Renato Noguera - Filosofia Africana e Lei 10639

7/21/2019 Renato Noguera - Filosofia Africana e Lei 10639

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|egokfeáhn ow zhco|ew e hw gokt|mlumáõew dow hj|odewgekdektew kh zmdh wogmhc do L|hwmc+ H ewgoch í un dow ewrháow r|mzmceamhdow de jo|nháço do mkdmzîduo rh|h zmze| en wogmedhde gono

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whle|ew te|mhn o|maen kh A|ígmh Hktmah+ Hmkdh foè ewwh cmáço í dhdh khw ewgochw gono ze|dhdehlwocuth+ R|h xue we|zen hw dewgole|thw h|xueoc÷amghw xue |enokthn h re|îodow hkte|mo|ew e ewtçoevrowthw en nuweuw? Wço r|ozhw ghlhmw de xue h evmwtàkgmh funhkh í nhmw hktmah+ H o|hcmdhde

auh|dhdh kh nen÷|mh de fonekw e nucfe|ew í t|hkwnmtmdh de ae|háço h ae|háço thnlín jhp rh|tedewwe gokfegmnekto e wmkhcmphn tenrow mneno|mhmw+

O tevto O Ekwmko de Jmcowojmh e h Cem 82+:7=# do Douto| \ekhto Koaue|h @|# xue rulcmghnow khwí|me Ghde|kow GEHR# t|hp |ejcevõew xue hnrcmhn ow nh|gow do gokfegmnekto# hcín de gokt|mlum|

rh|h h hrcmgháço dh Cem 82+:7=/27# |onrekdo gon h mdemh eu|ogekt|mwth e luwghkdo ko le|áo dhfunhkmdhde# h Èj|mgh# h rokte rh|h o ekwmko dh jmcowojmh ùkto how edughdo|ew ko ìnlmto do ekwmko

Nídmo en kowwo rhîw+Kh rh|te jmkhc dewte zocune ten un |otem|o rh|h t|hlhcfow redha÷amgow xue re|nmte how

edughdo|ew numthw hcte|khtmzhw de evrco|háço do nhte|mhc en whch de huch+

Cump Gh|cow Wenoa

Weg|etè|mo evegutmzo do GEHR

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MKT\ODUÁÇO

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|chõw t| gocophço rocîtgh h zwlch |tt goj|.

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tow aà|o wvuhch jtow ro| jc÷wojhw ro| jc÷wojow o

nuo t|o+ Ro| vnrco# gto ow ghwow# t| out|hw out|ow0 hjc÷wojh wthuw Wh|h Fh|a xu r|olcnhtph o wvwno

h Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh g|tgh h –rwtnocoah nhwguch„ |ht9

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wt|÷trow ow wtanhw o |hgwno+ d xuhcxu| noo# h jo|nhço

o ghnro h Jcowojh tn wuw gìow+ Hw xuwtõw goto|èzw

____________________

8 Kewte rokto# Gfemi Hkth Dmor&8=54# 8=:1# 8=11- ten numto hdmpe| ùkto gon Aeo|ae @hnew&<225- e Nocejm Hwhkte &<222-# owt|àw rekwhdo|ew gokgo|dhn gon hevmwtàkgmh de jmc÷wojhw hj|mghkhw e jmc÷wojow hj|mghkow goktenro|ìkeowe hkte|mo|ew how |egokfegmdow rech

fmwto|moa|hjmh ogmdekthc gono ow r|mnem|ow jmc÷wojow &a|eaow-+



gowha|hhw h fwto|oa|hjh jcow÷jgh# gono ro| vnrco0 h Z|h+

kwt wto# unh rwwoh ro t| unh jo|nhço jcow÷jgh wn

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xu ht|hzwwhn o r|wt t|hlhcfo+

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rh|hn gon xuwtõw tço r|ojuhw xu nht|hn wtìgh ztow

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go||t o wwo gonun wol| h Jcowojh+ ech ço w|z|h rh|h –hh„

wto ço w|h# tço wont# gfh|n+ Ro|ín# o xu h j|gh|h h w.

ol|ah|h wthlcg| |chõw vrcîgthw gon h |hch+ kwt wt.

o# h Jcowojh wth|h t| ow whl|w nhw cthtw# xuè# h htzh

tcgtuhc xu r|nhg nhw f|nítgh olwgu|h rh|h o rðlcgo cao+

d xuhcxu| noo# gono ow p o jc÷wojo ahw Htfo} Hrrhf#

–‖Jcowojh” í o |÷tuco nho| wthtuwo funhwno ogthc+ R|t|.w

gon |to â Jcowojh í |zgh|o xu fè nhw nro|tht# nhw jî.

gc nhw juhnthc h t|hço o Ogt„ &HRRmHF# 8==1# r+878-+



kunh gonrh|hço ca|h# o xu p |wrto âhlo|han

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Jcowojh w|h nuto nhw tînh o xu out|hw a|hw è|hw o ghnro

hw funhhw+ Nwno ht hahw rwxuwh ln zh|hhw#

tnhw tgo||hghw tww ht||hgwthw jhpn rh|t nutow wtuow

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A|uro Rwxuwh Hj|or|wrgtzhw# Whl|w mt|wõw &Hj|ow-

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ro| nooa|hjhw# ww|thõw tww n gu|wow a|huhço# nwt|h.

o outo|ho# |wrgtzhnt+ H rwxuwh xu |gol|u h r|ouço

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htí <226 h Uz|wh J|hc o \o @h|o &UJ\@- h

Uz|wh Wço Rhuco &UWR- |zcou unh gowh n gonun hw

uhw wttuõw0 funh chw tfh nooa|hjhw# ww|thõw ou

tww xu z|whwwn wol| hcaun tnh |j|t âw |chõw tgo||h.

ghw# w`h tnh ou |zwço ol|hw wol| jcowojh hj|ghh ou tww g|ît.

ghw wol| o |hgwno hta|o+ Nwno h a|h è|h hw Gàghw

Woghw Hrcghhw gono# ro| vnrco# o d|to h egoonh# ghh

zp nhw got|hnow |jcvõw hg|gh ow wrowtzow cahw hw

hõw hj|nhtzhw# hcín gho|w woghw goôngow hw

wauhchw |hghw+

Row ln# unh rwxuwh r|cnh| |hcphh ow nww nho

ùfo <288 rco Hj|ow who h Uz|wh J|hc \u|hc

o \o @h|o &UJ\\@-# gon hnowt|h nuto |uph# un xuw.

toè|o gon 82 r|authw jo |wroo ro| r|ojwwo|hw r|ojw.

wo|w jcowojh xu htuhn h | rðlcgh jcunw # ztuhc.

nt# n wgochw r|zhhw o wo nío+ Wn ðzh# hrwh|



un r|ozèzc gh|èt| zwho h rwxuwh &hcaunhw rwwohw# h

oghwço# `è rh|tgrhzhn o A|uro ewtuow Jcowojh Hj|ghh<-#

h nho|h ‗ =5% ow =7 xuwtoè|ow ‗ |awt|ou xu o wu gu|wo

a|huhço n Jcowojh ço got|luu rh|h t|hlhcfh| o ewo

Nío n gowoìgh gon hw d|t|pw rh|h eughço hw \chõw

etgo||hghw# ewo Fwt÷|h Guctu|h Hj|o.L|hwc|h mîah+

Out|h |gchnhço wwhw r|ojwwo|hw www r|ojwwo|w í h huwàgh

nht|hc ètgo rh|hètgo xu r|onozh h Jcowojh rh|h

eughço hw \chõw etgo||hghw+ Ho cho h luwgh ro| nht|hw

rh|h uwo h whch huch# hrh|g h |zghço rch jo|nhço go.

tuhh+ Zhc |wwhcth| xu hcín |gofg| h nro|tìgh o gon.

lht ho togîo wwtnètgo hw gonuhw îahw# hrohnow

rocîtghw rðlcghw ghtzhw n jhzo| h juwço gowochço ow

gotðow fwt÷|h guctu|hw îahw+ Ro|ín# wt t|hlhcfo o

wgoro í vgcuwzo rh|h fwt÷|h guctu|h hj|o.l|hwc|h hj|ghh+

en cfhw nuto a|hw# ow nhw z|wow wto|w o Noznto

ka|o L|hwc|o ht|hzíw wt|htíahw# aoghõw# ro|hõw

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|wuctho hw h|tguchõw ow rozow îahw+ Hw |j|hw Cw wt.

tuî|hn h nuhh o H|t+ <:.H h C =+7=4/8==:# h C d|t|pw

Lhww h eughço khgohc &CdL-+ Ro|thto# jgou wthlcgo xu

owwtuow Fwt÷|hw Guctu|hw Hj|o.L|hwc|h# Hj|ghh mîah

wço ol|aht÷|ow n tohw hw nohchw wo îzw u.

ghço+ dhî# o Rcho khgohc rh|h mnrcnthço hw d|t|pw Gu||.

guch|w khgohw rh|h eughço hw \chõw etgo||hghw chho

n <226 wu|a| rh|h wulwh|# hroh| |auchnth| hw hõw n r|oc

h nojghço hw |chõw tgo||hghw h wogh l|hwc|h+ O

____________________

< O A|uro de Ewtudow de Jmcowojmh Hj|mghkh &Aejh- goneáou h we|eukm| wmwtenhtmghnekte dewdenh|áo de <288 gon |eauch|mdhdewenhkhc+ Aejh mktea|h h Cmkfh deRewxumwh# Jmcowojmh# Guctu|h#Rocîtmgh e \echáõew Wogmhmw koRekwhnekto Hj|odmhwr÷|mgo doA|uro de Rewxumwh Hj|ore|wregtmzhw# Whle|ew eMkte|weáõew &Hj|owmk-# wedmhdo kh

Ukmze|wmdhde Jede|hc \u|hc do\mo de @hkem|o &UJ\\@-+



ogunto ço vh ðzhw# toh h wogh l|hwc|h í wt.

htè|h wwhw hõw9 a|hw# a|ow îahw ço zn w| j.

hw jow gono hatw vgcuwzhw vgcuwzow hw rocîtghw

n r|oc unh ughço ht||hgwth+

Í nro|tht wulcfh| xu wt t|hlhcfo |gol| ow wtuow

Fwt÷|h Guctu|h Hj|o.L|hwc|h Hj|ghh o xu p |wrto âw

wuhw rowwlchw gon h r|wh ol|aht÷|h h Jcowojh o ewo

Nío+ Hjhc# h r|wh h Jcowojh gono wgrch ol|aht÷|h w

u r|to o jn h r|n|h íghh o wíguco VVm+ Htw wwo# h Jco.

wojh jo –gu|wo cz|„# o|h gono –nhtí|h orthtzh„# t| out|hw o.

nhõw cahw+ W czh|now n goth h wauh nth o wíguco VV#

hw |auchnthõw o ewo Jcowojh wtço r|wtw h C o

4+2<4/:8# rhwwho rchw Cw 5+:=</18 1+244/6<+ khw t|àw |auchn.

thõw# h Jcowojh í# wont# wua|h+ Gon o hzto h |jo|nh hw

Cw d|t|pw Lhww h eughço khgohc &CdL- n 8==:# h w.

grch roh jhp| rh|t o gu||îguco z|wjgho o ewo Nío

gojo|n cl|hço ow Gowcfow ewthuhw eughço+ O xu

jhph gon xu n hcauw wthow h j|hço h Jcowojh ta|hww o

gu||îguco# xuhto n out|ow# lhwthzh xu wgrchw gono Aoa|hjh

/ou Fwt÷|h /ou Ct|htu|h t|hlhcfhwwn t|hwz|whcnt hcauw

wuw gotðow+ et|thto# jo gon h C 88+:64/<226 xu hw ðz.

hw jo|hn wjthw o ghnro jí|tc t|r|thõw jgou |upo ho

wrowtzo cahc h ol|ahto|h+ Hjhc# htí 2< ùfo <226

ghh |wocuço wthuhc ow Gowcfow eughço ùwtjghzh w h

Jcowojh zh w| jhgucthtzh ou ol|aht÷|h+ O nwno w hrcgh â w.

grch Wogocoah# wth thnlín w to|ou ol|aht÷|h gon h nwnh

nuhh h cawchço ughgohc+ Gon h rulcghço h C 88+:64/<226

n 27 ùfo <226# o H|tao 7: h C =+7=4/8==: rhwwou h zao.



|h| gon un ozo gwo# r|gopho h ol|ahto|h Jcowojh

Wogocoah u|ht too o ewo Nío+

dht wt xuh|o# un owwow whjow wtè h h|tguchço

unh urch ol|ahto|h0 &8- ewh| Jcowojh9 &<- ewh| r|o.

noz| |chõw tgo||hghwxuìnw ht|hzíw o wtuo Fwt÷|h

Guctu|h Hj|o.L|hwc|h Hj|ghh+ ewt whjo urco rhwwh ro| unh

hècw jcow÷jgh h r|÷r|h Jcowojh+ O xu í r|÷r|o h Jcowojh xu

ro got|lu| rh|h fo|potw ht||hgwthw h wogh l|hwc|h?

O xu h Jcowojh tn h p| wol| o |hgwno hta|o? evwtn ro.

tow gothto t| h Jcowojh h Fwt÷|h h Èj|gh? Hw guctu|hw

hj|ghhw hj|owgtw# n wrghc h hj|o.l|hwc|h# wço |c.

zhtw rh|h o tnto h Jcowojh? Ou hh# vwt Jcowojh

Hj|ghh /ou Jcowojh Hj|o.L|hwc|h? en ghwo hj|nhtzo# h

Jcowojh Hj|ghh /ou Jcowojh Hj|o.L|hwc|h wth|h&n- hrth&w- h

vhnh| wgo||| wol| ow rotow.gfhz h eughço hw \chõw

etgo||hghw? ejn# wt t|hlhcfo í# ho nwno tnro# unh hrowth

unh r|orowth rocmdmècoao7+ Unh got|luço un wjo|o n jhzo|

h zwlch h Jcowojh Hj|ghh# h Jcowojh Hj|ohwr÷|gh h

Jcowojh Hj|o.L|hwc|h rh|h unh ughço ht||hgwth+

____________________

7 Ro| rocmdmècoao we deze ektekde|#thc gono dmp o jmc÷wojo Noaole\hnowe &8===-# un ghnro rocmgàkt|mgo rh|h un mktekwodelhte mktecegtuhc# r|ojîguo en

jhzo| do ektekdmnekto nðtuo e dewhîdhw gocetmzhw+



ECENEKTOW RH\H UNHAEOROCÎTMGH DH JMCOWOJMH0

ERMWTENMGÎDMO# EWRHÁOWE DMJE\EKÁHW

ko ghnro h jcowojh thnlín wtço h n|a|# a|h.

uhcnt# |jcvõw n to|o o noo gono hw hw

wol| h wrhghch noch|hn o rwhnto jcow÷jgo+

du|ht nhwho tnro# h wgrch h jcowojh hau

gono w o cuah| aorocîtgo hw hw |j|tw ho w.

rho ço rhwwhwwn gh|hgt|îwtghw gotatw ho

|hgogîo jcow÷jgo+

kcwo Nhcoho.To||w &<282# r+7=1-

Gh|cow Noo| n \hgmwno e Wogmedhde&<221l-jhp unh loh wg|.

ço# thto rch |xuph thcfw ow r|îoow hhcwhow gono rco

cgo h|auntow gowwttw# gono o gott hj|gho jo

jo rch htauh a|go.|onhh gono un wrho wr|ozo

gzch+ O |hgwno hta|ow|h# o roto zwth Noo|#

ht|o| how r|ogwwow wg|hzphço a|o.hj|ghow onhhro| u|oruw h rh|t| o wíguco VZ+ kço jhp rh|t o wgoro wt t|h.

lhcfo goj|oth| hw z|whw zwõw hg|gh hw o|aw o |hgwno ht.

a|o+ Ro|ín# rh|h o tnto h gt|hch h eu|orh h r|o.

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í nuto |czht gow|h| h wrgjgho |hgwno hta|o0 h

wunhphço hgonrhfhh poono|jphço wwtnètgh+ O u|o.



gt|wno gocohc zu ow w|w funhow n |hhw wxuhcjgou

toow ow rozow ço u|oruw# nhw wwo gcu a|hhõw+ e# wn ðz.

h# ow rozow a|o.hj|ghow jo|hn wahow rco u|ogt|wno

gono ow now wzoczow+ H poono|jphço wwtnètgh www

rozow jo un cnto gwzo rh|h nlhwh| h wg|hzphço a|h#

|guwho h vwtàgh un cnto r|wt n tohw hw gzcph.

õw funhhw# h ghrhgh rwh| |jct| g|tghnt wol| h

|hch+ ko cz|o H mkzekáço do –we| kea|o„0 un re|gu|wo dhw mdemhw xue

khtu|hcmphn h mkje|mo|mdhde dow kea|ow# Awc ow Whtow cugh0 –O

t|hthnto ow u|oruw rh|h gon ow hj|ghow j|gh.w o oj|.

go how îow h Hní|gh xu# hrwh| w|n zwtow gono r|n.

tzow# |hn othow ru|ph# hcao xu ço w hrcghzh how a|ow„

&WHkTOW# <22<# r+54-+ O nígo hcnço Gh|c Auwthz Gh|uw &816=.

86:=- roruch|pou o waut xuh|o0 ow rozow o h &ghughwho.

u|oruw wuw wgtw-# ow rozow o g|rðwguco o|thc

&rozow h eu|orh o|thc# hwètgow# è|hlw wuw wgtw-# ow

rozow o g|rðwguco ogthc &hn|îow wuw wgtw- ow

rozow h ot &htzow huwt|hchow# a|o.hj|ghow wuw wg.

tw-+ dto out|o noo# gojo|n ow wgu|wow |hgwthw# unh

–wghch funhh„# ow rozow a|o.hj|ghow wuw wg.

tw wth|hn o a|hu nhw lhvo+ kwt wto# í nro|tht

|z| hw aorocîtghw# xuwtoh| |gfhh| hw gh|toa|hjhw f|h|.

xuphõw xu wwtn n gocogh| h eu|orh o –gt|o„ /ou o

–toro„ rh|h r|onoz| un rwhnto ht||hgwth+

O jc÷wojo ro|to.|xufo Nhcoho.To||w t|hp unh o|n

got|luço rh|h o owwo lht# n wuw t|now0 –ow jc÷wojow ow

r|ojwwo|w jcowojh tn h hj|nh| hw wuhw |hîpw unh |aço

wr|tuhc zh|hzcnt wg|th n t|now aorocîtgow0 h



eu|orh„4&NHCdOkHdO.TO\\eW# <282# r+7=1-+ H fr÷tw xu

zhnow vhnh| í h xu o gogto gocokmhcmdhde# thc gono ow p

o wog÷coao r|uho Hîlhc Xu`ho# nr|ah gowttu h r|ouço

jcow÷jgh fanôgh# jhpo h Jcowojh hghàngh unh htzh

tcgtuhc# n g|th nh# ht|hzwwhh rco |hgwno rwtàngo+

Hjhc# h gocohch p |wrto âw goõw wthlcgnto

o ghrthcwno gono rh|ço jugohnto nuhc# or|ho

ht|hzíw h –nrowço unh gchwwjghço |hghc/ítgh h roru.

chço o nuo„ &XUm@HkO# <282# r+64-# gcuo un goùto

wrowtzow xu |gol|0 h- o t|hlhcfo ow wuw r|outow9 l- o no

hnlt ow wuw |gu|wow r|ouço9 g- o wvo ow wuw r|outow9

- h wul`tzh ow wuw r|outow ‗ t|wul`tzow nht|hw9 - h

huto|h ow wuw wt|untow |auchço hw |chõw woghw

&XUm@HkO# <282# r+66-+ ko tn &g- got|hnow o r|olcnh o go.

fgnto# h zhch ow whl|w h r|ouço tcgtuhc+ Row

ln# h gocophço nrcgou h wgowt|uço h wt|utu|h wogthc#

|upo ow whl|w ow rozow gocophow â ghtao|h g|hw ou

rwuowwhl|wwnr| cow h rh|t| h r|wrgtzh u|ogàt|gh+ ewwh

fanoh# o ghwo h gocophço o gott hj|gho# rhwwou h

wxuhcjgh| zwlcph| ow whl|w t|hgohw# r|oro|goho

unh gonrcth wgow|hço o rwhnto jcow÷jgo www

rozow+ kwt wto# wthnow ht o |hgwno rwtàngo+ko dgoè|o Ovjo| Jcowojh o|ahpho ro| Wno Lchgilu|#

|hgwno í jo gono –hlch ou |guwh rh|h |gofg| ow

|tow# gwwhw# ah zhco|w rwwohw un a|uro

|hghc rh|tguch| ou t|nhh |aço aoa|èjgh„ &LCHGILU\k#

<225-+ O |hgwno rwtàngo |nt h un goùto wrowtzow#

r|ètghw wt|htíahw xu |guwhn h zhch hw ùwtjghtzhw jthw h

____________________

4 O jmc÷wojo jhp unh kothnekgmokhkdo xue evmwten ewjo|áowkhw díghdhw de 8=12 e 8=62 ro| rh|te de jmc÷wojow chtmko.hne|mghkow# thc gono Ek|mxueDuwwec# e ewthdukmdekwew ‗ kewteghwo kh wocmdmjmgháço dh haekdh do r|hanhtmwno jmcow÷jmgo ‗ xueluwghn we dewzmkguch| dh Eu|orh

gono te||mt÷|mo evgcuwmzo do rekwhnekto jmcow÷jmgo+



rh|t| |j|ghw jcow÷jgow# fwt÷|gow# gtîjgow guctu|hw ço

ogthw+ en out|hw rhchz|hw# o r|o`to rwtnoc÷ago no|o

wthlcgu g|tí|ow rh|h wtau| o xu í gofgnto zèco o

xu ço í gofgnto+ Gon wwo# o gofgnto awtho t|o

un wfo aorocîtgo ogthc í r|zcaho n |chço how out.

|ow+ ko ghwo wrgjgo h Jcowojh# o |hgwno rwtàngo wuwtth xu#

hrhw# o nuo ogthc5ro ah|ht| h jmcowojmgmdhde un whl|+

W un whl| w÷ ro w| jtzhnt jcow÷jgo# wto í# r|gf|

ow g|tí|ow wrgîjgow xu j|ghn h Jcowojh ow out|ow whl|w ‗

h jcowojgh ‗ ht|hzíw hw goõw aorocîtghw wuh r|ouço ‗

h whl|0 goõw ogthw+ H Jcowojh r|gwh|h wth| wnr| cah.

h# h|tguchh ou nhto hcaun tro ècoao gon r|wwurowtow

tnhw |aow rcow a|aow+ Wau unh owwhw fr÷tww0 w h

Jcowojh ogthc tn fwto|ghnt wo gowttuîh ro| unh zwço

togàt|gh ‗ o ghwo# o u|ogt|wno ‗# ch t|h h vgcu| out|ow

wtcow jcow÷jgow# aho h catnh rwtnoc÷agh wwhw hlo|.

haw jcow÷jghw ço ogthw+ Í oro|tuo jhp| un v|gîgo jcow÷.

jgo hècw hw |chõw t| gocohch# u|ogt|wno

Jcowojh+ O xu í wrwèzc rh|h hzhh|now n luwgh gh|.

toa|hjhw j|tw out|hw aorocîtghw+ Ro|ín# í nro|tht go.

w|h| unh tw a|hc xu ht|hzwwh zè|ow h|auntow n jhzo| h

Jcowojh gono nhtí|h vgcuwzh o Ogt+ Thc gono jhp oth|Hrrhf &8==1- ht|hzíw h r|olcnhtphço n to|o or|÷r|o zhco|

|czìgh hcauw whl|w hj|ghow w|n |awt|how gono jcow÷.

jgow+ H tw í h nwnh jh ro| nutow jc÷wojow nuthw jc÷wo.

jhw o nuo t|o# ro| vnrco# n |chço h t|nhow whl|w

o|thw hn|îow+ kço vwt|hn |hpõw# jtzhnt |czhtw#

rh|h wah| o Rwhnto Hj|gho gono Jcowojh Hj|ghh ou

____________________

5 Mkmgmhcnekte# h Eu|orh e# h

rh|tm| do wíguco VV# mkgcum owEwthdow Ukmdow dh Hní|mgh+ K÷w rodenow gokwmde|h| xue o rhd|çoogmdekthc í feaenôkmgo ko nukdotodo e# en ge|th nedmdh gon h acolhcmpháço# todhw hw wogmedhdewwe|mhn –ogmdekthmw„9 nhw zhcedewthgh| xue ow rhd|õew ogmdekthmwwço aewthdow# dmjukdmdow#dejekdmdow e ekt|hn en gm|gucháçoht|hzíw dhw rocîtmghw egokônmghw#de gokfegmnekto# ewtítmgh#

guctu|hc# etg+ dh Eu|orh e dowEwthdow Ukmdow dh Hní|mgh+



onh| o Rwhnto O|thc gono Jcowojh O|thc hwwn ro|

ht+ Thczp# hh hcín o |gofgo wthtuw hghàngo xu o

gìo jcow÷jgo rowwu o Ogt t|h nozo jc÷wojow jc÷wojhw

o|an hj|ghh# ro| vnrco# h j| h vwtàgh h Jcowojh

Hj|ghh+ en out|ow t|now# xuh|h| o Rwhnto Hj|gho wol h

hcgufh h Jcowojh ro w| r|glo gono un tro |ugowno+

Gon jto# zhc gow|h| hw j|tw ctu|hw n luwgh hnrch|

ow fo|potw hg|gh h catnh rwtàngh h Jcowojh Hj|ghh+

Ow nhuhw Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh# n wuh nho|h# gogo|hn

xuho w t|hth jhp| o |awt|o o –hwgnto„ o rwhnto j.

cow÷jgo# h fr÷tw nhw hgth í h g|tço a|ah+ O noo now

rocàngo a|h n to|o un –ghhwt|o„ jto ro| zocth o wíguco Zm+ h+G+

h A|ígh htah# gon h rhtt r|n|o jc÷wojo goj|h rh|h

Thcw Ncto+ e# hh xu vwthn hcaunhw z|aàghw t| fw.

to|ho|hw&w- h Jcowojh# wth ço vh|h w| a|ah# ro|xu w

ço jo| Thcw Ncto# o rowto r|n|o jc÷wojo w|h W÷g|h.tw ou Rchtço+ H r|auth xu xu|o gonrh|tcfh| í wnrcw0 í row.

wîzc jhch| h Jcowojh jo|h un wfo aorocîtgo u|oru?

Row ln# í nro|tht t||oah| h zhch h hww|tzh# h

Jcowojh í ogthc+ eu hzoao xu o u|ogt|wno gocohch

wço cntow.gfhz rh|h o tnto h h xu h Jcowojh

í unh –z|wço„ o rwhnto funho# vgcuwzhnt# u|orh+H jwh xu ow u|oruw o wu r|o`to gzcpht÷|o w|hn g.

wwh|hnt wur|o|w how out|ow rozow unh wghch f|è|.

xugh xu# zh|hzcnt# coghcph h Èj|gh wuh èwro|h h rh|t

nhw lhvh wtè r|wt ow tvtow nutow jc÷wojow ogthw+ O

jc÷wojo hcnço mnnhuc Iht &81<4 ‗ 8624- jo jètgo h wuh

wg|ço wol| ow rozow a|o.hj|ghow+



Ow a|ow h Èj|gh ço rowwun# ro| htu|ph# .

fun wtnto xu w cz hgnh o |îguco+ O wfo|

Fun whjh xuhcxu| un h gth| un ðgo vnrco n xu

un ka|o tfh nowt|ho thctow# hj|nh0 t| ow nc.

fõw r|tow xu jo|hn ro|thow wuw rhîww# ço

olwtht nutow cw t|n wo rowtow n cl|h# ço w

got|ou un ðgo wxu| xu hr|wthww hcao a|howo

h h|t ou h gàgh# ou n xuhcxu| out|h hrtço9 `è t|

ow l|hgow# gowthtnt h||o`hn.w hxucw xu# whîow h

rcl nhw lhvh# hxu|n o nuo g|to r|wtîao# ro|

jo|h ow vgctw+ Tço wwghc í h j|h t|

wwhw uhw |hhw funhhw# xu rh|g w| tço a|h n

|chço âw ghrhghw nthw xuhto â j|h go|w+

H |caço o jtgf# tço juh t| cw# thczp w`h unh

wríg ocht|h# xu w hr|ojuh thto o |îguco xuh.

to rh|g rowwîzc â htu|ph funhh+ H rcunh un rèw.wh|o# o gfj| unh zhgh# unh gogfh# ou xuhcxu| out|h

gowh o|è|h# tço coao w`h gowha|hh ro| hcaunhw

rhchz|hw# to|hn.w ol`to ho|hço zoghço ow

wgoù|ow+ Ow a|ow wço nuto zhowow# nhw â wuh r|÷r|h

nh|h# tço nht|hxuho|w# xu w z wr|wè.cow h

rhuchhw+ &IHkT# 8==7# r+ 15.1:-

Out|o jc÷wojo hcnço# Ao|a Q+ J||gf Fac &8112.8678- ço

jo now ghta÷|go h jwh o u|ogt|wno j|o|phço

a|o.hj|ghh+

&+++- h r|grhc gh|hgt|îwtgh ow a|ow í xu wuh go.

wgàgh hh ço htau h tuço xuhcxu| ol`tz.



h jvh# gono duw# gono cw &+++- a|o |r|wth gono

`è jo to o fonn htu|hc# wczhan onèzc &+++-+

kcw# hh zogh h ho gh|èt| funho &+++-+ et| ow

a|ow# ow wtntow no|hw wço tothcnt j|hgow ‗ ou#

rh|h w| nhw vhto vwttw+ &FeAeC# 8===# r+ 67.6:-

O cunwth Zocth| &8:=4.8116-# jc÷wojo |czht rh|h o

tnto hw |rulcghhw# un ow r|guwwo|w h jwh

h cl|h vr|wwço ow |tow gzw# wg|zu n T|hthdo de

nethjîwmgh0 –evhno un jcfot a|o ww nww# un cjhtp.

fo# un nhghxufo# &+++- un hnhc xu ghnfh wol| uhw rhthw#

&+++- r|ozo un rougo nhw hw„ &ZOCTHm\e# 8=64# r+:<-+ H

owwh g|îtgh ghnfh o waut wto0 unh loh ctu|h www jc÷.

wojow# hwwn gono toow ow rwho|w ogthw# ço ro t.

| o u|ogt|wno wuhw ol|hw gono gotat ou un tro

ru|ghcfo rough ou funh |czìgh+ Ro|ín# hrwh| otogt|wno ço w|z| gono g|tí|o rh|h o hlhoo hw go.

t|luõw jcow÷jghw Iht# Fac# Zocth| out|ow thtow jc÷wo.

jow# ço í hxuho wgow|h| o |hgwno rwtàngo gono un zíw

gwzo rh|h t| www t|hlhcfow wuw wol|hntow+ Un

|hgogîo ca|o xu hrot h |hpço ukmze|whc ocunwno gono

l|hkgh nhwgucmkhço í too xuîzogo+ Ro|xu hrwh| h r|orowth uz|whch# wthnow ht unh –|hpço ntoîngh„+ Ou

w`h# h |hpço ntoîngh &tonh h rh|t rco too-# gono p o wog÷co.

ao Lohztu|h Whtow &<282-# ch í gotôngh f|h|xupht# orõ

gzcpho lè|lh|o# gucto ao|ht# l|hgo a|o# nhwguco

jno hwwn ro| ht+ H |hpço ntoîngh xu wtè h lhw

hcauw h|auntow jcow÷jgow í wnr| un wt|unto rwtngh#



wto í# wxuhcjgh |guwh ow whl|w xu ço w xuh|hn n wuw

|awt|ow# ht|luo.cfw ço vwtàgh# ço cuah|+ Rh|h p| out|o

noo# o xu wtè n òao í h gocophço o rwhnto+ Un v|gîgo

jcow÷jgo t|wwho o rcu|hcwno r|wrgtzhw rwtànghw r|gwh

w j|oth| gon o togt|wno u|oru xu r|rhwwh h Jcowojh+

kço got|h|now nutow t|hlhcfow xu hlo|n jcowojghn.

t o togt|wno u|oru9 nhw unh rwxuwh ca|h:jo|nh xu h

xuhth jc÷wojow ogthw xu jp|hn whow rh|h hhcwh|

g|tghnt o |hgwno hta|oí hh no|+ @h.Rhuc Wh|t| &8=25.

8=62- wg|zu \ejcevõew wol|e o |hgmwno&8=16-# o cz|o goth gon owwhow# \ejcevõew wol|e h xuewtço ùdhmghgon 67 rèahw O|jeu kea|o# 7:

rèahw+ Hrwh| o jôcao rh|h ol`th| o |hgwno hta|ow| nhw

nowto o xu o wu nrfo h g|îtgh ho htwwntwno# Wh|t| |.

awt|ou0 –un ̀ uu# l|hgo t| ow l|hgow# ro ah| xu w`h ̀ uu#

gch|h|.w fonn t| fonw+ O a|o ço ro ah| xu w`h

a|o ou |gchnh| rh|h w wth hlwt|hth funhh goco|„ &WH\T\e#8=16# r+=4-+ O jc÷wojo j|hgàw |gofgu xu o |hgwno hta|otn

unh gh|hgt|îwtgh rguch|# –ow a|ow ço w got|hn wço o t|.

|o gfo h|nhcfhw xu o l|hgo cfw r|rh|ou0 t| gocophow#

o gocoo w h||unou noo h w| o t|o nho|„ &mn# r+==-+

d zocth how h|auntow Iht Fac í r|gwo olw|zh|

xu ço w t|hth un n|o wcp togàt|go r|÷r|o ow gotv.tow tcgtuhw ghh írogh+ O rwtngîo xu g wol| ow

g|tí|ow zhchço ow whl|w ço ogthw í unh gowtht hw

hlo|haw jcow÷jghw+ e# nwno# h nho|h ow jc÷wojow gotnro|ì.

ow cfhw j|tw g|îtgow wuhw r|÷r|hw goõw fwt÷|.

ghw# gonr|ontow# n nho| ou no| a|hu# gon unh hah rw.

tnoc÷agh rocîtgh ço |hgoè|h# thw gono Ngfc Joughuct &8=<5.

____________________

: Unh rewxumwh r|ecmnmkh| wol|eow tenhw hlo|dhdow ro| jmc÷wojhw e jmc÷wojow node|khw&ow- egoktenro|ìkehw&ow- |ehcmphdh recoA|uro de Rewxumwh Hj|ore|wregtmzhw# Whle|ew eMkte|weáõew ko r|mnem|o wenewt|ede <288 dewgol|mu xue rouxuîwwmnow rekwhdo|ew tmze|hn

o |hgmwno hktmkea|o ekt|e ow weuwewtudow+



8=64-# @ó|au Fhl|nhw &8=<=- @hgxuw d||h &8=72.<224-# hh

r|nhgn hrtow h c÷agh u|ogàt|gh+ eu owwo h olw|zhço

Nhcoho.To||w# –Fhl|nhw d||h hrchn xuho nuto h

unh g|îtgh u|ogàt|gh o u|ogt|wno+„ &NHCdOkHdO.TO\.

\eW# <282# r+47:-+ O nwno w è gon Wchzo` Ppi# jc÷wojo wchzo#

To ka|# jc÷wojo thcho9 hrwh| hnlow |h|n u|hw g|ît.

ghw ho ghrthcwno# ço gowaun r|olcnhtph| o Ogt gon h

nwnh |hghch gonxu |gfhhn ow wuw jtow+ d un noo

a|hc# nwno ow jc÷wojow ogthw xu w gocoghn nhw g|tghnt

ht h acolhcphço o ghrthcwno# r|nhgn –|jíw„ ou|ogt|wno+ ka| Ppi wço jc÷wojow |hghw+ Ro| vnrco# o

jc÷wojo wchzo í jètgo o cz|o Tfe Rurret hkd tfe Dqh|j0 tfe re|ze|we

go|e oj gf|mwtmhkmt}&<227-# o ghrîtuco Tf|mccmka \onhkge O|tfodov}#

po xu rh|h hj|nh| |hghcnt o nht|hcwno hcítgo í r|.

gwo h|tgucè.co gon h vr|àgh g|wtç+

O |hghcwno# ro|ín# ço wgo h nwço o|hgwno rwtàngo# thc gono wuawtzhw hècww o r|ol.

cnh h tgocoah o cwno ro| rh|t Faa|

ço o wgohn+ ewt |hgwno í zt &+++-+ Unh zp

xu h ol|h Ppi# ugh hjco|h h h xu ro|.

hn vwt| orõw rocîtghw z|h|hnt |hghw rh|h

hcín ow fo|potw o nht|hcwno hcítgo# r|.w xu o g|wthwno í h ðgh jot z|h|o |hghc.

wno &NHCdOkHdO.TO\\eW# <282# r+4<6.4<=-+

ewtou hgo|o gon Nhcoho.To||w# h nho|h ow jc÷wojow

ogthw# nwno xuho wço g|îtgow h no|h Ogthc

r|orõ ozhw gojau|hõw rocîtghw w nhtín t|o unh c÷a.



gh h gocohch+ –Ho zíw whjh|n hw aorocîtghw |hgwthw

o gofgnto xu w to|h|hn tço gt|hw o wgu|wo ogthc#

cw r|rtuhn hw ro| out|ow now„ &NHCdOkHdO.TO\\eW# <282#

r+47:- ho zíw |gfhè.chw luwgh| out|hw aorocîtghw+ Í got|h o|tt r|o`to u|ogàt|go jo|nho ro| t|àw a|hw cfhw h

Jcowojh ogthc gotnro|ìh0 h gotthc# h hhcîtgh o r|ha.

nhtwno+ en cfhw a|hw# h Jcowojh Gotthc ro w| wg|th

gono unh htzh wrguchtzh9 h Jcowojh Hhcîtgh í htwrguch.

tzh tn cnthõw hhw rcow r|÷r|ow ol`tow# r|grhcnt h

cauhan9 o R|hanhtwno ço w ogurh xuwtow gono z|h |hch# nhw gon ow jtow r|hanètgow ow gogtow+ Hw t|àw

a|hw cfhw h Jcowojh ço wço ow ðgow noow rowwîzw jhp|

zwtahõw jcow÷jghw+ Hrhw# tàn wo ow noow fanôgow

t|o ow drh|thntow Jcowojh h nho|h hw Uz|whw+

O xu rh|h ow jw wt t|hlhcfo í o nhw hxuho+ Zhc ngoh|

xu h t|hço hhcîtgh o r|hanhtwno hcoahn # n g|th n.h# wt auh|h|h nhw f|hhw wncfhhw o xu gon h t|hço

gotthc+ Nhw# wn ðzh# vwtn nutow out|ow noow jhp|

Jcowojh# t| www noow# w h Jcowojh h Gàgh n wuhw

nðctrchw zh|hõw# h wulè|h h C÷agh ou ow t|hlhcfow rcu|hcwthw

xu h|tguchn tohw hw z|ttw z|wow noow# t| out|ow+

Coa unh |uço# o xuh|o í# hrhw# un |t|hto h oj|th on.ht h jo|nhço hghàngh h è|h Jcowojh+

O xu r|oronow í unh zhco|phço aorocîtgh hj|ghh hj|o.

hwr÷|gh+ Ou w`h# gocogh| h r|ouço tcgtuhc hj|ghh hj|o.

hwr÷|gh o nhrh hghàngo nuhc+ O nu nrfo h luwgh

unh aorocîtgh ht||hgwth rh|h h Jcowojh jo wr|ho# ghc.

nt# rchw ctu|hw xuht|o huto|w.gfhz# Ao|a A|hzcc Nohf



@hnw &86=4.8=56-# Gfif Hth dor &8=<7.8=6:-# J|htp Jho &8=<5.

8=:8- Nocj It Hwht &8=4<-+ Un cnto nro|tht xu r|rhw.

wh# n g|th nh# toow ow xuht|o huto|w wtè h |guwh h vgcuwz.

h o Ogt gono |aucho| rwtnoc÷ago+ dor# thc gono @hnw# rowtuch h vwtàgh wgochw jcow÷jghw o eato gotn.

ro|ìhw âw |onhhw wgochw a|ahw ow r|í.wog|ètgow# rhwwho ro|

W÷g|htw Rchtço# htí H|wt÷tcw+ O t|hlhcfo @hnw w gfhnh Wtocek

ceahg}0 tfe A|eei Rfmcoworf} mw h wtocek Ea}rtmhk Rfmcoworf}&Fe|hkáh |oulh.

dh0 h Jmcowojmh A|eah í un |oulo dh Jmcowojmh Eaîrgmh-# o tîtuco h ol|h `è í

gotut # wn ðzh# ço jhcthn gontè|ow xu hrotn row.wîzw vha|ow h ol|h+ Ro|ín# h ctu|h guhowh o t|hlhcfo# wau|h.

nt hh rougo co ow g|gutow hghàngow# ro# g|thnt#

|n| hcaunhw gojuwõw ro| goth ctu|hw zwhhw+ evwt o

ní|to o t|hlhcfo @hnw w| unh r|ozoghço gwzh got|hh||ht.

zh ht.fanôgh+ kh tw `hnwhh# o ceahdo ju|thdo wajgh xu ow

r|n|ow jc÷wojow a|aow tàn unh îzh nrhaèzc gon ow jc÷wojowaîrgow xu r|nhgn rougo gofgow |h|hnt hrh|gn ow

nhuhw gonràow Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh+

d hgo|o gon o gotut t|hlhcfo @hnw#

Wtocek Ceahg}&<225-# Rtèao|hw wtuou# go.

jo|n gch|hõw o r|÷r|o jc÷wojo a|ao# o

eato hr|u# n t||hw hj|ghhw# hw cfhwnwt|hw o wu rwhnto jcow÷jgo+

Gfif Hth dor t|hlhcfho o chlo|ht÷|o go.wauu r|ozhw xu h roruchço o htao eato |ha|h+ O rwho| wahcàw gowauu woch| n|

h gogt|hço nchh |wtow no|thw aîr.

gow ht|hzíw h vunhço nðnhw



W h fwto|oa|hjh jcow÷jgh fanôgh h htauh# ow t|h.

lhcfow hj|ghow wço t|nhtnt wgofgow ou –wxugow„+

Un wjo|o rch wuh |hlcthço# thc gono jhpn @hnw# L|hc# dor

Hwht# í nutîwwno nro|tht rh|h h hl|tu|h ozhw rowwlc.hw rwtànghw# gcuwz rh|h h r|÷r|h Jcowojh |z| wuw vow

aorocîtgow –whtu|hcph|„ o wu gh|èt| ntnt u|oru+

Hjhc# w h Jcowojh ro w|# n cfhw nuto a|hw# tonhh ro| wuh

ghrhgh g|îtgh luwgh ùwtjghço un j|hgo v|gîgo w.

lhhcphço hw a|hcphõw jègw whtu|hcphço hw g|tphw

ùwtjghhw hxuhhnt ou wn –juhnto„+ Ro| xu gh|ah |hpõw h Jcowojh vh|h r|olcnhtph| whtu|hcph| wuh jc.

hço wuh g|tço hwgnto? en out|hw rhchz|hw# h |guwh o

u|ogt|wno í juhnthc rh|h h|now gu|wo h hcaunhw hw |z.

ghõwnhw gh|hw â Jcowojh# ço w r|| âw hw wn vhnè.

chw# hh xu o guwto w`h |gofg| gowwtàghw n owwo r|÷r|o

noo rwh|+ kwt wto# wurofo xu unh hw a|hw xuw.tõw h Jcowojh w`h o |gofgnto xu ow h|auntow nhw

t|hgohw hg|gh o wu hwgnto wço zh|hzcnt r|olcnèt.

gow ro|xu wço nh|ghow rco |hgwno rwtàngo+ Zhc wthgh| xu

ht ww xuh|o# í r|ozèzc xu hcaunhw jc÷wojhw hcauw jc÷wo.

jow rhwwn h gow|h| |czht unh hècw o |hgwno rwtàngo+

Unh got|luço nro|tht jo hh ro| Gfif Hth dor# o r.who| wahcàw r|olcnhtpou# ùwthnt# h huwàgh wwtnètgh hw

r|ouõw hj|ghhw hw hahw rwxuwh h Jcowojh h Fwt÷|h#

ro| vnrco+ H |guwh |tt ow tcgtuhw ogthw n w||

h Èj|gh h wuh hah rwxuwh hh r|nhg9 nwno ht

ow |wucthow wuhw zwtahõw xu gonr|ozhn xu o eato h

htauh jo unh gzcphço a|h+ eart÷coaow&hw- fwto|ho|w&hw-



gotuh|hn h wgow|h| hw got|luõw orhhw+ dor |hcpou

rwxuwhw xu nowt|h|hn xu hw nðnhw aîrghw |hn a|hw#

ht|hzíw tgocoah xu gowau z|jgh| h gogt|hço nch.

h h r|n9 nhw zhc cnl|h| xu o L|hwc funh hw ol|hw dor hh tfhn wo t|huphw rh|h h cîauh ro|tuauwh htí o ho

<288+ Wn czh| n gow|hço xu hcauw hcaunhw fwto|ho.

|hw&w- art÷coaow&hw- wwtn n wg|z| ow t|hlhcfow dor

gono htzwno ou v|gîgow h nctìgh un rh.hj|ghwth gon o

j|n r|or÷wto wxuhcjgè.co+ Nutow fwto|ho|w# thc G|o

Jchnh|o Gh|owo# pn xu o caho dor w|h oc÷ago çogtîjgo+ O xu ow t|hto|w dor rh|gn wxug| í xu ço

vwt ut|hch hwwun| un roto zwth ço zhch h r|o.

uço gtîjgh jcow÷jgh# ro|xu too whl| g||h wzocz

t|nhow rotow zwth+

J|htp Jho |h nígo rwxuht|h#oltz w÷ch jo|nhço jcow÷jgh oîgoh íghh 8=52 h J|hh

ko ghwo wrgîjgo Jho#

Gokdekhdow dh te||h &<226- í un za.

o|owo t|hlhcfo xu ugh h ao.

rocîtgh h vgcuwço+ O jc÷wojo w

|j| nhw wrgjghnt how ro.

zow a|o.hj|ghow ow f||ow

h hj|oèwro|h+ Í nro|tht wr.

gjgh| xu ro| hj|oèwro|h w z



gonr||0 hw lhww |hgwthw# ow r|ogwwow fwt÷|gow hw nrc.

ghõw h wg|hzphço nrt|hh ro| è|hlw u|oruw rozow

a|o.hj|ghow h rh|t| o wíguco Zmmm1# hw na|hõw jo|hhw

rozow a|o.hj|ghow h goço rwwohw wg|hzphhw ghc.nt rh|h o r|÷r|o gott u|oru # n wauh# rh|h gocôhw

u|orhwt| ow wígucow mV VmV9 hcín hw |chõw t| ctw

u|orhw gchwww |atw hj|ghhw# gon h gunrcgh wto|w

wwhw ctw hj|ghhw# jo|hn wthlcghw |chõw hwwnít|ghw xu

jo|hn gwzhw o wthlcgnto o noco u|oru ewtho.

khço wulwzocznto ow rhîww hj|ghow o gè|o nu.hc+ Zhc |t|h| xu o hwrgto h hj|oèwro|h xu wtè wo wthgo

wt t|hlhcfo í h wg|nhço ahtzh wxuhcjghço |h.

h âw r|ouõw tcgtuhw rozow hj|ghow wuw wgtw

o nuo t|o# o |hgwno rwtàngo+

d zocth âw got|luõw Jho# gon lhw hw wuhw ctu|hw í

rowwîzc t|hh| o|thõw ht||hgwthw wfh| hcaunhw goõw rowwlch got|h o |hgwno rwtàngo+ kow cz|ow Rece kea|h#

nèwgh|hw l|hkghw &<226- Gokdekhdow dh te||h&<22:- ‗ o r|n|o chh.

o n 8=5<# o wauo wg|to n 8=:8 rulcgho rowtunhnt

hr÷w h no|t Jho ‗# o jc÷wojo htcfho g|tgh h h|tguchço t|

|hh wrho wuhw nrcghõw# hcín hhcwh| hw r|wwõw hwwn.

chgowthw h gocophço xu |t|h z|whw jo|nhw xu xuhtonhw a|hw a|ow |`th|n wuh hgwt|hch# h r|ouço guctu|.

hc wuw rozow# h l|hxutu –gzch„ wth|ço nhw r|÷vnhw

&JHkOk# <226# r+74- + H |guwh ww wtanh ht|hzwwh ow t|hlhcfow

Jho ro| no un xuwtohnto r|ojuo hw lhww h goc.

ophço+ O u|ogt|wno xu ht|hzwwh h Jcowojh# hwwn gono ow

out|ow whl|w# w`h noo vrcîgto ou ço# tn gch|ho xu ow

____________________

1 Ze| Noo|e &<226h# <226l-+ O rekwhdo| gulhko.`hnhmghkoevrcmgh gono ow è|hlew jo|hn r|othaokmwthw dh ewg|hzmpháçokea|o.hj|mghkh hktew doweu|oreuw# e ow zhco|ew guctu|hmwdhw wogmedhdew è|hlew ewthzhn re|nehdow de |hgmwno hktmkea|o+



wrhow r|jí|gow wço rhcgo unh gohço htu|hc# h ghrhg.

h rwh| o nuo n rh|ìnt|ow –hxuhow„+ Row ln# w o

gownoroctwno wgocohc Jho chh lhww r|onwwo|hw got|h

o |hgwno rwtàngo í ro|xu r|gl unh jhcègh.gfhz oOgt# o nuo ço ro|h jugoh| wn wuhw lhww+ Ho zíw

–h| r|nhph â luwgh |hîpw h eu|orh ou out|o cho xuhcxu|# h

gowgàgh wgocohc Jho r|t wcogh|„ &NHCdOkH.

dO.TO\\eW# <282# r+42=-# ow gokdekhdow dh te||hhw g|guwtìghw

wulo|hço# ugho h wt|htíah h gocophço gozg|

ow rozow htzow xu wth|hn r|ow wn ow zhco|w ow whl|wogthw+ Jho gogchnh wuhw cto|hw cto|w h wwogh| o go.

fgnto htzo h ao|ìgh# gojuwço r|orowthcnt ughh

h|tguchh rch ocoah h gocophço+ Jho ugou o wgu|.

wo u|ogàt|go xu wwth n onh| hw gocôhw t||hw wn

whl|# wtí|w rh|h o gofgnto zèco hw gàghw h Jcowojh+

kunh j|hw# r|orôw h wgocophço o rwhnto+Hjhc# h hrh|t ut|hch o wgu|wo jcow÷jgo ogthc

wgo ghtao|hw r|÷r|hw h c÷agh gocohc# o nrí|o# hw |hîpw

h no|h &o noo gono jo hr|wthh hgnh- xu ron

w| wulwunhw rch h wulhct|phço rwtàngh lhwhh n

g|tí|ow |hh+ Í got|h o rwtngîo# wrghcnt h wxuhcj.

ghço rwtàngh xu zwlcpou hw r|ouõw a|o.hj|ghhw xu íoro|tuo r|oro| unh aorocîtgh n jhzo| h j|h+ O wfo

wwh gonrowço aorocîtgh r|gwh goth| gon o a|t h

xuhnh# h wwocuço o –gt|o„ hw –r|j|hw„+ O xu

ro gonh| ro| unh –ozh„ Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh+ Unh fwto|.

oa|hjh jcow÷jgh ht||hgwth# |grtzh how lhtw jtow ro| wgochw

jcow÷jghw hj|ghhw u|ht wígucow# nuto htw hw |chõw rocîtghw





–vgcuwzhnt„ ogthc+ ewth tw hzoahh ro| nuthw jc÷wojhw

jc÷wojow ogthw# wauo h xuhc# h Jcowojh í unh jo|nh rwh.

nto o|an a|ah xu w hwwth hw lhww guctu|hw h eu|orh#

gowttuo unh t|hço Ogthc r|nt|h xu vr|wwõw |ghw z|whw o rwhnto funho ço jowwn wulwunhw –|up.

hw„ â Jcowojh+ Row ln# xu|o wua|| out|o roto zwth+ H whl|0

wth|îhnow ht unh nohch nokor÷cmo ou ocmaor÷cmo mkteceg.

tuhc# un ow ghnrow gon nho| wthtuwt|o h a|h è|h Funh.

hw w|h vrco|ho vgcuwzhnt rch t|hço Ogthc+ dt|o

wth t|hço# jc÷wojhw jc÷wojow r|hanhtwthw# gotthw hhcît.ghw&ow- wruth|hn zwlch |r|wthtzh+ O |hgogîo wua.

| xu h Jcowojh w|h ol`to –rhtt„ o wr÷co a|ao jo z.

o t| ow jíw |r|wthtw o xu w gozgoou gfhnh|

t|hço ogthc+ Hh t|o unh |èrh ctu|h aorocîtgh#

ronow tjgh| Hcnhfh J|hh &Jcowojh Gotthc-# A|ç.

L|thfh &Jcowojh Hhcîtgh- ewthow Uow h Hní|gh &R|hanhtwno-un nlht rch –ghrthc„ h Jcowojh+ O xu ono hxu gono o

nhw gotunhp ocaor÷co tcgtuhc o Ogt |nt# tço wont#

h h ‗ olzhnt wu`th h ol`õw ‗ xu h Jcowojh w|h gon.

rh|èzc h |gu|wow htu|hw xu# ro| no un got|hto zthcîgo

||zoaèzc# w÷ ron w| vrco|how ro| t|àw gonrhfhw &Jcowojh

Gotthc# Jcowojh Hhcîtgh R|hanhtwno- xu –wruthn„ o n|.gho9 nhw w hwwau|hn w hrohnnutuhnt rh|h xu –go|ro|hõw

t|uwhw„ ço rowwhn t| hgwwo ho wu zhcowo ln0 h Jcowojh+

H wau|# gozo cto|hw cto|w rh|h |wro| unh t||o.

ahço# g|to noo nuto wnrcw# h Jcowojh w hwwncfh nhw

gon h H|xuttu|h h \caowh ou w rh|g nhw gon o tcjo

o hzço? H r|auth ço í |t÷|gh+ en cfhw a|hw# wtou wua|o





nuo |gofg ow |nçow wthuww+ ×lzo xu owwo wgoro

wtè coa g| xun |hcpou o r|n|o zoo+ O r|or÷wto í wul.

cfh| gono í hxuho nr|tt c| o –hwgnto„ h

Jcowojh wol ow nwnow nocw o wu|anto o hzço+Hw rwxuwhw @hnw dor xu wgol||hn wg|tow jcow÷jgow

aîrgow ht|o|w how tvtow a|aow ço wajgh xu jo|hn ow

hj|ghow xu zth|hn h Jcowojh+ Thnrougo# h ht|o|h

hcauw tvtow how gfww n |chço how wg|tow a|aow .

gh|h un tro r|gàgh+ Í nro|tht j|gh| h huwàgh

|awt|ow wg|tow h vwtàgh |jcvõw jcow÷jghw+ Hjhc# h o|hc.tu|h z w| th gono unh jot o |awt|o ow nhw z|.

wow whl|w+ Ro| o|hctu|h w z t|# h wt|h hw zwt.

ahõw o cauwth uahw Ro P|nu# o goùto h||htzhw#

t|hwnwwõw o|hw# ntow# hjo|wnow# gotow fwt÷|hw z|wow

aà|ow xu wço auh|hhw h nn÷|h nucf|w fonw g|.

guchn a|hço h a|hço+ kwt wto# gow|h|# hrhw# ow tv.tow wg|tow gono h|xuzow# jotw |awt|o gofgnto í unh

nh|h |uph cnthh rh|h hj|| hw |jcvõw funhhw ow nhw

zh|how rozow ho coao h fwt÷|h h funhh+ Ou w`h# wgo.

w|h| h o|hctu|h í unh r|h ||rh|èzc r|gowow |awt|ow rh|h

h Jcowojh hw nhw z|whw è|hw o gofgnto+

O nu roto zwth í xu hw |jcvõw jcow÷jghw wço# n g|thnh# –goaàthw„ â r|÷r|h –goço funhh„+ dj|tnt

h zço o hzço9 h Jcowojh ço ro w| th# hrhw#

gono o |wuctho hzhow tíggow gtîjgow+ Hh t|o o

gu|wo h hhcoah jth ht|o|nt+ Jo to xu h Jcowojh# thc

gono h H|xuttu|h# w xuh|h n –r|ouõw funhhw z|jgèzw

n tohw hw woghw guctu|hw# wn hthço t|nhh wn



coghc wrgîjgo wu|anto„+ Ro| vnrco# í aèzc xu a|hw

ol|hw gcèwwghw h H|xuttu|h o eato# h H|xuttu|h Hwtgh h

H|xuttu|h a|ah wço wtthw9 nhw ow wjo|ow n luwgh h go.

wt|uço hl|aow# no|hhw# tnrcow# wrhow rh|h htzhw wrgî.jghw wthzhn r|wt hw t|àw woghw+ e# wn vha|ow# p| xu

un rozo –ztou„ h H|xuttu|h w|h w|ðvuco+ Row ln# hzoao

xu o nwno z w| hrcgho â Jcowojh+ Ghl h |wwhczh xu ço

w t|hth xu|| unh wg|ço wwghcwth xu gotnrc tohw hw

htzhw# rwxuwhw# zwtahõw r|ouõw wol h ongchtu|h

Jcowojh+ Nhw# tço wont# luwgh| wuwtth| unh |wrowthrchuwîzc # hcín wwo# |hpoèzc# ùwtjghh go|t h |wrto wt

tro htzh r|wt n tohw hw woghw funhhw+ Unh

ol`ço rchuwîzc âw r|ouõw jcow÷jghw ço ogthw ht|o|w âw

wthchõw drh|thntow Jcowojh hw Uz|whw jo|h h

eu|orh wth|h h wurowth huwàgh how zo h lhvh xuht.

h tvtow+ ko ghwo wrgîjgo h Jcowojh Hj|ghh# rwxuwho.|hw rwxuwho|w w r|authn0 –o wtço ow wg|tow ow r.

who|w hj|ghow htaow?„+ Wn ðzh# t|o ow rh|õw

a|hjogàt|gow o Ogt h o|hctu|h ço n|g|h h nwnh goj.

hh xu o |awt|o wg|to+ Ou w`h# gojo|n ow rh|õw ogthw# o

tvto wg|to w|h nhw jc ho rwhnto o xu h t|hwnwwço o|hc+

Nhw w|è xu |hcnt# hrhw# h wg|th to|h|h un |hgogîo zèc.o? Ro| un cho# zhc p| xu vwtn tvtow hj|ghow htaow ht.

|o|w how wg|tow Rchtço H|wt÷tcw hh rougo gofgow+

Ro| out|o# zhnow vhnh| hht h h xu h o|hctu|h h ct|.

htu|h h |wrto un nwno hwwuto ço zn w| zwthw gono

orowthw ou t|o unh f|h|xuh9 nhw gono xuzhctw+

Row ln# vwtn hcauw tvtow aîrgow gono o Nhht# roruch|.



nt gofgo ‗ unh t|huço xuîzogh ‗ gono Cmz|o dow no|tow#o

on nhw hr|or|ho w|h Cmz|o dh Ze|dhde# unh ol|h xu |ð

ntow rowtuchow jcow÷jgow hj|ghow# |wuctho |jcvõw

zè|ow huto|w un r|îoo xu zh 8562 h+G+ htí 8<22 h+G+ hr|ov.nhhnt+ Ow t|hlhcfow @hnw# dor# L|hc Hwht

=xu `è jo|hn

ngohow ht|o|nt# cughn nuto wol| h r|ouço jcow÷.

jgh o eato htao+ Hwht &<222- hr|wth un cgo jc÷wojow

ht|o|w how r|í.wog|ètgow# thw gono N|ih| Wfotrl| xu

zz|hn ro| zocth <222 h+G+ Nhuchh Ih|ah n Nhht0 o Mdehc No|hc

ko hktmao Eamto82&<227- oj|g un zao|owo t|hlhcfo h |wrto h ítgh ow lhtw nthjîwgow jtow rcow jc÷wojow aîrgow+ Ro| out|o cho#

nwno wn tvtow wg|tow# vwtn now zwtah| hw hw jcow÷.

jghw ht|hzíw h o|hctu|h un rozo+ O jc÷wojo @owrf Ono|al

wg|zu n Jmcowojmh Hj|mghkh0 okten e foè&8==6-88xu ow cntow nhw

gwzow h |jcvço jcow÷jgh wtço r|wtw n toow ow rozow+ khw

rhchz|hw o jc÷wojo Ono|al0 –k÷w znow wtau| t|Jcowojh ow noow t|hwnt.ch r|w|zè.ch+ \jcvõw jcow÷jghw

ron w| r|w|zhhw t|hwnthw z|whw nh|hw„ &ONO\eALe#

8==6# r+12-+ Nwno xu nuthw

jc÷wojhw nutow jc÷wojow hj|gh.

ow ço tfhn vho tvtow#

wwo ço wajgh xu chw cwço tfhn vwto+

duwh Nhht+ H rhchz|h Nhhtct|hcnt wajgh z|h# nhw

wnlocph h zh h ùwth# hz|h h fh|noh

____________________

=

Ze| hw |eje|àkgmhw lmlcmoa|èjmghw+

82 O cmz|o Nhht# Tfe No|hc Mdehcmk Hkgmekt Ea}rt#de Ih|ekah# kçotmkfh wmdo t|hdupmdo rh|h o ro|tuauàw htí o hko de <288+

88O tevto Hj|mghk Rfmcoworf}0todh} hkd }ewte|dh}mktea|h o cmz|o Hj|mghk Rfmcoworf}0 hkhktfocoa}#o|ahkmphdo reco jmc÷wojo

Ennhkuec Epe+



&+++- ÷w tnow j|hantow wuhw |jcvõw jcow÷jghw wuhw r|wrg.

tzhw jo|hn r|w|zhhw t|hwnthw ro| no out|ow |awt|ow

gono ntow# hjo|wnow# nèvnhw whlo|h# r|ozí|low t|hgohw#

gotow # wrghcnt# ht|hzíw h |caço &+++- Hcín hw ntocoahw#nèvnhw whlo|h zwõw nuo# o gofgnto ro w|

r|w|zho |gofgo h o|ahphço rocîtgo.woghc chlo|hh ro|

un rozo+ &ONO\eALe# 8==6# r+14-+

Fhnrìtí Lì thnlín ow hùh h r|olcnhtph| o gcgfà xu h

wg|th w|h wur|o| how |awt|ow o|hw o gofgnto0 –khh r|ozhh r|mo|mxu h wg|th |wucth un |chto

nhw jao o xu o |chto o|hc t|hw.

nto a|hço h a|hço„ &LÌ# <282#

r+8:6-+ Lì vrcgh xu o rwhnto# o

|hgogîo hw ̀ uwtjghtzhw# htw w|n

wg|thw ou h||hhw# wtço hw ntw hwrwwohw+ H wg|th í# tço wont# unh

jotoa|hjh ow whl|w funhow+ Xu|o

wthgh| xu ço w t|hth loh zoth

ou unh rowço oc÷agh rh|h |go.

fg| h vwtàgh h Jcowojh Hj|ghh h

htauh ow r|îoow fwt÷|gow ht.|o|w how drh|thntow Jcowojh o gott hj|gho9 nhw

gow|h| hw zwtahõw xu `è vwtn# hhcwho ow z|wow t|h.

lhcfow czho n goth h r|ouço jcow÷jgh n wuw nhw zh|how

jo|nhtow+ Unh fwto|oa|hjh jcow÷jgh xu |gocoxu h Èj|gh gono

un gott tcgtuhcnt r|outzo |czht r|gwh czh| n

gow|hço ow ntow# hjo|wnow# wwtnhw rocîtgow# nèvnhw o r.

Fhnrìtí Lì &8=22.8==8-



whnto |caowo+ O xu wtè n òao í un wjo|o tcgtuhc nðctr.

co xu ço w r|h âw jo|nhw nítoow fwto|oa|hjh jcow÷jgh

fanôgow o Ogt+ Rh|h h| gu|wo h wt ol`tzo# zhc gocogh| h

Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh n hj|or|wrgtzh+ en cfhw ln a|hw# unhhlo|han jcow÷jgh hj|or|wrgtzwth í rcu|hcwth# |gofg z|.

wow t||t÷|ow rwtàngow# nrfhh n hzhch| r|wrgtzhw hhc.

wh| nítoow wttow gon unh r|ogurhço wrghc rh|h h |hlc.

thço gtzo t|hlhcfow hj|ghow hj|ohwr÷|gow n r|oc h

wgowt|uço o |hgwno rwtàngo hta|o h hnrchço hct|.

htzhw rh|h unh wogh t|guctu|hc ço f|h|xuphh+ en out.|ow t|now# un tro hço hj|nhtzh o ghnro rwtàngo+

kunh guctu|h n xu h Jcowojh jo r|w|zhh h

nn÷|h ht|hzíw nèvnhw whlo|h# r|ozí|low#

gotow# ntow# |caço# tg+ rhwwho a|hço hr÷w a|.

hço9 hw rwwohw nhw zcfhw ron ow hùh| &w xu

wt`hn r|÷vnhw# wço h jot rh|h got|h|now wwwrwho|w o|ahw-+ dw xu h Jcowojh jo r|w|zh.

h# ht|hzíw h nn÷|h ou ow cz|ow9 h nn÷|h ow

hgõw z w|z| rh|h wgol||now hw |hpõw xu wço hw

lhww o xu ow jo t|hwnto+ Gon jto# h nn÷|h

ow hgõw ro wth| o cuah| ow cz|ow+ kh guctu|h og.

thc h rwxuwh í o|nhcnt jth h llcotgh# hwtuhço rguch| h t|hço jcow÷jgh hj|ghh o t|hlhcfo

ghnro í wrwèzc hw rwxuwhw+ ewt t|hlhcfo

ghnro tn gono r|or÷wto |gowt|u| ow r|ogwwow

|hgogîo xu jo|hn |wrowèzw rchw hw jcow÷jghw

xu gfah|hn htí ÷w &ONO\eALe# 8==6# r+62-+



Unh gu|wço hj|or|wrgtzwth wol| h Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh w gh|.

hgt|ph nhw ro| vrco|h| r|wrgtzhw rougo t|hlhcfhhw ou –zwîzw„

o xu rch ðgh+ Hh xu w`h wrwèzc g|tgh|# wg|z|

|gfhh| hw nrcghõw o |hgwno rwtàngo+ O hwrgto nhw jghtwtè ̀ uwthnt hw hct|htzhw r|wrgtzhw xuhw wgofghw xu

ron wua|| h|auntow# rotow zwth# hw gogtow n

jhzo| ghnfow uwthow# g|htzow r|orowtzow wol| ítgh#

rocîtgh# gàgh# |caço# wvuhch# ughço# |chõw tgo||hghw

aà|o# t| out|ow hwwutow tnhw+ kunh zwço hj|or|wrgtzwth#

h Jcowojh a|ah h htauh ro w| nhw ln gonr|hun ècoao gon ow jc÷wojow aîrgow+ kwt ghwo# ow nhuhw

Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh gcu|hn hcaunhw nojghõw+ H rwxuwh

@hnw# hcín jo|nh|# r|ogu|h nowt|h| hw jcuàghw aîrghw h

Jcowojh A|ah+ Hjhc# w Thcw Ncto# Hhvnh|o# Hhvînw

Rtèao|hw# t| out|ow jc÷wojow# wtuh|hn o eato &@HNeW# <225# r+=-

ro|xu wgow|h| wwhw f|hhw? ko ghwo h ewgoch Rtha÷|gh# h f|.hh jcow÷jgh aîrgh í nuto nh|ght# hcín t| zzo o eato ro|

wtnhow << how &HWHkTe# <2229 @HNeW# <225-9 ow r|gtow wwh

ewgoch Jcowojh |hn nuto wncfhtw how hothow h ewgoch

Jcow÷jgh ow Nwtí|ow o htao eato ht|o|nt8<+ Out|h g|îtgh |c.

zht wol| o t|hthnto hghàngo h |wrto h Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh

tn gono roto z|ècago o wu hwrgto |ugowth+ Ro| hhcoah# oxu |îhnow un t|hlhcfo Fwt÷|h h H|xuttu|h h funhh

xu |woczww jgh| |wt|to âw ol|hw a|ahw? kço w|h wrhth| xu

wohww wxuwto+ Ro| xu w|h j|t gon h Jcowojh? Row ln# hzo.

ao xu gon h Jcowojh w è o nwno+ Ro|xu t| hw gh|hgt|îwtghw h

Jcowojh# wn xu|| t|h| n got|ozí|whw r|ojuhw coahw# í row.

wîzc got|h| z|whw xuwtõw |czhtw rh|h toh h funhh+

____________________

8< Kço ghle hxum un ewtudo r|ocokahdo dewte mkwtmahkte tenh#wol|e ewte hwwukto ze| ow t|hlhcfowmkdmghdow kh lmlcmoa|hjmh de @hnew#

Dmor e Hwhkte+



Row ln# gocogh| h Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh n hj|or|wrgtzh r|.

nt|h h gow|hço o rwhnto jcow÷jgo ow rozow hn|îow#

ow rozow hwètgow# h Oghh# hcín h r|ouço jcow÷jgh hj|ghh+

Ou w`h# hj|or|wrgtzph| h Jcowojh í un r|o`to rhwwh| h cnro hFwt÷|h h Funhh# thto rh|h |n| hw gowxuàghw aht.

zhw cnh| guctu|hw rozow ço ogthw o fhcc o rwhnto

jcow÷jgo gono rh|h wjhp| hw f|h|xuphõw xu hzín ww

r|ogwwo+ Unh ca|h gonrh|hço ow hùh h r|gl| h nwço o

r|olcnh+ dht ow gu||îgucow ojghw o ewo Nío# h wgrch

Fwt÷|h tn un ghrîtuco auh|ho rh|h h –mh Níh„# wtnonto# wtuhtw hr|n nuto nhw wol| h eu|orh xu ow

out|owrozow ço –ghln„ h wurowth –fwt÷|h a|hc h funhh„+

O xu wtè wo to í lhwtht xuîzogo0 h Èj|gh# h Èwh# h Hní|gh#

h Oghh ow rozow xu cè fhlthzhn ço vwt|hn htí xu h eu|orh

rhwwou h wg|zà.cow+ Wuro| xu h Èj|gh –rhwwh|h„ h vwt|# hrhw#

row o gothto gon ow u|oruw í togàt|go# ctí|o z w|gonlhto+ ×lzo xu nutow cz|ow ètgow Fwt÷|h jhpn |wwhc.

zhw h ww |wrto+ Row ln# o ghwo h Jcowojh h wtuhço í nhw

a|hz0 ow out|ow rozow gotuhn whrh|gow zwîzw+ ewwh ço

vwtàgh í un r|ogwwo wunhphço+ Hjhc# w jhp| Jcowojh í

unh htzh wojwtghh# |xuthh gonrcvh# ow rozow xu jo|hn

–ghrhpw„ r|oup.ch w|hn now wojwtghow+ mwwo í owwhorcow cz|ow ètgow Jcowojh

87+ Unh rwxuwh jth rco A|uro

Rwxuwh Hj|or|wrgtzhw# Whl|w mt|wõw &Hj|ow- h Uz|.

wh J|hc \u|hc o \o @h|o &UJ\\@- t| ow how <282

<288 z|jgou xu t| ow 82 cz|ow nhw uwhow ro| r|ojwwo|hw

r|ojwwo|w Jcowojh# fun cw tfh ghrîtucow wol| h r|o.

uço jcow÷jgh jo|h h eu|orh ow ewthow Uow h Hní|gh+

____________________

87 O a|uro de Rewxumwh Hj|ore|wregtmzhw# Whle|ew eMkte|weáõew &Hj|owmk- tenhgonrhkfhdo cmz|ow dmdètmgow khè|eh de Jmcowojmh# hkhcmwhnow owdep cmz|ow nhmw uwhdow ko L|hwmc# ekekfun decew hr|ewekthzh out|hze|wço wol|e o wu|amnekto dhJmcowojmh xue jowwe dmje|ekte dhnhmw go||mxuem|h# khwgmdh en le|áo

a|eao+





O jc÷wojo gowth.nh|jwRhuc Fouto` hwgu n 8=4<

H hj|nhço Hrrhf ro w| ol`thh+ Wol un hwrgto# wth.

go xu h jhcth gofgnto h |wrto hcao ço z w| wô.

no wuh vwtàgh+ Row ln# o wgofgnto hw r|ouõwjcow÷jghw hj|ghhw ço z# ro| htgrhço# wuro| xu ow nwnow

tnhw ghôgow t|hlhcfhow ro| Rchtço H|wt÷tcw ço tfhn wo

vhnhow ro| rwho|w out|hw |aõw o nuo+ Fouto`

thnlín got|h.h|aunth h |wrto h ço vwtàgh Jcowojh

Hj|ghh xu0 –Ro| ‖Jcowojh Hj|ghh” |j|o.n h un goùto tvtow#

wrgjghnt ho goùto tvtow wg|tow rcow r|÷r|ow hj|ghow wg|tow gono jcow÷jgow ro| wuw r|÷r|ow huto|w„ &FOUkTOkd@m#

8=11# r+821-+ Hrrhf Fouto` |gfhhn h tojcowojh hj|ghh# |gu.

who h h xu ow rozow t|hgohw hj|ghow t|hn r|oupo un

tro rwhnto jcow÷jgo goctzo# gowgt ço wwtnhtpho+

Fouto` ol`th wwh h+

Ho coao o nu r|gu|wo tcgtuhc# ju wwlcph.



o rh|h wt r|olcnh gong h r|grgoè.co gono

r|olcnh ho c| cz|ow wol| –jcowojh hj|ghh„ ou ww.

tnhw rwhnto hj|ghow+ ko|nhcnt# ow huto|w

rh|thn o r|gîro xu ow hj|ghow ço tfhn go.wgàgh h wuh r|÷r|h jcowojh xu hrhw ow hhcwthw

ogthw &+++- ro|hn t|hh| un xuh|o wwtnètgo h

wuh whlo|h &FOUkTOkd@m# <282# r+877-+

Un ow r|grhw wthtè|ow wth g|îtgh jo o nwwoè|o

lcah# Rchg Tnrcw xu wg|zu Jmcowojmh lhktu&8=5=-+ O rh|lcah wurufh xu w÷ ogthw –ct|how„ gowau|hn jct|h| o

rwhnto lhtu t|hwro| n gogtow –wojwtghow„+ Nhw# hh

xu Hrrhf Fouto` |guwn hw hj|nhõw Tnrcw w

orofhn â wg|ço h jcowojh hj|ghh gono tojcowojh# Hrrhf

jhp go|o gon owthtuw xuohghàngo jcow÷jgo+ exuhto# o jc÷wojo

gowth.nh|jw jhp xuwtço rowtuch| h vwtàgh h JcowojhHj|ghh chlo|hh ro| rwho|w hj|ghow+ en out|o hwrgto# h

jço Fouto` r|t wzguch| o t|hlhcfo jcow÷jgo

huto|h hj|ghh hw hw unh r|ouço aàuh# gowgt

goctzh# nwtu|hh how ntow hjo|wnow whlo|h roruch|+ O jc÷.

wojo gowth.nh|jw j o roto zwth xu í nhw hxuh.

o tjgh| h Jcowojh Hj|ghh gon h r|ouço jc÷wojhw&ow-hj|ghhw&ow-# hg|wgtho xu –h llcoa|hjh ou ct|htu|h jcow÷jgh

hj|ghh r|ntu t| oço hw got|hõw ow lhtw t|ow#

hw twõw tcgtuhw xu ço zzhgh h wth Jcowojh„ &FOUk.

TOkd@m# <282# r+871-+ eu hzoao h r|wrgtzh xu hw z|whw guc.

tu|hw t|hgohw hj|ghhw wço goõw rowwlch# thc gono

ow p Ono|al &8==6-# rh|h gonr||now h r|ouço jcow÷j.



gh www rozow+ Gojo|n `è jo wg|to ht|o|nt+ en out|ow

t|now# í hxuho r|oup| tww jcow÷jghw j| cfhw# coghc.

pho.hw tnro|hcnt# h rh|t| cntow guctu|hw

woghw t|hgohw hj|ghhw ht|hzíw wtuow gonrh|htzow unh Fwt÷|h h Èj|gh |zwthh wgocophh+ kwt wto# h

Jcowojh Hj|ghh htah wtè r|wt n ntow# ow hjo|wnow hw

zè|hw hw xu wço gow|zhhw t|hwnthw o|hcnt# wto í#

ht|hzíw h o|hctu|h+

e# w jhch| n Jcowojh Hj|ghh ço wajgh unh rhwtu|phço

hw z|whw cfhw tàghw jcow÷jghw r|wtw hw z|whwt|hõw wgochw hj|ghhw rwhnto# zhc |wwhcth| xu t|hth.

now unh zhwth ahnh |jcvõw+ –O nto h fonoaphço

|hghc o nuo a|o hw zwõw nuo ch go||tw ço

|wwt â hècw„ &NOkAH# <282# r+<=-+ O jc÷wojo wahcàw ml|hfnh

Woq tn nuto h ow p| h ww |wrto+ ko zhcowo t|hlhcfo# H

Jmcowojmh Hj|mghkh0 do ro|xuà ho gono&<282-84

# Woq ow oj|g un zhwtoxuh|o ow lhtw n to|o hw xuwtõw jcow÷jghw o gott

hj|gho+ O wu t|hlhcfo í wrwèzc rh|h gofg| un |ao|owo

czhthnto ol|hw w o wíguco VZm htí a|hw vrotw go.

tnro|ìow# hcín un lon cgo jc÷wojhw hj|ghhw gotn.

ro|ìhw jc÷wojow hj|ghow gotnro|ìow# |gofgo

wtuho zè|ow wtcow+

____________________

84 O cmz|o Ch Rfmcoworfme Hj|mghmke0 du ro|xuom hu gonnekt

jom rulcmghdo en <282+



et| ow wg|tow o Rthf.Fotr jo|hnr|w|zhhw 71 nèvnhw whlo|h zhwroîzw o Rhr|o R|ww# hcín out|ow owrhr|ow gon j|hantow ht|luîow ho nwnohuto|+ Gojo|n ow wtuow zè|ow art÷coaow

o nht|hc jo wg|to hr|ovnhhnt h 8=22h+G+ Hw nèvnhw jo|hn o|ahphhw ro|Gf|wth @hgx o cz|o Cew Nhvmnew de Rthf.Foter#c”ekwemakenekt d”uk whae hu tenrw dew r}|hnmdew+

O jc÷wojo Nh|g Toqhhwgu n 8=78 h

\rðlcgh Ghnh|õw

H jc÷wojh Nh|nlh H wg|zu]uau|u0 hk Hj|mghk.Gekte|ed g|mtmxue oj Eu|orekguctu|hc Tfouaft hkd Lefhzmo| n



O jc÷wojo wuc.hj|gho Noaol \hnowtn jto un zao|owo t|hlhcfo wol|h Jcowojh Ulutu# c wouto|ou n jcowojhrch Ihtfoci Uz|wtt Cuz# h Lícagh#

t|hlhcfh h Uz|wh h Èj|gho Wuc &Uwh-

d nh|h nuto aí|gh0 un wînloco# un wao ou unh

nhan wço gho|w un nhaè|o# unh r|wrgtzh rwt.

noc÷agh# oc÷agh rocîtgh+ kwt wto# h nhan h go|u`h|t.

|h xu h Jcowojh í ogthc+ H go|u`h í unh hw nhaw nhwlhhchhw gono h coaonh|gh ojmgmhch Jcowojh+ Jo Fac xu roruch|.

pou h nhan h go|u`h gono wînloco h Jcowojh# unh hcuwço

vrcgth â uwh N|zh# z|wço |onhh Hth# uwh h whlo.

|h h au||h h ntocoah a|ah+ Gojo|n Fac# ow ht|lutow

jcow÷jgow h go|u`h wtço o wu zoo otu|o# h wuh ghrhgh

v|ah| o wgu|o a|h| o rwgoo n 7:2°+ Row ln# unh hlo|.han jcow÷jgh hj|or|wrgtzwth ‗ ch.w h |uço r|ouõw

jcow÷jghw hj|ghhw# hj|ohwr÷|ghw gonr|onthw gon o gonlht

ho |hgwno rwtàngo ‗ un hnhc.wînloco nuto hxuho í h ahc.

fh.”haoch+ kh ntocoah }o|ýlè# h ahcfh.”haochí |wrowèzc

rch nhutço o xucîl|o ro|xu nhtín o hwæ&|ah zthc- n

g|guchço+ Ho zíw h go|u`h N|zh lhwhh h ntocoah a|go.

|onhh9 o hnhc wînloco h Jcowojh &Hj|or|wrgtzwth- í h ahcfh



|onhh9 o hnhc.wînloco h Jcowojh &Hj|or|wrgtzwth- í h ahcfh.

”haochxu ta|h o uz|wo nîtgo }o|ýlè+ en g|th nh#

ro|xu ch |r|wth hw r|or|hw jcow÷jghw ro| |nt| â g.

hço ho gofgnto w# h ghrhgh wgocf| un ghnfoht ðn|hw rowwlchw+ Ou hh# h goço wrwèz.

c rh|h nht|hcphço h ghrhgh w nht| n xucîl|o fh|.

noph| o O|î &ghlh-+ Ro|thto# h Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh n hj|or|.

wrgtzh gonh gon ow nozntow h hz hj|ghh# r|otao wu

fo# gwgho rh|h to|h| h t||h nhw jí|tc# unh cahço wt|th gon

o t||o# gon o gfço# jhpo o jcowojh| unh htzh nht+

EKWMKO DE JMCOWOJMH JO\NHÁÇO



EKWMKO DE JMCOWOJMH# JO\NHÁÇOE RH\ÌNET\OW GU\\MGUCH\EW

RH\H EDUGHÁÇO DHW \ECHÁÕEWETKMGO\\HGMHMW

&+++- h r|n|h gonrtàgh# h r|rh|hço rh|h h –ghrhg.

thço rh|h un noo jcow÷jgo jo|nuch| r|oro|

wocuõw r|olcnhw„+ &OGkeN# L\HWmC# <22:# r+7<-

&+++- w|z|.w o caho hw t|hõw jcow÷jghw rh|h

hcoah| gon hw gàghw hw h|tw# |jct| wol| h |hc.

h &+++- o aowto rco rwhnto ozho|# g|îtgo

rt+

&OGkeN# L\HWmC# <22:# r+7<-

Ow j|hantow hgnh ta|hn o dogunto o Nwtí|o h

eughço gon o|thõw rh|h o ewo Nío+ H Jcowojh# jo|nhh

ro| zè|hw t|hõw# z r|onoz| o rwhnto g|îtgo+ kh luwgh

unh ughço ht||hgwth# hw t|hõw hj|ghhw zn w| htuhc.

phhw# r|go||hw# wol|hhw ta|h| o Gu||îguco jo|nh j.

tzh+ H gcuwço h Jcowojh o ewo Nío l|hwc|o gono wg.rch ol|aht÷|h jo fonocoahh o ho <226# o r|ogwwo jo a|hh.

tzo+ ko ho <22=# tohw hw wgochw ewo Nío w||hn h w.

grch o 8° ho9 n <282# hcín o 8° ho# h Jcowojh rhwwou h gon.

ro| o <° ho o ewo Nío+ en <288# h Jcowojh ‗ gojo|n h ca.

wchço ughgohc ‗ rhwwou h ta|h| tohw hw wí|w o |j|o

îzc wo+ en wauh hw O|thõw Gu||guch|w khgohw

rh|h o ewo Nío &OGkeN- jo|hn chlo|hhw O |j|o



rh|h o ewo Nío &OGkeN- jo|hn chlo|hhw+ O |j|o

dogunto jo rulcgho o ho <22:# t|àw how row h r|onuc.

ahço h C 82+:7=/279 nhw ço ngoh |thnt# o ghwo o

ghrîtuco gho â Jcowojh# hw d|t|pw Gu||guch|w khgohwrh|h o ewo Fwt÷|h Guctu|h Hj|o.L|hwc|h Hj|ghh+

Gojo|n o dogunto0

Ghl wwt| h gt|hch h Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh gono

jot rh|h o t|hthnto hxuho xuwtõw jcow÷jghw+

Gon jto# ço |hcphnow o wo nío unh wnrcj.

ghço ou unh n|h htgrhço o wo wur|o| wnunh thrh wrgîjgh# gon |a|hw vaàghw r|÷r|hw#

nhw wwhw w÷ ron w| ln gonr|hw ou whtwjthw

ro| r|ojwwohw jo|nhow n gothto gon o tvto jcow÷j.

go # ww noo# ghrhpw oj|g| t|hthnto czho

xuwtõw |czhtw rh|h h jo|nhço rch ow owwow

wtuhtw+ &L\HWmC# <22:# r+8:-

Row ln# wthnow ht un whjo+ Hjhc# |go||| â

Fwt÷|h h Jcowojh ço è goth ow gotðow wtruchow rch C

82+:7=/27+ kwt wto# í juhnthc –|wg|z|„ h Fwt÷|h h

Jcowojh# thc gono jo to ht|o|nt# hnrcho o cgo jc÷.

wojhw jc÷wojow o nuo t|o# gcuo un zhwto tn hj|gho+do got|è|o# o |wgo unh Fwt÷|h rh|ghc &ogthc- h Jcowojh w|

tonhh gono wôno h fwto|oa|hjh jcow÷jgh uz|whc í nuto

hcto# ho unh jhcwh nr|wwço rh|h wtuhtw o ewo Nío+

Gojo|n h Cawchço eughgohc# h wgrch Jcowojh z

nht| un ècoao gon tnhw cahow ho v|gîgo h ghhh# olz.

hnt wn wth| cnthh how uwow wt|unthw rh|h unh zh

ghç &gcuwz ro|xu h ghhh z w| r|olcnhtphh n wuw



ghç &gcuwz ro|xu h ghhh z w| r|olcnhtphh n wuw

nocow# |gofgo xu o wò waoth| wuhw rowwlchw

un rh|ço ogthc í lhwtht |ugowth-+ O OGkeN wt|u xu

ow rotow rh|th rh|h h Jcowojh r|olcnhtph| got|lu| rh|hun v|gîgo g|îtgo h ghhh wço0 m- ewtítgh h Wwlch9 mm-

Rocîtgh h mauhch9 mmm- Ítgh h mth+ Row ln# ht ww.

w t|àw t÷rgow rulcghow hw d|t|pw Gu||guch|w khgohw rh|h

o ewo Nío# wua|o xu h Jcowojh ro hùh| h gowt|uço 0

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gotvtow# wuhw nrcghõw tg+

\oh Ghro|ho wíguco VV

____________________

85 Rozow jhchktew de mdmonhw xuemktea|hn o t|okgo ítkmgo.cmkauîwtmgo Lhktu+

8: Rozo re|guwwo| dh dhkáh dhpel|h xue auh|dh hcaunhwwenecfhkáhw gon h ghroem|h koL|hwmc+



GOKGCUWÕEWRH\GMHMW



RH\GMHMW

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ah hj|or|wrgtzwth+

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jcow÷jgh hj|ghh hj|ohwr÷|gh ‗ hxu onhhw# wol hvr|wwço aí|gh# rwhntow jcow÷jgow hj|or|wrgtzwthw+ O

ewo Jcowojh r|gwh gh|h| un whjo |hghc# hnrch| hw

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gocophço o rwhnto+

\EJE\ÀKGMHW LMLCMOA\ÈJMGHW



Hkm# Nh|nlh+ ]uau|u0 hk Hj|mghk.Gekte|ed g|mtmxue oj Eu|orek guctu|hc Tfouaft

hkd Lefhzmo| + T|to0 Hj|gh Qo|c R|ww# 8==4+HRRmHF# Iqhn H+ Kh ghwh do neu rhm0 h Èj|mgh kh jmcowojmh dh guctu|h+ T|huço

Z|h \l|o+ \o @h|o0 Got|hroto# 8==1+

______________+ Mdektmdhde \hgmhc e Mdektmjmgháço \hgmhc+ T|huço ro| Apc ow

Whtow Lcno m A|ot ‗ \zwth Jcowojh# Hnh|aowh# Lhfh ‗ L|hwc# z+<#

+<# pnl|o/<282+

HWHkTe# Nocj I+ Hj|ogekt|mgmt}#7| to# T|to0 Hj|gh Qo|c R|ww#

8=61+

______________+ Tfe Hj|ogekt|mg Mdeh+ Rfchcrfh0 Tnrc Uz|wt} R|ww#

8=61+

______________+ Hj|ogekt|mgmdhde0 kothw wol|e unh rowmáço dmwgmrcmkh| m kHWGm.

NekTO# ecwh Ch|i+ Hj|ogekt|mgmdhde0 unh hlo|dhaen ermwtenoc÷amgh mkozhdo|h+

T|huço Gh|cow Hcl|to N|ow+ Wço Rhuco0 Wco ka|o# <22=# r+ =7.882+

______________+ Hj|ogekt|mg mdeh mk edughtmok+Tf @ou|hc oj ka|o+ Zoc+ :2+ ko+<# Wr|a 8==8# rr+812.862+

______________+ Hj|ogekt|mgmt} m fttr0//qqq+hwht+t/h|tgcw/8/hj|og.

t|gt}/# <227 &hgwwo n <=/27/<282-+

______________+ Tfe Ea}rtmhk rfmcoworfe|w0 hkgmekt Hj|mghk zomgew j|on Mnfoter to

Hifekhtek+mccow0 Hj|gh Hn|gh mnhaw# <222+

LÌ# Fhnrìtí+ Hw gh|hgte|îwtmghw dh guctu|h t|hdmgmokhc hj|mghkh# wuhw nðctmrchw jhg.ethw# h o|hcmdhde# nmtocoamh# |ecmamowmdhde e jo|nhw de evr|ewwço +

T|huçomMkt|oduáço â Guctu|h Hj|mghkh+Cwloh0 eõw 12# 8=11+

______________+ T|hdmáço zmzh+m Im.Pe\LO# @owrf+ Fwt÷|h a|hc h Èj|gh# m0

Ntoocoah r|í.fwt÷|h h Èj|gh+ T|huço |zwço goo|hh ro|

Zhct| Wczí|o+ <h++ |z+ ‗ L|hwîch 0 UkeWGO/NeG# <282# r+8:1.<8<+

Le\kHC#Nh|t+ Lchgi Htfekh0 tfe Hj|ohwmhtmg \ootw oj Gchwwmghc Gmzmcmphtmok#

tonw m t mm# kq L|uwqgi0 \uta|w Uz|wt} R|ww# 8=66.8==8+



Whczho|0 edUJLH# <226+

@HNeW# Ao|aA+ N+ Wtocek ceahg}0 tfe A|eei Rfmcoworf} mw h wtocek Ea}rtmhk



Rfmcoworf}+d|q|}zcc0 Ifhcjhf”w Looiwcc|w * Hwwoghtw @u# <225+

FeAeC# Ao|a Q+ Jmcowojmh dh Fmwt÷|mh+ T|huço Nh|h \o|auw Fhw

Fh|+ L|hwîch0 eto|h h UL# 8===+

FOUkTOkd@m# Rhuc+ Gokfegmnekto de Èj|mgh# gokfegmnektow de hj|mghkow0 duhw

re|wregtmzhw wol|e ow ewtudow hj|mghkow m m WHkTOW# Lohztu|h9 NekeWeW#

Nh|h Rhuch+ erwtnocoahw o Wuc+ T|huço |zwço o|ahphh ro|

Nh|ah|h Aonw+ Wço Rhuco0 Go|tp eto|h# <282# r+878.844+

IHkT# ennhuc+ Olwe|zháõew wol|e o wektmnekto do leco e do wulcmne+ T|huço

Zîguw Jau|o+ Ghnrhw# Rhr|uw# 8==7+IH\ekAH# Nhuchh+ Hj|ogekt|mgmt} hkd nuctmguctu|hc edughtmok m NHPHNH#

Hnh+ Tfe hj|ogekt|mg rh|hdman+ T|to0 Èj|gh Qo|c R|ww# <227# r+17.=4+

______________+ Nhht# tfe No|hc Mdehc mk Hkgmekt Ea}rt0 h wtu} gchwwghc

hj|gh tfgw+ kq ]o|i0 \outca R|ww# <224+

Imk]OkAO @+# Rfmcoworfme ek Hj|mxue0 gokwgmekge d”àt|e &ou |gf|gf ”u

zí|thlc gowgg ”àt|-# Rou|xuo ch rfcoworf Hj|xu?&Culunlhwf# 8=17-# 1.<8# ílht r+<<.<5# t Ghf|w rfcow+ hj|ghw ‗

Hj|gh Rfcoworfghc @ou|hc &8=17- +7.4# 87.<5# 8<1.8<6# ílht r+84=.857+

COReW# k+ Ekgmgcorídmh L|hwmcem|h dh Dmèwro|h Hj|mghkh+ Wço Rhuco0 Wco ka|o#

<224+

NHCdOkHdO.TO\\eW# kcwo+ H torocoamh do we| e h aeorocîtmgh do gokfegm.

nekto0 node|kmdhde# mnrí|mo e gocokmhcmdhde+ m WHkTOW# Lohztu|h9 NekeWeW#

Nh|h Rhuch+ erwtnocoahw o Wuc+ T|huço |zwço o|ahphh ro|

Nh|ah|h Aonw Wço Rhuco0 Go|tp eto|h# <282# r+7=:.447+

NHPHNH# Hnh+ Hj|ogekt|mgmdhde gono un kozo rh|hdmanh m kHWGmNekTO#

ecwh Ch|i+ Hj|ogt|gh0 unh hlo|han rwtnoc÷agh ozho|h+

T|huço Gh|cow Hcl|to N|ow+ Wço Rhuco0 Wco ka|o# <22=# r+ 888.8<6+

NmCCW# Gfh|cw Q+ Tfe \hgmhc Rocmt}m LHLLmTT# Wuwh e+9 GHNRLeCC# WUe+

\hgwn h Rfcoworf}+ kq ]o|i0 Go|cc Uz|wt} R|ww# 8===+

NOkAH# Gícwt+ Kmmcmwno e kea|mtude+T|huço ewtch ow Whtow Hl|u+ Wço

Rhuco0 Nh|tw Nh|tw Jotw# <282+

È



NOO\e# Gh|cow+ H Èj|mgh xue mkgonodh0 wol|e h r|olcenhtmpháço do ceahdo hj|mghko

ko xuotmdmhko l|hwmcem|o+Lco Fo|pot0 kh}hch# <226+

______________+ Do nh|go fmwt÷|mgo dhw rocîtmghw rðlcmghw de háço hjm|nhtmzhm

WHkTOW# Whcw+ Háõew hjm|nhtmzhw e gonlhte ho |hgmwno khw Hní|mghw+L|hwîch0

Uwgo/NeG# <221# r+721.774+

______________+ \hgmwno * Wogmedhde0 kozhw lhwew ermwtenoc÷amghw rh|h ektekde| o

|hgmwno+ Lco Fo|pot0 Nhpph eõw# <221+

ONO\eALe# @owrf+ Hj|mghk Rfmcoworf}0 }ewte|dh} hkd todh} m ep# ennhuc

Gfuiqu &+-+ Hj|mghk Rfmcoworf}0 hk hktfocoa}+ Ovjo|0 Lchgiqcc Rulcwf|w#8==6+

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Wtemkm CH\H# Wczh Fuoc9 RHGFeGO# Auwthzo+ Nen÷|mh do òkao0 hw

a|hzháõew fmwt÷|mghw de Wthkce} @+ Wtemk# Zhwwou|hw# 8=4=+ \o @h|o0 Jocfh

Wgh/Wço Rhuco0 GeGUCT# <221+

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Lohztu|h9 NekeWeW# Nh|h Rhuch+ erwtnocoahw o Wuc+ T|huço

|zwço o|ahphh ro| Nh|ah|h Aonw Wço Rhuco0 Go|tp eto|h# <282#

r+64.872+

\HNOWe# Noaol+ Hj|mghk rfmcoworf} tf|ouaf uluktuFh|h|0 No Looiw

Rulcwf|w# 8===+

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WHkTOW# Lohztu|h9 NekeWeW# Nh|h Rhuch+ erwtnocoahw o Wuc+ Wço

Rhuco0 Go|tp# <282# r+ 815.<<2+

\eHCe# Aozh9 HkTmWme\e# dh|o+ Fmwt÷|mh dh Jmcowojmhz+8# z+<+z+7+ Wço

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WHkTOW# Awc Hrh|gh ow+ H mkzekáço do –we| kea|o„0 un re|gu|wo dhw

mdemhw xue khtu|hcmph|hn h mkje|mo|mdhde dow kea|ow+Wço Rhuco0 eug/Jhrwr9 \o

@h|o0 Rhcchw# <22<+

WH\T\e# @h.Rhuc+ \ejcevõew wol|e o |hgmwno+ T|huço @+ Auwlu|a+ \o

@ dmJeC 8=16



@h|o0 dmJeC# 8=16+

WFUTTe# HuauwtRfmcoworf} jo| Hj|mgh+ \olowgf# Woutf Hj|gh0 UGT

R|ww# 8==7+

WOQ# ml|hfnh+ Ch Rfmcoworfme Hj|mghmke0 Du ro|xuom hu gonnekt+ dhih|0 mJHk

Gf+H+dor# <282+

WO]mkIH# Qoc+ N}tf# Cmte|htu|e hkd tfe Hj|mghk Qo|cd+ Ghnl|a0

Ghnl|a Uz|wt} R|ww# 8=1:+

TeNReCW# Rchg+ Ch Rfmcoworfme Lhktoue+ Rh|w0 R|íwg Hj|gh# 8=5=+

TOQH# Nh|g+ Ewwhm wu| ch r|olcínhtmxue rfmcoworfmxue dhkw c”Hj|mxue hgtuecce+]houí0 GCe# 8=18+

______________+ C”Mdíe d”uke rfmcoworfme kía|o.Hj|mghmke+ ]houí0 GCe# 8=1=+

ZmCCHCLH# Htôo Ghwt|o+ Fmwto|mh de ch Gokwt|uggm÷k H|xumtet÷kmgh+< +

Lh|gcoh0 URG ‗ Uz|wht Roctæggh Ghthcu}h# WC# 8===+

ZOCTHm\e# J|how+ T|hthdo de nethjîwmgh+ T|huço Nh|ch Gfhuî+ Wço

Rhuco0 Hl|c Guctu|hc# 8=64# r+:8.67 &Gocço Ow Rwho|w-+QeWT# Go|c+ Xuewtço de |háh+T|huço Chu|h Tv|h Notth+ Wço Rhuco0

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Qm\edU# Iqhw+ Tfe Gokgert oj T|utf mk tfe Hihk Chkauhae+ m0 GOeTPee#

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______________+ Rfmcoworf} hkd Hj|mghk Guctu|e+ Ghnl|a0 Ghnl|a

Uz|wt} R|ww+

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Ghnl|a0 NmT R|ww# <227+

HUTO\



\hto koau|h tn outo|ho njcowojh rch Uz|wh J|hc o \o

@h|o &<22:-# nwt|ho n jcowojh

rch Uz|wh J|hc Wço Gh|cow

&<222- a|huhço ‗ lhgfh|cho cg.

ghtu|h ‗ n jcowojh rch Uz|wh

J|hc o \o @h|o &8==4-+ Jo unow juho|w wg|tè|o.a|hc o W.

nè|o khgohc ewtuhtw Uz|.

wtè|hw ka|hw Uz|wtè|ow ka|ow &Wu-# htuou gono locwwth

ghço gtîjgh n rwxuwh wol| ncthtw o Noznto

ka|o gon |gu|wow h Juhço Jo| u|ht h a|huhço o

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eughço L|hwc|h# ta|h o Gocaho Jcowojh# írwxuwho|

goo|ho| o A|uro Rwxuwh Hj|or|wrgtzhw# Whl|w

mt|wõw &Hj|ow- ‗ z| qqq+hj|ow+t‗# nnl|o o Chlo|ht÷|o ewtuow Hj|o.L|hwc|ow &Chj|o-# o kðgco ewtuow Hj|o.

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a|hw a|ow o L|hwc+

GOKZE\WHÁÕEW REDHA×AMGHW0 OEKWMKO DE JMCOWOJMH E H CEM 82+:7=*



O tvto o r|ojwwo| d|+ \hto koau|h @| í wtaht# |go r|olcnhtpho| ro ow w|z| |j|àghrh|h juhnth|

r|ètghw gothhw ço fanôghw h wgoch lèwgh+ dwthgo wgoch

lèwgh# unh zp xu h r|wrgtzh jcow÷jgh hj|ghh# hj|ohwr÷|gh

ou hj|o.l|hwc|h# wol|tuo h r|orowth o ROCmdmÈCOAO&ra 6-#

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xun wtè o gfço h wgoch lèwgh+ Wulcfo# o thto# xu nu

wò í xu jhhn wto rh|h xun htuh hw wgochw l|hwc|hw+L|hwc|hw# ro| w| o uz|wo ho xuhc r|to luwgo gofg|+

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nhan nhaè|o nh|ghn ow ghnfow hughço hw |chõw

tgo||hghw+ Hw nhaw r|ouphw ro| wol| ÷wfunhow |z.

chn owwhw gogrõw hg|gh h owwh funhh# h owwh z|w.

h+ e ronow p| xu t| nutow l|hgow nutow a|ow81

# ro|vnrco# h nhan hw nucf|w a|hw r|gwhn w| |zwthw+

&+++-un wînloco# un wmako ou unh mnhaen wço mkdmghdo|ew de un

mnhamkè|mo# unh re|wregtmzh ermwtenoc÷amgh# mdeoc÷amgh e rocîtm.

gh+&+++- \hto koau|h @| ____________________

81 O uwo do nhwgucmko í mktekgmokhc

Htmzmdhdew rh|h ekwmko jukdhnekthc e nídmo0

H- mwr|hh h j|hw o huto|0O neu rokto de zmwth í xue hw |ejcevõew

jmcow÷jmghw wço en ge|th nedmdh –gokaàkmthw„ â r|÷r|mh –gokdmáço



jmcow÷jmghw wço# en ge|th nedmdh# gokaàkmthw â r|÷r|mh gokdmáço

funhkh„+& ra <8-# ow wtuhtw zn |jct| wol| hr|wth| o xuhw nhaw wr|hn+ Gozh| hw/ow wtuhtw h rwh|n wol| o

xu rwh o rwho| hw uhw jau|hw+ &Hxu í lon xu hw/ow

ogtw rwxuwn o fwt÷|go hw nhaw rh|h wulwh| hw

|jcvõw zou|hw+-

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ghw roden we| r|ewe|zhdhw e t|hkwnmtmdhw de dmze|whw nhkem|hw„#hw/ow wtu.

htw zn w| gozhhw/ow h utcph|zè|ow |gu|wow ‗rhríwgoc.

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r|ouço# un lht rowt|o| vrowço o nu|hc h wgoch+

____________________

86

fttr0//ero|tuauewe+lcoawrot+gon/<22=/2=/o.rekwhdo|.ewthtueth.hkaochkh+ftnc

8=

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86 8=

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o|h ço tfhnow wg|tow huto|hw jc÷wojow jc÷wojhw a|hw wto



o|h ço tfhnow wg|tow huto|hw jc÷wojow jc÷wojhw a|hw wto

ço wajgh xu cw ço vwthn0&+++- k÷w tenow j|hanektow de wuhw|ejcevõew jmcow÷jmghw e wuhw re|wregtmzhw jo|hn r|ewe|zhdhw e t|hkwnmtmdhw ro|

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ùwth# h fh|noh# wthgh| h nhan h wau|+

H rh|t| hî# w.

thgh| zhco|w wajgh.

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l|hwc|h rwxuwh| hw

ntocoahw hj|ghhw# .

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hw ntocoahw# ro.

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hw wgol|thw+

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e- H Go|u`h h Ahcfh.”Haoch



Wauo o huto|# h jcowojh }o|ýlè tn h ahcfh.”haochgono

wînloco h a|go.|onhh# h go|u`h+ en tnrow zhco|phço ow

hnhw# ço gozín r|oro|now o vt|nîo unh nn÷|h h

wrto out|h# nhw hr|wtè.chw gono wînlocow wuw wajgh.

ow wuhw ðn|hw fwt÷|hwnîtghw+

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uhw r|wohaw n |chço â jcowojh â ughço hw |chõw t.

go||hghw+

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____________________

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jcow÷jgh h r|÷r|h jcowojh &ra 1-+



r r &ra -

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wojow gthow o tvto0

8+ Ao|a A|hzcc Nohf @hnw &86=4.8=56-

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7+ J|htp Jho &8=<5.8=:8-

4+ Nocj It Hwht &8=4<-

5+ @owrf Ono|al &8=44-

:+ Fhnrìtí Lì &8=22.8==8-

1+ Rhuc Fouto` &8=4<-

6+ Iqhn Hrrhf &8=4<-

=+ ml|hfnh Woq Ywn hth^

82+ Nh|g Toqh &8=78-

88+ Nh|nlh H Ywn hth^

8<+ Noaol \hnow Ywn hth^

ko nhw# jgh o xu o huto| gfhnou Un eve|gîgmo jmcow÷jmgo

hj|o.l|hwmcem|o # xu rh|h nn í un a|h whjo# –&+++- t|hpe| o ‖go|ro”

rh|h h whch de huch de un nodo mktea|hdo# h|tmguchdo# rowmtmzhdo e o|mamkè|mo#

gonr|eekdekdo xue |hgmokhcmdhde e go|ro|emdhde ewtço mktea|hdhw e wço gok.

wtmtumktew dh evmwtàkgmh+„R|oj D|h Hpomcdh Co|etto dhT|mkdhde . Gokze|wHáõewRedha÷amghw í unh weáço xue

we to|kou re|nhkekte kowGhde|kow GEHR gon o olètmzo de jonekth| ùkto h dogektew#

en jo|nh de gokze|whw# háõew redha÷amghw h rh|tm| dowgokteðdow dow ghde|kow+



Evredmekte Ghde|kow GEHR

O Gt|o H|tguchço Roruchõw Nh|ahcphhw . GeHR í unh o|ahphço ço aoz|hnthc# wn jwcug|htzow# chgh# juhh n 8=6=# h gh o \o @h|o# ro| v.t|ow h Juhln ‗ Juhço khgohco Ln.ewth| o No|# nnl|ow h gonuh a|h o Noznto Nucf|w+ dj o |to â cl|.h |caowh gono un r|gîro# hwwn gono h ah hw |caõw nht|p hj|ghhw+ H |go||t zoch.ço ow |tow juhnthw h g|hh o hocwgt# hw nucf|w# hw roruchõw a|hw nh|ahcphhw

rch r|htgh o |hgwno w|zu wr|hço rh|h wuh g|hço+

GOKWECFO EWT\HTÍAMGOmzh| ow Whtow# Hh Nh|h Gogço#H}í Zhcí|o

GOO\DEKHÁÇO AE\Hc\ut Nh|ggho Gowth

WEG\ETÈ\MO EVEGUTMZOCup Gh|cow Wnoa

GOKWECFO EDMTO\MHCmzh| ow Whtow#\gh|o \uln#Hwt|oaco ewtzw Jcfo# @o|a dhnço#

Ol|thc Vhz| \l|oCup Gh|cow Wnoa+

GONUKMGHÁÇO E RULCMGHÁÕEW\gh|o \uln#dhzwo &wthaè|o-R|wgch &wthaè|h-Hwt|oaco ewtzw Jcfo#\o|ao H|huò &wthaè|o-

HÁÕEW MKWTMTUGMOKHMWOl|thc Vhz| \l|o# @o|a dhnço Zìgo h Gowth#Nh|o Rhuco \owh#Zhh Cnhkhî|h Zhc|o &wthaè|h-

H\TMGUCHÁÇO MKTE\\ECMAMOWHec Thzh|w9\ah dhnhpo#Coh|o Zhcí|o

HDNMKMWT\HÁÇONh|gco Whtow#Wíh R||h#

Nhu|go Ghwn|oL|uo Ocz|hCughh Ghnrow

WEG\ETH\MHmwhlc G|wto

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Renato Noguera - Filosofia Africana e Lei 10639