la wjYH nj ;lafiare fldg we;s w;r tu m%udKh
re' 350 000la muK fõ'
zzj¾OkZZ wNHdi fmd;a jHdmdrh
uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=j
fhdað; wdfhdackhuq¿
wdfhdackh
re'
whs;slre
fhdojk uqo,
re'
nexl= Kh
re'
ia:djr j;alï
f.dvke.s,a,
wf,ú r:h
ld¾hd,hSh ,S nvq
mß.Kl hka;%h
*elaia hka;%h
lvÞis lmk hka;%h
2 000 000
500 000
80 000
65 000
15 000
150 000
1 000 000
-
-
-
2 000 000
1 500 000
80 000
65 000
15 000
150 000
A' uq¿ ia:djr j;alï 2 810 000 1 000 000 3 810 000
wdrïN lsÍug fmr úhoï
fjf<|m< iólaIK úhoï
,shdmÈxÑ .dia;=
úÿ,s in|;dj ,nd .ekSu
jHdmdr ie,iqï ieliSu
iudrïNl W;aij úhou
18 000
1 500
25 000
22 000
15 200
-
-
-
-
-
18 000
1 500
25 000
22 000
15 200
B' wdrïN lsÍug fmr úhoï 81 700 - 81 700
ldrl m%d.aOkh
ffoksl jHdmdr lghq;= i|yd 350 000 350 000
C' uq¿ ldrl m%d.aOk wjYH;dj 350 000 - 350 000
uq¿ wdfhdackh ^A+B+C& 3 241 700 1 000 000 4 241 700
45
fï wkqj ir;a isßj¾Ok uy;dg jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug wjYH uq¿ wruqo,
re' 4 241 700 jk w;r bka re' 1 000 000la nexl= Khla f,i ,nd .ekSug;a
re' 2 000 000la jákd whs;slref.a f.dvke.s,a, jHdmdrhg fhoùug;a
re' 1 241 700 uqo, Tyqf.a fm!oa.,sl uqo,ska fhoùug;a kshñ; h'
l%shdldrlu 02
my; ±lafjkafka fudfyduâ b;a;sld¾ uy;d wdrïN lsÍug fhdað; weÕ¨ï
ksIamdok jHdmdrh iïnkaO f;dr;=re lsysmhls' tA weiqßka zb;a;sld¾ .dukaÜiaZ
wdh;kh i|yd jQ jHdmdr ie,eiafï uq¿ wdfhdack ie,eiau ilia lrkak'
whs;uh úhou re'
uyk ueIska 10la ñ, § .ekSug 400 000
f.dvke.s,a,g úÿ,sh ,nd .ekSug 25 000
ÿrl:k in|;dj ,nd .ekSug 23 000
ld¾hd,hSh WmlrK ,nd .ekSug 63 000
fjf<|m< iólaIK úhoï 4 500
frÈ lmk hka;%hla ñ, § .ekSug 200 000
c, myiqlu ia:dms; lr .ekSug 11 000
jHdmdr ie,iqu ilid .ekSug 15 000
jHdmdr ia:dkh i|yd fudfyduâ uy;d i;= re' 1 800 000la jákd
f.dvke.s,a, Ndú; lsÍug wfmalaIs; h'
;j o ±kgu;a Tyq i;= re' 200 000la jákd uyk ueIska 05la o jHdmdrhg
fhoùug woyia lrhs'
uyk ueIska 10la ñ, § .ekSug yd frÈ lmk hka;%hla ñ, § .ekSug
re' 600 000l nexl= Khla .ekSug o wfmalaId lrhs'
ffoksl jHdmdßl lghq;= lrf.k hdug wjYH w; ;sìh hq;= uqo,
re' 400 000ls'
46
5'4 weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a .,d taï iy uqo,a .,d hdï ms<sn| f,aLkh
hï wkd.; ksYaÑ; ld,fþohla ;=< fhdað; jHdmdrhg uqo,a .,d taï yd
jHdmdrfhka msg;g uqo,a .,d hdï we;=<;a lr ilik f,aLkhhs' fuu f,aLkh
ieliSfuka hï ksYaÑ; ld,Éfþohla wjidkfha jHdmdrfha we;s uqo,a m%udKh
.Kkh lr.; yels fõ' fuu.ska wkd.; ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< jHdmdrhg uqo,a
.,d taï" jHdmdrfhka msg;g uqo,a .,d hdï iy ksYaÑ; ld,h wjidkfha uqo,a
fYaIh olajhs'
uqo,a .,d tAï
jHdmdrhl uqo,a .,d taï f,i igyka lrkafka
whs;slrejka fhdojk m%d.aOkh
Kh uqo,a ,nd .ekSu
úl=Kqï i|yd uqo,a ,eîu
Kh.e;shkaf.ka ,eîï
f.dvke.s,s fyda fjk;a j;alï l=,shg § ,nk wdodhï
jHdmdrfha uqo,a wdfhdackh fldg ,nk wdfhdack wdodhï yd fmd,S
wdodhï
wd§ f,i l=uk wdldrfhka fyda jHdmdrh ;=<g uqo,a .,d taï h'
uqo,a .,d hdï
jHdmdrhl uqo,a .,d hdï ;SrKh jkafka tu jHdmdrfha ksIamdok" wf,ú" mßmd,k
iy uQ,H ie,iqïj, wvx.= lrk ,o úhoï weia;fïka;-=j,g wkqj h' fï wkqj
jHdmdrfhka msg;g uqo,a .,d hdug fya;=jk lreKq lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
j;alï ñ, § .ekSu
wuqøjH fyda fjf<| NdKav f;d. ñ, § .ekSu
úÿ,sh" ÿrl:k" rlaIK" m%jdyk" nÿ l=,S fiajl jegqma f.ùu wd§
úhoï f.ùu
Khysñhkag f.ùu
Kh jdßl f.ùu yd Kh fmd,sh f.ùu
nÿ uqo,a f.ùu
47
uqo,a fYaIh
ksYaÑ; ld,fþohla ;=< jHdmdrfha uqo,a .,d taï yd uqo,a .,d hdï w;r fjki
tu ld,Éfþoh wjidk Èkg we;s uqo,a fYaIh f,i ±laúh yels h'
bÈß j¾Ihl ld,h i|yd jHdmdrhl weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a .,d taï yd uqo,a .,d
hdï f,aLkhla ms<sfh, lr we;s wdldrh wOHhkh lrkak'
ksoiqka (-
mdi,a WmlrK wf,ú ie,la wdrïN lsÍug wfmalaIs; Ndis;f.a
jHdmdrfha jHdmdr ie,eiafuka bÈß j¾Ih i|yd Wmqgd .;a f;dr;=re
lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
re'
jHdmdrhg fhdojk Ndis;f.a uqo,a 1 000 000
wfmalaIs; wf,ú wdodhu 3 000 000
nexl= Kh ,nd .ekSu 500 000
f.dvke.s,s l=,sh f.ùug 120 000
úÿ,s ì, i|yd 12 000
Khysñhkag f.ùug 18 000
fiajl jegqma f.ùug 300 000
fjf<| f;d. ,nd .ekSug 2 300 000
Kh jdßl yd fmd,sh f.ùug 228 200
ùÿre w,audß 08la ñ, § .ekSug 300 000
fmd;a rdlal ieliSug 250 000
ld¾hd, WmlrK ñ,g .ekSug 60 000
fufyhqï fmr úhoï ±Íug 48 000
Kh.e;shkaf.ka ,eîu 100 000
rEmh 5'3
48
Ndis;f.a jHdmdrh
m<uq j¾Ih i|yd weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh
úia;rh remsh,a remsh,a
uqo,a .,d taï
whs;slref.a fhoùu
nexl= Kh ,nd .ekSu
wfmalaIs; wf,ú wdodhu
Kh.e;shkaf.ka
uq¿ uqo,a .,d taï
uqo,a .,d hdï
f.dvke.s,s l=,sh f.ùu
úÿ,s ì, f.ùu
Khysñhkag f.ùu
fiajl jegqma f.ùu
fjf<| f;d. ,nd .ekSu
Kh jdßl yd fmd,sh f.ùu
ùÿre w,audß 08la ñ, § .ekSu
fmd;a rdlal ieliSu
ld¾hd, WmlrK ñ,g .ekSu
fufyhqï fmr úhoï
uq¿ uqo,a .,d hdï
ld,Éfþoh wjidkfha uqo,a fYaIh
1 000 000
500 000
3 000 000
100 000
120 000
12 000
18 000
300 000
2 300 000
228 200
300 000
250 000
60 000
48 000
4 600 000
^3 636 200&
963 800
49
l%shdldrlu 03
my; ±lafjkafka frdaIs;f.a jHdmdrfha jHdmdr ie,eiafuka bÈß j¾Ih i|yd
Wmqgd .;a f;dr;=re fõ' ta weiqßka weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a .,d taï iy uqo,a .,d
hdï ms<sn| f,aLkh ilia lrkak' j¾Ih wjidkfha § uqo,a fYaIh fmkajd fokak'
úia;rh jákdlu re'
whs;slre jHdmdrhg fhdojk uqo,a 500 000
nexl= Kh ,eîï 250 000
úl=Kqï wdodhï 1 860 000
WmlrK ñ,g .ekSu 120 000
fïi yd mqgq ñ, § .ekSu 300 000
mßirh w,xldr lsÍfï úhoï 60 000
jHdmdr ie,eiau ieliSfï úhoï 5 000
úlsŒu i|yd NdKav ñ,§ .ekSu 1 100 000
úÿ,s ì,a f.ùu i|yd 20 000
c, ì,a f.ùu i|yd 25 000
Kh jdßl f.ùug 55 000
,shdmÈxÑ .dia;= 1 500
5'5 jHdmdr m%;sM, .Kkh
jHdmdßlfhl= hï jHdmdrhla wdrïN lr mj;ajdf.k hdfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka ,dNhla ,eîuhs' hï jHdmdrhla ksYaÑ; ld,hla wjidkfha w;am;a lr
.kakd ,dNh j¾;udkfha ±k .ekSug kï wfmalaIs; wdodhï yd úhoï ie,ls,a,g
f.k wjika ,dNh mqfrdal:kh l< hq;-= fõ'
jHdmdr ie,eiaul m%Odk wx.hla jk uQ,H ie,eiafuys we;=<;a lrk weia;fïka;=
.; wdodhï m%ldYh jHdmdßlhdf.a tu wjYH;dj imqrd foa'
fuu f,aLkfhys uQ,sl jYfhka my; ±lafjk lreKq we;=<;a fõ'
weia;fïka;=.; uq¿ wdodhu
weia;fïka;=.; uq¿ úhou
wfmalaIs; m%;sM,h
50
weia;fïka;=.; uq¿ wdodhu
wod< ksYaÑ; ld,h ;=< jHdmdrh wf,ú lsÍug wfmalaIs; NdKav fyda fiajdj,
uq¿ jákdlu weia;fïka;=.; úl=Kqï wdÞhu fõ' tys § w;amsg uqo,g fukau Kh
mokug l< úl=Kqï o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= fõ' tfukau jHdmdrhla úiska bmehSug
wfmalaIs; fjk;a wdÞhï we;akï tAjd o i|yka l< hq;= h' fï wkqj weia;fïka;=.;
uq¿ wdodhu hkq hï ld,fþohla ;=< bmehSug wfmalaIs; úl=Kqï wdodhu iy
wfkl=;a wfmalaIs; wdodhïj, tl;=j fõ'
weia;fïka;=.; uq¿ úhoï
wÞ< ksYaÑ; ld,h ;=< wf,ú lsÍug wfmalaIs; NdKav fyda fiajd fjkqfjka ±Íug
isÿjk ish¨u msßjeh weia;fïka;=.; uq¿ úhou kï fõ' fuu úhou .Kkh
lsÍfï § ksIamdok msßjeh yd ksIamdok fkdjk msßjeh jYfhka fjk fjk u
±laúh hq;= h'
ksIamdok msßjeh
jHdmdrfha ksIamdok lghq;=j,g Rcq j odhl jkakd jQ úhoï fï hg;g
.efka' ksIamdok msßjeh .Kkfha § my; ±lafjk úhoï ms<sn| j i,ld
ne,sh hq;= h'
wuqøjH msßjeh
Y%u msßjeh
fjk;a msßjeh ^fmdÿ ld¾hh msßjeh&
ksIamdok fkdjk msßjeh
jHdmdrfha ksIamdok lghq;=j,g Rcq j odhl fkdjkakd jQ úhoï fï
hg;g .efka' tajd kï"
wf,ú ie,eiafï wvx.= úlsŒfï yd fnÞyeÍfï úhoï
mßmd,k ie,iqfï wvx.=jk mßmd,k úhoï
uQ,H ie,eiafï we;=<;a jk uQ,H úhoï ^Kh fmd,sh wdÈh&
wfmalaIs; m%;sM,h
jHdmdrfha weia;fïka;=.; uq¿ wdodhñka weia;fïka;=.;
uq¿ úhoïj, tl;=j wvq l< úg jHdmdrfha wfmalaIs;
m%;sM,h ,efí' th ,dNhla fyda w,dNhla úh yels h'
m%;sM,h ,dNhla jkafka kï iy th fhdojk uqo,g
m%udKj;a hehs wdfhdaclhd ;Dma;su;a jkafka kï
jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug ;SrKh l< yels fõ'
rEmh 5'4
51
m%;sM,h w,dNhla jQfha kï w,dN ,nk tjeks wjia:djl tA i|yd ;SrKhla
.ekSug jHjidhlhdg u. fmkaùula ,nd foa'
bÈß j¾Ihl ld,h i|yd jHdmdrhl wjika m%;sM,h .Kkh lsÍfï f,aLkhla
ms<sfh, lr we;s wdldrh wOHhkh lrkak'
ksoiqka (-
my; oelafjk zzisßir rileú,sZZ jHdmdrfha jHdmdr ie,eiafï
wvx.= f;dr;=re weiqßka tys m<uq j¾Ih i|yd wjika m%;sM,h
.Kkh lruq'
whs;uh jákdlu re'
úl=Kqï wdodhu
wuqøjH msßjeh
Y%u msßjeh
fjk;a ksIamdok msßjeh
úlsŒfï yd fnodyeÍfï úhoï
mßmd,k úhoï
uQ,H úhoï ^Kh fmd,sh&
3 000 000
1 500 000
300 000
285 000
60 000
72 000
24 000
zzisßir rileú,sZZ jHdmdrh
m<uq j¾Ih i`oyd wfmalaIs; m%;sM, .Kkh lsÍfï f,aLkh
re' re'
úl=Kqï wdodhu
wvq l<d -uq¿ ksIamdok msßjeh
wuqøjH msßjeh
Y%u msßjeh
fjk;a ksIamdok msßjeh
wvq l<d - uq¿ ksIamdok fkdjk msßjeh
úlsŒfï yd fnodyeÍfï úhou
mßmd,k úhoï
uQ,H úhoï
1 500 000
300 000
285 000
60 000
72 000
24 000
3 000 000
^2 085 000&
^156 000&
Y=oaO ,dNh 759 000
fï wkqj zzisßir rileú,sZZ jHdmdßlhd m<uq jir ;=< jHdmdßl lghq;=j,ska
remsh,a 759 000l Y=oaO ,dNhla bmehSug wfmalaIs; h'
52
l%shdldrlu 04
my;ska ±lafjkafka úis;=re me< wf,ú lsÍfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug
wfmalaIdfjka lghq;= lrk wu,a m%kdkaÿf.a zúis;=re me< ;jdkZ fjkqfjka ieliQ
jHdmdr ie,eiafuka Wmqgd .;a f;dr;=re fõ' tu f;dr;=re weiqßka m<uq j¾Ih
i|yd wu,a m%kdkaÿf.a jHdmdrfha wfmalaIs; m%;sM,h .Kkh lrkak'
whs;uh jákdlu re'
wfmalaIs; úl=Kqï wodhu
wuqøjH msßjeh
Y%u msßjeh
fjk;a ksIamdok úhoï
wf,ú úhoï
mßmd,k úhoï
uQ,H úhoï
1 800 000
320 000
360 000
220 000
48 000
36 000
24 000
53
iuia; jHdmdr ie,eiau
fï jk úg Tn wf,ú ie,eiau" ksIamdok ie,eiau" mßmd,k ie,eiau" uQ,H
ie,eiau hkd§ jHdmdr ie,iqul uQ,sldx. ms<sn| j fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkakg
we;ehs is;uq' tu ie,iqïj, o;a; Ndú; lrñka jHdmdrhla úiska iuia; jHdmdr
ie,eiaula ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí'
my; ±lafjk úia;rh u.ska ir, lrk ,o wdlD;shlg wkqj jHdmdrhl iuia;
jHdmdr ie,eiaula ms<sfh, lrk wdldrh wOHhkh lrkak'
WÞrd f,o¾ m%vlaÜia
wkqrdOmqr i|t<sh m%foaYfha mÈxÑ WÞrd uOqjka;s mdi,aj, j¾K yd ks, ,dxPk iys; j tA
tA mdi,g wkkH jQ miqïì ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug ;SrKh l<d h'
m<uqfjkau weh ;ud Ôj;a jk m%foaYh b,lal fldg ksIamdok lghq;= weröug ;SrKh
l<d h' weh lrk ,o fjf<|m< wOHhkfhka wkdjrKh jQfha tu m%foaYh ;=< 60 000lg
wdikak YsIH ixLHdjla isák nj;a bka 50%la wdikak jYfhka YsIHdjka jk nj;a h' iEu
YsIHdjlau j¾Ihlg jrla miqïìhla ñ, § .kakd nj o wkdjrKh lr .kakd ,È'
mdi,a WmlrK wf,úlrejka re' 100 isg 200 olajd ;r.ldÍ ñ, .Kkaj,g úúO j¾.fha
miqïì wf,ú lrk nj o wkdjrKh úh' <uqkaf.a is;a weo .ekSug úúO j¾.j, rEm iys;
iaál¾ w,jd we;s miqïì fjf<÷ka úiska bÈßm;a fldg ;snq‚'
;r.lrejka ms<sn| úia;r fufia h'
;r.lrejka ksIamdÈ;h fjf<|m< fldgi
u,als mdi,a WmlrK miqïì 60%isisr mdi,a WmlrK miqïì 40%
miqïìhla i|yd jk weia;fïka;=.; wuq øjH úhoï my; mßÈ úh'
re'
lD;s%u iï i|yd 25
wfkl=;a Wmdx. i|yd 7
,dxPk ueiSug 20
52
54
miqïìj, m;frdï lemSu i|yd wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< úNd.h iu;a jir 5l jev m<mqreoao we;s ;re‚hla n|jd .ekSug ;SrKh l< w;r weh jev uQ,sl ;k;=f¾ ;eîug o ;SrKh l<d h' wehf.a udisl jegqm re' 20 000ls' ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wëlaIKh wehg mejf¾'
udisl j re' 15 000l jegqmlg wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< úNd.h iu;a udi 06l jev m<mqreoao we;s uyk hka;% l%shdlrjkakshka fofofkl= n|jd .ekSug o wfmalaIs; h'
weKjqï ,nd .ekSu" wf,ú lghq;= yd l<ukdlrK lghq;= WÞrd úiskau lrf.k hdug woyia lrhs' tA fjkqfjka udisl j re' 25 000l udisl jegqmla ,nd .ekSug weh wfmalaId lrhs'
wfmalaIs; fiiq udisl úhoï my; mßÈ fõ' re' lïy,a úÿ,sh 2 500 ÿrl:k úhoï 1 200 m%jdyk úhoï 5 000
wuq øjH f.k tAug;a" ksIamdÈ; fnÞyeÍug;a re' 360 000la jákd ;%S frdao r:hla ñ,g .; hq;= w;r tys wfmalaIs; Ôú; ld,h jir 10ls' miqïì ueiSu i|yd tlla re' 60 000la jákd uyk ueIska 02la ñ,g .kakd w;r tAjdfha m%fhdackj;a Ôj ld,h wjqreÿ 05la hehs weia;fïka;= lrk ,È'
re' 1 000 000la jákd ;ud kug we;s f.dvke.s,a, ksIamdok ia:dkh f,i Ndú; lsÍug fhdað; h' fuu f.dvke.s,a, jd¾Islj 12% ne.ska laIh lsÍug woyia lrhs' 10% jd¾Isl fmd,shg jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Ok nexl=fjka re' 500 000l Khla ,nd .ekSug wfmalaId lrk w;r wdmiq f.ùfï ld,h wjqreÿ 05ls' m<uq j¾Ih i|yd f.úh hq;= Kh jdßlh re' 120 000ls'
jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug fmr my; i|yka úhoï ±Íug wfmalaIs; h' re' ,shdmÈxÑ .dia;=j 1 200 úÿ,sh ,nd§u i|yd 7 000 wdrïNl Èk úhoï 5 000
ffoksl jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdug mj;ajd .;hq;= uqo, re' 75 000la nj ;lafiare fldg we;'
mdi,a wf,úi,a yryd ksIamdÈ; úlsŒug bÈßm;a lrk w;r miqïìhla wf,úie,a fj; ksl=;a lrk ñ, re' 170la fõ' m<uq j¾Ih ;=< YsIHdjkaf.ka 50%lg miqïì wf,ú lsÍug yels fõ hehs wfmalaIs; h'
55
jHdmdr ie,eiau
1' úOdhl idrdxYh
1'1 jHdmdrfha ku" l¾udka; lafIa;%h #-
1'2 wf,úlrK ie,iqfï b;du jeo.;a lreKq #-
1'3 ksIamdok ie,iqfï b;du jeo.;a lreKq #-
1'4 mßmd,k ie,iqfï b;du jeo.;a lreKq #-
1'5 uq,H ie,iqfï b;du jeo.;a lreKq #-
1'6 jHdmdrfha iqúfYaISNdjh #-
1'7 jHdmdr ie,iqu ilia lr bosßm;a lsÍfï mrud¾: yd wruqKq #-
2' wf,ú ie,eiau
2'1 ksIamdÈ;h
2'2 b,lal wf,ú lKavdhu
2'3 b,lal wf,ú m%foaYh
2'4 wfmalaIs; NdKavh iïnkaO fjf<|m<
NdKavhb,lal mdßfNda.sl
ixLHdj
mßfNdack
rgdjudisl b,a¨u jd¾Isl b,a¨u
m%udKhjákdlu
re'm%udKh
jákdlu
re'
56
2'5 ;r.lrejkaf.a iemhqï úYaf,aIKh
m%Odk ;r.lrejkaimhkq ,nk NdKav
yd fiajd
o< jYfhka Tjqkg we;s
fjf<|m< fldgia
2'6 ;u b,lal fjf<|m< fldgi
NdKavh$fiajdjmj;sk fjf<|m<
fldgia m%udKh
ie,iqï.; fjf<|m<
fldgi
2'7 ;r.lrejkaf.a wf,ú Wmdhud¾.
wf,úlrK ñY%h Wmdhud¾.
ksIamdÈ;h - Product
ñ, - Price
ia:dkh - Place
m%j¾Okh - Promotion
57
2'8 jHdmdßlhdf.a fhdað; wf,úlrK Wmdhud¾.
wf,úlrK Y%s;h Wmdhud¾.
ksIamdÈ;h - Product
ñ, - Price
ia:dkh - Place
m%j¾Okh - Promotion
2'9 jd¾Isl úl=Kqï mqfrdal:kh
NdKavh
uilg úlsŒug
wfmalaIs;
m%udKh
tall ñ,
re'
idudkH udisl
úl=Kqï
jákdlu re'
jd¾Isl
úl=Kqï
jákdlu re'
2'10 wf,ú úhoï
whs;uhidudkH udisl úl=Kqï
úhou re'
jd¾Isl úl=Kqï úhou
re'
2'11 wf,ú ia:djr úhoï
whs;uhjákdlu
re'
jd¾Isl laIh re'
1 jir
58
03' ksIamdok ie,eiau'
3'1 ksIamdok msßjeh .Kkh lsÍu
whs;uh udisl wjYH;dj tAll ñ, re' uq¿ úhou re'
uq¿ ksIamdok msßjeh
tAll msßjeh
3'2 ksIamdok ia:djr j;alï
whs;uhjákdlu
re'
jd¾Isl laIh re'
1 jir
04' mßmd,k ie,eiau
4'1 jHjidhlhka ms<sn| úia;r
jHjidhlhdf.a ku #- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
,smskh #- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iqÿiqlï #- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'2 ixúOdk jHqyh
ixúOdk jHqyfha uQ,sl ;k;=re yd j.lSï
;k;=r ld¾hh j.lSï iqÿiqlï
59
4'3 mßmd,k úhoï
whs;uh úhou ^udisl& re' úhou ^jd¾Isl& re'
4'4 mßmd,k ia:djr j;alï
whs;uhjákdlu
re'
jd¾Isl laIh re'
1 jir
05' uQ,H ie,eiau
5'1 jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug fmr ld¾hhka yd úhoï
jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug fmr ld¾hhka úhou re'
5'2 uq¿ wdfhdack weia;fïka;=j
fhdað; wdfhdackuq¿
wdfhdack
re'
whs;slre
fhdojk
re'
nexl= Kh
re'
ia:djr j;alï
uq¿ ia:djr j;alï (A)
wdrïN lsÍug fmr úhoï
uq¿ wdrïN lsÍug fmr úhoï (B)
ldrl m%d.aOkh
uq¿ ldrl m%d.aOk wjYH;dj (C)
uq¿ wdfhdackh (A+B +C)
60
5'3 weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYkh
re' re'
uqo,a .,d tAï
wvq l<d - uqo,a .,d hdï
ld,Éfþoh wjidkfha uqo,a fYaIh
5'4 wfmalaIs; m%;sM, .Kkh lsÍfï f,aLkh
re' re'
úl=Kqï wdÞhu
wvq l<d - uq¿ ksIamdok msßjeh
wvq l<d - uq¿ ksIamdok fkdjk msßjeh
Y=oaO ,dNh
ms<s;=re ,shuq'
01' uQ,H ie,eiau hkq l=ulao@
02' jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍug fmr ±ßh hq;= úhoï olajkak'
03' wdfhdack weia;fïka;=jl we;=<;a jk lreKq olajkak'
04' jHdmdrhlg uqo,a .,d tAfï iy .,d hdfï ud¾. ljf¾o@
05' weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYkhl we;=<;a jk lreKq fudkjdo@
61
mßÉfþoh 06
jHdmdr ixúOdk
fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska my; ±lafjk lreKq ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'
6'1 jHdmdr ixúOdk ye¢kaùu
6'2 jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. lsÍu
6'3 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr
6'4 yjq,a jHdmdr
6'5 ixia:dms; iud.ï
jr,;a jHdmdr
62
6'1 jHdmdr ixúOdk ye¢kaùu
j¾;udkfha § mqoa.,hkag ;u wjYH;d iy jqjukd bgqlr §u ms‚i úúO
jHdmdr iyh fõ' fï wkqj mqoa.,hkaf.a ffoksl Ôú;fha ish¨ u ld¾hhka iu.
jHdmdr iïnkaO fõ' ffoksl ñksia wjYH;d jk wdydrmdk we÷ï me,÷ï wdÈh
muKla fkdj ish¨ u tÈfkod wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .ekSu i|yd jHdmdrj,
ueÈy;aùula olakg ,efí' fuu jHdmdr úúO wdldrhg ixúOdkh ù we;' tu tla
tla ixúOdk ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu fuys § wfmalaId flf¾'
ksoiqka (-
Tn Ndú; lrk fmd;am;a" mEka" mekai,a hkd§ NdKav
nexl= fiajd" rlaIK fiajd wdÈh imhk úúO wdh;k
l%shdldrlu 01
Tn ksjfia tÈfkod jqjukdjka lsysmhla olajd tajd imqrd .ekSug iyh jk
jHdmdr wdh;k kï lrkak'
wkq
wxlhjqjukdj jHdmdr wdh;kh
01'
02'
03'
04
05'
by; l%shdldrlfuys kshe¨Kq Tng ;u wjYH;d iy jqjukd imqrd.ekSu ms‚i
úúO md¾Yajhkaf.a iyh ,nd.ekSug isÿjk nj;a" fï ish,a, miqmi jHdmdr
mj;sk nj;a meyeÈ,s jkq we;' jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍug yd mj;ajdf.k hdug
mqoa.,hka lKavdhï f,iska ixúOdkh úh hq;= h' fufia fmdÿ wruqKla bgqlr
.ekSu ms‚i talrdYs jQ mqoa., lKavdhula ixúOdk kï fõ' fï wkqj j¾;udkfha
§ ñksiqkaf.a wjYH;d iy jqjukd bgqlsÍu ms‚i úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk ìysù we;'
63
ñksia wjYH;d iy jqjukd imqrd,Su ms‚i iSñ; iïm;a Ndú; lrñka ,dN bmehSu"
iudc iqNidOkh fyda fjk;a lsishï wruqKla bgqlr .ekSu ms‚i NdKav yd
fiajd ksIamdokh yd fnodyeÍfï ksr; jk wdh;k -jHdmdr ixúOdk fõ'
´kEu jHdmdr ixúOdkhl fmdÿfõ olakg ,efnk ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
fmdÿ wruqKla mej;Su
iSñ; iïm;a Ndú;h
ixúOdk jHqyhla mej;Su
wd¾Ól lghq;a;l kshe,Su
mqoa., lKavdhula tAlrdYS ù isàu ^whs;slrejka" fiajlhka wdÈh&
6'2 jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. lsÍu
j¾;udkfha § ñksiqkaf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd,Su ms‚i úúO jHdmdr
ixúOdk j¾. f.dvk.df.k we;'
fufia ks¾udKh ù ;sfnk úúO iajrEmfha jHdmdr ixúOdk" úúO ks¾Kdhl wkqj
j¾. l< yels h' tAjd w;ßka nyq, j Ndú; jk my; ±lafjk m%Odk ks¾Kdhl
muKla i,ld nef,a'
ysñldr;ajh wkqj
wruqK wkqj
ysñldr;ajh wkqj jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. lsÍu
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug uQ,H iïm;aa imhd we;s wdldrh mokï lr .ksñka
jHdmdrfha ysñldr;ajh úia;r flf¾' jHdmdrhg iïm;a fhdojk md¾Yaj
ysñlrejka f,i ye¢kafõ' jHdmdrhla Wmhk ,dN- fyda w,dN N=la;s ú¢kafka
jHdmdrfha ysñlrefjda h'
ysñldr;ajh mokï lr.ksñka jHdmdr ixúOdk my; ±lafjk f,i j¾. flf¾'
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHdmdr
rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr
64
jHdmdrj,g mqoa.,fhl= fyda mqoa., lKavdhula uQ,H iïm;a fhdod we;s úg tajdfha
ysñldr;ajh fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= fõ' túg tajd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHdmdr fõ'
tfiau jHdmdr i|yd rch uQ,H iïm;a fhdod we;s úg § tajdfha ysñldr;ajh rch
i;= jk w;r túg tajd rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr f,i ye¢kafõ'
ysñldr;ajh wkqj jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. l< yels wdldrh my; oelafõ'
jHdmdr ixúOdk
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha
jHdmdr ixúOdk
rdcH^fmdÿ& wxYfha
jHdmdr ixúOdk
ksoiqka (--
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr
yjq,a jHdmdr
ixia:dms; iud.ï
ksoiqka (--
fomd¾;fïka;=
rdcH ixia:d
rdcH iud.ï
rEmh 6'1 ysñldß;ajh wkqj jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. lsÍu
wruqK wkqj jHdmdr ixúOdkh j¾. lsÍu
jHjidhlfhda úúO wruqKq idlaId;a lr.ekSfï wNs,dYfhka jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k
h;s' jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k hk wruqqKq wkqj tajd my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'
,dN wruqK lr.;a jHdmdr
,dN wruqKq lrfkd.;a jHdmdr
jHjidhlhl= jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nkafka msßjehla orñka NdKav yd
fiajd fjf<om<g bÈßm;a fldg ,dN bmehSu m%Odk wruqK lrf.k kï" tjeks
jHdmdr ,dN wruqKq lr.;a jHdmdr f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (-
fm!oa.,sl frday,a
fm!oa.,sl nexl=
iqmsß fjf<|ie,a
weÕ¿ï ksIamdok wdh;k
65
tfiau iuyr jHdmdrj, m%Odk wruqK msßjehla ord NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu
;=<skaa ,dN bmehSu fkdj idudchSh jYfhka m%;s,dN ,nd §uhs' tjeks jHdmdr ,dN
wruqKq lr fkd.;a jHdmdr f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (-
r;= l=rei ixúOdkh
isxy iudch
i¾fjdaoh
l%Svd ix.ï
,dN wruqKq lr.;a jHdmdr iy ,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a jHdmdr fm!oa.,sl wxYfha
fukau rdcH wxYfha o l%shd;aul fõ' wruqK mokï lr .ksñka jHdmdr ixúOdk
j¾. lsÍu 6'2 rEmh u.ska ksrEmKh flf¾'
jHdmdr ixúOdk
,dN wruqKq lr.;a
jHdmdr ixúOdk
,dN wruqKq lrfkd.;a
jHdmdr ixúOdk
rEmh 6'2 wruqKq wkqj jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. lsÍu
ls%hdldrlu 02
Tnf.a tosfkod cSú;fha jqjukdjka bgqlr .kakd wdh;k lsysmhla i|yka lr tu
wdh;k iïnkaO j f;dr;=re my; § we;s j.=jg wkqj iïmQ¾K lrkak'
wkq
wxlhwdh;kh wruqK ysñldr;ajh
01 iqmsß fjf<|i, ,dNh fm!oa.,sl
02
03
04
05
66
by; f;dr;=re wOHhkh l< Tng jHjidhlhka úiska wdrïN fldg mj;ajd f.k
hk jHdmdr úúO mokï Tiafia j¾. l< yels nj wjfndaO ù we;ehs is;uq' fuu
jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. w;=ßka ;ukag jvd;a u iqÿiq jHdmdr ixúOdkh l=ula oehs
f;dardf.k th mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd jHjidhlfhl= olaI úh hq;= h'
fuu mßÉfþofha wm idlÉPd lrkq ,nkafka ysñldr;ajh mokï lr .ksñka
mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk fm!oa.,sl wxYfha my; ±lafjk jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.
ms<sn| j mu‚'
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr
yjq,a jHdmdr
ixia:dms; iud.ï
6'3 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr
j¾;udkfha fndfyda jHjidhlhka úiska
wdrïNfldg mj;ajdf.k hk jHdmdr
ixúOdk j¾.hla f,i flaj, iajdñ
jHdmdr y÷kd.; yels h' fïjd tal mqoa.,
jHdmdr" ;ks mqoa., jHdmdr hk kïj,ska o
ye¢kafõ' jHjidhlhkag iq¿ m%d.aOkhlska
b;d myiqfjka fïjd wdrïN l< yels
neúka f,dj iEu rglu mdfya fuu jHdmdr
ixúOdk j¾.h jHdma; ù we;s nj fmfka'
ysñldß;ajh ;ks mqoa.,fhl= i;=" whs;slre úiska u wdrïN fldg jHdmdr lghq;=
mj;ajd f.k hk jHdmdr -flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr fõ'
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, uQ,sl ,laIK
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, uQ,sl ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
m%d.aOkh whs;slre úiska fhoùu
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug wjYH jk úúO iïm;a ,nd .ekSu i|yd uQ,sl
m%d.aOkhla wjYH fõ' tu m%d.aOkh whs;slre úiska u iemhsu flaj, iajdñ
jHdmdrhl ,laIKhls' ;ud b;sß lr.;a uqo,lska" kEoE ys;ñ;=rkaf.ka imhd.;a
uqo,lska" ;u j;alula úl=Kd fyda wemhg ;nd ,nd.;a Kh uqo,lska fyda uQ,H
wdh;khlska ,nd.;a Kh uqo,lska jeks úúO ud¾.j,ska jHdmdrhg m%d.aOkh
imhd .; yels h'
rEmh 6'3
67
ysñldr;ajh ;ks mqoa.,fhl= i;= ùu
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj,g wjYH m%d.aOkh imhkafka ;ks mqoa.,fhl= neúka
tajdfha ysñldr;ajh o m%d.aOkh iemhQ tu mqoa.,hdgu ysñ fõ'
,dN fyda mdvq ;ks j N=la;s ú£u
jHdmdrh úiska Wmhk ,dNh jHdmdrfha whs;slre i;= fõ' tfiau jHdmdrhg
w,dNhla we;s jqjfyd;a th o whs;slreg ;ks j ú| ord .ekSug isÿfõ'
wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s ùu
whs;slref.a urKh" isysúl,aùu fyda fjk hï wl¾uKH;djl § tu jHdmdrfha
meje;au wjika úh yels h'
whs;slref.a j.lSu wiSñ; ùu
j.lSu hkqfjka idudkHfhka woyia jkafka jHdmdrh i|yd ndysr md¾Yajhkaf.ka
,nd.;a Kh mshùu i|yd we;s ne£uhs' fujeks jHdmdrj, whs;slref.a j.lSu
wiSñ; fõ' tkï jHdmdßlhd i;= fm!oa.,sl foam, mjd jHdmdrfha j.lSï mshùug
lem lsÍug isÿúh yels njhs'
,shdmÈxÑh wksjd¾h fkdùu
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu wksjd¾h fkdfõ' tfia jqj o ;u jHdmdrh
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ' tfia ,shdmÈxÑ lrkafka kï th jHdmdr
kdu ,shdmÈxÑh fõ' fuys § ,shdmÈxÑ lrkqfha jHdmdrfha ku fõ' jHdmdr kduh
,shdmÈxÑh isÿ flfrkafka 1918 wxl 06 ork jHdmdr kdu wd× mk; wkqj wÞ<
m<d;a iNdfõ jHdmdrh mj;sk n, m%foaYfha m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,fhks'
ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla fkdue;s ùu
fujeks jHdmdrj,g jHdmdrfha kñka kS;suh lghq;=j, fhÈh fkdyels nj ñka
woyia flf¾' tfia lsÍug wjYH kï jHdmdßlhdf.a fm!oa.,sl kñka tajd isÿ
l< hq;= fõ'
ksoiqka (-
kvq mejÍu" nexl= Kh .ekSu" r: jdyk ñ, § .ekSu jeks lghq;=
jHdmdr kdufhka fkdj whs;slref.a kñka l< hq;= h'
68
whs;slref.a wNsu;h mßÈ jHdmdrh fufyhúh yels ùu
ksoiqka (-
fiajlhka n|jd .ekSu yd bj;a lsÍu
jHdmdr lghq;= mq¿,a lsÍu
NdKavj, ñ, ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu myiq jqj o" ta i|yd jHjidhlfhl= úiska
m%dfhda.sl j wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjr lsysmhls' tajd my; i|yka mßÈ fõ'
jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug n,dfmdfr;a;= jk n, m%foaYfha m%dfoaYsh f,alï
ld¾hd,fhka my; ±lafjk b,a¨ï m;% ,nd .ekSu
1' ;ks mqoa., jHdmdr kduhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd jQ b,a¨ï m;%h
2' jHdmr kdu ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd jQ .%du ks,Odß jd¾;djg wod< b,a¨ïm;%h
.%du ks,Odß iy;sl l< jd¾;dj yd iïmQ¾K lrk ,o wdlD;s m;%h ,shdmosxÑ
lsÍug wod< .dia;=j iu. m%dfoaYSh f,alï fj; Ndr§u
by; ,shlshú,s yd .dia;= f.ùfuka miq j tajd ms<sn| m%dfoaYSh f,alï úiska
lreKq fidhd n,d ms<s.kafka kï jHdmdrh ,shdmÈxÑ lr jHdmdr kduh ,shdmÈxÑ
lsÍfï iy;slh ksl=;a flf¾'
ls%hdldrlu 03
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug wÞ< wdlD;s m;% imhd .kak'
01' tu wdlD;s m;%j, úuid we;s lreKq ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
02' Tfí hy¿jka iu. idlÉPd lr tu f,aLk iïmQ¾K lsÍug wjYH
f;dr;=re f.dkq lrkak'
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, jdis
iq¿ m%d.aOkhlska jqjo wdrïN l< yels ùu
mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a iyh ,nd.; yels ùu
jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍfï myiqj
69
jHdmdßlhdf.a Wkkaÿj yd lemùu u; jHdmdrh ÈhqKq lr.; yels ùu
iajdëk j ;SrK .; yels ùu
ish¨u ,dN whs;slre i;=ùu
jHdmdßl f;dr;=rej, ryiHNdjh wdrlaId ùu
n,mdk kS;sÍ;s w,am ùu
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, iSud
m%d.aOk iïmdok ud¾. iSud ùu
jHdmdrhg ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla ysñ fkdùu
whs;slref.a j.lSu wiSñ; ùu
jHdmdrhg wLKav mej;aula fkdue;s ùu
jHdmdr w,dN whs;slreg ;ks j oeÍug isÿùu
whs;slre ;ks j .kq ,nk jHdmdßl ;SrK we;eï úg wid¾:l ùu
ls%hdldrlu 04
iuka úiska ;ud b;sßlr.;a iq¿ uqo,lska fjf<| jHdmdrhla wdrïN lf<a h' tu wdrïNl
lghq;= i|yd Tyqg jeä fjfyila yd ld,hla ±Íug isÿ fkdùu ms<sn| j Tyq i;=gq úh' Tyq
jHdmdrhg lemùfuka jev lf<a h'
úúO ÿIalr;d u;= jqj o Tyq tAjdg laI‚l úi÷ï ,nd foñka tu .eg¨ ;u w;a±lSï njg
mßj¾;kh lr .ksñka jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajdf.k .sfha h' tla úgl § fiajlfhl= f.ka isÿ
jQ w;a je/oaola ksid Tyqg úreoaO j .kqfokqlrefjl= kvq mjrkq ,enQ neúka iukag Widúfha
fmkS isàug o isÿ úh' flfia jqj o ;udf.a ie,iqï wkqj l%shd;aul fjñka jHdmdrh ,dNÞhS j
mj;ajdf.k hdug Tyqg yels úh'
;u jHdmdrh ;j ÿrg;a ÈhqKq lr .ekSug iukag wjYH;djla u;= jqj o tA i|yd wu;r m%d.aOkh
imhd .ekSu ÿIalr nj Tyqg wjfndaO úh' fuys § ;j ÿrg;a nexl= Kh ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj
;snqK o tAjd fíreï lsÍfï wjÞku fya;= fldg f.k Tyq tA i|yd Wkkaÿ fkdúh'
;u jHdmdrfha jev lghq;= wêl neúka iuka frda.d;=r ;;a;ajhg m;a jqj o jHdmdr lghq;=
yels muK id¾:l j lsÍug Tyq ks;r u fjfyi .;af;a h'
01' by; ±lajQ jHdmdrh l=uk jHdmdr ixúOdkhlg wh;a o@ Tfí ms<s;=rg
fya;= olajkak'
02' tu jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.fha jdis yd iSud olajkak'
70
6'4 yjq,a jHdmdr
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.hla f,i yjq,a jHdmdrj,g o wd¾Ólh
;=< jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ j we;' jHjidhlhka ;ks- ;ks j jHdmdßl lghq;=j,
ksr;ùug jvd iduqysl j l%shdl< yels ùu yjq,a jHdmdr ìys ùug fya;= ù we;s
nj fmfka' tfukau jeä m%d.aOkhla /ialr .ekSu" ksjerÈ l<ukdlrK ;SrK
.ekSu" úúO l=i,;d we;s md¾Yaj jHdmdrhg iïnkaO lr .ekSu jeks wjYH;d
uq,a lrf.k yjq,a jHdmdr ìys ù we;s nj lsj yels h' .KldêldÍ" kS;S{" nÿ"
ffjoH jeks jD;a;Suh lafIa;%j, fhfok md¾Yaj o ksIamdok yd fjf<| lghq;=j,
fhfok md¾Yaj o yjq,a jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k hkq oelsh yels h'
Y%S ,xldfõ mj;ajd f.k hk yjq,a
jHdmdr iïnkaOfhka 1890 yjq,a
jHdmdr w{d mk; n,meje;afõ'
tu mk;g wkqj yjq,a jHdmdr my;
±lafjk mßÈ ks¾jpkh lr we;'
,dN ,eîfï wruq‚ka mqoa.,hka
fofofkl= fyda Bg jeä msßilf.a
iïnkaO;dj yjq,a jHdmdr fõ'
yjq,a jHdmdrj, uQ,sl ,laIK
yjq,a jHdmdrj, oelsh yels iqúfYaIs jQ ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
yjq,alrejka ixLHdj
yjq,a jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍu i|yd isáh hq;= wju yjq,alrejka ixLHdj fofofkl=
úh hq;= w;r Wmßu yjq,alrejka ixLHdj úisfofkl=g iSud lr we;'
yjq,alrejka w;r .súiqï.; iïnkaO;djla mej;Su
yjq,alrejka w;r we;s lr.;a tlÕ;d u; yjq,a jHdmdrhla wdrïN fõ' tu
tlÕ;dj ,sÅ; j" jdÑl j fyda jHx.fhka we;s úh yels h' fufia yjq,a jHdmdrfha
l%shdldß;ajh wdY%s; j yjq,alrejka w;r we;slr.;a tlÕ;dj yjq,a .súiqu f,i
ye¢kafõ'
wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s ùu
yjq,a .súiqu fjkia ùu" yjq,alrefjl=f.a urKh" Wu;=ùu" nqkaj;a ùu jeks fya;=
u.ska yjq,a jHdmdrfha meje;aug ndOd we;súh yels nj ñka úia;r flf¾'
rEmh 6'4
71
yjq,alrejkaf.a j.lSï wiSñ; ùu
yjq,a jHdmdrfha l%shdldß;ajh ;=<ska we;sjk j.lSï i|yd yjq,alrejka iSudjlska
f;dr j j.lSfuka nef|k nj ñka meyeÈ,s flf¾' yjq,a jHdmdrfha j.lSï
mshùfï § tys j;alï m%udKj;a fkdfõ kï yjq,alrejkaf.a fm!oa.,sl foam< mjd
iSudjlska f;dr j fhdojñka jHdmdrfha Kh mshùug yjq,alrejkag fuys § isÿfõ'
ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla fkdue;sùu
yjq,a jHdmdrhla kS;sh bÈßfha mqoa.,fhl= f,i fkdi,lk neúka yjq,a jHdmdrfha
kñka kS;suh lghq;=j,g t<öug fkdyels fõ' tu ksid yjq,a jHdmdrh wdY%s;
kS;suh lghq;=j, § yjq,a jHdmdrfha kñka fkdj ta ta yjq,alrejkaf.a fm!oa.,sl
kduhkaf.ka lghq;= lsÍu isÿfõ'
yjq,a jHdmdrh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu wksjd¾h fkdùu
yjq,a jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu wksjd¾h fkdfõ' tfy;a yjq,a jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑ
lsÍfuka fndfyda m%fhdack w;a lr .; yels h' fuys § ,shdmÈxÑ lrkq ,nkafka
jHdmdrfha kduhhs' ,shdmoxÑ lsÍu 1918 wxl 06 ork jHdmdr kdu wd× mk; wkqj
wÞ< m<d;a iNdfõ jHdmdrh msysá n, m%foaYh wh;a m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h
u.ska isÿ lr .; yels h'
iEu yjq,alrefjl=u fiiq yjq,alrejkaf.a ksfhdað;fhl= ùu
yjq,a jHdmdrfha lghq;=j, § ta ta yjq,alrejd úiska isÿlrkq ,nk ld¾hhka
iïnkaOfhka wfkla yjq,alrejka o j.lSug nef|a' tu ksid iEu yjq,alrefjl=u
wka yjq,alrejkaf.a ksfhdað;fhl= f,i ie,fla'
yjq,a jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu
flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr wdrïN l< whqßka u
yjq,a jHdmdr o wdrïN l< yels h' tfy;a
yjq,a jHdmdrhl yjq,alrejka Wmßu
jYfhka úisfofkl= isáh yels neúka
wdrïN fldg mj;ajd f.k hdfï § úúO
m%dfhda.sl .eg¨j,g uqyqK§ug isÿúh
yels h' yjq,a .súiqula jdÑl j fyda
jHx.fhka fyda ,sÅ; hk wdldrj,ska
we;s lr .; yels jqjo ,sÅ; .súiqula u;
yjq,a jHdmdrh wdrïN fldg mj;ajdf.k
hdu jvd;a fhda.H fõ'
fufia we;s lr .kakd .súiqï.; ,sÅ; tlÕ;dj yjq,a Tmamqj f,i ye¢kafõ'
rEmh 6'5
72
yjq,a jHdmdr wdY%s; j we;s lr.kq ,nk .súiqï.; tlÕ;dj ,sÅ; j isÿ lsÍu
jeo.;a jkqfha m%dfhda.sl j yjq,a jHdmdrfha we;súh yels .eg¨j,ska f;dr j th
mj;ajdf.k hdu ms‚i fõ'
yjq,a .súiqul we;=<;a úh yels tlÕ;d lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
yjq,alrejka m%d.aOkh imhk wdldrh
yjq,alrejka ,dN mdvq fnod .kakd wdldrh
yjq,alrejka jHdmdrfha lghq;=j,g Þhl jk wdldrh
yjq,alrejkaf.a jegqma ,nd .ekSu
yjq,alrejkaf.a hq;=lï yd whs;sjdislï
yjq,a jHdmdrfha lghq;= wjika lsÍu iïnkaO f;dr;=re
m%d.aOkhg wu;r j yjq,alrejka imhkq ,nk Kh i|yd fmd,S f.ùu
yjq,a jHdmdrh mj;ajdf.k hdu iïnkaOfhka fjk;a fmdÿ tlÕ;d
yjq,a jHdmdrj, jdis
myiqfjka wdrïN l< yels ùu
jeä m%d.aOkhla /ialr.; yels ùu
iduqysl ;SrK .; yels ùu
yjq,a jHdmdrfha j.lSï yjq,alrejka w;r fn§ hdu
yjq,alrejka i;= úúO l=i,;d m%fhdackhg fhdod.; yels ùu
yjq,a jHdmrj, iSud
j.lSu wiSñ; ùu
ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla fkdue;s ùu
yjq,alrejka w;r u; .egqï we;súh yels ùu
jHdmdrfha ,dNh yjq,alrejka w;r fn§ hdu
wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s ùu
hï yjq,alrefjl= úiska isÿlrk jerÈ l%shdjl m%;sM, wfkl=;a yjq,alrejkag
n,mEu
73
ls%hdldrlu 05
wu,a mshr;ak iy lu,a chr;ak tla j wdrïN l< ksñ we÷ï wf,ú lsÍfï yjq,a jHdmdrh r;ak fv%ia
kñka ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug tlÕ jQy' yjq,a jHdmdrh i|yd fofokdu remsh,a 50 000la- ne.ska
m%d.aOkh fh§ug;a" jHdmdrfha ,dN-mdvq fofokd w;r iu iu j fnod .ekSug;a tlÕ
úh' lu,a fjk;a jD;a;shl kshe,Su ksid Tyq jHdmdr lghq;=j,g iïnkaO fkdùug ;SrKh l<
w;r udisl j remsh,a 20 000l fõ;khlg wu,a jHdmdrfha wf,ú lghq;=j,g iïnkaO úh hq;=
njg tlÕ jk ,È' ;jo" m%d.aOkhg wu;r j yjq,alrejka jHdmdrhg fhdojk w;sf¾l wruqo,a
i|yd 10% jd¾Isl fmd,shla f.ùug o ;SrKh lrk ,È' tfia u kj yjq,alrefjl= jHdmdrhg
n|jd .kafka kï Tjqka fofokdf.au leue;a; u; th isÿúh hq;= njg ;SrKh úh'
by; f;dr;=re weiqfrka r;ak fv%ia yjq,a jHdmdrhg wÞ< j yjq,a Tmamqjla ms<sfh,
lrkak'
6'5 ixia:dms; iud.ï
fm!oa.,sl wxYh ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk m%n, jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.hla f,i
ixia:dms; iud.ï y÷kd .efka' ixia:dms; iud.ï wdrïN lsÍu iïnkaOfhka
Y%S ,xldfõ 2007 wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk; n, meje;afõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ iud.ï mk;g wkqj tla mqoa.,fhl=g jqjo ixia:dms; iud.ula wdrïN
l< yels neúka fndfyda jHjidhlhka fïjd wdrïN lsÍug Wkkaÿjla olajk nj
fmfka' tfiau ixia:dms; iud.ï i|yd ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla ysñ ùu o ckm%sh
ùug fya;= ù we;'
ixia:dms; iud.ï my; i|yka mßÈ ir, j w¾: ±laúh yels h'
2007 wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ lrk ,o ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla
yd wLKav meje;au;a we;s jHdmdr ixúOdkh -ixia:dms; iud.ï fõ'
74
ixia:dms; iud.ïj, uQ,sl ,laIK
ixia:dms; iud.ïj, fmdÿfõ oelsh yels uQ,sl ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh lrk ,o wdh;khla ùu
iEu iud.ula u 2007 wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh l< hq;=
h' th isÿ lrkafka iud.ï frðiag%d¾ fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhd
úisks'
fldgialrejka u.ska m%d.aOkh /ialr .ekSu
ixia:dms; iud.ulg wjYH m%d.aOkh /ialr .kq ,nkafka fldgia m%d.aOkh
;=<sks'
fldgialrejkaf.a j.lSu iSudiys; ùu
ixia:dms; iud.ul Kh yd fjk;a ne£ï iïnkaOfhka fldgialrejkaf.a j.lSu
iSñ; fõ' iud.fuka ñ,§ .;a fldgiaj, jákdlug muKla fldgialrejkaf.a
j.lSu iSudjk nj ñka woyia flf¾'
iud.fï l<ukdlrK lghq;= wOHËjre u.ska isÿ lsÍu
iud.ul l<ukdlrK lghq;= isÿ lrkq ,nkafka iud.fï fldgialrejka jk
whs;slrejka úiska f;dardm;a lr .kakd wOHËjre úisks'
wLKav meje;aula ysñùu
ixia:dms; iud.ula tys fldgialrejkaf.ka fjka jQ iajdëk tallhls' tneúka
iud.fï fldgialrefjl=f.a ñh hdu" nqkaj;a ùu" mQ¾K fyda w¾O wl¾uKH;dj
jeks fya;= iud.fï meje;aug ndOdjla fkdfõ'
ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla ysñ ùu
2007 wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk; hgf;a iud.ï ixia:dmkh flf¾' tneúka
ixia:dms; iud.ula kS;sh bÈßfha mqoa.,fhl= f,i ie,fla' tuksid .súiqïj,g
t<öu" j;alï w;am;a lr .ekSu" uQ,H wdh;kj,ska Kh uqo,a iïmdokh lr.ekSu
jeks ld¾hhkays § iud.fï kñka tajd l%shd;aul l< yels h'
75
2007 wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk;g wkqj wdrïN l< yels iud.ï j¾. 6'6 igyk
u.ska ksrEmkh flf¾'
rEmh 6'6 iud.ï mk; wkqj werôh yels iud.ï j¾.
ixia:dms; iud.ï
wemfhka iSñ;
iud.ï
iSud iys;
iud.ï
iSud rys;
iud.ï
iSud iys;
fm!oa.,sl iud.ï
iSud iys; fmdÿ
iud.ï
iSud iys;
wlafjr< iud.ï
iud.ï mk;g wkqj úúO j¾.fha iud.ï wdrïN l< yels h' fuys § wm
idlÉPd lrkq ,nkafka iSud iys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï ms<sn| j mu‚' fndfyda
iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdßlhka úiska iajlSh jHdmdr i|yd fuu j¾.fha
iud.ïj,g jeä leue;a;la olajkq ,efí'
iSud iys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï
Y%S ,xldfõ jHjidhlhka w;r j¾;udkfha § ckm%sh ù ;sfnk jHdmdr ixúOdk
j¾.hla f,i iSud iys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï y÷kd.; yels h' tla mqoa.,fhl=g
jqjo wdrïN l< yels ùu" ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla ysñùu" mjqf,a idudðlhka
ys;ñ;=rka jeks md¾Yaj iïnkaO lr .ksñka jHdmdrh wdrïN l< yels ùu jeks
lreKq fuu miqìu ks¾udKh ùug fya;= ù we;s nj fmfka'
2007 wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk; u.ska o iSud iys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï ms<sn| w¾:
ksrEmKhla bÈßm;a fldg we;s w;r th ir, j fufia oelaúh yels h'
iud.ula úiska ksl=;a lrk fldgia ñ, § .kakd f,i fmdÿ uyck;djg wdrdOkd
l< fkdyels" idudðl ixLHdj 50 lg iSudjk" j.lSu fh¥ m%d.aOkhg muKla
iSud jk iud.ï -iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï fõ'
76
ls%hdldrlu 06
my; i|yka tla tla lafIa;%hkays Y%S ,xldj ;=< ls%hd;aul jk iSñ; fm!oa.,sl
iud.ï i|yd ksoiqkla ne.ska bÈßm;a lrkak'
wkq
wxlhlafIa;%h fm!oa.,sl iud.ï
01' ixpdrl
02' wOHdmk
03' fjf<|
04' ksIamdok
05' lDIsl¾u
06' bÈlsÍï
iSud iys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï wdrïN lsÍu
iSud iys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ula wdrïN lr mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd 2007 wxl 07
ork iud.ï mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;= h' tA i|yd iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhd
fj; ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd my; ±lafjk ,shú,s 04 wÞ< whÿï m;%h iu. bÈßm;a
l< hq;= fõ'
01' iud.fï ku ms<sn| m%ldYh
iSud iys; iud.ulg kduhla f;dard .ekSfï§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= úêúOdk 2007
wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk; hgf;a fmkajd § we;'
ksoiqka (-
±kg Ndú; lrk kula fyda Bg wdikak wkqrEm kula fyda iud.fï
kduh f,i Ndú; fkdl< hq;= nj
Y%S ,xld" rdcH" ckdêm;s jeks jpk lKav iud.fï kduh i|yd
Ndú; fkdl< hq;= nj
02' idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sh
iSud iys; iud.ul idudkH mßmd,kh yd iïnkaO f;dr;=re we;=<;a m%ldYh
idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sh fõ' 2007 wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk;g wkqj idx.ñl
jHjia:dj,sfha my; ±lafjk f;dr;=re we;=<;a fõ'
77
iud.fï mrud¾:
iud.fï fldgia ysñhkaf.a ne£ï yd whs;sjdislï
iud.fï l<ukdlrKh yd mßmd,kh iïnkaO f;dr;=re
03' iud.fï wOHlaIjre f,i lghq;= lsÍug tA tA wOHlaIjrhdf.a leue;a;
ms<sno m%ldYkh
04' iud.fï f,alïjrhd f,i lghq;= lsÍug tu f,alïjrhdf.a leue;a; ms<sn|
m%ldYkh
fuu bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk ,shú,s ms<sn| j iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhd iEySug m;ajkafka
kï iud.u 2007 wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ lrkq ,efí' ,shdmÈxÑ
lsÍfuka miq iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhd úiska ixia:dmk iy;slh ksl=;a lrkq ,efí'
iSud iys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ul ,laIK
iSud iys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj, fmdÿfõ oelsh yels m%Odk ,laIK lsysmhla my;
oelafõ'
iud.fï fldgia ñ,g .ekSug fmdÿ uyck;djg wdrdOkd l< fkdyels ùu
iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj, fldgia ñ,§ .ekSu mjqf,a iduðlhka iy ys;ñ;=rka
jeks md¾Yaj w;r muKla isÿ flf¾' fuu iud.ïj, fldgia ñ,g .kakd f,i
fmdÿ uyck;djg wdrdOkd l< fkdyels h'
wju idudðl ixLHdj 01 jk w;r Wmßu ixLHdj 50la ùu
2007 iud.ï mk;g wkqj tla mqoa.,fhl=g jqjo iud.ula wdrïN l< yels neúka
iSud iys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj, wju fldgialrejka ixLHdj 01ls' tfiau fujeks
iud.ïj, Wmßu fldgialrejka ixLHdj iud.ï mk; u.ska 50 lg iSud fldg we;'
wOHlaI uKav,hla u.ska l<ukdlrKh lsÍu
iSñ; iud.ïj, l<ukdlrK lghq;= wOHlaI uKav,hla u.ska isÿ flf¾' fï
i|yd iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ul wju jYfhka tla wOHlaIjrfhlaj;a isáh hq;=
nj iud.ï mkf;ys ±lafõ' tfia jqj o isáh hq;= Wmßu wOHlaIjreka ixLHdj
ms<sn| j i|yka fldg ke;'
ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla ysñ ùu
78
wLKav meje;aula ;sîu
.sKqï ;eîu yd ú.Kkh wksjd¾h ùu
j.lSu iSud iys; ùu
iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj, jdis
tla mqoa.,fhl=g jqj o wdrïN l< yels ùu
mjqf,a idudðlhka" kEoE ys; ñ;=rka iïnkaO lr .ksñka iud.u wdrïN
l< yels ùu
úêu;a njla yd by< ms<s.ekSula mej;Su
j.lSu iSñ; ùu
ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla ysñ ùu
wLKav meje;aula ;sîu
iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj, iSud
mjqf,a idudðlhka" kEoE ys; ñ;=rka jeks md¾Yajj,g fldgia ksl=;a
lrk neúka jeä m%d.aOkhla /ialr .ekSug wmyiq ùu'
wksjd¾hfhka ms<smeÈh hq;= kS;s Í;s yd l%shd mámdá mej;Su
iud.fï Wmßu fldgialrejka .Kk 50 iSud lsÍu fya;=fjka jeä msßilg
iïnkaO ùug we;s wjia:d iSud ùu
jr,;a jHdmdr
YS>%fhka fjkiajk jHdmdr mßir ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §u i|yd we;s jQ jHdmdr
ixl,amhla f,i jr,;a jHdmdr y÷kd.; yels h' uyd mßudK jHdmdr iu.
iïnkaO ù jHjidhlhdg ;u jHdmdr lghq;= wdrïN lr mj;ajdf.k hdug
fuu.ska wjia:dj ,efí' fuu jHdmdr ;ks mqoa.," yjq,a jHdmdr fyda ixia:dms;
iud.ï hk ixúOdk j¾. hgf;a l%shd;aul úh yels h'
79
lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla imhk jHdmdr wdh;khla" ish fjf<| kduh
hgf;a tu NdKavh fyda fiajdj ksYaÑ; fjf<|m< m%foaYhl wf,ú lsÍug ;j;a
jHdmdr wdh;khlg n,h mejÍug fhdod.kakd jHdmdr jr,;a jHdmdr fõ'
jr,;a jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu
j¾;udkfha§ jr,;a jHdmdr úúO iajrEmfhka wdrïN fldg l%shd;aul flf¾'
tfia jqj;a iEu jr,;a jHdmdrhlu uQ,sl ieliqu my; ±lafõ'
rEmh 6'7 jr,;a jHdmdrhl uQ,sl ieliqu
jr,;a
ysñhd
jr,;a
,dNshd
jr,;a
.súiqu
jr,;a
jHdmdrh
jr,;a jHdmdr yd iïnkaO m%Odk md¾Yaj folls'
jr,;aysñhd$jr,;alre
iajlSh ksIamdÈ; ksYaÑ; fjf<|m< m%foaYhl ;udf.a fjf<| kduh
Ndú; lrñka wf,ú lsÍug wjirh ,ndfok md¾Yajh fõ' Tyqf.a
mrud¾: jkafka iajlSh fjf<|m< m%d.aOkh wdfhdackhlska f;dr j
mq¿,a lr .ekSu yd wdÞhï bmehSu jeks lreKq fõ'
jr,;a,dNshd
jr,;aysñhdf.a ikakï kduh Ndú; lrñka ksYaÑ; fjf<|m< m%foaYhl
NdKav fyda fiajd wf,ú lsÍug wjirh ,nd.kakd md¾Yajh fõ'
fujeks jHdmdr iïnkaO;djla we;s lr .ekSu i|yd jr,;aysñhd iy jr,;a,dNshd
hk fomd¾Yajh w;r .súiqï.; iïnkaO;djhla f.dvk.d .; hq;= h' th jr,;a
.súiqu kï fõ' jr,;a jHdmdrh wdrïN fldg mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<sn| j fmdÿ
tlÕ;d jr,;a .súiqug we;=<;a lrhs'
80
tjeks fmdÿ tlÕ;d i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
ksoiqka (-
jr,;a,dNshdg jr,;aysñhd úiska imhk fiajd
wf,úhg wjir ,nd § ;sfnk NdKav j¾.
jr,;a,dNshd úiska jr,;aysñhdg lrk f.ùfï jákdlu
fufia jr,;aysñhd iy jr,;a,dNshd úiska we;s lr.;a jr,;a .súiqfï m%;sM,h
f,i jr,;a jHdmdrh werfò' fuys § jr,;aysñhd úiska ;u fjf<| kduh hgf;a
NdKav yd fiajd úlsŒug jr,;a,dNshdg ,ndfok wjirh u; .dia;= wh flf¾'
tfia whlrk .dia;=j mqrialdrh f,i ye¢kafõ'
jr,;a jHdmdrj, uQ,sl ,laIK
jr,;a jHdmdrj, my; ±lafjk uQ,sl ,laIK ksrEmKh fõ'
jr,;aysñhd yd jr,;a,dNshd f,i fomd¾Yajhla iïnkaO ùu
ksYaÑ; fjf<|m< m%foaYhl ;u fjf<|kduh hgf;a NdKAv yd fiajd wf,ú
lsÍug wjirh ,ndfokafka jr,;aysñhd h' tu wjirh u; wod< fjf<|kduh
hgf;a ksYaÑ; fjf<|m< m%foaY ;=< NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lrkq ,nkafka
jr,;a,dNshd úisks' fufia jr,;a jHdmdr wdY%s; j jr,;aysñhd yd jr,;a,dNshd
f,i fomd¾Yajhla iïnkaO fõ'
jr,;aysñhd yd jr,;a,dNshd w;r .súiqï.; iïnkaO;djla mej;Su
jr,;a jHdmdr wdrïNjkqfha jr,;aysñhd iy jr,;a,dNshd w;r we;slr.;a
tlÕ;djla u; h' fufia we;slr.;a ,sÅ; tlÕ;dj jr,;a .súiqu f,i ye¢kafõ'
jr,;a,dNshd úiska jr,;aysñhdg f.ùula lsÍu
jr,;aysñhd úiska ;ukaf.a fjf<|kduh hgf;a NdKAv yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍug
jr,;a,dNshdg wjirh ,ndfokafka lsishï .dia;=jla u; fõ' fï ms<sn| f;dr;=re
jr,;a .súiqfï we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
jr,;a jHdmdrj, jdis
jr,;a jHdmdrj, l%shdldß;ajh ;=<ska jr,;aysñhdg;a" jr,;a,dNshdg;a fmdÿfõ
w;am;a lr.; yels jdis lsysmhls'
81
jr,;aysñhdg w;am;a lr.; yels jdis
jr,;aysñhdg Tyqf.au wdfhdackhlska f;drj fjk;a fjf<|m< ;=<
jHdmdr lghq;= mq¿,a lr .eksug wjia:dj Wod ùu
úYd, fiajl uKav,hla mj;ajd .ekSfuka ±Íug isÿ jk mSvkh wju lr
.ksñka uyd mßudK jdis N=la;s ú£ug yels ùu
jr,;aysñhdg wdÞhula ,eîu
jr,;a,dNshdg w;am;a lr.; yels jdis
jr,;aysñhdf.a lS¾;skdufhka ,dNhla bmehSug jr,;a,dNshdg wjia:dj
Wodùu
jr,;aysñhdf.a lS¾;skduh u; jr,;a,dNshdg ckm%sh fjf<|m<lg
myiqfjka m%fõY úh yels ùu
jr,;aysñhdf.a l<ukdlrK mqyqKqj jr,;a,dNshdg ysñùu
jr,;a jHdmdrj, iSud
jr,;aysñhdg
jr,;a,dN shdf. a wid¾:l fjf<| lghq; = ; =< sk a jr,;ay sñhdf. a
lS¾;skduhg ydks isÿúh yels h
jr,;a jHdmdr lghq;= lsÍfï§ we;sjk ffk;sl ne£ï yd iSudjkag hg;a
ùug isÿ ùu
jr,;a,dNshdg
jr,;a jHdmdr l%uh ,nd.ekSug jr,;a,dNshdg ffk;sl .dia;=" nexl=
.dia;=" ia:dms; lsÍfï úhoï jeks msßjeh oeÍug isÿùu
jr,;aysñhdf.a md,khla we;s ksid jr,;a,dNshdg mQ¾K iajdëk;ajfhka
hq;= j lghq;= l< fkdyels ùu
jr,;aysñhdg by< mqrialdrhla yd .dia;= f.ùug isÿ úh yels ùu
82
ls%hdldrlu 07
úúO jHdmdr ixúOdkj, ,laIK wvx.= m%ldY lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
01' ;ks mqoa.,fhl=g ysñ" wLKav meje;aula yd ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla ysñ jHdmdr
02' mqoa.,hka lsysmfofkl= tl;= ù m%d.aOkh fhdod mj;ajdf.k hk j.lSï
wiSñ; jHdmdr
03' ;ks mqoa.,fhl= úiska mj;ajdf.k hk j.lSï wisñ; iy ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla
fkdue;s jHdmdr
by; m%ldY fyd¢ka lshjd my; ±lafjk m%YAkj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
01' ta ta m%ldYfhka úia;r lrk jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.h olajkak'
02' tla tla jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.h i|yd jHdmdr kduhla ne.ska fhdackd
lrkak'
03' ta ta jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.hg wod< jk wK mk;a kï lrkak'
ls%hdldrlu 08
YS% ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk jr,;a jHdmdr kï lrkak'
ms<s;=re ,shuq'
01' jHdmdr ixúOdkj, fmdÿfõ olakg ,efnk ,laIK fudkjdo@
02' flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl ±lsh yels uQ,sl ,laIK fudkjdo@
03' yjq,a .súiqul we;=<;a úh yels lreKq olajkak'
04' ysñldr;ajh wkqj jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. lrkak'
05' jr,;a .súiqulg iïnkaO úh yels md¾Yaj kï lrkak'
83
mßÉfþoh 07
jHjidhl;aj ixialD;sh
fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska my; ±lafjk lreKq ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'
7'1 ixialD;sh hkak ye¢kaùu
7'2 jHjidhl;aj ixialD;sh ye¢kaùu
7'3 jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ks¾udKh ùfï wjYH;dj
7'4 jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ìys ùu i|yd ys;lr iudchSh
yd wd¾Ól idOl
7'5 jHjidhl;ajhg tfrys jk iudchSh idOl
7'6 jHjidhl;ajh ;=< ldka;djf.a N+ñldj
7'7 jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u yd iudc j.lSu
7'8 jHjidhlhka i|yd mj;sk Èß.ekaùï
84
7'1 ixialD;sh hkak ye¢kaùu
udkj YsIagdpdrh wdrïNfha isg u ñksid ;udf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgqlr
.ekSfï § iudcfha úúO md¾Yajhka iu. fukau úúO ixialD;ska iu. ne£
lghq;= lrkq olakg ,efí' ixialD;shl we;s jákdlï iuQyh u.ska mqoa.,hka
yev.eiaùula isÿ fõ' ixialD;shla hkq iudchl Ôj;ajk mqoa., iuQyhla w;r
mj;skakd jQ Tjqkagu wdfõ‚l úYajdi" jákdlï" wdl,am" yeisÍï rgd" úúO
woyia" weoySï" isß;a úß;a" iïu; wdÈh f,i ir, j ú.%y l< yels h' fuu
ixialD;sl wx.hkaf.a ,laIK wkqj tu mqoa., iuQyfha p¾hdj ;SrKh fõ'
ksoiqka (-
Y% S ,dxlsl ck iudcfha isxy," oñ<" uqia,sï" n¾.¾ jeks ck
fldÜGdi Ôj;a jk w;r tu iudc lKavdhïj, Tjqkag u wdfõ‚l
jQ úúO w.hka" úYajdi" wdl,am fukau úúO p¾hdjka ;sîu
7'2 jHjidhl;aj ixialD;sh ye¢kaùu
jHjidhl;aj ixialD;sh hkq jHjidhlhkagu wdfõ‚l jQ úfYaIs; .;s mej;=ï"
wdl,am" úYajdi" woyia" yeisÍï rgd" pdß;% jdß;%" iïu; hkd§ wx.j, tl;=jls'
jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ;=< fjfik mqoa.,hl= jHjidhl;aj .;s,laIKj,g
ysñlï lshk mqoa.,hl= njg m;a fõ' tkï tu mqoa.,hd ks¾udKYS,S j wjÞkï
Ndr.kakd yd kfjda;amdokfha fhfok iqNjd§ j is;k mqoa.,fhls' tfiau
tjeks mqoa.,hka j¾;udkfha mj;akd oE iïnkaOfhka w;Dma;su;a j mj;akd
;;a;ajh fjkia lsÍug W;aiy orkafkda fj;s' tfiau Tjqyq mßirhg ixfõ§
mqoa.,hka jk w;r tu ixfõ§;dj ksid u wjia:d y÷kdf.k tA miqmi yUd
hdfï yelshdj we;s mqoa.,fhda fj;s' wjia:d y÷kd.;a ie‚ka Tjqyq tAjd
m%fhdackhg .ks;s'
rEmh 7'1
85
7'3 jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ks¾udKh ùfï wjYH;dj
f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a ÈhqKq ù we;af;a ixialD;sl yd iudchSh n,fõ.j,
wkqn,h ksid h' Y%S ,xldj o jvd;a ÈhqKq ùug W;aiy orñka isák rgla neúka
jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shl wjYH;dj biau;= ù ;sfí' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk my;
i|yka lr we;s fndfyduhla wd¾Ól yd iudchSh .eg¨ i|yd id¾:l úi÷ï
fuu.ska ,nd .; yels jkq we;'
ú/lshdjg úi÷ula ùu
Y%S ,xldj ;=< ú/lshdj ie,lsh hq;= m%;sY;hl mj;S' fuu ú/lshdfõ iajNdjh
b;d ixlS¾K h'
ksoiqka (-
kQ.;a Y%ñlhkag jvd W.;a Y%ñlhka w;r ú/lshdj jeä ùu
jhi wjqreÿ 30g wvq ;reKhka w;r ú/lshdj by< m%;sY;hla .ekSu
Y% S ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldfhka ie,lsh hq;= m%;sY;hla /lshd i|yd
úfoaY.; ùu
W.;a ldka;djka w;r ú/lshdj by< uÜgul mej;Su
tneúka Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldh i|yd /lshd ks¾udKh lsÍu jHjidhl;aj
ixialD;shla ;=< b;d myiqfjka isÿl< yels ld¾hhls'
wd¾Ól j¾Okhla <Õd lr .; hq;= ùu
wd¾Ólhla j¾Okh ùug kï tu wd¾Ólh ;=< ksIamdokh lrkakd jQ NdKav yd
fiajd m%udKh j¾Okh úh hq;= h' jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ;=<ska kEu rglg
by< wd¾Ól j¾Okhla ,nd .; yels h'
Ndú; fkdjk iïm;a iq,N j ;sîu
Y%S ,xldj iïm;aj,ska msß N+ñhls' j¾;udkfha § tu iïm;a ksis mßÈ m%fhdackhg
f.k ke;' tu Ndú;hg fkd.;a iïm;a fhdÞ .ksñka ksIamdÈ; ìys lsÍfï
yelshdj we;'
86
kj /lshd ks¾udKh lrkakka ìyslr .; hq;= ùu
Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk j¾Ok fõ.hg idfmalaI j /lshd iemhSu ÿIalr ù we;'
/lshd ks¾udKh l< yelafla jHjidhlhkag mu‚' /lshd iemhSu i|yd kj
jHdmdr ìys l< hq;= h' túg tu jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k hdfï § fukau jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍfï § Rcq yd jl% /lshd ks¾udKh fõ'
wdÞhï fn§hdfï úIu;dj wju l< hq;= ùu
rfÜ ck.ykfhka l=vd fldgilg cd;sl wdodhfuka jeä fldgila o rfÜ
ck.ykfhka úYd, fldgig cd;sl wdÞhfuka l=vd fldgila o ysñ ùfuka wdÞhï
fn§ hdfï úIu;dj we;s fõ'
jHjidhl;aj ixialD;sh m%p,s; ùu yryd fndfyda mqoa.,hkaf.a jHjidhl;aj
yelshdj j¾Okh fõ' tu yelshd u.ska Tjqkg ,dN bmehsh yels fõ' ;j o fiajd
kshqla;sh by< hdfuka my< wdÞhï ,nk fldgig wdÞhï .,d hdu o isÿ fõ'
fuu.ska wdÞhï fn§hdfï úIu;dj wju fõ'
jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ìys ùu i|yd ys;lr jk iudchSh yd wd¾Ól idOl
fndfyda h' tu idOl lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
ys;lr wd¾Ól mßirhla mej;Su
jHjidhlhkag kj jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍug fukau jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k hdug
iqÿiq wd¾Ól mßirhla ;sìh hq;= h' Kh fmd,S wkqmd;slh wvq ùu" wdÞhï uÜgï
by< hdu" ys;lr úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;sl jeks wd¾Ól idOl jHdmdr lghq;=j,g
ys;lr wdldrfhka ;sîu jeo.;a fõ'
ia:djr foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh
jHjidhl;ajh uQ,sl fldg .ksñka iy wdrlaId lr .ksñka wd¾Ól yd iudchSh
.eg¨j,g úi÷ï fiùu i|yd ys;lr m%;sm;a;s iy kS;s Í;s iïmdokh lrk"
jHjidhl;ajfha m%;s,dN ms<sn| j wjfndaO lr.;a foaYmd,k wêldßhla mej;Su
jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ìys ùug uyÕ= rel=,la fõ'
7'4 jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ìys ùu i|yd ys;lr iudchSh yd wd¾Ól idOl
87
rdcH yd fjk;a wdh;kj, Èß.ekaùï
jHjidhl;ajh kxjd,Su i|yd rchg fukau rdcH wdh;kj,g o úYd, iyfhda.
hla ,nd Èh yels h' uQ,Huh Èß .ekaùï fukau uQ,Huh fkdjk Èß.ekaùï ,nd
§u u.ska jHjidhl;aj ixialD;sh ÈhqKq lr.; yels fõ'
ksoiqka (-
nÿ iyk ,nd §u
iyk moku hgf;a Kh ,nd §u
úúO Wmfoia yd mqyqKq ,nd §u
wdOdr ,nd §u
foaYSh yd úfoaYSh .ekqïlrejka uqK.eiaùu
m%o¾Yk jevuq¿ wdÈh ixúOdkh lsÍu
jHjidhl;ajh Èß.kajk mjq,a miqìula mej;Su
jHjidhl;ajh Èß.kajk mjq,a miqìula mej;Su o jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla
we;s lsÍu flfrys Okd;aul j n,mdhs' jHjidhl;aj olaI;d biau;= jk mßÈ
lghq;= l< yels mßirhla mjq, ;=< ks¾udKh lr .ekSu ;=<ska wkd.;fha id¾:l
jHjidhlhka ìysùug fya;= fõ' tfukau we;eï mjq,a jHdmdr wdrïN lr È.ska
È.gu tAjd mj;ajdf.k hdu ;=<ska Tjqkaf.a bÈß mrïmrdjka o jHjidhl;aj
ld¾h i|yd fhduq ùfï jeä m%jK;djla mej;Su jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ìys
ùu flfrys n,mdk ;j;a ys;lr idOlhls'
úYd, jHdmdrj,ska ,efnk Èßu;a lsÍï
úYd, jHdmdr ;u jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdfï § iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,
iyfhda.h ksrka;rfhka ,nd .kS' tneúka iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k
hdug ksrka;rfhka úúO Èß.ekaùï isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
ksoiqka (-
úYd, jHdmdr i|yd wjYH wuqøjH yd Wmdx. iq¿ jHdmdr yryd ,nd .ekSu
we;eï ksIamdok ld¾hhka iq¿ jHdmdr fj; ú;eka lr ;sîu Wm fldka;%d;a&
iïm;a ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj
iïm;a iq,n j ;sîu yd tAjd ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd fhdÞ .; yels ùu
jHjidhl;ajh Èßu;a lrk idOlhls'
88
wdo¾Y pß;
id¾:l jHjidhlhkaf.a wdo¾Y pß; iudcfha jeä jYfhka olakg ,eîu
jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ks¾udKh ùu i|yd n,mdk m%n, lreKls' tjeks
u. fmkaùï kj jHjidhlhkag ;uka hd hq;= u. lshd fohs'
zfjkia j ys;kakZ
wem,a mß.Kl iud.fï ks¾ud;D iaàõ fcdíia
úúO md¾Yajhkaf.a Èßu;a lsÍï
tkï mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.ka" mdif,ka" úúO iñ;s ix.ïj,ska yd ñ;=rkaf.ka
jHjidhl;ajh i|yd fokq ,nk Èßu;a lsÍï o jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla we;s
ùug ys;lr j n,mdhs' j¾;udkfha mqj;am;a yd úoHq;a udOHj,g o fï i|yd
iqúfYaIS ld¾hhla bgq l< yels h'
l%shdldrlu 01
Y%S ,xldfõ id¾:l jHjidhlhka fofofkl= y÷kd .kak'
Tjqkaf.a Ôú; l;dfjys .uka u. ms<sn| j fidhd n,kak'
kj jHjidhlhkag Tjqkaf.a Ôú; l;dj,ska ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y lsysmhla
,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
rEmh 7'2
89
7'5 jHjidhl;ajhg tfrys jk iudchSh idOl
mqoa.,fhl=g jHjidhlhl= ùu fya;=fjka mqoa.,sl j ysñjk m%;s,dN /ils'
tfukau jHjidhlhka rfÜ wd¾Ólhg o b;d by< m%;s,dN w;alr fo;s' rgla
ixj¾Okh lrd f.khdfï hdka;%Kh o jHjidhl;ajhhs' tkuq;a fndfyda msßila
jHjidhlhka ùug ue,s lula olaj;s'
fufia jHjidhl;ajhg tfrys jk iudchSh idOl lsysmhla ms<sn| j fidhd
n,uq'
jegqma ,nk /lshdjlg we;s by< ms<s.ekSu
Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda msßilf.a isyskh jkqfha by< jegqma ,nd .; yels Wiia
/lshdjla lsÍuhs' thg fya;= ù we;af;a mqo a.,fhl=f.a id¾:l;ajh yd
ms<s.ekSu Tyq fyda weh lrkq ,nk /lshdfjka uekSug iudch mqreÿ ù isàu h'
fuu wdl,amh ksid iajlSh jHjidhl;aj yelshd hgm;a lrñka /lshd wfmalaIs;
j ld,h .; lsÍug mqreÿ ù isà'
wjÞkï yd wNsfhda. Ndr .ekSug we;s wleue;a;
jHjidhlhl= i;= úh hq;= m%Odk ,laIKhla jkqfha l<ukdlrKh lr.; yels
wjÞkula Ndr .ekSuhs' Tjqka kjH;d id¾:l lr .ekSfï wNsfhda. Ndr .;
hq;= h' tfia wjÞku yd wNsfhda. Ndr .ekSug mqoa.,hka ;=< we;s wleue;a;
jHjidhl;ajhg tfrys jk ;j;a ndOlhls'
wOHdmkh ;=<ska Èßu;a lsÍula isÿ fkdùu
ks¾udKYS,S ukilska f,dj olsk" ±kg mj;skakd oE fjkilg Ndckh l< yels"
wjÞkï yd wNsfhda. Ndr.kakd msßila" mj;akd iïm%Þhsl wOHdmk l%uh ;=<ska
ìys lsÍu i|yd wkqn,hla fkd,eîu jHjidhl;ajhg tfrys jk idOlhls'
rdcH Èß.ekaùï m%udKj;a fkdùu
Y%S ,xldj ;=< jHjidhl;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍug we;s m%;sm;a;sj, ÿ¾j,;d yd
jHjidhlhka k.d isgqùu i|yd lrkq ,nk Èß .ekaùï m%udKj;a fkdùu o
jHjidhl;ajhg tfrys jk idOlhls'
90
hemqï udkisl;ajfhka hqla; ùu
j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda msßila ;ukag fouõmshkaf.a Wreu jk oE flfrys
úYd, n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nd .kakd w;r tu Wreuhka ,o miq tAjd úhoï lrñka
Ôj;a ùug W;aiy or;s' tfiau rcfhka ,efnk iykdOdr wfmalaIdfjka isá;s'
;u W;aidyfhka ;ukag wjYH oE Wmhd .ekSug fjfyi ùug ue,slula olaj;s'
tjeks udkisl;ajhla mqoa.,hka ;=< mej;Su jHjidhl;ajh flfrys fhduq ùug
we;s RKd;aul idOlhls'
7'6 jHjidhl;ajh ;=< ldka;djf.a N+ñldj
zf;dá,a, mojk w; f,dj wdKavq flf¾Z
fuu lshufkka jegfykafka ldka;dj ;=<
;sfnk iqúfYaIS yelshdjhs' Tjqka i;= j mj;sk
ks¾udKYS,s;ajh" lem ùfuka jev lsÍfï yelshdj"
wjÞkï ±Ífï Yla;sh" nqoaêu;aNdjh fukau
ia:dfkdaÑ; m%×j" kuHYS,s;ajh wd§ .=Kdx. fya;=
fldg f.k ´kEu ld¾hhla id¾:l;ajh lrd
fufyhúh yels h' fuu .=Kdx. fya;= fldg f.k
;ks j fyda lKavdhula jYfhka kj jHdmdr wjia:d
y÷kdf.k th ;u jHdmdrh njg m;a lr .ksñka
yd wfkl=;a mqoa.,hkag o /lshd wjia:d imhñka
ldka;djka j¾;udkfha id¾:l j jHjidhl;ajh
ld¾hh i|yd fhduq ù we;'
ldka;djka jHdmdr lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a ùfï wjYH;dj
j¾;udkfha ldka;djka jHjidhl;ajh i|yd fhduq ùu w;HjYH lreKla njg
m;a ù we;' tA i|yd n,mdk lreKq rdYshla mj;S'
hym;a wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhla <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd
j¾;udkfha Ôjk úhou by< f.dia we;s neúka ;ks mqoa.,fhl=f.a wdÞhñka
ksjfia wd¾Ól lghq;= lrf.k hdu wmyiq ù we;' fuu ;;a;ajh u.yrjd .ekSu
i|yd ldka;d md¾Yajh o jHdmdr lsÍu u.ska wdÞhï bmehSu i|yd fhduq ùu
wjYH j we;'
rEmh 7'3
91
ck.ykfhka nyq;rhla ldka;djka ùu
Y%S ,xld ck.yk ixhq;sh úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï § nyq;rh ldka;d md¾Yajh
ksfhdackh lrhs' fuu.ska wmg ks.ukh l< yels jkafka Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u
n,ldfha ie,lsh hq;= ldka;d ksfhdackhla mj;sk njhs' tneúka ldka;djka
jHdmdr lsÍu flfrys fhduq ù rfÜ wd¾Ólh kxjd,Su i|yd Tjqkaf.a Þhl;ajh
,nd .; hq;= j we;'
ldka;djka w;r ú/lshdj nyq, j ;sîu
ldka;djka w;r ú/lshdj by< uÜgul mj;S' th rfÜ mj;sk iïm;a kdia;shls'
ldka;djka jHdmdr lsÍu i|yd fhduq ùu u.ska Tjqka cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h by<
kexùu i|yd Þhl lr.; yels h' tu.ska Tjqkg fukau wka whg o /lshd wjia:d
cks; l< yels neúka fiajd úhqla;shg o úi÷ula ,nd .; yels h'
ldka;d Þhl;ajh wjYH jk jHdmdr mej;Su
ldka;djka i;= úfYaI ksmqK;d" uDÿ .=Kh" lreKdjka; nj wd§ .=Kdx. uq,a lr
.ksñka mj;ajdf.k hd hq;= we;eï jHdmdr i|yd ldka;d Þhl;ajh wjYH fõ'
ksoiqka (-
fmr mdi,a fiajh" fyo fiajh" rEm,djKH lghq;=" Èjd iq/l=ï
uOHia:dk" ú,dis;d ks¾udK wdY%s; lghq;=
ldka;djka by< wOHdmkhla ,nd .ekSfï m%jK;dj
j¾;udk iudch ;=< isák ldka;djka mdi,a wOHdmkh fukau Wiia wOHdmkh
i|yd fhduq ùfï jeä m%jK;djla olakg ,efí' by< wOHdmkhla ,enQ miq bka
m%fhdack .ekSu i|yd iajdëk j jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu flfrys fhduq ùu ;=<ska
rfÜ wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj i|yd Þhl úh yels h'
ldka;djkag jHdmdr lsÍu i|yd we;s wjia:d
ldka;djkag jHdmdr lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a ùu i|yd jHdmdr mßirh ;=< bv m%ia:d
;sîu jeo.;a fõ' Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha ±lsh yels tjeks wjia:d lsysmhla my;
±lafõ'
92
fiajd i|yd by< b,a¨ula ks¾udKh ù ;sîu
j¾;udkfha mqoa., ld¾hnyq,;ajh" iudc yd wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh by< hdu wd§
lreKq fya;= fldg f.k ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .ekSug úúO fiajd
i|yd by< b,a¨ula ks¾udKh ù we;' tu fiajdjka iemhSu i|yd Þhl ùug
ldka;djkag bv m%ia:d újD; j mj;S'
ksoiqka (-
ieliQ wdydr wf,ú lsÍu
f,dkaä% fiajh
Èjd iq/l=ï fiajh
iq¿ wdfhdackhlska iy wvq wjodkula iys; j wdrïN l< yels jHdmdr wjia:d
nyq, j ;sîu
ksoiqka (-
wjia:d l<ukdlrKh - úúO W;aij ixúOdkh lsÍu
foaYSh$úfoaYSh pdßld ixúOdkh lsÍu
ldka;djka i|yd u úfYaIs; jQ uQ,H yd uQ,H fkdjk Èß .ekaùï y÷kajd § ;sîu
ksoiqka (-
iyk fmd,S fyda fmd,S rys; nexl= Kh ,nd §u
jHjidhl;aj mqyqKq jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu
ldka;dj flfrys mej;s iudc wdl,am fjkia fjñka mej;Su
ksoiqka (-
iudcfha ldka;djkag we;s
ms<s.ekSu j¾Okh ùu
j;auka iudch ldka;djkaf.a
wd¾Óluh Þhl;ajh wjYH
nj ms<s.ekSu
mqreI mlaIh muKla kshe¨Kq
lghq;=j, ldka;djka kshe,Su
rEmh 7'4
rEmh 7'5
93
jHjidhlfhl= ùug ldka;djka ;=< we;s Yla;s lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
ldka;djkagu wdfõ‚l jQ l=i,;d fhdÞ .; yels ùu
iajhx úkhla mej;Su
mqoa.,sl Ôú;h iy jHdmdßl ld¾hhka iunr j l<ukdlrKh lr
.ekSug we;s yelshdj
ld,h ksis mßÈ m%fhdackhg .ekSu
ks¾udKYS,s;ajh by< uÜgul mej;Su
úúO md¾Yaj iu. iqyo iïnkaO;d f.dvke.Su yd tA ;=<ska úYajdih
f.dvk.d .ekSug we;s yelshdj
ldka;djka idOdrK yd úYajdi l< yels njg iudch ;=< mj;sk
wdl,amh
msßueiqï iys; nj
ldka;d jHjidhl;ajhg we;s ndOd
ldka;djkag jHdmdr lrf.k hdfï § úúO ndOd
mj;S' we;eï úg tu ndOd Tjqka jHjidhl;aj
ld¾hfhka bj;a lsÍug fya;= ù we;' tjeks ndOd
lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
fm!oa.,sl ðú; N+ñldj yd jHjidhl;aj
N+ñldj hk me;slv folu iunr j
mj;ajd .ekSug we;s wNsfhda.h
ldka;djkag ;u .Dy Ôú;hg uq,a;ek §ug isÿjk w;r tys § jHdmdrh
ms<sn| we;s wjOdkh wvq úh yels ùu
ldka;djf.a iajdëk;ajh iudch ;=< ;ju;a ia:dms; fkdùu
iïm%Þfhka Tíng f.dia jHdmdr lghq;= lsÍug we;s wleue;a;
ldka;d jHjidhl;aj m%j¾Ok jevigyka m%udKj;a fkdùu
m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSfï ÿIalr;dj
rEmh 7'6
94
l%shdldrlu 02
kùId 8 jk fY%a‚fha YsIHdjla jk w;r weh wd¾Ól wmyiq;d we;s mjq,l jeäuy,a Èh‚h
jQjd h' wehf.a ifydaorhd 4 jk fY%a‚fha bf.kqu ,nhs' wehf.a mshd fm!oa.,sl wdh;khl
iq¿ fiajlfhl= jQ w;r uj .Dy‚hl jQjd h' mshdf.a fõ;kh kùIdf.a ksjfia ish¨ jev
lghq;=j,g m%udKj;a fkdjQ kuq;a tu uqo,ska jeä fldgila orejkaf.a wOHdmkhg fhdojd
b;sß uqo,a wrmsßueiafuka ksjfia wfkl=;a wjYH;dj,g fhdÞ .ekSug kùIdf.a uj j.n,d
.;a;d h' w.ysÕlï ;snqK o Tjqka b;d i;=áka Ôj;a úh'
Èkla kùIdf.a mshd yÈis wk;=rlg uqyqK md T;am, jQ neúka Tyqf.a /lshdj wysñ úh' wehf.a
mshdg ffjoH m%;sldr lsÍu i|yd;a ksjfia jev lghq;= i|yd;a wdÞhula fkd,enQ ;u ujf.a
wirK lu ÿgq kùId ÿla jQjd h' kùIdf.a uj b;d ffO¾hjka; ldka;djla jQ w;r weh iaj
W;aiyfhka ke.S isàug wÈgka lr .;a;d h' kùIdf.a uj b;sßlr.;a iq¿ uqo,lska m%foaYfha
we;s iïm;a Ndú; lrñka l=vd w;anE.a ksIamdok wdh;khla wdrïN l<d h' Èjd ? fkdn,d
fjfyi ù ;u jHdmdrh fjkqfjka jev lrk w;r;=r ;u mshdf.a jevlghq;= o fkdmsßfy,d
bgq lrk ;u ujf.a lemùu ms<sn| j kùId úYauhg m;a jQjd h'
wehf.a ks¾udK fjf<|mf<a we;s wksl=;a w;a nE.aj,g jvd fjkia uqyqKqjrla .;a w;r tys
m%;sM,hla f,i ;u ksIamdÈ;j, wf,úh j¾Okh lr .ekSug weh iu;a jQjd h' b;d flá
l,lska m%foaYfha ldka;djka 04 fofkl=g ;u wdh;kfha /lshd ,nd §ug yelshdj ,o
weh m%foaYfha ckm%sh iy id¾:l pß;hla njg m;a jQ w;r m%foaYfha uys,d iñ;sfha ldrl
uKav,fha idudðldjla f,i o f;aÍ m;a jQjd h' ;u orejkaf.a wOHdmk lghq;= id¾:l j
mj;ajdf.k hdu" Tjqka fmdaIKh lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a wdÞhula bmehSu jeks lreKq weh
fm!oa.,sl ðú;fha N+ñld iy jHjidhl;aj N+ñldj hk me;slv fol u iunr j mj;ajd .ekSug
we;s wNsfhda.hg id¾:l j uqyqK § we;s njg idlaIshla jQjd h'
iïmQ¾K iqjh ,enQ kùIdf.a mshd Tyq T;am, j isá ld,h ;=< kùIdf.a uj ,o ch.%yKh
ms<sn| j iEySug m;a j isá fyhska fjk;a /lshdjla fidhd fkdf.dia wehf.a jHdmdrhgu
iïnkaO ù th ;j;a ÈhqKq lsÍug ;SrKh lf<a h' kùId o fyd¢ka wOHdmkh ,nd ;u uj fuka
id¾:l jHjidhsldjl ùug wÈgka lr .;a;d h'
Tn úiska by; úia;rh fyd¢ka lshjd my; ±lafjk m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=re imhkak'
01' kùIdf.a ujf.a jHjidhl;aj .=Kdx. y÷kd .kak'
02' weh ldka;d jHjidhl;ajhg mej;s ndOd chf.k we;s wdldrh úia;r
lrkak'
95
l%shdldrlu 03
rfÜ wd¾Ól j¾Okh i|yd ldka;djkaf.a Þhl;ajh úia;r flfrk mqj;a
m;a$iÕrd wdÈfhys m<jk jd¾;d tl;= lrkak'
tu jd¾;d mka;s ldurfha idlÉPd fldg Tjqka Èßu;a ùug fya;= iy Tjqka uqyqK
ÿka wNsfhda. y÷kd.kak'
l%shdldru 04
Tnf.a m%foaYfha we;s m%fhdackhg fkd.;a iajdNdúl iïm;a y÷kd.kak'
tu iïm;a fhdÞ .ksñka ldka;djlg l< yels iqÿiq jHdmdr wjia:d fudkjdo
hkak ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
7'7 jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u yd iudc j.lSu
jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u
jHdmdrhla úiska mßirhg yd fjk;a lsis÷ md¾Yajhlg ydks isÿ fkdjk
wdldrfhka idOdrk j ,dN bmehsh hq;= h' tA i|yd jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k hdfï
§ wdpdrO¾u moaO;shlg wkql+, j lghq;= l< hq;= h'fuu jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u
jHdmdrhg iïnkaO mqoa.,hkaf.a w.kdjka u; mokï fõ'
hïlsis mqoa.,fhl= fyda mqoa., lKavdhula úiska l=ula ksjerÈ o l=ula jerÈ o
ke;fyd;a l=ula fyd|o l=ula krlo hkak iïnkaOfhka ,sÅ; j" jdÑl j fyda
jHx.fhka meñK we;a;d jQ fmdÿ tlÕ;d jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u fõ'
ksoiqka (-
iEu jHdmdr lghq;a;l § u mdßfNda.slhd m<uq fldg ie,lSu
iajdNdúl mßirhg ydks fkdjk wdldrfhka lghq;= lsÍu
96
jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ;SrKh ùfuys ,d m%Odk md¾Yaj 3la n,mEï we;s lrhs'
1' m%j¾:lhka ^jHdmdrh wdrïN lrkakka&
2' wdh;kfha idudðlhka
3' ndysr iudch
l%shdldrlu 05
jHdmdrhla wkq.ukh l< hq;= wdpdr O¾u lsysmhla fhdackd lrkak
l%shdldrlu 06
jHdmdrhla ;=< isÿúh yels wdpdr O¾u úfrdaë ld¾hhka ,ehsia;=.; lrkak
jHdmdrhl iudc j.lSï
jHdmdrhl iudc j.lSï iïnkaOfhka idïm%Þhsl u;h jkqfha jHdmdrh úiska
tys whs;slrejkaf.a wdfhdað; m%d.aOkhg Wmßu m%;s,dN ,nd Èh hq;= njhs' tfy;a
j¾;udkfha jHdmdrhl iudc j.lSu b;d mq¿,a ixl,amhla njg m;a ù we;'
jHdmdrhlg ;u whs;slrejka flfrys fukau jHdmdrh l%shd;aul jk yd fmdaIKh
jk iuia; ndysr iudch flfrysu j.lSula we;s nj jHdmdr iudc j.lSï
hkafkka woyia fõ'
tneúka jHdmdr j¾;udk iudcfha mj;sk .eg¨ jk mßirh wdrlaId lsÍu"
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh" iudc yd ixialD;sl j¾Okh" iduldó iudchla we;s lsÍu
hkd§ lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
jHdmdrhl iudc j.lSï uÜgï
jHdmdrhl iudc j.lSu my; ±lafjk wdldrj,ska bgql< yels h'
01' wd¾Ól j.lSu
02' kS;suh j.lSu
03' iÞpdrd;aul j.lSu
04' mrd¾:ldó j.lSu
97
1' wd¾Ól j.lSu
jHdmdr whs;slrejkaf.a m%;s,dN jeä lsÍug Þhl jk j.lSï fõ' fïjd bgq lsÍu
jHdmdrfha meje;au i|yd w;HjYH fõ'
ksoiqka (-
jHdmdrfha uQ,H ia:djr;ajh wdrlaId lsÍu" ,dNÞhS;ajh" iSñ; iïm;a
ld¾hlaIu j Ndú; lsÍu
2' kS;suh j.lSu
tkï rch yd fjk;a wdh;k úiska mkjkq ,nk kS;s Í;sj,g wkql+, j jHdmdr
lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hduhs'
ksoiqka (-
fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a ksis mßÈ f.ùï
mßir ¥IKh wju lsÍu
;ykï l< wuqøjH Ndú;fhka je<lSu
3' iÞpdrd;aul j.lSu
jHdmdrh l%shd;aul jk iudch úiska ksjerÈ hehs ms<s.kq ,nk ,sÅ; fyda jHx.
Í;sj,g wkql+, ùuhs'
fuu j.lSï jHdmdrh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd w;HjYH fkdjqK o úúO iudc
md¾Yajhkaf.a wfmalaId jk neúka fujeks j.lSï jHdmdr úiska bgq lrhs'
ksoiqka (-
ldka;djkag iy iq¿;r ck fldÜGdij, mqoa.,hkag iu /lshd
wjia:d ,nd §u
fiajl mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh
NdKavh$fiajdfõ .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh lsÍu
4' mrd¾:ldó j.lSu
mrd¾:ldó j.lSu hkq jHdmdrfha meje;aug w;HjYH fkdjk iy iudcfha úúO
md¾Yaj úiska jHdmdrh ;=<ska Rcq j u wfmalaId fkdlrk j.lSï fõ' jHdmdrh
iafõÉPdfjka bgq lrkq ,nk lsisu m%;s,dNhla wfmalaId fkdlrk by<u ;,fha
msysá j.lSï mrd¾:ldó j.lSï hg;g jefÜ'
98
ksoiqka (-
l%Svd" wOHdmk" fi!LH jeks m%cd lghq;= i|yd wkq.%yh ±laùu
iajdNdúl jHikj,ska úm;g m;ajkakka k.disgqùu
jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ jk md¾Yaj
jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hEu ksid Rcq j u fyda jl%dldr j n,mEug m;ajk
md¾Yaj jHdmdrhla flfrys Wkkaÿ jk md¾Yaj f,i y÷kajhs'
tu md¾Yajhkaf.a úúO jQ wfmalaId mj;S' tjeks wfmalaId i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'
md¾Yajh wfmalaIdj
whs;slrejka fhojQ m%d.aOkhg m%udKj;a m%;s,dNhla
fiajlhka idOdrK jegqmla ,eîu yd /lshdfõ iqrlaIs; nj
Khysñhka ,ndÿka Kh kshñ; ld, iSudfõ § whlr .ekSu
rch kS;s Í;sj,g wkql+, ùu" nÿ uqo,a ksis mßÈ whlr .ekSu
mdßfNda.slhka idOdrK ñ,lg .-=Kd;aul NdKav ,nd .ekSu
by; ksoiqka mßÈ úúO md¾Yaj ;u wfmalaIdjka bgq lrkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jk w;r tfia fkdjk wjia:dj, § jHdmdrhg tfrys j lghq;= lsÍug fm<fò'
tu ksid jHdmdrhla ;u m%;sm;a;s fukau wdpdrO¾u by; md¾Yajhkaf.a wfmalaId
bgqjk wdldrhg msysgqjd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
iudc j.lSu ms<sme§fuka ,efnk m%;s,dN
jHdmdrfha lS¾;skduh j¾Okh ùu
jHdmdrfha È.= ld,Sk meje;au ia:dms; ùu
mek ke.sh yels kS;suh m%Yak wju ùu
jHdmdrfha NdKav fyda fiajdj,g we;s b,a¨u by< hdu u.ska by<
,dNÞhl;ajhla iy;sl ùu
fiajlhkaf.a Ñ;a; ffO¾h by< hdu yd jHdmdrh flfrys ,eÈhdj
j¾Okh ùu
99
l%shdldrlu 07
my; ±lafjk m%ldY i;H kï ,l=K o wi;H kï ,l=K o m%ldYh bÈßmsg
we;s ysia fldgqfjys olajkak'
wkq
wxlhm%ldYh $
01 ;u wmøjH fi!LHdrlaIs; j neyer lsÍu i|yd wêl msßjehla
±Íug isÿ jqj o tu ms<sfj< wkq.ukh lsÍu tu jHdmdrh
flfrys fyd| m%;srEmhla ks¾udKh ùug fya;= fõ'
02 hï wd¾Ólhl iqNidOkh by< kxjd,Sfï j.lSu tu wd¾Ólh
;=< mj;sk jHdmdr flfrys o mj;S'
03 jHdmdrhla úiska iudch ms<s.kq ,nk idOdrK wdpdrO¾uj,g
wkq.; ùu ;=<ska jHdmdrh flfrys Wkkaÿ jk md¾Yaj ;Dma;su;a
Ndjhg m;a fõ'
04 jHdmdrhla úiska imqrd,sh hq;= iudchSh j.lSï ms<smosk wdldrh
tu jHdmdrfha meje;au ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdhs'
05 mrd¾:ldó j.lSu hkq iuia: iudch úiska jHdmdr úiska l<
hq;= hehs wksjd¾hfhka u n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk j.lSï fõ'
7'8 jHjidhlhka i|yd mj;akd Èß.ekaùï
rgl jHjidhl;ajh m%j¾Okh ùu u.ska tu rgg b;d úYd, m%;s,dN /ila w;a
fõ' tys we;s jeo.;alu ksid u úúO rdcH wdh;k fukau fm!oa.,sl wdh;k o
jHjidhl;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍug W;aidy orhs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i jHjidhlhkag
kj jHdmdr wdrïN lr mj;ajdf.k hdug úúO Èß.ekaùï ,nd fokq ±lsh yels h'
100
jHdmdr wdrïN lrkakkag rcfha Èß.ekaùï wjYH ùug fya;= lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'
jHjidhlhkag kj jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu i|yd Wkkaÿj we;s lrùug
jHjidhlhkaf.a jHdmdr woyia jHdmdr njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug
wjia:dj ,nd §ug
jHdmdr wdrïN lrkakka ;=< wd;au úYajdih yd iqNjd§ wdl,am we;s
lrùu i|yd
jHjidhlhkag id¾:l m%fõYhla ,nd §ug
rchla úiska wfmalaId lrk iudchSh iqNidOk lghq;= mj;ajdf.k
hdu i|yd
Èß.ekaùï j¾.
rch úiska ,ndfok úúO Èß.ekaùï m%Odk jYfhka my; ±lafjk mßÈ j¾. l<
yels h'
rEmh 7'7
Èß.ekaùï j¾.
uQ,H fkdjk Èß.ekaùïuQ,H Èß.ekaùï
jd‚c
nexl= Kh
myiqlï
wfkl=;a
nexl= Kh
myiqlï
;Hd. iy
uQ,HdOdr
WmfoaYk
fiajd
;dlaI‚l
fiajd
fjf<|m<
myiqlï
uQ,H Èß.ekaùu
jHdmdrhlg ,ndfok uQ,Huh iajrEmhla .kakd wdOdr uQ,H Èß.ekaùï fõ'
ksoiqka (-
iyk fmd,S wkqmd;hla hgf;a Kh myiqlï ,nd §u
wem iq/l=ï rys; Kh ,nd §u
Kh wdmiq f.ùï ld, iSudj jeä lsÍu
uQ,Huh m%odk
101
uQ,H fkdjk Èß.ekaùï
jHdmdrhlg ,ndfok uQ,Huh iajrEmhla fkd.kakd m%;s,dN uQ,H fkdjk
Èß.ekaùï fõ' tkï ;dlaI‚l" wf,ú wd§ há;, myiqlï iemhSuhs'
ksoiqka (-
jHjidhlhka mqyqKqj
fiajlhka mqyqKqj
wf,úlrK mqyqKqj
jHdmdr ie,iqï ilia lsÍug WmfoaYkh
;dlaI‚l mqyqKqj ,nd §u
weiqreïlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu ,nd §u
fjf<|m< fidhd §u
l%shdldrlu 08
my; ±lafjk Èß §ï uQ,H Èß.ekaùï o ke;fyd;a uQ,H fkdjk Èß.ekaùï o hkak
y÷kd .kak'
wkq
wxlhÈß.ekaùu ms<s;=r
01 rdcH nexl=jlska re' 100 000l Khla ,nd .ekSu
02 wdmiq fkdf.jk moku u; re' 500 000l wdOdrhla ,eîu
03rdcH wdh;khlska re' 10 000la jákd hka;%hla mß;Hd.hla
f,i ,eîu
04jHdmdrfha NdKav ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka ;dlaI‚l Wmfoia
,nd §u
05
úfYaI m%j¾Ok jevigykla hgf;a NdKav weiqreïlrKh
ms<sn| Wmfoia ,nd.ekSu i|yd jevuq¿jlg iyNd.S ùug
wjia:dj ,nd §u
06
wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h úiska ixúOdkh lrkq ,nk
m%o¾Ykhla i|yd iyNd.s ù úfoaYSh .ekqïlrejka iïnkaO lr
.ekSug wjia:dj ,eîu
07m%o¾Yk N+ñhl msysá re' 10 000la jákd fjf<| l=áhla
jHjidhlfhl= yg fkdñf,a ,nd §u
102
Èß.ekaùï imhk wdh;k
úúO rdcH wdh;k fukau fm!oa.,sl wdh;k o jHjidhlhkayg Èß.ekaùï ,nd
§fï ld¾hfhys ksr; j isà'
uQ,H Èß.ekaùï ,ndfok wdh;k i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
ish¨u foaYSh jd‚c nexl=
jd‚c nexl= fkdjk fjk;a uQ,H wdh;k
uQ,H fkdjk Èß §ï ,nd fok wdh;k lsysmhla iy tAjd u.ska imhk fiajd
lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok
uKav,h
-wdfhdack bv m%ia;d ms<sn`o j Wmfoia iemhSu
ld¾ñl f;dr;=re iemhSu
;dlaI‚l iydh ,nd §u
bxðfkare fiajd iemhSu
l¾udka; i|yd jD;a;Sh fiajd iy uQ,sl myiqlï iemhSu
wf,úlrK fiajd iemhSu
ld¾ñl ;dlaIK
wdh;kh
l¾udka; i|yd ;dlaI‚l WmfoaYl;ajh ,nd §u
úoHd.dr yd ld¾ñl WmlrK l%udxlkh lr §u
ksIamdok yd ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh ixj¾Okh lsßu
l¾udka; iy úoHd.dr ñkqï
úoHq;a WmlrK w¨;ajeähdj
wuqøjH iy ksñ NdKav mÍlaIdj yd ;;a;aj md,kh
;dlaI‚l mqyqKqj
-l¾udka;j, ;dlaI‚l fodaI ks¾Kh lsÍu
103
Y%S ,xld wmkhk
ixj¾Ok uKav,h
-YS% ,xldj ;=< wmkhkhg ys;lr miqìula we;s lsÍu
YS% ,xld m%ñ;s
wdh;kh
-cd;sl m%ñ;s ilia lsÍu
NdKav ;;a;aj iy;sl ksl=;a lsÍu -
;;a;aj moaO;s iy;sl lsÍu
wmkhk NdKavj, ;;a;ajh mÍlaId lsÍu
wdkhk mÍlaIdj
;;a;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsßu i|yd Wmfoia
l%shdldrlu 09
Tn jHdmdrhla wdrïN lrkafka hehs is;kak' tu jHdmdrhg uQ,H fkdjk myiqlï
,nd .; yels wdh;k kï lr tu wdh;kj,ska ,nd .; yels uQ,H fkdjk Èß §ï
y÷kd .kak'
ms<s;=re ,shuq'
01' jHjidhl;aj ixialD;sh hkak fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
02' Y%S ,xldj ;=< jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ks¾udKh l< hq;af;a
wehs ±hs fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
03' jHjidhl;aj ixialD;shla ìys ùu i|yd ys;lr jk iudchSh
idOl ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
04' jHdmdrhla flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj 4la kï lrkak'
05' jHdmdrhl iudc j.lSï hkak fláfhka y÷kajd tu j.lSï ms<sme§fï
wjYH;djh fmkakqï lrkak'
06' uQ,H yd uQ,H fkdjk Èß.ekaùïj,g WÞyrK 2l ne.ska fokak'
^fuu fmdf;ys oelafjk ish¨ u mska;+r wka;¾cd,h weiqfrka Wmqgd .kakd ,È'&
104
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fhojqu
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ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
m%j¾Okh
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ñ, § .ekSfï yelshdj
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fldgialrejd
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tAll msßjeh
iSud rys; iud.ï
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