Participação, instituições políticas e Internet: um exame dos canais participativos nos portais da Câmara e da Presidência do Brasil

8/9/2019 Participao, instituies polticas e Internet: um exame dos canais participativos nos portais da Cmara e da Presi

1/27

9>Crnl _uc~m Orm~ccrm Ncncm~ m Nlcnm^ Xm! u'>>! '=! x' 9>,03! km'&k' ?8=8

Xmrcncxm! c~cc~ xcnm~ Cr; ltml ~ nmmc~ xmrcncxmcu~ ~ xrmc~ m

Nlmrm m Xr~cncm Orm~cErmnc~n Xm Kmlc Mlcm Lmr~+

_~lI~i mrc`f cgui~c`m nflf bym~ cg~cyci~ bf I~mbf orm~caicrf , m Xri~cbgncmbm _ixoacnm i m Nlmrm bf~ Bixymbf~ , feirinil! xfr licf bm Cgirgi! nm,gmc~ ufambf~ xrflff bm xmrcncxmf xfacnm bf~ ncbmbf~' Mx~ riuc~f bmacirmyrm m rmmr bm cgiremni igri Cgirgi i Bilfnrmncm! bibcnm,~i i~xincmanycbmbf mf cguigrcf i bi~nrcf bf~ linmgc~lf~ xmrcncxmcuf~ ignfgrmbf~gi~m~ bym~ itxircgncm~! oil nflf rieaii,~i mnirnm bi ~iy~ xf~~uic~ ieicf~~fori f xrfni~~f bi xrfbyf bm binc~f xfacnm' Gf nm~f bm Nlmrm! cbigcecnm,~i! il nflxmrmf nfl f Xfrma bm Xri~cbgncm! lmcfr umrcibmbi bi nmgmc~ mnfgnric{mril m xmrcncxmf' Af`f! m gmyri{m bm cgirmf }yi m i~eirm ncucalmgl nfl i~m cg~cycf igbi m ~ir bceirigncmbm' Rmlol ~f bc~nycbf~fyrf~ m~xinf~ m cgeayigncmril m feirm bi~i~ linmgc~lf~! mc~ nflf ~iy~ ny~f~

xfacnf~' _iefrm,~i! mf ecgma! m gini~~cbmbi bi ~i xig~mr f~ licf~ bc`cmc~ ilcgiremni nfl f nfgitf nyayrma i xfacnf bi nmbm ~fncibmbi bilfnrcnm'Xmamurm~,ndmui; Cgirgi' Xmrcncxmf' Bilfnrmncm' Cg~cyci~ Xfacnm~'

Xmrcncxmc! xccnm c~cc~ m Cr; m tmlcmce d xmrcncxmcu ndm~ c Xr~cns m Rd D~ e_xr~mcu~ Orm{ccm ~c~

Mo~rmnRdc~ mrcnai cgui~c`mi~ dfp pf Orm{cacmg xfaccnma cg~cycfg~ , Rdi Xri~cbignsmgb Rdi Dfy~i fe _ixri~igmcui~ , y~i di Cgirgi f feeir ncc{ig~ fxxfry,gcci~ fe xfaccnma xmrcncxmcfg' Meir riucipcg` xmr fe di riaiumg acirmyrinfgnirgcg` Cgirgi mgb Bilfnrmns! di xmxir cbigceci~ mgb bi~nrcoi~ maa di

+ X~,bfyfr xiam ^mcg Afyc~ Ygcuir~cs! I~mbf~ Ygcbf~! ~fo ~yxiruc~f bfBr' Kmli~ Ofdlmg' X~,bfyfr gf locf bf Xrf`rmlm bi X~,@rmbymf ilNflygcnmf ^fncma bm Ygcuir~cbmbi Eibirma bi Lcgm~ @irmc~ $?883#' Li~ri iBfyfr il Nflygcnmf i Nyayrm Nfgilxfrgim~ xiam Ygcuir~cbmbi Eibirmabm Omdcm' Xrfei~~fr Mbkygf bf Bixmrmligf bi Nflygcnmf ^fncma bm Ygc,uir~cbmbi Eibirma bf Lmrmgdf' ^f Ayc~! LM'I,lmca; lmr}yi~kmlcaHsmdff'nfl'or'


2/27

Crnl _uc~m Orm~ccrm Ncncm~ m Nlcnm^ Xm! u'>>! '=! x' 9>,03! km'&k' ?8=892

E_MgNC^Nf XMyaf KMLCa MaLiCbM LM_}yi^

xmrcncxmfrs lindmgc~l~ mumcamoai m di~i pio~ci~! xrfxf~cg` eyrdir rieaincfg~fg di xfaccnma ieein~ pdcnd lms mrc~i fgni di~i ndmggia~ mri ilxafsib' Nfl,xmrcg` di Dfy~i fe _ixri~igmcui~ mgb di Xri~cbigns pio~ci~! c c~ xf~~coai fmeecrl dm di efrlir fgi xri~ig~ m `rimir umrcis fe ndmggia~ moai f mbbri~~xmrcncxmfrs xfaccn~' Rdi cgirmncui xmirg~ i~moac~dib oipiig ncc{ig~ mgbrixri~igmcui~ mri dy~ }yci bceeirig cg dc~ nm~i' Rdi mrcnai ma~f bc~ny~~i~}yi~cfg~ ~ynd m~ rixri~igmcui~ ygpcaacg`gi~~ f feeir xmrcncxmfrs ffa~! fgnidi~i lindmgc~l~ mri nf~as f clxailig mgb lms clxas m af~ fe xfaccnma xfpir'Cg di igb! fgi ricgefrni~ di gini~~cs fe dcgjcg` fg di bc`cma libcm mjcg`cgf mnnfyg di nyayrma mgb xfaccnma nfgit~ fe iuirs bilfnrmcn ~fncis'

Jis pfrb~; Cgirgi' Xmrcncxmcfg' Bilfnrmns' Xfaccnma Cg~cycfg~'

Xmrcncxmnc! c~cnc~ xcnm~! Cr; l tml ~ nmm~ xmrcncxmnc ~ ~c~ m Xr~cncm m Nlmrm _xr~m~ Orm~c_~lIa mrnyaf cgui~c`m nlf bf~ cg~cyncfgi~ xfacnm~ orm~caim~ , am Xri~cbigncm sam Nlmrm bi _ixri~igmgi~ , ycac{mg ia Cgirgi xmrm ferinir m ncybmbmgf~ fxfr,ygcbmbi~ bi am xmrcncxmncg xfacnm' Bi~xy~ bi rixm~mr am xmri bi am acirmyrmriaiumgi rieirigi ia Cgirgi s bi am bilfnrmncm! ia xmxir cbigcecnm s bi~nrcoifbf~ af~ linmgc~lf~ xmrcncxmgi~ bc~xfgcoai~ ig i~f~ ~cf~! xrfxfgcigbf }yi

frm~ rieaitcfgi~ ig af~ ieinf~ xfacnf~ }yi xyibig xri~igmr~i ygm ui{ i~f~nmgmai~ i~g ilxaimbm~' Nflxmrmgbf am Nlmrm bi _ixri~igmgi~ s ia ~cf biam Xri~cbigncm! i~ xf~coai mecrlmr }yi ia mgircfr xri~igm ygm lmsfr umrcibmb binmgmai~ nmxmni~ bi rmmr xfacnm xmrcncxmgi' Af~ xmrfgi~ cgirmncuf~ i~moaincbf~igri af~ ncybmbmgf~ s af~ rixri~igmgi~ ~fg m~ mo~faymligi bceirigi~ ig i~inm~f' Ia mrnyaf mlocg bc~nyi xri`ygm~ mai~ nflf bi~`mgm bi af~ rixri~igmgi~bi ferinir am~ dirrmlcigm~ xmrcncxmgi~! ygm ui{ }yi i~f~ linmgc~lf~ ~fg nf~,f~f~ ikinymr s xyibig clxacnmr yg xirbcbf bi am igir`m xfacnm' Ig ia itrilf!ygf rieyir{m am gini~cbmb bia xig~mlcigf ig af~ libcf~ bc`cmai~ }yi nfg~cbirmg

af~ nfgitf~ nyayrmai~ s xfacnf~ bi nmbm ~fncibmb bilfnrcnm'Xmamorm~ namui; Cgirgi' Xmrcncxmncg' Bilfnrmncm' Cg~cyncfgi~ Xfacnm~'

Cr

Yl nfgkygf rm{fmuialigi mlxaf bi xi~}yc~m~ nfgby{cbm~gf~ aclf~ mgf~ nfgcgym m ~y`ircr }yi f~ libcm bc`cmc~

xirlcil ylm nmxmncbmbi bi mymf xfacnm bceirigibm}yiam fxirmncfgmac{mbm ~fo m a`cnm bf~ libcm rmbcncfgmc~' Mfxrfxcncmril nfgbci~ xmrm m fnfrrgncm bi eigligf~ nflf lmcfr


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99Crnl _uc~m Orm~ccrm Ncncm~ m Nlcnm^ Xm! u'>>! '=! x' 9>,03! km'&k' ?8=8

XM_RCNCXMf! Cg^RCRyCi^ XfaRCNM^ i CgRi_giR

cgirmcucbmbi igri m`igi~ cg~cyncfgmc~ i ncbmbf~! acoirbmbibi bc~nyr~f i xyoacnmf cg~mggim bi nfgibf~ m omctf ny~f!f~ rinyr~f~ bc`cmc~ bi nflygcnmf! mr`yligml f~ i~ybcf~f~

m ilxriigbiril mc~ xi~}yc~m~! riuc`frml m~ itxinmcum~ bicgnriligf bm~ xrcnm~ bilfnrcnm~ $BIAAC NM_XCGC! ?888:LF__C^! ?888: E_FFLJCL! ?882: ^RMGAIS i PIM_I! ?882:LM_NDI i LnGCUIG! ?88>#'

Xmrcnyamrligi gf }yi ~i rieiri m ylm xrifnyxmf nmbmui{ lmc~ nmgbigi il ifrcm bilfnrcnm! m ~moir! m }yi~f bmxmrcncxmf xfacnm bm i~eirm ncuca $LMGCG! =330: DMOI_LM^!=330: MU_CR[I_ i ^MGRF^! ?88?#! m cbicm m bi }yi f~ i~,fruf~ ngcnf~! oil nflf f~ ny~f~ riamncfgmbf~ xrflff bfigufaucligf xfacnf! xfbil ~ir bclcgybf~ ylm ui{ }yi ~i amgmlf bi~i~ linmgc~lf~=' Xfr itilxaf! d bcuir~f~ licf~ bi ~ifrgmr lmc~ enca! nlfbf i `ca f igbirimligf! xfr xmri bf~y~yrcf~! bi nfgrcoyci~ mf xrfni~~f bi bc~ny~~f bf~ gi`ncf~xoacnf~! xfr licf bi nfg~yam~ xoacnm~ fy bf i~moiaincligf bieryg~ $OIGGIRR i ECIABCG@! =333: MS_I^! =333: OIGGIRR!

?88>: OY_ND! ?88?: ^MARI_! ?88>: MAAMG! ?88>#'_i~~mai,~i! xfrl! dmuir cgui~c`mbfri~ m bc~nfrbmril bmm~~fncmf xf~ccum igri f ilxri`f bm~ xammefrlm~ bc`cmc~ binflygcnmf i f cgnriligf bm}yiam~ mcucbmbi~ xfacnm~ xcnm~bf ri`cli bilfnrcnf' Bigri f~ xrcgncxmc~ xrfoailm~ cgbcnmbf~i~f m~ bi~c`ymabmbi~ gf mni~~f ~ ingfaf`cm~: m }ymacbmbi by,ucbf~m bm cgefrlmf xfacnm frgmbm bc~xfguia mf~ y~yrcf~: fnri~nigi ifr nflirncma }yi m ribi uil mb}ycrcgbf: m lmgyigf= D bcuir~m~ rieirgncm~ m bcm`gf~cnmril ylm nmrgncm bi fxfrygcbmbi~ bixmrcncxmf ncuca gf nyr~f bm~ xrcnm~ bilfnrcnm~ nfgilxfrgim~ $OM_OI_!?882: OFDLMG! =335: EYG@ i P_C@DR! ?88=#' Mr`yligm,~i }yi m gem~iiaicfrma nfgeircbm cgiruigf xfacnm bf~ ncbmbf~ xfbircm nflxrfliirm cbcm lfbirgm bi ~foirmgcm xfxyamr i mnmomrcm nfgrcoycgbf xmrm frgmr mi~eirm ncuca mxcnm i! li~lf! cg~mc~eicm nfl f ri`cli xfacnf,bilfnrcnf'Gi~~i ~igcbf! mc~ i~ybcf~f~ uf nfg~cbirmr m gini~~cbmbi bi ~i xrflfuirlinmgc~lf~ bi cgiruigf m ig`igbrmril ylm mymf lmc~ efri i eri}igi

bf~ ncbmbf~ gm bc~ny~~f bf~ gi`ncf~ xoacnf~! ~yoacgdmgbf itxircgncm~ nflff frmligf xmrcncxmcuf! f~ nfg~iadf~ bi xfacnm~ xoacnm~ i li~lf m}yiam~cgcncmcum~ bcrincfgmbm~ mf ilxri`f bf~ rinyr~f~ bi nflygcnmf' I~i rmomadf~i ignmctm! mf ambf bi myfri~ nflf @fli~ $?889# i Nfailmg i @{i $?88=#!gi~m aclm gem~i'


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bf bflgcf bi `rmgbi~ `ryxf~ libccnf~ gf }yi ~i rieiri xrf,byf bi nfgibf~: i m~ mlimm~ ~ acoirbmbi~ i xrcumncbmbibf~ ncbmbf~ $OYND^RICG! =330: XF^RLMG! =332: BMUC^!

=333: BIMG! ?88>: PFARFG! ?88=: PCADIAL! ?888#'I~xincecnmligi il riamf xmrcncxmf xfacnm bf~ ncbmbf~!

ma`yg~ bf~ i~ybcf~f~ lmc~ ncnf~ mr`yligml }yi m Cgirgi rmrcmlmaiencf~ nflf m erm`ligmf bf~ biomi~! ylm ui{ }yi f~ ncbmbf~igbircml m xirbir f cgiri~~i il bc~nycr ilm~ bi nfgnirggncmnflyl: fyrf~ mxfgml m xf~~cocacbmbi bi }yi mc~ eirrmligm~ ~ikmlilxri`mbm~ xmrm xrflfuir m fr`mgc{mf i m xmrcncxmf bi `ryxf~mui~~f~ mf biomi i mf ri~xicf ~ bceirigm~: i d mcgbm f~ }yi mecr,lml }yi f itirnncf bi ylm cgeaygncm xfacnm ieicum xfr xmri bf~ncbmbf~ ~i lf~rm clxirnixuia! ~foriybf xfr nfgm bm cgbc~xf~cfbf ~c~ilm rixri~igmcuf il rinfadir i nfg~cbirmr nfgrcoyci~ bm~fncibmbi $^R_FLI_,@MAAIS! ?888: ^NDIYEIAI i GC^OIR! ?88?:^YG^RICG! ?88=: DFF@DI i RIIXI! ?889: ^DYALMG! ?889#'

F biomi lmgl ~ym clxfrgncm i nfgcgym m bcucbcr cg,ui~c`mbfri~ mgf bf nmlxf bm Nflygcnmf }ymgf bm rim

bi Rifrcm Xfacnm' Nfg~cbirm,~i! xfrl! }yi m cgui~c`mf bf~xrcgncxmc~ m~xinf~ }yi nirnml f cbima bi mxireicfmligf bmbilfnrmncm xfr licf bf~ libcm bc`cmc~ ri}yir i~efrf~ malbm~ cgcncmcum~ bi ~cgic{mf bi xfigncmacbmbi~ i aclci~ bf~~yxfri~ bc`cmc~ bi nflygcnmf'

Gi~~i ~igcbf! ylm ui{ }yi ~i xmri bf xri~~yxf~f bi }yi mCgirgi frgm ingcnmligi xf~~uia m itc~gncm bi bc~xf~ccuf~ bixmrcncxmf lmc~ mbi}ymbf~ xmrm ~i mxrftclmr ncbmbf~ i rixri~ig,

mgi~! xrinc~f mumacmr bi }yi efrlm i~i~ mrcencf~ ul ~igbf il,xcrcnmligi mbfmbf~ xmrm i~i ecl' F xri~igi rmomadf! bibcnmbfm itxafrmr xmri bf~ ri~yambf~ bi ylm xi~}yc~m bfyfrma! mxri~igmnflf fokicuf! igf! itmlcgmr m}yiai~ nmgmc~ bi xmrcncxmf iei,cumligi xri~igi~ il biirlcgmbf~ xfrmc~ bi cg~cyci~ }yicgi`rml m i~ryyrm bf I~mbf orm~caicrf?' F clxya~f bi~nrccuf? Gf ~i biui nfgeygbcr nmgmc~ bi nflygcnmf! xfr yl ambf! nfl nmgmc~ bi xmr,

cncxmf! xfr fyrf' C~~f xfr}yi gil fbf bc~xf~ccuf m i~moiainir nflygcnmfclxacnm itc~gncm bi xmrcncxmf xfacnm' Xfbi,~i ilxri`mr yl bi~i~ nmgmc~ binflygcnmf mxigm~ xmrm igucmr ylm bucbm ngcnm fy ri}yc~cmr yl ~irucf! f }yixfynf cgeayc gm bc~ny~~f riamcum mf cgiri~~i xoacnf' _i~~mai,~i! xfrl! }yi f~nmgmc~ bi xmrcncxmf m}yc igemc{mbf~ ri}yiril! bi ma`ylm efrlm! f mncfgmligf


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xirniocbf il yl xrclicrf lfligf ~irui bi eygbmligmf xmrmm oy~nm bi ri~xf~m~ ~ ~i`ycgi~ xir`ygm~; ]yi xfigncmacbmbi~ iaclci~ xmrm m xmrcncxmf nmbm yl bi~~i~ rinyr~f~ ignim6 ]yf

~fec~cnmbf~ ~i lf~rml f~ linmgc~lf~ bcm`gf~cnmbf~6 M }yinmy~m~ ~i xfbil mrcoycr m~ bceirigm~ gf~ xirec~ bi feirincligfbi eirrmligm~6 ]yi nfg~i}gncm~ f~ nmgmc~ bc~xfguic~ igbilm ig`igbrmr bf xfgf bi uc~m bf igufaucligf bf~ ncbmbf~ gfxrfni~~f lmc~ mlxaf bi xrfbyf bm binc~f xfacnm6

Mnribcm,~i! m~~cl! }yi m cgui~c`mf bm~ xrfxrcibmbi~ bf~bc~xf~ccuf~ ignfgrmbf~ gf~ xfrmc~ cg~cyncfgmc~ xirlci; $=#cbigcecnmr i ~c~ilmc{mr bceirigi~ xmbri~ bi fxfrygcbmbi~ bixmrcncxmf feirmbm~>: $?# mumacmr f `rmy bi mxrfuicmligf bf~mrcencf~ ingcnmligi bc~xfguic~: i $># mxfgmr yl nfgkygf$mcgbm }yi aclcmbf# bi cgbncf~ mnirnm bm bc~xf~cf bi rixri~ig,mgi~ i bm~ xrxrcm~ igcbmbi~ il frgmril ~ym~ i~ryyrm~ lmc~moirm~ cgiruigf i nfgrfai xoacnf~' M ecl bi nfamofrmr gfi~namrincligf bi mc~ }yi~i~! efc rimac{mbf yl i~ybf ilxrcnfbibcnmbf m itmlcgmr bimadmbmligi bym~ itxircgncm~; f Xfrma bm

Nlmrm bf~ Bixymbf~ i f Xfrma bm Xri~cbgncm bm _ixoacnm2

'bi linmgc~lf~ bi nflygcnmf $mcgbm }yi ma eigligf fnfrrm il bceirigi~ `rmy~!xfc~ ri~xfgbir m ylm ig}yii fy xmrcncxmr bi yl eryl bi bc~ny~~f! xfr itilxaf!~f bfc~ nmgmc~ bi xmrcncxmf! lm~ }yi clxacnml guic~ bceirigncmbf~ bi nflygcnmfigri ncbmbf~ i cg~cyci~#' Mf afg`f bf i~ybf mnirnm bf~ nmgmc~ bi nflygcnmfnfgby{cbf~ gi~i mrc`f! m igmcum ~ir m bi itxafrmr bi }yi lmgicrm mc~ licf~xirlcil m fnfrrgncm! mlol! bi nmgmc~ bi xmrcncxmf'> Mcgbm }yi ~i nfg~cbiri m xf~~cocacbmbi bi mymf xfacnm il fyrm~ bclig~i~

}yi gf ~ikml m}yiam~ mriambm~ ~ cg~cyci~ oyrfnrcnm~! xfr fxfrygcbmbi bixmrcncxmf xfacnm i~i rmomadf nflxriigbi m}yiam~ fnm~ci~ i linmgc~lf~ufambf~ xmrm xrflfuir f nfgrfai fy m cgeaygncm bm i~eirm ncuca ~fori f xrfni~~fbi xrfbyf bm binc~f xfacnm }yi ~i b gf locf bm~ cg~cyci~ bf I~mbf'2 D rm{i~ m ky~cecnmril m i~nfadm bi~m~ cg~cyci~' M Xri~cbgncm fnyxmbmxiaf ndiei bf Xfbir Itinycuf Eibirma! bclig~f bm i~ryyrm bf i~mbf }yi! bmbm~ym mormg`gncm i nmxcamrc{mf! ignmlxm ofm xmri bm~ cgcncmcum~ bi bc~ny~~fi bm}yiam~ xrfucbgncm~ riamncfgmbm~ iamofrmf i itinyf bi xfacnm~xoacnm~' M Nlmrm! xfr ~ym ui{! rixri~igm bi lmgicrm lmc~ ecia m xayrmacbmbi

bi cgiri~~i~! nyayrm~ i xir~xincum~ xmrcbrcf,cbifa`cnm~ gf locf bf XfbirAi`c~amcuf' M~ bc~ny~~i~! bcrirc{i~ i lfbf~ bi mymf bi~m~ bym~ cg~cyci~riuiroirml ~fori fyrm~ cg~gncm~ `fuirgmligmc~ orm~caicrm~' F emf bi }yi mc~cg~cyci~ xf~~yil yl xamgf i~xinecnf ufambf xmrm cgnriligmr m xmrcncxmfbf~ ncbmbf~ mrmu~ bm Cgirgi mlol lirini ~ir ligncfgmbf'


6/27



M cgui~c`mf bm~ bym~ cgcncmcum~ efc nfgby{cbm aiumgbfil nfgm f~ ~i`ycgi~ cg~ryligf~ lifbfa`cnf~; mgac~i bfny,ligma $m~ xrcgncxmc~ bcrirc{i~ i bfnyligf~ fecncmc~ m `ycmril

m nfgec`yrmf bi~i~ pio~ci~ efrml nycbmbf~mligi mgmac~mbf~!m ecl bi ~i xirnioir f~ cgirumaf~ igri m cgigf bf~ mìgi~xfacnf~ i m mxacnmf xrcnm bf~ rinyr~f~ xmrcncxmcuf~#: igri,uc~m nfl f~ rimac{mbfri~ bf~ xfrmc~: mni~~f lfgcfrmbf ~ bym~itxircgncm~ igri ~iilorf i morca bi ?884: mumacmf }ymacmcumbm~ eirrmligm~ xmrcncxmcum~ bc~xfguic~! nfl gem~i i~xincma gmycac{mf nfcbcmgm }yi f~ y~yrcf~ bf m mc~ bc~xf~ccuf~'

Gf nm~f bf Xfrma bm Nlmrm! cbigcecnm,~i! il nflxmrmfnfl f Xfrma bm Xri~cbgncm! ylm lmcfr umrcibmbi bi nmgmc~ mnfgnric{mril m xmrcncxmf' Xfr nfg~i}gncm! m gmyri{m bmcgirmf }yi m i~eirm ncuca lmgl nfl i~m cg~cycf i ~iy~mìgi~ igbi m ~ir bceirigncmbm' F~ m~xinf~ m cgeayigncmrilma bc~cgf l ~ym frcìl! mnribcm,~i! xiaf ligf~ il bym~bclig~i~; m bc~xf~cf bf~ mìgi~ il ~i frgmril lmc~ moirf~ xmrcncxmf i mf i~nrygcf xoacnf~: f~ ny~f~ xmrm ~i clxai,

ligmr i~m~ cgcncmcum~'F~ xrtclf~ bfc~ xcnf~ itxil f~ nmgmc~ lmc~ riaiumgi~ bixmrcncxmf xfacnm bcm`gf~cnmbf~ gf~ xfrmc~ i~nfadcbf~ xmrm mmlf~rm' Il ~i`ycbm! ~f bc~nycbf~ ma`yg~ bf~ xf~~uic~ manmgni~ iieicf~ xfacnf~ }yi i~m~ eirrmligm~ l nmxmncbmbi bi feirinir'

f Xrm m Xr~cncm ~ nmmc~ xmrcncxm xcnm

F Xfrma bm Xri~cbgncm bm _ixoacnm! nykm xrclicrm uir~fefc amgmbm il =334! mcgbm gf xrclicrf lmgbmf bf xri~cbigiEirgmgbf Digrc}yi Nmrbf~f! feirini mf~ y~yrcf~ m fxfrygcbmbibi mnibiril mf nfgkygf bi ~ci~ i x`cgm~ bf~ r`f~ fecncmc~m nflxfril m i~ryyrm cg~cyncfgma ~fo mblcgc~rmf bcrimbf ndiei bf Xfbir Itinycuf Eibirma' M cgcncmcum! ri`cbm xiamînrimrcm bi Nflygcnmf ^fncma bm Xri~cbgncm bm _ixoacnm

$ÎNFL#! nfgmum! xfnm bm xi~}yc~m! nfl =0 ~ci~! nmbm ylbiai~ ufambf! om~cnmligi! xmrm f xrfucligf bi gfncm~ i bicgefrlmi~ ~fori mrcoyci~! nflxigncm~ i linmgc~lf~ binfgmf mcgigi~ m igcbmbi~ mc~ nflf Nm~m Ncuca! înrimrcm,


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@irma bm Xri~cbgncm! înrimrcm bi _iami~ Cg~cyncfgmc~ $^_C#!înrimrcm I~xincma bf~ Bcricf~ Dylmgf~ $ÎBD#! Mbufnmncm@irma bm Ygcf $M@Y#! bigri fyrm~'

I~xincecnmligi }ymgf xri~igm bi eirrmligm~ bi nflygc,nmf bc`cma gi~i Xfrma i gf~ ~ci~ giai morc`mbf~! mr`yligm,~i}yi bfc~ bc~xf~ccuf~ ~f f~ gcnf~ m igìgbrmril ma`yl efligf xmrcncxmf xfacnm; =# f efrgincligf bi i,lmca i bi efrlya,rcf~ xmrm nfgmf: ?# m xf~~cocacbmbi bi nfgrcoycf! mlol xfri,lmca! il nfg~yam~ xoacnm~'

Bi~nriuigbf,~i m~ eirrmligm~ bi nflygcnmf bf Xfrmail irlf~ ìrmc~! ~il bimadmr! mcgbm! f~ nmgmc~ bi nflygcnmfriamcuf~ xmrcnyamrligi mf~ bcuir~f~ r`f~ bm Xri~cbgncm! li,rini bi~m}yi f emf bi }yi f mni~~f x`cgm bi Emai Nfgf~nf9mxmrini mxigm~ }ymgbf ~i i~ uc~cmgbf m x`cgm cgcncma' C~f !ylm ui{ }yi f y~yrcf gmui`m gf~ ~ci~ cgirgf~ xirignigi~ i~ryyrm bm Xri~cbgncm! m omrrm bi ligy gf frgm bc~xfguiaf acgj bi~cgmbf x`cgm }yi cgefrlm ~fori f nfgmf nfl f~ri~xfg~uic~ xiaf Xfrma' Rma bc~xf~cf nfgec`yrm yl m~xinf m

bcecnyamr f igucf bi lig~mìg~ xfr xmri bf ncbmbf! }yi ir biecnmr migf itc~gncm bi~i rinyr~f il yl afnma i~xinecnf'Ylm ui{ mncfgmbf! f acgj Emai Nfgf~nf bcrincfgm f y~yrcf

m ylm x`cgm nfgigbf ~ic~ lfbf~ bi ~i igrmr il nfgmf nfl~ifri~ mcgigi~ Xri~cbgncm;

Xri~cbgncm bm _ixoacnm; Iguci ~iy i,lmca mf Xrffnfaf bmXri~cbgncm bm _ixoacnm' $xrffnfafHxamgmaf'`fu'or#'

Emai nfl f @fuirgf; I~i ~irucf il nflf fokicuf mlxacmrf bcaf`f nfl m ~fncibmbi' Xirigni mf Xfrma bf @fuirgfOrm~caicrf' dx;&&ppp'orm~ca'`fu'or'Emai nfl f Xri~cbigi; Iguci ~ym lig~mìl mf Xri~cbigi bm_ixoacnm'Emai nfl m Ocoacfinm; Iguci ~iy i,lmca m Ocoacfinm bm Xri~c,bgncm bm _ixoacnm' $ocoacfinmHxamgmaf'`fu'or#'Piolm~ir; Nrcnm~! nfligrcf~ i ~yì~i~ ~fori f Xfrma'

Xfr aclf! feirincbf f igbirif xf~ma bf Xmancf bf Xam,

gmaf'

9 Bc~xfguia il; 1dx;&&ppp'xri~cbigncm'`fu'or&emainfgf~nf&emai`fuirgf&7'Mni~~f il 83 bi morca bi ?884'


8/27



Gfi,~i }yi bfc~ bi~i~ rinyr~f~ gf ~i lf~rml ic~ bfxfgf bi uc~m bm xmrcncxmf xfacnm! xfr ~iril riamncfgmbf~ mbilmgbm~ lycf i~xinecnm~; f nfgmf nfl Xrffnfaf bm Xri~c,

bgncm i f nfgmf nfl m Ocoacfinm' K f igbirif xf~ma ylmxrfum bi nycbmbf nfl m}yiai~ }yi xrieiril f nfrricf rmbcncfgma!lm~ gf riuiam cgbncf~ bm cgigf bf~ mìgi~ i cg~cyci~ il~i frgmril lmc~ moirf~ mf igufaucligf xfacnf bf~ ncbmbf~xfr licf bm nflygcnmf bc`cma'

_i~ml! igf! f Emai nfl f @fuirgf! f Emai nfl f Xri,~cbigi i! nfl ylm ycacbmbi ligfr bf xfgf bi uc~m bm xmr,cncxmf! f nfgmf nfl f Piolm~ir $bi~cgmbf m rixfrmrxrfoailm~ ngcnf~#' Mf nacnmr il Emai nfl f @fuirgf5! mori,~iylm gfum kmgiam }yi xirlci mf ncbmbf em{ir ylm oy~nm xfr cg,efrlmi~ $nm~f m cgigf bf y~yrcf ~ikm rimac{mr ylm nfg~yam!xfr itilxaf#: ~i i~m mriem gf bir nfgm bf xrfoailm! f ncbmbfil mni~~f m ylm ac~m bi r`f~ bf Itinycuf mf~ }ymc~ xfbi ignm,lcgdmr ~ym bilmgbm' Nm~f gigdylm bi~m~ i~nfadm~ nfgilxai fy~yrcf! iai xfbi! ecgmaligi! ir mni~~f m yl efrlyarcf }yi! mal

bi gf nfgir itf bi mxri~igmf! gf i~xincecnm f rinixfr bmlig~mìl' Mx~ f igucf bi ylm xir`ygm xmrm ieicf~ bi i~i! efcnmrri`mbm ylm x`cgm nfl f ~i`ycgi nfgibf; M ~ym lig~mìlefc igucmbm nfl ~yni~~f' Lycf forc`mbf-' Gf d fyrf~ bmbf~~fori xf~~cocacbmbi bi lfgcfrmligf fy ~fori nflf m}yiam nfgrc,oycf! bucbm! rinamlmf fy ~yì~f i~ ~igbf xrfni~~mbm'

Ylm ui{ mni~~mbf f acgj Emai nfl f Xri~cbigi! gf d ylitf cgrfbyrcf fy ylm mxri~igmf ~fori nflf f ~c~ilm bi

nfgmf eygncfgm fy f }yi f ncbmbf xfbi i~xirmr biai' Mf ~iigmr ignmlcgdmr ma`ylm nfrri~xfgbgncm xfr licf bc`cma mfxri~cbigi! f y~yrcf rinioi yl mairm bi }yi ylm fyrm lig~mìlefc igucmbm mf ~iy xrxrcf i,lmca! xibcgbf m nfgecrlmf bm}yiamxf~mìl' Ylm ui{ nfgecrlmbf f igucf! mxmrini mxigm~ yl itfnfl m ~igigm ^ym lig~mìl efc igucmbm mf Xri~cbigi! ~il!lmc~ ylm ui{! fyrf~ i~namrincligf~ ~fori }ymgbf m bilmgbm

~ir ri~xfgbcbm fy efrgincligf bi glirf bi xrffnfaf xmrmmnflxmgdmligf'

5 Bc~xfguia il; 1dx~;&&~c~ilm'xamgmaf'`fu'or&orm~ca&emaiVnflVfV`fuirgf'm~x7' Mni~~f il 83 bi morca bi ?884'


9/27

5=Crnl _uc~m Orm~ccrm Ncncm~ m Nlcnm^ Xm! u'>>! '=! x' 9>,03! km'&k' ?8=8


K m ~if bi Mkybm! nykf acgj ignfgrmbf gm omrrm ~yxircfrxri~igi il fbm~ m~ x`cgm~ }yi foibinil mf amsfy bf Xfrma!feirini lmxm bf ~ci! mni~~f m efrlyarcf xmrm igucf bi nflig,

rcf~! iaf`cf~! ~yì~i~! bucbm~! nrcnm~ fy rinamlmi~ $~il ~ii~xincecnmr }yma m bceirigm bi~i efrlyarcf xmrm f~ fyrf~ mnclmbi~nrcf~# i yl glirf bi iaiefgi 8488 xmrm nfgmf $xfr ~cgma!mf ~i bc~nmr f glirf! i~nym,~i m lig~mìl bi }yi Gf efcxf~~uia nflxaimr m ~ym ndmlmbm#' Mf nacnmr gf acgj bf efrly,arcf ligncfgmbf! f y~yrcf bcrincfgmbf xmrm ylm x`cgm }yinfgl ylm lig~mìl bi irrf0'

Ylm ui{ }yi efrml rmmbf~ f~ nmgmc~ ìrmc~ bi nflygcnmfbf Xfrma! xm~~m,~i mf i~ybf bi~i~ licf~ i~xincecnmligi gfnfgkygf bi =0 ~ci~ }yi nflxil m itxircgncm cgui~c`mbm'

m# I,lmca~ i efrlyarcf~Gf d bucbm~ bi }yi f nmgma bi nflygcnmf bc`cma lmc~

moygbmgiligi ignfgrmbf gf~ pio~ci~ morc`mbf~ gf Xfrma bmXri~cbgncm bm _ixoacnm f igbirif bi i,lmca fy f efrlyarcf'

M bixigbir bm fnm~cf! i~i~ bc~xf~ccuf~ l m nmxmncbmbi bi ~i,ril ilxri`mbf~ xmrm ~i crmr bucbm~ nfrrc}yicrm~! xmrm ~i cgirm`crbcrimligi nfl cg~gncm~ i mfri~ igufaucbf~ gm mblcgc~rmfbm nfc~m xoacnm fy xmrm ~i fxirmncfgmac{mr nmgmc~ bi~cgmbf~ rimac{mf bi nfg~yam~ i nfaim bi ~yì~i~! rinamlmi~ fyli~lf biggncm~'

Rfbf~ f~ =0 r`f~ nfgml nfl bym~ ~ii~ gm~ }ymc~ xf~~,uia ir mni~~f m igbirif~ bi i,lmca fy m efrlyarcf~ bi Cgirgi'

M xrclicrm bi~m~ ~ii~ ~i rieiri mf acgj bi ligy bibcnmbf mbi~nriuir f r`f $lmc~ i~xincecnmligi! f cil ]yil ]yilfy I~ryyrm#: m ~i`ygbm f Emai Nfgf~nf'

Gf ]yil ]yil! nfg~m! bi lmgicrm ìrma! ylm ~rcibi fxi~ bi nfgmf nfl f~ eygncfgrcf~ }yi rmomadml gfr`f' ^yoacgdi,~i! igrimgf! }yi d xmbri~ bceirigncmbf~}ymgf mf feirincligf bi~m~ cgefrlmi~' Ma`ylm~ cgcncmcum~

xfbil xrfuir lmcfri~ fy ligfri~ bimadi~ il }yi~cf~ nflfriuiamf bi bmbf~ mnirnm bi nmr`f~ fnyxmbf~ gm igcbmbi i

0 M x`cgm }yi biuircm morc`mr f efrlyarcf! lm~ }yi! gm uirbmbi! mxri~igm irrf; 1dx;&&ppp'xri~cbigncm'`fu'or&efrl'm~x7' Mni~~f il 83 bi morca bi ?884'


10/27

Crnl _uc~m Orm~ccrm Ncncm~ m Nlcnm^ Xm! u'>>! '=! x' 9>,03! km'&k' ?8=85?


cxf~ bi nmgmc~ bi nfgmf bc~xfguic~' M Nm~m Ncuca! xfr itil,xaf! mxri~igm! gm ~if ^fori m Nm~m Ncuca! ~ym i~ryyrm if~ gfli~ bf~ fnyxmgi~ bi ~iy~ xrcgncxmc~ nmr`f~: xfrl! nflf

efrlm bi nfgmf! i~ bc~xfguia mxigm~ f i,lmca cg~cyncfgmabf @mocgii bm Lcgc~rm'

^ci~ nflf f bm înrimrcm,@irma bm Xri~cbgncm! f bm înrim,rcm I~xincma bi Xfacnm~ xmrm m~ Lyadiri~ i f bm înrimrcm I~xincmabi Xfacnm~ bi Xrflff bm C`ymabmbi _mncma ~i xrifnyxml gfmxigm~ il bmr xyoacncbmbi ~ym i~ryyrm cgirgm i mf~ nmr`f~ igfli~ bf~ }yi l ylm eygf mblcgc~rmcum gm igcbmbi! lm~!mlol! efrginil glirf bi iaiefgi! emt i i,lmca bf~ ndiei~ binmbm ylm bi ~ym~ ~yo~ii~' M înrimrcm bi Nflygcnmf ^fncmail f li~lf nycbmbf il riuiamr nmr`f! gfli i iaiefgi bi~i~mìgi~! lm~! nyrcf~mligi! gf efrgini ~iy~ ri~xincuf~ i,lmca~'

_i~~mai,~i m migf i~xincma }yi f ~ci bm Mbufnmncm,@irmabm Ygcf bc~xig~m m nmbm ~if cgi`rmgi bi ~ym i~ryyrm cgir,gm' Gf mxigm~ f igbirif xf~ma! f~ glirf~ bi iaiefgi i emt fyefrlyarcf i i,lmca i~f xri~igi~ gm~ x`cgm~ bibcnmbm~ m nmbm

~if! lm~! mlol! nfgm,~i nfl ylm oriui bi~nrcf mnirnm bm~mrcoyci~ i mcucbmbi~ bi~ilxigdmbm~ xiaf~ xrcgncxmc~ rmlf~ bmM@Y' r`f~ nflf f @mocgii bi î`yrmgm Cg~cyncfgma! xfr ~ymui{! feirinil! mbcncfgmaligi! bceirigi~ fxi~ bi nfgmf nflm~ igcbmbi~ }yi i~f ~fo ~ym ri~xfg~mocacbmbi! nflf f Nfg~iadfGmncfgma Mgcbrf`m~ i m M`gncm Orm~caicrm bi Cgiac`gncm'

K il riamf ~if Emai Nfgf~nf! xri~igi il fbf~ f~~ci~ bi înrimrcm~ i r`f~! m ri`rm feirinir bceirigi~ efrlm~

bi nfgmf nfl m xrxrcm igcbmbi $i gf nfl yl mìgi i~xi,necnf#' I~f bc~xfguic~! gm }ym~i cgi`rmacbmbi bf~ nm~f~ i~y,bmbf~! igbirif xf~ma! iaiefgi! emt! i,lmca cg~cyncfgma i ylefrlyarcf xmrm nfgmf' M itnif ecnm xfr nfgm bf @mocgii biî`yrmgm Cg~cyncfgma! bf Gnaif bi M~~ygf~ I~rm`cnf~ i bmNflc~~f bi cnm Xoacnm! }yi gf feirinil i,lmca! lm~ mxigm~nfgml nfl yl efrlyarcf! emt! iaiefgi i igbirif' Xfr lmc~

mgfrlma }yi xf~~m xmrinir! bi ~i ri~~mamr f nm~f bm înrimrcmbi Nflygcnmf ^fncma }yi! xfnm bm xi~}yc~m! mal bm emambi i,lmca! mlol gf efrgincm glirf bi iaiefgi fy emt gm~if Emai Nfgf~nf'


11/27



Mal bf ]yil ]yil i bf Emai Nfgf~nf! fo~irum,~i mitc~gncm yl nycbmbf i~xincma }ymgf mf efrgincligf bf~ nfgmf~nfl f~ ri~xfg~uic~! bigrf bi nmbm ^inrimrcm fy r`f! xiam ~if

Gfncm~ $fy ~ym i}ycumaigi! Clxrig~m#' Cbigcecnm,~i! gf ~cibm Nfgrfambfrcm,@irma bm Ygcf i bm ^inrimrcm I~xincma bi M}c,nyayrm i Xi~nm! bigri fyrf~! yl {iaf xinyacmr }ymgf emncacbmbibi nfgmf nfl m m~~i~~frcm bi nflygcnmf bi~i~ r`f~4'

o# Nfg~yam~ xoacnm~Mal bm riamf bi i,lmca~ cg~cyncfgmc~ i eygncfgmc~ i bm

bc~xfgcocacbmbi bi efrlyarcf~! yl ~i`ygbf nmgma bi nflygcnmfbf Xfrma }yi mlol xf~~cocacm m xmrcncxmf xfacnm ~i rieiri~ x`cgm~ bi~cgmbm~ nfg~yam xoacnm' ^moi,~i }yi m nfg~yamxoacnm yl cg~ryligf bi xmrcncxmf clxfrmgi xfr}yi! malbi mxri~igmr ylm bc~xf~cf lmc~ moirm bf @fuirgf! feirini mfxfrygcbmbi m ncbmbf~ i bilmc~ igcbmbi~ bm ~fncibmbi m ~i lmgc,ei~mr mnirnm bi }yi~i~ bi mam riaiugncm xoacnm' xfr licf bi~ilinmgc~lf }yi ncbmbf~ i igcbmbi~ xfbil xrfxfr lfbcecnmi~

i ndmlmr m migf bm~ myfrcbmbi~ xmrm biirlcgmbf~ xrfoailm~'C~f ! xfr licf bi~i bc~xf~ccuf! f Xfbir Itinycuf ~facncm! ~ikmm cgbcubyf~! ~ikm m igcbmbi~ bm ~fncibmbi! nfgrcoyci~ xmrm fmxireicfmligf bi xrfkif~ il iamofrmf gf locf bm mblcgc~,rmf `fuirgmligma! feirinigbf,~i! m~~cl! fxfrygcbmbi~ rimc~ biig`mkmligf il bc~ny~~i~ riamcum~ nfc~m xoacnm'

M xrcgncxma i~ryyrm xri~cbigncma m cgby{cr i~i cxf bicgcncmcum m Nm~m Ncuca! xfr licf bm ^yondiecm xmrm M~~ygf~

Kyrbcnf~' Bi~m}yi,~i! igrimgf! }yi f mni~~f ~ nfg~yam~ ~ib gf xiaf ~ci bm Nm~m Ncuca! lm~! ~cl! xiaf acgj Ai`c~amf!}yi nflxi m omrrm xrcgncxma bi ligy }yi xirlicm fbm~ m~x`cgm~ }yi foibinil mf amsfy bf Xfrma3' I~i emfr bcecnyamm cgiruigf bf~ y~yrcf~! }yi xrinc~ml gmui`mr i mndmr xfr ~cxrxrcf~ m fxfrygcbmbi bi nfgrcoycr'

4 Ylm uc~cm ~if bi Gfncm~! }yi nfg~m bf ligy xrcgncxma bf Xfrmabm Xri~cbgncm! riuiam bmbf~ nflf gfli! nmr`f! iaiefgi i i,lmca bf~m~~i~~fri~ bi clxrig~m }yi myml gf~ r`f~ bc~cgf~ bm Xri~cbgncm'3 Bc~xfguia il; 1dx;&&ppp'xamgmaf'`fu'or&nncucaV8>&nfg~yamVxyoacnm&nfg~yam'dl7' Mni~~f il =? bi morca bi ?884'


12/27



Ylm ui{ mni~~mbf f acgj bi Nfg~yam~ Xoacnm~! f y~yrcf xfbii~nfadir ~i }yir ~ir bcrincfgmbf xmrm m x`cgm nfl cgefrlmi~mnirnm bi Nfg~yam~ il Mgbmligf fy ~fori m~ Nfg~yam~ K _im,

ac{mbm~' Igri lmrf bi =333 i eiuiricrf bi ?884! ?> Nfg~yam~Xoacnm~ dmucml ~cbf nfgby{cbm~'

M fxirmncfgmac{mf bi~m~ nfg~yam~ ~i b bm ~i`ycgi efrlm;gm~ x`cgm~ bi nfg~yam~! f~ r`f~ ri~xfg~uic~ xiam nfaim bifxcgci~ i ~yì~i~ $xfbi ~ir m xrxrcm Nm~m Ncuca fy f Lcgc~rcfbm Ky~cm! xfr itilxaf# mxri~igml yl mgixrfkif bi aic $fy bibinrif! gfrlm fy fyrf cg~ryligf ai`c~amcuf }yi nfgilxaibiirlcgmbm }yi~f# i bceirigi~ efrlm~ bi nfgmf xmrm f ig,ucf bm~ nfgrcoyci~' @irmaligi! d mxigm~ bym~ fxi~ xmrmf ignmlcgdmligf bi nfamofrmi~; xfr nfrricf iairgcnf $mbixigbir bm fnm~cf! nrcm,~i yl i,lmca i~xinecnf xmrm i~i cxfbi iuigf# i xfr nmrm nfguigncfgma' I~cxyam,~i ylm bmm xmrm friniocligf bi rinfligbmi~ i! m~~cl! f xrfni~~f ~i`yi rlci~cgirgf~' Gf d! li~lf gm~ nfg~yam~ k irlcgmbm~! omamgf~fy mumacmi~ bm~ ~yì~i~ eicm~ fy cgefrlmi~ bi rm~rimligf

mcgigi~ mf~ ignmlcgdmligf~ bmbf~ xrfxf~m'Nfgefrli ~ir uc~f gf xrtclf xcnf! f Xfrma bm Nlmrmnfgm nfl ylm `mlm lmc~ umrcmbm bi nmgmc~ bi nflygcnmffrgmbf~ bc~xfguic~ mf~ y~yrcf~' Mnribcm,~i }yi ma bc~xf~cf!nfgefrli ~ir bc~nycbf il oriui! i~ riamncfgmbm mf mrrmgkf mblc,gc~rmcuf }yi nmrmnirc{m ma cgcncmcum i mf nycbmbf gf xamgikmligfbm}yiai~ bc~xf~ccuf~ bi cgxy }yi ~f feirmbf~ gf pio~ci'

f Xrm m Nlmrm ~ nmmc~ xmrcncxm xcnm

F Xfrma bm Nlmrm bf~ Bixymbf~ efc nrcmbf il =335 i k~i nfg~facbfy nflf ylm bm~ itxircgncm~ il bilfnrmncm bc`cmalmc~ clxfrmgi~ gf Orm~ca' î`ygbf ~iy~ mblcgc~rmbfri~=8! mcgcncmcum nfgmum! }ymgbf bm xfnm bm xi~}yc~m! nfl lmc~ bi

=8

_imac{fy,~i igriuc~m nfl bfc~ bf~ xrcgncxmc~ nflxfgigi~ bf Nflc @i~frbf Xfrma bm Nlmrm! N~~cm Ofiadf! bcrifrm bm M~~i~~frcm bi Xrfkif~ I~xincmc~!i Kf~ Mggcf Eirricrm Ecadf! bcrifr bm Nffrbigmf bi Bc~~ilcgmf bi Cgefr,lmi~ $NFBC^#' F ignfgrf fnfrriy il gfuilorf bi ?880! gm~ bixigbgncm~bm Nlmrm bf~ Bixymbf~! il Orm~acm'


13/27



=9 lca x`cgm~ m mxri~igmril! bi lfbf bimadmbf! m~ mcucbmbi~xfacnm~ nfgnirgigi~ eygf nfg~cyncfgma bm}yiam Nm~m'

Nflxmrmgbf,~i i~m itxircgncm mf Xfrma bm Xri~cbgncm bm

_ixoacnm! nfg~mfy,~i ylm lmcfr xrfey~f bi nmgmc~ bi nfly,gcnmf i bi xmrcncxmf' M ~i`ycr! ~f bi~mnmbf~ mc~ rinyr~f~'

m# I,lmca~ i efrlyarcf~F feirincligf bi igbirif~ iairgcnf~ i bi efrlyarcf~

ylm nfg~mgi gf Xfrma bm Nlmrm' Gf nm~f il iam! i~i~ rinyr,~f~ ~i ufaml xmrm manmgmr! om~cnmligi! bfc~ cxf~ bi mìgi~; =#f~ eygncfgrcf~! r`f~ i bilmc~ cg~gncm~ }yi nflxil m i~ry,

yrm fr`mgc{mncfgma i mblcgc~rmcum bm Nm~m: ?# f~ bixymbf~'I~xincecnmligi }ymgf nflygcnmf nfl m xmri mblc,

gc~rmcum bm Nlmrm! bi~m}yi,~i f Emai Nfgf~nf! xri~igiil fbm~ m~ x`cgm~ bf Xfrma' F efrlyarcf bi~uiambf mf ~imni~~mr i~i acgj xirlci f nfgmf nfl f~ ~i`ycgi~ ~ifri~ bmcg~cycf; Mblcgc~rmf bf Xfrma: Ocoacfinm i Mr}ycuf: Aic~@irmc~: Frmligf bm Ygcf: Xrfkif~ bi Aic i Fyrm~ Xrfxf~ci~:i! xfr ecl! Xyoacnmi~' F y~yrcf xriigndi f efrlyarcf nfl~iy~ bmbf~ $gfli i igbirif bi i,lmca ~f forc`mrcf~# i il mfxfrygcbmbi bi i~xincecnmr f ifr bi ~ym lig~mìl $rinamlmf!bucbm! iaf`cf! ~yì~f! ~facncmf! biggncm#'

Lm~ gf mxigm~ i~i~ r`f~ i cg~gncm~ ncmbf~ ~f xm~~uic~bi rinioir lig~mìg~ bf~ y~yrcf~' Bmbm m }ymgcbmbi bi nfgi,bf~ i bi mìgi~ cgirgf~ i~ryyrm bm Nlmrm nribigncmbf~ mxyoacnmr cgefrlmi~! efc xrinc~f ignfgrmr yl lfbf bi ~i i~m,

oiainir yl nfgmf bcrif nfl mc~ xrfuibfri~' M ~fayf mxfg,mbm xiaf~ ì~fri~ bf Xf~ma efc m clxailigmf bi yl ~c~ilmEmai Nfgf~nf ~ig~uia mf nfgitf' I~i linmgc~lf xirlci mcgirmf bcrim nfl f xrfuibfr }yi xyoacnfy m cgefrlmf! ~il~i ir bi xm~~mr! gini~~mrcmligi! xfr yl igbirif bi i,lmca fyefrlyarcf ìrma }yi! bixfc~ bi acbf i ecarmbf! ~ircm ignmlcgdmbfm ~iy bi~cgf mxrfxrcmbf' Il fyrm~ xmamurm~! ma nfgec`yrmfclxacnm nfgmf nfl f~ mìgi~ i~xinecnf~ m ri~xfgbiril f~ ig,

nmlcgdmligf~ eicf~ xiaf~ ncbmbf~ i! m~~cl! igbi m bclcgycr filxf bi rxacnm ~ bilmgbm~' F ~irucf Emai Nfgf~nf rinioiy!il ?885! 3?'83= lig~mìg~ $O_M^CA! ?889 i ?885#'


14/27



K gf }yi nfgnirgi cgirmf nfl f~ rixri~igmgi~ iaicf~rimac{mbm m xmrcr bf ilxri`f bf i,lmca i bi efrlyarcf~! ri~~mam,~i m bc~xfgcocacbmbi bf rinyr~f Emai nfl f Bixymbf! }yi xfbi

~ir mni~~mbf mgf m xmrcr bm ~if Xmrcncxmf Xfxyamr ==}ymgf xfr licf bf acgj Bixymbf~=? $mlof~ nfl ac`mf bimni~~f xri~igi~ gm x`cgm cgcncma bf Xfrma#' Gi~i nm~f! f efr,lyarcf itcì f xriigndcligf bi bmbf~ riamcuf~ m gfli! i,lmcai ygcbmbi bm eibirmf gm }yma ri~cbi f y~yrcf xmrm }yi ~ikmligucmbf~ iaf`cf~! ~yì~i~! ~facncmi~! rinamlmi~ i bigg,ncm~' xf~~uia mgf igucmr m lig~mìl m yl bixymbf! m yl`ryxf bi xmramligmri~ $~ixmrmbf~ xfr i~mbf! xmrcbf fy ~itf#fy m fbf~ iai~' Bi lmrf m fyyorf bi ?889! f ~irucf Emainfl f Bixymbf rinioiy ?'5>8'9== lig~mìg~' Il ?885! efrml2'0>3'000 lig~mìg~ $O_M^CA! ?889 i ?885#' K il ?880! lmc~bi =8 lcadi~ bi lig~mìg~ efrml ignmlcgdmbm~ xfr licf bi~inmgma $O_M^CA! ?884#'

Bi~mnm,~i! xfr aclf! }yi mal bf efrlyarcf! f igbirifbi i,lmca bi nmbm bixymbf! i~ bc~xfguia gm x`cgm }yi nfgl

cgefrlmi~ ~fori ocf`rmecm! nyrrnyaf i mcucbmbi~ bf xmramlig,mr' Gf nm~f bi biirlcgmbf~ r`f~! ~inrimrcm~ i cg~gncm~ bmNlmrm! mlol xf~~uia igucmr lig~mìl gf xfr licf biefrlyarcf! lm~ xfr licf bf igbirif iairgcnf' M bceirigm lmc~clxfrmgi igri f~ bfc~ rinyr~f~ }yi f i,lmca gf efrgini ylglirf bi xrffnfaf $mf nfgrrcf bf }yi mnfgini }ymgbf ~iignmlcgdm ma`f mrmu~ bi }yma}yir yl bf~ efrlyarcf~ nflig,mbf~ gi~i xcnf# i! m~~cl! f mnflxmgdmligf bf xrfni~~f xfr

xmri bf ncbmbf ecnm clxf~~cocacmbf'

o# Nfligrcf~ m gfncm~ xyoacnmbm~ gf ~ci bm M`gncm NlmrmM M`gncm Nlmrm f ~ifr bm Nm~m }yi feirini ma`yg~ bf~

nmgmc~ bi xmrcncxmf lmc~ clxfrmgi~ ignfgrmbf~ gf Xfrmail i~ybf' Iam m cg~gncm ri~xfg~uia! xfr itilxaf! xiam fr`m,gc{mf i mblcgc~rmf bf rinyr~f bigflcgmbf Nfligi i~m

== Bc~xfguia il; 1dx;&&ppp'nmlmrm'`fu'or&xfxyamr&emainflbixymbf'dla7' Mni~~f il =9 bi eiuiricrf bi ?884'=? Bc~xfguia il; 1dx;&&ppp'nmlmrm'`fu'or&cgirgi&xfxyamr&emainflbixymbf'dla7' Mni~~f il =9 bi eiuiricrf bi ?884'


15/27



gfncm! xfr licf bf }yma f~ ncbmbf~ xfbil! mf airil ylm lm,rcm xyoacnmbm gf Xfrma mnirnm bm xrfxf~cf! bc~ny~~f! ufmf!rikicf fy mxrfumf bi yl xrfkif! igucmr! mrmu~ bi efrlyarcf

i~xinecnf! ~yì~i~ fy bucbm~ mf xmramligmr igufaucbf nflm}yiam rmlcmf' I~i nmgma itc~i bi~bi ?882 i! mf afg`f bi?885 i ?880! rinioiy nirnm bi lca nfgrcoyci~=>'

n# Ig}yii~M M`gncm Nlmrm mlol mblcgc~rm f feirincligf bi ~fgbm,

ìg~ bi fxcgcf xoacnm mf~ y~yrcf~ bf Xfrma' Il ìrma! m~ ig}yii~~i rieiril m ilm~ il rmlcmf gm Nm~m' Bi kygdf bi ?882 mf ecgma bi ?880! efrml rimac{mbm~ 23 ~fgbmìg~! mofrbmgbf }yi~i~nflf f rieirigbf bf bi~mrlmligf! m dmocacmf bi lffrc~m~ mf~=5 mgf~ bi cbmbi! m lmcfrcbmbi xigma i m xrfrrf`mf bm NXLE'

b# ^mam~ bi omi,xmxfM~ ~mam~ bi omi,xmxf nfg~c~il il yl i~xmf riaiumgi

xmrm m xri~mf bi nfgm~ i bi cgefrlmi~ ~fori biirlcgmbm

}yi~f! oil nflf xmrm f nfgerfgf bi xfgf~ bi uc~m il ml,ocigi xoacnf' M M`gncm Nlmrm mlol ~i ri~xfg~mocac{m xfrfr`mgc{mr ndm~ igufauigbf ncbmbf~ i xmramligmri~! nfgeircgbfamr`m uc~cocacbmbi m mc~ iuigf~ m xmrcr bi ~iy~ nmgmc~ cgefrlmcuf~$gfncm~ gf ~ci i gfcecnmf mrmu~ bi gip~aiir~#! gf cgycfbi mrmcr f lmcfr glirf xf~~uia bi xmrcncxmgi~'

Bi mnfrbf nfl f~ ì~fri~ bf Xfrma! f~ ilm~ i~nfadcbf~ xmrmbiomi ~f m}yiai~ m ndmlmril m migf bf xoacnf il biir,

lcgmbf lfligf! nfgucbmgbf,~i! ìrmaligi! yl xmramligmri~xincmac~m m~~ygf fy }yi i~ikm igufaucbf! nflf riamfr fyxri~cbigi bi Nflc~~f! gm rmlcmf bi biirlcgmbm lmrcm'Igri =5 bi eiuiricrf bi ?889 i =4 bi bi{ilorf bi ?880! efrmlrimac{mbm~ 22 nfguir~m~! ~ilxri nfl m xri~igm bi yl lfbirmbfrm ecarmr lmgcei~mi~ clxrxrcm~! manmgmgbf,~i ylm lbcm bi=88 y~yrcf~ xfr biomi $O_M^CA! ?884#'

=> Cgefrlmf focbm m xmrcr bi lmrcm bm M`gncm Nlmrm! bc~xfguia gf~i`ycgi igbirif; 1dx;&&ppp?'nmlmrm'`fu'or&nmlmrmEm{&yaclm~,gfcncm~&cgirmcucbmbi,gm,gfcncm,~moir,igigbir,i7' Mni~~f il ?8 bi lmrf bi ?884'


16/27



i# Eryg~ xoacnf~F~ eryg~ xoacnf~ i~f igri f~ nmgmc~ bi nflygcnmf

i xmrcncxmf lmc~ bi~mnmbf~ gf }yi ~i rieiri mf ilxri`f

bf~ libcm bc`cmc~' Rmc~ i~xmf~! gf nm~f bf Xfrma bm Nlmrm!nfgml nfl m xmrcncxmf bcrim bi xmramligmri~ i ncbmbf~ irixri~igml ylm fxfrygcbmbi bi rieaitf nycbmbf~m mnirnm bf~ilm~ il xmym gf Ai`c~amcuf' M~ ~y`i~i~ i nrcnm~ `mgdmlum{f bi efrlm lmc~ bimadmbm! xirlccgbf,~i ylm itxamgmfi yl igufaucligf xfacnf lmc~ xrtclf igri i~eirm bf~ ri,xri~igmgi~ i i~eirm ncuca'

Igri ?889 i ?880! f Xfrma bm Nlmrm feiriniy! m xmrcrbi ~ym ~if Xmrcncxmf Xfxyamr! fcf eryg~ bi biomi! lf,birmbf~ xfr r~ nflc~~i~ xmramligmri~ xirlmgigi~ bm Nm~m'Igrimgf! f eryl lmc~ lfucligmbf i! af`f! }yi ieicumligieygncfgfy efc m}yiai fr`mgc{mbf xiam Nflc~~f bi Ai`c~amfXmrcncxmcum! nykm ilcnm i~xinecnm efc ri~ylcbm gm ~i`ycgixir`ygm; Nflf m Nlmrm bf~ Bixymbf~ xfbi mxrftclmr ufn!ncbmbf! i m ~fncibmbi ncuca fr`mgc{mbm bm Nflc~~f bi Ai`c~amf

Xmrcncxmcum6' Igri ?0 bi morca i =3 bi fyyorf bi ?889! f i~,xmf nfgfy nfl 38 lig~m`ig~! bc~rcoybm~ il 5> drimb~ $fyxcnf~#! xf~mbm~ xfr y~yrcf~! xiam Nflc~~f bi Ai`c~amf Xmr,cncxmcum i! bi lmgicrm cgbcucbyma! xiam bixymbm Eclm Oi{irrm$XR , _G#! xri~cbigi bm NAX'

ylm mumcm xrec xmrcncxmcu ~ nmmc~ cm`~cnm~

Xiaf }yi efc xf~~uia xirnioir gm~ bym~ cgcncmcum~ itmlcgm,bm~! d ylm i~nmam }ymgcmcum $riamncfgmbm moygbgncm# iylm i~nmam }ymacmcum $riamncfgmbm xrfeygbcbmbi i nmxmncbm,bi# m bceirigncmr f~ nmgmc~ bi xmrcncxmf igf cguigmrcmbf~!ri~yamgbf,~i! m~~cl! il xf~~cocacbmbi~ bc~cgm~ bi igufaucligfxfacnf xfr xmri bf~ y~yrcf~'

F~ rinyr~f~ ignfgrmbf~ gf~ ~ci~ cgi`rmgi~ bf Xfrma bm

Xri~cbgncm feirinil nmgmc~ bi xmrcncxmf ~il `rmgbi ~fec~c,nmf' Gf fo~mgi m umrcibmbi bi rinyr~f~ frgmbf~ ingcnm,ligi bc~xfguic~ xiaf~ libcm bc`cmc~! f i,lmca i f efrlyarcf


17/27



~f f~ bc~xf~ccuf~ xrclfrbcmc~ xri~igi~ gi~i nm~f=2' Li~lf gm~nfg~yam~ xoacnm~ $i~xmf~ lmc~ mbi}ymbmligi ufambf~! ili~i! xmrm rinioir nfgrcoyci~ bf~ ncbmbf~#! f nfrricf iairgcnf

nfgcgym ~igbf f cg~ryligf i~~igncma bi ac`mf! }ymgbf fyrf~mrcencf~ $m itilxaf bi ~mam~ bi eryl i ig}yii~ }ymacmcum~#xfbircml! xireicmligi! ~ir macmbf~ m ma iuigf'

Xfr }yma lfcuf m feirm bi igbirif~ bi i,lmca gf ~i lf~rm~yecncigi m ecl bi efligmr ylm lmcfr mxrftclmf igri ncbmbf~i cg~cyci~ rixri~igmcum~6 ^macigi,~i }yi f i,lmca ~i nmrmnirc{mxfr ylm cgirmf }yi mnfgini! gm lmcfrcm bm~ ui{i~! igri mìgi~xfacnf~ i cgbcubyf~ c~fambf~! bcecnyamgbf! m~~cl! m nfg~cycf bii~xmf~ xoacnf~ bi uc~cocacbmbi i bi bc~ny~~f mnirnm bm nfgbyfbf~ gi`ncf~ gf locf bm~ cg~cyci~' Fy ~ikm! f rixri~igmgi~i ignfgrm ligf~ itxf~f mf i~nrygcf xoacnf i xri~mf binfgm~ il mlocigi~ bi cgirmf xrcumbm' Gi~~i ~igcbf! ~i! xfryl ambf! f igbirif bi i,lmca eygncfgma xmrcnyamr bm~ myfrcbmbi~bi biirlcgmbf r`f frgmbf bc~xfguia! bmgbf mf y~yrcf ylm~ig~mf bi lmcfr xrftclcbmbi nfl f ì~fr xoacnf! xfr fyrf

ambf! gmbm `mrmgi }yi m~ lig~mìg~ ~irf ri~xfgbcbm~'M gem~i gf feirincligf bf i,lmca i bf efrlyarcf ~i b!xrfumuialigi! xiaf `rmy bi ~clxacncbmbi bi~i~ rinyr~f~! f }yiri~yam il $=#ligfri~ ny~f~ xfacnf~ $xfc~ gf d `mrmgcm bi }yim~ lig~mìg~ rfnmbm~ ~irf ri~xfgbcbm~! ylm ui{ }yi m cgirmf~i b il locf xrcumbf# i $?# ligfri~ ny~f~ infglcnf~ $k }yigf ~i em{ gini~~rcm ylm i}ycxi mlxam i i~xincmac{mbm xmrm bi~,igufauir i lmgir rinyr~f~ lmc~ ~fec~cnmbf~#' ]ymgf mf xrclicrf

xfgf! m nfgec`yrmf riuiambm gf Xfrma bm Xri~cbgncm xf~~cocacm}yi f~ mìgi~ i cg~cyci~ xfacnm~ nfgcgyil m lmgir f nfg,rfai ~fori f xrfni~~f nflygcnmcuf! ~il m gini~~cbmbi bi ~i itxfrgi`mcumligi mnirnm bi yl ilm fy bi ri~xfgbir }yi~cfgmlig,

=2 I~namrim,~i }yi ma`ylm~ ~inrimrcm~! bi emf! gf xmrinil ~ir m~ lmc~ mbi}ym,bm~ xmrm xrfuir rinyr~f~ bi xmrcncxmf mf~ ncbmbf~' f nm~f bf @mocgii biî`yrmgm Cg~cyncfgma' I~m cg~gncm efc xig~mbm xmrm rmomadmr bcrimligi

gm m~~i~~frcm bf Xri~cbigi bm _ixoacnm! i gf kygf mf~ ncbmbf~' r`f~ nflfm Nm~m Ncuca! nfgybf! xfbircml ~ir lmc~ moirf~ cgrflc~~f bf~ ncbmbf~'C~f ~c`gcecnm }yi gf ~i biui i~xirmr f li~lf `rmy bi xfrf~cbmbi bi fbm~ m~cg~cyci~! lm~ mxigm~ bm}yiam~ }yi! bi ma`ylm efrlm! acbml nfl m efrlyamfbi xfacnm~ xoacnm~'


18/27



f~' M~~cl! gf d nflf i~namrinir f rima ieicf bm~ ~yì~i~ ig,ucmbm~ xiaf~ ncbmbf~! ri~mgbf m bucbm ~fori ~i m}yiai nfgibfrmg~lccbf xfr i,lmca ! uirbmbicrmligi! nfg~cbirmbf fy gf'

I~m li~lm nfgnay~f ~i bi~nfrcgm gf nm~f bm~ nfg~yam~xoacnm~ }yi ~f i~ryyrmbm~ gf Xfrma bm Xri~cbgncm' Bmbm mclxf~~cocacbmbi bi uc~ymac{mr m~ fxcgci~ k efrlyambm~ i igucmbm~xfr fyrf~ ncbmbf~! igbi,~i m ilomrmmr }yma}yir igmcumrmg~xmrigi bi i~moiaincligf bi ylm bc~ny~~f xoacnm! bixri~~f ~fori f @fuirgf! bi ri}yc~cf bi ri~xf~m~ i bi migfmbi}ymbm mf~ ignmlcgdmligf~ xirxirmbf~ xiaf~ y~yrcf~'

Il riamf mf~ ny~f~ infglcnf~ bi clxailigmf bi ei,rrmligm~ lmc~ cgnriligmbm~! m ndiei bm Bcrifrcm bi Cgirgi iIuigf~ bm înrimrcm bi Nflygcnmf ^fncma bm Xri~cbgncm bm_ixoacnm! ^caucm Eirrf! rinfgdiniy! il igriuc~m! }yi f~ i~xmf~ufambf~ xmrm f igufaucligf xfacnf bf~ ncbmbf~ bc~xfguic~ gfXfrma gf ~f f~ lmc~ ~mc~emrcf~ biucbf! ~foriybf! m xrfoai,lm~ riamncfgmbf~ emam bi i~ryyrm gini~~rcm xmrm mblcgc~rmrrim~ bi riamncfgmligf' Lmc~ itmmligi! Eirrf mai`m nmrgncm

bi xi~~fma xmrm ~i bmr nfgm bf feirincligf bi rinyr~f~ lmc~mxrfeygbmbf~ bi xmrcncxmf'M nmrgncm bi yl }ymbrf mbi}ymbf bi eygncfgrcf~ i ngcnf~

b ~yxfri i~i nigrma bi yl nfgkygf bi i~ybf~ $M_RI_RFG!=340: ^R_FLI_,@MAAIS! ?888# }yi mxfgml cgbncf~ bi }yi f~mìgi~ bf nmlxf xfacnf ri~c~il il feirinir rinyr~f~ lmc~ ~fec~,cnmbf~ bi xmrcncxmf xfr}yi ilil gf bmr nfgm bf ufayli bicgefrlmf }yi biui ~ir xrfni~~mbm i rixacnmbm gf cgycf bi lmgir

m nribcocacbmbi bm}yiai nmgma bi xmrcncxmf'Fyrf~ bfc~ mndmbf~ riefrml m cbicm bi }yi m Xri~cbgncm i

~iy Xfrma gf bf m migf xrflicbm mf~ rinyr~f~ bc`cmc~ bixmrcncxmf! ery~rmgbf,~i itxinmcum~ nmmac~mbm~! li~lf! xfrbfnyligf~ fecncmc~ $O_M^CA! ?882#' Xrclicrmligi! f mrrmgkf fr,`mgc{mncfgma bf Xfrma i~ bc~xf~f bi lfbf bixmrmligmac{mbf!rixrfby{cgbf m i~ryyrm dcirr}ycnm i f~ bcuir~f~ rmlf~ ~yofrbc,

gmbf~ bcrimligi mf Xri~cbigi bigrf bf Xmancf bf Xamgmaf!}ymgbf! xfr fyrf ambf! f efnf bm~ itxircgncm~ bi lmcfr ~yni~~ffoibini m ylm mr}yciyrm bm cgefrlmf }yi emncacm m mxriig~fbi cgefrlmi~ i efligm m cgiruigf xfacnm bf~ y~yrcf~'


19/27

0=Crnl _uc~m Orm~ccrm Ncncm~ m Nlcnm^ Xm! u'>>! '=! x' 9>,03! km'&k' ?8=8


Il ~i`ygbf ay`mr! gini~~rcf igemc{mr }yi ma`yg~ fyrf~nmgmc~ bi nflygcnmf }yi xfbircml ~irucr xmrcncxmf xfacnmnfg~ml gf~ ~ci~ mgmac~mbf~! mcgbm }yi ery`maligi i nfl yl

fokicuf bcuir~f bm}yiai riamncfgmbf mf ndmlmligf bf~ ncbm,bf~ xmrm f igufaucligf gf biomi xfacnf' F ~ci bm Nflc~~fbi cnm Xoacnm! xfr itilxaf! feirini yl }yi~cfgrcf ufambf!i~~igncmaligi xmrm }yi f~ ~irucbfri~ xoacnf~ i~il ~ym xf~,yrm cnm' Nm~f ef~~i feirincbf yl }yi~cfgrcf f mxrfeygbm,bf }ymgf i~i cbigcecnmbf! lm~ nykm gem~i ~i biomi~~i ~fori}yi~i~ bi cgiri~~i nfcbcmgf bm i~eirm bm ncbmbmgcm! nirmligi~ircm xf~~uia bcm`gf~cnmr ma`yl i~efrf lmc~ cgnc~cuf bf @fuir,gf il nfg~cbirmr f~ y~yrcf~ gm bc~ny~~f bi ilm~ nfaicuf~' Mînrimrcm bi Nflygcnmf ^fncma! xfr ~ym ui{! nfgm nfl ylmac~m bi bc~ny~~f nykm ~yo~nrcf ri~rcm mxigm~ mf~ m~~i~~fri~bm rim }yi rmomadml xmrm f @fuirgf Eibirma' Mnribcm,~i }yi!~i f Xfrma feirini~~i m xf~~cocacbmbi bf ncbmbf ~i nmbm~rmr icgirucr $mcgbm }yi bi efrlm lfbirmbm# il ac~m~ ufambm~ xmrmm bc~ny~~f xoacnm fy xmrm nfaimr ~yì~i~ i fxcgci~! yl bf~

rinyr~f~ lmc~ clxfrmgi~ m xf~~cocacmr yl igufaucligf lmc~bcacìgi bm i~eirm ncuca i~mrcm ~igbf xf~f il eygncfgmligf'Xmrm ri~ylcr! mxi~mr bf bc~nyr~f fecncma bi }yi f~ ncbmbf~

i f~ mìgi~ fr`mgc{mbf~ bm ~fncibmbi ncuca xm~~mrcml! nfl f`fuirgf Ayam! m ~ir uc~f~ ig}ymgf xmrnicrf~ gm efrlyamf bm~xfacnm~ xoacnm~! f }yi cg~c`mrcm f~ xrfkif~ `fuirgmligmc~ mcgnfrxfrmrZil\ rinyr~f~ bi cgirmcucbmbi }yi i~clyail m xmr,cncxmf mcum bm ~fncibmbi $O_M^CA! ?882! x'=8#! mcgbm ~f

i~nm~~f~ f~ itilxaf~ mxf~ m bilfg~rmr m nfgnric{mf bi maxrcgnxcf gfrimbfr'

Xfbi,~i bixriigbir! bi~m efrlm! }yi m bc~xf~cf bf~ mìgi~xfacnf~ il ri~~mamr biirlcgmbf~ umafri~ bilfnrcnf~ mnmommgf xfr i~moiainir m~ bcrirc{i~ i xrcfrcbmbi~ bi xrf`rmlm~ bmrim bi @fuirgf Iairgcnf }ymgf xfr bi~mnmr yl fy fyrfm~xinf bm~ xrcnm~ bilfnrcnm~ m ~i rimac{mril libcmgi f~

~yxfri~ bc`cmc~ bi nflygcnmf' gi~~i ~igcbf }yi Gfuinj$?882# i ^mair $?882# riefrml m cbcm bi }yi m ingfaf`cm! c~f,ambmligi! cg~yecncigi xmrm ~i i~clyamr ylm rigfumf gm~efrlm~ xmrcncxmcum~ nfgilxfrgim~'


20/27


21/27



F rinyr~f Nfligi i~m gfncm! xfr ~ym ui{! biui ~ir~yoacgdmbf xfr rixri~igmr ylm efrlm bi nfgmf bcrif nflf xmramligmr ri~xfg~uia xiam xrfxf~m fy riamfrcm bi biir,

lcgmbm lmrcm }yi mnmofy bi ~ferir mairmf il ~iy rlci'Xirnioi,~i! gi~i nm~f! ylm cgi`rmf clxfrmgi igri fxrfucligf bi cgefrlmi~ $mecgma! f lfi ylm gfncm xy,oacnmbm xiam M`gncm#! f i~lyaf m ~i em{ir nfligrcf~ $bmbmm nflfbcbmbi xmrm ~i ignmlcgdmr bilmgbm~! ~yì~i~! nrcnm~i rinamlmi~# i! xfr ecl! m itc~gncm bf xrxrcf efrlyarcfig}ymgf nmgma bi xmrcncxmf'

^fori m~ ig}yii~! li~lf rinfgdinigbf }yi f~ ri~yambf~bi~m~ xi~}yc~m~ gf l umafr ncigecnf! ylm ui{ }yi ~f rixri,~igmcum~ bm~ bc~xf~ci~ mxigm~ bm}yiai~ ncbmbf~ }yi i~nfadirmlxmrcncxmr! f Nflc @i~fr bf Xfrma nfg~cbirm i~i bc~xf~ccuf ylcg~ryligf clxfrmgi bi meircf bm fxcgcf xoacnm! mblccgbf}yi ~iy~ ri~yambf~ ndi`ml m ~irucr! cgnay~cui! bi omac{mligf m nfg,by{cr ma`yg~ bf~ biomi~ rmumbf~ igri f~ xmramligmri~ gm Nm~m'

Bigri f~ nmgmc~ ligncfgmbf~ gf Xfrma bm Nlmrm! f~ eryg~

~i bi~mnml xfr igìgbrmril yl i~xmf bi biomi~ nmrmnirc{mbfxiaf mni~~f xoacnf! xfr igufauir yl lmcfr glirf bi mfri~ ixiam nmxmncbmbi bi xrflff bi biomi~ lmc~ xrfafg`mbf~! mf~}ymc~ f~ mìgi~ }yi flml xmri gm cgirmf xfbil mbcncfgmrxrfxf~ci~ i rieaicr lmc~ bicbmligi' Bcf bi fyrf lfbf! i~,i~ i~xmf~ ~f nmxm{i~ bi efligmr bc~ny~~i~ m xirlccril ylmrfnm bi rm{i~ i bi mr`yligf~ igri ncbmbf~ i rixri~igmgi~!xf~~cocacmgbf,~i m cbigcecnmf bi yl riamncfgmligf xfacnf

lmc~ mxrfeygbmbf igri i~i~ bfc~ cxf~ bi mìgi~ i! nfg~i}ig,iligi! lmcfri~ ndmgni~ bi ~i nfgrcoycr xmrm m efrlyamf imxacnmf bm~ binc~i~ xfacnm~ nfl lmcfr `rmy bi ai`cclcbmbi'

Mal bf~ eryg~! yl fyrf nmgma bi bi~m}yi ignfgrmbfgf Xfrma bm Nlmrm m mymr ig}ymgf i~xmf xoacnf bi xmrc,ncxmf! morcgbf m xf~~cocacbmbi bi ~i nfg~cbirmr mr`yligf~ biefrlm ~yo~mgcum i m nfgmr nfl m xri~igm bi rixri~igmgi~

xfacnf~! ~f m~ ~mam~ bi omi,xmxf $fy ndm~#' Mf afg`f bf i~y,bf riamcuf mf ilxri`f bi~i rinyr~f! nfg~mfy,~i }yi iai xfbi~irucr xmrm xrfuir cgefrlmf xfacnm bi lmgicrm lxmr! mgfmnirnm bi rlci~ bf Xfbir Ai`c~amcuf }ymgf ~fori f~ xfgf~


22/27



lmc~ clxfrmgi~ bi xrfkif~ i }yi~i~ il bc~ny~~f' Mbilmc~!m~ ~mam~ bi omi,xmxf xirlcil }yi f~ ncbmbf~ nfguir~il yg~nfl f~ fyrf~! rf}yil mr`yligf~! nfgerfgil m~ cgefrlmi~

}yi k l nfl xir~xincum~ i bmbf~ nflxailigmri~'Gf d bucbm~ bi }yi m nmyiam }yi nirnfy m iamofrmf $=# bm~bcrirc{i~ }yi `ycml m cgcncmcum i ~ym~ mcucbmbi~! $?# bf~ rinyr~f~bi nflygcnmf frgmbf~ bc~xfguic~ $nmbm eirrmligm xm~~m xfryl i~ybf xrucf mgi~ bi ~ir nfafnmbm gf mr# i $># bf lfbiafmblcgc~rmcuf bf Xfrma $}yi m`ri`m f~ bceirigi~ ~ifri~ bm Nm~m!il ~c~ilm nfai`cmbf# nfg~cycy ylm mf eygbmligma m ri~~mamr mclxfrgncm bf~ rinyr~f~ bi nflygcnmf bc`cma ig}ymgf emfr }yi

xf~~cocacfy ylm lybmgm gm xf~yrm bm Nm~m erigi mf~ ncbmbf~'Xfr fyrf ambf! li~lf fbm m bc~xf~cf bm cg~cycf i bi~iy~ m`igi~ xfacnf~ gf xmrini ~ir ~yecncigi xmrm `mrmgcr ylmrima ieicucbmbi bf~ ncbmbf~ }ymgf ~ binc~i~' C~f ! d cgbncf~bi }yi m~ eirrmligm~ bc~xfguic~! gf fo~mgi ~iril umrcmbm~ i!il ma`yg~ nm~f~! nfgmril nfl m xmrcncxmf bf~ xmramligmri~il cgirmf bcrim nfl f~ y~yrcf~! xf~~yil yl omctf xfbirbi cgeaygncm gf }yi ~i rieiri mf bcrincfgmligf bm xrfbyf

bm binc~f xfacnm' Xfbi,~i i~xinyamr! igf! }yi fbf~ m}yiai~cg~ryligf~ mxfgmbf~ ~i ignfgrml fxirmgbf ~fo ylm a`cnmmcgbm i~rcmligi rixri~igmcum'

C~~f gf gini~~mrcmligi clxacnm }yi f cbima xmrcncxmcuf $xiafligf~ m}yiai }yi ~i lf~rm lmc~ mbi}ymbf ~ bilfnrmncm~ bi lm~,~m nfgilxfrgim~# ~i ignfgrm gm rmg~xf~cf bf lfbiaf rixri,~igmcuf bi bilfnrmncm' M ricucgbcnmf bi eygbf bi~i rmomadf~i rieiri! gm uirbmbi! m ylm lmcfr moiryrm bf~ rixri~igmgi~ ~

bilmgbm~ bf~ ncbmbf~! mf li~lf ilxf il }yi rinamlm lmcfri~}yfm~ bi ri~xfg~cucbmbi $mnnfygmocacs# cg~cyncfgma=9'

=9 M xir~xincum bi Kmli~ Ofdlmg xmrini! lmc~ ylm ui{! mbi}ymbm xmrm ~i nflxriig,bir f~ rm~rf~ bi~~i cbima xmrcncxmcuf; f myma bi~igdf Zcg~cyncfgma\! bi~cgmbfm oacgbmr f xfuf bf~ itni~~f~ bi ~ym xrxrcm ufgmbi xfacnm! mnmofy iufaycgbf xmrmyl nfgkygf bi rirm~ bi nflxfrmligf i~rm`cnf igri m}yiai~ xmrcbf~ }yi oy~nmlitnaycr m cgeaygncm bf~ fyrf~ gf xrfni~~f bi xrfbyf bm binc~f xfacnm! il ay`mr bi~i xirlccr yl itinncf lmc~ mlxaf bf xfbir xfacnf xfr xmri bi ylm lmcfr efrlmbm

biacoirmcumligi' Z'''\ clxfrmgi xirnioir }yi bilfnrmncm i oyrfnrmncm gf ~fcgnflxmuic~ ylm nfl m fyrm: il ui{ bc~~f! ylm ~foirmgcm xoacnm uc`frf~m ri}yircg~cyci~ mxm~ m ri~fauir xrfoailm~' M }yi~f }yi mc~ cg~cyci~ xrmcnmligigf itirnil mnnfygmocacs xoacnm: iam~ efrml i~ryyrmbm~ bi lfbf m lirmligiitinymr binc~i~ iecncigiligi $OFDLMG! =335! x' =43#'


23/27



Il ri~ylf! m cbcm ìrma bi~m~ fo~irumi~ m bi }yi f~libcm bc`cmc~ i~f bc~xf~cf! lm~ ~ym mbff cgiacìgi ixrfuicf~m m ecl bi acbmr nfl becnc~ bilfnrcnf~ bixigbi bi

emfri~ }yi ~f bi frbil gf mxigm~ ingfa`cnm! lm~! mlol!nyayrma! ~fncma i xfacnm' C~f ~c`gcecnm }yi f~ rinyr~f~ bi Cgirgibiuil ~ir uc~f~ ig}ymgf ~yxfri xmrm m ri~fayf bi ma`ylm~bcecnyabmbi~ i xrfoailm~ }yi meacìl m~ xrcnm~ bilfnrcnm~nfgilxfrgim~! ignmrgmgbf yl xmxia nflxailigmr xmrm fmxireicfmligf bi~i ri`cli! ylm ui{ }yi igerigml nfg~rmg,`cligf~ i aclci~ rmbcncfgmaligi itc~igi~! nflf m ri~c~gncmrixri~igmcum il nflxmrcadmr xfbir fy f~ rmf~ bi nyayrmxfacnm xcnf~ bi nmbm ~fncibmbi'

Nn~

I~i rmomadf xrfnyrfy mgmac~mr }ymacmcumligi m gmyri{m if xireca bm~ fxfrygcbmbi~ bi xmrcncxmf xfacnm feirincbm~ xfrlicf bf~ pio~ci~ bi bym~ cg~cyci~ eygbmligmc~ m cgi`rmril

m i~ryyrm bf I~mbf orm~caicrf; m Nlmrm bf~ Bixymbf~ i mXri~cbgncm bm _ixoacnm' Uircecnfy,~i }yi m~ cgcncmcum~ i~ybmbm~nfgml nfl ylm umrcibmbi bi nmgmc~ cgxy~! nfgec`yrmbf~ bi lfbfm xrflfuir guic~ bc~cgf~ bi xrfeygbcbmbi gf }yi nfgnirgi mfigufaucligf xfacnf' M~~cl! xf~~uia mecrlmr dmuir `rmbcig,i~ m itxacnmril! il ofm libcbm! m riamf igri m~ eirrmligm~ingcnmligi bc~xfguic~! bi yl ambf! i f~ y~f~ xrfnibcbf~ xfrxmri bm~ cg~cyci~! bi fyrf'

Gf nm~f bf Xfrma bm Xri~cbgncm! f efrgincligf bi igbi,rif~ bi i,lmca ~i lf~rfy f rinyr~f lmc~ nflyl' Mcgbm }yi~ikm myeircbm mf~ r`f~ bf Xamgmaf m ndmgni bi fxirmncfgm,ac{mr linmgc~lf~ lmc~ ieicuf~ bi xmrcncxmf! f xfigncma bmCgirgi ycac{mbf bi lmgicrm rybcligmr' F~ xfynf~ nmgmc~bi nflygcnmf nfl nmxmncbmbi xmrcncxmcum ignfgrmbf~ gfXfrma bm Xri~cbgncm mxri~igml nflf rmf xrclm{ ylm cg,

irmf cgbcucbymac{mbm' nirf }yi gf ~i xfbi bi~xri{mr mfeirm li~lf bm}yiai~ rinyr~f~ lmc~ o~cnf~' Xfrl! myfri~nflf Nfailmg i @{i $?88=#! Gfuinj $?882#! Ly~~f! Pimrii Dmai $?888#! mf bieigbiril m gini~~cbmbi bi ~i efrmainir m


24/27



gff bi ~foirmgcm xfxyamr! mr`yligml il emufr bm itc~gncmbi rinyr~f~ }yi xirlcml cr mal bi yl ~clxai~ bc~xf~ccuf bii~nym bm}ycaf }yi f~ ncbmbf~! cgbcucbymaligi! l m bc{ir'

F Xfrma bm Nlmrm ignmrgm ylm xf~yrm bceirigi! bc~xfgbfbi ylm lyacxacncbmbi bi nmgmc~ xmrcncxmcuf~! m itilxaf bm~ ~m,am~ bi omi,xmxf i bf~ eryg~' Mrcoyc,~i ma bc~cgf mf emf bi}yi! gi~m cgcncmcum! dfyui yl nycbmbf liadfr gf xamgikmligfi mblcgc~rmf bf~ rinyr~f~ bi cgefrlmf i nflygcnmf bc`c,mc~! oy~nmgbf,~i cgfumr nfg~mgiligi i migbir ~ itc`gncm~nri~nigi~ bf~ y~yrcf~! cgi`rmgbf,~i! mcgbm! m}yiam~ ~ii~ lmc~xircgigi~ bm cg~cycf fxirmf bf ~ci'

Gf ecgma bm~ nfgm~! ecnm m cbcm bi }yi m }yi~f eygbmligmaxmrm ~i nflxriigbir m xmrcncxmf xfacnm gm Cgirgi gf ~i riam,ncfgmbm mxigm~ mf `rmy bi ~fec~cnmf bm~ eirrmligm~ bc~xfguic~'Yl xfgf clxfrmgi i~ gm igmcum bi nflxriigbir m ri~c~gncmbf~ mìgi~ cg~cyncfgmc~ il xirnioir f~ ncbmbf~ ig}ymgf xmrnic,rf~ $il ylm xir~xincum bi ~foirmgcm xfxyamr efri# m cgi`rmril fxrfni~~f bi xrfbyf bm binc~f xfacnm' Li~lf il itxircgncm~

gm~ }ymc~ ~i xirnioi ylm lmcfr xrfuc~f bi nmgmc~ xmrcncxmcuf~! bi ~i }yi~cfgmr! xfr itilxaf! f~ ieicf~ xfacnf~ }yi mc~ rinyr~f~xfbil ìrmr! ylm ui{ }yi gf mbcmgm bmr uf{ i fxfrygcbmbi~ biitxri~~f i bc~ny~~f mf~ y~yrcf~ ~i m iai~ gf ~i bilfg~rm! ml,ol! ~ircibmbi gm nfg~cbirmf bm~ nfgrcoyci~ ignmlcgdmbm~'

_erncm~

MAAMG! ^ymr' Libcmcg` ncc{ig~dcx; Fg,acgi kfyrgmac~l mgb di xyoacn~xdiri gip ufcni~' Biuiafxlig; ?88>' x' >828'

MALFGB! @morcia: UI_OM! ^cbgis' Rdi ncucn nyayri; xfaccnma mcybi~mgb bilfnrmns cg ecui gmcfg~' Xrcgnifg; Xrcgnifg Ygcuir~cs Xri~~! =35>'

M_RI_RFG! Ndrc~fxdir' Riaibilfnrmns; nmg indgfaf`s xrfin bilfn,rmns6 Gipoyrs Xmrj! NM; ^mì! =340'MU_CR[I_! Aifgmrbf: ^MGRF^! Ofmuigyrm bi ^fy{m' Xmrm Mlxacmr f N,gfgi Bilfnrcnf' Cg ^MGRF^! Ofmuigyrm bi ^fy{m $fr`'# Bilfnrmc{mr mbilfnrmncm' _cf bi Kmgicrf; Ncucac{mf Orm~caicrm! ?88?' x'>3,4?'

OM_OI_! Oigkmlcg' ^rfg` bilfnrmns; xmrcncxmfrs xfaccn~ efr m gip mì'Oirjiais; Ygcuir~cs fe Nmacefrgcm Xri~~! ?882'


25/27



OIGGIRR! B': ECIABCG@! X' Rdi gi ieein; dfp nsoirmbufnmns c~ ndmg`cg`di Xfaccnma Amgb~nmxi' Pm~dcg`fg! BN; Nmxcfa Mbumgmì! =333'

OIGGIRR! Amgni P' Nfllygcnmcg` àfoma mncuc~l' Cg; Cgefrlmcfg! Nfl,lygcnmcfg % ^fncis! ?88>! x' =2>,=54'

OFDLMG! Kmli~' Xyoacn biacoirmcfg; xayrmac~l! nflxaitcs mgb bilfnrmns'Nmlorcbì; LCR Xri~~! =335'

O_M^CA' NFLCR ITINYRCUF BF @FUI_GF IAIR_GCNF' Fecnc,gm~ bi xamgikmligf i~rm`cnf; riamrcf nfg~facbmbf' Orm~acm! lmcf ?882'Bc~xfguia il;1dx;&&ppp'`fuirgfiairfgcnf'`fu'or&`fuirgfiairfgcnf&cgbit'dla7' Mni~~f il; =9 mor' bi ?884'

O_M^CA' Nflc @i~fr bf Xfrma bm Nlmrm bf~ Bixymbf~ _iamrcfitinycuf ?889' Bc~xfguia il; 1dx;&&ppp?'nmlmrm'`fu'or&~forifxfrma&ì~mfxfrma&riamfrcf~&riamfrcf,mcucbmbi~,nflciì~fr,xfrma,?889'xbe7'Mni~~f il; =9 mor' bi ?884'

O_M^CA Nflc @i~fr bf Xfrma bm Nlmrm bf~ Bixymbf~ _iamrcf iti,nycuf ?885' Bc~xfguia il; 1dx;&&ppp?'nmlmrm'`fu'or&~forifxfrma&ì~mf,xfrma&riamfrcf~&riamfrcfmcucbmbi~,nflci,ì~fr,xfrma,?885'xbe7' Mni~~fil; =9 mor' bi ?884'

O_M^CA' Nflc @i~fr bf Xfrma bm Nlmrm bf~ Bixymbf~ _iamrcfitinycuf ?880' Bc~xfguia il; 1dx;&&ppp?'nmlmrm'`fu'or&~forifxfrma&ì~,mfxfrma&_iamfrcf)?8Itinycuf)?8?880'xbe7'Mni~~f il; =9 mor' bi ?884'

OYND^RICG! Dyoiry~'Osi~ dm oci; di cgirgi mgb biacoirmcui bi,lfnrmns' Nfg~iaamcfg~; =330! x'?24,?5>'

NFAILMG! ^': @FR[I! K'Ofpacg` fìdir; fgacgi xyoacn ig`mìlig cgxfacns biacoirmcfg' Afgbfg; Dmg~mrb ^fncis! ?88='

BMUC^! _'' Rdi pio fe xfaccn~; di cgirgi~ clxmn fg di MlircnmgXfaccnma ^s~il' Afgbfg; Ftefrb Ygcuir~cs Xri~~! =333'

BIMG! Kfbc' Pds di gi c~ gf m xyoacn ~xdiri' Nfg~iaamcfg~; ?88> x'39,==?'

BIAAC NM_XCGC! Lcndmia' @ig'nfl; sfyd! ncucn ig`mìlig! mgb di gipcgefrlmcfg igucrfglig xfaccnma Nfllygcnmcfg; ?888! x'>2=,>23'


26/27



E_FFLJCG! M' L' Rindgfaf`ci~ efr bilfnrmns' Cg; ^DMGI! Xiir $ib'#' Bi,lfnrmns fgacgi; di xrf~xin~ efr xfaccnma rigipma drfy`d di cgirgi' GipSfrj; _fyaibì! ?882'

EYG@! M' i P_C@DR! I' Biixigcg` bilfnrmns; cggfumcfg~ cg ilxfpiribxmrcncxmfrs `fuirgmgni! Xfaccn~ mgb ^fncis; ?88=! x' 9,2='

@FLI^! Pca~fg' Rrmg~efrlmi~ bm xfacnm gm irm bm nflygcnmf bilm~~m' ^f Xmyaf; Xmyay~! ?882'

VVVVVVVVVV' M bilfnrmncm bc`cma i f xrfoailm bm xmrcncxmf ncuca gmbinc~f xfacnm' _iuc~m Erfgicrm~! ^f Aifxfabf! ?889! u' UCCC! g' >! x'?=2,???'

DMOI_LM^! Krìg' Bcricf i bilfnrmncm; igri emcncbmbi i umacbmbi' _cfbi Kmgicrf; Rilxf Orm~caicrf! =330'

DFF@DI! L': RIIXI! P' $?889#' Xmrs xrfecai~ fg di pio' Mg mgmas~c~ fedi afècai~ fe gfg,xmrc~mg cgirmncui xfaccnma cgirgi ~ci~ cg di ?88> mgb?882 iaincfg nmlxmc`g~ cg Oia`cyl' Xmxir xri~igib m di mggyma liicg`fe di Mlircnmg Xfaccnma ^ncigni M~~fncmcfg! Lmrrcf Pmrblmg Xmrj! Flgc^dfridml! Pm~dcg`fg Dcafg! Pm~dcg`fg! BN' Bc~xfguia il; 1dx;&&

ppp'maamnmbilcn'nfl&lim&x2=55?Vcgbit'dla7' Mni~~f il =4 bi eiuiricrfbi ?884'

LMGCG! O' Xrcgncxai~ fe rixri~igmcui `fuirglig' Nmlorcbì; NmlorcbìYgcuir~cs Xri~~! =330'

LM_NDI! ^yggs: LnGCUIG! Kmli~' $?88>#' B' I,`fuirglig mgb i,`fuir,gmgni; Rdi eyyri c~g pdm c y~ib f oi' Nmgmbcmg Kfyrgma fe Mblcgc~rmc,ui ^ncigni~: ?8! =: MOC&CGEF_L @afoma' x`' 02'

LF__C^! B' $?888#' Ufi'nfl' Af~ Mgìai~; _igmc~~mgni Offj~'

LY^^F! K': PIM_I! N': DMAI! L' Bi~c`gcg` pio indgfaf`ci~ efr afnma`fuirgmgni riefrl; @ffb lmgmìlig fr `ffb bilfnrmns6 Xfaccnma Nflly,gcnmcfg; ?888! x' =,=3'

GFUINJ! O' ^' Rdi eyyri fe ncc{ig xmrcncxmcfg cg di iainrfgcn ~mi;lfbiacg` nfllygcnmcui mncfg cg i,ryailmjcg` xrmncni' Xrfniibcg`~ fe

di 3d Cgirgmcfgma Pfrjcg` Nfgeirigni fg di Amg`ymì,Mncfg Xir~xin,cui fg Nfllygcnmcfg Lfbiaacg`' Rdi ^mi Ygcuir~cs fe Gip Kir~is! GipOryg~pcnj! ?882'


27/27


XF^RLMG! Gica' Ringfxacf m rigbcf bm nyayrm ingfaf`cm' ^fXmyaf; Gfoia! =332'

^MARI_! Aii' Bilfnmrns! gip ~fncma lfuilig~ mgb di cgirgi' M dm,oirlm~cmg mgmas~c~' Cg; LNNMY@DIS! Lmrdm: MSI_^! Lcndmia B' $ib~#'Nsoirmncuc~l' Fgacgi mncuc~l cg difrs mgb xrmncni' Gip Sfrj; _fyaibì!?88>' x'==0,=22'

VVVVVVVVVV' ^rynyri mgb efrl~ fe y~i' M nfgrcoycfg f ygbir~mgbcg`di ieein~ fe di Cgirgi fg biacoirmcui bilfnrmns' Cgefrlmcfg! Nflly,gcnmcfg % ^fncis! ?882! ufa' 0! Gf' ?' x'=49?85'

^NDIYEIAI! B' M': GCÔIR! L' Oicg` m ncc{ig fgacgi; Gip fxxfrygcci~

mgb bimb igb~' Dmrumrb; Dmrumrb Cgirgmcfgma Kfyrgma fe Xri~~&Xfaccn~! ?88?!0 $>#! x'99,09'

^RMGAIS! K' P': PIM_I! N' Rdi ieein~ fe cgirgi ~~i fg xfaccnma xmrc,ncxmcfg; iucbigni erfl mg Mìgns Fgacgi Bc~ny~~cfg Efryl' Mblcgc~rmcfg% ^fncis; ?882! x'98>,9?0'

^R_FLI_,@MAAIS! K' Fgacgi cgirmncfg mgb pds nmgbcbmi~ Mufcb C' Cg;Kfyrgma fe Nfllygcnmcfg' Y^M; ?888! x'===,=>?'

^YG^RICG! Nm~~' _ixyoacn'nfl' Xrcgnifg; Xrcgnifg Ygcuir~cs Xri~~!?88='PCADIAL! Mgdfgs' Bilfnrmns cg di bc`cma mì; Ndmaaigì~ f XfaccnmaAcei cg Nsoir~xmni' Gip Sfrj; _fyaibì! ?888'

PFARFG! Bflcgc}yi'I bixfc~ bm cgirgi6 Xmrm ylm ifrcm nrcnm bf~gfuf~ libcm' Ma`~; Bceia! ?88='

_iniocbf il; =='85'?883Mnicf il; >8'83'?883

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Participação, instituições políticas e Internet: um exame dos canais participativos nos portais da Câmara e da Presidência do Brasil