Psicopatia em Portugal: Uma análise da comunicação cientifica portuguesa

7/22/2019 Psicopatia em Portugal: Uma análise da comunicação cientifica portuguesa

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B

Ê Zrdeª. Mra. Kðhba Zabs acramfãd a edrna bihfitbvamdra, mftfrnbiama f hrîtbha

hdnd drbfitdu tdmd d tralakod7 rfhdiofãd d apdbd, hdracfn f ndtbvaãèd quf tèd

lfn sdulf mar apfsar mf pdr vfzfs fu ièd d nfrfhfr.

Ads euihbdiárbds md Hfitrd mf Mdhunfitaãèd md Bistbtutd Xupfrbdr mf Zsbhdkdcba

Apkbhama, ma Lblkbdtfha Iahbdiak, ma Lblkbdtfha ma Zrdhuramdrba-Cfrak ma \fpðlkbha

f ma Lblkbdtfha ma Eahukmamf mf Zsbhdkdcba f Hbàihbas ma Fmuhaãèd ma

Vibvfrsbmamf md Zdrtd pfka mbspdiblbkbmamf, pahbàihba f hdrmbakbmamf quf

mfndistraran id atfimbnfitd f auxîkbd prfstamds.

Zdr ebn, acramfãd ads nfus hdkfcas f eanîkba pfkd bitfrfssf, prfdhupaãèd f apdbd

fvbmfihbamds ad kdicd ma rfakbzaãèd mfstf tralakod.



BB



BBB

\FXVND

Apfsar ma bivfstbcaãèd fn tdrid ma psbhdpatba sf tfr, ids ðktbnds tfnpds,

uibedrnbzamd, a pdkânbha fn tdrid mfsta pfrturlaãèd hditbiua lastaitf ahfsa taitd

a iîvfk bitfriahbdiak hdnd a iîvfk iahbdiak. Ifstf tralakod aiakbsánds artbcds mf

mbvukcaãèd hbfitîebha hdn d dl`fhtbvd mf sf eazfr un pditd ma sbtuaãèd fn rfkaãèd ê

pfrturlaãèd psbhdpátbha id hditfxtd hbfitîebhd pdrtucuàs. Fefhtudu-sf una aiákbsf

mf hditfðmd para fstumar a biedrnaãèd hditbma ids artbcds hbfitîebhds tfimd-sf

hofcamd a rfsuktamds hdivfrcfitfs hdn a kbtfratura ma fspfhbakbmamf. A

bivfstbcaãèd hbfitîebha pdrtucufsa, apfsar mf trambãöfs tførbhas mbstbitas, parfhf

amdptar pdsturas, nftdmdkdcbas f tfdrbas mf drbcfn idrtf-anfrbhaia id quf mbz

rfspfbtd ad hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba.



BU



U

ÎIMBHF

BI]\DMVÃÈD ........................................................................................................... 1

1. EVIMANFI]AÃÈD ]FØ\BHA ............................................................................. 6

1.1. A Obstørba0 Hdimbãöfs para a Fnfrcàihba md Hdihfbtd mf Zsbhdpatba .......... 6

1.1.1. A Xaðmf f a Mdfiãa ................................................................................ 5

1.1.<. D Hrbnf, a Hrbnbidkdcba f a Zfrsdiakbmamf Hrbnbiak ............................... 2

1.1.8. A Aldrmacfn Lbd-aitrdpdkøcbha md Hrbnf ............................................. 11

1.1.=. A Xdhbdkdcba f d Hrbnf ........................................................................... 1<

1.1.6. D Dkoar ma Zsbhdkdcba para d Mfkbiqufitf ............................................. 1=

1.<. A Zsbhdpatba ................................................................................................ 1?

1.<.1. As Hdihfpãöfs Hkêssbhas0 Md ‛Kduhd Ndrak„ ad Zsbhdpata .................. 1?

1.<.<. A ]rambãèd Cfrnìibha ........................................................................... <:

1.<.8. A ]rambãèd Aickd-Anfrbhaia ................................................................. <<

1.<.=. Ds Zsbhdpatas Od`f fn Mba0 Mbefrfitfs Hdihfpãöfs f Aldrmacfis..... <8

1.<.=.1. Hkfhgkfy. .......................................................................................... <=

1.<.=.<. Ds MXN ........................................................................................... <5

1.<.=.8. As BHM. ............................................................................................ <2

1.<.=.=. Oarf f a Zsyhodpatoy Hofhgkbst ...................................................... 8:

1.<.=.6. A hdihfpãèd psbhdmbiìnbha ma psbhdpatba. ..................................... 88

1.<.=.5. A sdhbdkdcba f ds psbhdpatas. .......................................................... 83

1.<.6. A \fkaãèd Zsbhdpatba ‘ Kfb .................................................................... 82

1.<.5. A Avakbaãèd ma Zsbhdpatba ...................................................................... =<

1.<.3. A Zsbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak ....................................................................... =6

1.8. A Zfrtbiàihba mf Fstumar a Zsbhdpatba0 Qufstöfs mf Bivfstbcaãèd ............ =5

1.=. Dl`fhtbvds mf Bivfstbcaãèd ......................................................................... 6:

<. NÂ]DMD ............................................................................................................. 61

<.1. ]bpd mf Fstumd f Fiquamranfitd Nftdmdkøcbhd ........................................ 61

<.<. D Hdrpus ..................................................................................................... 68

<.8. Zrdhfmbnfitd .............................................................................................. 65

<.8.1.Zrdhfmbnfitd mf Zfsqubsa mds Mdhunfitds ......................................... 65

<.8.1.1. Zrdcrana Cfstdr mf Mamds md Hfitrd mf Mdhunfitaãèd md BXZA 65

<.8.1.<. FLXHDodst \fsfarho Matalasfs. .................................................. 63

<.8.1.8. Lasfs @urîmbhd-Mdhunfitabs ........................................................... 6?

<.8.<. Hdnd sf Zrdhfmfu ia Aiákbsf0 A Aiákbsf mf Hditfðmd ........................ 5:

8. \FXVK]AMDX F XVA MBXHVXXÈD ................................................................... 53

=. HDIHKVXÖFX .................................................................................................... 36

6. \FEF\ÀIHBAX .................................................................................................... ?1



UB

ÎIMBHF MF AIF_DX

AIF_D A - Hdistbtubãèd md hdrpus ......................................................................... ?3

AIF_D L - Artbcds ièd rfhdkobmds .......................................................................... ?2

AIF_D H - Mfebibãèd md Quamrd Hatfcdrbak ........................................................... 21

ÎIMBHF MF QVAM\DX

Quamrd 10 Harahtfrîstbhas ma psbhdpatba sfcuimd Hkfhgkfy (Amaptamd mf Hkfhgkfy,

1235) ................................................................................................................ <6

Quamrd <0 Hrbtârbds mf Mbaciøstbhd para Zfrturlaãèd Aitb-Xdhbak ma Zfrsdiakbmamf

(AZA, <::<) ...................................................................................................... <3

Quamrd 80 Hrbtârbds mf mbaciøstbhd para a ZMZ md BHM-1: (Sdrkm Ofakto

Drcaibsatbdi, 122<) .......................................................................................... 8:

Quamrd =0 Mbstrblubãèd mds btfis ma ZHK-\ pfkds eahtdrfs (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7

Oarpur, Oarf & Oagstbai, 12?2) ....................................................................... 81

Quamrd 6 ‘ \fsuktamds ma pfsqubsa lblkbdcráebha .................................................... 6=

Quamrd 5‘ Mbstrblubãèd mas uibmamfs mf rfcbstd pfkas hatfcdrbas f artbcds ........... 53

Quamrd 3 - Mbstrblubãèd mas uibmamfs mf rfcbstd pfkas hatfcdrbas, sul-hatfcdrbas f

artbcds ............................................................................................................... 5?

Quamrd ?‘ Mbstrblubãèd mas uibmamfs mf rfcbstd pfkas sul-hatfcdrbas ma hatfcdrba

Bivfstbcaãöfs/fstumds assdhbamds (Hatfcdrba =) f artbcds .............................. 3<



BI]\DMVÃÈD

‛Fstf bimbvîmud ièd ana ibicuân, apfias prdhura hðnpkbhfs para mfstrubr

aqufkfs quf dmfba. Mf eahtd ièd tfn anbcds nas akbamds para a cufrra. A sua akna

â un pdãd mf ømbd, `drra vfifid pdr tdmds ds pdrds. Bivfà f acrfssbvbmamf sèd ds

prdpuksdrfs ma sua vbma. Apøs a trfnfima mfrrdta quf sderfu, rfaparfhf fn tdn f

pdsf mf qufn vab akhaiãar a vbtørba. Bnacbiaimd quf nf brba mfstrubr, vfn rfpkftd

mf craimbdsbmamf a dnibpdtàihba fn pfssda„ (Hdbnlra mf Natds, <::=, p. 62).

Fsta â una mas nubtas mfshrbãöfs, quf fihditrands ia kbtfratura, mds bimbvîmuds

mfsbciamds pdr psbhdpatas.

D psbhdpata â una pfrsdiacfn hdiofhbma md edkhkdrf pdpukar, ad hditrárbd

mf nubtas edrnas psbhdpatdkøcbhas, â-ids eanbkbar. Â rfhdrrfitf fihditrarnds

rfefràihbas ê psbhdpatba f a psbhdpatas fn `driabs, ia tfkfvbsèd, ia kbtfratura f id

hbifna (Hdity, 12537 Fbcufr, 12227 Cdiãakvfs, <::<7 Oarf, <::8). D tfrnd â

utbkbzamd, bimbshrbnbiamanfitf, pdr kfbcds f pdr hdiofhfmdrfs quf hdieuimfn a sua

apkbhaãèd (Hdity, 12537 Oarf, <::8). ]dmavba, â hdnun assdhbar a psbhdpatba a

hdnpdrtanfitds mfkbiqufitfs, aitb-sdhbabs f hrbnbidsds (Hdity, 12537 Fastnai &

Zfay, 122?7 Fbcufr, 12227 Cdiãakvfs, <::<7 Naiiofbn, 12?=7 NhSbkkbans, <::67

\aetfr, 1223) f, id fitaitd, parfhfn fxbstbr sfitbnfitds hditrambtørbds mf

atrahãèd/rfpuksa pfkds psbhdpatas, pdssbvfknfitf ‛pdrquf a hbvbkbzaãèd tfioa sbmd

euimama sdlrf a vbdkàihba„ (Fbcufr, 1222, p. 32) du pdrquf ds ahtds atrbluîmds a

fstfs bimbvîmuds pdioan a mfshdlfrtd d sfr andrak quf fstá katfitf fn hama un

mf iøs (Fbcufr, 1222).

A pdpukarbmamf mds psbhdpatas ièd eaz hdn quf d hdihfbtd, a quf d vdhálukd

sf rfefrf, fstfà lfn mfebibmd7 â lfn prdvávfk quf fihditrfnds mbefrfitfs

fxpkbhaãöfs, mfebibãöfs mbstbitas f rfspdstas mbvfrcfitfs quaimd hdkdhamas asqufstöfs0 D quf â un psbhdpata4 Du, D quf â a psbhdpatba4 Vna mas razöfs quf



<

pdmf hausar fsta hdieusèd rfsbmf id prøprbd vdhálukd7 psbhdpata sbcibebha ‛pfssda

quf sderf mdfiãa nfitak„1 (Craimf Fihbhkdpâmba Zdrtucufsa f Lrasbkfbra), d quf

ids bimbha quf un su`fbtd quf sfà mbacidstbhamd hdn quakqufr edrna mf

psbhdpatdkdcba pdmf sfr mfsbciamd, fn tfdrba, pdr psbhdpata. A prdlkfnátbha

bifrfitf ê psbhdpatba rfsukta mbrfhtanfitf ma hditrdvârsba a quf d tfrnd edb

sulnftbmd mfsmf a edrnukaãèd md hdihfbtd pdr Zbifk id prbihîpbd md sâhukd _B_, f

mas sulsfqufitfs aktfraãöfs f fvdkuãöfs, ièd sø hdihfptuaknfitf, nas tanlân

mfshrbtbvanfitf (Fstflai & Akdisd, 1226). Xfcuimd mbvfrsds autdrfs (Fstflai,

Carrbmd & Ndkfrd, 122=7 Dkbvfbra, Aihbèfs & Earba, 1222), a prdlkfnátbha ahtuak

pdmf, abima, sfr vbsta sdl d pditd mf vbsta md mbaciøstbhd, ma harahtfrbzaãèd f,

hdisfqufitfnfitf, ma avakbaãèd, oavfimd una dpdsbãèd fssfihbak fitrf mdbs

tfrnds, paramdxaknfitf mbefrfitfs f fqubvakfitfs0 a Zfrturlaãèd ma Zfrsdiakbmamf

Aitb-Xdhbak (AZA, 12?3, <::<) f a Zfrturlaãèd ma Zfrsdiakbmamf Zsbhdpátbha du

Zsbhdpatba (Hkfhgkfy, 12357 Oarf, <::8). Fqubvakfitfs, pdrquf nubtds hdisbmfran a

prbnfbra hdnd a mfsbciaãèd ahtuak para a sfcuima7 mbefrfitfs, pdrquf mbefrfn ia

sua lasf hdihfptuak f ia harahtfrbzaãèd quf eazfn ma pfrturlaãèd a quf sf

rfefrfn (Fstflai ft ak., 122=7 Oarf, 1225).

Hdnd `á vbnds, ièd â apfias a anlbcubmamf md idnf quf eaz hdn quf a

psbhdpatba sfà akvd mf taita mbshussèd, a pdkânbha rfsukta mf un prdlkfna nuktb-

eahtdrbak. Vn dutrd eahtdr quf hditrblub para a prdlkfnátbha fn rfmdr ma psbhdpatba â

a sua pdsbãèd id fspfhtrd quf vab md idrnak ad patdkøcbhd. Â hdnun sbtuar a

psbhdpatba ia bitfrsfhãèd fitrf a idrnakbmamf f a patdkdcba (Hdity, 12537 Fastnai

& Zfay, 122?7 Oarf, <::87 Narbftái, 122?7 \aetfr, 12237 Xodoan, 125?) f fstf

tfrrfid mbeusd eaz hdn quf a mfebibãèd md hdihfbtd ièd sfà pahîebha.

Vn hdisfisd quaitd ê mfebibãèd hdihfptuak ma psbhdpatba â bnpdrtaitf para

várbas árfas mf salfr f â atrás mfssa uiaibnbmamf quf a bivfstbcaãèd tfn

mfmbhamd ds sfus fsedrãds (du ièd4 pfrcuitands iøs). Oá a ifhfssbmamf mf una

mfebibãèd prfhbsa f hdisfisuak0 para quf oaà hrbtârbds mf mbaciøstbhd ebávfbs f sf

1 Md crfcd psbgoâ (akna) + patods (mdfiãa), ‛mdfiãa ma akna„.



8

pdssan mfebibr tfrapàutbhas7 para a Hrbnbidkdcba f d Mbrfbtd para, quf sf pdssan

hdiofhfr quabs ds hdnpdrtanfitds quf pdssan sfr prfvbstds f/du prfvfibmds f

quabs as puibãöfs a apkbhar du d ahdnpaioanfitd a amfquar7 para a Xdhbdkdcba,

para quf sf pdssan hdnprffimfr as drbcfis f ds fefbtds mas ahãöfs mfstfs

bimbvîmuds ia sdhbfmamf7 ebiaknfitf, para a bivfstbcaãèd hbfitîebha fn cfrak, para

quf oaà hdihdrmìihba quaitd ad hdihfbtd quf sf prftfimf fstumar.

Ièd â prdpøsbtd mfstf tralakod rfspdimfr ês pfrcuitas d quf â un

psbhdpata4 F d quf â a psbhdpatba4 Zrftfimfnds sbn, pfrhflfr sf oá a lusha mf

un hdisfisd du, pfkd hditrárbd, sf tfn hditrbluîmd para a pdkânbha f sf tfn

tralakoamd mf edrna rambak utbkbzaimd tfrnds, hdihfbtds, tfdrbas f nâtdmds mbstbitds.

Id fitaitd, tfrfnds mf rfspdimfr a fssas pfrcuitas para quf a prdlkfnátbha sfà

hdnprffisîvfk. Mfstf ndmd hdisbmfra-sf ðtbk eazfr un pditd ma sbtuaãèd ahfrha ma

psbhdpatba f edhánd-ids fn Zdrtucak.

Ubstd quf a psbhdpatba tfn sbmd vfbhukama ids nfbds mf hdnuibhaãèd (Hdity,

12537 Fbcufr, 12227 Cdiãakvfs, <::<7 Oarf, <::8), â iaturak assunbr quf oaà

mbefrfitfs hdihfpãöfs mfsta pfrturlaãèd, quaitd nabs ièd sfà pfkas mbefrfiãas

quf hama nfbd mf hdnuibhaãèd pdssub. Ubstd quf a Hbàihba latakoa para quf ds

eahtds sfàn fstumamds f hdiebrnamds/biebrnamds hdn rbcdr nftdmdkøcbhd, mfhbmbu-

sf, ifstf fstumd, aiakbsar as hdnuibhaãöfs ahfrha ma psbhdpatba quf sèd

vfbhukamas pfkds nfbds mf hdnuibhaãèd hbfitîebhds, idnfamanfitf ds pfrbømbhds

mf mbvukcaãèd hbfitîebha.

Dptdu-sf pdr un bistrunfitd mf aiákbsf mas biedrnaãöfs para atbicbr ds

dl`fhtbvds prdpdstds. D hdiùitd mf tâhibhas quf hdistbtufn a aiákbsf mf hditfðmd

(Larmbi, <::<) mflruãa-sf sdlrf d tfdr ma biedrnaãèd para maî dltfr mamds quf

pfrnbtan biefrbr sdlrf as nfisacfis quf ds autdrfs mds mdhunfitds prftfimfn

passar. Mfpdbs mf una pfsqubsa fn lasfs mf mamds lblkbdcráebhas sfcubimd

mftfrnbiamds hrbtârbds mf sfkfhãèd, hofcdu-sf a un hdiùitd mf mdhunfitds

(hdrpus) quf, mfpdbs ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd, sfrvbran ds dl`fhtbvds mfstf fstumd.

Ds rfsuktamds dltbmds pfrnbtbran-ids hdiofhfr a rfakbmamf pdrtucufsa id quf mbz



=

rfspfbtd ê psbhdpatba id hditfxtd ma bivfstbcaãèd hbfitîebha. Apfsar ma fshassa

kbtfratura sdlrf d tfna fn Zdrtucak, ds rfsuktamds fihditramds edran mf fihditrd

ad quf, fn tfdrba, sf pdstuka.



6

1. EVIMANFI]AÃÈD ]FØ\BHA

1.1. A Obstørba0 Hdimbãöfs para a Fnfrcàihba md Hdihfbtd mf Zsbhdpatba

Â ifhfssárbd, para una hdnprffisèd ma mbshussèd fn rfmdr ma psbhdpatba,

quf sf eaãa una fxpdsbãèd ahfrha md quf `á edb mbtd f efbtd ahfrha mfsta

pfrturlaãèd. ]fn mf sf rfhuar ês suas drbcfis para hdnprffimfr a sua sbtuaãèd

ahtuak.

Fn tdrid md hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba fxbstf una kbtfratura vasta f varbama dimf

â hdnun fihditrar mbefrfitfs aldrmacfis, mbefrfitfs dpbiböfs f mbefrfitfs

hdihfptuakbzaãöfs. Iuna aiákbsf supfrebhbak ma kbtfratura ma fspfhbakbmamf â eáhbk

hdistatar quf fxbstfn narhds obstørbhds ia fvdkuãèd md hdihfbtd, autdrfs

bihditdriávfbs f kbioas mf bivfstbcaãèd mbvfrcfitfs. ]dria-sf, pdrtaitd, bnpdrtaitf

mfebibr as hdimbãöfs ma fnfrcàihba md hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba, sbtuá-kd ia obstørba f

rfkatar a sua fvdkuãèd para quf pdssands rfekfhtbr hrbtbhanfitf sdlrf a(s) sua(s)

pdsbãèd(öfs) ahtuabs.

Mfsmf quf sf hdiofhf d odnfn hdnd sfr sdhbak quf oá a ifhfssbmamf mf

bnpkfnfitar rfcras quf vbsfn un ldn euihbdianfitd ma sdhbfmamf7 â bcuaknfitf

vfrmamf quf mfsmf quf as rfcras edran bnpdstas fxbstfn su`fbtds quf as

hditdrian, vbdkan f mbstdrhfn. D hdnpdrtanfitd hrbnbidsd â bstd nfsnd, sèd ds

ahtds quf hdkbmfn hdn as rfcras f kfbs bistbtuhbdiakbzamas, bstd md pditd mf vbsta

ùrîmbhd (Cassbi, <::8) `á quf ièd sf trata ma ðibha mfebibãèd pdssîvfk mf hrbnf7 id

fitaitd ièd ids akarcarfnds ifstf assuitd pdbs edcf ad pditd fssfihbak mfstf

tralakod.

Oá nubtd quf sf tfitan dltfr fxpkbhaãöfs, hdnprffimfr as hausas f

hdiofhfr ds prdhfssds bifrfitfs ad hdnpdrtanfitd hrbnbidsd, mfkbiqufitf du,

iun tfrnd nabs rfhfitf f alraicfitf, aitb-sdhbak. Fsta qufstèd prfimf-sf ièd sø

hdn ds hdnpdrtanfitds hrbnbidsds du aitb-sdhbabs, nas tanlân hdn un prdlkfna

hkássbhd f nabs anpkd rfkatbvd ê mfebibãèd md quf â a idrnakbmamf f a patdkdcba, atâ



5

pdrquf ds ndvbnfitds mf sfcrfcaãèd sdhbak mfran-sf taitd fn rfkaãèd ads

‛kduhds„ hdnd ads ‛hrbnbidsds„ (Eduhaukt, 12?3). Hdnd mbssfnds ia bitrdmuãèd

mfstf tralakod, d bimbvîmud psbhdpata â nubtas vfzfs hdkdhamd id fspaãd fitrf a

idrnakbmamf f a patdkdcba, pdr bssd tdria-sf pfrtbifitf aldrmar fsta qufstèd.

1.1.1. A Xaðmf f a Mdfiãa

A qufstèd md idrnak f md patdkøcbhd ièd â fxhkusbva ma Nfmbhbia7 várbas

hbàihbas hditrbluîran f hditrblufn para a mbshussèd f mbvfrsas árfas sf

prfdhupan f eazfn usd mfstfs hdihfbtds. D idrnak f d patdkøcbhd ièd rfnftfn

para hdihfpãöfs fstávfbs, sderfran aktfraãöfs f fvdkuãöfs ad kdicd ma obstørba7

akân mbssd mfpfimfn md ndmd f ma atbtumf hdnd sèd aldrmamds f mbefrfn, abima,

hdisdaitf a sdhbfmamf fn quf sèd utbkbzamds. Fsta fvdkuãèd mfvfu-sf nubtd ad

prdcrfssd mf akcunas árfas hbfitîebhas, idnfamanfitf a Nfmbhbia, a Zsbhdkdcba f

a Xdhbdkdcba<.

D pfrhursd mds hdihfbtds idrnak f patdkøcbhd edb ahdnpaioamd, nabs du

nfids, sbnuktaifanfitf pfkd pfrhursd mas aldrmacfis quf a hbàihba efz f eaz md

efiønfid hrbnbiak f md bimbvîmud hrbnbidsd. Naibta (1222) rfefrf nfsnd quf as

hdimbãöfs mf fnfrcàihba f mfsfivdkvbnfitd md hdihfbtd mf pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak,

quf â biekufihbamd pfka prdlkfnátbha md idrnak/patdkøcbhd, pdmfn sfr sbtuamas fn

tdrid mf quatrd craimfs ndnfitds hdrrfspdimfitfs a mbefrfitfs salfrfs0 d

mfsfivdkvbnfitd ma idãèd mf rbshd (Mbrfbtd), a pfiftraãèd mds salfrfs ma Nfmbhbia

id mdnîibd md mbrfbtd pfiak, d mfsfivdkvbnfitd md fstumd md bimbvîmud hrbnbidsd f,

ebiaknfitf, d mfsfivdkvbnfitd ma hbàihba psbhdkøcbha. Aldrmarfnds akcuis mfstfs

tfnas ias sfcubitfs pácbias.

Hdnd `á edb rfefrbmd, hdn Eduhaukt (12?3) aprfimfnds quf a mbstbiãèd quf

od`f sf eaz fitrf ‛kduhds„ f ‛hrbnbidsds„ ifn sfnprf assbn sf dpfrdu. Ds

prbnfbrds ndvbnfitds mf sfcrfcaãèd edran fn rfkaãèd ê kfpra f ê pfstf7 a partbr

< Ièd qufrfnds hdn bstd mbzfr quf d bitfrfssf ma prdlkfnátbha Idrnak vs. Zatdkøcbhd sfà fxhkusbvdmfstas árfas.



3

mfstfs ndvbnfitds hrbaran-sf kdhabs mf ‛ahdkobnfitd„ para fstfs bimbvîmuds f edb

atravâs mfstf prdhfssd quf edb pdssîvfk hdnfãar a dlsfrvar ds su`fbtds mf ndmd a

pdmfr hatfcdrbzá-kds.

Ids ebis md sâhukd _UBBB f biîhbds md sâhukd _B_ fstavan `á mfebibmds ds quf

fran hdisbmframds kduhds f ds quf fran hdisbmframds hrbnbidsds, fran muas

hatfcdrbas `á mbefrfihbamas. Ia nfsna aktura, pdr ifhfssbmamf, hdnfãaran-sf a

hrbar bistbtubãöfs quf sf edran fspfhbakbzaimd para aklfrcar fstfs bimbvîmuds (asbkds,

odspbtabs f prbsöfs). Fsta âpdha hdbihbmbu hdn una ndmbebhaãèd ids sbstfnas

pfiabs7 oduvf bnpkfnfitaãèd mf fstratâcbas quf vbsavan d hditrdkd sdlrf d hdrpd.

Ds fxanbiamdrfs, mf ndmd a pdmfrfn hditrdkar ds bitfriamds, utbkbzavan d fxanf

hdnd bistrunfitd mf dlsfrvaãèd f avakbaãèd hdn d ebn mf dltfrfn

biedrnaãèd/hdiofhbnfitd quf, pdr sua vfz, prdpdrhbdiava hditrdkd sdlrf ds

su`fbtds bitfriamds, qufr edssfn kduhds, qufr edssfn hrbnbidsds (Mbibz, 12257

Eduhaukt, <::=).

D craimf edhd ma hbàihba id ebn md sâhukd _UBBB f biîhbd md sâhukd _B_ fra d

hdrpd, Eduhaukt (<::=, p. 113) rfkata quf as prbnfbras fstratâcbas utbkbzamas para

hditrdkd mds bitfriamds usavan nâtdmds eîsbhds, as ‛mbshbpkbias„, hdn vbsta a dltfr

‛ds hdrpds møhfbs„. Ias qufstöfs md idrnak f md patdkøcbhd d nfsnd sf vfrbebhava,

Aucustf Hdntf biefrba sdlrf a idrnakbmamf f patdkdcba atravâs mf aktfraãöfs

quaitbtatbvas vfrbebhamas id drcaibsnd, fra atravâs ma patdkdcba quf sf hofcava ad

hdiofhbnfitd ma bmfitbmamf md idrnak, ia ausàihba mf mdfiãa fstava a saðmf7 ia

nfsna aktura Hkaumf Lfriarm fstumava fstatbstbhanfitf a idrnakbmamf sfimd quf

as varbaãöfs fstatîstbhas mfndistrarban a patdkdcba ‘ fran tfdrbas ditdkøcbhas ma

mdfiãa8 (Haicubkofn, 1236).

Ids ebiabs md sâhukd _B_ f biîhbd md sâhukd __ dhdrrfran bnpdrtaitfs

aktfraãöfs ia hbàihba, d quf vfbd biekufihbar d hanpd ma avakbaãèd ma idrnakbmamf

f ma patdkdcba7 para bssd nubtd hditrblubu Kfrbhof quf alrbu as pdrtas para una

8 Ifsta hdihfpãèd a patdkdcba fra fxtfrbdr ad bimbvîmud, apkbha-sf una tfrapàutbha ia fspfraiãa mffkbnbiar d acfitf fxtfrid f rfstbtubr a saðmf (Xbcfrbst, bi Haicubkofn, 1236).



?

mbnfisèd quakbtatbva ma mdfiãa ad bitrdmuzbr varbávfbs hkîibhas bimbvbmuabs para

hdnpkfnfitar as aiákbsfs fstatîstbhas f kaldratdrbabs (Haicubkofn, 1236). Dutra

hditrblubãèd bnpdrtaitf, fnldra iuna árfa mbefrfitf, edb a mf Murgofbn (<::=) hdn

a sua fxpkbhaãèd md quf fran eahtds sdhbabs idrnabs du patdkøcbhds. Eazfimd una

aiakdcba hdn a Nfmbhbia f maimd hdnd fxfnpkd d hrbnf, fxpdimd a utbkbmamf, a

ifhfssbmamf f a idrnakbmamf mfstf f mfsbciaimd-d hdnd eahtd sdhbak idrnak f

‛partf bitfcraitf mf quakqufr sdhbfmamf sè„ (Murgofbn, <::=, p. 25)7 hdisfcubu,

tanlân, rfkahbdiar ds hdihfbtds mf idrnakbmamf f mf patdkdcba f bitfcrá-kds iuna

pfrspfhtbva sdhbdkøcbha nas hdn apkbhaãöfs vbávfbs para as hbàihbas md bimbvîmud

(Nfmbhbia f Zsbhdkdcba).

Iuna pfrspfhtbva quf hditfnpka nabs fspfhbebhanfitf a patdkdcba nfitak,

Eraihg (12?8) hdisbmfra quf as tràs craimfs aldrmacfis ma kduhura ‘ a

aldrmacfn nâmbha, a aldrmacfn psbhdkøcbha f a aldrmacfn psbhdkøcbha ‘ sf

fstalfkfhfran a partbr ma sfcuima nftamf md sâhukd _B_. Bstd vfn mf fihditrd ê

fvdkuãèd md pfisanfitd hbfitîebhd, `á rfefrbmd ahbna, dimf, atâ fitèd, a kduhura fra

mftfrnbiama pdr kfsöfs hfrflrabs f pdrtaitd bihurávfk. Id fitaitd, ds akbfibstas

eraihfsfs hdistataran quf a kduhura fra hurávfk atravâs ma fmuhaãèd (aldrmacfn

pfmacøcbha) f atravâs ma lusha mf un ‛prbihîpbd mf bitfkbcblbkbmamf ma kduhura pdr

partf ma psbhdkdcba ebkdsøebha (aldrmacfn psbhdkøcbha) „ (Eraihg, 12?8, p. 8<2).

Zbifk, sfus sfcubmdrfs f hditfnpdrìifds aebrnavan quf, akân mf hausas eîsbhas, a

kduhura tbioa, ia sua ftbdkdcba, hausa ndrabs. Ds idvds nâtdmds mds akbfibstas f,

sdlrftumd, a sîitfsf fefhtuama mas aldrmacfis ma kduhura pdr fstfs nfsnds,

ahaldu pdr sf fitrar fn mfsusd maimd kucar a un dkoar hkîibhd dimf prbnava a

bimbvbmuakbzaãèd mf hubmamds fn vfz mf una nassbebhaãèd ma tfrapàutbha7 akân

mbssd a idãèd mf quf un tratanfitd ma kduhura fra bisuebhbfitf, ndstrdu hdnd fra

ifhfssárba una hdnprffisèd ma patdkdcba bisfrbma iun mftfrnbiamd su`fbtd fn

vfz mf hofcar ê mdfiãa pfka dlsfrvaãèd, mfshrbãèd f fkbnbiaãèd md sbitdna

(Eraihg, 12?8).



2

A partbr mf una idva vbsèd md odnfn ia Hbàihba f ia Ebkdsdeba, d dkoar para

a patdkdcba numdu tanlân. A mdfiãa mfbxa mf sfr akcd fxtfrbdr ad bimbvîmud para

fstar fn pdtàihba ifstf, a idrnakbmamf f a patdkdcba fran fxtrfnds mf un

fqubkîlrbd quf d drcaibsnd sf fsedrãava pdr naitfr f dimf ds acfitfs fxtfrbdrfs

fran hatakbzamdrfs para naibefstaãöfs mf un fqubkîlrbd du mfsfqubkîlrbd7 d edhd `á

ièd fra apfias d hdrpd nas sbn d bimbvîmud ia sua tdtakbmamf= (Xbcfrbst, bi

Haicubkofn, 1236). Zara Haicubkofn (1236), ê partbma, ièd fxbstfn mbefrfiãas

quaitbtatbvas fitrf a saðmf f a mdfiãa, fssas mbefrfiãas ièd sèd nfisurávfbs.

Fxbstf patdkdcba ia idrnatbvbmamf f idrnatbvbmamf ia patdkdcba7 d fstamd patdkøcbhd

â un fstamd quf fxprbnf a idrnatbvbmamf ma vbma mf un bimbvîmud, `á quf tdmds

iøs amdfhfnds du tfnds ekutuaãöfs fn rfkaãèd ad nfbd quf ids hbrhuima7 a

patdkdcba tramuz-sf ia rfmuãèd hdistaitf mas hapahbmamfs f idrnas psbhd-

ebsbdkøcbhas fiquaitd quf a saðmf â d prdhfssd mf numaiãa f fvdkuãèd

hdistaitfs.

Ahtuaknfitf ièd pdmfnds aebrnar quf fsta hdihfpãèd ðktbna aprfsfitama

pdr Haicubkofn (1236) sfà a sfcubma7 od`f fn mba fihditrands vfstîcbds mas

mbefrfitfs aldrmacfis aprfsfitamas fn mbefrfitfs ahtuaãöfs ia árfa ma Nfmbhbia

f ma Zsbhdkdcba, pdr fxfnpkd. Id fitaitd, hditbiuands a hanbioama para una

bimbvbmuakbzaãèd mas avakbaãöfs f tfrapàutbhas dimf sf hditfnpkan aspfhtds hdnd

‛una aprdxbnaãèd ckdlak f ekfxîvfk ad hanpd ma ahtbvbmamf oalbtuak mds mdfitfs,

tfimd hdnd paid mf euimd a drcaibzaãèd sdhbak quf ds bitfcra, f ifkfs prdhurar,

para akân md mbseuihbdiak, aqubkd quf sèd as suas hdnpftàihbas mf aùstanfitd ad

nfbd„ (Mbibz, 1226, p. 183).

1.1.<. D Hrbnf, a Hrbnbidkdcba f a Zfrsdiakbmamf Hrbnbiak

@á rfefrbnds quf d odnfn sfnprf sf fsedrãdu pdr fitfimfr, hdiofhfr f

hditrdkar akcuis mds sfus hdicâifrfs quf acfn fn mfsahdrmd hdn as rfcras

bnpdstas, qufr ndrak, sdhbak du bistbtuhbdiaknfitf. Vtbkbzaimd d hdiofhbnfitd

= Hdihfpãèd mbiìnbha ma mdfiãa (Xbcfrbst, bi Haicubkofn, 1236).



1:

hbfitîebhd hdnd bistrunfitd, a aldrmacfn ad ‛hdnpdrtanfitd mfsvbaitf„ bihdrpdra

mbvfrsas árfas. A prøprba Hrbnbidkdcba, hbàihba quf sf dhupa md fstumd md

efiønfid hrbnbiak, fstá ranbebhama6 f sderfu numaiãas f fvdkuãöfs sbcibebhatbvas

ad kdicd md tfnpd. Zdmfnds nfsnd mbzfr quf ièd fxbstf una hrbnbidkdcba nas,

sbn, várbas hrbnbidkdcbas fspfhbakbzamas quf prdvbfran mf mbefrfitfs hbàihbas

ounaias f sdhbabs7 as hbàihbas hdistbtutbvas ma hrbnbidkdcba sèd a Lbdkdcba, a

Xdhbdkdcba f a Zsbhdkdcba hrbnbiabs (Cassbi <::8). A drmfn mf aprfsfitaãèd mfstas

hbàihbas hdistbtutbvas ièd â ad ahasd, â tanlân una drmfn hrdidkøcbha ma

fvdkuãèd md pfisanfitd sdlrf d hrbnf. Fiquaitd quf d aspfhtd lbdkøcbhd md

efiønfid hrbnbiak edb d pditd mf partbma para d fstumd sbstfnátbhd md bimbvîmud

hrbnbidsd, as hdihfpãöfs sdhbdkøcbhas bitrdmuzbran d aspfhtd sdhbak iuna

hrbnbidkdcba quasf fxhkusbvanfitf lbd-aitrdpdkøcbha7 pdr ebn, d hditrblutd ma

psbhdkdcba edb id sfitbmd mf una hdnprffisèd mds hdnpdrtanfitds hrbnbidsds quf

mfrbvassfn mf psbhdpatdkdcba f tanlân mf hdiofhfr quabs ds eahtdrfs f prdhfssds

bimbvbmuabs bifrfitfs ad hdnpdrtanfitd mfkbiqufitf f hrbnbidsd7 a hditrblubãèd ma

psbhdkdcba mfstahdu-sf ma mdutrbia ma ‛hrbnbidkdcba mf rfahãèd sdhbak„ passaimd d

fiedquf a sfr ia ‛passacfn ad ahtd„ (Cassbi, <::8). Ma Acra f Natds (1223)

mfstahan quatrd craimfs aldrmacfis tførbhas fxpkbhatbvas md efiønfid hrbnbiak0 a

aldrmacfn lbdkøcbha, a aldrmacfn sdhbdkøcbha, a aldrmacfn psbhdkøcbha f as

fxpkbhaãöfs sbstânbhas f lbd-psbhd-sdhbabs. Hdihkub-sf, pdrtaitd, quf a hrbnbidkdcba

â una hbàihba pkurbmbshbpkbiar (Cassbi, <::8). @á fn 12=5 Mf Crffee, hdn a sua

dlra Bitrdmuhtbdi a ka hrbnbidkdcbf, aebrnava quf d prdlkfna ma Hrbnbidkdcba fra a

bimbstbiãèd fitrf d hrbnf f d hrbnbidsd, fsta mbebhukmamf fn aldrmar sfparamanfitf

hama un mds eahtdrfs fra a craimf mbebhukmamf para a hbàihba md hrbnf.

A partbr md ndnfitd fn quf sf hdnfãdu a hdisbmfrar d hrbnf hdnd un eahtd

fxpfrbnfitak passîvfk mf sfr dlsfrvamd, a mfnaima hbfitîebha vdktdu-sf para ds

ahtdrfs md hrbnf (Cassbi, <::8)7 tanlân, quaimd sf rfuibran hdimbãöfs fnpîrbhas

6 Â, tanlân, mfvbmd a fsta ranbebhaãèd quf sf qufstbdia sf a Hrbnbidkdcba â, fefhtbvanfitf, unahbàihba.



11

id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê artbhukaãèd ma Hkîibha (Zsbqubatrba, Zsbhdkdcba) hdn d mbshursd

ùrîmbhd, tdridu-sf ‛euimanfitak ahfmfr ê fspfhbebhbmamf md hrbnbidsd, du sfà,

ahfmfr êqubkd quf ids pfrnbta, pdr un kamd, bmfitbebhá-kd, mbstbicubimd-d md hdnun

hbmamèd f, pdr dutrd kamd, hdnprffimfr as razöfs quf d kfvaran a pratbhar un ahtd

hdisbmframd aitb-iaturak f aitb-sdhbak„ (Naibta, 1222, p. 811). Â pdrtaitd pfrtbifitf

mbzfr quf a fvdkuãèd md fstumd md efiønfid hrbnbiak edb ahdnpaioama pfkd fstumd

md bimbvîmud hrbnbidsd, ma pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak. Fstf fstumd, tak hdnd ia

tfnátbha md idrnak f patdkøcbhd, sderfu várbas fvdkuãöfs f biekuàihbas mf mbvfrsas

árfas.

1.1.8. A Aldrmacfn Lbd-aitrdpdkøcbha md Hrbnf

A fshdka hrbnbidkøcbha btakbaia bnpkfnfitdu-sf ids ebiabs md sâhukd _B_. Fsta

vfrtfitf, edrtfnfitf biekufihbama pdr eahtdrfs lbd-aitrdpdkøcbhds, tfvf hdnd craimf

idnf Hfsarf Kdnlrdsd. Edrtfnfitf biekufihbamd pfka erfidkdcba fn prbnfbrd kucar,

pfkds tralakods ma psbqubatrba md ebn md sâhukd _UBBB f biîhbd md sâhukd _B_ fn

sfcuimd f, fn tfrhfbrd, pfkas bmfbas md atavbsnd ndrak kbcamd ê mfkbiquàihba f ma

tfdrba ma mfcfifrfshàihba7 Kdnlrdsd hrbdu a tfdrba md udnd hrbnbiakbs, d hrbnbidsd

iatd (Mf Crffee, 12=57 Cassbi, <::87 Naibta, 12227 Naiiofbn, 12?=). A tfdrba mf

Kdnlrdsd apdbava-sf fn nfisuraãöfs aitrdpdnâtrbhas f ia sua rfkaãèd hdn

harahtfrîstbhas mf bimbvîmuds hrbnbidsds fn hditrastf hdn as harahtfrîstbhas mf

bimbvîmuds ièd hrbnbidsds. A partbr maî hrbdu una lbdtbpdkdcba md hrbnbidsd7 a bmfba

euimanfitak mfsta tfdrba â quf fxbstf un ‛tbpd hrbnbiak„ fn quf ds traãds

harahtfrîstbhds sfrban lfn mfebibmds f sfrban fxpkbhamds pdr hausas

aitrdpdkøcbhas, a drbcfn mfstfs traãds fspfhîebhds rfsbmba uibhanfitf ids fstbcnas

aiatønbhds, ebsbdkøcbhds f euihbdiabs a quf fstarban assdhbamds traãds psbhdkøcbhds,

tanlân fspfhîebhds (Mf Crffee, 12=57 Cassbi, <::87 Naiiofbn, 12?=). A tfdrba mf

Kdnlrdsd tfn una bifcávfk bnpdrtìihba obstørbha `á quf edb a prbnfbra vfz quf sf

aldrmdu d su`fbtd hrbnbidsd mf un ndmd sbstfnátbhd f fxpfrbnfitak.



1<

Apfsar md pdsbtbvbsnd lbdkøcbhd tfr fitramd fn mfsusd f fn mfshrâmbtd id

sfbd ma hdnuibmamf hbfitîebha a aldrmacfn hfitrama ids aspfhtds lbd-

aitrdpdkøcbhds hditbiudu a mfsfivdkvfr fstumds ia árfa mf Hrbnbidkdcba. Fsta

hdrrfitf hanuekdu-sf ambhbdiaimd eahtdrfs psbhdkøcbhds ês harahtfrîstbhas lbd-

aitrdpdkøcbhas hrbaimd assbn una aldrmacfn lbd-psbhdkøcbha5 (Cassbi, <::8). Nabs

rfhfitfnfitf, f mfvbmd a idvds avaiãds ia árfa ma Nfmbhbia, fstumds hdn

cânfds, hdn su`fbtds amdptamds, fstumds hrdndssønbhds f fstumds ifurdkøcbhds

aùman a pfrhflfr d papfk md ebsbdkøcbhd ia ahãèd hrbnbidsa (Ma Acra & Natds,

12237 Manásbd, 122=7 Cassbi, <::87 Cdiãakvfs, <::<).

Abima id sâhukd _B_, Firbhd Efrrb, mbshîpukd mf Kdnlrdsd, hrbdu una tfdrba

dimf bitrdmuzba eahtdrfs hditfxtuabs ê tfdrba md sfu nfitdr. A ]fdrba Nuktb-Eahtdrbak

mf Efrrb pdstukava quf a ahtbvbmamf hrbnbidsa fra mftfrnbiama pdr várbds hdiùitds

mf eahtdrfs0 eahtdrfs aitrdpdkøcbhds, bifrfitfs ad bimbvîmud nas mf drmfn lbd-

ebsbdkøcbha7 eahtdrfs md nfbd eîsbhd, hdnd d hkbna7 f, eahtdrfs md nfbd sdhbak.

Zdrtaitd, Efrrb ahrfmbtava quf d hditrdkd mds eahtdrfs hditfxtuabs biekufihbava a

prdlalbkbmamf md hdnftbnfitd mf hrbnfs fn bimbvîmuds `á bmfitbebhamds f

hkassbebhamds hdnd hrbnbidsds mf ahdrmd hdn a aitrdpdnftrba (Cassbi, <::8).

Apfsar ma ]fdrba Nuktb-Eahtdrbak mf Efrrb ièd sf bisfrbr ias tfdrbas mf drbcfn

lbd-aitrdpdkøcbha ia tdtakbmamf, pfisands quf fstf autdr, ad bitrdmuzbr varávfbs

sdhbabs ê ftbdkdcba md hrbnf, sfrvf hdnd pditd mf passacfn para a aldrmacfn

sdhbak md hrbnf. Hdnd `á tîioands rfefrbmd, a Hrbnbidkdcba passdu mf un fiedquf

ids aspfhtds lbdkøcbhds para una Hrbnbidkdcba ma ‛rfahãèd sdhbak„, Efrrb nubtd

hditrblubu para fssa numaiãa.

1.1.=. A Xdhbdkdcba f d Hrbnf

As hrîtbhas efbtas a Kdnlrdsd f ê aldrmacfn lbdkøcbha edran,

nabdrbtarbanfitf, prdvfibfitfs mas fshdkas sdhbdkøcbhas quf hrbtbhavan a ausàihba

5 Ma quak eaz partf a fshdka lbd-tbpdkøcbha, hdn Grftshonfr f Xofkmdi, pdr fxfnpkd, quf assdhbava afstrutura md hdrpd a traãds fspfhîebhds mf pfrsdiakbmamf.



18

mf eahtdrfs sdhbabs ia drbcfn md ahtd hrbnbidsd. A aldrmacfn sdhbdkøcbha, hdnd d

idnf bimbha, pdstuka quf d hrbnf â mftfrnbiamd pdr eahtdrfs sdhbabs.

Murgofbn edb un mds autdrfs quf kbcdu as hdimutas hrbnbiabs ê fstrutura

søhbd-hukturak. Hdnd `á rfefrbnds, Murgofbn (<::=) hdisbmfrava d hrbnf hdnd un

efiønfid sdhbdkøcbhd idrnak `á quf sf naibefsta fn tdmas as sdhbfmamfs

ounaias f â partf bitfcraitf mf una sdhbfmamf sè7 pdrtaitd, a hrbnbiakbmamf ièd â

pfisama sdlrf sb nfsna nas sbn tfimd fn hdita un fspaãd f un tfnpd

mftfrnbiamd iuna mama huktura. Zdr dutrd kamd, hdn a tfdrba ma aidnba, Murgofbn

(bi Cassbi, <::8) prftfimba fxpkbhar a hdimuta mfkbiqufitf atravâs mas hausas md

subhîmbd ids mbvfrsds fstratds sdhbabs7 prfhdibzava quf d subhîmbd sf mfvba a un

fieraqufhbnfitd mas idrnas sdhbabs d quf fivdkvba un nak-fstar ndrak drbcbiamdr

mf bsdkanfitd f, hdn mftfrnbiamas harahtfrîstbhas bimbvbmuabs, mf patdkdcba

psbhdkøcbha.

Id sâhukd __ oduvf una prdkbefraãèd mf tfdrbas sdhbdkøcbhas fxpkbhatbvas md

hdnpdrtanfitd mfsvbaitf hrbnbiak. Zdmfnds mbvbmbr fstas tfdrbas fn prbihbpabs f

tfdrbas hrîtbhas, id fitaitd ièd as aprdeuimarfnds `á quf d quf sf prftfimf â

fsldãar una obstørba ma aldrmacfn sdhbdkøcbha md hrbnf.

Ias tfdrbas prbihbpabs mfstahands as tfdrbas ma aidnba37 as tfdrbas md

prdhfssd sdhbak, mfsvbd hukturak du aprfimbzacfn sdhbak?, dimf d efiønfid hrbnbiak

fra vbstd hdnd un prdhfssd mf aprfimbzacfn du hukturaknfitf traisnbtbmd7 f, pdr

ebn, as tfdrbas md hditrdkd sdhbak2, quf fstuman as edrnas hdnd a sdhbfmamf tdria

kîhbtd d hditrdkd sdhbak.

3 Nabs tarmf, fn 128?, \dlfrt Nfrtdi aprfsfita una vfrsèd rfedrnukama ma tfdrba ma aidnba mfMurgofbn. Zrfhdibza quf a aidnba â a mbshrfpìihba fxbstfitf fitrf ds dl`fhtbvds f ds nfbds quf dsu`fbtd mbspöf para ds akhaiãar, a mfkbiquàihba sfrba harahtfrbzama pdr nftas sdhbabs fkfvamas f nfbdsbisuebhbfitfs para as atbicbr. Hkdwarm f Dokbi hdnpkfnfitaran a tfdrba mf Nfrtdi ahrfshfitaimd adpdrtuibmamf mbefrfihbak , fieatbzaimd a kuta fitrf hkassfs f sfus bitfrfssfs f dpdrtuibmamfs (Cassbi,<::87 Cdiãakvfs, <::<).? A Fshdka mf Hobhacd, hdn Xoaw f a sua tfdrba fhdkøcbha, Nbkkfr f d fiedquf ias hkassfs nabs

mfseavdrfhbmas f id hdiekbtd mf bitfrfssfs fitrf hkassfs (Cassbi, <::87 Cdiãakvfs, <::<)7 a tfdrba maassdhbaãèd mbefrfihbak mf Xutofrkaim quf prfhdibzava quf ds bimbvîmuds tdrian-sf hrbnbidsds pfkdiðnfrd mf hditahtds quf tàn fn anlbfitfs mfkbiqufitfs (Cassbi, <::8).2 Obrsob f a tfdrba md vîihukd sdhbak quf pdstuka quf â ia eakoa mds kaãds quf d bimbvîmud naitân hdna sdhbfmamf quf d hrbnf tfn drbcfn (Cassbi, <::87 Cdiãakvfs, <::<).



1=

Ias tfdrbas sdhbdkøcbhas hrîtbhas mfstahands as tfdrbas ma ftbquftacfn1:, quf

sf lasfban id bitfrahhbdibsnd sbnløkbhd, du sfà, ièd â apfias d hrbnbidsd quf

tfn un papfk id hrbnf nas una sârbf mf ahtdrfs sdhbabs quf biekufihban d sfu

hdnpdrtanfitd (Cdiãakvfs, <::<)7 ebiaknfitf, as tfdrbas md hdiekbtd11, dimf sf

sfcuf a idãèd quf d hrbnf â rfsuktaitf mf mbefrfiãas fitrf crupds sdhbabs.

Fsta pfqufia passacfn pfkas mbvfrsas tfdrbas sdhbdkøcbhas sfrvf, tanlân,

para rfhdiebrnar quf a Hrbnbidkdcba â una mbshbpkbia ranbebhama nfsnd ias

mbefrfitfs aldrmacfis cfrabs (Lbdkøcbha, Xdhbdkøcbha f Zsbhdkøcbha), d quf ids kfva

a hdihkubr quf fxbstfn tfdrbas quf prftfimfn fxpkbhar d hrbnf id cfrak, fiquaitd

dutras tfitan fspfhbakbzar-sf iun mds nðktbpkds aspfhtds md efiønfid hrbnbiak.

1.1.6. D Dkoar ma Zsbhdkdcba para d Mfkbiqufitf

A aldrmacfn psbhdkøcbha prftfimf ahfmfr ê pfrsdiakbmamf md mfkbiqufitf,

fsta vbsèd aspbra hdnprffimfr ds prdhfssds mf edrnaãèd mf traãds mf

pfrsdiakbmamf quf harahtfrbzfn fstfs bimbvîmuds f/du d sfu hdnpdrtanfitd. Ièd

prftfimfnds, aqub, aprdeuimar as aldrmacfis psbhdkøcbhas, fstf pditd sfrvbrá

apfias para sbtuar ds kfbtdrfs mf un pditd mf vbsta obstørbhd f tførbhd quaitd ads

ndmds mf aldrmar d hrbnf pfka Zsbhdkdcba.

A Zsbhaiákbsf â un mds vfîhukds quf a Zsbhdkdcba utbkbza para hofcar ê

pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak. Zara fsta hdrrfitf d bimbvîmud mfkbiqufitf pdssub una

fstrutura psbhdkøcbha aitb-sdhbak nabs du nfids fspfhîebha, a sua edrnaãèd rfsukta

mf prdlkfnas dhdrrbmds muraitf d mfsfivdkvbnfitd ma pfrsdiakbmamf (Mbftofkn,

125:7 Cassbi, <::8). Id fitaitd, iuna vbsèd psbhaiakîtbha, ds bimbvîmuds quf

aprfsfitan hdnpdrtanfitds du tfimàihbas aitb-sdhbabs varban mfsmf d nabs

psbhøtbhd f mfsdrcaibzamd atâ ad hbmamèd bitfcramd sdhbaknfitf f hdn nfhaibsnds

suebhbfitfnfitf fvdkuîmds para passarfn hdnd ifurøtbhds, aprfsfitaimd id

fitaitd una ‛sfisblbkbmamf aitb-sdhbak„ (NhSbkkbans, <::6). Zdrtaitd, nfsnd ia

1: Dimf sf mfstaha a hdihfpãèd mf Lfhgfr, a hdnnbtnfit tofdry (Cassbi, <::8) quf sfrá idvanfitfrfefrbma nabs ambaitf.11 Biekuàihba narxbsta dimf a hdihfitraãèd mf rbqufza mf uis â naitbma ê hdita ma pdlrfza mf dutrdsf quf d hrbnf sfrá una naibefstaãèd partbhukar ma kuta mf hkassfs (Cassbi, <::87 Cdiãakvfs, <::<).



16

aldrmacfn psbhaiakîtbha fxbstfn mbefrfitfs f mbvfrsas fxpkbhaãöfs para a, `á

rfefrbma, edrnaãèd ma pfrsdiakbmamf aitb-sdhbak. A Zsbhaiákbsf prfdhupa-sf,

euimanfitaknfitf, fn mftfhtar f mfshrfvfr d euihbdianfitd mfstas

pfrsdiakbmamfs para quf sfà pdssîvfk una tfrapba aiakîtbha (Fbcufr, 12227 @dsfpo,

125:7 NhSbkkbans, <::67 Sbttfks, 128?)7 atâ pdrquf, sfcuimd Lfrcfrft (<:::,

p.1<5), a aitb-sdhbakbmamf alarha ‛fitbmamfs tèd pdkbndreas quf ièd pfrtfihfn a

ifiouna fstrutura Wfspfhîebha^„. Vna mas obpøtfsfs mf sîitfsf mas harahtfrîstbhas

fxpkbhatbvas mf una pfrsdiakbmamf aitb-sdhbak du hrbnbiak, iuna pfrspfhtbva

psbhaiakîtbha sfrba0 un Fcd mfsfivdkvbmd nas un Xupfrfcd mâlbk, una fstrutura

dimf bnpfra d prbihîpbd md prazfr, d Bm â a fstrutura nfitak prfmdnbiaitf7 mamd

quf as euiãöfs bitfkfhtuabs f a idãèd ma rfakbmamf hditbiuan bitahtas â a ndrak

mfstfs bimbvîmuds quf parfhf fstar aefhtama, hoanfnds-kof una patdkdcba ma

ndrak dimf bnpfra a sfisaãèd md bnfmbatd, d fcdhfitrbsnd, a mbebhukmamf aefhtbva f

rfkahbdiak d quf kfva a un mfsrfspfbtd pfkas rfcras ndrabs f sdhbabs (Naraioèd, bi

Cdiãakvfs, <::<7 NhSbkkbans, <::67 Nbkkdi & Mavbs, <::1).

Iuna pfrspfhtbva hdcibtbvbsta, a vbsèd ma aitb-sdhbakbmamf f md hrbnf â un

pduhd mbefrfitf. Aqub d edhd fstá mbrfhhbdiamd para as hrfiãas, fxpfhtatbvas f

prfssupdstds mf hdnd ds bimbvîmuds hdistrøfn d sfu nuimd. A harahtfrbzaãèd md

bimbvîmud aitb-sdhbak â sfnfkoaitf nas d ndmd mf kof ahfmfr â quf mbvfrcf md ma

psbhaiákbsf, aqub prftfimfn-sf bmfitbebhar ds fsqufnas f as hrfiãas quf sfàn

mbseuihbdiabs f/du mfsamaptatbvas. Id hasd md su`fbtd mfkbiqufitf, as hrfiãas fstèd

fivdktas ia ifhfssbmamf mf sf vfr hdnd edrtf f bimfpfimfitf7 mfvbmd ê odstbkbmamf

ma rfakbmamf hbrhuimaitf fstèd fn pfrnaifitf akfrta f mfvbmd a tfrfn d sfitbmd mf

ndrakbmamf aefhtamd apkbhan un tbpd mf ùstbãa vbimbhatbva (Lfhg & Erfamnai,

122:7 Nbkkdi & Mavbs, <::1).

Id fitaitd, ièd sèd apfias as fshdkas hkássbhas ma Zsbhdkdcba quf

aprfsfitan tfdrbas ahfrha ma aitb-sdhbakbmamf f ma pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak. Id

ìnlbtd ma Hrbnbidkdcba, prdprbanfitf mbta, fxbstfn hdihfptuakbzaãöfs quf bihbmfn



15

mbrfhtanfitf sdlrf a pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak du sdlrf d bimbvîmud hrbnbidsd, a

hoanama ‛nbhrdhrbnbidkdcba„ (Cassbi, <::8).

Vna mfssas tfdrbzaãöfs â a mf Mf Crffee (12=5). Fstf autdr tfn una

bnpdrtìihba partbhukar ia fvdkuãèd ma Hrbnbidkdcba, passdu a fiharar d hrbnbidsd

hdnd un bimbvîmud mbefrfitf ma nabdrba fn tfrnds mf cramaãèd mf akcunas

mbnfisöfs. Hditrblubu, pdr bssd, para a quflra ma trambãèd pdsbtbvbsta dimf ‛a

pfrefbãèd md drcaibsnd hdimbhbdiava a pfrefbãèd ma nfitf„ (Mf Crffee, 12=5, p.

15). Mbz nfsnd quf ds ahoamds mas hdihfpãöfs aitrdpdkøcbhas edrãaran ds

bivfstbcamdrfs a vdktar-sf para a pfrsdiakbmamf md mfkbiqufitf, id fitaitd, amdptdu

d bitfrahhbdibsnd fn mftrbnfitd md mftfrnbibsnd lbdkøcbhd. Mf Crffee (12=5)

pdstuka quf d hrbnbidsd â un sfr ounaid hdnd quakqufr dutrd f pdr bssd mfvf sfr

fiharamd hdnd tak ia bivfstbcaãèd mds sfus ahtds7 tdmd un hdnpkfxd mf eahtdrfs

hdnd d hrbnf, a obstørba mf vbma md su`fbtd, d hditfxtd sdhbak, d hdrpd eîsbhd, mfvfn

sfrvbr para rfhdistbtubr d nuimd bitfrid md su`fbtd. Zdrtaitd, d fstumd md hrbnbidsd

mfbxa mf sfr efbtd mf un ndmd alsdkutd para sf tdriar hdnparatbvd (ounaid

hrbnbidsd vs. ounaid ièd hrbnbidsd). Zara Mf Crffee (12=5) d hrbnbidsd fra un

bimbvîmud quf apfias mbvfrcba ma nabdrba fn tfrnds mf cramaãèd mf akcunas

mbnfisöfs quf eahbkbtarban a passacfn ad ahtd hrbnbidsd (Cassbi7 <::87

Cdiãakvfs, <::<)7 a passacfn ad ahtd sfrba mftfrnbiama pdr ndmds fkfnfitarfs

mf rfahãèd psîqubha, idnfamanfitf d sfitbnfitd mf biùstbãa f a aktfraãèd md

ndmd mf vbihukaãèd ad nfbd7 sfrban fstfs ds mdbs prbihbpabs nfhaibsnds

dpframdrfs ia pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak f pdr bssd d mfkbiqufitf ùstbebharba a

passacfn ad ahtd hdnd ndmd mf autd-mfefsa ‛bitfrbdrnfitf ùstbebhamd„ (Mfluyst,

12?17 Cassbi, <::8).

Vna dutra tfdrba ma pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak â a mf Fysfihg (1233). Xfcuimd

fsta hdihfpãèd a pfrsdiakbmamf mf un bimbvîmud sfrba hdimbhbdiama pdr tràs

mbnfisöfs0 fxtrdvfrsèd, ifurdtbhbsnd f psbhdtbhbsnd. A cramaãèd f bitfrkbcaãèd

mfstas tràs mbnfisöfs atrblubrban ad bimbvîmud un hfrtd tbpd mf pfrsdiakbmamf hdn

traãds fspfhîebhds. Assbn, d hrbnbidsd sfrba harahtfrbzamd pdr un fkfvamd



13

ifurdtbhbsnd ahdnpaioamd pdr vakdrfs aktds mf fxtrdvfrsèd aunfitarba a

prdlalbkbmamf mf mfkbiquàihba. Bstd pdrquf a fxtrdvfrsèd d quf bnpkbha

bnpuksbvbmamf f feusbvbmamf aefhtbva, d ifurdtbhbsnd â rfefrfitf ê kalbkbmamf

fndhbdiak du ê hapahbmamf mf kbmar hdn fndãöfs f aefhtds bitfisds7 pdrtaitd, un

bimbvîmud quf sfà bnpuksbvd f pduhd oalbkbtamd a kbmar hdn ds aefhtds fstá

prdpfisd a fivfrfmar pdr hdnpdrtanfitds mfkbiqufitfs7 a mbnfisèd psbhdtbhbsnd

fstarba kbcama a hdnpdrtanfitds mf bsdkanfitd, bndrabs, acrfssbvds, fth., d quf pdr

sb sø fstarba kbcamd ê mfkbiquàihba (Fysfihg, 1233).

Xfcuimd Cdiãakvfs (<::<), d hdihfbtd mf pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak atbicf d sfu

aucf hdn a sbstfnatbzaãèd fkaldrama pdr @. Zbiatfk. Zbiatfk (1236a), ê sfnfkoaiãa

mf Mf Crffee (12=5), fihara d hrbnbidsd hdnd un odnfn fitrf ds dutrds apfias

sf mbstbicubimd pdr una nabdr apftàihba pdr passar ad ahtd. Fsta tfdrba

prfhdibzava quf d fcdhfitrbsnd, a kalbkbmamf, acrfssbvbmamf f bimbefrfiãa aefhtbva

fran ds traãds hdistbtutbvds md ‛iø hfitrak ma pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak„, sfimd quf

fsta pfrsdiakbmamf md mfkbiqufitf mfsfnpfioava un papfk fssfihbak ia

passacfn ad ahtd mfkbtudsd (Zbiatfk, 1236l). Hdihkubimd, para Zbiatfk (1236a) a

pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak â hdnpdsta pdr un iø hfitrak, quf fickdla ds traãds `á

rfefrbmds, rfspdisávfk pfka passacfn ad ahtd, f pdr varbaitfs quf rfcukarèd as

varbaãöfs mfssf ahtd7 sfcuimd fsta pfrspfhtbva a pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak â una

fstrutura mbiìnbha rfsuktaitf ma bitfrahãèd f uibèd mds traãds hdistbtutbvds.

Abima sdlrf a pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak â mf idtar quf, fnldra a

sbstfnatbzaãèd mf Zbiatfk tfioa hdisdkbmamd d hdihfbtd, fstf iuiha pardu mf

fvdkubr, mfvfimd-sf fsta fvdkuãèd ièd sø ês aktfraãöfs f mfsfivdkvbnfitds ma

idãèd mf pfrsdiakbmamf ia psbhdkdcba (Cassbi, <::8) nas tanlân a rfhfitfs

fstumds quf pöfn fn hausa a idãèd trambhbdiak mf pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak f mèd

àieasf a una harrfbra hrbnbiak f a mftfrnbiamds fstbkds mf vbma quf sèd

biekufihbamds pdr una sârbf mf sbstfnas mbvbsørbds md bimbvîmud (Ma Acra & Natds,

12237 Naibta, 12227 Naibta Xaitds, 1225). Zartbhukarnfitf, Naibta Xaitds (1225)

rfvfka quf ds rfsuktamds md sfu fstumd pöfn fn hausa d hdihfbtd mf



1?

pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak mfndistraimd quf ièd fxbstfn mbefrfiãas sbcibebhatbvas

fitrf hrbnbidsds f ièd-hrbnbidsds, hdnd bnpkbha a idãèd mf pfrsdiakbmamf

hrbnbiak.

1.<. A Zsbhdpatba

Mfpdbs mf un fiquamranfitd obstørbhd mf akcunas mas prbihbpabs hdrrfitfs

tførbhas f mf una passacfn pdr akcunas pdsbãöfs ahtuabs id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê

idrnakbmamf f patdkdcba, mfkbiquàihba f hrbnf, hdisbmfrands quf pdmfnds rfhuar

nabs una vfz id tfnpd para mfsta vfz ids edharnds ia psbhdpatba f traãar d

pfrhursd obstørbhd mfsta pfrturlaãèd.

1.<.1. As Hdihfpãöfs Hkássbhas0 Md ‛Kduhd Ndrak„ ad Zsbhdpata

Hdnd `á rfefrbnds aitfrbdrnfitf, d hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba fstá fivdktd fn

pdkânbha f hditrdvârsba fn rfkaãèd a várbds aspfhtds, id fitaitd oá un pditd fn

quf parfhf oavfr hdihdrmìihba ia kbtfratura ma fspfhbakbmamf, as drbcfis md

hdihfbtd.

\fpdrtand-ids a una easf ia obstørba, mf eahtd, ia prbnfbra nftamf md

sâhukd _B_ aparfhf una sârbf mf autdrfs quf bitrdmuzfn idvds hdistruhtds quf

sfrvban para fxpkbhar una idva sârbf mf pfrturlaãöfs psbqubátrbhas7 as

pfrturlaãöfs ndrabs du sfn hausa ebsbdkøcbha. D ‛kduhd ndrak„ edb akvd, mfsmf d sfu

aparfhbnfitd ids nfaimrds ma psbqubatrba, mf várbas mfsbciaãöfs quf apdrtavan

pfqufias varbaãöfs quaitd ê sua mfebibãèd tførbhd-hkîibha mfvbmd ês drbfitaãöfs mf

hama autdr (Parkfica, <:::). Xurcban, assbn, as hdihfpãöfs hkássbhas ma

psbhdpatba.

Md pditd mf vbsta hrdidkøcbhd, Zbifk, id biîhbd md sâhukd _B_, edb d prbnfbrd a

avaiãar hdn un hdihfbtd prfhursdr ma psbhdpatba7 a naibf sais mâkbrf (naiba sfn



12

mfkîrbd) rfpdrtava-sf a bimbvîmuds quf aprfsfitavan harahtfrîstbhas ma naiba1< nas

sfn aprfsfitar mfkîrbd, bimbvîmuds fssfs quf rfhdrrban a vbdkàihba eáhbk f

mfndistravan hrufkmamf quaimd erustramds, bimbvîmuds quf aprfsfitavan

patdkdcba nfitak sfn sfrfn mftfhtamas fvbmàihbas mf hausas eîsbhas (Akuà, 12?27

Hkfhgkfy, 12357 Hdity, 12537 Eraihg, 12?87 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a, <::<7 Oarf,

<::87 Narbftái, 122?7 Nbkkdi & Mavbs, <::17 Zbthoedrm, <::1). Autdrfs ma nfsna

âpdha rfedrnukaran f/du mfshrfvfran pfrturlaãöfs sfnfkoaitfs ê mfshrbta pdr

Zbifk, id euimd, hditrblubimd para a numaiãa ia psbqubatrba f psbhdkdcba quf sf mfu

ia aktura (Eraihg, 12?8)7 autdrfs hdnd Cfdrcft, Ndrf, \uso, f Fsqubrdk (Eraihg,

12?8, Cdiãakvfs, 1222).

Vn dutrd autdr md sâhukd _B_ â Zrbthoarm. Fn 1?86 edrnukdu d hdihfbtd mf

ndrak bisaibty (kduhura ndrak) qufrfimd hdn bstd mbzfr quf apfsar mf ds su`fbtds

aprfsfitarfn pfrturlaãöfs psbhdpatdkøcbhas fvbmfitfs, hdisfrvavan as

eahukmamfs nfitabs eakoaimd ia árfa md mbshfribnfitd ndrak f aefhtbvd7 bstd â, a

‛kduhura ndrak„ fra hdnd quf una pfrvfrsèd nørlbma mds sfitbnfitds f aefhtds,

oálbtds, bnpuksds f ma mbspdsbãèd ndrak nas sfn aefhtar a razèd du d bitfkfhtd,

fxhkubimd assbn as akuhbiaãöfs f d mfkîrbd. Zrbthoarm bitrdmuzbu un eahtdr biâmbtd atâ

fitèd, d eahtd mfstfs su`fbtds sfrfn hdishbfitfs mds sfus ahtds, abima quf

hdisbmframds sdhbak f ndraknfitf hdimfiávfbs, nas sfrfn bihapazfs mf ds hditfr

(Hkfhgkfy, 12357 Hdity, 12537 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Narbftái, 122?7 Nbkkdi & Mavbs,

<::1)7 fstfs su`fbtds tfrban, pdrtaitd, una prdpfisèd para a aitb-sdhbakbmamf.

Ndrfk, fn 1?63 partf mf idãöfs rfkbcbdsas para fkaldrar a sua ‛tfdrba ma

mfcfifrfshàihba„. Fsta tfdrba pdstuka quf tdmd d odnfn iashf pfrefbtd f quf

quakqufr mfsvbd a fssf arquâtbpd pfrefbtd â una ‛mfcfifraãèd„. Fstfs mfsvbds ad

idrnak sfrban rfsuktamd mf rfkaãöfs aidrnabs fitrf d bitfkfhtd f d sfu bistrunfitd,

d hdrpd7 apdbaimd-sf ias rfhfitfs tfdrbas mf Marwbi mf 1?6=, Ndrfk aebrnava quf

atravâs ma ofrfmbtarbfmamf as mfcfifraãöfs sf traisnbtban fitrf cfraãöfs (Hdity,

1< Zara Zbifk, naiba bimbhava fstamds psbhøtbhds pfrsbstfitfs, mbvfrcbimd md hdihfbtd ahtuak mf naiba(Narbftái, 122?).



<:

12537 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Narbftái, 122?). Naciai f sfus sfcubmdrfs hdnd Muprâ

rftbraran d aspfhtd rfkbcbdsd ma tfdrba mf Ndrfk f ahfituaran eahtdrfs

ifurdlbdkøcbhds ad hofcarfn a hdihfbtds hdnd a ‛mfcfifrfshàihba nfitak„ du ‛d

pfrvfrsd hdistbtuhbdiak„ (Hdity, 12537 Cassbi, <::87 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a).

Zfisa-sf quf d tfrnd ‛psbhdpata„ hdnfãdu a sfr usamd hdn Gdho fn 1???

(Hdity, 12537 Nbkkdi & Mavbs, <::1). Gdho, psbqubatra akfnèd, prdpöf quf a aitfrbdr

‛kduhura ndrak„ sfà sulstbtuîma pdr ‛biefrbdrbmamf psbhdpátbha„ `á quf fsta

pfrturlaãèd ièd sfrba una edrna psbhdpatdkøcbha nas sbn un mfsfivdkvbnfitd

aidrnak md haráhtfr. Gdho bitrdmuzbu d tfrnd ‛psbhdpátbha„ pdrquf ahrfmbtava quf

oavba una lasf aiønaka ma hdistbtubãèd hfrflrak pdr mftrás mas biefrbdrbmamfs

psbhdpátbhas, id fitaitd ièd fran hdisbmframas patdkdcbas (Cdiãakvfs, 122?,

1222a7 Narbftái, 122?7 Nbkkdi & Mavbs, <::1).

1.<.<. A ]rambãèd Cfrnìibha

Vn mds psbqubatras hkássbhds akfnèfs md bibhbd md sâhukd __, Grafpfkbi,

prdpöf quf as ‛pfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas„ sfàn aqufkas quf ièd sf fihditran

ifn iun fstamd mf psbhdsf ifn mf ifurdsf, ièd fstèd iun fpbsømbd naiîahd

ifn mfprfssbvd, nas quf tàn prdlkfnas id quf mbz rfspfbtd ads parìnftrds

sdhbabs (Narbftái, 122?7 \aetfr, 1223). Hdn drbfitaãèd lbdkøcbha, Grafpfkbi

hdisbmfrava as pfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas hdnd psbhdsfs nak mfsfivdkvbmas du

hdnd pfrsdiakbmamfs pdlrfs mfvbmd a traisnbssèd ofrfmbtárba (Hdity, 12537

Narbftái, 122?7 \aetfr, 1223).

Xfcubmdr mf Grafpfkbi, Xhoifbmfr (12?:), ia prbnfbra fmbãèd ma sua dlra As

pfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas, fn 12<8, fkaldrdu un sbstfna mf hkassbebhaãèd

mfstas pfrsdiakbmamfs quf abima hditbiua vbcfitf. Xhoifbmfr (12?:) sfpardu a

pfrsdiakbmamf md quf â eîsbhd f mfebibu-a hdnd un hdiùitd mf sfitbnfitds f

vakdrfs, mf tfimàihbas f vditamfs7 kbnbtaimd-as, pdrtaitd, ad pkaid psbhdkøcbhd.

Zara d autdr as pfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas sèd un sulhdiùitd mas

pfrsdiakbmamfs aidrnabs quf hausan sderbnfitd ad prøprbd du ê sdhbfmamf



<1

(Xhoifbmfr, 12?:). Xfcuimd Narbftái (122?), a hdihfpãèd shoifbmfrbaia mf

psbhdpatba â mftfrnbibsta, ds psbhdpatas, quabsqufr quf sfàn as hbrhuistìihbas f

fn tdma a sbtuaãèd, tfrban mf hofcar a un fstamd mf hdiekbtd bitfrid du fxtfrid7 d

psbhdpata â un su`fbtd aidrnak, aeastamd ma nâmba ma idrnakbmamf pdr pdssubr una

hdistbtubãèd, tanlân fka, aidrnak7 tumd d quf edssfn sbitdnas f harahtfrîstbhas mf

pfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas nas hdn hausas fxøcfias du hdrpdrabs sfrban

psfumd-psbhdpatbas (Narbftái, 122?7 Xhoifbmfr 12?:). Ia hdihfpãèd shoifbmfrbaia

ifn tdmds ds psbhdpatas sèd narcbiabs, `á quf sf ds psbhdpatas fran mfsvbds

fstatîstbhds mf un ndmfkd ma pfrsdiakbmamf idrnak, oavba narcbiabs ièd

psbhdpatas f psbhdpatas ièd narcbiabs, tfimd fn hdita a mbstrblubãèd idrnak ma

pdpukaãèd. Xhoifbmfr (12?:) bmfitbebhdu mfz tbpds mf pfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas0

obpfrtînbhds, mfprfssbvds, bisfcurds, eaiátbhds, harfitfs mf fstbna, kálfbs,

fxpkdsbvds, apátbhds, alðkbhds f astâibhds. A mfstrbiãa fitrf fstfs mfz tbpds sfrba

efbta hdn lasf ias fshdkoas f/du dpdrtuibmamfs quf hama bimbvbmud eaz du tfn id

sfu pfrhursd mf vbma (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Narbftái, 122?).

Ia trambãèd akfnè fihditrands, pdbs, Grafpfkbi quf ia sua hdihfpãèd

acrupdu sftf sultbpds mf psbhdpatbas7 Xhoifbmfr quf, hdnd `á vbnds, mbstbicubu mfz

tbpds7 mfstahands abima Fucfi Gaoi quf fihditrdu mfzassfbs tbpds (Hdity, 1253).

Zara Hdity (1253) fstas sulmbvbsöfs bnpfmbran, fefhtbvanfitf, una kbnbtaãèd

prfhbsa md quf sf fitfimf pdr psbhdpatba `á quf alarhan taitas harahtfrîstbhas f

sbitdnas mbstbitds.

A trambãèd cfrnìibha hdisbmfra a psbhdpatba hdnd un mfsvbd/mftfrbdraãèd

pfssdak du psbhdkøcbha (Lkahgluri, bi Fstflai & Akdisd, 1226). Mf eahtd, hdnd `á

edb rfefrbmd, Grafpfkbi f, euimanfitaknfitf, Xhoifbmfr vban as pfrsdiakbmamfs

psbhdpátbhas hdnd sfimd bimbhamdras mf aidnakbas ma pfrsdiakbmamf. Â una

hdihfpãèd hdistbtuhbdiakbsta fn quf tdmds ds tbpds mf psbhdpatba sèd

hdistbtuhbdiabs/biatds/hdicâibtds, sbiabs mf mfcfifrfshàihba quf idrnaknfitf sèd

ofrfmbtárbds (\aetfr, 1223). Fsta hdihfpãèd ièd hditfnpka, pdbs, a bmfba mf quf a



<<

psbhdpatba f a aitb-sdhbakbmamf tàn mf fstar dlrbcatdrbanfitf assdhbamas, una

idãèd ièd bnpkbha a dutra, fstá kbcama, prbihbpaknfitf a aspfhtds bitrîisfhds.

A vbsèd cfrnìibha tfn a sua fxprfssèd ahtuak patfitf ia hkassbebhaãèd mf

pfrturlaãöfs ma pfrsdiakbmamf ma mâhbna vfrsèd md Bitfriatbdiak Hkassbebhatbdi de

Mfsfasfs (BHM-1:, Sdrkm Ofakto Drcaibsatbdi, 122<), id fitaitd, `á fstava

prfsfitf ia hatfcdrbzaãèd efbta ia vfrsèd aitfrbdr md nfsnd naiuak (Fstflai &

Akdisd, 12267 Cdiãakvfs, <::<). Id fitaitd a ‛pfrturlaãèd mbssdhbak„ md BHM-1:

(Sdrkm Ofakto Drcaibsatbdi, 122<) â tanlân akvd mf hrîtbhas, prftfimf bihkubr as

hatfcdrbas mbaciøstbhas mf pfrturlaãöfs hdnd sdhbdpatba, pfrturlaãèd andrak,

assdhbak, aitb-sdhbak f psbhdpátbha ma pfrsdiakbmamf7 akân mbssd a hrbtbha â efbta

pdrquf fstf hrbtârbd mbaciøstbhd aprfsfitamd pfka Drcaibzaãèd Nuimbak mf Xaðmf â

hdisbmframd pduhd hkard f fieatbza as harahtfrîstbhas ma pfrsdiakbmamf fn

mftrbnfitd mds hdnpdrtanfitds aprfsfitamds pfkds psbhdpatas (Fstflai & Akdisd,

1226).

1.<.8. A ]rambãèd Aickd-Anfrbhaia

Ad hditrárbd mds hdkfcas akfnèfs, ds bickfsfs f idrtf-anfrbhaids

hdisbmfran a psbhdpatba hdnd un mfsvbd du mftfrbdraãèd sdhbak7 sfcuimd fstf

pditd mf vbsta a psbhdpatba surcf sfnprf rfkahbdiama hdn a aitb-sdhbakbmamf.

(Lkahgluri, bi Fstflai & Akdisd, 1226) Fn Bickatfrra d tfrnd ‛psbhdpátbhd„ â

rfefrfihbamd, partbhukarnfitf, fn hditfxtds ùrîmbhd-kfcabs7 ièd sfimd un tfrnd

hkîibhd pdr fxhfkàihba, hdrrf d rbshd mf habr fn bitfrprftaãöfs sul`fhtbvas pdr partf

mds ørcèds kfcabs.

Ids Fstamds Vibmds ma Anârbha d tfrnd â fnprfcuf hdnd ‛sbiøibnd mf

sdhbdpata, ednfitaimd un fstfrføtbpd md assassbid sámbhd du md vbdkamdr vbhbdsd,

quf sf hdisdkbma atravâs mds nfbds mf hdnuibhaãèd„ (Fstflai & Akdisd, 1226,

p.=2), fxpkbhaimd tanlân a nfmbatbzaãèd, `á rfefrbma, defrfhbma ads psbhdpatas. Zdr

dutrd kamd, Oarf (<::8) aebrna quf d usd md tfrnd ‛sdhbdpata„ mbnbiub a

prdlalbkbmamf mf sf pdmfr hdieuimbr hdn ‛psbhdtbhbsnd„ du ‛kduhura„, ùstbebhaimd



<8

assbn a sua utbkbzaãèd pdr partf mds nfbds mf hdnuibhaãèd du nfsnd akcuis

tâhibhds.

Id biîhbd md sâhukd __, akcuis psbqubatras anfrbhaids, atraîmds pfkas

‛rfhfitfs„ hdihfpãöfs cfrnìibhas (Grafpfkbi f sfcubmdrfs), hdnfãaran a

fnprfcar d tfrnd ‛psbhdpata„ f ‛psbhdpatba„ sfn pfrhflfrfn lfn d efiønfid quf

fstavan a mfshrfvfr f, pdrtaitd, fssfs tfrnds varbavan hdisbmfravfknfitf ias

suas prbnfbras tfitatbvas mf mfebibãèd (\aetfr, 1223). Fstas bihdicruàihbas pdmfn

tfr kfvamd ds psbhdpatas, ia Anârbha md biîhbd md sâhukd passamd, a sfrfn

bitfcramds iun vazbd fitrf a idrnakbmamf f aidrnakbmamf, a sfrfn hdisbmframds

hdnd sdhbaknfitf biamaptamds, maî pdssbvfknfitf a mbvfrsbmamf mf tfrnds quf as

hdihfpãöfs ahtuabs mf drbcfn idrtf-anfrbhaia fickdlaran.

Ahtuaknfitf, a fxprfssèd mfsta vbsèd ma psbhdpatba fihditra-sf id MXN-BU-

]\ (Anfrbhai Zsyhobatrbh Assdhbatbdi, <::<) hdn a hatfcdrba ‛pfrturlaãèd aitb-

sdhbak ma pfrsdiakbmamf„ (ambaitf0 ZAZ). A ZAZ surcbu ia tfrhfbra fmbãèd mfstf

naiuak mbaciøstbhd7 edb id MXN-BBB-\ (Anfrbhai Zsyhobatrbh Assdhbatbdi, 12?3) quf

fsta hatfcdrba surcbu prbnfbranfitf. Ad hditrárbd md quf ahditfhf id BHM-1:

(Sdrkm Ofakto Drcaibsatbdi, 122<), ids naiuabs anfrbhaids prfvakfhfn as

hdimutas, fn vfz mds traãds mf pfrsdiakbmamf, hdimutas sfnprf rfkahbdiamas hdn

a aitb-sdhbakbmamf, pdmfimd fstf eahtd pdmf eazfr hdieuimbr psbhdpatba hdn

mfkbiquàihba du nfsnd hrbnbiakbmamf (Fstflai & Akdisd, 1226). Assbn, a ZAZ

parfhf bnpkbhar una ‛harrfbra mfkbiqufitf„ para pdmfr sfr mbacidstbhama, aeastaimd-

sf assbn mas mfebibãöfs mf psbhdpatba hkássbhas.

1.<.=. Ds Zsbhdpatas Od`f fn Mba0 Mbefrfitfs Hdihfpãöfs f Aldrmacfis

Ad ièd sf mbspdr mf hrbtârbds uibebhamds mf hkassbebhaãèd, a psbhdpatba edb

utbkbzama para mfshrfvfr naibefstaãöfs andrabs f pduhd fspfhîebhas ma

pfrsdiakbmamf (Akuà, 12?2). Hdnd ids mbz Cdiãakvfs (1222a, p.<3) a ‛psbhdpatba

brrdnpf pfkd sâhukd __ mfshrfvfimd una karca hatfcdrba mf aktfraãöfs ma

pfrsdiakbmamf, d quf prdvdhdu d sfu alaimdid pdr una partf hdisbmfrávfk mf



<=

fstumbdsds quf vban fstf hdihfbtd hdnd bidpfraitf, sfn sfitbmd f nfsnd

ndrakbsta„.

Od`f fn mba mbefrfitfs ahfpãöfs md hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba hdivbvfn f

hdalbtan ids fspaãds nâmbhd-psbhdkøcbhd f ùrîmbhd-kfcak, mbvfrcbimd hdisdaitf d

paîs, a drbfitaãèd tførbha f hkîibha f a kfcbskaãèd fn vbcdr. (Fstflai & Akdisd,

12267 Fstflai, Carrbmd & Ndkfrd, 122=7 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a, <::<7 Oarf, <::87

Narbftái, 122?).

1.<.=.1. Hkfhgkfy.

Id quf mbz rfspfbtd a mfshrbãöfs hkîibhas ma psbhdpatba, d idnf mf Ofrvfy

Hkfhgkfy â bihditdriávfk. Fn quasf tdma a lblkbdcraeba hdisuktama sdlrf psbhdpatba,

Hkfhgkfy f a sua dlra ]of nasg de saibty (1235) sèd rfefrfihbamds. Mf eahtd,

Hkfhgkfy (1235) hdisfcubu hdnpbkar una dlra dimf hdnlbia aspfhtds md

hdnpdrtanfitd md su`fbtd, hdn harahtfrbzaãöfs hkîibhas mds traãds mf

pfrsdiakbmamf, id quf â mfsbciama hdnd una hdihfpãèd oîlrbma ma psbhdpatba

(Lkahgluri, bi Fstflai & Akdisd, 12267 Cdiãakvfs, <::<). A hdihfpãèd mf Hkfhgkfy

(1235) ièd fstá ebkbama ê trambãèd cfrnìibha du ê aickd-anfrbhaia, mf eahtd,

pdmfnds hdisbmfrar quf ebha akcurfs fitrf as muas. D autdr hofca nfsnd a eazfr

una mbstbiãèd fitrf a hdimuta psbhdpátbha f d hdnpdrtanfitd hrbnbiak0 fiquaitd

quf d psbhdpata ièd tbra prdvfbtd mds sfus ahtds mfkbtudsds du andrabs, d hrbnbidsd

cfrf a aitb-sdhbakbmamf hdnd un ifcøhbd7 fiquaitd fstf uktbnd â drcaibzamd f d

rfhursd ê aitb-sdhbakbmamf tfn un dl`fhtbvd, ia psbhdpatba a aitb-sdhbakbmamf â

mbeusa f bnpuksbva f d hdnpdrtanfitd â mfsdrcaibzamd (Hkfhgkfy, 1235). Id

fitaitd, Hkfhgkfy (1235) ièd mfbxa mf assdhbar a aitb-sdhbakbmamf ê psbhdpatba,

aprdxbnaimd-sf assbn ma trambãèd aickd-anfrbhaia.

Xfn prftfimfrnds sfr fxaustbvds ahfrha ma tfdrbzaãèd mf Hkfhgkfy (1235)

pdmfnds mbzfr quf, para fstf autdr, a psbhdpatba ièd pdmf sfr fxpkbhama pfkds

nfhaibsnds pfkds quabs hdnprffimfnds pfrturlaãöfs hdnd a obstfrba du hdnd a

fsqubzderfiba. D psbhdpata â akcuân quf â ‛hdisbmframd sèd pfkas idrnas ma



<6

1. ]fr fihaitd supfrebhbak f lda bitfkbcàihba.<. Ausàihba mf akuhbiaãöfs du dutrds sbiabs mf pfisanfitd brrahbdiak.8. Ausàihba mf ifrvdsbsnd du mf naibefstaãöfs ifurøtbhas.=. Xfr bimbcid mf hdiebaiãa.6. \fhdrrfr ê nfitbra f bisbihfrbmamf.5. Ausàihba mf sfitbnfitds mf hukpa du mf vfrcdioa.3. Hdnpdrtanfitd aitb-sdhbak ndtbvamd biamfquamanfitf.?. \ahbdhîibd pdlrf f bihapahbmamf mf aprfimfr hdn a fxpfrbàihba.2. Fcdhfitrbsnd patdkøcbhd f bihapahbmamf para anar.1:. Zdlrfza cfrak ias prbihbpabs rfahãöfs aefhtbvas.11. Zfrma fspfhîebha md bisbcot .1<. Bihapahbmamf para rfspdimfr ia cfifrakbmamf mas rfkaãöfs bitfrpfssdabs.18. Hdnpdrtanfitd eaitasbdsd f pduhd rfhdnfimávfk hdn du sfn bicfstèd mf lflbmas

akhdøkbhas.1=. ]axa mf subhîmbd labxa.16. Ubma sfxuak bnpfssdak, trbvbak f pduhd bitfcrama.15. Bihapahbmamf para sfcubr quakqufr pkaid mf vbma.

psbqubatrba, hdishbfitf mds eahtds quf tdmds rfhdiofhfnds, f kblfrtd mf mfkîrbds

nas quf sf hdnpdrta mf un ndmd akcd alsurmd tak hdnd akcuis psbhøtbhds„

(Hkfhgkfy, 1235, p.853)7 fstf â un eahtd prfdhupaitf, sfcuimd d autdr, pdrquf ids

pöf fn hdierditd hdn d, pdr sb sø, mfshdihfrtaitf mdnîibd ma patdkdcba nfitak.

A hdihfpãèd mf Hkfhgkfy (1235) assfita id prfssupdstd mf quf d psbhdpata

pdssub mftfrnbiamds traãds mf pfrsdiakbmamf quf biekufihban a sua ahãèd. Id

sfcubitf quamrd fstèd as harahtfrîstbhas mds psbhdpatas fihditramas pdr Hkfhgkfy

(1235).

Quamrd 10 Harahtfrîstbhas ma psbhdpatba sfcuimd Hkfhgkfy (Amaptamd mf Hkfhgkfy,1235)

Zara Hkfhgkfy (1235) d psbhdpata, ad hditrárbd mds psbhøtbhds fn cfrak, ièd

aprfsfita ifiouna aktfraãèd ids prdhfssds mf rahbdhîibd f id ahfssd ê razèd,

ifn aparfita ifiouna dutra eakoa ia pfrsdiakbmamf quf sfà bitfkbcîvfk. D

dlsfrvamdr fxtfrbdr â ‛hdierditamd hdn una hdivbihfitf náshara mf saibmamf„

(Hkfhgkfy, 1235, p.85?) fn quf tdmds ds aspfhtds dlsfrvávfbs, du fxtfrbdrfs, mfsta

náshara fstèd prfsfrvamds f bitahtds. Nabs abima, d psbhdpata ièd â

‛mfsnasharamd„ hdn tfitatbvas mf ahfmfr a iîvfbs nabs prdeuimds ma

pfrsdiakbmamf hdnd ahditfhf hdn as mfshdnpfisaãöfs psbhøtbhas, d sfu

euihbdianfitd aparfita idrnakbmamf f saibmamf. Â ia vbma md mba-a-mba quf d

psbhdpata sf rfvfka, ‛ a sua eakoa â tèd hdnpkfta f mranátbha quf â mbeîhbk vfr hdndtak mfefbtd pdmf sfr hdisfcubmd pdr akcuân nfids mflbkbtamd quf un kduhd



<5

hdnpkftd Wfitfima-sf psbhøtbhd^ du pdr una pfssda tdtaknfitf, du quasf

tdtaknfitf, bihapaz mf ahfmfr fndhbdiaknfitf ads sbcibebhamds f sfitbnfitds

bnpkîhbtds ids pfisanfitds quf fxprfssa du ias fxpfrbàihbas quf vbvfihba„

(Hkfhgkfy, 1235, p. 83:). Fn `fbtd mf hdihkusèd, para Hkfhgkfy (1235) d psbhdpata,

ad hditrárbd md psbhøtbhd fn cfrak, ièd mfvf sfr hdisbmframd kfcaknfitf

brrfspdisávfk du ndraknfitf mfshukpávfk pfkas suas ahãöfs hrbnbidsas du ièd7

fstfs bimbvîmuds mbefrfn ma nabdrba pdr mfndistrarfn una pfrsbstfitf eakta mf

oalbkbmamf fn tfr hdishbàihba ma bnpdrtìihba quf as nabs bnpdrtaitfs fxpfrbàihbas

mf vbma pdmfn sbcibebhar para ds dutrds. D autdr ièd prftfimf partbhukarbzar

ifiouna bmfdkdcba, ndrak du rfcras sdhbabs, a bialbkbmamf id psbhdpata â ad iîvfk

bitfrid, du sfà, quabsqufr sfàn as rfcras bnpdstas, fxpfrbàihbas vbvbmas du a

mfebibãèd mf lfn f mf nak, d psbhdpata eakoa fn pfrhflà-kas f pfrhfphbdiá-kas

(Hkfhgkfy, 1235).

Hkfhgkfy (1235) fsedrãdu-sf abima pdr mfndistrar quf a psbhdpatba ièd

rfspfbta as hkassfs sdhbabs. Fra hdivbhãèd mfstf autdr quf fxbstban psbhdpatas ièd

sø ias bistbtubãöfs pfibtfihbárbas nas tanlân fn akcunas pdsbãöfs sdhbabs

hdisbmframas nabs rfspfbtávfbs7 pdrtaitd, ifn tdmds ds psbhdpatas fran

hrbnbidsds. Hkfhgkfy (1235) mfu fxfnpkds mf várbds hasds dimf mfshrfvba

pfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas fn mbvfrsas ahtbvbmamfs f pdsbãöfs sdhbabs, mfsmf

odnfis mf ifcøhbds lfn suhfmbmds, a nâmbhds, hbfitbstas, du nfsnd psbqubatras.

1.<.=.<. Ds MXN

Dutra mas hdihfpãöfs vbcfitfs ahtuaknfitf â a avaiãama pfka Anfrbhai

Zsyhobatrbh Assdhbatbdi (ambaitf0 AZA). Obstdrbhanfitf ds naiuabs ias vfrsöfs

MXN-BB7 MXN-BBB f MXN-BBB-\ bmfitbebhavan fsta pfrturlaãèd atravâs mf mfshrbtdrfs.

D tfrnd ‛psbhdpatba„ habu fn mfsusd aquaimd md aparfhbnfitd md MXN-BBB fn

12?:, passaimd a sfr mbacidstbhama Zfrturlaãèd Aitb-sdhbak ma Zfrsdiakbmamf fn

sfu kucar (Nbkkdi, Xbndisfi, Lbrgft-Xnbto, & Mavbs, 122?). Ia vfrsèd ahtuak md

naiuak fstatîstbhd f mf mbaciøstbhd ma AZA, d MXN-BU-]\, edran kbstamds sftf btfis



<3

quf mfebifn a ZAZ id amuktd. Fstfs btfis edran hdimfisamds f sbnpkbebhamds a

partbr mds hrbtârbds md aitfrbdr MXN-BBB-\ (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Nbkkdi ft ak., 122?).

Ifsta vfrsèd nabs rfhfitf, assunf-sf quf psbhdpatba, sdhbdpatba du pfrturlaãèd

mbssdhbak ma pfrsdiakbmamf sèd apfias dutras mfsbciaãöfs para a pfrturlaãèd

mfshrbta ifssf nfsnd naiuak hdnd ZAZ (AZA, <::<).

Quamrd <0 Hrbtârbds mf Mbaciøstbhd para Zfrturlaãèd Aitb-Xdhbak ma Zfrsdiakbmamf

(AZA, <::<)

Xfcuimd Fstflai f Akdisd (1226) â fstf, fxpdstd id Quamrd <, d prbnfbrd

hrbtârbd quf nubtds hkîibhds usan para avakbar a psbhdpatba7 pdr sua vfz, Cdiãakvfs

(1222a) sustfita fsta dpbibèd ad aebrnar quf as hkassbebhaãöfs idrtf-anfrbhaias

sèd as quf tàn tbmd nabdr mbeusèd. Id fitaitd, fstas hkassbebhaãöfs tàn sbmd akvd

mf hrbtbhbsnd. Nbkkdi f hdkaldramdrfs (122?) sustfitan as suas hrîtbhas aebrnaimd

quf ds hrbtârbds md MXN-BU ièd edran tfstamds hkbibhanfitf ifn edran vakbmamds,

pdrtaitd ièd oá ndmd mf aefrbr sdlrf a sua ebalbkbmamf du vakbmamf.

Iun artbcd mfmbhamd ê hdnparaãèd mf una hdihfpãèd mf psbhdpatba

lasfama id tralakod mf Hkfhgkfy (1235) f mds hrbtârbds mf mbaciøstbhd ma ZAZ id

MXN-BU, Oarf, Oart f Oarpur (1221) hdihkuîran quf, ia tfrhfbra vfrsèd mds

naiuabs ma AZA, a prbnfbra craimf hrîtbha apditava a kdica fxtfisèd f mbebhukmamf

mf utbkbzaãèd mds hrbtârbds. Hdnd `á rfefrbmd, a quarta vfrsèd md MXN prftfimfu sfr

nabs ahfssîvfk ads sfus utbkbzamdrfs id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê ZAZ, para tak, fxblf una

A. Zamrèd ckdlak mf mfsrfspfbtd f vbdkaãèd mds mbrfbtds mds dutrds dhdrrfimd mfsmf ds16 aids, bimbhamd pdr tràs (du nabs) mds sfcubitfs

Bihapahbmamf para sf hdiedrnarfn hdn as idrnas sdhbabs id quf mbzrfspfbtd a hdnpdrtanfitds kfcabs, hdnd â mfndistramd pfkds ahtdsrfpftbmds quf sèd ndtbvd mf mftfiãèd.Eaksbmamf, hdnd â mfndistramd pdr nfitbras f idnfs eaksds, du hditrarbar ds dutrds para dltfr kuhrd du prazfr.Bnpuksbvbmamf du bihapahbmamf para pkaifar aitfhbpamanfitf.Brrbtalbkbmamf f acrfssbvbmamf.Mfsrfspfbtd tfnfrárbd pfka sfcuraiãa mf sb prøprbd f mds dutrds.Brrfspdisalbkbmamf hdisbstfitf.

Ausàihba mf rfndrsd.L. A pfssda tfr una bmamf nîibna mf 1? aids.H. Fxbstf fvbmàihba mf pfrturlaãèd md hdnpdrtanfitd aitfs mds 16 aids.M. D hdnpdrtanfitd aitb-sdhbak ièd dhdrrf fxhkusbvanfitf muraitf a fvdkuãèd mf

fsqubzderfiba du mf un fpbsømbd naiîahd.



<?

kbsta nabs hurta f sbnpkbebhama mf hrbtârbds f tdriaimd-ds nabs hkards (Quamrd <). A

sfcuima craimf hrîtbha efbta ads hrbtârbds md MXN, a partbr ma sua tfrhfbra vfrsèd

rfvbsta (MXN-BBB-\), â a quflra rambhak hdn a trambãèd f a prátbha hkîibha (Fstflai &

Akdisd, 12267 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Oarf ft ak. 1221), quf bihkuîa biefràihbas ahfrha

mf prdhfssds aefhtbvds f bitfrpfssdabs quf mfsmf sfnprf mfsfnpfioaran un

papfk bnpdrtaitf7 hdn as vfrsöfs aitfrbdrfs mds naiuabs ma AZA7 f, hdn a

idnfihkatura bitfriahbdiak18 (Oarf f tak., 1221). Id fitaitd a eakta mf hdicruàihba

fitrf ds hrbtârbds md MXN f dutras hdihfpãöfs ma psbhdpatba, idnfamanfitf a mf

Hkfhgkfy (1235), parfhf ièd tfr sbmd bitfihbdiak. D edhd pdstd ias hdimutas ièd fra

amfquamd para alraicfr d hdistruhtd quf ds hrbtârbds sf mfstbiavan a nfmbr (Oarf

ft ak., 1221). Mfstf ndmd, ebharan mf edra aspfhtds quf akcuis hkîibhds hdisbmfran

euimanfitabs hdnd partf bitfcrak md mbaciøstbhd hdnd d fcdhfitrbsnd patdkøcbhd, d

rahbdhîibd pdlrf, a supfrebhbakbmamf md aefhtd, fth., d quf aeasta ièd sø a hdihfpãèd

mf ZAZ mas hdihfpãöfs hkássbhas mf psbhdpatba (Fstflai & Akdisd, 1226). Ia

nfsna kbioa hrîtbha, \fbm (<::1) atfsta quf, apfsar mf tumd, ds hrbtârbds md MXN-BU

sèd nabs ebávfbs md quf as suas vfrsöfs aitfrbdrfs7 id fitaitd, a sua vakbmamf

assfita id eahtd mf quf fstf naiuak hrba a sua prøprba hatfcdrba alaimdiaimd

eahtdrfs hkîibhds f bitfrpfssdabs bcuaknfitf rfefrfihbamds hdnd bnpdrtaitfs pdr

dutrds autdrfs (Fstflai & Akdisd, 12267 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Oarf ft ak. 1221).

Mf eahtd, d edhd pdstd ids hdnpdrtanfitds du hdimutas pdmf prbvar d hkîibhd

mf un hdiofhbnfitd nabs mbiìnbhd mds prdhfssds quf fivdkvfn a pfrsdiakbmamf.

Zdr dutrd kamd, d MXN-BU-]\ fxpkbhbta a utbkbmamf fn ‛bitfcrar a biedrnaãèd mds

mamds hkîibhds hdn a biedrnaãèd hdkobma idutras editfs„ (AZA, <::<, p.3:<) d quf

bnpkbha hdiofhbnfitds pdr partf md hkîibhd qufr fn rfkaãèd ads prdhfssds

bifrfitfs ê pfrturlaãèd ma pfrsdiakbmamf, qufr ês hdihfpãöfs hkássbhas mf

psbhdpatba (quf d MXN parfhf fsqufhfr).

18 Idnfamanfitf hdn as hkassbebhaãöfs bitfriahbdiabs mas mdfiãas (BHM) ia sua idia f mâhbnavfrsöfs (BHM-2 f BHM-1:).



<2

1.<.=.8. As BHM.

A Hkassbebhaãèd Bitfriahbdiak mas Mdfiãas (BHM) â una mas hkassbebhaãöfs mf

mbaciøstbhd mf patdkdcbas nfitabs f eîsbhas nabs aitbcas f pfrsbstfitfs. ]ak hdnd d

MXN, â una hkassbebhaãèd hatfcdrbak hdn mfzassftf sfhãöfs prbihbpabs quf mbvbmfn

as pfrturlaãöfs sfcuimd as harahtfrîstbhas quf as mfebifn (Sdrkm Ofakto

Drcaibsatbdi, 122<).

As pfrturlaãöfs ma pfrsdiakbmamf fstèd kbstamas fitrf as sulsfhãöfs E5: f

E52. Ias idtas quf mbzfn rfspfbtd ês pfrturlaãöfs ma pfrsdiakbmamf, a BHM (Sdrkm

Ofakto Drcaibsatbdi, 122<) apdita quf fsta hatfcdrba trduxf akcunas mbebhukmamfs

ia hrbaãèd mas suas mbrfhtrbzfs drbfitamdras, idnfamanfitf, pdr hausa ma

mbefrfiãa fitrf a dlsfrvaãèd f a bitfrprftaãèd efbta pfkds hkîibhds, lfn hdnd d

iðnfrd mf hrbtârbds quf tbioan mf sfr prffihobmds para quf un mbaciøstbhd edssf

hdiebrnamd, assuitd quf fstá pdr rfsdkvfr pfka hdnbssèd drcaibzamdra md BHM.

Akân mbssd, â rfefrbmd quf as pfrturlaãöfs ma pfrsdiakbmamf mfshrbtas ièd sèd

nutuanfitf fxhkusbvas f akcunas mas suas harahtfrîstbhas pdmfn sfr sdlrfpdstas.

Ifsta hkassbebhaãèd as pfrturlaãöfs ma pfrsdiakbmamf sèd mfshrbtas hdnd

pamröfs hdnpdrtanfitabs f atbtumfs quf fstèd prdeuimanfitf firabzamds, sèd

pfrsbstfitfs f mfsvban-sf narhamanfitf md ndmd hdnd a nabdrba mds bimbvîmuds

iuna mama huktura pfrhfphbdia, pfisa, sfitf f, partbhukarnfitf, sf rfkahbdia hdn

ds dutrds7 fstfs pamröfs mf hdimuta tfimfn a sfr fstávfbs f a alraicfr mbvfrsds

mdnîibds md hdnpdrtanfitd f md euihbdianfitd psbhdkøcbhd (Sdrkm Ofakto

Drcaibsatbdi, 122<). A hkassbebhaãèd ma Zfrturlaãèd Mbssdhbak ma Zfrsdiakbmamf

(ambaitf0 ZMZ) prftfimf bihkubr hatfcdrbas mf mbaciøstbhd aitfrbdrfs hdnd as

pfrturlaãöfs ma pfrsdiakbmamf andrak, assdhbak, psbhdpátbha f sdhbdpátbha7 nas

fxhkub pfrturlaãöfs md hdnpdrtanfitd f pfrsdiakbmamfs fndhbdiaknfitf bistávfbs.

A pfrturlaãèd â mfshrbta usuaknfitf fvbmfihbaimd una mbsparbmamf fitrf ds

hdnpdrtanfitds f as idrnas sdhbabs prfvakfhfitfs.



8:

Idrnaknfitf â ifhfssárba a prfsfiãa mf pfkd nfids tràs mds traãds

aprfsfitamds id Quamrd 8, quf a sfcubr sf aprfsfita, para quf un mbaciøstbhd

hdiebaitf mf ZMZ pdssa sfr atrbluîmd.

Quamrd 80 Hrbtârbds mf mbaciøstbhd para a ZMZ md BHM-1: (Sdrkm Ofakto Drcaibsatbdi,122<)

Xfcuimd Mdkai f Hdbm (bi Fstflai & Akdisd, 12267 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a), ds

hrbtârbds mf mbaciøstbhd md Quamrd 8 fstèd pduhd hkards sfimd a àieasf hdkdhama

ids traãds mf pfrsdiakbmamf nabs quf ids hdnpdrtanfitds7 id fitaitd, fstfs

traãds sèd biefrbmds mds pamröfs hdnpdrtanfitabs md su`fbtd fn vfz mf sf supdr

una hdnprffisèd mas ‛aidrnakbmamfs„ ma pfrsdiakbmamf quf fstèd sulàhfitfs.

Vn mds autdrfs rfefrfihbamds aitfrbdrnfitf, Hdbm (bi Fstflai & Akdisd, 1226)

hdihkubu quf d BHM-1: parfhf tfr rfakbzamd un fsedrãd para sf aprdxbnar mds

traãds mf pfrsdiakbmamf iuhkfarfs ma psbhdpatba, apfsar mbssd, abima fstá pdr

mftfrnbiar sf sf pdmf artbhukar hdn àxbtd para ebis mf bivfstbcaãèd f para a prátbha

hkîibha.

1.<.=.=. Oarf f a Zsyhodpatoy Hofhgkbst

\dlfrt M. Oarf â un bivfstbcamdr quf mfmbhdu nabs mf tràs mâhamas ad

fstumd ma psbhdpatba. A sua hdihfpãèd mf psbhdpatba â amdptama f amaptama md

tralakod mf Hkfhgkfy (1235). Dptánds pdr ièd fickdlar fsta hdihfpãèd mf

psbhdpatba ia hdihfpãèd mfstf ðktbnd autdr `á quf md pditd mf vbsta hrdidkøcbhd fra

bihdihbkbávfk f, tanlân, pdrquf Oarf hrbdu un bistrunfitd mf avakbaãèd ma

1. Mfsprfdhupaãèd hrufk pfkds sfitbnfitds mds dutrds f eakta mf hapahbmamf paraa fnpatba.

<. Atbtumf brrfspdisávfk pfrsbstfitf f narhama, f mfsbitfrfssf pfkas idrnassdhbabs, kfbs f dlrbcaãöfs.

8. Bihapahbmamf para naitfr rfkaãöfs muramduras.=. Labxa tdkfrìihba ê erustraãèd f labxd kbnbar para a mfsharca ma acrfssèd,

bihkubimd a vbdkàihba.6. Bihapahbmamf para fxpfrbfihbar hukpa du mf lfifebhbar hdn a fxpfrbàihba,

partbhukarnfitf hdn d hastbcd.5. Zrfmbspdsbãèd narhama para hukpar ds dutrds du para edrifhfr rahbdiakbzaãöfs

pkausîvfbs para ds hdnpdrtanfitds quf eazfn fitrar d bimbvîmud fn hdiekbtd hdna sdhbfmamf.3. Brrbtalbkbmamf pfrsbstfitf.



81

psbhdpatba quf vfbd aktfrar, ièd a hdihfpãèd drbcbiak mf Hkfhgkfy, nas sbn d ndmd

hdnd fssf hdistruhtd edb f â utbkbzamd ahtuaknfitf.

A tfdrba mf Oarf pdmf sfr mbvbmbma fn muas easfs mbstbitas, sfcuimd

Cdiãakvfs (1222a)0 una nabs mbrfhhbdiama para a bivfstbcaãèd f harahtfrbzaãèd ma

psbhdebsbdkdcba md psbhdpata7 a sfcuima mfmbhama ê fkaldraãèd f apfrefbãdanfitd

ma Oarf Zsyhodpatoy Hofhgkbst (ambaitf0 ZHK). Ia prbnfbra easf md sfu tralakod

Oarf (pdr Cdiãakvfs, 1222a), ahrfshfitdu ê tfdrba mf Hkfhgkfy (1235), mamds

rftbramds mds sfus fstumds psbhdebsbdkøcbhds fn quf bimbvîmuds psbhdpatas

mfndistravan nfidr apftàihba para fxpfrbfihbar nfmd f fxhbtaãèd f, pdr bssd,

sfitbnfitds mf hastbcd f hukpalbkbmamf sfrban nabs mbebhbknfitf vbvfihbamds.

Maimd craimf rfkfvd ê bnpdrtìihba mf un mbaciøstbhd hdn quakbmamf f

prfhbsèd mf psbhdpatba (Oarf, <::8) f mfvbmd ad edrtf hrbtbhbsnd mbrbcbmd ads MXN-

BBB-\ f MXN-BU, (Fstflai & Akdisd7 Oarf ft ak., 12217 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a), fstf autdr

hrbdu un bistrunfitd mf avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba sdl a edrna mf una hofhgkbst . A

hdistruãèd mfstf bistrunfitd edb un prdhfssd cramuak quf huknbidu hdn a vfrsèd

nabs ahtuakbzama, a vfrsèd rfvbsta ma ZHK, a Oarf Zsyhodpatoy Hofhgkbst ‘ \fvbsfm

(ambaitf0 ZHK-\). A ZHK-\, mfshrbta id quamrd quf aprfsfitands mf sfcubma, â

una fshaka f, tak hdnd ds nâtdmds mf autd-rfkatd, â un prdhfmbnfitd dl`fhtbvd mf

vakdraãèd utbkbzamd taitd para d mbaciøstbhd hkîibhd hdnd para a bivfstbcaãèd

(Fstflai & Akdisd, 12267 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a).

Quamrd =0 Mbstrblubãèd mds btfis ma ZHK-\ pfkds eahtdrfs (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Oarpur,

Oarf & Oagstbai, 12?2)

Eahtdr 1 Eahtdr <1. Kdquahbmamf/Udkulbkbmamf/FihaitdXupfrebhbak<. Xfitbmd Craimbdsd md Uakdr mf XbZrøprbd=. Nfitbr Zatdkøcbhd6. Fstbkd Naibpukatbvd5. Ausàihba mf \fndrsds du Xfitbnfitdsmf Hukpa3. Xupfrebhbakbmamf AefhtbvaErbfza/Ausàihba mf Fnpatba15. Ièd-Ahatanfitd mf

\fspdisalbkbmamfs pfkas suas Ahãöfs

8. Ifhfssbmamf mf Fstbnukaãèd/]fimàihbapara d ]âmbd2. Fstbkd mf Ubma Zarasbta1:. Mfebhbfitf Hditrdkd Hdnpdrtanfitak1<. Hdnpdrtanfitd Zrdlkfnátbhd Zrfhdhf18. Ausàihba mf Dl`fhtbvds \fakbstas1=. Bnpuksbvbmamf16. Brrfspdisalbkbmamf1?. Mfkbiquàihba @uvfibk12. \fvdcaãèd mf Nfmbmas Aktfriatbvas duEkfxblbkbzamdras ma Zfia mf Zrbsèd

11. Hdnpdrtanfitd Xfxuak Zrdnîshud13. \fkahbdianfitds Hdiùcabs Iunfrdsds f mf Hurta Muraãèd

<:. Ufrsatbkbmamf Hrbnbiak



8<

Hdn fstf bistrunfitd, a hdihfpãèd mf psbhdpatba mf Oarf1= (<::8) caiodu

vaitacfn sdlrf as craimfs hkassbebhaãöfs idsdkøcbhas (MXN f BHM) fn tfrnds mf

lrfvbmamf mf mbaciøstbhd. Edran efbtas hrîtbhas ê ZHK-\ pdr bihkubr nubtds hrbtârbds

rfefrfitfs a un hdnpdrtanfitd hrbnbiak fxhkubimd traãds mf pfrsdiakbmamf, quf

fran rfkfvaitfs para a pfrturlaãèd psbhdpátbha. Id fitaitd, ad ambhbdiar mamds

hkîibhds ads rfsuktamds ma ZHK-\, Oarf (bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a) caiodu dutra

vaitacfn ad MXN f ê BHM fn tfrnds mf ebalbkbmamf mf mbaciøstbhd, `á quf d tdria

nabs dl`fhtbvd f nabs prøxbnd ma sbtuaãèd rfak.

Vna dutra vaitacfn ma hrbaãèd ma ZHK-\ pdr partf mf Oarf (bi Fstflai &

Akdisd, 1226) edb d tfr hdisfcubmd hdihflfr a psbhdpatba hdnd un sîimrdnf

uibtárbd quf pdmf sfr nfmbmd utbkbzaimd fsta fshaka. Fshaka fsta quf â

uibmbnfisbdiak sfimd hdnpdsta pdr mdbs eahtdrfs0 d prbnfbrd rfefrf-sf ads traãds

mf pfrsdiakbmamf, d sfcuimd rfpdrta-sf a un fstbkd mf vbma aitb-sdhbak (Fstflai &

Akdisd, 12267 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Oarf ft ak., 122<). Mfvbmd ês harahtfrîstbhas mfsta

fshaka, pdmfn-sf hatfcdrbzar bimbvîmuds hdnd psbhdpatas mf labxd, ndmframd du

fkfvamd crau mf psbhdpatba, d quf ièd ahditfhba hdn d mbaciøstbhd mf ZAZ mds

MXN (Fstflai & Akdisd, 1226). Fstf bistrunfitd edb su`fbtd a una sârbf mf fstumds

para sua vakbmaãèd f tdmds ds fstumds quf utbkbzan fsta fshaka hditrblufn para a

hdisdkbmaãèd md sfu usd (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a).

Mfvbmd ê hrbaãèd mfstf bistrunfitd f ads avaiãds ia sdkbmbebhaãèd md

hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba, a hdihfpãèd mf Oarf tfn sbmd a nabs sfcubma f utbkbzama

ahtuaknfitf fn hditfxtds hkîibhds f mf bivfstbcaãèd (Akuà, 12?27 Fstflai &

Akdisd, 12267 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a, <::<7 Nbkkdi ft ak., 122?7 Zfrfbra, Ndrfbra &

Cdiãakvfs, 1222).

1= Zara fstf autdr ‛a psbhdpatba â una pfrturlaãèd ma pfrsdiakbmamf quf sf mfebif pdr una sârbf mfhdnpdrtanfitds f traãds mf pfrsdiakbmamf harahtfrîstbhds, a nabdrba mds quabs sèd nak vbstds pfkasdhbfmamf„ (Oarf, <::8, p.2).



88

1.<.=.6. A hdihfpãèd psbhdmbiìnbha ma psbhdpatba.

Apfsar mf ièd sf tfr mflruãamd nubtd sdlrf fstfs bimbvîmuds, Erfum (1215)

rfhdiofhfu quf oá un tbpd mf mfkbiqufitfs quf hdnftfn mfkbtds sfn sfitbnfitd

mf hukpalbkbmamf f ahrfmbtan quf a sua kuta hditra a sdhbfmamf â ùstbebhama.

Hdnfãaimd pfkas hrîtbhas, a hdihfptuakbzaãèd psbhdmbiìnbha ma psbhdpatba â

ahusama mf sfr ‛hbrhukar„ f ièd pfrnbtbr a bivfstbcaãèd fnpîrbha f, pdr bssd, ièd tfr

defrfhbmd craimfs avaiãds ia hdnprffisèd mfsta pfrturlaãèd (Oarf, <::8). A

psbhaiákbsf hkássbha â tanlân hrbtbhama pdr sf hfitrar iuna pfrspfhtbva

psbhdcfiâtbha bcidraimd eahtdrfs lbd-psbhdebsbdkøcbhds, sbtuahbdiabs du psbhd-sdhbabs

(Cdiãakvfs, 1222a, <::<).

Zdr dutrd kamd, â vfrmamf quf a psbhaiákbsf ièd bcidrdu ds psbhdpatas f tfn-

sf bihkbiamd sdlrf a qufstèd hditrdvfrsa quf ds fivdkvf. Assbn, ad bivâs mf tfitar

‛mfshrfvfr hdnpdrtanfitds aitb-sdhbabs, hatakdcaimd-ds fn hrbtârbds prâ-mfebibmds

quf eazfn rfefràihba sdlrftumd a hdimutas mf iaturfza aitb-idrnatbva, mfkbiqufitf

f pfiak, dimf bnpdrtaitfs traãds mf pfrsdiakbmamf sèd fxhkuîmds„ (Dkbvfbra ft ak.,

1222, p.286), a psbhaiákbsf f aldrmacfn psbhdmbiìnbha prdhuran naitfr a trambãèd

hkîibha, ièd sø fxpkbhaimd ds traãds mf pfrsdiakbmamf assdhbamds ê psbhdpatba nas,

tanlân, hdnprffimà-kds fn tfrnds ftbdkøcbhds (Dkbvfbra ft ak., 1222).

Ds autdrfs psbhaiakîtbhds parfhfn ièd sf prfimfr ifn prfdhupar nubtd hdn

qufstöfs mf idnfihkatura. Xf pdr un kamd d tfrnd ‛psbhdpata„ tfn `á una trambãèd

id ndvbnfitd psbhaiakîtbhd f ia psbhdkdcba psbhdmbiìnbha (Erfum, 12:6-12:57

@dsfpo, 125:7 Sbttfks, 128?), ds autdrfs nabs ahtuabs mfsta hdrrfitf tførbha ièd

tàn prdlkfnas fn bihkubr mfsbciaãöfs hdnd pfrsdiakbmamf aitb-sdhbak du mbssdhbak,

sdhbdpatba, haráhtfr psbhdpátbhd du pfssda bnpuksbva hdnd sbiøibnds mf psbhdpatba

(Lfrcfrft, <:::7 Fbcufr, 12227 NhSbkkbans, <::67 Nbkkdi & Mavbs, <::17 Nbkkdi ft ak.

122?7 Dkbvfbra ft ak., 1222), mfndistraimd assbn mfsbitfrfssf pfkas qufstöfs ma

idnfihkatura.

A pfrsdiakbmamf psbhdpátbha â eahbknfitf fxpkbhama a partbr md fsqufna

psbhaiakîtbhd quf sf hfitra, hkassbhanfitf, id hdiekbtd bitfrid. Mf una edrna



8=

sbnpkfs d Fcd mfsfivdkvf-sf nas oá una eakoa id mfsfivdkvbnfitd md XupfrFcd.

Fstfs bimbvîmuds euihbdian, sdlrftumd, sdl d prbihîpbd md prazfr dimf a fstrutura

quf mfsfnpfioa un papfk nabs bnpdrtaitf â d Bm, a partf nabs prbnbtbva ma

pfrsdiakbmamf f a ðibha quf fstá prfsfitf ê iashfiãa, rfspdisávfk pfka

naibefstaãèd f satbseaãèd mds bnpuksds sfxuabs f acrfssbvds (Lfrcfrft, <:::7

Fbcufr, 12227 Naraioèd, bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a, <::<7 Nbkkdi & Mavbs, <::1). A køcbha

md psbhdpata â ‛sf akcuân tf hoatfba, natas7 sf una pfssda tf fxhbta mfbtas-tf hdn

fka„ (Nbkkdi & Mavbs, <::1). Xf d Bm fstá hfitramd ia sua prøprba satbseaãèd

bnfmbata, ds bimbvîmuds quf sf rfcfn pfkd prbihîpbd md prazfr acfn

bnpuksbvanfitf, sèd fcdhàitrbhds, f pdr prdhurarfn a cratbebhaãèd bnfmbata sèd

bihapazfs mf pfisar du aitfhbpar ds sfus ahtds7 eakaimd fn kbicuacfn aiakîtbha, d

XupfrFcd bifebhaz f un Fcd mflbkbtamd pfrnbtfn a passacfn mas puksöfs ads

ahtds (Lfrcfrft, <:::7 Fbcufr, 12227 Naraioèd, bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a, <::<7 Nbkkdi

& Mavbs, <::1). Ds psbhdpatas sèd bimbvîmuds quf prfefrfn a ‛ahãèd fn mftrbnfitd

md aefhtd f md pfisanfitd, quf fstèd fnpdlrfhbmds (!), Whdrrfimd d rbshd mf ids

rfpftbrnds, pdr dutras pakavras^ â pduha a mbstìihba fitrf a puksèd f a sua

fxprfssèd hdnpdrtanfitak (!), d psbhdpata prdhura kbvrar-sf mf una tfisèd

bitfria quf d pfrsfcuf mfsmf a bieìihba, f fihditra ia ndtrbhbmamf una mfsharca

bnfmbata pdssîvfk„ (Fbcufr, 1222, p. ?:).

Abima iuna pfrspfhtbva psbhdmbiìnbha ma psbhdpatba, Lfrcfrft (<:::) hdkdha

d ‛haráhtfr psbhdpátbhd„ fitrf ds harahtfrfs iarhîsbhds. Zara fstf autdr d haráhtfr

iarhîsbhd hdrrfspdimf a una amaptaãèd rfkahbdiak ma drcaibzaãèd iarhîsbha f,

fnldra assunbimd mbefrfitfs fitbmamfs, fstf tbpd mf haráhtfr sbtua-sf id trdihd

hdnun drcaibzamd mds fstamds-kbnbtf (Lfrcfrft, <:::). D haráhtfr psbhdpátbhd

hdrrfspdimf, ia nabdrba mas vfzfs, a una pfrvfrsèd mf haráhtfr dimf una mas

harahtfrîstbhas prbihbpabs â a rfhusa ad dutrd d mbrfbtd mf pdssubr d sfu prøprbd

iarhbsbsnd (Lfrcfrft, <:::), bstd pdrquf, d pfrvfrsd mf haráhtfr akbnfita-sf mds

bivfstbnfitds quf ds dutrds eazfn ifkf prøprbd, bnpfmbimd-ds mf tfrfn quakqufr

dutrds bitfrfssfs quf ièd fkfs prøprbds7 ds dutrds sèd dlrbcamds a hdnpkftar as



86

kahuias iarhîsbhas md pfrvfrsd harahtfrbak (Lfrcfrft, <:::). Fstf eahtd prfimf-sf

hdn a hdiofhbma eakta mf hdishbàihba mds psbhdpatas (Hkfhgkfy, 12357 Oarf, <::8),

fvbmàihba un XupfrFcd mfefbtudsd, hdnd `á rfefrbmd, f pöf a hkard una eakta f

bihapahbmamf mf vbihukaãöfs ‘ d dutrd kbnbta-sf ê sua utbkbmamf para d su`fbtd

psbhdpata.

Fbcufr (1222) prfefrf hoanar ê psbhdpatba una pfrvfrsèd ndrak nas, id sfu

ìnacd, a sua hdihfpãèd ièd mbefrf nubtd ma fxpdsta ahbna mf Lfrcfrft (<:::) f

tanlân ma mf Gfrilfrc (122<).

Dttd Gfrilfrc (122<) â dutrd autdr quf fstuma a psbhdpatba iuna pfrspfhtbva

psbhdmbiìnbha f, hdnd Lfrcfrft (<:::) hfitra-sf ias fstruturas ldrmfrkbif. Zara

fstf autdr, as pfrturlaãöfs ma pfrsdiakbmamf (dimf sf bihkub a pfrsdiakbmamf aitb-

sdhbak f, pdrtaitd, a psbhdpatba) rfsuktarban mf una drcaibzaãèd kbnbtf ma

pfrsdiakbmamf (Gfrilfrc, 122<). Ahtuaknfitf fsta â, sfcuimd Cdiãakvfs (1222a,

<::<) f NhSbkkbans (<::6), a pfrspfhtbva nabs biekufitf fitrf as hdihfpãöfs

psbhdmbiìnbhas. Hdnd ids mbz Gfrilfrc (122<), ifstfs bimbvîmuds as puksöfs

acrfssbvas sèd ebktramas pdr mfefsas arhabhas quf ùitanfitf hdn un fsqufna

hdcibtbvd fspfhîebhd aùman a naitfr f rfscuarmar un sfke craimbdsd7 fsta

‛craimbdsbmamf nakbcia„ â tîpbha ma psbhdpatba.

Nfkdy (bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a, <::<7 NhSbkkbans, <::67 Dkbvfbra ft ak., 1222)

sfcubu a nfsna kbioa tførbha mf Gfrilfrc (122<) Hdn fstfs autdrfs, a eakoa mf

bitfriakbzaãèd tdridu-sf id pditd eukhrak ma psbhdpatba. Ds psbhdpatas sèd

bihapazfs mf bitfriakbzar ldis dl`fhtds, edrnar vîihukds psbhdkøcbhds du bmfitbebhar-

sf hdn acfitfs prfstamdrfs mf hubmamds (NhSbkkbans, <::6). Nfkdy (bi Cdiãakvfs,

1222a) ad bitrdmuzbr ia hdnprffisèd md euihbdianfitd md psbhdpata d iîvfk

lbdkøcbhd (harahtfrbzamd pdr un labxd iîvfk mf ahtbvaãèd, `á rfefrbmd), d iîvfk

bihdishbfitf (quf mftfrnbia a fxbstàihba mf rfkaãöfs dl`fhtabs iarhîsbhas f mfefsas

arhabhas) f un iîvfk prâ-hdishbfitf du hdishbfitf (rfvfkamd pdr un fstbkd hdcibtbvd

bnaturd), trduxf una fvdkuãèd sbcibebhatbva para d pfisanfitd psbhaiakîtbhd ahfrha

ma psbhdpatba, `á quf bitfcrdu aspfhtds quf as psbhdmbiìnbhas hkássbhas bcidravan.



85

Vn dutrd eahtdr a quf a pfrspfhtbva psbhdmbiìnbha má rfkfvìihba, fn rfkaãèd

ê psbhdpatba, â a acrfssbvbmamf (NhSbkkbans, <::67 Dkbvfbra ft ak., 1222). Fstumds

hdn hrbaiãas f amdkfshfitfs mfndistran quf oá una prfmbspdsbãèd biata para a

acrfssbvbmamf ia psbhdpatba (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a, <::<7 Fbcufr, 12227 NhSbkkbans,

<::6)7 fsta acrfssbvbmamf id fitaitd sfrvf un prdpøsbtd, â una acrfssbvbmamf

‛prfmatørba du bistrunfitak, utbkbzama hdnd un nfbd para atbicbr un ebn (!) a

cratbebhaãèd pfssdak, f a ahtuakbzaãèd mf eaitasbas mf dnibpdtàihba f hditrdkd md

dl`fhtd„ (Dkbvfbra ft ak., 1222).

Fn rfkaãèd ads prdhfssds mfefisbvds ia psbhdpatba ‘ d prbihbpak â d hditrdkd

dnibpdtfitf ‘ â utbkbzama tanlân a bmfitbebhaãèd prd`fhtbva f d ahtbic dut (@dsfpo,

125:7 NhSbkkbans, <::6). ]anlân a ifhfssbmamf mf hditrdkd, mf fxfrhfr pdmfr, mf

naibpukar, parfhf sfr a nabs euimanfitak ids psbhdpatas (Fbcufr, 12227 @dsfpo,

125:7 Gfrilfrc, 122<, NhSbkkbans, <::6).

Ia hdihfpãèd psbhdmbiìnbha, fnldra sf rfhdiofãa quf d psbhdpata tfioa

una prdpfisèd para hdnpdrtanfitds mfkbiqufitfs f hrbnbidsds, ièd oá una

dlrbcatdrbfmamf ia hrbnbiakbmamf md psbhdpata. A hrbnbiakbmamf sfrba apfias una

hdimuta rfsuktaitf mds prdhfssds psbhdpatdkøcbhds md euihbdianfitd psbhdpátbhd.

@dsfpo (125:, p.8=) aebrna nfsnd quf un pahbfitf sfcubmd pdr sb ‛pfrtfihf ad

crupd mds psbhdpatas ièd hrbnbiabs„7 fiquaitd quf Lfrcfrft (<:::), Fbcufr (1222),

NhSbkkbans (<::6), amnbtfn quf d hditbiuun psbhdpátbhd alraicf una sârbf mf

fstruturas mf pfrsdiakbmamf. ]ak hdnd Hkfhgkfy (1235) mfshrfvfu várbds tbpds mf

psbhdpatas, tanlân ds autdrfs psbhdmbiìnbhds fickdlan ia psbhdpatba várbds tbpds

mf bimbvîmuds, quf apfsar mf sderfrfn a nfsna pfrturlaãèd, fxprfssan-ia

atravâs mf hdnpdrtanfitds f atbtumfs mbefrfitfs. Zdmfnds, hditumd, aprdxbnar a

aldrmacfn psbhdmbiìnbha ma psbhdpatba ê trambãèd cfrnìibha7 anlas mfefimfn

quf d psbhdpata tfn una eakoa cravf ia sua pfrsdiakbmamf, fnldra a iaturfza

mfssa eakoa sfà mbstbita.



83

1.<.=.5. A sdhbdkdcba f ds psbhdpatas.

Ad hditrárbd mas hdihfptuakbzaãöfs aitfrbdrfs quf sf hfitravan id bimbvîmud,

qufr ias suas harahtfrîstbhas lbdkøcbhas du psbhdkøcbhas, a pfrspfhtbva sdhbdkøcbha

edhakbza a sua atfiãèd ias rfkaãöfs bitfrpfssdabs.

Mfstahands a tfdrba mf ftbquftacfn/rdtukaãèd16 (kalfkbic tofdry ) pdrquf

apfsar mf ièd sf rfefrbr mbrfhtanfitf ê psbhdpatba rfnftf para as qufstöfs ma aitb-

sdhbakbmamf, `á quf ‛ièd â mbeîhbk hdihflfr d psbhdpata hdnd un tbpd kbnbtf mf

mfsaùstanfitd sdhbak, dimf parfhf quf tdmds ds eahtdrfs du hdimbhbdiaitfs psbhd-

sdhbabs mf un mfsfivdkvbnfitd oarndibdsd f bitfcramd ma pfrsdiakbmamf,

fstbvfran ausfitfs du edran brrfnfmbavfknfitf amuktframds„ (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a,

p.52). Fsta tfdrba pdstuka quf d bimbvîmud mfkbiqufitf sf vab bmfitbebhaimd

prdcrfssbvanfitf ad røtukd mf mfsvbaitf, mfsmf ds prbnfbrds prdlkfnas ia bieìihba

atâ ês hdimutas ia vbma amukta. Fstf røtukd/ftbqufta amvân mf un efiønfid quf sf

mfsbcia pdr bitfrahhbdibsnd sbnløkbhd, dimf d hdnpdrtanfitd ounaid â fiharamd

hdnd una ahãèd mbiìnbha quf dhdrrf ias rfkaãöfs bitfrpfssdabs (Cdiãakvfs,

1222a, <::<7 Cassbi <::8). Fsta bmfitbebhaãèd ad røtukd/ftbqufta quf â hdkdhamd vab

mfsfihamfar hdnpdrtanfitds f atbtumfs fn rfkaãèd ads dutrds, d mfsvbd â un

mfssfs hdnpdrtanfitds f atbtumfs7 aparfhf assbn una mbvbsèd sdhbak fitrf qufn

rdtuka f qufn â ftbquftamd (Cdiãakvfs, <::<7 Cassbi, <::8). Zdr sua vfz, fsta

mbvbsèd sdhbak vab sakbfitar d røtukd hdkdhamd, aunfitaimd assbn d fstbcna hdkdhamd

ids mfkbiqufitfs, ifstf hasd, ids psbhdpatas (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a, <::<). Fsta tfdrba

edb hrbtbhama pdr ièd hdisbmfrar du su`fbtd akvd (d rdtukamd) ahtbvd ahfbtaimd a

eatakbmamf ma sua mfkbiquàihba7 id fitaitd fka rfkfnlra-ids quf ds ahtdrfs sdhbabs

mfsfnpfioan un papfk bnpdrtaitf id efiønfid mfkbiqufitf (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a,

<::<).

A tfdrbzaãèd mf Murgofbn (<::=), fnldra tanlân ièd sf rfebra ê psbhdpatba

fspfhbebhanfitf, rfnftf para una aldrmacfn mds efiønfids patdkøcbhds quf

16 A tfdrba mf ftbquftacfn tfn hdnd autdr nabs hbtamd Odwarm Lfhgfr (bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a, <::< fCassbi, <::8).



8?

pdmf sfr ðtbk ia hdnprffisèd sdhbak ma psbhdpatba. @á edb rfefrbmd quf Murgofbn

(<::=) hdisbmfrava d hrbnf hdnd un efiønfid sdhbak idrnak f ðtbk para a

sdhbfmamf, sfrá quf pdmfnds eazfr a nfsna aiakdcba hdn a psbhdpatba4 A idssa

rfspdsta â hautfkdsa `á quf a psbhdpatba pdmf ièd sfr fiharama hdnd un

efiønfid sdhbak sfcuimd as rfcras mf Murgofbn (<::=) f, tanlân, pdrquf un

hrbnbidsd ièd â ifhfssarbanfitf idrnak, ‛d eahtd md hrbnf sfr un efiønfid mf

sdhbdkdcba idrnak ièd sf mfmuz quf d hrbnbidsd sfà un bimbvîmud idrnaknfitf

hdistbtuîmd md pditd mf vbsta lbdkøcbhd f psbhdkøcbhd„ (Murgofbn, <::=, p.25).

]dmavba, sfcubimd d rahbdhîibd mf mfstf autdr, d psbhdpata tanlân tfn a sua

utbkbmamf ia sdhbfmamf, naitân-ids akfrta f eaz euihbdiar d Mbrfbtd f a Ndrak.

Abima iuna pfrspfhtbva sdhbdkøcbha, Kfcraim (12?1) hdnpara d psbhdpata a

bimbvîmuds pfrtfihfitfs ê hkassf md sulprdkftarbamd. Ia dpbibèd mfstf autdr fxbstf

un parakfkbsnd fvbmfitf fitrf fstfs mdbs tbpds mf bimbvîmuds, ‛ds psbhdpatas, quf sf

rfhrutan mf una edrna nassbva ias hanamas sdhbabs nabs pdpukarfs, sfrban, ia

rfakbmamf, sulprdkftárbds huàs fstruturas mf hdnpdrtanfitd sf ndkmavan pfkas

hdimbãöfs sdhbabs ma fxbstàihba, f quf a psbqubatrba tfrba hdnd naimatd hditrdkar ê

sua naifbra, fstbcnatbzaimd-ds hdnd mdfitfs nfitabs„ (Kfcraim, 12?1, p. =2?).

Id fitaitd, fsta ùstbebhaãèd mfbxa pdr fxpkbhar hdnd bimbvîmuds mf hkassfs

mdnbiaitfs sf tdrian psbhdpatas f amdptan hdnpdrtanfitds tîpbhds mfsta

pfrturlaãèd.

Â bifcávfk quf d psbhdpata â akvd mf una fstbcnatbzaãèd sdhbak (Kfcraim,

12?17 Xodoan, 125?), nubtd prdvdhama mfvbmd ê, `á rfefrbma, hditrblubãèd mds

nfmba (Hdity, 12537 Fbcufr, 12227 Cdiãakvfs, <::<7 Oarf, <::8), nas ièd sø.

Xodoan (125?) mbz-ids, apøs una rfekfxèd efbta id sfitbmd mf fitfimfr d bnpahtd

sdhbak mds psbhdpatas, quf d psbhdpata tfn una hfrta utbkbmamf. Fstf autdr aebrna

nfsnd quf a ausàihba mfstfs bimbvîmuds ia sdhbfmamf pdmf sfr ‛un dlstáhukd

para a ndlbkbmamf vfrtbhak supfrbdr md aspbraitf ê drcaibzaãèd du mf un euturd

nfnlrd ma fkbtf md pdmfr„ (Xodoan, 125?, p. =3<). Aebrna abima quf d psbhdpata

ièd tfn mf mbefrbr, edrãdsanfitf, md rfstd ma pdpukaãèd id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê



82

fstrutura ma sua pfrsdiakbmamf, `á quf â usuak atrblubr ds nfsnds traãds mf

pfrsdiakbmamf a un lurdhrata, un fxfhutbvd, un amvdcamd du a un pdkîtbhd. A

mbefrfiãa, mbz, ‛fstá id tratanfitd mbefrfihbak quf â fihditramd id hditfxtd sdhbak

mds sîimrdnfs f ia rfspdsta du rfahãèd sdhbak mbefrfihbak ma sdhbfmamf a un mamd

hdnpdrtanfitd„ (Xodoan, 125?, p.=3<). Xodoan (125?) hdihkub mbzfimd quf a

fstbcnatbzaãèd mds bimbvîmuds rdtukamds hdnd psbhdpatas pdmfrba sfr una ‛saiãèd

ê bihdiedrnbmamf„ f pdr bssd mfvf-sf hdisbmfrar a psbhdpatba hdnd tak f ièd hdnd

un sîimrdnf patdkøcbhd.

Fsta rfekfxèd efbta pdr Xodoan (125?) parfhf-ids mfsahtuakbzama nas pdmf

defrfhfr a fxpkbhaãèd mfbxama fn alfrtd pdr Kfcraim (12?1) id quf mbz rfspfbtd

ads ‛hrbnfs mf hdkarbiod lraihd„. Zfkds hditfðmds rfefrbmds aitfrbdrnfitf (f.c.

Hkfhgkfy, 12357 Oarf, <::8), ebhánds hdn a idãèd mf quf a psbhdpatba alraicf

varbamds tbpds mf fstratds søhbd-fhdiønbhds, hdnpdrtanfitds f, aprfsfita nfsnd,

varbaãöfs ad iîvfk ma pfrsdiakbmamf (Xhoifbmfr, 12?:), fnldra naitfioa un

quamrd mf sbitdnas du hrbtârbds mf mbaciøstbhd rfkatbvanfitf fstávfk7 pdr dutrd

kamd, rfssakta aqub a utbkbmamf mf bimbvîmuds hdn fsta pfrturlaãèd para a fvdkuãèd

sdhbak, idnfamanfitf id pkaid fhdiønbhd. Fsta ‛ashfisèd„ mds psbhdpatas ad

pdmfr aharrfta craimfs rbshds, `á quf, hdnd tanlân `á edb rfefrbmd, unas mas

harahtfrîstbhas hdnuis a quasf a tdmas as hdihfptuakbzaãöfs ma psbhdpatba sèd a

bnprfvbsblbkbmamf f d fcdhfitrbsnd.

1.<.6. A \fkaãèd Zsbhdpatba ‘ Kfb

A hatfcdrba kfcak mf pfrturlaãèd psbhdpátbha pfrtfihf ê kfcbskaãèd lrbtìibha.

D dl`fhtbvd mfsta hatfcdrba kfcak fra sulstbtubr as fxprfssöfs ‛kduhura ndrak„ du

‛mfefbtd ndrak„, prdvfibfitfs mas prbnfbras hdihfpãöfs mf psbhdpatba, pdr tfrfn

hdidtaãöfs rfkbcbdsas. A vfrmamf â quf, id \fbid Vibmd, a pfrturlaãèd psbhdpátbha

eaz rfefràihba a una hatfcdrba kfcak quf iama du pduhd tfn a vfr hdn as

hdihfpãöfs hkîibhas ahtuabs f pdr bssd ièd pdmf sfr bitfcrama fn ifiouna mfkas.

Zdr ièd tfr sbmd fkaldrama pdr hkîibhds, pfka sua bitfrprftaãèd kfcak f hkîibha sfr



=:

bihfrta â hdisbmframa ‛fkástbha f nak mfebibma„ (Hobswbhg bi Fstflai & Akdisd,

1226).

Fsta hatfcdrba kfcak eavdrfhf d sfitfihbanfitd f mftfiãèd mds psbhdpatas

prftfrbimd, assbn, d sfu tratanfitd7 d quf ia dpbibèd mf Fastnai f Zfay (122?) â

prfùmbhbak para ds bimbvîmuds bimbhamds hdnd psbhdpatas, pdr sfrfn su`fbtds a

acravanfitds ias suas mftfiãöfs f sfitfiãas mfvbmd ê sua pfrturlaãèd,

uktrapassaimd, obpdtftbhanfitf, a cravbmamf mds sfus ahtds.

Quakqufr quf sfà a drbfitaãèd sfcubma du a hdihfptuakbzaãèd fshdkobma para

hdnprffimfrnds f bmfitbebharnds a psbhdpatba, â bifcávfk a rfkaãèd ma psbhdpatba

hdn hdnpdrtanfitds aitb-sdhbabs, sfàn fkfs partf bitfcraitf ma pfrturlaãèd du

hdisfquàihba mfka (Hddgf, Nbhobf, Oart & Hkarg, <::=). Zdr fsta razèd â tanlân

iaturak d fivdkvbnfitd mf bimbvîmuds psbhdpatas fn hdnpdrtanfitds hrbnbidsds7 ds

fstumds quf hdnprdvan fstf eahtd sèd iunfrdsds (Hddgf ft ak., <::=7 Cdiãakvfs,

122?, 1222a, <::1, \fbm, <::1). Ds psbhdpatas ièd sf rfstrbicfn a un tbpd mf

hrbnf, mfndistran craimf vfrsatbkbmamf hrbnbiak (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a), hdrrdldraimd,

assbn, a dpbibèd avaiãama pfka hdihfpãèd psbhdmbiìnbha (f ièd sø), mf quf a

psbhdpatba, fiquaitd pfrturlaãèd, assunf mbvfrsas fxprfssöfs. Zdrân, iun

fstumd rfhfitf, Hddgf f hdkaldramdrfs (<::=) fihditraran fvbmàihbas mf quf a

aitb-sdhbakbmamf sfrba un sbitdna sfhuimárbd ê psbhdpatba du, pdr dutras pakavras,

sua hdisfquàihba.

Vna mas craimfs qufstöfs quf a psbhdpatba kfvaita â a, `á rfefrbma,

rfspdisalbkbmamf pfiak du a bnputalbkbmamf md psbhdpata. Mfsmf oá nubtd tfnpd

quf fsta qufstèd â rfefrfihbama, idnfamanfitf fn Zdrtucak (Aknfbma, 1222).

Hditumd, raras vfzfs edran ds psbhdpatas mfhkaramds bibnputávfbs fn Zdrtucak

(Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a). Xdlrf fsta qufstèd, pfsa, nabs una vfz, a kfcbskaãèd

fn vbcdr f as drbfitaãöfs tførbhas sfcubmas pfkds fspfhbakbstas ma Nfmbhbia Kfcak

(Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a). Id quf mbz rfspfbtd ads psbhdpatas, fstfs sèd

hdisbmframds pfkds hkîibhds, craimf partf mas vfzfs, rfspdisávfbs pfkds sfus

ahtds (Hdity, 12537 Efriaimfs, 126=7 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a). Xf md pditd mf



=1

vbsta psbqubátrbhd d psbhdpata â un mdfitf nfitak, md pditd mf vbsta ùrîmbhd fstfs

bimbvîmuds tàn a hapahbmamf mf mbshfribr fitrf d lfn f d nak, d quf eakoa â

rfhdiofhfr d bnpahtd quf ds sfus ahtds tàn ids dutrds (Hdity, 1253). Zdr dutrd

kamd, Oarf fxpöf a qufstèd ma bnputalbkbmamf/bibnputalbkbmamf md psbhdpata md

sfcubitf ndmd0 ‛sf una pfssda hdn mbaciøstbhd mf fsqubzderfiba rdnpf hdn as

rfcras sdhbabs (!) mbzfnds quf ièd â rfspdisávfk pfkds sfus ahtds pdrquf ièd

fstá pkfia mas suas hapahbmamfs. Quaimd una pfssda â mbacidstbhama hdn

psbhdpatba f rdnpf fssas nfsnas idrnas, hdisbmfra-sf nfitaknfitf sè f fivba-

sf para a prbsèd„ (Oarf, <::8, p.<5). Bstd pdrquf, sfcuimd d nfsnd autdr, ds

psbhdpatas sèd rahbdiabs f tàn hdishbàihba md quf eazfn f pdrquà, d sfu

hdnpdrtanfitd â d rfsuktamd mf una fshdkoa mfkblframa (Oarf, <::8).

A rfkaãèd ma psbhdpatba hdn a kfb defrfhf una sârbf mf mbkfnas (Dckdee, bi

Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a)7 un prbnfbrd â rfkatbvd ê dpdsbãèd fitrf as idrnas md

crupd f as idrnas bimbvbmuabs, du sfà, amdptar una pdstura quf aiakbsf fstfs

bimbvîmuds ê kuz ma sua hdimuta aitb-sdhbak du fiharar d psbhdpata atfimfimd ê sua

fspfhbebhbmamf hdnd bimbvîmud7 un dutrd mbkfna â d mf fiharar a psbhdpatba hdnd

patdkdcba nfitak du ièd, bstd â, fiharar d psbhdpata hdnd bimbvîmud ia pdssf mas

suas eahukmamfs nfitabs157 dutrd mbkfna tfn a vfr hdn as nfmbmas mf haráhtfr

pfiak ‘ salfr sf ds psbhdpatas mfvfn sfr sulnftbmds a pfias nabs cravfs mfvbmd

ê sua bihdrrbcblbkbmamf, du mfvf-sf rfhdrrfr a prdcranas tfrapàutbhds mf edrna a

rfalbkbtá-kds tfimd fn hdita d sfu labxd suhfssd. Zdstd bstd, surcf dutrd prdlkfna,

prdtfcfr prbnfbrd a sdhbfmamf mds bimbvîmuds psbhdpatas quf mfndistran

prdpfisèd para a acrfmbr du prdtfcfr fstfs bimbvîmuds quf, pdr hausa ma sua

pfrsdiakbmamf pfrturlama, ièd hdisfcufn fvbtar hdimutas quf prfùmbqufn ds

dutrds. Fsta rfkaãèd ma psbhdpatba hdn a kfb traz-ids tanlân mdbs mbkfnas quf `á

edran rfefrbmds aitfrbdrnfitf0 a utbkbzaãèd mf idnfihkaturas kfcabs du psbhdkøcbhas

f a utbkbzaãèd bihdrrfhta ma mfsbciaãèd mf psbhdpatba (Dckdee bi Cdiãakvfs, 122?,

15 D quf â hditrdvfrsd pdr sb sø, `á quf a psbhdpatba ièd pdssub d hrbtârbd mf fxbstàihba mf sderbnfitddu nak-fstar, f fstfs bimbvîmuds, apfsar mf tumd, tàn hapahbmamf para mbshfribr mds sfus ahtds (Oarf,<::8).



=<

1222a). Ahoamds rfhfitfs mf Hddgf f hdkaldramdrfs (<::=) hdkdhan a aitb-

sdhbakbmamf hdnd un efiønfid sfhuimárbd, d quf aharrfta bnpkbhaãöfs para a

bivfstbcaãèd fn hditfxtds hkîibhds du edrfisfs, fspfhbaknfitf id quf mbz rfspfbtd

ê avakbaãèd md rbshd mf hrbnbiakbmamf du vbdkàihba.

Hdihdrmands hdn Cdiãakvfs (122?, 1222a) ad aebrnar quf a psbhdpatba

sfnprf edb assdhbama ê pfrbcdsbmamf, f quf ‛una mas hdbsas quf nabs pdmf

bitfrfssar ad pdmfr pdkîtbhd f ê sdhbfmamf fn cfrak â salfr qufn sèd as pfssdas

quf pdmfn pýr fn nabdr rbshd a bitfcrbmamf mds hbmamèds f hbmamès f hdnd â quf

sf pdmf prfvfibr atfnpamanfitf d mfsfihamfanfitd mds hdnpdrtanfitds vbimds

mfssas nfsnas pfssdas„ (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a, p. 13<). Ifstf sfitbmd tdria-sf

pfrtbifitf fiharar a psbhdpatba hdnd una pfrturlaãèd rfak rfkfvaitf, qufr id

ìnlbtd md Mbrfbtd, qufr id hditfxtd psbhdkøcbhd.

1.<.5. A Avakbaãèd ma Zsbhdpatba

Vn dutrd tfna quf fstá rfkahbdiamd hdn a kbcaãèd ma psbhdpatba ê Kfb â d ma

avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba. Akân mbssd, a avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba prfimf-sf, tanlân,

hdn qufstöfs mf bivfstbcaãèd f ahtbvbmamf hkîibha, dimf a quakbmamf f prfhbsèd mf

mbaciøstbhd sèd mf craimf bnpdrtìihba (Hddgf ft ak., <::=7 Fstflai ft ak., 122=7

Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Oarf, 1225, <::87 Nartfis, <:::).

@á aqub ids rfefrbnds ê ZHK-\ hrbama pdr Oarf, ads naiuabs fstatîstbhds f mf

mbaciøstbhd ma AZA f, ebiaknfitf, ês hkassbebhaãöfs bitfriahbdiabs ma SOD7 pfkd

quf ièd ids rfpftbrfnds ahfrha mfssfs bistrunfitds. \fefrfihbarfnds aqub

bistrunfitds mfhdrrfitfs mds ahbna rfefrbmds du dutrds utbkbzamds para aefrbr sdlrf

a psbhdpatba.

Fxbstfn mbefrfitfs prdhfmbnfitds para a avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba f pdmfnds

mbvbmb-kds fn mbefrfitfs hatfcdrbas0 bnprfssöfs hkîibhas ckdlabs, ratbic shakfs, kbstas

mf hrbtârbds du hofhgkbsts, nfmbmas mf autd-rfkatd f, pdr ebn, tfstfs prd`fhtbvds. Ièd

prftfimfnds ifstf tralakod aprfsfitar una mfshrbãèd mf hama bistrunfitd,



=8

prftfimfnds, aitfs, fshkarfhfr quak d pfrhursd quf a avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba

tdndu f quabs ds prbihbpabs nâtdmds utbkbzamds ahtuaknfitf.

Oarf (bi Fstflai & Akdisd, 12267 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a) kfvdu a hald un fstumd

dimf hdisbmfrdu mdbs tbpds mf bistrunfitds0 ds hkîibhd-hdnpdrtanfitabs, dimf sf

bisfrfn as ratbic shakfs, as hofhgkbsts f ds hdiùitds mf hrbtârbds fstalfkfhbmds

hkbibhanfitf mfhdrrfitfs mas craimfs hkassbebhaãöfs idsdcráebhas7 f d sfcuimd tbpd

quf hditbioa bivfitárbds hdn nfmbmas mf autd-rfkatd, dimf sf bisfrfn tfstfs hdnd

d NNZB (Bivfitárbd Nuktbeêsbhd mf Zfrsdiakbmamf mf Nbiifsdta) du d FZB (Bivfitárbd

mf Zfrsdiakbmamf mf Fysfihg).

As ratbic shakfs edran mds prbnfbrds nâtdmds, para avakbar a psbhdpatba, a

sfrfn utbkbzamds para ebis mf bivfstbcaãèd (Akuà, 12?27 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a). Fstf

sbstfna mf avakbaãèd hdisbstf, lasbhanfitf, ia mfebibãèd mf unas harahtfrîstbhas

du sbitdnas prfvbanfitf para, iun sfcuimd ndnfitd, pdmfrfn sfr avakbamds

iuna fshaka cramatbva (idrnaknfitf fstas fshakas sèd mf 6 du 3 pditds) dimf un

mds fxtrfnds sbcibebha quf d bivfstbcamdr fstá hdnpkftanfitf sfcurd ma prfsfiãa

md mbstðrlbd f d dutrd mf quf fstá hdnpkftanfitf hfrtd ma sua ausàihba (Akuà,

12?27 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a). Mf fitrf as hdihfptuakbzaãöfs mf psbhdpatba, a kbsta mf

hrbtârbds nabs utbkbzama tfn sbmd a mf Hkfhgkfy (1235), sfcuimd Akuà (12?2) f

Cdiãakvfs (1222a). Id fitaitd, fstf tbpd mf avakbaãèd, nubtd pdpukar ias mâhamas

mf 125: f 123:, edb craimfnfitf hrbtbhamd pfka sul`fhtbvbmamf quf kof â bifrfitf7

pfka ifhfssbmamf mds avakbamdrfs pdssuîrfn trfbid ia bmfitbebhaãèd mds mbstðrlbds.

Zdrân, mfsmf quf assfcuramas as hdimbãöfs ifhfssárbas para a sua lda

utbkbzaãèd, as ratbic shakfs sèd ldis bistrunfitds avakbamdrfs ma psbhdpatba

(Cdiãakvfs, 1222a).

As hofhgkbsts `á ièd mfpfimfn apfias mds hrbtârbds hkîibhds pdrquf

hditfnpkan dutrds aspfhtds quf a harahtfrbzan f quf sf prdkdican para akân ma

bmfitbmamf hkîibha (Cdiãakvfs, 1222a). Mfitrd mfstfs prdhfmbnfitds mf avakbaãèd d

nabs hdiofhbmd â, sfn mðvbma, a ZHK-\, pfkas razöfs `á rfefrbmas. Ad hditrárbd mas

ratbic shakfs, ifstf tbpd mf bistrunfitds a biedrnaãèd â hdnpkfnfitama hdn



==

biedrnaãöfs hkîibhas prdvfibfitfs mf arqubvds f prdhfssds f hama btfn â pdituamd

mf : a <.

As nfmbmas mf autd-rfkatd, hdnd d idnf bimbha, sèd bivfitárbds autd-

amnbibstramds quf hdisbstfn fn pfrcuitas du assfvfraãöfs a quf d fxanbiamd

rfspdimf, rfefrbimd d sfu crau mf hdihdrmìihba du mbshdrmìihba, nfmbaitf un

fxfrhîhbd bitrdspfhtbvd7 fstf tbpd mf avakbaãèd fihditra-sf fitrf ds nabs pdpukarfs

f trambhbdiabs nâtdmds mf avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba (Akuà, 12?27 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a).

Akuà (12?2) f Cdiãakvfs (1222a) mfstahan, ifstf tbpd mf bistrunfitds, d NNZB13

(Bivfitárbd Nuktbeêsbhd ma Zfrsdiakbmamf mf Nbiifsdta) quf â utbkbzamd para nfmbr a

pfrsdiakbmamf psbhdpátbha mfsmf ds aids =: md sâhukd __, f, pdstfrbdrnfitf, a

fshaka mf sdhbakbzaãèd md HZB (Bivfitárbd Zsbhdkøcbhd ma Hakbeøriba). Fxbstfn abima

ia kbtfratura dutrds bistrunfitds quf mfrbvan mfstfs rfefrbmds ahbna quf sèd

hdisbmframds hdnd nfmbmas mf autd-rfkatd (he. Akuà, 12?2, Cdiãakvfs, 1222a). A

utbkbzaãèd mf nfmbmas mf autd-rfkatd tfn sbmd edrtfnfitf hrbtbhama ia kbtfratura, a

sua erácbk vakbmamf f ebalbkbmamf mfvfn-sf nubtd a aspfhtds hdnd a naibpukaãèd

pdr partf mds fxanbiaimds mfvbmd a eahtdrfs hdnd a mfsfàlbkbmamf sdhbak f

bisbihfrbmamf. Id quf tdha fspfhbebhanfitf ads psbhdpatas, â salbmd quf sèd

fxînbds a ‛nasharar-sf„ f a bitfrprftar papâbs f nfsnd, pdr vfzfs, a prfparar-sf

para hdiofhfrfn nfkodr d tfstf quf d fxanbiamdr (Akuà, 12?27 Fstflai & Akdisd,

12267 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a).

Zdr ebn, rfefrbnds d usd mf tfstfs prd`fhtbvds, idnfamanfitf d \drshoaho

para a bmfitbebhaãèd mf psbhdpatas. Bispbramds ids tralakods mf Kbimifr, Cahdid f

Nfkdy (bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Dkbvfbra ft ak., 1222) utbkbzaran un nâtdmd mf

avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba utbkbzaimd d \drshoaho fxpkbhbtaimd tanlân a sua utbkbmamf

hdnd bistrunfitd hdnpkfnfitar ê ZHK-\.

13 As sul-fshakas mf Zsbhdpatba f Naiba sèd as nabs rfkfvaitfs para avakbaãèd ma mfkbiquàihba f, pdr fxtfisèd, ma psbhdpatba id NNZB (Akuà, 12?27 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a).



=6

1.<.3. A Zsbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak

Ièd â eáhbk fihditrar ia kbtfratura dlras du artbcds quf eaãan rfefràihba ê

sbtuaãèd pdrtucufsa id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê psbhdpatba. Fnldra ds psbqubatras

pdrtucufsfs hkássbhds (f.c. Nbcufk Ldnlarma, Lfttfihdurt \dmrbcufs, @ðkbd mf

Natds, Xdlrak Hbm, fth.) tfioan aldrmamd qufstöfs kbcamas ê psbqubatrba edrfisf

(Aknfbma, 1222), ièd parfhf quf tfioan prfstamd fspfhbak atfiãèd ads psbhdpatas,

ièd mfbxaimd, hditumd, mf ds rfefrbr. Cdiãakvfs (122?, 1222a) hbta akcuis fstumds

kfvamds a hald fn Zdrtucak, nas bimbha quf a pduha hkarfza mf aspfhtds hdnd a

biedrnaãèd sdlrf a andstra du sdlrf ds bistrunfitds utbkbzamds para avakbar a

psbhdpatba, rfvfkan pduha hrfmblbkbmamf f ndstran, tanlân, ‛una hdihfpãèd abima

akcd rftrøcrama mfsta aidnakba„ (Cdiãakvfs, 122?, p.32).

Iun fstumd kbcamd fspfhbebhanfitf ad odnbhîmbd, Aknfbma (1222) rfefrf-sf a

fstatîstbhas dimf hdistan psbhdpatas hdnd hrbnbidsds bimbhbamds, nas ièd

hdnfita ifn eaz rfefràihba a akcun hdnfitárbd a fsta pfrturlaãèd. Hditumd,

pdmfnds hdihkubr, atravâs ma kfbtura mds mamds fstatîstbhds edrifhbmds pdr Aknfbma

(1222), quf as sbtuaãöfs mf bibnputalbkbmamf fitrf ds psbhdpatas sèd pduhd

erfqufitfs, du sfà, raranfitf ds psbhdpatas sèd bihkuîmds ia hatfcdrba mds

mdfitfs nfitabs7 pdmfnds abima aebrnar quf sèd rards ds mbaciøstbhds mf

psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak, hdnd tanlân `á tbioa hdihkuîmd Cdiãakvfs (122?, 1222a).

A rarbmamf mds mbaciøstbhds mf psbhdpatba pdmf mfvfr-sf ê, `á rfefrbma,

‛hdihfpãèd rftrøcrama„ quf tfnds, fn Zdrtucak, ma psbhdpatba. Vn dutrd prdlkfna

ma psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak â quf d sfu mbaciøstbhd â fefhtuamd partbhukarnfitf ‛a

fxpfisas mds hrbtârbds ma mfsdrmfn ma pfrsdiakbmamf aitb-sdhbak ma MXN-BBB/MXN-

BBB-\ (f MXN-BU ahrfshfitands), du ma mfsdrmfn ma pfrsdiakbmamf mbssdhbak ma

BHM-1:, du abima atravâs mf hrbtârbds nabs bmbdssbihrátbhds lasfamds ia fxpfrbàihba

hkîibha md pfrbtd„ (Cdiãakvfs, 122?, p.?6) quf, hdnd vbnds aitfrbdrnfitf, ièd sèd

bitfcrávfbs hdn as hdihfpãöfs mf pfrsdiakbmamf psbhdpátbha du psbhdpatba

hkássbhas f/du nabs ahtuabs (f.c. Hkfhgkfy, 12357 Oarf, <::8).



=5

\fkatbvanfitf ê drbfitaãèd tførbha sfcubma, d quf rfssakta ia kbtfratura â quf

fn Zdrtucak â sfcubma a trambãèd cfrnìibha, idnfamanfitf a hdihfptuakbzaãèd mf

Xhoifbmfr (Efriaimfs, 126=7 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a7 Dkbvfbra f Xá, 1252). Hdnd

`á nfihbdiánds, a hdihfpãèd mf Xhoifbmfr alraicf un craimf tbpd mf

pfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas, d quf pdmf hrbar una craimf varbalbkbmamf mf

mfhbsöfs quaitd ad mbaciøstbhd f quaitd a qufstöfs mf rfspdisalbkbmamf pfiak.

Hdnd fxfnpkd rfefrbnds a dpbibèd mf Efriaimfs (126=, p. =:) quf atfsta quaitd ê

bnputalbkbmamf mds psbhdpatas, apdbaimd-sf ia hdihfpãèd cfrnìibha, aebrnaimd

quf ‛ièd sfimd pdrtamdrfs mf una mdfiãa, ds psbhdpatas sèd bnputávfbs pfraitf a

kfb pfiak, sfimd quf, tdmavba, d ùkcamdr mfvfrá tdnar fn hdisbmfraãèd, para a

cramaãèd ma pfia, a edrnaãèd aidrnak md mfkbiqufitf psbhdpátbhd„. Zdr dutrd kamd,

Dkbvfbra f Xá (1252) â nabs hautfkdsd ad fitrfcar tdtaknfitf a rfspdisalbkbmamf ma

mfhbsèd ad ùkcamdr, tfimd, tak hdnd d autdr aitfrbdr, fn atfiãèd d pditd mf vbsta

hdistbtuhbdiakbsta ma pfrturlaãèd psbhdpátbha.

A ZHK-\ parfhf, tanlân, tfr biekufihbamd a bivfstbcaãèd sdlrf psbhdpatba fn

Zdrtucak. Nubtd pdr hditrblubãèd mf \ub A. Cdiãakvfs, fstf bistrunfitd mf avakbaãèd

ma psbhdpatba tfn sbmd utbkbzamd ids ðktbnds tfnpds fn bivfstbcaãöfs fn hditfxtds

edrfisfs, idnfamanfitf hdn pdpukaãöfs bistbtuhbdiakbzamas. Fstf autdr â, mf

rfstd, d quf nabs sf tfn mfmbhamd ad fstumd ma psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak, parfhfimd

sfcubr as pbsamas mf Oarf f sfus hdkaldramdrfs id quf mbz rfspfbtd a drbfitaãèd

tførbha f kbioa mf bivfstbcaãèd (Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a, 1222l, <::1, <::<7

Cdiãakvfs & Xakân, <::17 Zfrfbra ft ak., 1222), sfimd quf, iun mds sfus tralakods

tramuzbu, amaptdu f vakbmdu a hofhgkbst mf Zsbhdpatba mf Oarf ê pdpukaãèd

pdrtucufsa.

1.8. A Zfrtbiàihba mf Fstumar a Zsbhdpatba0 Qufstöfs mf Bivfstbcaãèd

Apøs efbta a rfvbsèd mf kbtfratura oduvf qufstöfs rfkahbdiamas hdn a

psbhdpatba quf sf hdisdkbmaran7 pdr dutrd kamd oduvf assuitds quf surcbran f



=3

caioaran rfkfvìihba, eahtd quf ids mfbxdu surprfsds. Zrftfimfnds aqub fxpkbhbtar

a pfrtbiàihba mf fstumar a psbhdpatba, fxpdimd pditds-hoavf quf a kbtfratura

hdisbmfra hdnd mf fxtrfna bnpdrtìihba f, fn akcuis hasds, akfrta para a urcàihba

mf sfrfn tratamds.

Vn mds pditds quf ids mfbxdu surprfsds edb a hditrblubãèd ma psbhdpatba para

a bnpkfnfitaãèd ma Zsbhdkdcba fiquaitd mbshbpkbia hbfitîebha. Xf sfcubrnds d

rahbdhîibd mf Eraihg (12?8), vfrbebhands quf sfn a fxbstàihba f a prfdhupaãèd

para hdn ds ‛kduhds ndrabs„, pdr partf mf Zbifk, Zrbthoarm f sfus hditfnpdrìifds,

prdvavfknfitf, a Zsbhdkdcba fiquaitd hbàihba iuiha sf tfrba sfparamd f mbstbicubmd

ma Nfmbhbia, nabs fspfhbebhanfitf ma Zsbqubatrba iaqufka aktura. A amaptaãèd,

fvdkuãèd f hrbaãèd mf tfrapàutbhas f atbtumfs hkîibhas quf ds prbnfbrds psbhdpatas

bihutbran ids hkîibhds ma âpdha pfrnbtbu, tanlân, quf a vbsèd md Mbrfbtd f mds

ørcèds pdkîtbhds, rfkatbvanfitf a fstfs bimbvîmuds, sf ndmbebhassf. Abima Eraihg

(12?8) ids mbz quf apfias d kduhd hdistbtub fxhfpãèd id quf mbz rfspfbtd ads

mbrfbtds f mfvfrfs hîvbhds, `á quf ièd fstá ia pdssf ma sua razèd. Bstd traz

idvanfitf d prdlkfna md aitacdibsnd Zsbhdpatba vs. Mdfiãa nfitak 1?

, quf â

hausamdr mf prdlkfnas fn mbvfrsas árfas, idnfamanfitf id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê

bivfstbcaãèd f ê atbtumf a amdptar fn rfkaãèd ads psbhdpatas pdr partf ma

sdhbfmamf f sfus ørcèds rfcukamdrfs.

Dutrd pditd bnpdrtaitf prfimf-sf hdn a ná utbkbzaãèd md tfrnd psbhdpatba

pdr partf ma hdnuibhaãèd sdhbak, pdkîtbhds, kfbcds f, hdn nabs cravbmamf, hbfitbstas

f hkîibhds (Hdity, 12537 Oarf, <::8). Fsta ná utbkbzaãèd md hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba

mfvf-sf, tanlân, ê obstørba f pfrhursd hditurlamd quf atravfssdu7 mfvf-sf ê

nuktbpkbhbmamf mf hdihfptuakbzaãöfs quf fxbstfn f hdalbtan ahtuaknfitf (f.c.

Hkfhgkfy, 12357 Oarf, <::87 Xhoifbmfr, 12?:) f ê mbvfrsbmamf mf tfrnds utbkbzamds,

nubtas vfzfs, para eazfr rfefràihba a hdihfbtds mbstbitds du ad nfsnd hdihfbtd

1? @á aitfrbdrnfitf rfefrbnds quf â usuak sbtuar a psbhdpatba ia bitfrsfhãèd fitrf a idrnakbmamf f apatdkdcba (Hdity, 12537 Fastnai & Zfay, 122?7 Oarf, <::87 Narbftái, 122?7 \aetfr, 12237 Xodoan,125?), d quf pdmf trazfr prdlkfnas a várbds iîvfbs.



=?

(Hddgf ft ak., <::=7 Fstflai ft ak., 122=7 Oarf, 1225, <::87 Nartfis, <:::7 Dkbvfbra,

ft ak., 1222).

Hdnd `á vbnds, a rfkaãèd fitrf a psbhdpatba f d Mbrfbtd du a Kfb parfhf sfr

fvbmfitf (Hdity, 12537 Hddgf ft ak., <::=7 Fastnai & Zfay, 122?7 Efriaimfs,

126=7 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a, 1222l7 Oarf, <::87 Nartfis, <:::7 Dkbvfbra f Xá,

12527 \fbm, <::17 Xodoan, 125?). D eahtd mds psbhdpatas sfrfn nubtas vfzfs

hdisbmframds hdnd ds ‛prfmamdrfs ounaids„ (Oarf, <::8) f mf una mas suas

harahtfrîstbhas sfr a prdpfisèd para hrbar nak-fstar ids dutrds, bierbicbimd as

idrnas ndrabs, sdhbabs f bistbtuhbdiabs, bimuz efiønfids mf fstbcnatbzaãèd sdhbak f

mf obstfrba f nfmd fn rfkaãèd a fstfs su`fbtds (Oarf, <::87 Kfcraim, 12?17

Xodoan, 125?). Oarf (<::8) ebiakbza a sua dlra Xfn hdishbàihba aebrnaimd quf,

fn hdnparaãèd hdn dutras pfrturlaãöfs, a psbhdpatba abima fstá pduhd fstumama,

apfsar mf un sâhukd mf bivfstbcaãèd. A bivfstbcaãèd ifsta árfa kaiãdu akcunas

kuzfs sdlrf fsta pfrturlaãèd uktbnanfitf nas, ia dpbibèd md nfsnd autdr, ièd d

suebhbfitf7 pdr bssd â ifhfssárba nabs bivfstbcaãèd para quf sf hdnprffima nfkodr

a psbhdpatba. Vn hdiofhbnfitd nabs apuramd f un hdisfisd quaitd ês suas

harahtfrîstbhas, pdmf nfkodrar craimfnfitf aspfhtds hdnd d mbaciøstbhd7 para ebis

mf bivfstbcaãèd du mf atrblubãèd mf rfspdisalbkbmamf pfiak7 du d tratanfitd, para

aprfimfrnds a sdhbakbzar f ièd a ‛rf-sdhbakbzar„ fstfs bimbvîmuds (Oarf, <::8).

Mfvbmd a sfr una mas edrnas mf psbhdpatdkdcba quf nabs hausa nak-fstar ê

sdhbfmamf f, abima, a ièd oavfr nfmbmas hdisbstfitfs f euimanfitamas mf

tratanfitd, tdria-sf urcfitf aldrmar a qufstèd ma psbhdpatba.

@ustanfitf pdr oavfr una nuktbpkbhbmamf mf aldrmacfis ma psbhdpatba,

mbvfrsds autdrfs akfrtan para una sârbf mf rbshds0 a utbkbzaãèd mf bistrunfitds ièd

vakbmamds du quf ièd avakban a psbhdpatba nas sbn dutrds hdistruhtds kbcamds,

idnfamanfitf, ê aitb-sdhbakbmamf (Akuà, 12?27 Fstflai & Akdisd, 12267 Fstflai

ft ak., 122=7 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a7 Oarf, 12257 Oarf ft ak., 122<)7 a ná utbkbzaãèd

mds bistrunfitds rfvfkaimd una eraha euimanfitaãèd f/du ebkbaãèd tførbha f pduhd

hdiofhbnfitd ahfrha ma nuktbpkbhbmamf mf hdihfptuakbzaãöfs quf oá sdlrf a



=2

psbhdpatba du, sbnpkfsnfitf, sfimd rfvfkamdr md mfshdiofhbnfitd mds rbshds f

bnpkbhaãöfs quf un mbaciøstbhd bnprfhbsd du nak euimanfitamd aharrfta.

Mfvbmd ê, rfkatbvanfitf, rfhfitf ‛psbhdkdcbzaãèd ma tutfka12„ (he. Eraihg,

12?8) a Zsbhdkdcba caiodu un papfk bnpdrtaitf ias mfhbsöfs quf d Mbrfbtd fefhtua7

id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê psbhdpatba, half ê Zsbhdkdcba (f tanlân ê Zsbqubatrba)

fihditrar una edrna mf edrifhfr mbaciøstbhds prfhbsds f hdisfisuabs f tdria-sf

bnpdrtaitf a mfsnbstbebhaãèd ma bnacfn md psbhdpata ‘ un mds ndmds para d eazfr

â hdiofhà-kd nfkodr, bivfstbcaimd-d. Â atravâs ma bivfstbcaãèd hbfitîebha quf,

fvfituaknfitf, d hdihfbtd sf vab fstalbkbzar f as mbvfrsas árfas rftbrarèd prdvfbtd

mfssf pditd (Hddgf, ft ak., <::=7 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Oarf, <::8).

Mfvbmd ê fshassa bivfstbcaãèd mfmbhama ê psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak

(Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a), pfisands quf â ðtbk, ifstf ndnfitd, vfr d quf oá efbtd

f hdnd fstá efbtd mf ndmd a pdmfr-sf hditrblubr para una sdkbmbebhaãèd md hdihfbtd

f hdn bssd nfkodrar a sua apkbhaãèd fn mbvfrsas árfas. Â, prfhbsanfitf, mfvbmd ê

hditrdvârsba quf fivdkvf a hdihfptuakbzaãèd ma psbhdpatba, ês qufstöfs ma

bistalbkbmamf ma idnfihkatura f ê fxbstàihba f hdalbtaãèd mf nðktbpkas tfdrbas,

drbfitaãöfs f kbioas mf bivfstbcaãèd, quf tfitarfnds amdptar una pdstura mf

ifutrakbmamf ièd ids ebkbaimd a ifiouna mfkas7 akân mbssd, ièd sfrèd hdkdhamas

obpøtfsfs pdrquf ièd prftfimfnds vfrbebhar ifiouna rfakbmamf nas sbn, mfshrfvà-

ka f, para bssd, traãands dl`fhtbvds.

Zdr tumd bstd, pfisands sfr pfrtbifitf pfrhflfr hdnd â tratamd d hdihfbtd mf

psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak, quak du quabs as suas pdsbãöfs tførbhas, quf bistrunfitds

sèd utbkbzamds ia sua avakbaãèd, a quf assuitds fstá kbcamd f fn quf hditfxtds â

tratamd7 bstd atravâs mf una fxpkdraãèd f aiákbsf ma biedrnaãèd hditbma fn artbcds

pulkbhamds fn rfvbstas mf mbvukcaãèd hbfitîebha.

12 Eraihg (12?8, p. 8=2) mbz-ids a ‛psbhdkdcbzaãèd ma tutfka„ edb un ndvbnfitd dimf a psbhdkdcbahkîibha ‛prdhurdu un euimanfitd idvd, una kfcbtbnbmamf idva, para a tutfka fxfrhbma pfkd psbqubatrasdlrf d mdfitf„7 akân mbssd, fstfimf a bitfrvfiãèd psbqubátrbha a tdmds ds bimbvîmuds quf a rfqubsbtfndu quf mfka lfifebhbfn, (bihkubimd ds psbhdpatas).



6:

1.=. Dl`fhtbvds mf Bivfstbcaãèd

Hofca d ndnfitd mf sbstfnatbzar ds dl`fhtbvds para fstf fstumd.

D dl`fhtbvd prbihbpak â0

Zfrhflfr hdnd â mfshrbta, tratama f fstumama a psbhdpatba id hditfxtd

hbfitîebhd pdrtucuàs atravâs0

mas trambãöfs tførbhas sfcubmas7

mas pdsbãöfs tførbhas f hdihfptuabs amdptamas7

hdisfqufitfnfitf, mds bistrunfitds mf avakbaãèd utbkbzamds7

mds assuitds/tfnas quf sèd rfkahbdiamds hdn fsta pfrturlaãèd du,

pdr dutras pakavras, mds hdihfbtds f varbávfbs quf sèd bitfrsfhtamds

hdn a psbhdpatba.

Hdnd dl`fhtbvds sfhuimárbds du hdisfqufitfs ahrfshfitands0

Firbqufhfr d hdiofhbnfitd ahfrha md pfrhursd md hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba

fn Zdrtucak.

Hditrblubr para una hdnprffisèd cfrak ma edrna hdnd â tratama a

psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak.

Fitfimfr quak, du quabs ds hanbiods ahtuabs ma bivfstbcaãèd ma

psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak f, a partbr maî, tfitar fihditrar quabs ds runds

prdvávfbs.

Ebiaknfitf, hditrblubr para una mfsnbstbebhaãèd ma psbhdpatba id hditfxtd

hbfitîebhd f, pdr fxtfisèd, id hditfxtd sdhbak.



61

<. NÂ]DMD

<.1. ]bpd mf Fstumd f Fiquamranfitd Nftdmdkøcbhd

Mf un ndmd sbnpkbebhamd, pdmf mbzfr-sf quf a mbefrfiãa fitrf a aldrmacfn

quaitbtatbva f a aldrmacfn quakbtatbva fstá ia assunpãèd mf quf, a prbnfbra

prftfimf fstumar rfkaãöfs mf hausa f fefbtd, fiquaitd quf a sfcuima anlbhbdia a

mfshrbãèd, mfshdmbebhaãèd f bitfrprftaãèd mf efiønfids f rfakbmamfs fn

mftfrnbiamds hditfxtds (M‒Dkbvfbra, <::6).

Ad hditrárbd mf un fstumd fxpfrbnfitak, fstf tralakod sfcuf una aldrmacfn

quakbtatbva, â fxpkdratørbd f â mfshrbtbvd. Quakbtatbvd, pdrquf sf prftfimf mfshrfvfr

mfshdmbebhar f bitfrprftar a biedrnaãèd sdlrf a psbhdpatba ia kbtfratura hbfitîebha

pdrtucufsa7 fxpkdratørbd, pdrquf prftfimfnds fxpkdrar a rfakbmamf pdrtucufsa f

amqubrbr un hdiofhbnfitd nabs aprdeuimamd sdlrf d ndmd hdnd sf fstuma f sf

usa fsta pfrturlaãèd ifstf paîs7 mfshrbtbvd, pdrquf â atravâs ma mfshrbãèd mds

mdhunfitds hbfitîebhds fxbstfitfs quf prftfimfnds akhaiãar ds dl`fhtbvds, ièd sf

prftfimfimd fnbtbr ùîzds mf vakdr.

Fn craimf partf mds fstumds quakbtatbvds ièd sèd utbkbzamas obpøtfsfs, fn

aktfriatbva, sèd utbkbzamds qufstöfs mf bivfstbcaãèd (`á fxpdstds). Ifstf tbpd mf

tralakod, as obpøtfsfs du dl`fhtbvds sèd mfmuzbmds a partbr ma tfdrba (M‒Dkbvfbra,

<::6). As nftdmdkdcbas utbkbzamas ia aldrmacfn quakbtatbva sèd nðktbpkas f

varbamas, una mfkas â a aiákbsf ma hdnuibhaãèd f ma biedrnaãèd.

A aiákbsf ma hdnuibhaãèd f ma biedrnaãèd ièd â un fxfrhîhbd rfhfitf. A

ofrnfiàutbha â, sfcuimd Larmbi (<::<) f Grbppfimdree (12?:), una prátbha aitbca

mf bitfrprftaãèd mf tfxtds sacramds du nbstfrbdsds, dimf d quf fra sushfptîvfk mf

bitfrprftaãèd fran nfisacfis dlshuras, du hdn mupkd sfitbmd, quf apfias

surcbrban mfpdbs mf una ‛dlsfrvaãèd hubmama du mf una bitubãèd harbsnátbha„



6<

(Larmbi, <::<, p. 1=)7 id euimd, â mfsvfimar d sfitbmd quf a biedrnaãèd hditân

ias fitrfkbioas.

Nabs rfhfitfnfitf, id biîhbd md sâhukd __, f nubtd mfvbmd ê hditrblubãèd ma

Fshdka mf Hobhacd<:, a aiákbsf mf hditfðmd hdnfãdu a hrfshfr hdnd bistrunfitd

mf aiákbsf ma biedrnaãèd. Ad prdhurar rfspdimfr a mftfrnbiamds tbpds mf prdhura

(Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1), a aiákbsf mf hditfðmd edb-sf mfsfivdkvfimd f edb

fvdkubimd hdnd bistrunfitd hdn d bitubtd mf sf tdriar nabs dl`fhtbvd, ebávfk f nabs

amaptamd ê prdhura (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1). Vna mas prdhuras sdhbabs nabs

hdiofhbmas edb a ifhfssbmamf mf fstumar a prdpacaima, akbama f bibnbca, ia

Zrbnfbra f, fspfhbaknfitf, ia Xfcuima Craimf Cufrra (Larmbi, <::<7 Cobckbdif &

Natakdi, <::1). Vn dutrd tbpd mf mfnaima, edb a pfsqubsa mf traãds psbhdkøcbhds

mds bimbvîmuds atravâs mds sfus fshrbtds, rfprfsfitaãöfs, mbshursd, fth. (Cobckbdif

& Natakdi, <::1).

Xbstfnatbzaimd, pdmfnds mbstbicubr mbefrfitfs easfs ia obstørba ma aiákbsf mf

biedrnaãèd, f nabs hdihrftanfitf ia aiákbsf mf hditfðmd (Larmbi, <::<7

Grbppfimdree, 12?:, Nayrbic, <:::)0 una prbnfbra easf dimf sf fihditran ds

prfhursdrfs ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd, hdnd a ofrnfiàutbha (Larmbi, <::<)7 una

sfcuima easf mf euimanfitaãèd tførbha ma hdnuibhaãèd, dimf ds tralakods

pbdifbrds mf Kazarsefkm f Kasswfkk ids F.V.A., ias mâhamas mf 121:-8: (bi Larmbi,

<::<), sfrvbran hdnd lasf para a aiákbsf mf hditfðmd quakbtatbva f quf huknbidu

hdn a pulkbhaãèd mf un prbnfbrd naiuak mf aiákbsf mf hditfðmd pdr Lfrfksdi fn

126< (bi Larmbi, <::<7 Nayrbic, <:::)7 una tfrhfbra easf dimf sf mfu un fxpaisèd

f mbefrfihbaãèd bitfrmbshbpkbiar fn quf, a partbr ma mâhama mf 126:, sf dlsfrvdu a

amdpãèd ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd pdr árfas hdnd a psbhdkdcba, a kbicuîstbha, du a

sdhbdkdcba, d quf dlrbcdu a rfmfebibãöfs nftdmdkøcbhas para una amaptaãèd ads

rfqufrbnfitds mas idvas mbshbpkbias (Larmbi, <::<7 Nayrbic, <:::)7 ebiaknfitf, una

quarta easf dimf bnpfraran as hrîtbhas quf sf kfvaitaran mfvbmd ad usd md

<: A fxprfssèd Fshdka mf Hobhacd rfefrf-sf a una sârbf mf tfdrbas f hdrrfitfs md pfisanfitd mfmbefrfitfs árfas f âpdhas quf ebharan hdiofhbmas pdr sfrfn mbshutbmas f mfsfivdkvbmas ia hbmamfidrtf-anfrbhaia mf Hobhacd, ifstf hasd rfefrbnd-ids ê árfa mas Hbàihbas Ounaias f Xdhbabs.



68

hdnputamdr, d quf kfvdu a una hdisfqufitf quaitbebhaãèd f hrfshfitf

supfrebhbakbmamf md nâtdmd, hdrrfimd d rbshd mf sf pfrmfrfn ds hditfðmds katfitfs

f hditfxtds (Larmbi, <::<7 Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::17 Nayrbic, <:::). Xf dkoarnds

para a obstørba ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd, vfrbebhands quf d sfu pfrhursd â, tanlân,

una tfitatbva mf atrblubr hbfitbebhbmamf a fsta tâhibha.

<.<. D Hdrpus

Quaimd sf tralakoan hdn mdhunfitds, sfà quak edr a sua prdvfibàihba

(pulkbhaãöfs, mbshursds, traishrbãöfs mf fitrfvbstas, rfspdstas a biquârbtds, fth.), d

hdiùitd mds natfrbabs quf sf prftfimf fstumar f aiakbsar mfsbcia-sf pdr hdrpus

(Larmbi, <::<7 Efrrfbra, <:::).

Id prfsfitf fstumd d hdrpus â hdistbtuîmd pdr artbcds pulkbhamds fn rfvbstas

f pfrbømbhds f `driabs mf mbvukcaãèd hbfitîebha pdrtucufsfs, ma árfa mf

Zsbhdkdcba/Zsbqubatrba f Mbrfbtd. Edran sfkfhhbdiamds 3 artbcds<1 quf fstèd hditbmds

id pfrîdmd mf 12?1-<::1. Ds artbcds fstavan su`fbtds a hfrtds hrbtârbds para

pdmfrfn sfr sfkfhhbdiamds f eazfrfn partf md natfrbak para aiákbsf. Ubstd quf

prftfimfnds fxpkdrar d hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba, ds artbcds tbioan mf hditfr fsta

pakavra id tîtukd, id rfsund (quaimd mbspdiîvfk), du ia sua mfshrbãèd (quaimd

mbspdiîvfk). Zdr fsta nfsna razèd ièd bihkuînds ia pfsqubsa (f

hdisfqufitfnfitf ia aiákbsf), pdr fxfnpkd, a ZAZ, vbstd quf, hdnd `á edb rfefrbmd,

ièd sf rfpdrta ê nfsna pfrturlaãèd quf a psbhdpatba (f.c. Hddgf ft ak., <::=7

Fstflai ft ak., 122=7 Oarf, 1225, <::87 Nartfis, <:::7 Dkbvfbra, ft ak., 1222).

Dutrd hrbtârbd, para a trbacfn mds artbcds, fra fstarfn rfefrfihbamds fn

pfrbømbhds hbfitîebhds pdrtucufsfs, bstd pdrquf prftfimîands aiakbsar hdnd d

hdihfbtd â tratamd fn Zdrtucak, du pdr dutras pakavras, prftfimf-sf vfr mf quf

edrna a biedrnaãèd sdlrf a psbhdpatba â passama id hditfxtd hbfitbebhd pdrtucuàs.

<1 Um. Aifxd A.



6=

Vna vfz mfebibmd d hanpd md hdrpus, tfn mf sf dlfmfhfr a mftfrnbiamas

rfcras0 A rfcra ma fxaustbvbmamf, dimf sf prdhura ièd fxhkubr ifioun fkfnfitd

quf prffihoa ds hrbtârbds mf sfkfhãèd7 a rfcra ma rfprfsfitatbvbmamf, dimf a

andstra tfn mf sfr rfprfsfitatbva md uibvfrsd mas hdnuibhaãöfs, ifstf hasd

tfitánds bihkubr tdmds ds artbcds quf fxbstbssfn f prffihofssfn ds hrbtârbds7 a

rfcra ma odndcfifbmamf, quf prfhdibza quf ds mdhunfitds rftbmds mfvfn sfr md

nfsnd tbpd, ifstf tralakod apfias sf aiakbsdu artbcds mf pfrbømbhds hbfitîebhds7

ebiaknfitf, a rfcra ma pfrtbiàihba dimf ds mdhunfitds tàn mf sfr amfquamds ads

dl`fhtbvds mf bivfstbcaãèd (Larmbi, <::<).

A utbkbzaãèd mds tfrnds ‛psbhdpatba„, ‛psbhdpata„, ‛psbhdpátbhd„ f ‛psbhdpátbha„

tbioa hdnd dl`fhtbvd alraicfr as varbaãöfs md tfrnd ‛psbhdpatba„ mf ndmd a rfmuzbr

a prdlalbkbmamf mf ebharfn mf edra mds rfsuktamds artbcds quf bihkuîssfn fssas

varbaitfs. D quamrd sfcubitf ndstra-ids ds rfsuktamds ma pfsqubsa.

Quamrd 6 ‘ \fsuktamds ma pfsqubsa lblkbdcráebha

Lasfs mf MamdsFitramas Lblkbdcráebhas Uákbmas para

Xfkfhãèd

Zrdcrana Cfstdr mf Mamds md Hfitrd mfMdhunfitaãèd md BXZA 5FLXHDodst \fsfarho Matalasfs <Nbibstârbd ma @ustbãa ‘ Bistbtutd mas]fhidkdcbas mf Biedrnaãèd ia @ustbãa0Lasfs @urîmbhd-Mdhunfitabs

1

Hditalbkbzaimd ds rfsuktamds quf dltbvfnds ids tràs sfrvbãds hdisuktamds ia

pfsqubsa, hdistata-sf quf edran 2 ds artbcds fihditramds quf rfspfbtan ds

hrbtârbds fstalfkfhbmds para a sfkfhãèd md natfrbak. Id fitaitd, apfias 3

hdistbtufn d hdrpus. A ièd sfkfhãèd mf mdbs artbcds<< mfvfu-sf a prdlkfnas ia

rfhdkoa mds nfsnds, hdnd ièd edran fihditramds iuna lblkbdtfha du hfitrd mf

mdhunfitaãèd rfefrfihbamds ias lasfs mf mamds, edran ifhfssárbas pfsqubsa

ambhbdiabs mf ndmd a pdmfr kdhakbzá-kds f rfhdkoà-kds. As pfsqubsas ambhbdiabs

edran fefhtuamas ias lblkbdtfhas ma Vibvfrsbmamf mf Kbslda, ma Vibvfrsbmamf md

<< Um. Aifxd L.



66

Zdrtd f ia Lblkbdtfha Iahbdiak, dltbvfnds una rfspdsta fn rfkaãèd a un artbcd <8.

Apøs hditahtd tfkfeøibhd ednds biedrnamds quf fssf artbcd sf fihditrava

bimbspdiîvfk para rfqubsbãèd du hdisukta f, akân mbssd, edb ahdrmamd quf quaimd sf

tdriassf mbspdiîvfk sfrîands hditahtamds. Mfpdbs mf nabs akcunas mf tfitatbvas

mf hditahtd f mfskdhaãèd ads kdhabs dltbvfnds a nfsna rfspdsta ifcatbva.

Mfhbmbu-sf, fitèd, mfbxar mf edra ds mdbs artbcds, un pdr ièd tfr sbmd kdhakbzamd, d

dutrd mfvbmd ê bimbspdiblbkbmamf para hdisukta.

Ds rfstaitfs 3 artbcds edran rfhdkobmds ùitd md Hfitrd mf Mdhunfitaãèd md

BXZA (artbcds < a 3 md Aifxd A) f ma Lblkbdtfha ma Zrdhuramdrba-Cfrak ma \fpðlkbha

(artbcd 1 md Aifxd A).

Zdr salfrnds quf as lasfs mf mamds, lblkbdtfhas f hfitrds mf mdhunfitaãèd

fstèd fn pfrnaifitf ahtuakbzaãèd f, quf a pfsqubsa f aiákbsf mf editfs

mdhunfitabs fstá sfnprf su`fbta a un pfrîdmd id tfnpd, â bnpdrtaitf rfefrbr quf

as uktbnas pfsqubsas fefhtuamas edran id mba <= mf Nabd mf <::6. Bstd pdrquf,

prøxbnas pfsqubsas pdmfn rfvfkar artbcds nabs ahtuabs7 qufr pfka nabs rfhfitf

mata mf pulkbhaãèd, qufr pfka sua tarmba ambãèd ias lasfs mf mamds7 f pdr bssd

aunfitar d iðnfrd mf artbcds para aiákbsf.

Apfsar mf tdmas as pfsqubsas fstarfn kbnbtamas pdr un pfrîdmd mf tfnpd, a

pfsqubsa fefhtuama ièd tfvf a mata mf pulkbhaãèd mds artbcds hdnd hrbtârbd mf

sfkfhãèd, tdmds ds artbcds quf prffihofssfn ds rfstaitfs hrbtârbds,

bimfpfimfitfnfitf ma sua mata mf pulkbhaãèd, fran sfkfhhbdiamds.

Hdihkubimd, vfrbebhdu-sf quf oá pduha bivfstbcaãèd hbfitîebha edhama ia

psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak f, tanlân, quf a bivfstbcaãèd f mbvukcaãèd fn hditfxtd

hbfitîebhd quf sfrá aqub tralakoama â rfkatbvanfitf rfhfitf (12?1-<::1).

<8 Artbcd i° ?a, vm. Aifxd L.



65

<.8. Zrdhfmbnfitd

A pfsqubsa f rfhdkoa md natfrbak quf ahaldu pdr hdistbtubr d hdrpus mfstf

fstumd tfn akcunas partbhukarbmamfs, pfkd quf, aprfsfitands a sua mfshrbãèd para

quf sfà pdssîvfk hdnprffimfr ds passds mamds f hdnd sf hofcdu ads artbcds quf

hdistbtuîran d natfrbak para aiákbsf. Iun sfcuimd ndnfitd sfrá mfshrbtd d

prdhfssd mf aiákbsf md natfrbak.

<.8.1.Zrdhfmbnfitd mf Zfsqubsa mds Mdhunfitds

A pfsqubsa edb fefhtuama utbkbzaimd lasfs mf mamds mf supdrtf fkfhtrøibhd.

Edran utbkbzamas as sfcubitfs lasfs mf mamds0

Zrdcrana Cfstdr mf Mamds md Hfitrd mf Mdhunfitaãèd md BXZA7

FLXHDodst \fsfarho Matalasfs7

Nbibstârbd ma @ustbãa ‘ Bistbtutd mas ]fhidkdcbas mf Biedrnaãèd ia

@ustbãa0 Lasfs @urîmbhd-Mdhunfitabs.

]fimd fn hdita a lasf mf mamds hdisuktama, assbn edran usamds

prdhfmbnfitds mbefrfitfs, prdhuraimd amaptar a pfsqubsa ês dpãöfs f sfrvbãds quf

hama lasf mf mamds defrfhba.

<.8.1.1. Zrdcrana Cfstdr mf Mamds md Hfitrd mf Mdhunfitaãèd md BXZA

Aqub, a pfsqubsa edb fefhtuama atravâs mds hdnputamdrfs mbspdiîvfbs id

Hfitrd mf Mdhunfitaãèd md BXZA. Ifsta lasf mf mamds a lusha edb fefhtuama

utbkbzaimd a dpãèd ‛Îimbhf„. Fsta dpãèd edb utbkbzama pdrquf mfpdbs mf bitrdmuzbr d

tfrnd prftfimbmd para bibhbar a lusha, d prdcrana ndstrava tdmas as pakavras

sfnfkoaitfs fn edrna mf mfshrbtdrfs. Zdr sua vfz, ds mfshrbtdrfs hditbioan tdmas

as fitramas lblkbdcráebhas quf bihkuîan du quf fstavan, mf akcun ndmd,

assdhbamas ad tfrnd usamd.

Atravâs md tfrnd bitrdmuzbmd ‘ ‛psbhdpatba„ ‘ d prdcrana edrifhfu ds

sfcubitfs mfshrbtdrfs0



63

‛psbhdpatba„7

‛psbhdpatba,„7

‛psbhdpata„7

‛psbhdpatbhas„7

‛psbhdpatbhds„.

Id tdtak, hdn d usd mds mfshrbtdrfs fiuihbamds fn hdiùitd, d prdcrana

edrifhfu 15 fitramas lblkbdcráebhas<=. Mds rfsuktamds dltbmds, 1< fran artbcds mf

rfvbstas hbfitîebhas7 mfitrd mfstf sulcrupd, 5 rfsuktamds pfrtfihban a autdrfs

pdrtucufsfs f/du a rfvbstas hbfitîebhas pdrtucufsas. Zdrtaitd, atravâs ma prdhura

efbta ifsta lasf mf mamds edran prâ-sfkfhhbdiamds 5 artbcds (artbcds i°s < a 3 md

Aifxd A) .

<.8.1.<. FLXHDodst \fsfarho Matalasfs.

Fstf â un sfrvbãd quf rfqufr sulshrbãèd, bstd â, ifhfssbta mf una assbiatura

aiuak para quf sf pdssa usuerubr mas suas hapahbmamfs. @á quf d BXZA â assbiaitf,

a pfsqubsa edb fefhtuama a partbr ma Bitraift mfstf Bistbtutd.

Fstf sfrvbãd defrfhf un tbpd mf lusha quf fickdla dizf lasfs mf mamds.

Assbn, fstf prdcrana rfðif ds rfsuktamds/fitramas lblkbdcráebhas mf tdmas as

lasfs mf mamds sfkfhhbdiamas iun ðibhd ndtdr mf lusha. As lasfs mf mamds

mbspdiîvfbs fran as sfcubitfs0

Zsyhodkdcy aim Lfoavbdrak Xhbfihfs Hdkkfhtbdi7

ZsyhA\]BHKFX7

ZsyhBIED7

ZsyhF_]\A7

ZsyhLDDGX7

Nfitak Nfasurfnfits Rfarlddg7

CKL] Kbef wbto Eukk ]fxt7

<= Ia vfrmamf, d prdcrana edrifhfu 13 fitramas lblkbdcráebhas nas una mfkas fstava rfpftbma f pdr bssd ièd edb hdisbmframa vákbma.



6?

Ahamfnbh Xfarho Zrfnbfr7

Lusbifss Xdurhf Zrfnbfr7

Nfmkbif7

F\BH.

Mas lasfs mf mamds fiuihbamas ièd edran bihkuîmas ia prdhura0 a Lusbifss

Xdurhf Zrfnbfr f a ZsyhLDDGX. A prbnfbra pdr ièd hditfr artbcds ma árfa mas

Hbàihbas Ounaias f Xdhbabs, a sfcuima pdr ièd alraicfr artbcds mf `driabs f

rfvbstas hbfitîebhas7 as rfstaitfs lasfs mf mamds edran utbkbzamas ia pfsqubsa

fefhtuama.

Mfvbmd ês mbefrfitfs harahtfrîstbhas mfstf sfrvbãd, ednds dlrbcamds a

bitrdmuzbr ds tfrnds0 ‛psbhdpatba„, ‛psbhdpata„, ‛psbhdpátbhd„, ‛psbhdpátbha„. A

utbkbzaãèd mfstfs mbefrfitfs tfrnds dlrbcdu tanlân a sfparar a pfsqubsa fn quatrd

ftapas, una para hama pakavra. Id tdtak dltbvfran-sf 11< rfsuktamds.

Apøs a vfrbebhaãèd mf hama fitrama lblkbdcráebha vfrbebhdu-sf quf apfias 6

rfefràihbas prffihoban ds rfqubsbtds para eazfr partf md hdrpus mfstf fstumd. Id

fitaitd, un mfssfs rfsuktamds `á tbioa sbmd edrifhbmd pfka Lasf mf Mamds md BXZA

(Artbcd i°< md Aifxd A) pfkd quf, fn tfrnds prátbhds, fran aprdvfbtamas apfias =

fitramas lblkbdcráebhas. Apøs una sfcuima vfrbebhaãèd, hdistatdu-sf quf un artbcd

fra rfefrfihbamd fn muas rfvbstas mbefrfitfs f, akân mbssd, oavba una rfpftbãèd

mfssf nfsnd artbcd, pdr aparfhfr fn lasfs mf mamds mbefrfitfs<6. Hdihkubimd, ma

utbkbzaãèd mfstf sfrvbãd mf lusha, dltbvfran-sf < artbcds (sfimd quf un mfkfs

aparfhf rfefrfihbamd fn < rfvbstas mbefrfitfs) quf edran prâ-sfkfhhbdiamds para

eazfrfn partf md natfrbak para aiákbsf (artbcds ?a, ?l f 2 md Aifxd L).

<.8.1.8. Lasfs @urîmbhd-Mdhunfitabs

Fstf sfrvbãd md Nbibstârbd ma @ustbãa fstá mbspdiîvfk ia Bitfrift para hdisukta

pðlkbha. Zdssub mdbs hdiùitds mf lasfs mf mamds, un prbnfbrd quf alraicf lasfs

<6 Vna fitrama ia lasf mf mamds ZsyhBIED f a nfsna fitrama ia NFMKBIF, pfkd quf, apfias unaedb hdisbmframa vákbma.



62

mf mamds ùrîmbhas f un sfcuimd quf fickdla lasfs mf mamds mdhunfitabs. Zdr

fstf tralakod sf hfitrar ia aiákbsf mdhunfitak, fspfhbebhanfitf fn artbcds mf

mbvukcaãèd hbfitîebha, dptdu-sf pdr utbkbzar apfias d sfcuimd hdiùitd mf lasfs mf

mamds. D hdiùitd mf lasfs mf mamds utbkbzamd â hdistbtuîmd pdr una kbsta mf

lblkbdtfhas quf mbspdiblbkbzan a sua lblkbdcraeba para hdisukta.

Bimfpfimfitfnfitf ma lasf mf mamds utbkbzama, d prdhfmbnfitd mf pfsqubsa

edb d nfsnd fn tdmas fkas. Vtbkbzdu-sf a dpãèd ‛pfsqubsa pdr tfrnds„ dimf edran

utbkbzamds, nabs una vfz, ds vdhálukds0 ‛psbhdpatba„, ‛psbhdpata„, ‛psbhdpátbhd„ f

‛psbhdpátbha„. D ndtdr mf lusha defrfhf mbvfrsds fspaãds para a bitrdmuãèd mf

tfrnds hdn mbefrfitfs dpãöfs para sua hdnlbiaãèd7 pdmfn-sf utbkbzar ds tfrnds

para sfrfn pfsqubsamds fn hdiùitd (utbkbzaimd a dpãèd ‛F„), prdhuraimd fitramas

lblkbdcráebhas quf hditfioan tdmds ds tfrnds fnprfcufs7 du sfparamanfitf,

(utbkbzaimd a dpãèd ‛DV„) prdhuraimd assbn quakqufr fitrama lblkbdcráebha quf

hditfioa quakqufr mds tfrnds usamds.

Ds rfsuktamds aprfsfitamds fxblbran a mfsbciaãèd ‛AZ„ (aiakîtbhd mf

pfrbømbhd) du ‛ND„ (ndidcraeba). @á quf ids edhands sdlrf artbcds mf pfrbømbhds

hbfitîebhds, apfias ds rfsuktamds hdn a mfsbciaãèd AZ edran hdisbmframds.

A lusha edb fefhtuama fn hama ‛lblkbdtfha„ mbspdiîvfk para hdisukta, tdmavba,

apfias edran fihditramas fitramas lblkbdcráebhas ias sfcubitfs lasfs mf mamds0

Lblkbdtfha ma Zrdhuramdrba-Cfrak ma \fpðlkbha (8: rfsuktamds, 11

fran AZ)7

Lblkbdtfha md Hfitrd mf Fstumds @umbhbárbds (8 rfsuktamds7 < fran

AZ)7

Hfitrd mf Mdhunfitaãèd ma Zdkîhba @umbhbárba (12 rfsuktamds, 18

fran AZ)7

Lblkbdtfha md Bistbtutd mf \fbisfrãèd Xdhbak (12 rfsuktamds, 2 fran

AZ)7

Lblkbdtfha md Bistbtutd Xupfrbdr mf Hbàihbas Zdkbhbabs f Xfcuraiãa

Bitfria (ZXZ/NAB) (1 rfsuktamd, : fran AZ).



5:

Mf eahtd, fn akcunas lasfs mf mamds fihditránds rfsuktamds mf artbcds

pulkbhamds fn pfrbømbhds hbfitîebhds pdrtucufsfs. Zdrân, craimf partf mas

fitramas sfkfhhbdiávfbs `á tbioan sbmd fihditramas id Zrdcrana Cfstdr mf Mamds

md Hfitrd mf Mdhunfitaãèd md BXZA. Mfpdbs mf aiakbsamds tdmds ds rfsuktamds

hdistatánds quf apfias una fitrama lblkbdcráebha, fihditrama fn 8 mas

lblkbdtfhas usamas ia pfsqubsa, fra hdisbmframa vákbma para sfr prâ-sfkfhhbdiama

(artbcd i°1 md Aifxd A).

<.8.<. Hdnd sf Zrdhfmfu ia Aiákbsf0 A Aiákbsf mf Hditfðmd

Xfcuimd Efrrfbra (<:::), una mas hdbsas nabs bnpdrtaitfs para qufn eaz

una pfsqubsa â a fshdkoa md ndmd mf aiakbsar ds mamds. Bimfpfimfitfnfitf mf

oavfr pduhds fstumds sdlrf a psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak â idssd dl`fhtbvd hdiofhà-

kds quakbtatbvanfitf, ‛f ias pfsqubsas quakbtatbvas quf sf rfefrfn ês Hbàihbas

Xdhbabs f Ounaias, una mas dpãöfs â eazfr una aiákbsf mf hditfðmd„ (Efrrfbra,

<:::, p.18).

D quf â, fitèd, a aiákbsf mf hditfðmd4 Fsta â una pfrcuita quf tfn

mbebhuktamd a vbma a nubtds fstumbdsds md prdlkfna f â abima od`f akvd mf pdkânbha

(Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1). Fstf prdlkfna ièd sfrá aldrmamd pdr iøs `á quf ièd

ids half, id ìnlbtd mfstf tralakod, eazà-kd. Aprfsfita-sf, fitèd, una pdssîvfk

mfebibãèd f utbkbzaãèd mfstf bistrunfitd, apkbhamd, fspfhbebhanfitf a fstf fstumd.

A aiákbsf mf hditfðmd â una tâhibha sbstfnátbha f rfpkbhávfk quf hdisbstf ia

hdimfisaãèd mf biedrnaãèd (hditbma fn mbvfrsds tbpds mf hdnuibhaãèd) fn

hatfcdrbas, atfimfimd a rfcras fxpkîhbtas mf hdmbebhaãèd7 â, tanlân, una tâhibha

quakbtatbva quf sf sfrvf md acrupanfitd quaitbtatbvd mf mamds para ds aiakbsar,

pdstfrbdrnfitf, mf ndmd quakbtatbvd f, â, tanlân, un bistrunfitd mf bivfstbcaãèd

quf pfrnbtf eazfr biefràihbas<5 mf biedrnaãöfs sdlrf d fnbssdr ma hdnuibhaãèd du

biefràihbas atravâs hdiofhbnfitd md assuitd fstumamd mf edrna a dltfr rfsuktamds

<5 ‛Biefràihba â una dpfraãèd køcbha, pfka quak sf amnbtf una prdpdsbãèd fn vbrtumf ma sua kbcaãèdhdn dutras prdpdsbãöfs `á ahfbtfs hdnd vfrmamfbras„ (Larmbi, <::<, p.82).



51

sbcibebhatbvds a partbr mds mamds (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::17 Grbppfimdree, 12?:7

Xnbto, <:::7 Uaka, <::87 Sflfr, 122:).

Zdrân, para Larmbi (<::<), a aiákbsf mf hditfðmd ièd â apfias una tâhibha

nas sbn un bistrunfitd quf acrupa un hdiùitd mf tâhibhas mf aiákbsf7 pdr fsta

razèd tdna várbas edrnas, amdpta mbefrfitfs prdhfmbnfitds f pdmf sfr amaptama f

apkbhama a un d vastd kfquf mf ndmfkds mf hdnuibhaãèd7 mfpfimfimd sfnprf mds

tbpds mf mdhunfitds a aiakbsar f mds dl`fhtbvds mf bivfstbcaãèd. Hdihdrmands

hdn Larmbi (<::<, p. =<) quaimd a autdra hdihkub quf a aiákbsf mf hditfðmd â ‛un

hdiùitd mf tâhibhas mf aiákbsf mas hdnuibhaãöfs vbsaimd dltfr, pdr

prdhfmbnfitds, sbstfnátbhds f dl`fhtbvds mf mfshrbãèd md hditfðmd mas

nfisacfis, bimbhamdrfs (quaitbtatbvds du ièd) quf pfrnbtan a biefràihba mf

hdiofhbnfitds rfkatbvds ês hdimbãöfs mf prdmuãèd/rfhfpãèd mfstas nfisacfis„.

Zdstd bstd, hdihkuînds quf, pdr a aiákbsf mf hditfðmd pdmfr sfr apkbhama a

un vastd iðnfrd mf sbtuaãöfs, â un mds nabs bnpdrtaitfs nâtdmds mf

bivfstbcaãèd fn hbàihbas sdhbabs.

Eakávands, oá pduhd, ma prdhura mf hbfitbebhbmamf, ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd

fiquaitd bistrunfitd mf bivfstbcaãèd. Mf eahtd, para quf fsta nftdmdkdcba pdssa

sfr sbstfnátbha, dl`fhtbva f, pdrtaitd, rfpkbhávfk tfn mf sf dlfmfhfr a mbvfrsas

rfcras para assfcurar a sua ebmfkbmamf f vakbmamf (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::17

Grbppfimdree, 12?:7 Zabs, <::=7 Sflfr, 122:).

Vn prbnfbrd hdiùitd mf rfcras mbz rfspfbtd ad prdhfssd mf andstracfn f/du

sfkfhãèd f rfhdkoa md hdrpus, `á tratamd aitfrbdrnfitf7 nas, abima ièd eakánds

sdlrf a ebmfkbmamf du vakbmamf mfstf bistrunfitd.

Xfcuimd Cobckbdif f Natakdi (<::1, p.126), ‛a ebmfkbmamf ma aiákbsf mf

hditfðmd fstá kbcama ad prdhfssd mf hdmbebhaãèd f, pdr hdisfquàihba, ad

hdmbebhamdr f ad bistrunfitd mf hdmbebhaãèd mf quf fkf mbspöf„. Mf edrna a ièd

hdrrdnpfr a aiákbsf hdn mamds fxtfrbdrfs a fsta, tfita-sf quf fstf prdhfssd sfà

fefhtuamd pdr hdmbebhamdrfs bimfpfimfitfs quf, atravâs mf una mfebibãèd rbcdrdsa

mas hatfcdrbas f uibmamfs mf rfcbstd, hofcufn ads nfsnds rfsuktamds7 a bstd



5<

hoana-sf ebmfkbmamf bitfr-hdmbebhamdr (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::17 Grbppfimdree,

12?:7 Sflfr, 122:). Ifstf tralakod sdhdrrfnd-ids mf un bivfstbcamdr

bimfpfimfitf, hdn prátbha mf aiákbsf mf hditfðmd, quf edb aiakbsaimd eracnfitds

mf natfrbak ê nfmbma quf fstf ba sfimd hdmbebhamd7 mfstf ndmd fra pdssîvfk oavfr

mbshussèd ahfrha md prdhfssd mf hdmbebhaãèd para quf ds rfsuktamds, maî

prdvfibfitfs, edssfn hdisfisuabs f a ebmfkbmamf bitfr-hdmbebhamdr assfcurama.

Fn rfkaãèd ê ebmfkbmamf bitra-hdmbebhamdr, fstf tbpd mf ebmfkbmamf fxbstf quaimd

un nfsnd hdmbebhamdr ad aiakbsar d nfsnd mdhunfitd fn mdbs ndnfitds

mbefrfitfs dltân ds nfsnds rfsuktamds (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1). Ifstf

tralakod, mfpdbs mf una prbnfbra aiákbsf, edb efbta una hdiebrnaãèd mds rfsuktamds,

ùitd mds mdhunfitds, ièd oavfimd aktfraãöfs a rfcbstar.

Vn dutrd prdlkfna quf sf mfpara ê ebmfkbmamf prfimf-sf hdn a ièd

anlbcubmamf mas hatfcdrbas mf aiákbsf f as uibmamfs mf rfcbstd (Cobckbdif &

Natakdi, <::1). Hdnd ids mbzfn Cobckbdif f Natakdi (<::1), fn rfkaãèd ê

ebmfkbmamf, â nabs bnpdrtaitf d prdlkfna mas hatfcdrbas f uibmamfs mf rfcbstd md

quf a edrnaãèd md hdmbebhamdr7 hdn bstd fstfs autdrfs qufrfn mbzfr quf sf un

hdmbebhamdr fstá eanbkbarbzamd hdn a euimanfitaãèd tførbha md tralakod, id pkaid

nftdmdkøcbhd a aiákbsf â nabs ebávfk mfsmf quf oaà una mfebibãèd rbcdrdsa mas

hatfcdrbas. Mfstf ndmd, d eahtd mf, ifstf tralakod, d hdmbebhamdr fstar lfn

‛sdhbakbzamd„ tfdrbhanfitf (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1, p.126), mfvbmd ê pfsqubsa f

euimanfitaãèd tførbha fefhtuama, hditrblubu para a vfrbebhaãèd ma ebmfkbmamf bitra-

hdmbebhamdr.

Vtbkbzaimd hdnd bistrunfitd mf hdmbebhaãèd as hatfcdrbas mf aiákbsf, d

prdhfssd mf edrnar hatfcdrbas<3 â, tanlân, mf fxtrfna bnpdrtìihba7 vbstd quf

mfsfnpfioan, hdnd `á vbnds, un papfk bnpdrtaitf ia ebmfkbmamf mds

prdhfmbnfitds ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd.

<3 ‛A hatfcdrbzaãèd â una dpfraãèd mf hkassbebhaãèd mf fkfnfitds hdistbtutbvds mf un hdiùitd, pdr mbefrfihbaãèd f, sfcubmanfitf, pdr rfacrupanfitd sfcuimd d câifrd (aiakdcba), hdn ds hrbtârbdsprfvbanfitf mfebibmds„ (Larmbi, <::<, p.113).



58

As hatfcdrbas pdmfn sfr edrnamas mf mdbs ndmds mbstbitds. Cobckbdif f

Natakdi (<::1) mbvbmfn ds prdhfmbnfitds ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd fn mdbs craimfs

tbpds0 ds prdhfmbnfitds efhoamds f ds prdhfmbnfitds alfrtds du mf fxpkdraãèd.

Fiquaitd quf ds prbnfbrds utbkbzan hatfcdrbas mftfrnbiamas a prbdrb , du sfà,

prfvbanfitf ê aiákbsf7 ds sfcuimds partfn ma aiákbsf para, a partbr md sfu

prdmutd, sf pdmfrfn mfebibr hatfcdrbas (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1). Larmbi (<::<)

hoana ad prdhfmbnfitd efhoamd ‛hatfcdrbzaãèd pdr habxas„. D prøprbd prdhfssd mf

hdistruãèd mas hatfcdrbas fstá su`fbtd a mftfrnbiamas rfcras. \fcras hdnd a

fxhkusbvbmamf, dimf hama uibmamf mf rfcbstd apfias pdmf sfr hdmbebhama iuna

hatfcdrba (mf edrna a fxhkubr a anlbcubmamf)7 a rfcra ma pfrtbiàihba, dimf as

hatfcdrbas tfn mf fstar amaptamas ads dl`fhtbvds f natfrbabs mf aiákbsf7 as

hatfcdrbas tàn tanlân mf sfr odndcâifas, du sfà, tàn mf sf cdvfriar pdr un

ðibhd rfcbstd f pdr una ðibha mbnfisèd mf aiákbsf7 a rfcra ma

dl`fhtbvbmamf/ebmfkbmamf, quf `á rfefrbnds aitfrbdrnfitf quaimd eakánds ma ièd

anlbcubmamf mas hatfcdrbas f, ebiaknfitf, a rfcra ma pfrtbiàihba, dimf sf pdstuka

quf as hatfcdrbas mfvfn sfr prdmutbvas, du pdr dutras pakavras edrifhfr rfsuktamds

dimf sfà pdssîvfk eazfr un tralakod pdstfrbdr mf biefràihba f bitfrprftaãèd (Larmbi,

<::<7 Grbppfimdree, 12?:).

Eakta abima eazfr rfefràihba ês uibmamfs mf rfcbstd (ambaitf0 u.r) . Hdmbebhar â

traisedrnar ds mamds lrutds md tfxtd fn uibmamfs quf pfrnbtan una

rfprfsfitaãèd md hditfðmd, du ma sua fxprfssèd mf ndmd a quf d aiakbsta pdssa

bitfrprftá-kds f mfshrfvà-kds (Larmbi, <::<). ‛A uibmamf mf rfcbstd â a uibmamf mf

sbcibebhaãèd a hdmbebhar f hdrrfspdimf ad sfcnfitd mf hditfðmd a hdisbmfrar hdnd

uibmamf mf lasf, vbsaimd a hatfcdrbzaãèd f a hditacfn erfqufihbak„ (Larmbi, <::<,

p. 1:=). Cobckbdif f Natakdi (<::1) aebrnan quf as uibmamfs mf rfcbstd pdmfn sfr

hkassbebhamas tfimd fn hdita d hanpd mf dimf sèd prdvfibfitfs0 pdr fxfnpkd, sèd

sfnìitbhas quaimd d hdmbebhamdr eaz dpfraãöfs sdlrf d sfitbmd du sèd kbicuîstbhas

quaimd d hdmbebhamdr sf kbnbta a mfhdnpdr d tfxtd fn uibmamfs kfxbhabs. Vna u.r md



5=

tbpd sfnìitbhd â d tfna, sfimd una mas u.r nabs utbkbzama ia aiákbsf mf hditfðmd

(Larmbi, <::<7 Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1).

Ifstf tralakod efz-sf una aiákbsf tfnátbha. ‛Eazfr una aiákbsf tfnátbha

hdisbstf fn mfshdlrbr iðhkfds mf sfitbmd quf hdnpöfn a sbtuaãèd f huà prfsfiãa

du erfquàihba mf aparbãèd pdmfn sbcibebhar akcuna hdbsa para d dl`fhtbvd aiakîtbhds

fshdkobmd„ (Larmbi, <::<, p.1:6). Mf eahtd, fsta aebrnaãèd vab fxahtanfitf mf

fihditrd ê nftdmdkdcba sfcubma ifstf tralakod, â pfka prfsfiãa f/du erfquàihba mf

mftfrnbiamds tfnas quf tfitarfnds hofcar ads dl`fhtbvds.

A rfcra mf rfhdrtf a quf d tfna hdrrfspdimf ièd â kbifar7 fiquaitd quf

nubtas bmfbas fxprfssas pfkds autdrfs mas hdnuibhaãöfs ahalan hdn un pditd

ebiak, oá tfnas quf uktrapassan a edrna cranatbhak. Zdr dutras pakavras, hdmbebhar

utbkbzaimd tfnas â rfhdrtar d tfxtd tfimd fn hdita d sfu sfitbmd f ièd a sua edrna7

ad hditrárbd mf una uibmamf mf rfcbstd kbicuîstbha, d tfxtd ièd pdmf sfr mbvbmbmd fn

naibefstaãöfs edrnabs rfcukamas hdnd a pakavra du a erasf (Larmbi, <::<). Id

fitaitd, Larmbi (<::<) mbz-ids quf pdmf sfr ðtbk utbkbzar akcuna edrna mf kbnbtaãèd

kbicuîstbha, pdr fxfnpkd d parácraed du a erasf pdmfn sfr hdisbmframds hdnd

bimbhamdrfs mf un tfna. A utbkbzaãèd md tfna fiquaitd u.r aharrfta akcuis rbshds,

ad dpfrar sdlrf d sfitbmd md tfxtd d hdmbebhamdr hdrrf d rbshd mf br mf fihditrd ê

sua ‛fxpfrbàihba„, ad sfu hdiofhbnfitd, aeastaimd-sf, mfstf ndmd, md natfrbak f

md sfu sfitbmd (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1).

Fstaimd-sf a dpfrar sdlrf d sfitbmd md tfxtd, oá sbtuaãöfs fn quf una u.r

ièd pdmf sfr hatfcdrbzama sf ièd fstbvfr hditfxtuakbzama. Id prdhfssd mf

hdmbebhaãèd, pdmfn surcbr uibmamfs mf rfcbstd, hdn mftfrnbiamd sfitbmd, quf ièd

sèd vákbmas sf ièd fstbvfrfn bisfrbmas iun hditfxtd. Half ad aiakbsamdr sdhdrrfr-

sf mf uibmamfs mf hditfxtd<? para quf pdssa hdmbebhar sfn fivbfsanfitds (Larmbi,

<::<7 Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1).

<? ‛Vibmamf mf hditfxtd sfrvf mf uibmamf mf hdnprffisèd para hdmbebhar a uibmamf mf rfcbstd fhdrrfspdimf ad sfcnfitd ma nfisacfn, huàs mbnfisöfs (supfrbdrfs ês ma uibmamf mf rfcbstd sèdøptbnas para quf sf pdssa hdnprffimfr a sbcibebhaãèd fxahta ma uibmamf mf rfcbstd. Bstd pdmf, pdr fxfnpkd, sfr a erasf para a pakavra f d parácraed para d tfna„ (Larmbi, <::<, p. 1:3).



56

Vna mas prbnfbras ftapas ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd â a ‛kfbtura ekutuaitf„

(Larmbi, <::<7 Efrrfbra, <:::). Fsta ftapa prâ-aiakîtbha tfn hdnd d dl`fhtbvd a

fxpkdraãèd md natfrbak para eahbkbtar d fstalfkfhbnfitd mf hatfcdrbas f mas rfcras

mf hdmbebhaãèd7 a easf sfcubitf â a mf hdmbebhaãèd mds natfrbabs f una ðktbna ftapa

dimf sf tratan f bitfrprftan ds rfsuktamds (Larmbi, <::<7 Efrrfbra, <:::7 Zabs,

<::=). Ds natfrbabs fstumamds ifstf tralakod edran aiakbsamds sfcubitf un

prdhfmbnfitd efhoamd (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1) mf aiákbsf mf hditfðmd sakvd

una fxhfpãèd, quf sfrá mfshrbta pduhd nabs ambaitf. As hatfcdrbas edran

fstalfkfhbmas tfimd fn hdita as harahtfrîstbhas md natfrbak, d lahgcrduim tførbhd,

`á aprfsfitamd, f ds dl`fhtbvds mf bivfstbcaãèd.

Mfpdbs mf eakarnds sdlrf a ebmfkbmamf, rfsta rfpdrtarnd-ids ê vakbmamf. Fsta

â mfebibma pdr Cobckbdif f Natakdi (<::1, p. 125) ‛hdnd a amfquaãèd fitrf ds

dl`fhtbvds f ds ebis sfn mbstdrãèd mds eahtds„. Ad eazfr d fxfrhîhbd mf hdierditar d

quamrd hatfcdrbak hdn a drcaibzaãèd ma partf ma euimanfitaãèd tførbha mfstf

tralakod, fihditran-sf sfnfkoaiãas. Zdr fxfnpkd, a partf ma euimanfitaãèd

tførbha mfstf tralakod fstá fstruturama mf ndmd a bihkubr a obstørba, as hdihfpãöfs

f tfdrbas ahtuabs f ds bistrunfitds para avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba7 id quamrd

hatfcdrbak sfcubu-sf a nfsna drcaibzaãèd hditfnpkaimd-sf hatfcdrbas hdnd

Obstørba (Hatfcdrba 1), Hdihfpãöfs f aldrmacfis ahtuabs (Hatfcdrba <) f Nâtdmds

mf avakbaãèd/mbaciøstbhd (Hatfcdrba 8)7 a hatfcdrba Bivfstbcaãöfs/fstumds

assdhbamds (Hatfcdrba =) prfimf-sf hdn un mds dl`fhtbvds mf bivfstbcaãèd,

fxpkdrar quabs ds tfnas assdhbamds ê psbhdpatba. Hkard quf fsta hdbihbmàihba edb f

tfn mf sfr prdpdsbtama mf ndmd a vakbmar d quamrd hatfcdrbak, sfcuimd ds hrbtârbds

`á aprfsfitamds mf amfquaãèd mas hatfcdrbas ads dl`fhtbvds mf bivfstbcaãèd f

natfrbak para aiákbsf.

Fnldra sf mfva hdmbebhar tdma a biedrnaãèd hditbma ids mdhunfitds (rfcra

ma fxaustbvbmamf), Sflfr (122:) rfpdrta-sf ad haráhtfr rbtuakbzamd mf akcuis tbpds

mf hdnuibhaãèd f ê obpøtfsf mf sf utbkbzar a andstracfn mfitrd mf un tfxtd. Fsta

andstracfn pdmf sfrvbr para ièd hdmbebhar partfs md tfxtd quf ièd sfàn eârtfbs



55

fn rfsuktamds quf pfrnbtan eazfr biefràihbas mfvbmd ê sua iaturfza rbtuakbzama. Ia

utbkbzaãèd mfsta tâhibha mfvf-sf tfr fn atfiãèd a fstrutura md tfxtd para sf

prfsfrvar a sua hdfràihba sfnìitbha7 pdr fxfnpkd, a fkbnbiar, fkbnbian-sf

parácraeds du hdiùitds mf parácraeds bitfbrds `á quf, a fkbnbiaãèd mf una erasf

pdmfrba hdnprdnftfr a hdfràihba sfnìitbha md tfxtd (Sflfr, 122:).

Mf eahtd, ids artbcds mf mbvukcaãèd hbfitîebha â usuak oavfr partfs md tfxtd

quf sf rfpftfn mf artbcd para artbcd, du sfà, fn tfrnds edrnabs ds artbcds sèd,

cfraknfitf, sfnfkoaitfs. Â usuak oavfr una prbnfbra partf bitrdmutørba, dimf sf

bitrdmuz d prdlkfna, una dutra partf mf mfshrbãèd mf natfrbabs f nftdmdkdcbas f

para fiuihbaãèd mf rfsuktamds f una partf mf bitfrprftaãèd f hdihkusöfs. Ifstf

tralakod, uibmamfs mf rfcbstd quf sf rfpdrtavan ê mfshrbãèd mf bistrunfitds du

fiuihbaãèd mf rfsuktamds quf fn iama fstbvfssfn rfkahbdiamds hdn psbhdpatba,

ièd edran bihkuîmds ia aiákbsf<2. Hditumd, a hatfcdrba Bivfstbcaãèd/fstumds

assdhbamds (Hatfcdrba =), apfsar ma sua mfebibãèd tfr sbmd prâ-fstalfkfhbma, tbioa

un haráhtfr, mf akcun ndmd, fxpkdratørbd. Bstd pdrquf sf prftfimba salfr a quf

assuitds f varbávfbs ds bivfstbcamdrfs pdrtucufsfs rfkahbdiavan a psbhdpatba7

mfstf ndmd as partfs mf bitfrprftaãèd/mbshussèd mf rfsuktamds f hdihkusöfs edran

tdtaknfitf hdmbebhamas, vbstd quf â ifstf fspaãd quf sf eazfn as bitfrsfhãöfs mf

tfnas f assuitds.

Ebiakbzaimd, eakta eazfr rfefràihba ad tratanfitd mds rfsuktamds ma aiákbsf. @á

rfefrbnds quf â atravâs mds rfsuktamds ma aiákbsf mas nfisacfis vfbhukamas pfkds

artbcds mf mbvukcaãèd hbfitîebha quf prftfimfnds hofcar ads idssds dl`fhtbvds.

Zdmfrîands mbzfr quf a partbr mds rfsuktamds ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd brfnds biefrbr

ahfrha md ndmd hdnd tfn sbmd aldrmama a psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak. Mfstf ndmd â

atravâs ma hditacfn erfqufihbak quf partbrfnds para a bitfrprftaãèd, tfimd hdnd

prfssupdstd quf d iðnfrd mf vfzfs quf un tfna â rfefrfihbamd pdmf sfr

bimbhamdr ma sua bnpdrtìihba (Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1).

<2 Hdnd fxfnpkd hdkdhands una uibmamf mf rfcbstd md artbcd i° < dimf d autdr rfefrf d usd mf unbistrunfitd mf nfisuraãèd ma amaptaãèd ê prbsèd0 ‛D Zrbsdi Amùstnfit Îimfx bitfcra-sf id crupdmf bistrunfitds mf nfmbma md crau mf amaptaãèd ê prbsèd quf ièd eaz apfkd ê partbhbpaãèd mbrfhtamds su`fbtds/rfhkusds.„



53

8. \FXVK]AMDX F XVA MBXHVXXÈD

Efbta a aiákbsf, â tfnpd mf aprfsfitar, avakbar f bitfrprftar ds rfsuktamds

dltbmds. Hdnfãarfnds pdr una aiákbsf nabs cfrak dimf earfnds, tanlân, una

aiákbsf edrnak mds artbcds. Id sfcubitf quamrd aprfsfitands ds rfsuktamds tdtabs

mas hatfcdrbas8:.

Quamrd 5‘ Mbstrblubãèd mas uibmamfs mf rfcbstd pfkas hatfcdrbas f artbcds

Artbcds

Hatfcdrbas I°1 I°< I°8 I°= I°6 I°5 I°3 ]dtak

1 <6 < < 1: 8 = =5< 16 8 1 1 8< 15 11 3?8 <3 <1 <= 81 <= <3 16== <1 18 83 <6 11 6= 151

Hdnd pdmfnds vfrbebhar pfkds rfsuktamds fxprfssds id quamrd 1, as

hatfcdrbas dimf edran hdtamas nabs u.r edran0 a hatfcdrba Nâtdmds mf

avakbaãèd/mbaciøstbhd ma psbhdpatba (hatfcdrba 8) f a hatfcdrba

Bivfstbcaãöfs/fstumds assdhbamds (hatfcdrba =). Ubstd quf, a Hatfcdrba 8 mbz

rfspfbtd ads bistrunfitds utbkbzamds para a avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba f quf a

Hatfcdrba = fstá kbcama ês rfkaãöfs quf sf fstalfkfhfn fitrf fsta pfrturlaãèd f

mftfrnbiamas varbávfbs, d nabdr iðnfrd mf u.r pdmf tfr a vfr hdn a prøprba edrna

mds artbcds mf bivfstbcaãèd.

Â salbmd quf ds artbcds quf bitfcran pfrbømbhds mf mbvukcaãèd hbfitîebha, ia

sua fstrutura edrnak, mèd prbnazba ês mfshrbãöfs md nâtdmd f fxpdsbãèd mds

rfsuktamds mds fstumds a quf sf rfefrfn. Hdnd d hdrpus mfstf fstumd bihbmf,

uibhanfitf, fn mdhunfitds mfstf câifrd, â hdnprffisîvfk quf sf fihditrfn

nabs u.r pfrtfihfitfs a partfs nabs mfshrbtbvas f fxpkbhatbvas mds artbcds fn

mftrbnfitd mf u.r hdihfrifitfs a un fiquamranfitd obstørbhd-tførbhd. Zfka nfsna

razèd sf fxpkbha quf a hatfcdrba Obstørba (hatfcdrba 1), quf mbz rfspfbtd a un

fiquamranfitd obstørbhd md hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba, sfà a quf nfids u.r

8: Zara nabs biedrnaãèd ahfrha mas hatfcdrbas f sua mfebibãèd hdisuktar d Aifxd H.



5?

aprfsfita. @á fn rfkaãèd ê hatfcdrba Hdihfpãöfs, aldrmacfis f mfshrbãöfs

ahtuabs (Hatfcdrba <), hdihflf-sf quf sfà supfrbdr, fn iðnfrd mf uibmamfs mf

rfcbstd, ê Hatfcdrba 1 `á quf, para una hdnprffisèd mas nftdmdkdcbas f

rfsuktamds aprfsfitamds pfkds autdrfs mds artbcds, â nabs ifhfssárbd un

fiquamranfitd mas tfdrbas f aldrmacfis ahtuabs sfcubmas md quf una

euimanfitaãèd obstørbha.

Oá, hditumd, fxhfpãöfs. Ifn tdmds ds artbcds tàn as nfsnas

harahtfrîstbhas edrnabs, nubtas vfzfs mftfrnbiamas pfkds dl`fhtbvds mds artbcds.

Zdr fxfnpkd, sf un artbcd ièd sf mfstbia ê aprfsfitaãèd mf un fstumd, nas sbn, a

una aprfsfitaãèd/mbssfrtaãèd sdlrf mftfrnbiamds assuitds, as partfs mfshrbtbva f

fxpkbhatbva sèd prftfrbmas. Ds artbcds I°1 f I°6 sèd artbcds md câifrd ahalamd mf

mfshrfvfr, assbn sf fxpkbha a ausàihba mf uibmamfs mf rfcbstd mas Hatfcdrbas 8 f =

id artbcd I°67 quaitd ad artbcd I°1, apfsar mf ièd sfr una aprfsfitaãèd mf un

fstumd, oá hfrtas uibmamfs mf rfcbstd quf sf fiquamran qufr ia Hatfcdrba 8 qufr

ia =, vbstd quf d autdr eaz rfefràihba a bistrunfitds mf avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba f a

rfsuktamds mf fstumds quf rfkahbdian a psbhdpatba a dutras varbávfbs, fkaldramds

pdr autdrfs pdrtucufsfs du fn Zdrtucak.

Efbta a aiákbsf edrnak, sfcuf-sf una aiákbsf nabs pdrnfidrbzama.

Quamrd 3 - Mbstrblubãèd mas uibmamfs mf rfcbstd pfkas hatfcdrbas, sul-hatfcdrbas f

artbcds

Artbcds

HatfcdrbasXul-

hatfcdrbasI°1 I°< I°8 I°= I°6 I°5 I°3 ]dtak

11.1 = < 51.< ? ? 151.8 8 1 =1.= 1: < < < = <:

<

<.1 6 8 1 1 1 11 <<<.< 6 < 3<.8 = =<.= < 1< 1=<.6 8: 8:<.5 1 1<.3 1 1

8

8.1 <6 <1 <= 81 <3 1<?8.< 1 16 158.8 1 2 1:8.= X.\.

= <1 18 83 <6 11 6= 151



52

A aiákbsf md quamrd 3 pfrnbtbr-ids-ê eazfr una avakbaãèd f bitfrprftaãèd nabs

mftakoama mds rfsuktamds quf kfvará ê mbshussèd f hdierditaãèd hdn ds dl`fhtbvds

mf bivfstbcaãèd mfstf fstumd.

Aitfs mf nabs, hdn a fxhfpãèd mds artbcds i° 6 f i° 5, ds artbcds parfhfn

sfcubr un pamrèd, aparfhfimd u.r sfnprf ias nfsnas hatfcdrbas f sul-

hatfcdrbas. Fstf eahtd pdmf mfvfr-sf a quf fn tdmds fstfs artbcds (i°1, i°<, i°8,

i°= f i°3) un nfsnd autdr â d autdr prbihbpak du hdkaldramdr fn tdmds fkfs. Â

pdrtaitd hdnprffisîvfk quf, fn tfrnds edrnabs f mf hditfðmd ds artbcds sfàn

sfnfkoaitfs, `á quf sf rfpdrtan du apdban id tralakod mf un autdr.

Hdnd sf mbvbmbu d dl`fhtbvd prbihbpak mfstf fstumd, tanlân a aiákbsf mds

rfsuktamds sfrá mbvbmbma. Hdnfãarfnds pfkas trambãöfs tførbhas sfcubmas pfkds

bivfstbcamdrfs fn Zdrtucak.

@á aqub edb mbtd f fxpkbhamd pdrquf â quf a hatfcdrba 1 (hatfcdrba Obstørba)edb a

quf nfids uibmamfs mf rfcbstd fvbmfihbdu. Ièd â surprfsa, tanlân, quf ids

artbcds I° 1 f I°6 tfioan sbmd ds quf nabs uibmamfs mf rfcbstd edrifhfran ê

prbnfbra hatfcdrba, vbstd quf fstfs artbcds sf mfstbian a una

aprfsfitaãèd/mbssfrtaãèd. Mfstf ndmd â iaturak quf ds autdrfs mfmbhassfn nabs

tfnpd f fspaãd a mfshrfvfr f fiquamrar d hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba. Mas sul-

hatfcdrbas quf hdistbtufn a hatfcdrba 1 a quf tfvf nabs rfsuktamds edb a sul-

hatfcdrba Zdkânbha (sul-hatfcdrba 1.=), quf eaz rfefràihba ê hditrdvârsba fn tdrid

md hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba (Akuà, 12?27 Fstflai & Akdisd, 12267 Fstflai ft ak.,

122=7 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a, 1222l, <::1, <::<7 Oarf, 12257 Dkbvfbra ft ak. 12227

Zfrfbra ft ak. 1222). Mfstf ndmd â pfrtbifitf hdihkubr quf ds autdrfs pdrtucufsfs

fstèd hdishbfitfs ma hditrdvârsba quf fivdkvf fsta pfrturlaãèd f passan fssa

nfisacfn. Nabs abima, ds prøprbds autdrfs pdrtucufsfs, apfsar mf hdishbfitfs ma

pdkânbha, pdmf-sf mbzfr quf ad tfitar kblfrtar-sf mfka hditrblufn para a sua

naiutfiãèd. Zdr fxfnpkd, ad aebrnar quf â ifhfssárbd una idãèd prfhbsa md quf

â psbhdpatba, fstèd-sf a fshdkofr mftfrnbiamas drbfitaãöfs tførbhas f a dptar pdr



3:

mftfrnbiamds nâtdmds, quaimd mbefrfitfs autdrfs dptan pdr mbefrfitfs drbfitaãöfs

f mbefrfitfs nftdmdkdcbas aeastan-sf ia uibebhaãèd md hdihfbtd. Udktarfnds a fstf

pditd nabs ambaitf.

Quaitd ês trambãöfs tførbhas, `á vbnds quf fn Zdrtucak sf sfcuf,

prfmdnbiaitfnfitf, a aldrmacfn cfrnìibha du hdistbtuhbdiak ma psbhdpatba

(Efriaimfs, 126=7 Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a7 Dkbvfbra f Xá, 1252). Mf eahtd ds

rfsuktamds fihditramds sèd hdivfrcfitfs hdn a kbtfratura, vbstd quf â a sul-

hatfcdrba 1.< (sul-hatfcdrba ]rambãèd cfrnìibha Wfshdka hdistbtuhbdiakbsta^ ) a quf

nabs uibmamfs mf rfcbstd aprfsfita, hdnparaimd hdn as sul-hatfcdrbas quf sf

rfpdrtan ês hdihfptuakbzaãöfs hkássbhas (sul-hatfcdrba 1.1) f ê trambãèd aickd-

anfrbhaia (sul-hatfcdrba 1.8).

Id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê hatfcdrba < du ês hdihfpãöfs, aldrmacfis f mfshrbãöfs

ahtuabs sfcubmas, d quf sf vfrbebha â una suprfnahba ma aldrmacfn sdhbdkøcbha

(sul-hatfcdrba <.6, Xdhbdkdcba). Hditumd, fstands edrtfnfitf hdivbhtds quf fsta

bnpdrtìihba mama ê aldrmacfn sdhbdkøcbha ièd rfekfhtf a rfakbmamf pdrtucufsa f

aprfsfitands as sfcubitfs razöfs para bssd0 prbnfbrd, tdmas as u.r mfsta sul-

hatfcdrba sf rfpdrtan a un ðibhd artbcd (artbcd I°6)7 sfcuimd, fstf artbcd â, hdnd

`á vbnds, un artbcd quf sf mfstbia ièd ê aprfsfitaãèd mf un fstumd nas sbn a

una mbssfrtaãèd sdlrf un assuitd (d quf eaz aunfitar d iðnfrd mf u.r ias

hatfcdrbas 1 f <)7 f, ebiaknfitf, tfrhfbrd, d autdr mfstf artbcd â fstraicfbrd f d

mdhunfitd ièd sf rfpdrta a ifioun fstumd efbtd fn Zdrtucak. Ias rfstaitfs sul-

hatfcdrbas, â mama bnpdrtìihba ê aldrmacfn psbhdmbiìnbha (sul-hatfcdrba, <.=,

Zsbhaiákbsf) ma psbhdpatba f ê aldrmacfn hkfhgkfyibaia (sul-hatfcdrba, <.1,

Hkfhgkfy ), hdn supfrbdrbmamf ma ðktbna. Fsta hdihkusèd kfva-ids, nabs una vfz, a

una hdihdrmìihba hdn a kbtfratura7 `á aitfrbdrnfitf rfefrbnds quf \ub A.

Cdiãakvfs tfn utbkbzamd a hdihfptuakbzaãèd mf Hkfhgkfy (1235) f ds tralakods

sulsfqufitfs mf Oarf (<::8) para as suas bivfstbcaãöfs (Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a,

1222l, <::1, <::<7 Cdiãakvfs & Xakân, <::17 Zfrfbra ft ak., 1222).



31

Abima id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê hatfcdrba < â mf sakbfitar, a ausàihba mf

rfsuktamds sbcibebhatbvds id quf mbz rfspfbtd ês aldrmacfis ifurd-ebsbdkøcbha f ê

psbhdpatba hdnd hatfcdrba kfcak7 d quf ids kfva a hdihkubr quf fn Zdrtucak ièd sf

sfcufn fstf tbpd mf hdihfptuakbzaãöfs ma psbhdpatba.

Ia tfrhfbra hatfcdrba, quf sf rfpdrta ads nâtdmds utbkbzamds para avakbar a

psbhdpatba, vfrbebhands una supfrbdrbmamf bihditfstávfk ma sul-hatfcdrba 8.1 (sul-

hatfcdrba ZHK-\ WZsyhodpatoy Hofhgkbst \fvbsfm^). Fsta sul-hatfcdrba rfpdrta-sf

ad usd (du sua rfefràihba) ma ZHK-\. Hdnd fstf bistrunfitd â fkaldramd pdr Oarf

(bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a) f, pdr sua vfz, fstf autdr sf lasfba ia hdihfpãèd mf

Hkfhgkfy (1235), pdmfnds hdihkubr quf a aldrmacfn nabs sfcubma, ahtuaknfitf,

fn Zdrtucak â a aldrmacfn hkfhgkfyibaia. @á aqub edb mbshutbma a bnpdrtìihba quf a

Hofhgkbst mf Zsbhdpatba mf Oarf tfvf f hditbiua a tfr ia bivfstbcaãèd sdlrf fsta

pfrturlaãèd7 fitrf dutras razöfs, fstá a pdssblbkbmamf mf utbkbzar un bistrunfitd

ebávfk f vákbmd para aefrbãèd ma psbhdpatba quf pfrnbtf rfkahbdiar fstf hdistruhtd

hdn mbvfrsas varbávfbs. Ds idssds rfsuktamds mbzfn-ids quf fn Zdrtucak, tak hdnd

ad iîvfk bitfriahbdiak, fstf bistrunfitd caiodu craimf bnpdrtìihba f rfkfvìihba ia

avakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba, id fitaitd apfias ids pfrnbtfn fxtrabr hdihkusöfs fn

hditfxtds mf bivfstbcaãèd, `á quf fstf tralakod apfias sf rfpdrta a fssa árfa.

Zdr dutrd kamd, fihditránds, tanlân, fvbmàihbas md usd (du sua rfefràihba)

mf nâtdmds psbhdnâtrbhds (sul-hatfcdrba 8.<, Zsbhdnâtrbhds) f nâtdmds quf

pfrnbtfn una edrnukaãèd psbhdmbiìnbha ma psbhdpatba (sul-hatfcdrba 8.8,

Fitrfvbstas, mamds hkîibhds f tfstfs prd`fhtbvds).

Udktands, fitèd, ad pditd ma pdkânbha fxbstfitf fn rfmdr ma psbhdpatba. Ds

rfsuktamds rfefrfitfs ês sul-hatfcdrbas 8.< f 8.8 pdmfn qufrfr mbzfr quf, apfsar

mf tumd, a pdkânbha fxbstf, abima, fn Zdrtucak, du quf, pdr dutrd kamd, ds

bivfstbcamdrfs ièd hfmfn ês biekuàihbas fstraicfbras f naitàn-sf ebâbs ês

trambãöfs tførbhas sfcubmas, du, abima, quf pdr akcuis autdrfs dptarfn pdr

mftfrnbiamas hdihfptuakbzaãöfs, rfhdrrfn a bistrunfitds f nâtdmds hdihdrmaitfs

hdn fssa tfdrbzaãèd. Id fitaitd, ds idssds rfsuktamds hdiebrnan d quf



3<

aitfrbdrnfitf tîioands prdpdstd7 quf ad sf tfitarfn aeastar ma pdkânbha, ds

autdrfs pdrtucufsfs fstèd a hditrblubr para a sua pfrnaiàihba. Ad sfcubr tfdrbas

mbefrfitfs f ad utbkbzar bistrunfitds mbstbitds, sfn a fxbstàihba mf un mbákdcd (pfkd

nfids fvbmfitf ids mdhunfitds aiakbsamds) quf vbsf a hdnpkfnfitarbmamf mf

aldrmacfis f nftdmdkdcbas a pdkânbha, prdvavfknfitf, naitfr-sf-ê ahfsa id

idssd paîs.

Fstumds rfhfitfs (Hddgf, ft ak., <::=) mfndistran quf, apfsar mf oavfr

una tfimàihba rfhfitf para utbkbzar a ZHK-\ f sf sfcubr a hdihfptuakbzaãèd mf

Hkfhgkfy (1235), d usd quf sf tfn efbtd md hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba tfn hditrbluîmd

para una idva mbvbsèd7 du sfà, d quf sf prftfimf fkbnbiar, ad utbkbzar as nfsnas

tâhibhas f sfcubimd a nfsna aldrmacfn, fstá a fvdkubr, pdr dutrd kamd, mfvbmd ê

utbkbzaãèd fxhfssbva f fn hditfxtds quf aeastan a pfrturlaãèd psbhdpátbha mds

hrbtârbds quf a mfebifn. Zdrtaitd, ad sf tfitar fkbnbiar a pdkânbha uibedrnbzaimd a

bivfstbcaãèd ad iîvfk mas tfdrbas f mas nftdmdkdcbas usamas, d hditfxtd fn quf sf

tfn bivfstbcamd (nabdrbtarbanfitf kbcamd ê aitb-sdhbakbmamf f ê hrbnbiakbmamf)

mbstdrhf d hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba ia sua mfebibãèd fssfihbak (Hddgf, ft ak., <::=).

\fsta salfr sf fn Zdrtucak d nfsnd sf vfrbebha.

Xfimd assbn, prdpusfnd-ids mfstahar quabs ds tfnas quf sf bivfstbcan fn

Zdrtucak utbkbzaimd d hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba.

Quamrd ?‘ Mbstrblubãèd mas uibmamfs mf rfcbstd pfkas sul-hatfcdrbas ma hatfcdrba

Bivfstbcaãöfs/fstumds assdhbamds (Hatfcdrba =) f artbcds

Artbcds

Hatfcdrba Xul-hatfcdrba I°1 I°< I°8 I°= I°6 I°5 I°3 ]dtabs

Bivfstbcaãöfs/fstumdsassdhbamds

Hrbnf <1 <: 1: 8: ?1Zrbsèd 18 1< ? 88

Xfrdpdsbtbvbmamf 5 5]dxbhdmfpfimàihba 1< 1<

UarbávfbsXdhbdmfndcráebhas

8 16 1?

]raãds mfZfrsdiakbmamf (f.c.

acrfssbvbmamf)11 11

A aiákbsf mds mdhunfitds quf hdistbtufn d hdrpus edrifhfu-ids ds mamds md

quamrd ?. Ia bivfstbcaãèd quf sf eaz sdlrf psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak oá una



38

prfvakàihba mf fstumds quf rfkahbdian a psbhdpatba hdn d Hrbnf. Akân mbssd,

tdmds ds assuitds quf fihditránds utbkbzan andstras mf rfhkusds a hunprbr pfia

fn Fstalfkfhbnfitds Zrbsbdiabs, f apfias ia sul-hatfcdrba ]raãds mf

Zfrsdiakbmamf ièd edb mftfhtamd d usd ma ZHK-\ para mbaciøstbhd ma psbhdpatba. A

kbtfratura mbz-ids quf a ZHK-\ â fspfhbaknfitf bimbhama para pdpukaãöfs edrfisfs

(Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a7 Zfrfbra ft ak. 1222.) d quf, mf akcun ndmd, ùstbebha

tanlân a utbkbzaãèd mfstf bistrunfitd utbkbzaimd su`fbtds bistbtuhbdiakbzamds. As

sul-hatfcdrbas fihditramas rfvfkan quf, hdnd oá pduha bivfstbcaãèd f kbtfratura

sdlrf psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak, ds bivfstbcamdrfs fstèd abima iuna easf bibhbak mf

tfstacfn f fxpfrbnfitaãèd mf nftdmdkdcbas, mf fxpkdraãèd f harahtfrbzaãèd ma

pdpukaãèd rfhkuîma pdrtucufsa id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê psbhdpatba7 apfias a sul-

hatfcdrba ]raãds mf Zfrsdiakbmamf sf mfstbia a hdnprffimfr d bimbvîmud psbhdpata

f, hdisfqufitfnfitf, tralakoar d hdihfbtd, fiquaitd quf as rfstaitfs sul-

hatfcdrbas assunfn una mftfrnbiama hdihfpãèd mf psbhdpatba (a hdihfpãèd

hkfhgkfyibaia, dpfrahbdiakbzama pfka ZHK-\) f rfkahbdian-ia hdn as varbávfbs quf

prftfimfn, du sfà tralakoan hdn d hdihfbtd.

Hdnd ahalánds mf vfr, tanlân fn Zdrtucak, sf utbkbza d hdihfbtd mf

psbhdpatba para, nabdrbtarbanfitf, sf fstumar pdpukaãöfs kbcamas ê hrbnbiakbmamf du

aitb-sdhbakbmamf. Xfimd quf, hdnd `á vbnds, ds idssds rfsuktamds ids pfrnbtbran

hdihkubr quf fn Zdrtucak sf sfcuf a hdihfpãèd hkfhgkfyibaia (Hkfhgkfy, 1235) f sf

utbkbza un bistrunfitd quf sf lasfba ifssa nfsna hdihfptuakbzaãèd (a ZHK-\),

hdrrf-sf d rbshd mf sf fstar a aeastar ma hdihfptuakbzaãèd drbcbiak mf Hkfhgkfy

(1235) ad bivfstbcar, sdlrftumd, fn pdpukaãöfs edrfisfs.



3=



36

=. HDIHKVXÖFX

Mfpdbs mf aiakbsar f bitfrprftar ds rfsuktamds, hofca a aktura mf hdihkubr fstf

tralakod.

D idssd dl`fhtbvd ðktbnd fra d mf eazfr una aiákbsf ma biedrnaãèd sdlrf a

psbhdpatba id hditfxtd ma bivfstbcaãèd hbfitîebha fn Zdrtucak. Zara bssd

prdpusfnd-ids a aiakbsar mbvfrsds tfnas hdnd d fiquamranfitd obstørbhd, as

hdihfpãöfs ahtuabs quf fran sfcubmas, as nftdmdkdcbas utbkbzamas f ds assuitds

rfkahbdiamds hdn fsta pfrturlaãèd. Ê kuz mds idssds rfsuktamds, pdmfnds hdihkubr

quf ds bivfstbcamdrfs pdrtucufsfs quf pulkbhan fstumds sdlrf psbhdpatba passan

as sfcubitfs nfisacfis0 1.) trambhbdiaknfitf, fn Zdrtucak, sfcuf-sf una

aldrmacfn hdistbtuhbdiakbsta ma psbhdpatba, idnfamanfitf a hdihfpãèd mf Gurt

Xhoifbmfr (12?:) f fshdka akfnè7 <.) a aldrmacfn ma psbhdpatba ahtuak sfcubma,

prfefrfihbaknfitf, â a hdihfptuakbzaãèd mf Ofrvfy Hkfhgkfy (1235)7 8.) d

bistrunfitd nabs utbkbzamd ia avakbaãèd f mbaciøstbhd ma psbhdpatba â a

Zsyhodpatoy Hofhgkbst \fvbsfm mf \dlfrt Oarf (bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a)7 =.) ds

assuitds quf nabs sèd rfkahbdiamds hdn a psbhdpatba, fn Zdrtucak, tàn a vfr hdn

a mfshrbãèd f harahtfrbzaãèd ma pdpukaãèd rfhkuîma pdrtucufsa.

Ds rfsuktamds ahalaran pdr sfr hdihdrmaitfs hdn a kbtfratura ma

fspfhbakbmamf, apfsar mfssa kbtfratura sfr fshassa id quf mbz rfspfbtd ê sbtuaãèd

pdrtucufsa (Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a).

Hdistatánds tanlân quf ds fstumds fefhtuamds pdr bivfstbcamdrfs

pdrtucufsfs assunfn a psbhdpatba mf ahdrmd hdn un mftfrnbiamd hdrpd tførbhd,

idnfamanfitf a hdihfpãèd mf Hkfhgkfy (1235), f quf, apfsar mf rfhdiofhfrfn

quf fxbstf, abima, una ahfsa mbshussèd fn rfmdr mfsta pfrturlaãèd, sf kblfrtan ma

hditrdvârsba utbkbzaimd un bistrunfitd quf assunf una uibebhaãèd md hdihfbtd. @á

vbnds aitfrbdrnfitf quf, a tfdrbzaãèd mf Hkfhgkfy (1235) f a sua

dpfrahbdiakbzaãèd ia ZHK-\ (Oarf, bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a) nubtd hditrblub para un



35

lddn quf sf mfu ia bivfstbcaãèd ma psbhdpatba f, quf a bivfstbcaãèd fn Zdrtucak

parfhf tanlân ahdnpaioar ds mfsfivdkvbnfitds ad iîvfk bitfriahbdiak. Id

fitaitd, hrfnds quf a bivfstbcaãèd, ad utbkbzar fstfs prfssupdstds tførbhds f

nftdmdkøcbhds, sf fstá a aeastar ma hdihfpãèd oîlrbma ma psbhdpatba prfhdibzama

pdr Hkfhgkfy (1235) f Oarf (bi Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7 Oarf <::8) quf fickdla traãds

mf pfrsdiakbmamf f hdnpdrtanfitds aitb-sdhbabs, hdihdrmaimd hdn Hddgf f

hdkaldramdrfs (<::=). Ad sf bivfstbcar, sdlrftumd, pdpukaãöfs edrfisfs fstá-sf a

mar hdnd hfrtd quf fssfs su`fbtds `á dptaran du sfcubran hdimutas aitb-sdhbabs

f/du hrbnbidsas, aprdxbnaimd-sf assbn ma trambãèd aickd-anfrbhaia pfrsdibebhama

ids MXN (AZA, 12?3, <::<). Fihditrands supdrtf ia kbtfratura para fsta dpbibèd

fn Hddgf f hdkaldramdrfs (<::=)7 ds autdrfs hofcan ê hdihkusèd quf a aitb-

sdhbakbmamf â nabs una hdisfquàihba ma psbhdpatba md quf sua harahtfrîstbha7

mfstf ndmd, ds nfsnds autdrfs, avbsan para una a saturaãèd mf aitb-sdhbakbmamf

ia ZHK-\ d quf pdmfrá hdnprdnftfr d sfu usd a kdicd prazd. Xfimd assbn,

fxhkufn-sf bimbvîmuds, tanlân hdisbmframds psbhdpatas, quf ièd sèd apaioamds

‛ias nakoas ma Kfb„. Fnldra pratbhanfitf tdmas as hdihfptuakbzaãöfs prfhdibzfn

quf d psbhdpata pdssa amdptar hdimutas aitb-sdhbabs, akcunas mfkas ièd aprfcdan

a sua dlrbcatdrbfmamf. Hdnd mbzba d Mr. Aitøibd Hdbnlra mf Natds (hdnuibhaãèd

pfssdak, ia auka ma hamfbra mf Zsbhdpatdkdcba md Amuktd md =° aid ma Kbhfihbatura

fn Zsbhdkdcba Apkbhama, << mf Alrbk mf <::=) ‛oá mdbs tbpds mf psbhdpatas0 ds lurrds

f ds fspfrtds. Ds lurrds sèd ds quf sf mfbxan apaioar, ds fspfrtds iuiha sèd

apaioamds„. Dimf fstèd f hdnd ahfmfr a fssfs bimbvîmuds hditbiua una qufstèd

fn alfrtd f mf mbeîhbk rfspdsta.

Mfstf ndmd atbicbnds tanlân un mds dl`fhtbvds quf prdpusfnds, tfitar

fihditrar una tfimàihba ia bivfstbcaãèd sdlrf psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak f, a partbr

maî, pdmfr arcunfitar quaitd a fstumds pdstfrbdrfs. Ubnds quf ds fstumds

rfakbzamds fn Zdrtucak sf mfstbian prbihbpaknfitf a vfrbebhar, mfshrfvfr f

harahtfrbzar a fxbstàihba mf psbhdpatas ia pdpukaãèd rfhkuîma pdrtucufsa. Mfstf

ndmd, fstumds pdstfrbdrfs pdmfn hditrblubr para un nfkodr hdiofhbnfitd ma



33

prfvakàihba mf psbhdpatas ids hrbnbidsds mfstf paîs, f pdssbvfknfitf, a partbr maî

hdnfãar a hrbar pkaids fstratâcbhds mf prfvfiãèd, tratanfitd, rfalbkbtaãèd, fth.

Fnldra `á tfioands mbshutbmd ds rbshds ma utbkbzaãèd fn nassa ma ZHK-\ f md usd

quf sf tfn efbtd ma hdihfpãèd hkfhgkfyibaia, kfvaimd-a a una pdssîvfk mbstdrãèd

mf hditfðmds tførbhd-hkîibhds.

Zrftfimîands, tanlân, hdn fstf tralakod, hditrblubr para un hdiofhbnfitd

sdlrf a sbtuaãèd ahtuak md ndmd hdnd sf trata a psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak. Ad

hditrárbd mds rfstaitfs fstumds quf tralakoan hdn d hdihfbtd, tralakoánds sdlrf d

hdihfbtd, ièd bcidraimd assbn a pdkânbha nas sbn bitfcraimd-a, hdn d dl`fhtbvd

mf una pdssîvfk mbshussèd fn rfmdr mds assuitds quf aqub kfvaitánds f bibhbar

una idva kbioa mf bivfstbcaãèd ahfrha ma psbhdpatba.

Fra tanlân idssd dl`fhtbvd pdmfr mbshutbr ahfrha md pfrhursd quf d hdihfbtd

mf psbhdpatba tfvf fn Zdrtucak. Zarfhf-ids quf, hdn ds mamds quf dltbvfnds, â

mfsprdpdsbtamd arcunfitar sdlrf fssa qufstèd. Zrbnfbrd, pdrquf ds artbcds quf

hdistbtuîran d hdrpus alraicban un pfrîdmd mf tfnpd hurtd f rfkatbvanfitf

rfhfitf, kbnbtaimd a hapahbmamf mf pdmfr mbshutbr f hdihkubr ahfrha mf un pfrhursd

obstørbhd.

Md pditd mf vbsta tførbhd, a nabdr mbebhukmamf fihditrama edb fihditrar

kbtfratura sdlrf a psbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak7 ahrfmbtands quf hdn nabs tfnpd f

rfhursds sf pdssa eazfr un fiquamranfitd obstørbhd-tførbhd nabs rbhd f hdnpkftd.

Akân mbssd, ad pfsqubsar f fstumar d hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba, nfrcukoands tanlân

iuna pdkânbha quf fstá bistaurama, pratbhanfitf, mfsmf a sua hrbaãèd, d quf tdria

mbeîhbk fstalfkfhfr bmfbas, kbioas mf pfisanfitd f mf bivfstbcaãèd. Zarfhf, pdbs

ifhfssárbd eazfr dpãöfs, mfpdbs mf una mbshussèd sârba sdlrf d assuitd.

Md pditd mf vbsta nftdmdkøcbhd fihditránds mbvfrsas hditrarbfmamfs quf

pdmfn tfr aefhtamd ds rfsuktamds ebiabs. D eahtd mf ièd tfrfn sbmd rfhdkobmds,

mfvbmd a mbebhukmamfs ia kdhakbzaãèd f dltfiãèd, f aiakbsamds akcuis artbcds quf

edran sfkfhhbdiamds para d hdrpus, mbtdu quf a aiákbsf mds rfsuktamds fefhtuama

ebhassf kbnbtama. Fstfs artbcds, pdr tfrfn sbmd pulkbhamds oá nabs tfnpd, takvfz ids



3?

pfrnbtbssfn hdiofhfr f traãar un pfrhursd ia bivfstbcaãèd ma psbhdpatba fn

Zdrtucak, ebhánds assbn kbnbtamds a un pfrîdmd, rfkatbvanfitf, rfhfitf mf tfnpd.

Zdr dutrd kamd, a aiákbsf mf hditfðmd efhoama, apfsar mf tfr sfrvbmd para ds

dl`fhtbvds mfstf tralakod, tfn sbmd hrbtbhama7 idrnaknfitf má-sf prfefràihba a

tâhibhas mf aiákbsf mf hditfðmd alfrta (Larmbi, <:::7 Cobckbdif & Natakdi, <::1).

Ad eazfrnds una aiákbsf mf hditfðmd efhoama fstands a mfshartar biedrnaãèd

quf pdssbvfknfitf sfrba pfrtbifitf aiakbsar sfparamanfitf mas hatfcdrbas prâ-

fstalfkfhbmas. Zdmfn abima sfr nfkodramas qufstöfs rfkahbdiamas hdn a

vfrbebhaãèd ma vakbmamf f mf ebmfkbmamf mds nâtdmds f mds rfsuktamds, para bssd a

hdmbebhaãèd tfrba mf tfr sbmd efbta pdr mbvfrsds hdmbebhamdrfs trfbiamds f fn várbds

ndnfitds id tfnpd, para caraitbr una nabdr ebmfkbmamf bitfr f bitra-hdmbebhamdr.

Zfisands quf, apfsar mas kbnbtaãöfs, fstf tralakod pdmf sfrvbr hdnd

bnpuksbdiamdr para idvas bivfstbcaãöfs. A iøs, mfbxdu-ids hdn nabs mðvbmas f

trduxf nabs qufstöfs md quf hfrtfzas f rfspdstas.

Xfrba bitfrfssaitf hdnprffimfr as rfkaãöfs fitrf as idãöfs mf

Zfrsdiakbmamf Aitb-Xdhbak f Zsbhdpatba ia bivfstbcaãèd hbfitîebha pdrtucufsa, f para

bssd eazfr un fstumd sfnfkoaitf a fstf dimf d akvd edssf a pfrturlaãèd mfshrbta

ids MXN (12?3, <::=), d eahtd mf fn Zdrtucak a hdihfpãèd mf psbhdpatba sfr abima

rftrøcrama (Cdiãakvfs, 122?, 1222a) pdmf qufrfr mbzfr akcuis bivfstbcamdrfs

utbkbzfn dutrds tfrnds para fstumar fsta pfrturlaãèd du a usfn sfcuimd

hdihfpãöfs hdieusas f nak mfebibmas.

Zdr dutrd kamd, ifstf tralakod apfias sf edha d hditfxtd hbfitîebhd. Xfrba

tanlân bitfrfssaitf pfrhflfr hdnd ds hkîibhds aldrman f usan d hdihfbtd mf

psbhdpatba7 quak a sua utbkbzaãèd f apkbhaãèd fn hditfxtds hkîibhds f ùmbhbabs.

Oá abima a qufstèd mds nfmba. Xalf-sf ma mbvukcaãèd pdr partf mds nfbds

mf hdnuibhaãèd f, hdisfqufitf, vukcarbzaãèd md tfrnd f ma pfrturlaãèd

psbhdpátbha. Xfrba pfrtbifitf hdiofhfr f aiakbsar a biedrnaãèd passama pfkds

ørcèds mf hdnuibhaãèd sdhbak.



32

Fstfs sèd apfias akcuis fxfnpkds md quf sf pdmfrba fstumar utbkbzaimd a

nftdmdkdcba ma aiákbsf mf hditfðmd mas biedrnaãöfs.

Zdrquà a Zsbhdkdcba fstumar fstfs bimbvîmuds4 Zrbnfbrd, pdrquf, ia idssa

dpbibèd fsta mbshbpkbia mfvf, fn partf, a sua fxbstàihba a fstfs su`fbtds. Ia

pfrspfhtbva mf Eraihg (12?8), edran ds prbnfbrds bimbvîmuds a sfrfn bmfitbebhamds

hdnd psbhdpatas, du ia âpdha ‛kduhds ndrabs„, quf bnpfkbran hfrtds tâhibhds a

amdptar tâhibhas mbstbitas ma Nfmbhbia, mfstahaimd, assbn, a Zsbhdkdcba hdnd una

mbshbpkbia hbfitîebha.

Hdihkuînds, rfaebrnaimd a bnpdrtìihba mf sf fstumar a psbhdpatba. Ds

psbhdpatas, bimfpfimfitfnfitf ma hdihfpãèd tførbha quf sf amdpta, sèd

bimbvîmuds, pfkas suas harahtfrîstbhas, prfmamdrfs quf utbkbzan ds nfbds nabs

varbamds para atbicbr ds sfus dl`fhtbvds, rfhdrrfimd ê mfkbiquàihba, ad hrbnf du a

hdnpdrtanfitds aitb-sdhbabs (Hkfhgkfy, 12357 Fbcufr, 12227 Cdiãakvfs, 1222a7

Oarf, <::8). ]dria-sf bnpfratbvd hofcar a un hdisfisd sdlrf fsta pfrturlaãèd7

fnldra ds fstumds hdn a ZHK-\ rfekbhtan una utbkbzaãèd uibebhama md hdihfbtd

(qufr a iîvfk iahbdiak qufr a iîvfk bitfriahbdiak), a utbkbzaãèd mf dutras tfdrbas f

tâhibhas f un rfpfisar mas utbkbzaãöfs ahtuabs md hdihfbtd aùmarba taitd

bivfstbcamdrfs, hkîibhds, ùrbstas, mbrfhtdrfs mf prbsöfs f a sdhbfmamf fn cfrak a

kbmar hdn ds psbhdpatas.



?:



?1

6. \FEF\ÀIHBAX

AKNFBMA, E. (1222). Odnbhbmas fn Zdrtucak. Naba0 ZVLKBXNAB.

AKV@A, A. E. (12?2). Zsbhdpatîa vfrsus trastdrid aitbsdhbak mf ka pfrsdiakbmam0Fstumbd hdnparatbvd. \fvbsta mf Zsbhdkdcîa, Udk. _B (<), 6-<3.

ANF\BHAI ZXRHOBA]\BH AXXDHBA]BDI (12?3). MXN-BBB-\0 Mbacidstbh aim statbstbhak naiuak de nfitak mbsdrmfrs (8rm fm. rfvbsfm). Sasobictdi, MH0 AnfrbhaiZsyhobatrbh Assdhbatbdi.

ANF\BHAI ZXRHOBA]\BH AXXDHBA]BDI (<::<). MXN-BU-]\0 Naiuak mf mbaciøstbhd ffstatîstbha mas pfrturlaãöfs nfitabs (=ª fm.). Kbslda0 Hkbnfpsb Fmbtdrfs.

L A\MBI, K. (<::<). Aiákbsf mf Hditfðmd. Kbslda0 Fmbãöfs 3:.

LFHG, A. & E\FFNAI, A. (122:). Hdcibtbvf tofrapy de pfrsdiakbty mbsdrmfrs. IfwRdrg0 ]of Cubkedrm Zrfss.

LF\CF\F], @. (<:::). A pfrsdiakbmamf idrnak f patdkøcbha (8ª fm.). Kbslda Hkbnfpsb.

H AICVBKOFN, C. (1236). Kf idrnak ft kf patodkdcbquf (8f fm.). Zarbs0 ZVE.

HKFHGKFR, O. (1235). ]of nasg de saibty0 Ai attfnpt td hkarbey sdnf bssufs aldut tof sd-hakkfm psyhodpatobh pfrsdiakbty (6to fm.). Xt. Kdubs0 ]of H.U. NdslyHdnpaiy.

HDI]R, \. M. (1253). Zsbhdpatîa, obstdrba, mfshrbphbøi hkîibha y rfspdisalbkbmam

pfiak. Hrbnbiakba, Añd ___BBB (<), 3<-32.

HDDGF, M., NBHOBF, H., O A\], X. & HKA\HG, M. (<::=). \fhdistruhtbic psyhodpatoy0Hkarbeybic tof sbcibebhaihf de aitbsdhbak aim sdhbakky mfvbait lfoavbdur bi tofmbacidsbs de psyhodpatobh pfrsdiakbty mbsdrmfr. @duriak de Zfrsdiakbty Mbsdrmfrs, Udk. 1?(=), 883-863.

HD\IFKK, M. C., S A\\FI, @., O ASG, C., X]AEED\M, F., D\AN, C. & ZBIF, M. (1225).Zsyhodpatoy bi bistrunfitak aim rfahtbvf vbdkfit deefimfrs. @duriak de Hdisuktbic aim Hkbibhak Zsyhodkdcy , 5= (=) 3?=-32:. WDltbmd fn 1< mfIdvfnlrd, <::8, atravâs mf ZsyhA\]BHKFX matalasf .̂

M A AC\A, H. & N A]DX, A. Z. (1223). Mrdca ‘ Hrbnf0 ]ra`fhtørbas mfsvbaitfs (Udk.11). Kbslda0 Calbiftf mf Zkaifanfitd f Hddrmfiaãèd md Hdnlatf ê Mrdca.

M ANÊXBD, A. (122=). D frrd mf Mfshartfs0 Fndãèd, razèd f hârflrd ounaid. NfnNartbis0 Zulkbhaãöfs Furdpa ‘ Anârbha.

MFLVRX], H. (12?1) Aiakysf Hrbtbquf mf ka Idtbdi mf Maicfrdsbtâ. Bi H. Mfluyst.Maicfrdsbtâ ft @ustbhf Zâiakf0 Anlbcuätâ m‒uif pratbquf (pp. 13-1?2). Cfiïvf 0 Nâmfhbif ft Oycbïif.

MF C\FFEE, F. (12=5). Bitrdmuhtbdi. Bi F. Mf Crffee (Fm.) Bitrdmuhtbdi a ka

hrbnbidkdcbf (1

fr

Udk.). Lruxfkkfs0 @dsfpo Uaimfr Zkas.MBF]OFKN, N.M. (125:). A hkbibhak hdisbmfratbdi de psyhodpatobh pfrsdiakbtbfs.

@duriak de Nfitak Xhbfihf Udk.1:5, I°===, 2:5-211.



?<

MBIBP, A.N. (1226). A avakbaãèd ia bistbtubãèd psbqubátrbha0 Lrfvf bitrdmuãèd êobstørba mf un pfrhursd. Avakbaãèd Zsbhdkøcbha0 Edrnas f Hditfxtds, 8, 188-18?.

M‒DKBUFB\A, ]. (<::6). ]fsfs f mbssfrtaãöfs0 \fhdnfimaãöfs para a fkaldraãèd ffstruturaãèd mf tralakods hbfitîebhds (<ª fm.). Kbslda0 \O.

MV\GOFBN, F. (<::=). As rfcras md nâtdmd sdhbdkøcbhd (2ª fm.). Kbslda0 Zrfsfiãa

F AX]NAI, I. & ZFAR, @. (122?). Xfitfihbic psyhodpatos0 Bs tof odspbtak aimkbnbtatbdi mbrfhtbdi ai bkk-hdisbmfrfm oylrbm4 ]of Hrbnbiak Kaw \fvbfw, Efl.122?, 28-1:?.

FBCVF\, A. (1222). Zfqufid tratamd mas pfrvfrsöfs ndrabs. Kbslda0 Hkbnfpsb.

FX]FLAI, H. & AKDIXD, E. (1226). Fk hrbtfrbd mbaciøstbhd mf ka psbhdpatîa/trastdridaitbsdhbak mf ka pfrsdiakbmam0 Xu fvdkuhbøi obstørbha y hrdidkøcbha. \fvbsta mf

Zsbhdkdcîa, Udk. _BB (1), =3-52.

FX]FLAI, H., C A\\BMD, U., NDKF\D, H. (122=). Fk nfta-aiákbsbs0 Vi prdyfhtd mfrfvbsbøi kbtfrarba mf kds rfsuktamds mfk tratanbfitd mf ka psbhdpatba fi kabivfstbcahbøi. \fvbsta Hdnpkutfisf mf Fmuhahbøi, Udk. 6 (1), 1?8-<::.

FRXFIHG, O. @. (1233). Hrbnf aim pfrsdiakbty (8rm fm.). Kdimdi0 \dutkfmcf & GfcaiZauk.

EF\\FB\A, L. S. (<:::). Aiákbsf mf hditfðmd. Akftofba0 \fvbsta md Hursd mfZsbhdkdcba, I°.11, 18-<:.

EF\IAIMFX, O. L. (126=). Zsbqubatrba Edrfisf. Kbslda0 Assdhbaãèd Ahamânbha maEahukmamf mf Mbrfbtd.

EDVHAVK], N. (12?3). Obstørba ma kduhura ia bmamf hkássbha. Xèd Zaukd0 FmbtdraZfrspfhtbva.

EDVHAVK], N. (<::=). Ubcbar f puibr0 Obstørba ma vbdkàihba ias prbsöfs (<2ª fm.).Zftrøpdkbs0 Fmbtdra Udzfs.

E\FVM, X. (12:6-12:5). Zfrsdiacfis psbhdpátbhas id pakhd, 12=<, 12:6 du 12:5. BiX. Erfum, Vn hasd mf obstfrba, tràs fisabds sdlrf a tfdrba ma sfxuakbmamf fdutrds tralakods, Udk. 3, pp. <21-8:2. \bd mf @aifbrd0 Bnacd

E\FVM, X. (1215). Xdnf hoarahtfr-typfs nft wbto bi psyhod-aiakytbh wdrg. Xtaimarm Fmbtbdi (Udk. 1=, pp. 811-888). Kdimrfs0 Odcarto Zrfss.

E\AIHG, \. (12?8). Xbcibebhaãèd sdhbak ma psbhdkdcba0 Zdrquf sf pratbha a psbhdkdcbahkîibha4 Aiákbsf Zsbhdkøcbha, 8 (BBB), 8<3-86<.

C AXXBI, \. (<::8). Hrbnbidkdcbf (6f fm.) Zarbs0 Makkdz.

COBCKBDIF, \. & N A]AKDI, L. (<::1). D biquârbtd0 ]fdrba f prátbha (=ª fm.) Dfbras0Hfkta.

CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. (122?). Zsbhdpatba, hrbnf f kfb. \fvbsta Zdrtucufsa mf HbàihbaHrbnbiak, Aid ? (1), 53-2=.



?8

CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. (1222a). Zsbhdpatba f prdhfssds amaptatbvds ê prbsèd0 Mabitfrvfiãèd para a prfvfiãèd. Lraca0 Hfitrd mf Fstumds fn Fmuhaãèd fZsbhdkdcba, Bistbtutd mf Fmuhaãèd f Zsbhdkdcba ma Vibvfrsbmamf md Nbiod.

CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. (1222l). Zsbhdpatba f amaptaãèd ê prbsèd. Zsbhdkdcba0 ]fdrba,Bivfstbcaãèd f Zrátbha, Udk. <, <26-8:3.

CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. (<::1). Zsbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak0 Bivfstbcaãèd fn hditfxtdsprbsbdiabs. ]fnas Zfibtfihbárbds, Xârbf BB (5 f 3), 58-31.

CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. (<::<). Mfkbiquàihba, hrbnf f amaptaãèd ê prbsèd (<ª fm. rfv.). Hdbnlra0 Quartftd Fmbtdra.

CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. & X AKÂN, H. E. (<::1). Mrdca, hdnpdrtanfitd hrbnbidsd fpsbhdpatba0 \fsuktamds mf un fstumd hdnparatbvd. ]dxbhdmfpfimàihbas, Udk.? (8), <3-85.

C\AIMF F IHBHKDZÂMBA Z D\]VCVFXA F L\AXBKFB\A Udk. __BBB (s.m.). Kbslda0 Fmbtdrbak

Fihbhkdpâmba.O A\F, \.M. (1225). Zsyhodpatoy aim aitbsdhbak pfrsdiakbty mbsdrmfr0 A hasf de

mbacidstbh hdieusbdi. Zsyhobatrbh ]bnfs, Udk. _BBB (<). WDltbmd fn <? mf @ukodmf <::6 atravâs mf www.psyhobatrbhtbnfs.hdn^.

O A\F, \. M. (<::8). Xbi hdihbfihba0 Fk biqubftaitf nuimd mf kds psbhøpatas quf idsrdmfai. Larhfkdia0 Zabmøs Blârbha

O A\F, \. M., O A\], X. & O A\ZV\, ]. (122<). Zsyhodpatoy aim tof MXN-BU hrbtfrba edr aitbsdhbak pfrsdiakbty mbsdrmfr. @duriak de Alidrnak Zsyhodkdcy Udk. 1::, Id.8, 821-82?.

O A\ZV\, ]., O A\F, \. & O AGX]BAI, A. (12?2). ]wd eahtdr hdihfptuakbzatbdi de psyhodpatoy0 Hdistruht vakbmbty aim assfssnfit bnpkbhatbdis. @duriak de Hdisuktbic aim Hkbibhak Zsyhodkdcy, Udk.1 (1), 5-13.

@DXFZO, L. (125:). Xdnf hoarahtfrbstbhs de tof psyhodpatobh pfrsdiakbty.Bitfriatbdiak @duriak de Zsyhod-Aiakysbs Udk.=1, I°=/6, 6<5-681.

GF\ILF\C, D. (122<). Accrfssbdi bi pfrsdiakbty mbsdrmfrs aim pfrvfrsbdis. IfwOavfi0 Rakf Vibvfrsbty Zrfss.

G\BZZFIMD\EE, G. (12?:). Hditfit aiakysbs0 Ai bitrdmuhtbdi td bts nftodmdkdcy.

Ifwlury Zarg, HA0 Xacf.

KFC\AIM, N. (12?1). D psbhdpata f d sulprdkftárbd. Aiákbsf Zsbhdkøcbha, Udk.8 (1),=21-=22.

N AIB]A, H. (1222). Zara una hrîtbha md hdihfbtd mf pfrsdiakbmamf hrbnbiak.Zsbhdkdcba0 ]fdrba Bivfstbcaãèd f Zrátbha, Udk. < , 8:2-8<<.

N AIB]A X AI]DX, H. (1225). R-a-t-bk uif ‛pfrsdiiakbtâ hrbnbifkkf„4 ‘ uif âtumfm‒âvakuatbdi mais kf mdnabif mf ka hrbnbiakbtâ. \fvuf Bitfriatbdiak mfHrbnbidkdcbf ft mf Zdkbhf ]âhoibquf, 1, 1:6-118.

N AIIOFBN, O. (12?=). Hrbnbidkdcba hdnparama (Udk.1). Kbslda0 Euimaãèd HakdustfCuklfigbai.



?=

N A\BF]ÁI, O. (122?). Zfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas. AKHNFDI0 \fvbsta Arcfitbiamf Hkîibha Ifurdpsbqubátrbha, Añd B_, Udk.3 (8). WHdisuktamd fn <6 mfXftfnlrd mf <::6 atravâs mf ottp0//www.akhnfdi.hdn.ar/3/<3/akh<3T:3.otn^.

N A\]FIX, S.O.@. (<:::). Aitbsdhbak aim psyhodpatobh pfrsdiakbty mbsdrmfrs0 Hausfs,hdursf aim rfnbssbdi ‘ A rfvbfw artbhkf. Bitfriatbdiak @duriak de Deefimfr ]ofrapy aim Hdnparatbvf Hrbnbidkdcy, ==(=), =:5-=8:.

N AR\BIC, Z. (<:::). Quakbtatbvf hditfit aiakysbs. Eørun QuakbtatbvfXdzbakedrshouicEørun0 Quakbtatbvf Xdhbak \fsfarho, Udk.1 (<). WDltbmd fn 11mf Dutulrd mf <::6 atravâs mf www.quakbtatbvf-rfsfarho.ift/ eqs-tfxtf/<-::/<-::nayrbic-f.pme^.

NHSBKKBANX, I. (<::6). Mbaciøstbhd psbhaiakîtbhd0 Hdnprffimfr a fstrutura ma pfrsdiakbmamf id prdhfssd hkîibhd. Kbslda0 Hkbnfpsb.

NBKKDI, ]. & M AUBX, \. (<::1). ]rastdrids mf ka pfrsdiakbmam fi ka vbma ndmfria.Larhfkdia0 Nassdi.

NBKKDI, ]., XBNDIXFI, F., LB\GF]-XNB]O, N., M AUBX, \. (Fms.). (122?). Zsoyhodpatoy0 Aitbsdhbak, hrbnbiak, aim vbdkfit lfoavbdur. Ifw Rdrg0 Cubkedrm Zrfss.

DKBUFB\A, @. Z., AIHBÈFX, A., E A\BA, N. (1222). Acrfssbvbmamf f psbhdpatba0Hditrblubãèd hdnprffisbva atravâs md rdrshoaho f md nbib-nukt. AvakbaãèdZsbhdkøcbha0 Edrnas f Hditfxtds Udk. UB, 28=-26:. Lraca0 AZZD\].

DKBUFB\A F X Á, E. N. (1252). Id ndnfitd ahtuak, f sdl d pditd mf vbsta nâmbhd-kfcak prátbhd, ùstbebha-sf a sfparaãèd fitrf psbhdpatas bibnputávfbs f ièdbibnputávfbs. Hdbnlra0 Atkìitbma.

Z ABX, K. C. (<::=). Vna obstørba mas kbcaãöfs fitrf a psbhdkdcba f d mbrfbtd fnZdrtucak0 Zfrîhbas psbqubátrbhas nâmbhd-kfcabs f pfrîhbas sdlrf a pfrsdiakbmamf hdnd aiakbsamdrfs. ]fsf mf Mdutdranfitd. Eahukmamf mfZsbhdkdcba f mf Hbàihbas ma Fmuhaãèd ma Vibvfrsbmamf md Zdrtd.

ZF\FB\A, K., ND\FB\A, N., CDIÃAKUFX, \.A. (1222). Zsbhdpatba fn pdrtucuàs0 Vnfstumd fxpkdratørbd id Fstalfkfhbnfitd Zrbsbdiak mf Xaita Hruz md Lbspd.

Avakbaãèd Zsbhdkøcbha0 Edrnas f Hditfxtds Udk. UB, 1:=6-1:5:. Lraca0 AZZD\].

ZBHOED\M, B. (<::1). ]of drbcbis de vbdkfihf0 Bs psyhodpatoy ai amaptatbdi4 ]ofOunai Iaturf \fvbfw, Udk. 1, <?-85.

ZBIA]FK, @. (1236a). Zfrspfhtbvfs Xhbfitbebqufs. Bi Z. Lduzat & @. Zbiatfk (Hddrm.),]rabtâ mf mrdbt pâiak ft mf hrbnbidkdcbf - ]dnf BBB (8ânf âm.). Zarbs0 Makkdz.

ZBIA]FK, @. (1236l). Hrbnbidkdcbf. Bi Z. Lduzat & @. Zbiatfk (Hddrm.), ]rabtâ mf mrdbt pfiak ft mf hrbnbidkdcy ‘ ]dnf BBB (8ânf âm.). Zarbz0 Makkdz.

\ AE]F\, I.A. (1223). Zsyhodpatoy aim tof fvdkutbdi de hrbnbidkdcbhak gidwkfmcf.]ofdrftbhak Hrbnbidkdcy, Udk. 1(<), <86-<62.

\FBM, S. (<::1). Aitbsdhbak pfrsdiakbty, psyhodpatoy, aim edrfisbh psyhobatry.@duriak de Zsyhobatrbh Zrahtbhf, Udk.3 (1), 66-6?. WDltbmd fn 1< mf Dutulrd mf<::6 atravâs mf ottp0//www.prahtbhakpsyhobatry.hdn^.

XHOIFBMF\, G. (12?:). "Kas pfrsdiakbmamfs psbhdpátbhas". Namrbm0 Ndrata.



?6

XODOAN, X. (125?). Zsbhdpatîa hdnd fstbcna sdhbak0 Vi nbtd ahtuakbzamd. Aiuarbdmfk Bistbtutd mf Hbfihbas Zfiakfs y Hrbnbidkøcbhas, I°<, =68-=3<.

XNB]O, H. Z. (<:::). Hditfit aiakysbs aim iarratbvf aiakysbs. . Bi O.]. \fbs & H.N.@umm. Oaimlddg de \fsfarho Nftodms bi Xdhbak aim Zfrsdiakbty Zsyhodkdcy (pp. 818-886). Hanlrbmcf Vibvfrsbty Zrfss.

U AKA, @. (<::8). A Aiákbsf mf Hditfðmd. Fn A. X. Xbkva & @. N. Zbitd (Drcs.).Nftdmdkdcba mas hbàihbas sdhbabs (1<ª fm.). (pp. 1:1-1<?). Zdrtd0

Aerditanfitd.

SFLF\, \. Z. (122:). Lasbh hditfit aiakysbs (<im fm.). Ifwlury Zarg, HA0 Xacf.

SB]]FKX, E. (128?). Zdsbtbdi de tof psyhodpato bi tof psyhodaiakytbh systfn.Bitfriatbdiak @duriak de Zsyhod-Aiakysbs, Udk. 12, I°=, =31-=??.

SDDMSD\]O, N. & ZD\]F\, X. (<::<). Bi hdkm lkddm0 Hoarahtfrbstbhs de hrbnbiakodnbhbmfs as a euihtbdi de psyhodpatoy. @duriak de Alidrnak Zsyhodkdcy , 111(8), =85-==6.

SD\KM OFAK]O D\CAIBXA]BDI (122<). Bitfriatbdiak hkassbebhatbdi de mbsfasfs aim rfkatfm ofakto prdlkfns0 BHM1: ( 1:to fm.). Cfiflra0 Sdrkm OfaktoDrcaibsatbdi.

P A\KFICA, N.F. (<:::). Fk ‛kdhd ndrak„ fi ka eahuktam mf nfmbhbia. AKHNFDI0\fvbsta Arcfitbia mf Hkîibha Ifurdpsbqubátrbha, Añd _B, vdk. 2 (1). WHdisuktamdfn 1: mf Dutulrd mf <::6 atravâs mf ottp0//www.akhnfdi.hdn.ar/2/^.



?5



?3

AIF_D A - Hdistbtubãèd md hdrpus

1. CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. (122?). Zsbhdpatba, hrbnf f kfb. \fvbsta Zdrtucufsa mfHbàihba Hrbnbiak, Aid ? (1), 53-2=.

<. CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. (1222). Zsbhdpatba f amaptaãèd ê prbsèd. Zsbhdkdcba0]fdrba, Bivfstbcaãèd f Zrátbha, Udk. <, <26-8:3.

8. CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. (<::1). Zsbhdpatba fn Zdrtucak0 Bivfstbcaãèd fnhditfxtds prbsbdiabs. ]fnas Zfibtfihbárbds, Xârbf BB (5 f 3), 58-31.

=. CDIÃAKUFX, \. A. & X AKÂN, H. E. (<::1). Mrdca, hdnpdrtanfitd hrbnbidsd f

psbhdpatba0 \fsuktamds mf un fstumd hdnparatbvd. ]dxbhdmfpfimàihbas,Udk. ? (8), <3-85.

6. KFC\AIM, N. (12?1). D psbhdpata f d sulprdkftárbd. Aiákbsf Zsbhdkøcbha,Udk.8 (1), =21-=22.

5. DKBUFB\A, @. Z., AIHBÈFX, A., E A\BA, N. (1222). Acrfssbvbmamf f psbhdpatba0Hditrblubãèd hdnprffisbva atravâs md rdrshoaho f md nbib-nukt. AvakbaãèdZsbhdkøcbha0 Edrnas f Hditfxtds Udk. UB, 28=-26:. Lraca0 AZZD\].

3. ZF\FB\A, K., ND\FB\A, N., CDIÃAKUFX, \.A. (1222). Zsbhdpatba fnpdrtucuàs0 Vn fstumd fxpkdratørbd id Fstalfkfhbnfitd Zrbsbdiak mf Xaita

Hruz md Lbspd. Avakbaãèd Zsbhdkøcbha0 Edrnas f Hditfxtds Udk. UB, 1:=6-1:5:. Lraca0 AZZD\].



??



?2

AIF_D L - Artbcds ièd rfhdkobmds

?a. EDI]FX, U. (125=). Ifurdsf f psbhdpatba. @driak md Nâmbhd, 66 (11=1), 5?6-5??.

?l. EDI]FX, U. (1256). Ifurdsf f psbhdpatba. \fvbsta Zdrtucufsa mf Zfmbatrba f

Zufrbhuktura, Udk. 6? (3), 12<-122.

2. IVIFX, X. (12=2). Bihdnpatblbkbmamf saicuîifa ias ifurd-psbhdpatbas bieaitbs.

Hrbaiãa Zdrtucufsa, 2, 8:2-8<:.



2:



21

AIF_D H - Mfebibãèd md Quamrd Hatfcdrbak

1. Obstørba

Ifsta hatfcdrba hkassbebha-sf tdma a biedrnaãèd quf rfebra a obstørba md hdihfbtd duquf rfnfta para d sfu fiquamranfitd obstørbhd. Xèd bihkuîmas as uibmamfs mfrfcbstd (ambaitf0 V.\.) quf eaãan rfefràihba a hdihfptuakbzaãöfs fstbvfran ia

drbcfn, biekufihbaran du pfrnbtbran mfebibr d hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba f as prbihbpabshdrrfitfs tførbhas quf d aldrman.

1.1. As hdihfptuakbzaãöfs hkássbhasIfsta hatfcdrba sèd hkassbebhamas as V.\. quf rfvfkfn hdihfpãöfs f/duidnfihkaturas hkássbhas quf mfran drbcfn ad hdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba.

Fx.0 ‛a kduhura ndrak mf Zrbthoarm„ Fx.0 ‛A Eraiãa, pdmf-sf hdisbmfrar un hasd êpartf, `á quf hrbdu untfrnd ‘ mfsfqubkîlrbd nfitak ‘ a partbr ma pdpukarbmamf quf caioduid sâhukd _B_ a tfdrba ma mfcfifrfshàihba nfitak mf Ndrfk f quf mf

akcuna edrna hdnlbia as idãöfs mf Zrbthoarm (f.c., ‛kduhura ndrak„)f Naciai (f.c., ‛hdistbtubãèd pfrvfrsa„).„

1.< A trambãèd cfrnìibha (fshdka hdistbtuhbdiakbsta)Hdtan-sf ifsta hatfcdrba V.\. quf rfnftan du eaãan rfefrfihba a unaaldrmacfn hdistbtuhbdiakbsta ma psbhdpatba, quf sbcan a trambãèd cfrnìibhamf ièd dlrbcatdrbfmamf mf prátbha mf hdimuta aitb-sdhbak ia psbhdpatba.

Fx.0 ‛A psbqubatrba mfshrfvf a sbitdnatdkdcba psbhdpátbha sdl a edrnamf traãds mf pfrsdiakbmamf0 d psbhdpata â ièd-aefhtbvd, andrak,bihapaz mf una bisfrãèd prdkdicama, biautàitbhd f nbtønaid,bnpuksbvd, bihdisbstfitf!„

Fx.0 ‛Assbn, tfrîands fn prbnfbrd kucar a psbhdpatba fiharama hdndmfsvbd/mftfrbdraãèd pfssdak du psbhdkøcbha fn rfkaãèd ês hdimutasidrnabs, sfcubimd a trambãèd tfdrbzama pdr Xhoifbmfr„

1.8. A trambãèd aickd-anfrbhaiaIfsta hatfcdrba sèd hdtamas V.\. quf bimbqufn a trambãèd aickd-anfrbhaiadimf a aitb-sdhbakbmamf aparfhf partf bitfcraitf ma pfrsdiakbmamf mdpsbhdpata.

Fx.0 ‛una pfrspfhtbva mf drbcfn bickfsa quf mfshrfvf un tbpd mf pfrsdiakbmamf harahtfrbzama pfkd sfu mfebhbfitf aùstanfitd sdhbak„ Fx.0 ‛Fn sfcuimd kucar, surcf a psbhdpatba vbsta hdndmfsvbd/mftfrbdraãèd sdhbak fn quf d àieasf â hdkdhamd sdlrftumd idhdnpdrtanfitd sdhbak mfsvbaitf f ièd ia mfsdrmfn ma

pfrsdiakbmamf„

1.=. Zdkânbha]dmas as V.\. quf rfekbhtan pdkânbha, hditrdvârsba du mbshussèd fn rfmdr mdhdihfbtd mf psbhdpatba.

Fx.0 ‛A mfebibãèd ma psbhdpatba f md fspaãd quf fsta aidnakba dhupaids ìnlbtds hkîibhds f edrfisfs tfn sbmd una qufstèd hditrdvfrsa.„ Fx.0 ‛Zdmfnds assbn hdihkubr quf hd-fxbstfn od`f várbas mfebibãöfsmf psbhdpatba, f quf hdisdaitf ds paîsfs f rfspfhtbvas kfcbskaãöfsf/du trambãöfs hbfitbebhas, d fnprfcd md tfrnd varba.„



2<

<. Hdihfpãöfs, aldrmacfis f mfshrbãöfs ahtuabs

Hkassbebhan-sf ifsta hatfcdrba V.\. quf rfekbhtan hdihfpãöfs, aldrmacfis fmfshrbãöfs hdn mftfrnbiamas drbfitaãöfs tførbhd-hkîibhas quf sfàn utbkbzamas, duquf tfioan fxprfssèd ids mbas hdrrfitfs. Bihkufn-sf ifsta hatfcdrba talfkas,kbstas f talfkas (f.c. kbsta mf hrbtârbds hkîibhds) sfimd hdtamas hdnd una V.\.

<.1. HkfhgkfyV.\. mf rfcbstd quf mbcan rfspfbtd ê aldrmacfn hkfhgkfyibaia ma psbhdpatbasèd hdtamas ifsta hatfcdrba. Bihkub-sf aqub a hdihfptuakbzaãèd, nabs rfhfitf,mf Oarf pdr mfrbvar ma mf Hkfhgkfy.

Fx.0 ‛Fn idssd fitfimfr, sfrèd hdisbmframds psbhdpatas aqufkfsbimbvîmuds quf hdnlbian una mftfrnbiama fstrutura ma

pfrsdiakbmamf ‘ fn quf sèd narhaitfs ds traãds mf kdquahbmamf,supfrebhbakbmamf f erbfza aefhtbva, fcdhfitrbsnd f craimbdsbmamf,ausàihba mf rfndrsds f sfitbnfitds mf hukpa, ausàihba mf fnpatbaf usd erfqufitf ma nfitbra f ma naibpukaãèd ‘ hdn un fstbkd mf

vbma mf pfimdr eraihanfitf aitb-sdhbak.„ <.<. MXNXèd bihkuîmas ifsta hatfcdrba V.\. quf rfnftan du eaãan rfefrfihba êaldrmacfn hatfcdrbak md naiuak ma Anfrbhai Zsyhobatrbh Assdhbatbdi.

Fx.0 ‛A mfsdrmfn ma pfrsdiakbmamf aitb-sdhbak„ ma MXN-BBB-\ f mfedrna nfids prfciaitf ia vfrsèd nabs ahtuak, a MXN-BU.„ Fx.0 ‛Assbn, ids F.V.A. f pdr edrãa ma trambãèd hrbama pfkas MXNs, a

psbhdpatba aparfhf assdhbama f parhbaknfitf fickdlama iamfsdrmfn mf pfrsdiakbmamf aitb-sdhbak.„

<.8. BHMXèd bihkuîmas ifsta hatfcdrba V.\. quf eaãan rfefrfihba du bimbqufn aaldrmacfn hatfcdrbak md naiuak ma Drcaibzaãèd Nuimbak mf Xaðmf.

Fx.0 „Zrfsfitf sdlrftumd ia BHM-1:.„ Fx.0 „Xupdrtama pfka mfsbciaãèd mf mfsdrmfn ma pfrsdiakbmamfmbssdhbak ma BHM.„

<.=. Zsbhaiákbsf As V.\. quf rfekbhtan una vbsèd du aldrmacfn psbhaiakîtbha md hdihfbtd mfpsbhdpatba sèd hdtamas ifsta hatfcdrba.

Fx.0 ‛Â assbn quf akcuis, rfhkanaimd md ndmfkd psbhaiakîtbhd, prftfimfn pýr fn fvbmàihba, ia prøprba rabz ma pfrturlaãèd psbhdpátbha, un mâebhf md Xupfr Fcd, du iuna haràihba ma euiãèdbnacâtbha, du abima una bihapahbmamf fn fkaldrar sbnldkbhanfitfas tfisöfs puksbdiabs.„ Fx.0 ‛Mfsta edrna, a idssa pfrspfhtbva vab mf fihditrd ads

prfssupdstds mfebibmds pfkas tfdrbas psbhdmbiìnbhas.„

<.6. Xdhbdkdcba]dmas as V.\. mf rfcbstd quf bimbqufn una vbsèd sdhbdkøcbha ma psbhdpatbasèd alraicbmas pdr fsta hatfcdrba.

Fx.0 ‛A bitfrprftaãèd quf fu sucfrb â hkara0 ds psbhdpatas quf sfrfhrutan mf una edrna nassbva ias hanamas sdhbabs nabs

pdpukarfs, sfrban, ia rfakbmamf, sulprdkftárbds huàs fstruturas mf



28

hdnpdrtanfitd sf ndkmavan pfkas hdimbãöfs sdhbabs mf fxbstàihba,f quf a psbqubatrba tfrba hdnd naimatd hditrdkar ê sua naifbra,fstbcnatbzaimd-ds hdnd mdfitfs nfitabs.„ Fx.0 ‛Fssa sfrba a nbioa anlbãèd0 eazfr hdiekubr, rfhdihbkbar, a

prdpøsbtd ma psbhdpatba, d quf tfiod vbimd a rfefrbr hdnd sfimd asmuas mbrfhãöfs mf alfrtura sdhbak.„

<.5. Ifurd-ebsbdkdcbaXèd hdtamas ifsta hatfcdrba as V.\. quf rfekbhtan una aldrmacfn nâmbha mapsbhdpatba, dimf sf bitrdmuzan eahtdrfs eîsbhds du ebsbdkøcbhds hdnd hausa mapsbhdpatba.

<.3. Zsbhdpatba hdnd hatfcdrba kfcak]dmas as V.\. quf mfndistrfn a psbhdpatba hdnd una hatfcdrba kfcak, f ièdhdnd una hatfcdrba hkîibha, sèd bisfrbmas ifsta hatfcdrba.

Fx.0 ‛Ia Bickatfrra, surcf sdl una hatfcdrba kfcak d quf hrba ølvbds prdlkfnas mf hkarbebhaãèd mf mbaciøstbhd„

8. Nâtdmds mf avakbaãèd/mbaciøstbhd ma psbhdpatba]dmas as V.\. quf fiuihbfn nâtdmds para a avakbaãèd f aefrbãèd ma psbhdpatba fds sfus prdmutds sèd aqub hatfcdrbzamas. Xèd hdisbmframas V.\. sdl a edrna mfquamrd, kbsta du talfka quf aprfsfitfn rfsuktamds prdvfibfitfs md usd mdsbistrunfitds.

8.1. ZHK-\ (Zsyhodpatoy Hofhgkbst \fvbsfm)]dmas as V.\. quf rfnftan para a utbkbzaãèd du quf rfebran fstf bistrunfitdsèd hdtamas ifsta hatfcdrba.

Fx.0 ‛A vfrsèd rfvbsta ma Hofhgkbst mf Zsbhdpatba mf Oarf â unbistrunfitd hdnpdstd pdr vbitf btfis quf avakba d crau mf psbhdpatbaatravâs mf una fshaka mf : a =: pditds, sfimd partbhukarnfitfmfstbiama a pdpukaãöfs edrfisfs.„ Fx.0 ‛Fshusand-ids aqub, pdr razöfs ølvbas, mf tfhfr hdisbmfraãöfsakdicamas sdlrf ds aspfhtds psbhdnâtrbhds md bistrunfitd, abimaquf sfà bnpdrtaitf rfefrbr quf a ZHK-\ atbicbu tdmds ds îimbhfsrfkfvaitfs mf hdisbstàihba bitfria, ebmfkbmamf f vakbmamf quf kof sèdfxbcbmds, fiquaitd quf a vfrsèd pdrtucufsa, abima quf hdn mamdsapfias fxtraîmds mf pduhd nabs mf sftf mfzfias mf hasds, rfvfkdu,bcuaknfitf, d nfsnd fspfhtrd eahtdrbak md bistrunfitd drbcbiak.„

8.<. Zsbhdnâtrbhds As V.\. quf rfekbhtan a utbkbzaãèd ma psbhdnftrba, mf hrbtârbds hkîibhds f mfnftdmdkdcbas mfrbvamas mas craimfs hkassbebhaãöfs idsdkøcbhas para aavakbaãèd ma psbhdpatba sèd bisfrbmas ifsta hatfcdrba (f.c. nfmbmas mf autd-rfkatd, hofhgkbsts, fth.).

Fx.0 ‛Edran utbkbzamds ds Hrbtârbds mf Hkfhgkfy para mbaciøstbhd mfZfrsdiakbmamf Zsbhdpátbha, f ds hrbtârbds ma XHBM-BB ‘ Xtruhturfm Hkbibhak Bitfrvbfw edr MXN-BBB-\ para mbaciøstbhd mf Zfrsdiakbmamf

Aitb-Xdhbak.„ Fx.0 ‛D Bivfitárbd mf Zfrsdiakbmamf Nbib-Nukt edb dutrd mds

bistrunfitds utbkbzamds.„



2=

8.8. Fitrfvbstas, Mamds Hkîibhds f ]fstfs Zrd`fhtbvdsV.\. quf rfnftan para a utbkbzaãèd du rfefràihba mf nâtdmds mf avakbaãèdquf pfrnbtan una edrnukaãèd psbhdmbiìnbha ma psbhdpatba.

Fx.0 ‛A Fitrfvbsta Hkîibha Xfnb-Fstruturama vbsdu, aitfs mf nabs, dfstalfkfhbnfitd mf una rfkaãèd fnpátbha hdn ds su`fbtds, tfimdsbmd fxpkbhamds ds dl`fhtbvds f a iaturfza ma bivfstbcaãèd.„ Fx.0 ‛A ]âhibha Zrd`fhtbva mf \drshoaho edb bcuaknfitf utbkbzama ididssd fstumd.„

8.=. Ifurd-ebsbdkøcbhdsHdtan-sf ifsta hatfcdrba V.\. quf rfnftan para a utbkbzaãèd mf nâtdmdsassdhbamds a nfisuraãèd mf îimbhfs ifurd-psbhd-ebsbdkøcbhds (tfstfsifurdkøcbhds, psbhdebsbdkøcbhds, fkfhtrdmârnbhds, fth.) para a avakbaãèd mapsbhdpatba.

=. Bivfstbcaãöfs/fstumds assdhbamds

Xèd hdtamas ifsta hatfcdrba V.\. dimf fstfà patfitf una rfkaãèd fitrf d hdihfbtdmf psbhdpatba f quakqufr dutra varbávfk para ebis mf bivfstbcaãèd. Fsta rfkaãèd tfnmf sfr dl`fhtd md fstumd a quf d artbcd sf mfstbia du rfefràihba a dutrds fstumds mfautdrfs pdrtucufsfs du efbtds fn Zdrtucak7 rfefràihbas a autdrfs f fstumdsfstraicfbrds ièd sèd hdtamas ifsta hatfcdrba.

Fx.0 ‛Ds rfsuktamds aprfsfitamds pfrnbtfn assbn fvbmfihbar afxbstàihba mf una kbcaãèd ma psbhdpatba hdn pfrhursds ifcatbvds maamaptaãèd ê prbsèd f a ausàihba maqufka hdn harahtfrîstbhas

prfmbtbvas mf una nfkodr amaptaãèd, rfstaimd acdra prdhurar artbhukar as dutras muas ndmakbmamfs mf amaptaãèd ê prbsèd pdr iøsmfefimbmas0 ds sdlrf-amaptamds f ds biamaptamds.„

Fx.0 ‛Iun prbnfbrd fstumd quf fefhtuánds, a andstra hdnpuioa-sfmf 35 su`fbtds md sfxd nashukbid a hunprbr pfia mf prbsèd fefhtbvaiun fstalfkfhbnfitd prbsbdiak hfitrak f d sfu crau mf sbnbkbtumf hdna pdpukaãèd rfhkuîma cfrak edb assaz satbseatørbd, abima quf idhapbtukd mds hrbnfs rfkahbdiamds hdn mrdca pfhassf pdr mfefbtd.„

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Psicopatia em Portugal: Uma análise da comunicação cientifica portuguesa