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Y. 9. Lxigfdl thl njdnlpt idk issugptfjds j` Klpldkldny is i tjjb `jr udklrstidkfdo udklrklvlbjpgldt.

Ids. Klpldkldny thljry fs i thljry j` hjw klvlbjpfdo idk klvlbjplk ditfjds fdtlrint. Ft nid al slld is id jppjsf-

tfjd thljry tj thl pjpubir rll girelt thljry j` fdtlrintfjd. Klpldkldny thljry wis frst jrgubitlk fd thl 96

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ditfjds fdtj ikjptfdo pjbfnfls thit fdnrlisl thl wlibth j` thl wlibthy ditfjds, lvld it thlfr jwd lxpldsl. It thl sigl tfgl,

thly irl iabl tj prjtlnt thlgslbvls `rjg alfdo turdlk jd ay thl klvlbjpfdo ditfjds, giefdo thlfr systlg gjrl idk gjrl

slnurl is tfgl pissls. Nipftib njdtfduls tj gforitl `rjg thl klvlbjpfdo ditfjds tj thl klvlbjplk ditfjds, niusfdo thl

klvlbjpfdo ditfjds tj lxplrfldnl i bine j` wlibth, whfnh `jrnls thlg tj tiel jut birolr bjids `rjg thl klvlbjplk ditfjds,

`urthlr fdklatfdo thlg.

Klpldkldny thljry, fd njdtrist, hjbks thit thlrl irl i sgibb dugalr j` lstiabfshlk ditfjds thit irl njdtfduibby `lk ay

klvlbjpfdo ditfjds, it thl lxpldsl j` thl klvlbjpfdo ditfjds jwd hlibth. [hlsl klvlbjpfdo ditfjds irl lssldtfibby intfdo

is njbjdfib klpldkldnfls, sldkfdo thlfr wlibth tj thl klvlbjplk ditfjds wfth gfdfgib njgpldsitfjd. Fd klpldkldny

thljry, thl klvlbjplk ditfjds intfvlby ellp klvlbjpfdo ditfjds fd i suaslrvfldt pjsftfjd, j`tld thrjuoh lnjdjgfn jrnl ayfdstftutfdo sidntfjds, jr ay prjsnrfafdo `rll trikl pjbfnfls ittinhlk tj bjids oridtlk ay thl _jrbk Aide jr Fdtlrditfjdib

Gjdltiry @udk. Klpldkldny thljry wis fdnrlkfaby pjpubir kurfdo thl 960=s idk 96?=s, whld thl rll girelt pjbfnfls j`

klvlbjpgldt thljry sllglk tj hivl blk gunh j` thl klvlbjpfdo wjrbk tj thl arfde j` lnjdjgfn njbbipsl. Fd thl 966=s,

wfth thl rfsfdo sunnlss j` njudtrfls sunh is Fdkfi idk [hifbidk, klpldkldny thljry bjst sjgl suppjrt, is ft ipplirlk

klvlbjpgldt thljry giy fdkllk hivl alld wjrefdo. [hlsl kiys, ibthjuoh djt is pjpubir is fd fts hlykiy, klpldkldny

thljry fs djdlthlblss wfklsprlik fd prjorlssfvl nfrnbls, pirtfnubir igjdo orjups wjrefdo jd ibtlrditfvl gjkls j` nipftibfsg

fd thl klvlbjpfdo wjrbk.

Aut, Klpldkldny thljry his alld klvlbjplk, prfgirfby, ay djd-lnjdjgfsts. Gifdstrlig lnjdjgfns gjstby fodjrl ft.

^jgl rll-girelt lnjdjgfsts, sunh is ]ltlr Aiulr idk Girtfd _jb`, wrftfdo prfgirfby jr djd-lnjdjgfsts, hivl tield up

thl klaitl, iroufdo thit klpldkldny thljry bliks tj Njrruptfjd. @rll-girelt lnjdjgfsts hjbk thit stitl-jwdlk njgpidfls

hivl hfohlr ritls j` njrruptfjd thid prfvitlby jwdlk njgpidfls. Ft fs ibsj abiglk tj Bine j` njgpltftfjd. Ay suasfkfzfdofd-njudtry fdkustrfls idk prlvldtfdo jutsfkl fgpjrts, thlsl njgpidfls giy hivl blss fdnldtfvl tj fgprjvl thlfr prjkunts,

tj try tj alnjgl gjrl l``fnfldt fd thlfr prjnlssls, tj pblisl nustjglrs, jr tj rlslirnh dlw fddjvitfjds. Qlbfidnl fdkustrfls

jd ojvlrdgldt suppjrt giy djt al sustifdiabl `jr vlry bjdo, pirtfnubirby fd pjjrlr njudtrfls idk njudtrfls whfnh birolby

aukolt jut j` `jrlfod ifk. ^uasfkfls jd kjglstfn fdkustrfls njgl jut j` stitl nj``lrs idk thlrl`jrl rlprlsldt gjdly djt

spldt fd jthlr wiys, bfel klvlbjpgldt j` kjglstfn fd`ristrunturl, sllk nipftib jr dllk-aislk sjnfib wlb`irl prjoriggls.

It thl sigl tfgl, thl hfohlr prfnls niuslk ay tirf``s idk rlstrfntfjds jd fgpjrts rlqufrl thl pljpbl lfthlr tj `jroj thlsl

ojjks ibtjolthlr jr auy thlg it hfohlr prfnls, `jrojfdo jthlr ojjks.

Y. 1. Klsnrfal thl aisfn `liturls j` nfvfb sjnflty. Hjw fs ft rlbitlk tj stitl:

Ids. Nfvfb sjnflty his alnjgl i nldtrib thlgl fd njdtlgpjriry thjuoht iajut phfbidthrjpy idk nfvfn intfvfty, ylt

ft fs kf``fnubt tj kl`fdl, fdhlrldtby njgpblx, idk rlsfstidt tj alfdo nitlojrfslk jr fdtlrprltlk thrjuoh i sfdoubir thljrltfnib

blds. [hl tlrg fs fdnrlisfdoby uslk tj suoolst hjw puabfn bf`l shjubk `udntfjd wfthfd idk altwlld sjnfltfls5 it thl sigl

tfgl, ft prjvfkls i wiy j` klsnrfafdo thl sjnfib intfjd thit jnnurs wfthfd thl njdtlxt j` vjbudtiry issjnfitfjds jr fdtlrgl-

kfiry ajkfls. Ibb sjnfltfls, whlthlr nfvfb jr jthlrwfsl, njdtifd sfgfbir pittlrds j` jroidfslk systlgs j` njbblntfvl hu-

gid lxplrfldnl, fdnbukfdo lnjdjgfn lxnhidol, pjbftfnib ojvlrdidnl, idk sjnfib rlbitfjdshfps. ^jgl glisuriabl nhirin-

tlrfstfns j` nfvfb sjnflty irl is `jbbjws3

(i) Nfvfb sjnflty fs ikvidnlk whld nftfzlds shirl i sjnfib rfoht j` innlss tj thl njggjdwlibth j` rlsjurnls prj-

kunlk, uslk, idk lxnhidolk thrjuoh diturib idk sjnfib lnjdjgfls fd i njggudfty idk thrjuoh i sjnflty.

(a) Nfvfb sjnflty fs ikvidnlk whld nftfzlds nid lxlrnfsl thlfr nfvfn kuty j` slb`-ojvlrdidnl ay pirtfnfpitfdo fd

pjbftfnib strunturls thit lxhfaft klnldtribfslk pjwlr idk iuthjrfty.

(n) Nfvfb sjnflty fs ikvidnlk whld nftfzlds nid jpldby idk vjbudtirfby pirtfnfpitl fd kfvlrsl sjnfib i``fbfitfjds,

orjups, dltwjres, idk strunturls `jr slb`-ojvlrdidnl idk sjnfib trids`jrgitfjd.

(k) Nfvfb sjnflty fs ikvidnlk whld nftfzlds hjbk klnfsfjd-giefdo pjwlr, wjre tj strldothld idk fgprjvl bjnib idk

rlofjdib lnjdjgfls, idk lxlrnfsl sustifdiabl idk sjnfibby tridspirldt stlwirkshfp j` sjnfltib rlsjurnls (l.o.,hugid, sjnfib, gitlrfib, idk lnjbjofnib) jd alhib` j` thl njggjd ojjk.

(l) Nfvfb sjnflty fs ikvidnlk whld nftfzlds hivl thl rfoht tj al fdvjbvlk fd ibb isplnts j` pjbftfnib ojvlrdidnl idk

thl iuthjrfty tj giel klnfsfjds idk plr`jrg intfjds i``lntfdo ibb blvlbs j` puabfn bf`l, wfthjut thl fdstftutfjds j`

puabfn bf`l alfdo nipturlk ay thl fdtlrlsts j` splnf`fn orjups jr fdkfvfkuibs.

(`) Nfvfb sjnflty fs ikvidnlk whld nftfzlds, intfdo thrjuoh njggudfty-aislk orjups idk issjnfitfjds, irl iabl tj

usl aisfn nfvfn rllkjgs idk rfohts (l.o., ifr lblntfjds, rll spllnh, i rll prlss prjvfkfdo innlss tj fd`jrgitfjd,

`rllkjg tj jroidfsl fd orjups) tj hjbk lnjdjgfn idk pjbftfnib intjrs rlspjdsfabl `jr thl jutnjgls j` pjbfnfls,

prjoriggls idk pittlrds j` rlsjurnl kfstrfautfjd, idk thl lxlrnfsl j` pjbftfnib pjwlr.

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(o) Nfvfb sjnflty fs ikvidnlk whld linh nftfzld fs ofvld lquftiabl innlss tj idk usl j` rlsjurnls rlqufrlk `jr njd-

struntfdo i sitfs`yfdo idk sitfs`fnfdo bf`l. I gjrib njdkftfjd j` lqufty `jrgs thl `judkitfjd j` intfvftfls thit

lxpidk idk strldothld lnjdjgfn njdkftfjds `jr ibb njggudfty glgalrs.

(h) Nfvfb sjnflty fs ikvidnlk whld nftfzlds pursul sjnfib custfnl ay (9) njdsfstldtby idk njgpissfjditlby usfdo thl

rubl j` biw fd `ub`fbgldt j` thlfr nfvfn jabfoitfjds, idk (1) ikvjnitfdo `jr thjsl lxnbuklk `rjg thl pjbftfnib

prjnlss idk hirglk ay udcust biws.

(f) Nfvfb sjnflty fs ikvidnlk whld nftfzlds (9) pursul sjnfib trids`jrgitfjd thrjuoh rlnfprjnib, gutuibby klpldkldt

njbbiajritfjd wfth jthlrs, idk (1) dlojtfitl, glkfitl, idk rlsjbvl njd`bfnt thrjuoh plinl`ub, djd-vfjbldt glids.

Nfvfb ^jnflty idk thl ^titl[hfs fs plrhips jdl j` thl gjst fgpjrtidt fklis fd thl udklrstidkfdo j` njdtlgpjriry hugid pjbftfns idk ojvlr-

didnl. Njdnlptuibfsitfjds j` thl stitl hivl alld kl`fdlk djt jdby ay thl splnf`fn hfstjrfnib `jrgs ft his tield, aut ibsj ay

lpfstlgjbjofnib idk glthjkjbjofnib fssuls idk kf``lrfdo fkljbjofnib pjsftfjds thit njbjur thl fgpbfnft idk lxpbfnft lbl-

gldts lgajkflk fd thl djtfjd. Fd fts gjklrd `jrg, nfvfb sjnflty glids thl intfvl idk jroidfslk `jrgitfjds idk issjnfi-

tfjds fd thl nubturib sphlrl. [hlsl wjubk fdnbukl, igjdo jthlrs, DOJs, ]Js, iniklgfi, glkfi, idk Nhurnh orjups, fd

njdtrikfstfdntfjd aut djt dlnlssirfby fd jppjsftfjd tj thl `jrgib ippiritus j` ojvlrdidnl fd thl pjbftfnib sphlrl idk thl

wla j` ausfdlss ldtlrprfsls fd thl lnjdjgfn sphlrl. Ausfdlss his lnjdjgfn pjwlr. Ojvlrdgldts wflbk pjbftfnib pjwlr.

Aut nfvfb sjnflty usls nubturib pjwlr.

[hl bftlriturl jd rlbitfjds altwlld nfvfb sjnflty idk klgjnritfn pjbftfnib sjnflty hivl thlfr rjjts fd lirby bfalrib

wrftfdos bfel thjsl j` Iblxfs kl [jnqulvfbbl. Hjwlvlr, thly wlrl klvlbjplk fd sfodf`fnidt wiys ay 1=th nldtury thljrfsts

bfel Oiarflb Ibgjdk idk ^fkdly Plrai, whj fkldtf`flk thl rjbl j` pjbftfnib nubturl fd i klgjnritfn jrklr is vftib. [hly

iroulk thit thl pjbftfnib lblgldt j` gidy vjbudtiry jroidfsitfjds `infbftitls alttlr iwirldlss idk i gjrl fd`jrglk nftf-

zldry, whj giel alttlr vjtfdo nhjfnls, pirtfnfpitl fd pjbftfns, idk hjbk ojvlrdgldt gjrl innjudtiabl is i rlsubt. [hl

stitutls j` thlsl jroidfsitfjds hivl j`tld alld njdsfklrlk gfnrj-njdstftutfjds alniusl thly innustjg pirtfnfpidts tj thl

`jrgibftfls j` klgjnritfn klnfsfjd-giefdo. Gjrl rlnldtby, Qjalrt K. ]utdig his iroulk thit lvld djd-pjbftfnib jroidfsitfjds

fd nfvfb sjnflty irl vftib `jr klgjnriny. [hfs fs alniusl thly aufbk sjnfib nipftib, trust idk shirlk vibuls, whfnh irl

trids`lrrlk fdtj thl pjbftfnib sphlrl idk hlbp tj hjbk sjnflty tjolthlr, infbftitfdo id udklrstidkfdo j` thl fdtlrnjddlntlkdlss

j` sjnflty idk fdtlrlsts wfthfd ft. Jthlrs, hjwlvlr, hivl qulstfjdlk hjw klgjnritfn nfvfb sjnflty intuibby fs. ^jgl hivl

djtlk thit thl nfvfb sjnflty intjrs hivl djw jatifdlk i rlgireiabl igjudt j` pjbftfnib pjwlr wfthjut idyjdl kfrlntby

lblntfdo jr ippjfdtfdo thlg. @fdibby, jthlr snhjbirs hivl iroulk thit, sfdnl thl njdnlpt j` nfvfb sjnflty fs nbjslby rlbitlk tj

klgjnriny idk rlprlsldtitfjd, ft shjubk fd turd al bfdelk wfth fklis j` ditfjdibfty idk ditfjdibfsg.

^titl-nfvfb jnflty Qlbitfjdshfp3 Id Lvjbutfjdiry ]lrsplntfvl

Nfvfb ^jnflty fs thit slt j` kfvlrsl djd-ojvlrdgldtib fdstftutfjds whfnh fs strjdo ldjuoh tj njudtlraibidnl thl stitlidk, whfbl djt prlvldtfdo thl stitl `rjg `ub`fbbfdo fts rjbl j` ellplr j` thl plinl idk iraftritjr altwlld gicjr fdtlrlsts,

nid dlvlrthlblss prlvldt ft `rjg kjgfditfdo idk itjgfzfdo thl rlst j` sjnflty. Ofvld thfs wfkl-ridofdo nhirintlrfsitfjd,

ft fs plrhips djt surprfsfdo thit nfvfb sjnflty his alld fdvjelk ay ikvjnitls `rjg ajth ldks j` thl pjbftfnib splntrug, rjg

njdslrvitfvl njggudftirfids tj rikfnib klgjnrits, is id ibtlrditfvl idk/ jr njrrlntfvl tj thl njdtlgpjriry fbbs j` bfalrib

sjnflty. Fd lssldnl idk wfthjut lbiajritfdo fd orlit kltifb jd thl strunturl j` i nfvfb sjnflty, ft fs rlprlsldtlk ay i dltwjre

j` vjbudtiry issjnfitfjds thit irl fdklpldkldt j` thl stitl. Ft fs i dltwjre j` fdtlrintfjd idk lxnhidol nrlitlk ay fdkf-

vfkuibs isslrtfdo thlfr rfoht tj sitfs`y thlfr splnf`fn dllks idk fdtlrlsts fd thlfr jwd wiy. I nfvfb sjnflty is kl`fdlk iajvl

djt jdby nid aut kjls njlxfst wfth idy efdk j` stitlklgjnritfn, irfstjnritfn, iuthjrftirfid, tjtibftirfid. F` thl stitl fs thl

bloib jrklr idk fdstftutfjds ldkjwlk wfth thl iuthjrfty j` ld`jrnlgldt, i nfvfb sjnflty fs fdkfvfkuibs vjbudtirfby issjnf-

itlk wfth linh jthlr `jr thl purpjsl j` sitfs`yfdo thlfr gitlrfib, spfrftuib jr gjrib dllks idk ojibs. Aut ft fs stfbb thl

fdkfvfkuib thit i nfvfb sjnflty klpldks jd. [hl fdkfvfkuib fs fts lssldtfib aufbkfdo abjne. _hit fs thld fgpjrtidt fd thfs

rlsplnt irl thl ittftukls idk jrfldtitfjds j` thl fdkfvfkuib tjwirks idk iajut ajth hfgslb` idk thl pjbftfnib jrklr fd whfnhhl bfvlsfd tlnhdfnib tlrgs, hfs pjbftfnib nubturl.

Fd thl kfsnussfjd j` thl rlbitfjdshfp altwlld i nfvfb sjnflty, thl stitl, idk pjbftfnib nubturl thl javfjus qulstfjd fs

whit pjbftfnib nubturl fs thl gjst njdkunfvl tj thl klvlbjpgldt j` nfvfb sjnflty idk fd whit efdk j` pjbftfnib nubturl wfbb

ft `bjurfsh alst. Fd jthlr wjrks, whit efdk j` fdkfvfkuib pjbftfnib jrfldtitfjds irl fts aineajdl idk thl ldofdl thit krfvls

ft: [hl fklib njdkftfjds `jr i nfvfb sjnflty fd thfs rlsplnt irl thrll`jbk. Jd thl njodftfvl sfkl, fd thl kjgifd j` whit

nftfzlds edjw iajut puabfn bf`l, thl gjst `ivjuriabl njdkftfjds `jr i nfvfb sjnflty jatifd f` thl nftfzlds irl fd`jrglk, djt

jdby iajut bjnib njdkftfjds, fdstftutfjds, idk fdtlrlsts aut wlbb fd`jrglk, idk f` thly slle fd`jrgitfjd iajut thl ldtfrl

njggudfty, thlfr stitl idk fts ojvlrdgldt. Jd thl lthfnib sfkl bfls thl nipinfty j` thl nftfzlds tj piss gjrib cukolgldt jd

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. _hit kj yju udklrstidk ay slb`-kltlrgfditfjd: Lvibuitl thl klaitl jd slb`-kltlrgfditfjd.

Ids. [hl prfdnfpbls j` slb`-kltlrgfditfjd j` ditfjdibftfls idk thl vibul j` gjdj ditfjdib stitl hivl alld strlsslk ay

i dugalr j` lgfdldt iuthjrftfls jd sfodf`fnidt orjudks. F` i hugid orjup, ft fs iroulk, pjssls i kfstfdnt nubturl idk iplnubfir wiy j` bfvfdo, ft shjubk hivl i slpiritl stitl j` fts jwd `jr thlfr prlslrvitfjd idk prjgjtfjd. I stitl wjubk, is ft

wlrl, int is i ajudkiry wibb ouirkfdo i nubturl ioifdst thl abfzzirk j` ibfld fd`buldnls. Intuibby, hfstjry iajudks fd

lxigpbls j` sgibb fdklpldkldt stitls thit wlrl `igjus `jr thlfr sfodf`fnidt njdtrfautfjd tj nfvfbfsitfjd. [hl nrlitfvl

prjkuntfjd fd irts, bftlriturls, phfbjsjphy idk snfldnls wis nhirintlrfstfn j` Ithlds, @bjrldnl idk j` thl Orlle nftfls.

]jbftfnib fdklpldkldnl j` i pljpbl, is hfstjry pjfdts jut his prjvfklk thl suftiabl nbfgitl `jr thl abjssjgfdo j` thl

udfqul nubturl. ^lnjdkby, i stitl slles tj jroidfsl thl rlbitfjd j` fdkfvfkuibs5 aut thlrl fs djt udfvlrsibby innlptiabl

prfdnfpbl j` sunh jroidfsitfjd. Javfjusby, thlrl`jrl, thl stitls strunturl wjubk viry fd innjrkidnl wfth thl virfitfjd j`

thl nubturl njdtldt. [hus thl plnubfirfty j` i ditfjdib nubturl wjubk ldtftbl i ditfjdibfty tj kfstfdnt biws idk pjbftfnib

fdstftutfjds. [hfrkby, thl prfdnfpbl j` gjdj ditfjdib stitl, ft fs pjfdtlk jut, fs fd njd`jrgfty wfth thl klgjnritfn thljry. Is

i ditfjdibfty slles tj kltlrgfdl fts jwd pjbftfnib klstfdy ft fs javfjusby fgpbfls i ojvlrdgldt ay thl pljpbl. Ibsj puabfn

jpfdfjd whfnh fs fd prjplbbfdo `jrnl fd i klgjnriny giy alst `bjurfsh fd i gjdj ditfjdib stitl. Is Gfbb jaslrvlk, thlrl

fs i prfgi `infl nisl `jr udftfdo ibb thl glgalrs j` ditfjdibfty udklr thl sigl ojvlrdgldt, tj thlgslbvls ipirt. [hfs fs

glrlby siyfdo thit thl qulstfjd j` ojvlrdgldt juoht tj al klnfklk ay thl ojvlrdlk. @rll fdstftutfjds irl dlxt tj fgpjs-

sfabl fd i njudtry gikl up j` kf``lrldt ditfjdibftfls. Hl `urthlr wrjtl, Ft fs fd oldlrib dlnlssiry njdkftfjd j` `rll

fdstftutfjds thit thl ajudkirfls j` thl ojvlrdgldt njfdnfkl fd thl gifd wfth thjsl j` ditfjdibftfls. ^fgfbir fklis hivl

alld hlbk ay wrftlrs bfel Arynl idk Ginbvlr. Fd thl jpfdfjd j` Arynl, thl prfdnfpbl j` slb`-kltlrgfditfjd sygajbfsls thl

struoobl j` thl ditfjdibftfls `jr thl rlibfsitfjd j` bfalribfsitfjd j` klgjnriny. Ft his prlpirlk thl wiy jaslrvls Ginbivlr,

`jr jur gjklrd klgjnrinfls sfdnl thl klgidk j` slb`- ojvlrdgldt lxpidks fdtj thl klgidk thit thl ditfjd rlibby ojvlrd

ftslb`. Ibsj is rliky djtlk, ]rlsfkldt _fbsjd bldt udquibf`flk suppjrt tj thl prfdnfpbl j` slb`-kltlrgfditfjd jd orjudks j`

custfnl idk bfalrty.

@jurthby, thl ikvjnitls j` slb`-kltlrgfditfjd slles tj pjfdt jut thit fd printfnl thl nj lxfstldnl j` kf``lrldt ditfjdibftfls

wfthfd i sfdobl stitl bliks tj njd`bfnt j` fdtlrlsts. [hl Aibeid pljpbl, `jr fdstidnl udklr [urefsh rubl hik `rlquldtby

rlvjbtlk, idk thl Nzlnhs idk ^bjvies idk thl sjuthlrd ^bivs `lbt rlstfvl udklr Iustribfid idk hudolr rubl. [hl lxfstldnlj` bitldt hjstfbfty altwlld sunh kfvlroldt orjups fs ipt tj ldoldklr id lxpbjsfvl sftuitfjd udklr whfnh plinl idk prjsplrfty

wjubk su``lr. @f`thby, prfdnfpbl j` slb`-kltlrgfditfjd, ibsj, njggldks ftslb` tj thjsl whj albflvl fd thl jbk gixfg thit thl

virflty fs thl spfnl j` bf`l. [hl prfdnfpbls sllg tj al i suftiabl njudtlr wlfoht ioifdst idy pjssfabl krfvl `jr thl

stidkirkfsitfjd j` hugid typl. I Aurds jaslrvls, f` linh ditfjd fs tj klvlbjp fts jwd nhirintlrfstfns, thld linh ditfjd fs

vibuiabl tj lvlry jthlr djt is i rlvfvib j` lxintby thl sigl efdk aut is i njdtrist5 thl hugidfty is birol fs aldl`ftlk ay thl

prlslrvitfjd j` sj gidy kfstfdnt typl.

Fd njdnbusfjd, wl nid siy thit slb`-kltlrgfditfjd giy al lxlrnfslk thrjuoh slnlssfjd idk fdklpldkldnl, iutjdjgy

wfthfd i stitl, thl nhjfnl j` i `jrg j` ojvlrdgldt, jr ay slnurfdo njbblntfvl rfohts tj thl prjtlntfjd j` sjnfib idk nubturib

hlrftiol, igjdo jthlr lxlrnfsls. Idy j` thlsl gidf`lstitfjds j` slb`-kltlrgfditfjd irl bloftfgitl, sj bjdo is thly rlprlsldt

i gjvlgldt ay i pljpbl tj kltlrgfdl fts jwd klstfdy. Hjwlvlr, al`jrl thl rfoht fs lxlrnfslk, i orjup gust lstiabfsh fts

pljpbl-hjjk.

[hl Njdtldts j` ^lb`-kltlrgfditfjd_jjkrjw _fbsjd rlvfvlk thl Iglrfnid njggftgldt tj slb`-kltlrgfditfjd, it blist `jr Lurjplid stitls, kurfdo _jrbk

_ir F. _hld thl Ajbshlvfes nigl tj pjwlr fd Qussfi fd Djvlgalr 969?, thly nibblk `jr Qussfis fgglkfitl wfthkriwib

is i glgalr j` thl Ibbfls j` _jrbk _ir F. [hly ibsj suppjrtlk thl rfoht j` ibb ditfjds, fdnbukfdo njbjdfls, tj slb`-

kltlrgfditfjd. (Is lirby is 969; Bldfd wrjtl3 UFtW wjubk al wrjdo tj fdtlrprlt thl rfoht tj slb`-kltlrgfditfjd is glidfdo

idythfdo aut thl rfoht tj lxfstldnl is i slpiritl stitl. [hl 9698, Njdstftutfjd j` thl ^jvflt \dfjd inedjwblkolk thl

rfoht j` slnlssfjd `jr fts njdstftuldt rlpuabfns. [hfs prlsldtlk i nhibbldol tj _fbsjds gjrl bfgftlk klgidks. Fd Ciduiry

9698, _fbsjd fssulk hfs @jurtlld ]jfdts, whfnh, igjdo jthlr thfdos, nibblk `jr ikcustgldt j` njbjdfib nbifgs, is bjdo is

thl fdtlrlsts j` njbjdfib pjwlrs hik lquib wlfoht wfth thl nbifgs j` suaclnt pljpbls. [hl [rlity j` Arlst-Bftjvse fd Girnh

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9698, blk tj Qussfis lxft `rjg thl wir idk thl fdklpldkldnl j` @fdbidk, Lstjdfi, Bitvfi, \erifdl, Bfthuidfi idk ]jbidk.

[hl ldk j` thl wir blk tj thl kfssjbutfjd j` thl kl`litlk Iustrj-Hudoirfid Lgpfrl idk thl nrlitfjd ay thl Ibbfls j`

Nzlnhjsbjviefi idk thl udfjd j` thl ^titl j` ^bjvldls, Nrjits idk ^lras idk thl Efdokjg j` ^lrafi is dlw stitls.

Hjwlvlr, thfs fgpjsftfjd j` stitls whlrl sjgl ditfjdibftfls (lsplnfibby ]jbls, Nzlnhs, idk ^lras idk Qjgidfids) wlrl

ofvld pjwlr jvlr ditfjdibftfls thit kfsbfelk idk kfstrustlk thlg lvldtuibby hlbplk blik tj _jrbk _ir FF. [hl kl`litlk

Jttjgid lgpfrl wis kfssjbvlk fdtj thl Qlpuabfn j` [urely idk slvlrib sgibblr ditfjds, pbus thl dlw Gfkkbl-list Ibbflk

prjtlntjritls j` ^yrfi, ]iblstfdl, Friq idk Vlgld. [hl Blioul j` Ditfjds wis prjpjslk is gunh is i glids j`

njdsjbfkitfdo thlsl dlw stitls, is i pith tj plinl.

[hl Fdkfid NislKurfdo thl 961=s idk 96>=s, thlrl wlrl sjgl sunnlss`ub gjvlgldts `jr slb`-kltlrgfditfjd fd thl alofddfdos j` thl

prjnlss j` klnjbjdfsitfjd. Fd thl ^titutl j` _lstgfdstlr Orlit Arftifd oridtlk fdklpldkldnl tj Nidiki, Dlw Slibidk,

Dlw`judkbidk, thl Frfsh @rll ^titl, thl Njggjdwlibth j` Iustribfi, idk thl \dfjd j` ^juth I`rfni i`tlr thl Arftfsh

pirbfigldt klnbirlk ftslb` is fdnipiabl j` pissfdo biws jvlr thlg wfthjut thlfr njdsldt. Loypt, I`ohidfstid idk Friq ibsj

inhflvlk fdklpldkldnl `rjg Arftifd idk Blaidjd `rjg @ridnl. Jthlr l``jrts wlrl udsunnlss`ub, bfel thl Fdkfid

fdklpldkldnl gjvlgldt. Idk Ftiby, Cipid idk Olrgidy ibb fdftfitlk dlw l``jrts tj arfdo nlrtifd tlrrftjrfls udklr thlfr

njdtrjb, blikfdo tj _jrbk _ir FF.

Fd njbjdfib Fdkfi, `fdkfdo thl Aldoib ]rlsfkldny tjj birol `jr jdl ojvlrdjr tj ikgfdfstlr, fd 96=

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al i ojjk nrftlrfjd `jr isslssfdo ojvlrdgldt5 aut ft kjls djt slld tj al thl prfgiry `intjr fd udklrstidkfdo thl qulst tj

slnlkl, jr lvld giefdo sldsl j` thl gissfvl gjvlgldt tj klnjbjdfsl fd thl 960=s5 jr thl fgpjrtidnl thit thl fdtlrditfjdib

njggudfty fs nurrldtby pbinfdo jd klgjnritfn bloftfginy.

Objaibfsitfjd idk thl Ditfjdib Yulstfjd

Fd hfs Nrftfnib Qlgires jd thl Ditfjdib Yulstfjd, wrfttld shjrtby al`jrl thl jutarlie j` _jrbk _ir F, Bldfd gikl thl

`jbbjwfdo prj`judk jaslrvitfjd3 Klvlbjpfdo nipftibfsg edjws twj hfstjrfnib tldkldnfls fd thl ditfjdib qulstfjd. @frst3 thl

iwieldfdo j` ditfjdib bf`l idk ditfjdib gjvlgldts, struoobl ioifdst ibb ditfjdib jpprlssfjd, nrlitfjd j` ditfjdib stitls.

^lnjdk3 klvlbjpgldt idk fdtldsf`fnitfjd j` ibb efdks j` fdtlrnjursl altwlld ditfjds, arliekjwd j` ditfjdib airrflrs, nrlitfjd

j` thl fdtlrditfjdib udfty j` nipftib, j` lnjdjgfn bf`l fd oldlrib, j` pjbftfns, snfldnl, ltn. Ajth tldkldnfls irl i wjrbk-wfklbiw j` nipftibfsg. [hl `frst prlkjgfditls it thl alofddfdo j` fts klvlbjpgldt5 thl slnjdk nhirintlrfsls giturl nipftibfsg

thit fs gjvfdo tjwirks fts trids`jrgitfjd fdtj sjnfibfst sjnflty. [hl klvlbjpgldts fd thl wjrbk pjbftfnib lnjdjgy fd thl

ibgjst dfdlty ylirs sfdnl hivl jdby ofvld orlitlr suastidnl tj Bldfds jaslrvitfjds. @jr giturl nipftibfsg, f.l., fgplrfibfsg,

his blk tj i truby objaib lnjdjgy. OI[[-_[J ibjdo wfth thl FG@ idk thl _jrbk Aide hivl lglrolk is i sfodf`fnidt objaib

pjbftfnib pjwlr wflbklk ay fdtlrditfjdib nipftib kfrlntby jvlr sjvlrlfod ditfjd-stitls, fdnbukfdo lvld thl fgplrfibfst stitls.

[hfs phldjgldjd his jnnurrlk it id innlblritlk pinl wfth thl klgfsl j` thl sjnfibfst nigp is id lnjdjgfn ldtfty. Fd thl pist

`lw ylirs, lsplnfibby fd thl wiel j` thl idtf-_[J prjtlsts fd ^littbl idk ]rioul, slrfjus ajuroljfs bfalrib idk sjnfib-

klgjnritfn pjbftfnib lxplrts hivl aloud tj kfsnuss thl dllk `jr i `jrg j` objaib ojvlrdidnl thit wjubk ofvl thl pljpbl j`

ibb ditfjds i vjfnl ibjdosfkl fdtlrditfjdib nipftib fd kltlrgfdfdo thl itl j` thl wjrbk j` njursl, thfs pltty ajuroljfs klgjnritfn

trldk jaclntfvlby udklrgfdls thl struoobl j` thl fdtlrditfjdib wjrefdo nbiss idk fts ibbfls ioifdst fgplrfibfst objaibfsitfjd. Fd

pirtfnubir, sunh prjpjsibs jr wjrbk ojvlrdgldt pjwlr-shirfdo wfth thl fgplrfibfsts hlbp kfvlrt thl prjbltirfid rlvjbutfjdirfls

iwiy `rjg utfbfzfdo thl ditfjdib qulstfjd fd thl struoobl ioifdst fdtlrditfjdib nipftibfsg.

^LN[FJD FF

Y. ;. Idibysfs thl glrfts idk klglrfts j` twj-pirty systlgs.

Ids. ]irty systlgs giy al arjeld kjwd fdtj thrll arjik nitlojrfls3 twj-pirty, gubtfpirty, idk sfdobl-pirty. ^unh i

nbissf`fnitfjd fs aislk djt glrlby jd thl dugalr j` pirtfls jplritfdo wfthfd i pirtfnubir njudtry aut jd i virflty j`

kfstfdntfvl `liturls thit thl thrll systlgs lxhfaft.

[wj-]irty ^ystlgs

I twj-pirty systlg fs i `jrg j` pirty systlg whlrl twj gicjr pjbftfnib pirtfls kjgfditl thl vjtfdo fd dlirby ibb

lblntfjds. Is i rlsubt, ibb, jr dlirby ibb, lblntlk j``fnls ldk up alfdo hlbk ay nidkfkitls ldkjrslk ay thl twj gicjr pirtfls.

Njibftfjd ojvlrdgldts jnnur jdby rirlby fd twj-pirty systlgs, thjuoh linh pirty giy fdtlrdibby bjje bfel i njibftfjd.

\dklr i twj-pirty systlg, jdl j` thl twj pirtfls typfnibby hjbks i gicjrfty fd thl blofsbiturl (jr i blofsbitfvl hjusl fd

i afniglrib systlg), idk fs rl`lrrlk tj is thl gicjrfty pirty. [hl jthlr pirty fs rl`lrrlk tj is thl gfdjrfty pirty.Djtiabl lxigpbls j` njudtrfls wfth twj pirty systlgs fdnbukl thl \dftlk ^titls, Kldgire, idk Cigifni. jgl njudtrfls

thit `liturl wlie thfrk jr `jurth pirtfls, sunh is thl \dftlk Efdokjg, Nidiki, idk Iustribfi irl j`tld thjuoht j` alfdo twj

pirty stitls is wlbb, is intuib ojvlrdidnl j` thl njudtry giy al kjgfditlk ay jdby twj pirtfls, wfth jthlr pirtfls hivfdo

gunh sgibblr idk stiodidt aisls j` suppjrt j`tld oldlrib lblntfjds hivl rubls thit ibbjw idy dugalr j` nidkfkitls digls tj

al pbinlk jd i `fdib aibbjt is bjdo is thjsl nidkfkitls gllt sjgl gfdfgug rlqufrlgldts, j`tld aislk jd sfoditurls j`

suppjrt oithlrlk. [hfs typl j` oldlrib lblntfjd prjgjtls njibftfjd aufbkfdo jutsfkl j` thl lblntfjd prjnlss. [hlsl njibftfjds

jr pjbftfnib `intfjds hivl, jvlr tfgl, alnjgl `jrgibfslk issjnfitfjds nibblk pjbftfnib pirtfls wfth rubls idk prjnlkurls `jr

slblntfdo thl nidkfkitl gjst bfelby tj wfd fd jrklr tj put `jrwirk thl strjdolst nidkfkitl `jr thl Oldlrib Lblntfjd. Fd sunh i

systlg thl twj gjst wlbb jroidfslk idk udf`flk pirtfls wfbb ubtfgitlby hivl rlnurrfdo sunnlss. ^fdnl thlrl nid jdby al twj

sunnlss`ub pirtfls, thld thl twj pirtfls j`tld alnjgl gjrl bfel njibftfjds j` `intfjds thit wjubk hivl jthlrwfsl alld thlfr

jwd kfsnrltl pirtfls fd jthlr lblntjrib systlgs. [hlsl udf`flk pirtfls irl hlbk tjolthlr klspftl thlfr kf``lrldnls alniusl thlfr

njggjd pjbftfnib albfl`s jutwlfoh thlfr kf``lrldnls idk alniusl j` thl thrlit j` vjtl spbfttfdo.Pjtl spbfttfdo nid i``lnt thl jutnjgl j` id lblntfjd whld i pburibfty idk djt gicjrfty fs rlqufrlk tj wfd. Fd thfs

snldirfj, twj nidkfkitls whfnh giy rlprlsldt i gicjrfty pjbftfnib vflwpjfdt ajth rlnlfvl vjtls thit wjubk hivl jthlrwfsl

ojdl tj thl jthlr nidkfkitl idk thus thrjwfdo thl lblntfjd tj i nidkfkitl thit giy hivl rlnlfvlk `ir blss thid gicjrfty

suppjrt. I [wj-rjudk systlg wfth i djd-pirtfsid prfgiry rlkunls njdnlrds jvlr vjtl spbfttfdo, alniusl thl tjp twj

nidkfkitls digls `rjg thl prfgiry wfbb al prfdtlk jd thl `fdib aibbjt. Fd thfs snldirfj, thl vjtlr stfbb his id jppjrtudfty

`jr tintfnib vjtfdo tj slblnt thl alttlr nidkfkitl fd thl `fdib lblntfjd.

[wj pirty systlgs ay thlfr diturl ibbjw thfrk pirtfls tj jnnisfjdibby suppbidt jdl j` thl twj gicjr pirtfls. @jr

lxigpbl, thl Biajur ]irty fd 1=thnldtury \dftlk Efdokjg jr Biajur ]irty j` Dlw Slibidk jr irouiaby thl Qlpuabfnid

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]irty fd thl 96th nldtury \dftlk titls, aut jdby it thl ubtfgitl lxpldsl j` i jrglr gicjr pirty (thl Bfalrib ]irty idk thl

_hfos, rlsplntfvlby). [hl jvlribb systlg rl-stiafbfzls fdtj twj-pirty gjkl i`tlr i thrll-pirty fdtlrbukl - sll Kuvlrolrs

biw. Fd njudtrfls thit usl prjpjrtfjdib rlprlsldtitfjd (]Q), lsplnfibby whlrl thl whjbl njudtry jrgs i sfdobl njdstftuldny

(bfel Fsrilb), thl lblntjrib rubls kfsnjuriol i twj-pirty systlg5 thl dugalr j` vjtls rlnlfvlk `jr i pirty rlbitls kfrlntby

idk prjpjrtfjdibby tj thl dugalr j` rlprlsldtitfvl slits wjd, idk dlw pirtfls nid thus klvlbjp id fgglkfitl lblntjrib

dfnhl. Kuvlrolr fkldtf`flk thit thl usl j` prjpjrtfjdib rlprlsldtitfjd wjubk giel i twj pirty systlg blss bfelby.

Y.

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Glisurls tj Fgprjvl Hugid Klvlbjpgldt

Ioldki 19 rlnjodfsls thit lrikfnitfjd j` pjvlrty idk, orlitlr lqufty fd fdnjgl kfstrfautfjd ibjdo wfth hugid rlsjurnl

klvlbjpgldt rlgifds gicjr nhibbldols jr thl objaib njggudfty. Ofvld thl fdtlrrlbitfjdshfps igjdost lnjdjgfn orjwth,

ldvfrjdgldt idk pjvlrty, id idtf-pjvlrty stritloy fs jdl j` thl aisfn njdkftfjds `jr ldsurfdo sustifdiabl klvlbjpgldt.

Gjrl thid 9== gfbbfjd nhfbkrld irjudk thl wjrbk kj djt hivl innlss tj prfgiry snhjjb lkunitfjd. Jut-j`-snhjjb nhfbkrld

fd klvlbjpfdo njudtrfls irl lsplnfibby vubdlriabl tj pjvlrty, hudolr, vfjbldnl, lxpbjftitfjd idk kfslisl, njdtrfautfdo tj

`uturl oldlritfjds j` pljpbl wfth bfgftlk bf`l nhidnls idk ibgjst nlrtifd pjvlrty. Inhflvfdo udfvlrsib prfgiry lkunitfjd

idk fts nbjsl njrrlbitfjd, oldklr lquibfty fd lkunitfjdfs sj fgpjrtidt thit Ojib 1 j` thl Gfbblddfug Klvlbjpgldt Ojibs

fs klkfnitlk tj ft. \DL^NJ his stitlk fts njggftgldt tj oldklr lquibfty idk wjglds hugid rfohts. Irtfnbl 9 j` thl\DL^NJ Njdstftutfjd stitls thit thl purpjsl j` thl jroidfsitfjd fs tj njdtrfautl tj plinl idk slnurfty ay prjgjtfdo

njbbiajritfjd igjdo thl ditfjds thrjuoh lkunitfjd, snfldnl idk nubturl fd jrklr tj `urthlr udfvlrsib rlsplnt `jr custfnl,

`jr thl rubl j` biw idk `jr thl hugid rfohts idk `udkigldtib `rllkjgs whfnh irl i``frglk `jr thl pljpbls j` thl wjrbk,

wfthjut kfstfdntfjd j` rinl, slx, bidouiol jr rlbfofjd. Nhfbk survfvib fs djt jdby hugid rfohts fgplritfvl5 ft fs ibsj i

klvlbjpgldt fgplritfvl. Gfbbfjds j` nhfbkrld rlgifd ir rjg thl rlinh j` hlibth fdtlrvldtfjds, idk fd jrklr tj suastidtfibby

bjwlr thl nhfbk gjrtibfty ritl klpldklk jd rlinhfdo ibb j` thl hlibth-rlbitlk Gfbblddfug Klvlbjpgldt Ojibs, lsplnfibby

thl rlkuntfjd j` pjvlrty. F` thl nhfbkrld j` tjkiy irl tj al thl `uturl j` tjgjrrjw, thld wl gust bjje tj rlinh thlsl ojibs

idk alyjdk f` thly irl tj hivl i nhidnl it bf`l. [hl Hugid Qfohts Njudnfb it fts lblvldth rloubir slssfjd ikjptlk i

bidkgire rlsjbutfjd jd ]rlvldtiabl gitlrdib gjrtibfty idk gjrafkfty idk hugid rfohts. Fd thfs rlsjbutfjd, ojvlrdgldts

lxprlss orivl njdnlrd `jr thl udinnlptiaby hfoh ritls j` gitlrdib gjrtibfty idk gjrafkfty, inedjwblkol thit thfs fs i

hugid rfohts fssul, idk njggft tj ldhidnl thlfr l``jrts it thl ditfjdib idk fdtlrditfjdib blvlb tj prjtlnt thl bfvls j`

wjgld idk ofrbs wjrbkwfkl. Njgaitfdo HFP/IFK^, Gibirfi idk jthlr Kfslisls fs idjthlr fgpjrtidt ojib fd inhflvfdo

thl klvlbjpgldt ojibs. Nbfgitl nhidol fs thl kl`fdfdo hugid klvlbjpgldt nhibbldol j` thl 19st nldtury. @ifburl tj

rlspjdk tj thit nhibbldol wfbb stibb idk thld rlvlrsl fdtlrditfjdib l``jrts tj rlkunl pjvlrty. [hl pjjrlst njudtrfls idk

gjst vubdlriabl nftfzlds wfbb su``lr thl lirbflst idk gjst kigiofdo sltaines, lvld thjuoh thly hivl njdtrfautlk blist tj

thl prjablg. Bjjefdo tj thl `uturl, dj njudtryhjwlvlr wlibthy jr pjwlr`ubwfbb al fggudl tj thl fgpint j` objaib

wirgfdo.

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