s t a t i s t i k a ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSiqorwineba (aTas kacze) 2,9 3,4 4,1 5,0 5,7 ganqorwineba (aTas kacze) 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,5 rogorc statistikuri monacemebidan irkveva

n. iosebaSvili z. beriZe

n. murakaSvili

s t a t i s t i k a ekonomikaSi, biznessa

da menejmentSi

Tbilisi - 2010

2 3

naSromi eZRvneba Cveni maswavleblis

profesor Saler benias naTel xsovnas.

naSromSi gaSuqebulia statistikis gamoyenebis

aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Teoriuli masala ganmtkicebulia

uaxlesi statistikuri informaciiT, amoxsnilia sanimuSo

magaliTebi da amocanebi.

wigni rekomendirebulia saxelmZRvanelod agraruli

universitetis biznesi da marTvis specialobis

studentebisaTvis.

redaqtori: sruli profesori l. CiburdaniZe

recenzenti: asoc. prof. l nozaZe

Sesavali

statistikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove meTodebi farTod

gamoiyebneba biznesis marTvis sferoSi. amis gamo aucilebelia

statistikis zogadi Teoriis aTvisebasTan erTad studentebma

Seiswavlon konkretuli praqtikuli meTodebi, romelTa

gamoyenebiTac xdeba ekonomikisa da biznesis marTvis sferoSi

mimdinare movlenebisa da procesebis analizi.

statistika kacobriobis arsebobis aseulobiT wlebis

manZilze yovelTvis iTvleboda saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis

ucilobel, efeqtur instrumentad.

sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvliT kidev ufro

gafarTovda misi gamoyenebis areali TiTeuli ojaxis,

biznesmenis, menejeris, mecnieris da mkvlevaris statistikuri

informaciis sxva momxmareblebis mier, sxvadasxva saxis

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.

winamdebare damxmare saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi da

struqtura srulad Seesabameba saswavlo disciplinis

`statistika ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi~- moqmed

silabuss.

saxelmZRvanelos momzadebisas gamoyenebuli iqna bolo

wlebSi gamoqveynebuli statistikuri literatura da

uaxlesi statistikuri monacemebi.

imedi gvaqvs saxelmZRvanelo daxmarebas gauwevs

agraruli universitetis biznesi da marTvis specialobis

studentebs.

avtorTa koleqtivi siamovnebiT miiRebs da

gaiTvaliswinebs saxelmZRvanelos irgvliv gamoTqmul

SeniSvnebsa da winadadebebs.

4 5

Tema 1. mosaxleobis statistika

socialur-demografiuli statistika, rogorc statistikuri

mecnierebis uZvelesi dargi, Seiswavlis mosaxleobisa da misi

ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

konkretul pirobebSi.

mosaxleoba adamianTa erTobliobaa, romelic sazogadoebis

materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis erTerTi aucilebeli

elementia geografiul garemosa da materialuri dovlaTis

warmoebasTan erTad. mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaze,

struqturasa da dinamikaze, jandacvis mdgomareobasa da ganaTlebis

doneze didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebaSi materialuri da

sulieri dovlaTis warmoebis ganviTareba. amitom statistika

Seiswavlis mosaxleobis ricxovnobas, Semadgenlobas

(struqturas), agreTve, dinamikas drosa da sivrceSi.

mosaxleobis, rogorc rTuli erTobliobis Seswavla,

SeuZlebelia misi sxvadasxva niSniT dajgufebis gareSe.

mosaxleobis statistikis ZiriTadi maCveneblebidan gamoyofen

demografiuli procesebisa da situaciebis Sefasebisa (romelis

Seqmnilia konkretul teritoriaze, konkretul drosa da

sivrceSi) da maTi momavalSi ganviTarebis (prognozirebas) Semdeg

maxasiaTeblebs.

demografiuli situaciebis maxasiaTeblebia:

1. mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebis maCveneblebi.

2. mosaxleobis Semadgenlobis (struqturis) maCveneblebi.

3. mosaxleobis ganaxlebisa da migraciis maCveneblebi.

calkeuli konkretuli kvlevebis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia

mosaxleobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva maCveneblebis miReba da sxvadasxva

amocanebis gadawyveta, magram, rodesac mosaxleobis statistikur

aRweras awarmoeben, gamoyofen mosaxleobis statistikuri

Seswavlis Semdeg ZiriTad amocanebs:

1. mosaxleobis ricxovnobisa da misi qveynis teritoriebis

mixedviT ganlagebis gansazRvra.

2. mosaxleobis ricxovnobisa da struqturis

(Semadgenlobis) sxvadasxva niSnebiT Seswavla:

a) demografiuli (sqesi, asaki, ojaxuri mdgomareoba),

b) eTnikuri (erovneba, mSobliuri ena),

g) ganaTlebis profesiuli saqmianobisa da sxva.

3. mosaxleobis migraciis Seswavlas.

4. mosaxleobis socialuri maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvras.

amrigad, mosaxleobis statistikur maCvenebelTa gaangariSebis

ZiriTadi mizania qveynis konkretul teritoriaze, konkretul

droSi formirebuli demografiuli situaciis, misi ganviTarebis

Seswavla.

ra saWiroa socialur-demografiuli garemos Seswavla

ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis ganviTarebisaTvis? ekonomika,

biznesi da menejmenti mxolod xalxis normaluri cxovrebisa da

ganviTarebisaTvisaa saWiro. amitom mosaxleobis ricxovnobis,

Semadgenlobis, dinamikis, am safuZvelze moTxovna-miwodebis

ganviTarebis, agreTve, cxovrebis donis, Semosavlebis, danaxarjebis,

mecnierebis, kulturis, ganaTlebis, jandacvis da qveyanaSi

iuridiul-ekonomikuri samarTlianobis Seswavlis gareSe

SeuZlebelia nebismieri swori ekonomikuri politikis gatareba da

biznesmenuri, agreTve, menejmenturi gadawyvetilebis miReba.

amis garda, socialur-demografiuli situacia, biznes

garemos erTerTi mniSvnelovani indikatoria. aq ganixileba biznesis

ganviTarebis garemos ganmsazRvreli iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa

mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraoba, aqedan gamomdinare

biznesisaTvis saWiro SromiTi resursebi, cxovrebis done da

samuSao Zalis Rirebuleba, socialuri infrastruqtura

(ganaTleba, jandacva, sakanonmdeblo baza da samarTlianobis

statistikis indikatorebi) da sxv.

mosaxleobis statistikuri Seswavla misi ricxovnobis

SeswavliT iwyeba. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis informaciuli

wyaroebia, pirvel rigSi, sayovelTao aRwerebi da Semdgom,

aRweraTaSoris periodebSi, mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri

moZraobis aRricxvis maCveneblebi. mosaxleoba xasiaTdeba iseTi

kategoriebiT, rogoricaa mudmivi, saxeze myofi, droebiT mcxovrebi

da droebiT wasuli mosaxleoba. mudmiv mosaxleobas miekuTvneba is

pirni, romlebic mudmivad cxovroben, xolo saxeze myofT - vinc

6 7

aRweris kritikul momentSi imyofebian (miuxedavad imisa, isini

cxovroben mudmivad Tu ara, mocemul dasaxlebul punqtSi).

droebiT macxovreblebs miekuTvneba saxeze myofi mosaxleobis

nawili, romlebic droebiT cxovroben mocemul teritoriaze,

magram mudmivi sacxovrebeli gaaCniaT sxva teritoriaze. maSasadame,

mudmiv sacxovrebelze isini CaiTvlebian droebiT wasul

mosaxleobad. Tu saxeze myofT davumatebT droebiT wasul da

gamovaklebT droebiT macxovreblebs, miviRebT mudmiv mosaxleobas.

mosaxleobis ricxovrobis safuZvelze statistika angariSobs

mosaxleobis saSualowliur sidides, agreTve, struqturas da

dinamikas.

Tu gvaqvs mosaxleobis ricxovnoba wlis dasawyissa da wlis

bolos, maSin saSualowliuri sidide SeiZleba martivad

davadginoT maTi jamis orze gayofiT.

magaliTi. mudmivi mosaxleobis ricxovnobam saqarTveloSi

2007 wlis dasawyisSi Seadgina 4394,7 aTasi, xolo wlis bolos

4371,3 aTasi kaci. maSasadame saSualowliuri ricxovnoba Seadgens:

kacs aTasi 43832

3,43717,4394

y

Zalian xSirad mocemulia mosaxleobis ricxovnoba ramdenime

wlis pirveli ianvrisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis

saSualowliuri ricxovnoba y dadgindeba saSualo

qronologiuris gamoyenebiT:

1

2

1

2

1321

n

yyyy

yn

sadac y - aris saSualowliuri ricxovnoba;

nyyyy ,,,, 321 - mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa TiToeuli

wlis pirveli ianvrisaTvis;

n - welTa raodenoba.

magaliTi. saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis ricxovnobam 1

ianvrisaTvis aTas kacebSi Seadgina Sesabamisad 2003-2008 wlebSi:

wlebi 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

mosaxleobis

ricxvi

(aTasi kaci)

4342,6 4315,2 4321,5 4401,3 4394,7 4382,1

am monacemebiT 2003-2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis

saSualowliuri ricxovnoba Seadgenda:

kacs aTasi 01,4359

5

1.43825.07.43943.44015.43212.43156.43425.0

y

mosaxleobis ricxovnobis struqtura, anu Semadgenloba

Seiswavleba sxvadasxva niSniT. maT Soris mniSvnelovania eTnikuri

(erovneba, mSobliuri ena), demografiuli (sqesi, asaki, ojaxuri

mdgomareoba), socialuri (klasobrivi Semadgenloba), ekonomikuri

da profesiuli. struqturuli Semadgenloba gamoisaxeba CvenTvis

saintereso niSnis mqone (sqesi, asaki da a.S.) mosaxleobis

ricxovnobis procentuli SefardebiT mosaxleobis saerTo

ricxvTan.

8 9

magaliTi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa bavSvebis da moxucebis

xvedriTi wili mTels mosaxleobaSi.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

0 dan 15

wlamde mosaxleoba

(aTasi kaci)

957,3

926,5

905,7

889,4

855,2

824,8

65 wlis

zeviT mosaxleoba

(aTasi kaci)

711,2

706,4

703,4

716,0

722,0

724,9

sul mosaxleoba

(aTasi kaci)

4342,6

4315,2

4321,5

4401,3

4394,7

4382,1

15 wlamde asakis

mosaxl.

xvedriTi wili %

22.0 21.5 21.0 20.2 19.5 18.8

65 wlis

zeviT mosaxl.

xvedriTi wili %

16.4 16.4 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.5

15 wlamde asakis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili (struqtura)

procentobiT Seadgens:

%0.221006.4342

3.9572003 wels

%8.181001.4382

8.8242008 wels

65 wlis zeviT mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili (struqtura)


%4.161006.4342

2.7112003 wels

%5.161001.4382

9.7242008 wels

sainteresoa agreTve mosaxleobis struqtura dasaqmebul

adamianebze damokidebuli adamianebis raodenobis mixedviT anu e.w.

damokidebulebis koeficienti.

2003-2008 wlebis monacemebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi

damokidebulebis koeficienti iqneba:

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

0 da 15 wlamde

da 65 wlis zeviT

(aTasi kaci)

1668,5 1632,9

1609,1

1605,4

1577,2

1549,7

15-64 wlamde

SromisunarianTa

ricxvi

(aTasi kaci)

2674,1

2682,3 2712,4

2795,9

2817,5

2832,4

damokidebulebis

koeficienti

0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55

mTeli msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebSi damokidebulebis

koeficienti klebulobs, asevea saqarTveloSic. damokidebulebis

maRali koeficienti niSnavs ekonomikuri zrdis nakleb potencials,

ganviTarebul qveynebSi damokidebulebis koeficienti mTeli

msoflios masStabiT zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba.

mosaxleobis dinamikas qronologiuri TariRebis (Tveebi,

kvartlebi, wlebi da a.S.) mixedviT statistika swavlobs dinamikis

SefardebiTi sidideebis gamoyenebiT. imave Cvens mier zemoT

mocemuli cifrebidan Cans, rom mosaxleobis ricxovnobis dinamikis

koeficientma 2003-2008 wlebSi Seadgina:

91,1001006,4342

1,4382KK

10 11

rac niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi am wlebSi mosaxleobis

raodenobam moimata TiTqmis 1 %-iT.

statistika Seiswavlis, agreTve, mosaxleobis bunebrivi da

meqanikuri moZraobis maCveneblebs.

mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraobis maCveneblebi

mosaxleobis bunebriv moZraobas ganekuTvneba Sobadoba,

sikvdilianoba, qorwineba, ganqorwineba da sicocxlis saSualo

xangrZlivobis cvlilebani.

bunebrivi moZraobisagan gansxvavdeba migracia. migracia

ewodeba mosaxleobis gadaadgilebas erTi teritoriuli adgilidan

meoreze xangrZlivi an xanmokle periodiT, romelsac Tan axlavs

mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla. sxvagvarad migracias

mosaxleobis meqanikur moZraobas uwodeben. zogjer saqme gvaqvs

e.w. qanqarisebur migraciasTan, romlis qveS igulisxmeba adamianebis

sistematuri wasvla da ukan dabruneba samuSaod an saswavleblad.

mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraoba rTuli

socialur-ekonomikuri procesia, romlis cifrobrivi daxasiaTebiT

statistika iZleva SromiTi resursebis raodenobis, urbanizaciis

(soflidan qalaqisaken mosaxleobis moZraoba) da sxva sakiTxebis

Seswavlis saSualebas qveynisa da regionebis mixedviT. mosaxleobis

bunebriv moZraobas axasiaTebs Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, bunebrivi

matebis, qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis absoluturi da SefardebiTi

maCveneblebi. absoluturi maCveneblebia wlis manZilze

dabadebulTa, gardacvalebulTa da bunebrivi matebis (maT Soris

sxvaoba) ricxvi, xolo Tu am absolutur sidideebs aviRebT

SefardebiT mosaxleobis 1000 sulze gaangariSebiT (promilebSi

%0 ), miviRebT mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis koeficientebs. es

koeficientebi iZleva analizisa da sxvadasxva qveynebis, regionebis

urTierTSedarebis saSualebas.

Tu wlis manZilze dabadebulTa ricxvs aRvniSnavT N N-iT,

gardacvalebulTa ricxvs M - M-iT, bunebrivi matebis absolutur

mniSvnelobas -Ti, xolo mosaxleobis saSualowliuri

ricxovnobas S -iT, maSin Sobadobis koeficienti ( SK)

ganisazRvreba formuliT:

1000S

NK S

mokvdaobis koeficienti:

1000S

MK m

bunebrivi moZraobis koeficienti:

10001000SS

MNK

bunebrivi moZraobis motanili SefardebiTi maCveneblebi

agebulia mosaxleobis saerTo saSualowliuri ricxovnobis mimarT.

amitom maT sxvagvarad uwodeben saerTo koeficientebs. cxadia,

isini gansxvavdeba calkeuli asakobrivi, socialuri, sqesobrivi da

sxva jgufebis mixedviT. Tu msgavs gaangariSebebs vawarmoebT

mosaxleobis aseTi struqturuli qvedanayofebis mixedviT,

miviRebT e.w. bunebrivi moZraobis specialur koeficientebs.

magaliTad, Sobadobis saerTo koeficientTan erTad metad

sainteresoa qalTa nayofierebis anu Sobadobis specialuri

koeficienti, romelsac angariSoben wlis manZilze dabadebulTa

ricxvis SefardebiT 15-49 (fertiluri) asakis qalTa

saSualowliur ricxvTan da 1000-ze gadamravlebiT. gamoyofen,

agreTve, bavSvTa sikvdilianobis specialur koeficients, romelic

sikvdilianobis saerTo koeficientebisagan gansxvavebiT

gaiangariSeba mocemul wels 1 wlamde asakis gardacvlil bavSvTa

ricxvis SefardebiT ara bavSvTa saSualo-wliur, aramed

dabadebulTa ricxvTan da 1000-ze gadamravlebiT. magram 1 wlamde

gardacvlilebidan nawili ekuTvnis mimdinare, nawili - gasul

wels dabadebulebs. xSirad dabadebulebidan 2 nawils miakuTvneben

mocemul wels dabadebulebs, maSin bavSvTa sikvdilianobis

specialuri koeficienti miiRebs aseT saxes:

12 13

1000

3

1

3

201

1

NN

mKM

sadac:

MK- bavSvTa sikvdilianobis specialuri koeficientia,

1m - 1 wlamde gardacvlil bavSvTa ricxvi,

1N - mocemul wels dabadebulTa ricxvi,

0N - gasul wels dabadebulTa ricxvi.

xSirad angariSoben, agreTve, ,,sicocxlianobis~ koeficients

dabadebulTa ricxvis SefardebiT gardacvlilTa ricxvTan,

romelic gamoisaxeba procentebSi.

absoluturi da SefardebiTi maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba,

agreTve, daqorwinebulTa da ganqorwinebulTa ricxvi. absoluturi

maCvenebelia daqorwinebulTa da ganqorwinebulTa ricxvi wlis

manZilze. Tu maT cal-calke gavyofT mosaxleobis saSualo

ricxvze da gavamravlebT 1000-ze, miviRebT daqorwinebis an

ganqorwinebis saerTo koeficients. magram aseTi SefardebiTi

maCveneblebis nakli isaa, rom ar iTvaliwinebs asakobriv da

sqesobriv gansxvavebas. amitom angariSoben specialur

koeficientebs cal-calke vaJebisa da qalebis, agreTve, fertiluri

asakisaTvis.

mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia, agreTve, qorwinebis saSualo

xangrZlivoba, romelic miuTiTebs ojaxis simtkiceze da SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnes am movlenis saTanado analizisaTvis.

ZiriTadi demografiuli maCveneblebi

(koeficientebi)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Sobadoba

(aTas kacze) 10,7 11,5 10,7 10,9 11,2

gardacvaleba

(aTas kacze) 10,6 11,3 9,9 9,6 9,4

1 wlamde

gardacvaleba

(aTas cocxlad

dabadebulze)

24,8 23,8 19,7 15,8 13,3

bunebrivi mateba

(aTas kacze) 0,0 0,2 0,8 1,3 1,8

mkvdradSobadoba

(aTas dabadebulze) 17,3 17,2 15,6 14,7 12,7

qorwineba

(aTas kacze) 2,9 3,4 4,1 5,0 5,7

ganqorwineba

(aTas kacze) 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,5

rogorc statistikuri monacemebidan irkveva bolo wlebSi

saqarTveloSi SeimCneva ZiriTadi demografiuli maCveneblebis

gaumjobeseba.

mosaxleobis bunebriv moZraobasTan erTad statistika

Seiswavlis, agreTve, migracias, anu mosaxleobis meqanikur

gadaadgilebas erTi qveynidan (regionidan) meore qveyanaSi

(regionSi). erTmaneTisagan ansxvaveben Siga (erTi qveynis an

regionis farglebSi) da gare (erTi qveynidan an regionidan

meoreSi) migracias. mosaxleobis moZraoba SeiZleba iyos ori

mimarTulebis: qveyanaSi an regionSi Camosvla (imigracia) da

14 15

qveynidan an regionidan wasvla (emigracia). maT Soris sxvaoba

warmoadgens migraciis saldos, romelic gansazRvravs mosaxleobis

meqanikur matebas an klebas mocemul regionSi.

weli gare migraciuli saldo

(aTasi kaci)

1991-1998 -790.2

1999 -36.1

2000 -35.2

2001 -32.6

2002 -27.8

2003 -27.5

2004 5.5

2005 76.3

2006 -12.1

2007 -20.7

2008 -10.2

2009 34.2

rogorc cxrilidan Cans saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis gare

migraciis saldo bolo wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, rac

uTuod metyvelebs cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze.

migraciis maCveneblebi aris absoluturi (CamosulTa da

wasulTa ricxvi) da SefardebiTi. es ukanaskneli gaiangariSeba

absoluturi maxasiaTeblebis SefardebiT mocemul teritoriaze

mcxovrebTa saSualo wliur ricxvTan da 1000-ze gadamravlebiT.

TiToeuli maTgani SeiZleba gaviangariSoT migraciis mizezebis

(axali mSeneblobisaTvis muSaxelis organizebuli Segroveba,

axalgazrdobis saswavleblad wasvla da sxv.), sqesis, asakis,

erovnebisa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT.

mosaxleobis perspeqtiuli ricxovnobis gaangariSebis

meTodebi

mosaxleobis zemoTmotanili statistikuri maCveneblebi

axasiaTebs mimdinare da wasul periodSi mosaxleobis moZraobis

suraTs. amasTan erTad biznesis, menejmentis da mTeli ekonomikis

ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mosaxleobis

perspeqtiuli ricxovnobis gaangariSebas. mosaxleobis

perspeqtiuli ricxvonobis dasadgenad gvaqvs eqstrapolaciisa da

asakgadanacvlebis meTodebi. eqstrapolacia gulisxmobs warsul

periodSi mosaxleobis ricxovnobis cvalebadobis tendenciebis

gavrcelebas momavalze. aq SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes iseTi

maCveneblebi, rogoricaa mosaxleobis saSualowliuri zrdisa da

matebis tempebi da sxv.

mosaxleobis perspeqtiuli ricxovnoba saSualowliuri

absoluturi matebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba gaangariSebul iqnes

formuliT:

tSSt 0 xolo saSualowliuri zrdis tempis gamoyenebiT:

KSSt 0

sadac,

tS - mosaxleobis perspeqtiuli ricxovnobaa;

0S- sawyisi ricxovnoba perspeqtiuli periodis

dasawyisisaTvis:

- mosaxleobis saSualowliuri absoluturi mateba

warsul periodSi;

K - saSualowliuri zrdis tempi;

t - perspeqtiuli periodis xangrZlivoba wlebSi.

asakgadanacvlebis meTodi gulisxmobs TiToeuli asakobrivi

jgufisaTvis Sobadobis da sikvdilianobis koeficientebis

safuZvelze momdevno asakis mqone mosaxleobis ricxvis dadgenas.

16 17

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis statistika

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Seswavlisas statistikis

winaSe dgas oTxi ZiriTadi amocana: 1) cxovrebis donis arsebuli

suraTis daxasiaTeba; 2) cxovrebis donis struqtura (adamianTa

calkeuli kategoriebis, socialuri jgufebis, regionebis, agreTve,

qalaqis, soflis da sxva niSnebis mixedviT); 3) mosaxleobis

cxovrebis donis dinamika qronologiuri TariRebis (Tve, kvartali,

weli) mixedviT; 4) cxovrebis doneze moqmedi faqtorebis analizi.

ekonomikur literaturaSi ar arsebobs ”mosaxleobis

cxovrebis donis” erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba, amasTan

dakavSirebiT sadiskusioa sakiTxi, Tu romeli maCveneblebis

gamoyenebaa mizanSewonili mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis

adekvaturi statistikuri asaxvisaTvis. analizis sawarmoeblad

gaiangariSeba mTeli rigi maCveneblebi, romlebic Semdeg ZiriTad

blokebSia dajgufebuli:

_ mosaxleobs Semosavlebis maCveneblebi;

_ mosaxleobis gasavlebis, materialuri keTildReobisa da

momsaxurebis moxmarebis maCveneblebi;

_ danazogebi;

_ dagrovili qonebis maCveneblebi da mosaxleobis binebiT

uzrunvelyofa;

_ mosaxleobis Semosavlebis diferenciaciis, siRaribis donisa

da sazRvrebis maCveneblebi;

_ socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi;

_ mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Semajamebeli maCveneblebi.

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sesafaseblad zemoT moyvanili

statistikur maCvenebelTa sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis

(Semosavali, moxmareba) gamoyeneba ver uzrunvelyofs Seswavlili

movlenebis Sesaxeb srul warmodgenas. aqedan gamomdinare,

samecniero wreebSi mimdinareobs diskusiebi erTiani Semajamebeli

maCveneblis gaangariSebis meTodologiis SemuSavebis

mizanSewonolobisa da aucileblobis Sesaxeb, romelTa Seqmnas

mravali mecnieri skepticizmiT uyurebs. bunebrivia, es ar aris

erT-erTi urTulesi problema, romlis gadawyvetac

uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis keTildReobis ganzogadebuli

maCveneblebis formirebasa da praqtikaSi damkvidrebas.

ramdenime wlis winaT, gaeros ganviTarebis programaSi (1995w.)

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis erTiani agregatuli maCveneblis

gaangariSebis nimuSis saxiT SemoTavazebul iqna adamianis

potenciuri ganviTarebis indeqsi (apgi), romelic Seadgens krebsiT

indeqss da moicavs 3 ZiriTad maCvenebels, romlebic asaxaven

cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs:

1. axalSobilTa mosalodneli sicocxlis saSualo

xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli;

2) ganaTlebulobis miRweuli donis maCvenebeli;

3) erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqciis (mSp)

realuri moculobis (dolarebSi, myidvelunarianobis

paritetis safuZvelze) maCvenebeli.

qvemoT ganvixilavT adamianis potenciuri ganviTarebis

indeqsis (apgi) Semadgeneli TiToeuli maCveneblis indeqsi

gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:

min.maqs.

min.

ii

ii

iXX

XXI

,

sadac iX i aris maCveneblis faqtobrivi mniSvneloba.

miniX da maqs.iX

- Sesabamisad i – maCveneblis minimaluri

da maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi.

kerZod:

1. axalSobilTa mosalodneli sicocxlis saSualo

xangrZlivobis maCveneblis indeqsis gamosaangariSeblad, sicocxlis

xangrZlivobis minimalur maCveneblad aiReba 25 weli, xolo

maqsimalur maCveneblad _ 85 weli. maSin ”sicocxlis” indeqss

Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT gamoiangariSeben:

2585

2511

XI

.

18 19

2. ganaTlebulobis miRweuli donis indeqsi ganisazRvreba

rogorc ori sub-indeqsis Sewonili saSualo ariTmetikuli: 1)

srulasakovan mosaxleobaSi ganaTlebulobis indeqsi ( 32

)21i

wiliT da 2) moswavleTa erToblivi wilis (dawyebiT, saSualo,

umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebebSi) indeqsi ( 31)22i

wiliT,

kerZod,

31

32

22212 iiI .

”codnis” indeqsis gamosaangariSeblad srulasakovan

mosaxleobaSi (15 wlisa da meti) min.iX mniSvnelobad aiReba ”0”,

%100maqs.iX.

moswavleTa erToblivi wilis indeqsi gamoiangariSeba 24

welze naklebi pirebisaTvis, xolo wilis sazRvriTi mniSvneloba

aiReba rogorc ”codnis” indeqsis gamoangariSebisas (e.i. 0 da

100%).

3. erT sul mosaxleze mSp-is realuri moculoba gaiangariSeba

dolarebSi myidvelobiTi unarianobis protestis gaTvaliswinebiT

(mup), romlis koreqtirebac xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyanaSi

faqtobrivi Semosavali 1 sul mosaxleze metia vidre sawyisi

maCvenebeli, romelic msoflioSi aRiarebulia rogorc saSualo

suladobrivi maCvenebeli. es maCvenebeli dReisaTvis Seadgens 5448

dolars, (e.i. 3X5448 dolari aris msyidvelobiTunarianobis

paridetis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli erT sul mosaxleze mSp-is

realuri moculoba. Tu mocemul qveyanaSi faqtobrivi Semosavali

(

3X) metia mis sawyis doneze ( 3X

), e.i Tu

33 XX

maSin

gadametebis diskontirebas awarmoeben Sesabamisi formulebis

gamoyenebiT. Tu

33 XX

, maSin realuri mSp-s moculobis

indeqsis gaangariSebisas aiReba am maCvenebelTa faqtobrivi

mniSvneloba. mSp-s realuri moculobis minimalur maCveneblad erT

sul mosaxleze aiReba 100 dolaris myidvelobiTunariani pariteti

(mup), xolo maqsimaluri diskontirebuli mniSvneloba aiReba 5448

dolaris myidvelobiTunariani pariteti.

maSasadame, erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqciis

realuri moculobis indeqsi gamoiangariSeba Semdegi maCvenebliT,

kerZod:

roca 54483 X

dolarze, maSin

1005448

1003

3

XI

b) roca 3X5448 dolarze, maSin

1005448

100'

3

3

XI

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, adamianis potenciuri

ganviTarebis indeqsi (apgi) Seadgens

.3

321 IIII

ad.p.gan.

adamianis potenciuri ganviTarebis maCveneblis gaangariSebis

meTodologia mudmiv srulyofas ganicdis. masSi jer kidev bevri

sadiskusio sakiTxia. sxvadasxva qveynebSi es sakiTxebi

sxvadasxvanairad wydeba, ase magaliTad amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis cxovrebis donis maCvenebelTa sistema 13 ganyofilebas

moicavs. esenia: garemomcveli sfero, demografiuli situacia,

dasaqmeba, Sromis pirobebi, TviT cxovrebis makroekonomikuri

maCveneblebi (mTliani Sida produqti, erovnuli produqti da

sxva), socialuri uzrunvelyofa, jandacva, ganaTleba, sabinao

20 21

pirobebi, kultura, dasveneba da garToba, satransporto

uzrunvelyofa, erovnuli Tavdacva, moqalaqeTa samarTlebrivi

dacva.

amJamad yvela qveynisaTvis rekomendebulia gamosayeneblad

gaeros mier SemuSavebuli maCvenebelTa sistema, romelic moicavs:

1. mosaxleobis demografiul maxasiaTebels (Sobadoba,

sikvdilianoba da sxva); 2. sanitarul-higienur pirobebs; 3.

sasursaTo saqonlis moxmarebas; 4. sabinao pirobebs; 5. ganaTlebasa

da kulturas; 6. Sromis pirobebsa da dasaqmebas; 7. mosaxleobis

Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs; 8. sacxovreblis Rirebulebas da

samomxmareblo fasebs; 9. satransporto saSualebebiT

uzrunvelyofas; 10. dasvenebis organizacias; 11. socialur

uzrunvelyofas; 12. adamianis Tavisuflebas.

gaeros mierkve gamoyofilia sainformaciao ekonomikuri

maCveneblebi, romlebic uSualod cxovrebis dones ar axasiaTeben,

magram gamoiyeneba am ukanasknelTa gasaangariSeblad. maT

ganekuTvneba: erovnuli Semosavali, mTliani Sida produqti

mosaxleobis erT sulze, socialuri momsyaxurebis raodenoba da

saxeebi, mosaxleobis simWidrove, kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebi,

beWdviTi sityva da sxva.

zemoT CamoTvlili maCveneblebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT zogadi

da kerZo indikatorebi. zogads SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: 1. mTliani

Sida produqti an mTliani erovnuli Semosavali mosaxleobis erT

sulze; 2. cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi; 3. mosaxleobis

msyidvelobiTi unarianobis indeqsi; 4. mosaxleobis potencialuri

ganviTarebis indeqsi; es maCveneblebi mTlei qveynisa da misi

calkeuli regionebis mixedviT zogadad axasiaTeben mosaxleobis

cxovrebis dones, xolo kerZo maCveneblebi (saSualo xelfasi,

saSualo Semosavlebi, saSualo danaxarjebi, kvebis produqtebis

moxmareba, jandacvis, ganaTlebis, kulturis, iuridiuli

samarTlianobis) calkeuli indikatorebis mixedviT axasiaTeben

cxovrebis donis ama Tu im mxares. mTliani Sida produqti,

romelic sabazro fasebSi gamosaxuli qveynis mocemul

teritoriaze warmoebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis

Rirebulebaa Sualeduri moxmarebis gareSe anu damatebul

RirebulebaTa jami mosaxleobis erT sulze zogadad kargad

axasiaTebs cxovrebis dones. aseTnairad SeiZleba, agreTve

cxovrebis done, zogadad, qveynis masStabiT davaxasiaTod mTliani

erovnuli Semosavlis mixedviT mosaxleobis erT sulze.

cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi SedarebiT Zveli maCvenebelia

da mas amJamad zomaven samomxmareblo fasebis harmoniuli indeqsiT:

11

11

1pq

i

pqI

sadac 1q- samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

fizikuri moculobaa saangariSo periodSi;

1p - samomxmareblo saqonlis an momsaxurebis erTeulis

sabazro fasi an tarifia saangariSo periodSi;

i - calkeuli saxis samomxmareblo saqonlis fasis an

momsaxurebis tarifis individualuri indeqsia.

samomxmareblo saqonelSi gaerTianebulia ori jgufis

saqoneli: sasursaTo da arasasursaTo. pirvel jgufSi Sedis puri

da puris produqtebi, xorci da xorcis produqtebi, rZe da rZis

produqtebi, Tevzeuli, kartofili, xoli, bostneuli da sxva,

xolo meore jgufSi - fexsacmeli, tansacmeli, kulturul-

sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo saqoneli, msubuqi avtomanqanebi,

aveji da sxva.

momsaxurebaSi Seitaneba satransporto, sabinao-komunaluri,

kavSirgabmulobis, jandacvis, ganaTlebis da sxva uamravi saxis

momsaxurebani.

magaliTi. davuSvaT mocemul qveyanaSi, regionSi, qalaqSi da

sxva teritoriul erTeulSi saangariSo periodSi gayiduli

saqonlis da momsaxurebis saerTo Rirebulebam 11 pq Seadgina

22 23

406 aTasi lari. maT Sorisaa sasursaTo saqonelbrunvis moculoba

- 200,0 aTasi, arasasursaTo - 180,0 aTasi, xolo momsaxurebis

Rirebuleba - 26,0 aTasi lari. sasursaTo saqonelze

samomxmareblo fasebi gaizarda 5%-iT, arasasursaToze - 20%-iT,

xolo momsaxurebis tarifebi ar Secvlila. rogor Seicvala

cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi?

105.1

0.1

10.26

20.1

10.180

05.1

10.200

0.260.1800.200

111

11

pqi

pqI

maSasadame, saangariSo periodSi sabaziso periodTan

SedarebiT samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsma Seadgina 1,105, rac

mianiSnebs cxovrebis Rirebulebis 10,5%-iT gaZvirebaze.

mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis indeqsi

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis Sebrunebuli sididea da ase

gamoisaxeba:

11

11

1

pq

pqiI

Cvens zemoT motanil magaliTSi :

904.0105.1

1I

rac imas niSnavs, rom mosaxleobas fulis imave raodenobiT

saangariSo periodSi SeuZlia mxolod 9,6%-iT naklebi raodenobis

saqoneli da momsaxureba SeiZinos. esec cxovrebis saerTo donis

daqveiTebaze mianiSnebs.

zemoT CamoTvlili maCveneblebis garda, gaeros eqspert-

specialistebi sxvadasxva qveynebis cxovrebis donisa da sxva

miznebisaTvis, gvTavazoben integralur, sinTezur maCveneblebad

gamoviyenoT erovnuli Semosavali, 50 wlis zemoT asakSi

gardacvlilTa wili gardacvlilTa saerTo ricxovnobaSi da

SinameurneobebSi sursaTze danaxarjebis xvedriTi wili.

sociologiur gamokvlevebSi Zalian xSirad iyeneben e.w.

,,daZabulobis~ indikators, romelsac sami ZiriTadi maCvenebliT

angariSoben. esenia: samomxmareblo saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT

adamianTa moTxovnis dakmayofilebis xarisxi, danaSaulobaTa done,

social-politikuri, ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da sxva sakiTxebiT

ukmayofilo adamianTa wili. am maCvenebelTa (koeficientebis saxiT)

martivi saSualo ariTmetikulis gaangariSebiT adgenen

,,daZabulobis indikatoris~ koeficientebs. Tu es koeficienti 0,4-

0,8 farglebSia, eqspertebis azriT arsebobs socialuri

daZabuloba, 0,9-dan 1,4-mde, lokaluri konfliqtebia, 1,4-dan 2-mde

- regionSi socialuri afeTqeba, Tu 2-ze metia, maSin es

metyvelebs masobriv socialur afeTqebaze.

mosaxleobis Semosavlebi da xarjebi

cxovrebis donis erTerTi mniSvnelovani indikatoria

Semosavlebi, maTi struqtura da dinamika.

mosaxleobis Semosavlebi aris is maqsimaluri Tanxebi,

romlebic garkveul periodSi SeiZleba daixarjos moxmarebaze da

imave dros periodis bolosaTvis SenarCunebul iqnas periodis

dasawyisSi arsebuli raodenobis kapitali.

amJamad, statistika aRricxavs da aanalizebs Semdegi saxis

Semosavlebs: daqiravebuli Sromidan (xelfasi, premia, erTjeradi

daxmarebani da sxv.), TviT dasaqmebidan (mogeba da sxv.), soflis

meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan (sakuTar mamulSi moweuli

soflis meurneobis produqciis realizaciidan), qonebidan (qonebis

gaqiravebidan, procenti anabridan, wilidan, dividendebi aqciebidan,

procenti obligaciebidan, qira sakuTrebis gaqiravebidan da sxva).

24 25

ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebani (fuladi da arafuladi),

qonebis gayidvidan (binis, agarakis, sayofacxovrebo teqnikis,

manqanebis, miwis, pirutyvis da sxvaTa gayidvidan), axloblebisagan

miRebuli fuli, pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebani, fulis sesxeba

an danazogebis gamoyeneba, arafuladi Semosavlebi (sakuTari

moxmarebisaTvis warmoebuli, humanitaruli daxmarebis an

axloblebisagan miRebuli produqtebis Rirebuleba).

cxovrebis doneze kargad metyvelebs saSualo Semosavlebi

mosaxleobis erT sulze (gaiangariSeba mTliani Semosavlebis

SefardebiT mosaxleobis ricxovnobaze), misi struqtura

(gaiangariSeba Semosavlebis TiToeuli saxelobis moculoba

SefardebiT saSualo suladobriv maCvenebelze da 100-ze

gadamravlebiT, da dinamika (gaiangariSeba dinamikis SefardebiTi

sidideebis gamoyenebiT).

Sinameurneobis saSualoTviuri suladobrivi Semosavlebi (lari)

saqarTveloSi

saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebis ganawileba erT Sinameurneobaze wlebis mixedviT

lari

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

fuladi Semosavlebi

da transfertebi 130,5 152,1 171,9 190,2 224,4 257,1 297,6 378,4

daqiravebuli

Sromidan 52,7 57,5 60,4 67,4 87,5 107,2 132,9 166,1

TviTdasaqmebidan 24,3 28,9 32,2 36,6 39,5 40,7 42,5 52,8

soflis meurneobis

produqciis

gayidvidan 21,4 28,9 30,8 34,3 32,1 32,2 27,2 30,4

qonebidan(gaqiravebidan,

procenti anabridan) 1,6 1,0 1,6 2,3 3,3 1,4 3,9 3,4

pensiebi, stipendiebi,

daxmarebebi 12,3 12,2 8,3 15,6 25,6 32,5 41,3 63,0

ucxoeTidan miRebuli

gzavnilebi 8,5 10,8 18,5 12,5 13,8 14,8 17,3 19,3

axloblebisagan

miRebuli fuli 9,6 12,8 20,1 21,6 22,7 28,2 32,7 43,4

arafuladi

Semosavlebi 92,8 92,4 88,0 87,5 79,1 81,7 74,1 86,7

Semosavlebi, sul 223,3 244,4 259,9 277,7 303,5 338,7 371,8 465,1

sxva fuladi

saxsrebi 18,6 44,4 41,7 42,7 43,2 46,7 50,4 72,2

qonebis gayidva 7,0 8,8 8,3 9,3 5,3 6,9 5,8 10,4

fulis sesxeba an

danazogis gamoyeneba 11,5 35,6 33,4 33,4 37,9 39,8 44,7 61,8

fuladi saxsrebi, sul 149,0 196,5 213,6 232,9 267,6 303,7 348,1 450,6

fuladi da

arafuladi saxsrebi,

sul 241,8 288,8 301,6 320,4 346,7 385,4 422,2 537,4

fuladi Semosavlebis

xvedr.wili % 58.43 62.2 66.2 68.5 73.9 75.9 80.06 81.35

arafuladi Semosavl.

xvedr.wili % 41.57 37.8 33.8 31.5 26.1 24.1 19.94 18.65

26 27

am maCveneblebis Sedareba saarsebo minimumTan gvaZlevs

warmodgenas cxovrebis doneze. Tu am absoluturi

maCveneblebiT gaviangariSebT struqturas, miviRebT, rom fulad

Semosavlebs saerTo SemosavlebSi eWira 2001 wels 58.43%,

xolo 2009 wels 81.35 % amave wesiT dadgindeba arafuladi

Semosavlebis xvedriTi wili. miviRebT Sesabamisad 41,57% 2001

w. 18,65% - 2009 w. am safuZvelze SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna

imis Sesaxeb, rom izrdeba fuladi Semosavlebis xvedriTi wili

da mcirdeba arafuladi Semosavlebis xvedriTi wili

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualosuladobriv Tviur

SemosavlebSi, rac saqarTveloSi sabazro movlenebis

ganviTarebiT aixsneba. dinamikis SefardebiTi sididis

gamoyenebiT 2001-2009 wlebSi Semosavlebi saqarTvelos

SinameurneobebSi gaizarda 465.1/223.3=2.08 -jer anu 208 %-iT.

es ki metyvelebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaze.

SemosavlebTan erTad cxovrebis dones axasiaTebs, agreTve,

mosaxleobis danaxarjebi, maTi struqtura da dinamika.

mosaxleobis xarjebSi Tanamedrove periodSi aRiricxeba,

rogorc fuladi (sursaTis, sasmelis, Tambaqos nawarmis,

tansacmlis, fexsacmlis, saojaxo momsaxurebis, jandacvis,

saTbobisa da eleqtroenergiis, transportis, ganaTlebis,

kulturisa da dasvenebis, transfertis, danazogis, sasoflo-

sameurneo qonebis SeZenis), ise arafuladi (naturiT

momsaxurebis) xarjebi.

xarjebis moculoba mosaxleobis erT sulze, misi

struqtura da dinamika metyvelebs cxovrebis doneze.

saSualo Tviuri xarjebis ganawileba erT Sinameurneobaze wlebis mixedviT

lari

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

samomxmareblo

fuladi xarjebi 201,8 216,7 219,8 245,7 265,4 289,6 322,6 386,2

sursaTze, sasmelze,

Tambaqos nawarmze 106,7 113,0 116,8 131,6 133,9 146,6 155,7 177,5

tansacmelsa da

fexsacmelze 12,2 12,4 13,3 14,5 14,9 15,1 15,3 17,7

saojaxo moxmarebis

saqonelze 25,6 7,6 7,6 9,1 9,7 10,3 12,3 13,8

janmrTelobis dacvaze 11,5 15,7 13,8 15,3 19,5 23,4 27,6 38,2

saTbobsa da

eleqtroenergiaze 17,1 20,0 20,0 21,8 26,1 29,9 36,3 46,6

transportze 12,4 25,7 22,2 23,5 27,0 26,8 30,0 39,5

ganaTleba, kulturasa

da dasvenebaze 7,3 13,3 6,2 6,6 7,9 9,4 12,8 13,5

sxva samomxmareblo

xarjebi 9,2 9,1 19,9 23,1 26,5 28,1 32,6 39,3

arafuladi xarjebi 92,8 92,4 88,0 87,5 79,1 81,6 74,1 86,6

samomxmareblo xarjebi,

sul 294,6 309,1 307,8 333,2 344,6 371,2 396,8 472,8

arasamomxmareblo

fuladi xarjebi 27,2 50,1 49,7 45,9 38,0 42,1 46,6 62,9

sasoflo-sameurneo

xarjebi 5,8 7,1 6,6 6,5 7,3 6,8 8,5 9,3

transfertebze 0,7 5,7 9,1 9,4 9,4 10,3 12,4 12,6

dazogvaze an gasesxebaze 20,6 23,2 26,1 22,7 13,7 19,1 21,3 31,5

qonebis SeZenaze 0,0 14,2 7,9 7,4 7,6 6,0 4,4

9,5

fuladi xarjebi, sul 228,9 266,8 269,5 291,6 303,4 331,7 369,2 449,0

xarjebi, sul 321,7 359,1 357,5 379,1 382,6 413,4 443,4 535,7

28 29

saqarTvelos SinameurneobebSi erT Sinamerneobaze

Tviuri danaxarjebi 2001-2008 wlebSi gaizarda mTlianad

294.6 laridan 472.8 laramde anu 1,605-jer (60.5%-iT).

zemoT CamoTvlili maCveneblebi axasiaTeben cxovrebis

dones saerTod qveyanasa da mis calkeul regionebSi. magram

isini warmodgenas ver gviqmnian calkeuli fenebis cxovrebis

doneTa Soris gansxvavebebze. amitom statistika swavlobs

Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis diferenciaciis anu cxovrebis

doneebis (mdidrebis, saSualo macxovreblebis, Raribebisa da

Ratakebis) mixedviT am indikatorebis gansxvavebulobis

process.

gansxvaveba ekonomikurad metad da naklebad

uzrunvelyofili mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneTa Soris

kontrastuli rCeba, agreTve, ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis

mqone qveynebSic. amJamad, mdidarTa 20%-is Semosavlebis

moculoba naklebad uzrunvelyofili mosaxleobis 20%-is

Semosavlebs aWarbebs TurqeTSi 16-jer, avstraliaSi, axal

zelandiasa da portugaliaSi - 8-9-jer, amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi, italiaSi, safrangeTSi, fineTsa da daniaSi -

saSualod 7-jer, belgiaSi, iaponiaSi, niderlandebSi, did

britaneTsa da espaneTSi - saSualod 5-jer da ufro metad.

saqarTveloSi mdidrebis bolo deciluri jgufis

Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi daaxloebiT 40-jer aWarbebs

Raribebis pirveli deciluri jgufis Sesabamis maCvenebels. es

imas niSnavs, rom jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis

mdidarTa ekonomikuri mdgomareoba Seudareblad gansxvavebulia

RaribTa mdgomareobisagan.

mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis

diferenciaciis gasazomvad msoflio statistikur mecnierebaSi

mravali indikatoria SemuSavebuli. aqedan yvelaze

gavrcelebulia koncentraciis korado jinis koeficienti. is

gaiangariSeba formuliT:

iiii qpqpK 11

sadac: ip im mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilia (nazardi

koeficientebis saxiT), romlebsac gaaCniaT mocemuli i -uri jgufis araumetes maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis toli Semosavali;

iq -uri jgufis Semosavlebis xvedriTi wilia

mosaxleobis mTlian SemosavlebSi (nazardi koeficientebis

saxiT).

magaliTi (cifrebi pirobiTia).

saSualoTviuri

Semosavlebi erT

sulze (lari)

mosaxleobis

ricxvi

mln. kaci

xvedriTi wili

%

300 -mde 1.9 42.22

300-350 1.4 31.11

350-400 0.9 20.00

400-zevi 0,3 6.67

sul 4.5 100,0

SevadginoT saangariSo cxrili.

30 31

mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da ricxovnobis xvedriTi

wilebis nazardi jamebi saSualo-

Tviuri

Semosavlebi

erT sulze

(lari)

mosaxleobis

ricxviml

n. kaci

mosaxleobis

mTliani

Semosavlebi

jgufebis da

saerTo

ricxovnobis

mixedviT

lari mosaxl.

ricxovnobis

xvedriT

i wil

i

Semosavlebis

xvedriT

i wil

i

xvedriTi wilebis

nazrdi jami

mosaxl.

ricxvis

mixedviT

Semosavle-

bis

mixedviT

275.0

325.0

375.0

425.0

1.9

1.4

0.9

0.3

522.5

455.0

337.5

127.5

0.42

0.31

0.20

0.07

0.36

0.32

0.23

0.09

0.42

0.73

0.93

1.0

0.36

0.68

0.91

1.0

sul 4.5 1442.5 1.0 1.0 - -

maSasadame 42.01 p

73.02 p

93.03 p

0.14 p

36.01 q

68.02 q

91.03 q

0.14 q

CavsvaT zemoT motanil formulaSi miRebuli sidideebi.

gveqneba

075.091.00.168.093.036.073.0

0.193.091.073.068.042.0

11

iiii qpqpK

jinis koeficienti (Semosavlebis koncentraciis

maCvenebeli) gviCvenebs Semosavlebis faqtobrivi ganawilebis

gadaxras maTi Tanabari ganawilebis xazidan. Tanabari

ganawilebisas jinis indeqsi nulis tolia, absoluturi

uTanabrobisas ki – erTis.

saqarTveloSi ukanasknel periodSi jinis koeficienti

mTliani Semosavlebis (da agreTve mTliani xarjebis) mixedviT

izrdeba 2005 w.-0,44 2006 w.-0,45 2007 w.-0,46 da 2008

w.-0,48 rac cxadia cxovrebis uTanabrobaze metyvelebs.

cxovrebis donis maCveneblebidan mniSvnelovania, agreTve,

siRaribis indikatorebi. maTgan aRsaniSnavia siRaribis done,

siRrme da simwvave.

siRaribis maCvenebelTa garkvevamde, saWiroa vicodeT

cneba sasursaTo minimumi (kalaTa), samomxmareblo minimumi

(kalaTa) da sacxovrebeli minimumi anu saarsebo minimumi,

medialuri da modaluri moxmareba. am ukanaskneli

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomikur-statistikur

literaturaSi siRaribis cnebis mravalnairi ganmarteba

ganixileba. aqedan yvelaze gavrcelebulia ganmarteba, romelic

siRaribis qveS ara marto materialur, aramed sulier

faqtorebsac gulisxmobs.

am safuZvelze ganmarteba SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:

siRaribe aris Semosavlebis (fuladi da arafuladi) ukmarisoba

adamianis fiziologiuri da sulieri arseboba-ganviTarebisaTvis

saWiro minimalurad aucilebel materialur RirebulebaTa da

momsaxurebis moxmarebisaTvis.

am ganmartebidanac Cans, rom siRaribe SefardebiTi

kategoriaa da gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT. magaliTad,

msoflio bankis monacemebiT, Raribad iTvleba pirovneba,

romelsac dReSi 4 dolarze naklebi Semosavali gaaCnia.

saqarTveloSi ki amJamad aseTi Semosavali didad aWarbebs

saarsebo minimums da saTanado pirovnebac saSualo

macxovreblad iTvleba.

sasursaTo minimumi (kalaTa) ewodeba kvebis produqtebis

im nakrebs, rac fiziologiuri normebis, maTi kaloriulobisa

da sabazro fasebis mixedviT, minimalurad mainc saWiroa

adamianis fizikuri arsebobisa da sicocxlisunarianobis

SesanarCuneblad. kvebis produqtebze anu sursaTze (puri da

puris produqtebi, xorci da xorcis produqtebi, rZe da rZis

produqtebi, Saqari, xili da baRCeuli) moxmarebis

fiziologiur normebs gansazRvravs samedicino samecniero-

32 33

kvleviTi institutebi mocemul qveyanaSi adamianTa asakobrivi,

sqesobrivi, cxovrebis bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis, zne-

Cveulebebis, tradiciebis, kulturisa da sxvaTa

gaTvaliswinebiT. sasursaTo minimumis (kalaTas) mimatebuli

arasasursaTo saqonlis moxmareba da gaweuli momsaxurebis

Rirebuleba Seadgens samomxmareblo kalaTas (minimums), xolo

amas damatebuli sxvadasxva gadasaxadebi da Sesatanebi, miviRebT

sacxovrebel anu saarsebo minimums. saarsebo minimums xSirad

siRaribis absolutur zRvarsac uwodeben.

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri moxmarebis

fiziologiuri normebis safuZvelze, pirvel rigSi, angariSobs

sasursaTo minimums, xolo danarCens saarsebo minimums

(arasasursaTo saqonlis, agreTve, momsaxurebis, gadasaxadebis

da sxvaTa moculobas) adgens im Tanafardobidan gamomdinare,

romelic ukve praqtikulad Camoyalibebulia mocemul

periodSi. magaliTad, dRes saqarTveloSi sursaTisa da sxva

samomxmareblo RirebulebaTa Soris Tanafardoba saqarTveloSi

Seadgens 0,4 : 0,6-s. es imas niSnavs, rom SinameurneobaTa

SerCeviTi gamokvlevebiT mosaxleobis mTliani danaxarjebis

40% sursaTze modis. magaliTi: Tu sasursaTo kalaTis

Rirebulebam Seadgina TveSi 100 lari, maSin danarCeni

Rirebulebis moculoba saarsebo minimumamde, gaiangariSeba

martivi proporciiT:

0,4 - 100 lari

0,6 - X lari

lars 1504.0

6.0100

X

aqedan cxadia, rom saarsebo minimumi Seadgens

100+150=250 lars.

aseTnairad, pirvel rigSi, angariSoben Sromisunariani

mamakacis saarsebo minimums, xolo danarCeni kategoriisaTvis

gamoiyeneba Sromisunariani mamakacis mimarT dadgenili

normativebi koeficientebis mixedviT. magaliTad, qalebisaTvis

es koeficientia 0,84. amis msgavsad gvaqvs bavSvebisaTvis,

moxucebisaTvis da a.S. am indikatorebis safuZvelze dgindeba,

agreTve, sxvadasxva suladobis ojaxebis saarsebo minimumebi.

amis garda siRaribis gasazomvad gamoiyeneben, agreTve,

medianur da modalur moxmarebasac, romlebsac siRaribis

SefardebiT zRvars uwodeben.

medianuri moxmareba moxmarebis sididea, romlis zemoT

moxmareba gaaCnia mosaxleobis 50%-s, xolo qveviT, agreTve,

50%-s.

modaluri - yvelaze gavrcelebuli moxmarebaa mocemuli

qveynis mosaxleobaSi.

siRaribis statistikuri maCveneblebia: siRaribis done,

siRrme da simwvave.

siRaribis done ewodeba Raribi mosaxleobis xvedriTi

wils mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi. es SeiZleba

gaviangariSoT formuliT:

n

qK

K - siRaribis done anu RaribTa xvedriTi wilia mTels

mosaxleobaSi;

q - Raribebis ricxovnoba;

n - mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnoba;

amasTan Raribad iTvleba mosaxleobis is kategoria,

romelsac saarsebo minimumze naklebi Semosavali aqvs.

siRaribis done zogadad axasiaTebs mocemul qveyanaSi

RaribTa xvedriT wils. magram Raribebis mTeli kontigentidan

yvela erTnairi cxovrebis donis araa. zogierTi maTgani

axlosaa Tavisi SemosavlebiT siRaribis zRvarTan. isini

SesaZlebelia sul mokle xanSi gadascildes mas da saSualo

macxovrebelTa zonaSi gadavidnen. amitom statistika

34 35

angariSobs, agreTve, siRaribis siRrmes. es maCvenebeli

axasiaTebs siRaribis zRvridan (saarsebo minimumidan)

Semosavlebis mixedviT Raribebis daSorebis saSualo manZils

da gaiangariSeba formuliT:

nz

yz

p

q

i

i

11

sadac

1p - siRaribis siRrme;

z - saarsebo minimumia mocemul periodSi;

iy - Raribi mosaxleobis i -iuri wevris moxmarebis (an

Semosavlis sidide);

n - mosaxleobis ricxovnoba mocemul qveyanaSi,

regionSi.

formulis mricxveli asaxavs Raribebis moxmarebis

saerTo moculobas, rac maT saarsebo minimumamde anu siRaribis

zRvramde misaRwevad sWirdebaT, xolo mniSvneli - mTeli

mosaxleobis saarsebo minimumis donis saerTo moxmarebaa.

es maCvenebelic araa srulyofili indikatori, imdenad,

ramdenadac gamokvlevis miRma rCeba TviT RaribTa Soris

cxovrebis donis gansxvavebuli suraTi. amsitom statistikis

Teoriasa da praqtikaSi SemoRebulia mesame maCvenebeli -

siRaribis simwvave 2p is gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:

2

1

2

1

q

i

i

z

yz

np

siRaribis ufro Rrma analizisaTvis am maCveneblebs

angariSoben ara marto saarsebo minimumis anu siRaribis

absoluturi zRvris mimarT, aramed medianuri moxmarebis

(SefardebiTi zRvris) 60 da 40 procentis mimarT. es

ukanasknelni gviCvenebs RaribTa qveda fenebis (Ratakebis)

ekonomikur mdgomareobas, rac socialuri politikis

gatarebis safuZvelia.

siRaribis statistikis maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi

siRaribis maCveneblebi %

2005 2006 2007 2008

siRaribis done

medianuri moxmarebis 40 %-is

mimarT

24.1 23.3 21.3 22.1


mimarT

10.1 9.4 9.2 9.5

siRaribis siRrme


mimarT

7.6 7.2 6.9 7.0


mimarT

3.1 2.8 2.7 2.7

siRaribis simwvave


mimarT

3.6 3.3 3.2 3.2


mimarT

1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2

saqarTveloSi 2005-2008 wlebSi, rogorc, siRaribis

saerTo done aseve siRaribis siRrme da siRaribis simwvave

36 37

medianuri moxmareba 40%-is da 60%-is mimarT SesamCnevad

klebulobs. rac niSnavs cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas.

jandacvis (samedicino) statistika

cxovrebis donisa da siRaribis portretis maCvenebelia,

agreTve, janmrTelobis dacvis mdgomareoba qveyanasa da mis

calkeul regionebSi. zogjer samedicino statistikas

sanitarul statistikasac uwodeben. statistikis es dargi

samedicino movlenebisa da procesebis raodenobriv mxares

Seiswavlis Tvisebriv mxaresTan mWidro kavSirSi konkretul

drosa da sivrceSi. mis amocanebSi Sedis mosaxleobis

daavadebaTa, sikvdilianobis, invalidobis, adamianis fizikuri

ganviTarebis, jandacvis dawesebulebebisa da samedicino

kadrebis moculobis, struqturis, dinamikisa da maTze moqmedi

faqtorebis statistikuri Seswavla. amisTvis statistika

iyenebs mis xelT arsebul mosaxleobis janmrTelobis,

jandacvis, klinikuri statistikis, garemo samyaros

mdgomareobisa da sxva maCveneblebs.

mosaxleobis jandacvis mdgomareobas axasiaTebs rogorc

demografiuli (sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba, mokvdaobis

saerTo da specialuri koeficientebi da sxv.), ise sakuTriv

avadobis maCveneblebi. amJamad sicocxlis mosalodneli

saSualo xangrZlivoba saqarTveloSi Seadgens mamakacebisaTvis

69, xolo qalebisaTvis 75 wels, rac garkveulwilad adamianTa

janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze metyvelebs. samedicino

statistika gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs 1 wlamde

bavSvebisa da 1-14 wlebSi mozardTa sikvdilianobis Sesawvlis

(sikvdilianobis anu mokvdaobis absoluturi da SefardebiTi

maCveneblebis gaangariSebis meTodebi ukve cnobilia wina

masalidan). samedicino statistika mokvdaobis saerTod da

kerZo maCveneblebs ganixilavs sikvdilianobis mizezebTan

(sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis, sasunTqi gzebis, saWmlis

momnelebeli organoebis daavalebebi, agreTve, ubeduri

SemTxvevebi da mowamlva, infeqciuri da parazituli daavadebebi

da sxva) mWirdro urTierTkavSirSi. ganixileba TiToeuli

daavadebis mixedviT gardacvlilTa ricxvi, maTi dinamika

wlebis mixedviT da struqtura calkeuli mizezebis mixedviT.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso statistikis mixedviT 1

wlamde bavSvTa asakis kontigentSi CaiTvleba yvela bavSvi

(miuxedavad wonisa, sigrZisa da dedis fexmZimobis

xangrZlivobisa), romelmac dedis organizmidan sruli

mocilebis Semdeg gamoavlina sicocxlisunarianobis Tvisebebi

(ara marto sunTqva, aramed sicocxlis yovelgvari sxva niSnebi:

guliscema, pulsacia da sxva). bavSvTa asakSi sivdilianobis

mizezebSi statistika sxva saerTo faqtrebTan erTad gamoyofs,

agreTve, anomaliurad dabadebulebs da ganixilavs maT rogorc

saerTo ricxovnobis, agreTve, struqturisa da dinamikis

mixedviT.

samedicino statistikis erTerTi mniSvnelovani ubania

jandacvis, samedicino momsaxurebis, sawarmoo travmatizmisa da

klinikuri procesebis raodenobrivi Seswavla. jandacvasa da

samedicino momsaxurebas axasiaTebs samedicino momsaxurebasTan

dakavSirebuli Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi, samedicino

momsaxurebiT mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa da samedicino

dawesebulebebis gamoyenebis maCveneblebi. maCvenebelTa pirvel

jgufSi Sedis jandacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis moculoba,

maTi Sefardeba mTlian Sida produqtTan da mosaxleobis

ricxovnobasTan, samedicino personalis xelfasi, danaxarjebi

samedicino aparaturis SeZena-eqsploataciaze da a.S.

maCvenebelTa meore jgufs ganekuTvneba stacionaluri

(saavadmyofoebis, sawolTa raodenobis, eqimTa raodenobis)

dawesebulebebiT, agreTve, ambulatoriul-poliklinikuri

(dawesebulebebis saerTo raodenoba, maTi Sefardeba

mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan, am dawesebulebebSi eqimTa

raodenoba, maT mier avadmyofebis miReba da a.S.) momsaxurebiT

mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofis xarisxi. maCvenebelTa mesame

38 39

jgufs axasiaTebs jandacvis dawesebulebebSi avadmyofTa movla

da mkurnaloba (hospitalizebul avadmyofTa saSualowliuri

ricxovnoba, stacionarSi avadmyofis yofnis xangrZlivoba,

poliklinikuri mkurnalobisaTvis avadmyofTa saSualowliuri

ricxvi da sxva). statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris

informaciia:

janmrTelobis dacvis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi

saqarTveloSi

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

eqimebis ricxovneba

(aTasi kaci)

21.0 21.4 20.3 20.6 20.0 20.3

mosaxleobis 10000

kacze

48.4 49.6 46.6 46.7 45.5 46.3

saavadmyofoTa ricxvi 248 246 242 244 245 244

saavadmyofoSi

sawolebis

ricxvi (aTasi)

18.2 17.8 17.1 16.5 14.6 14.1

erTi avadmyofis

saavadmyofoSi

yofnis xangZlivoba

(dRe)

9.2 8.6 7.7 7.4 7.3 6.8

poliklinikebis ricxvi 1100 1113 1123 1124 1140 1090

poliklinikebSi erT

cvlaSi avadmyofTa

miRebis ricxvi (aTasi)

94.4 94.3 92.1 88.0 84.8 87.4

samedicino statistika swavlobs, agreTve, warmoebaSi

profesionalur daavadebaTa raodenobas mizezebis mizedviT,

warmoebaSi ubedur SemTxvevebs momuSaveTa 1000 sulze

gaangariSebiT da a.S. amasTan statistika daavadebaTa mizezebis

kvlevisas aanalizebs ara marto warmoebis kulturas da mavne

pirobebs, aramed avadmyofTa qcevis wesebs da maT mier Tambaqos,

narkotikuli nivTierebebisa da alkoholuri sasmelebis

moxmarebis SemTxvevebs. mniSvnelovani amocanebi dgas, agreTve,

klinikuri statistikis winaSe, romelic korelaciur-

regresiuli analizis safuZvelze miznad isaxavs daadginos

mkuvrnalobis Catarebuli cdebi ramdenad sakmarisia miRebuli

Sedegebis mixedviT kanonzomierebaTa dasadgenad da Sesabamisi

meTodis gasavrceleblad.

moraluri statistika

cxovrebis doneze metyvelebs, agreTve, moraluri

statistikis maCveneblebic. igi Seiswavlis rogor sasamarTlo

(danaSaulebani, samoqalaqo an administraciuli

samarTaldarRvevebi, kanondarRvevebi da sxv.), ise

samarTalgareSe, moraluri movlenebis (alkoholizmi,

narkomania, prostitucia da sxv.) raodenobriobas Tvisebriv

mxaresTan mWidro kavSirSi konkretul drosa da sivrceSi.

moraluri statistikis amocanebia Seiswavlos yvela

samarTlebrivi, agreTve, arasamarTlebrivi-moraluri

movlenebisa da procesebis saerTo raodenoba, maTi struqtura

danaSaulobaTa an adamianTa socialuri jgufebis mixedviT,

dinamika da ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani, agreTve, moraluri

movlenebis sxva movlenebTan urTierTkavSiri.

moraluri statistikis amocanebSi Sedis ganixilos

moraluri movlenebis ara marto negatiuri (danaSaulobani,

kanondarRvevani da a.S.), aramed pozitiuri (Sromis, ojaxur-

sayofacxovrebo, samSoblos dacvis, sponsoruli daxmarebisa

da sxva sferoebSi) gavlenis statistikuri maCveneblebi.

moraluri statistikis amocanaTa gadawyvetis mizniT

farTod gamoiyeneba absoluturi da SefardebiTi sidideebi,

saSualo sidideebi, SerCeviTi dakvirveba, variaciis

maCveneblebi, dinamikis mwkrivebi, korelaciur-regresiuli

analizis meTodebi da sxva. aucilebelia, magaliTad, iseTi

mZime sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulobani, rogoricaa mkvleloba,

40 41

gaupatiureba, yaCaRoba, qurdoba, sxeulis mZime dazianeba da

sxva ganvixiloT ara marto saerTo raodenobis, aramed

SefardebiT mosaxleobis 10000 sulze, dinamikaSi

qronologiuri TariRebis mixedviT, maT gamomwvev mizezebTan

(SurisZieba, siZulvili, anerviuleba, xulignoba, wakamaTeba,

Cxubi da sxv.) mWidro kavSirSi. es maCveneblebi saSualebas

iZleva am danaSaulTa mixedviT erTmaneTs SevadaroT sxvadasxva

regioni, qveyana, wlebi da gavakeToT saTanado daskvnebi

saxelmwifos mier Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gasatareblad

kriminologiuri situaciis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT.

registrirebuli danaSaulebi saqarTveloSi

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

sul registrirebuli

danaSauli

17397 24856 43266 62283 54746 44644

maT Soris:

mZime danaSauli 10326 17833 24320 29249 13158 13028

ganzrax mkvleloba 499 538 697 640 741 653

janmrTelobis mZime

dazianeba

253 371 368 271 157 200

gaupatiureba 52 62 141 167 156 100

Zarcva 556 1316 2087 2751 1615 1167

yaCaRoba 1013 1733 1925 2160 1208 1008

qurdoba 5593 10634 16256 27657 18586 14814

narkotikebis Senaxva

gasaReba

1945 1941 2074 3542 8493 8699

avtoavariebi, romlebmac

gamoiwvia dazaralebulTa

sikvdili

308 385 445 499 511 551

arasrulwlovanTa mier

Cadenili danaSauli

617 557 755 997 674 759

aseTive WrilSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT pozitiuri

moraluri movlenebi da procesebi. magaliTad, sponsoroba

mosaxleobis socialurad daucveli fenebis dasaxmareblad

unda ganvixiloT rogorc saerTo raodenobis, ise calkeulis

moculobis, agreTve, SefardebiT donori organizaciebisa da

socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mimarT (10000

sulze gadaangariSebiT) da a.S.

amasTan moraluri statistika gaiangariSebs rogorc

individualur, ise krebsiT maCveneblebs. magaliTad, Tu

samarTlebrivi statistika TiTeuli sisxlis an samoqalaqo

samarTlis danaSauls ixilavs individualurad misi

gaxsnadobis procentis, saerTo raodenobis, mosaxleobis

ricxovnobis an kidev calkeuli asakobrivi (mcirewlovanebSi,

mozardebSi da a.S.), sqesobrivi (mamakacebi, qalebi) da sxva

jgufebis 100000 sulze, maSin saqme gvaqvs individualur

statistikur maCveneblebTan. magram Tu gaviangariSebT ama Tu im saxis maCvenebels (gaxsnadobis procenti, mcirewlovanTa

asakSi an mozrdilebSi, qalebSi an mamakacebSi) yvela

danaSaulis mixedviT, gveqneba krebsiTi maCvenebeli, romelic

gviCvenebs rogoria regionSi, qalaqSi an mxareebSi mdgomareobis

saerTo suraTi.

danaSaulTa gaxsnis procenti (gaxsnil danaSaulTa

raodenoba Sefardebuli registrirebul danaSaulTa ricxvze

da gamravlebuli 100-ze) an kidev damnaSaveobis koeficienti

calkeul danaSaulTa mixedviT aris individualuri, xolo

yvela danaSaulis mixedviT - krebsiTi statistikuri

maCveneblebi. amasTan krebsiT maCvenebels angariSoben saSualo

Sewonili ariTmetikulis gamoyenebiT, sadac wonebad

gamoyeneulia registrirebul danaSaulTa ricxvi. qveyanaSi da

calkeul regionebSi damnaSaveobis dasaxasiaTeblad sasamarTlo

statistika iyenebs kriminogenurobis koeficients, rasac

angariSoben gamovlenil damnaSaveTa ricxvis SefardebiT 14-dan

60 wlamde (qalebisaTvis) da 65 wlamde (mamakacebisaTvis)

mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan da 100000-ze gadamravlebiT. Tu,

42 43

magaliTad is Seadgens 500-s, niSnavs imas, rom yoveli 100000

kacidan mocemul teritoriaze 500 damnaSavea. maSasadame, am

maCveneblis gadideba mianiSnebs kriminogenuri situaciis

gauaresebaze da piriqiT.

ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da kulturis

statistika

mosaxleobis cxovrebis done aisaxeba, agreTve,

ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da kulturis sistemaSi.

ganaTleba TavisTavad saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa farTo

sistemas moicavs. maT Sorisaa skolamdeli asakis bavSvTa

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi (baga, baRi, baga-baRi da sxv.),

romelTa ZiriTadi movaleobebia aRzardos da moamzados 3-6(7)

wlebis bavSvebi skolisa da cxovrebisaTvis, zogadi

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi (dawyebiTi skolebi, saSualo

skolebi, liceumebi, gimnaziebi, skola-internetebi da sxv.),

saSualo da umaRlesi profesionaluri ganaTlebis saswavlo

dawesebulebebi. saSualo specialuri profesionaluri

ganaTlebis sistema moicavs sxvadasxva saxis saswavleblebs,

teqnikumebs, kolejebs. umaRlesi saswavleblebi sxvadasxva

specialobis bakalavrebs, magistrebsa da doqtorantebs

amzadeben. aqedan gamomdinare ganaTlebis statistikis

maCvenebelTa pirveli jgufi axasiaTebs ganaTlebis sistemis

dawesebulebaTa raodenobas, struqturas da dinamikas wlebis

mixedviT, agreTve, maT raodenobas 10000 macxovrebelze

gaangariSebiT, rac ganaTlebis Seqmnil pirobebze metyvelebs

mocemul qveyanasa da mis calkeul regionebSi.

ganaTlebis sistemis statistikur maCvenebelTa meore

jugfi axasiaTebs moswavle axalgazrdobis kontigentis saerTo

raodenobas, maT struqturas ganaTlebis saxeebis mixedviT da

dinamikas.

ganaTlebis statistikis krebsiTi maCveneblebia calkeul

specialobaTa mixedviT umaRles damTavrebulTa raodenoba

mosaxleobis 10,0 aTas macxovrebelze, maTi struqtura da

dinamika.

movitanoT statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informacia

saqarTveloSi studentTa ricxvis Sesaxeb dargebis mixedviT

bakalavriati magistratura

da

rezidentura

umaRlesi

profesiul

i

sul studenti: 74900 9664 9073

maT Soris:

pedagogiuri 2407 361 57

humanitaruli da

xelovneba

17618 1865 781

biznesi

da samarTalmcodneoba

30820 5002 1137

sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebani

6488 845 673

sainJinro 6672 1233 1702

soflis meurneoba 3754 130 141

samedicino 7141 228 4582

kulturisa da xelovnebis statistika swavlobs

xelovnebisa da kulturis (muzeumebis, Teatrebis,

biblioTekebis, klubebis, dawesebulebebis) raodenobas,

Semadgenlobas, dinamikas da sxva maCveneblebs.

44 45

Tema 2. SromiTi resursebisa da Sromis bazris

statistika

SromiTi resursebisa da Sromis bazris statistika

ekonomikuri statistikis erT erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia,

romelic Seiswavlis SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobisa da

Semadgenlobis , dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis, SromisanazRaurebis

donisa da dinamikis, momuSaveTa Sromis pirobebis sakiTxebs.

produqciis warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sferoSi mudmivad

funqcionirebs sami ZiriTadi elementi: Sroma, ZiriTadi

kapitali, anu Sromis iaraRebi da sabrunavi kapitali (Sromis

sagnebi). aqedan mTavaria Sroma da masTan dakavSirebuli Sromis

bazari. am sferoebSi moizideba muSaxelis ZiriTadi nawili da

aq SemuSavdeba personalis marTvis ekonomikuri biznesmenuri da

menejmenturi politika SromiTi resursebis maRalefeqtiani

gamoyenebis mimarTulebiT. Sromis saerTaSoriso standartebis

mixedviT, Sromis bazarSi ganixileba aqtiuri mosaxleoba,

dasaqmeba da umuSevroba, mosaxleobis klasifikacia statusis

mixedviT, samuSao Zalis moZraoba, Sromis nayofiereba, samuSao

Zalis Rirebuleba, SromiTi konfliqtebi.

biznes garemos mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs SromiTi

resursebis, ekonomiurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis, dasaqmebulebis,

agreTve umuSevrobis situaciuri movlenebi da procesebi

qveyanasa da mis calkeul regionebSi.

SromiTi resursebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli

Sromisunarian mosaxleobasTan. Sromisunariani mosaxleoba

Sromisunariani asakis, fizikurad janmrTel adamianTa

erTobliobaa. Sromisunariani asaki wesdeba Sromis

kanonmdeblobiT. saerTaSoriso statistikaSi Sromisunarian

asakad iTvleba 15-dan 65 wlamde asakis mqone mosaxleoba.

Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleoba iyofa or nawilad:

Sromisunariani da araSromisunariani (fizikurad

arajanmrTeli adamianebi, invalidebi da sxv.) mosaxleoba.

swored Sromisunariani mosaxleoba warmoadgens SromiTi

resursebis ZiriTad wyaros, magram garkveuli nawili

(warmoebisagan mowyvetiT moswavle axalgazrdoba, diasaxlisebi,

CvilbavSviani dedebi, saSinao meurneobaSi dasaqmebulni da sxv.)

ar monawileobs warmoebaSi. amitom Sromisunariani asakis mqone

mosaxleobisagan unda ganvasxvaoT e.w. dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba,

romelic moicavs meurneobaSi momuSave Sromisunarian, agreTve,

sapensio asakis mqone adamianTa erTobliobas, I da II jgufis

invalidebs da gamonaklisis saxiT arasrulwlovanebs,

romelTaTvisac dawesebulia araumetes 4 saaTiani samuSao dRe.

rogorc Cans, SromiTi resursebis raodenobrivi da

xarisxobrivi Semadgenloba damokidebulia ara marto

mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaze, aramed mis asakobriv,

sqesobriv da sxva struqturaze. aseTi niSnebis mixedviT

statistikam unda Seiswavlos SromiTi resursebis

Semadgenloba da moZraoba, gamoyenebis efeqturoba,

perspeqtiuli ricxovnoba, ganlageba qveynis calkeuli

teritoriuli erTeulebisa da regionebis mixedviT da a.S.

SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba da Semadgenloba

xasiaTdeba rogorc absoluturi, aseve SefardebiTi da

saSualo sidideebiT.

absoluturi maCveneblebia: SromiTi resursebis

ricxovnoba mimdinare da perspeqtiuli periodisaTvis (yoveli

wlis dasawyissa da bolosaTvis), absoluturi mateba,

gamouyenebeli SromiTi resursebi, migraciis saldo.

SromiTi resursebis gaangariSebis amosavali baza

Sromisunariani mosaxleobaa, risTvisac saWiroa Sromisunariani

asakis mqone mosaxleobis ricxovnobas gamovakloT imave asakis

mqone araSromisunariani pirebis (I da II jgufis invalidebi,

SeRavaTiani sapensio asakis mqoneni) ricxvi.

SromiTi resursebis absoluturi mateba miiReba sxvaobiT

periodis (Cveluberivad aiReben wels) bolosa da periodis

dasawyisis absolutur monacemTa Soris. es sxvaoba

gamowveulia rogorc bunebrivi, aseve meqanikuri moZraobiT.

bunebriv moZraobas TavisTavad gansazRvravs bunebrivi mateba da

46 47

kleba. bunebrivi matebaa SromiTi resursebis Sevseba mozardi

Taobis gadasvliT Sromisunarian asakSi, xolo kleba

ganpirobebulia Sromis unariani asakidan gamosvliT,

dainvalidebiT, saSeRavaTo pensiaze gadasvliTa da

sikvdilianobiT.

meqanikur matebasa da klebas gansazRvravs Sesabamisad

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis imigracia (Camosvla) da emigracia

(wasvla).

gamouyenebeli SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba

ganisazRvreba, rogorc sxvaoba Sromisunariani mosaxleobis

(potencialuri SromiTi resursebis) da dasaqmebulTa

ricxovnobas Soris. igi Seswavlil unda iqnes mizezebisa da

faqtorebis mixedviT, rac statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

amocanaa.

migraciis saldo, anu sxvaoba CamosulTa da wasulTa

Soris, teritoriuli erTeulebisa da regione:bis mixedviT

metad mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia SromiTi resursebis moZraobis

dasaxasiaTeblad.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa aRniSnuli maCveneblebis

gaangariSeba Sromisunariani asakobrivi jgufebis (magaliTad 16-

25, 25-50, 50-59) mixedviT. SromiTi resursebis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani nawilia 25-50 wlis Sromisunariani mosaxleoba,

radgan igi iTvleba kvalificiurad pirvel jgufTan da meti

energiis mqoned mesame jgufTan SedarebiT.

mimdinare periodisaTvis, am absoluturi maCveneblebis

dadgena warmoebs mosaxleobis aRweris, mimdinare statistikis

(mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraobis) masalebis

gamoyenebiT. SedarebiT rTulia SromiTi resursebis dadgena

perspeqtiuli periodisaTvis. mas miaxloebiT angariSoben

(mTeli qveynis masStabiT migraciis saldos

gauTvaliswineblad) Semdegi formuliT:

.Sr.Sr.asakSr.asak.bunebr KdKNN t

t )1(0

sadac tN - mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa perspeqtiuli

periodis bolosaTvis;

0N - mosaxleobis ricxovnoba amosavali wlis

dasawyisisaTvis;

bunebr.K - mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis koeficienti;

t - perspeqtiuli periodis welTa raodenoba;

Sr.asakd - Sromisunariani asakis mqone mosaxleobis

xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis mTlian ricxovnobaSi;

Sr.Sr.asakK - Sromisunariani mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili

Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobaSi.

SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis saSualo

maCveneblebidan ZiriTadia SromiTi resursebis saSualowliuri

ricxovnoba. igi gaiangariSeba mosaxleobis saSualowliuri

ricxovnobis gaangariSebis msgavsad da gamoiyeneba SromiTi

resursebis zrdisa da matebis tempebis dasadgenad.

SromiTi resursebis kvlavwarmoebis dasaxasiaTeblad

gamoiyeneba specialuri SefardebiTi maCveneblebi. maT

ganekuTvneba:

a) SromiTi resursebis bunebrivi matebis koeficienti

bun.mat.N romelic iangariSeba wlis ganmavlobaSi SromiTi

resursebis absoluturi matebis abs.mat. SefardebiTi SromiTi

resursebis saSualowliur ricxvTan Sr.r.T gamosaxuls

promilebSi:

1000

Sr.r.

ab.mat.

bun.mat.T

K

48 49

TavisTavad bunebrivi mateba miiReba SromiTi resrusebis

bunebrivi Sevsebisa da bunebrivi klebis sxvaobiT. aqac

mosaxleobis Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis, koeficientebis

msgavsad SeiZleba dadgindes SromiTi resursebis bunebrivi

Sevsebisa da bunebrivi klebis koeficientebi promilebSi.

b) SromiTi resursebis meqanikuri moZraobis

koeficientebi (meqanikuri Sevsebis klebisa da matebis

koeficientebi). es SafardebiTi maCveneblebi calkeuli

regionebisa da teritoriuli erTeulebisaTvis dgindeba,

vinaidan aq adgili aqvs mosaxleobis migracias.

g) Sromisunariani asakis mqone mosaxleobis xvedriTi

wili mosaxleobis mTlian ricxovnobaSi;

d) Sromisunariani mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili

Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobaSi.

e) mosaxleobis dasaqmebulobis koeficienti, romelic

SeiZleba dadgindes ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa SefardebiT

mosaxleobis mTlian ricxovnobasTan gamosaxuls promilebSi.

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Sromis bazarze ganisazRvros

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnoba.

ekonomikurad aqtiuria 15 da meti wlis mosaxleoba,

romelic dasaqmebulia ekonomikuri saqmianobiT an umuSevaria.

statistika angariSobs ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobis xvedriT wils mTels mosaxleobaSi ama Tu im

konkretuli momentisaTvis.

dasaqmebuli ewodeba 15 da meti xnis mosaxleobas,

romelic dakavebulia ekonomikuri saqmianobiT. amasTan

pirovneba miekuTvneba dasaqmebuls Tu saangariSo periodSi is

erTi saaTiT mainc iyo dakavebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobiT.

statistika angariSobs dasaqmebulTa xvedriT wils 15 da

meti asakis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobis mimarT (zogierT

qveyanaSi Zalian maRalia araSromisunarian asakSi dasaqmebulTa

ricxovnoba. amitom dasaqmebulTa xvedriT wils angariSoben,

agreTve 10 da meti asakis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobis

mimarTac). Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier umuSevroba

mkacri kriteriumebiT ganisazRvreba 15 da meti wlis asakis

mqone im mosaxleobis raodenobiT, romlebic gamosakvlevi

kviris ganmavlobaSi ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad aris

daiwyos muSaoba da eZebs samuSaobs, xolo Serbilebuli

kriteriumiT - gansxvavebiT mkacri kriteriumisagan, ar eZebs

samuSaos, radgan xeli aqvs Caqneuli da imedi ara aqvs

samuSaos Sovnisa.

statistika umuSevrobis dones (rogorc Serbilebuli

ise mkacri kriteriumiT) swavlobs Sesabamisi kategoriis

umuSevarTa ricxovnobis SefardebiT ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan.

bizness garemos mimzidvelobas didaT gansazRvravs

samuSao Zalis ricxovnoba, Semadgenloba, moZraobisa da

gamoyenebis situacia qveyanasa da mis calkeul regionebSi.

farTo gagebiT samuSao Zala adamianis Sromis unaria,

xolo viwro gagebiT - SromiTi resursebis nawilia, rac

dasaqmebulia warmoebaSi. magram SromiTi resursebis

dasaqmebuli nawili, samuSao Zala ar niSnavs am ukanasknelis

srulyofilad efeqturad gamoyenebas. amitom samuSao Zalis

gamoyenebis efeqturobis dasaxasiaTeblad statistikur

praqtikaSi SemoRebulia samuSao dro. samuSao drois raodenoba

warmoadgens potencialuri SromiTi resursebisa da samuSao

Zalis gamoyenebis mniSvnelovan maCvenebels. samuSao Zala

pirvel yovlisa dasaqmebulobis statusis mixedviT

Seiswavleba. amisaTvis iyenebs mosaxleobis ekonomikurad

aqtiuri nawilis (dasaqmebulebi da umuSevrebi) saerTaSoriso

klasifikacias.

gamoiyofa ori msxvili saklasifikacio jgufi:

daqiravebulebi da TviTdasaqmebuli. daqiravebulia muSakTa is

kategoria, romlebTanac kapitalisa da sxva aqtivebis

mflobelebs gansazRvruli samuSaos Sesrulebis mixedviT

saTanado anazRaurebaze gaformebuli aqvs SromiTi

xelSekruleba. TviTdasaqmebulebia pirebi (samuSaos mimcemi,

individualurad momuSaveni, koleqtiuri sawarmoebis wevrebi,

50 51

araanazRaurebad samuSaoebze momuSave Sinameurneobis muSakebi),

romlebic iReben sammarTvelo gadawyvetilebebs an am funqciebs

andoben (delegireba) sxva pirovnebebs. daqiravebulni

TavisTavad daiyofa samoqalaqo da samxedro samuSao Zalad (am

ukanasknelSi ar aRiricxeba miliciis, saSinao jarebisa da

iusticiis samxedro nawilebi), agreTve, mudmiv, droebiT,

sezonur muSakebad.

TviTdasaqmebulebi, rogorc zemoTaa naCvenebi, sxvadasxva

kategoriisaa. maT Soris:

1. samuSaos mimcemni is muSaknia, romlebic mudmivad

muSaoben sakuTar sawarmoSi da iyeneben daqiravebul Sromas;

2. individualurad momuSaveni (erTi ojaxis an

Sinameurneobis wevrebi), garkveuli Semosavlis miRebis mizniT

muSaoben mudmivad TavianT sawarmoSi da, rogorc wesi, ar

iyeneben daqiravebul Sromas (cxadia, saWiroebisa da

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi SeuZliaT gamoiyenon daqiravebuli

Sroma sezonur an SemTxveviT samuSaoebze);

3. koleqtiuri sawarmos wevrebi (daqiravebuli muSakebis

garda) is pirnia, romlebic rogorc koleqtiuri sawarmos

mewileebi, muSaoben mocemul koleqtiur sawarmoSi;

4. araanazRaurebad samuSaoze momuSaveni, romlebic

Sromas ewevian naTesavebis ojaxur meurneobebSi.

amis msgavsad xdeba, agreTve, umuSevrebis statusis

gansazRvra wina periodSi ukanaskneli dasaqmebis xasiaTis

mixedviT.

amis garda 1988 wlidan arsebobs, agreTve, ekonomikaSi

dasaqmebulTa saerTaSoriso standartuli klasifikacia (dssk-

88), romelic gamoyofs momuSaveTa 10 saklasifikacio jgufs.

es kategoriebia:

1. marTvis organoebis xelmZRvanelebi;

2. umaRlesi donis kvalifikaciis specialistebi;

3. saSualo donis kvalifikaciis specialistebi;

4. mosamsaxureebi (aRricxvisa da momsaxurebis,

informaciis momwodeblebi, gamformeblebi da sxv.);

5. momsaxurebis sferos (vaWrobis, sabinao-komunaluri da

sxv.) muSakni;

6. soflis meurneobis, xetyis da samonadiro meurneobis

kvalificiuri muSakni;

7. samrewvelo, samSeneblo, satransporto,

kavSirgabmulobis, samxatvro, geologiuri da wiaRiseuli

sawarmoebis kvalificiuri muSakni;

8. operatorebi, memanqaneebi da sxv.;

9. kvalificiuri muSebi;

10. samxedro Zalebi.

esaa dasaqmebulTa dargobrivi klasifikacia. amasTan

erTad sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis doneze gamoiyofa

xelmZRvanelebis (marTvis Tanamdebobis pirni), specialistebis

(sainJinro-teqnikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva msgavsi samuSaoebis),

momsaxureebis (dokumentebis gamformeblebis, informaciis

momzadebis, aRricxva-kontrolis da sxv.) da muSebis (uSualod

sawarmoo, satransporto, teqnologiuri operatorebis

Semsrulebelni da sxv.) kategoriebi.

statistika Seiswavlis, agreTve, samuSao Zalis

moZraobas, Semadgenlobas sqesis, asakis, profesiebis,

ganaTlebisa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT.

samuSao Zalis moZraobasa da gamoyenebas axasiaTebs

siobrivi, saSualo siobrivi, samuSaoze gamocxadebulTa,

faqtobrivad momuSaveTa ricxvi, cvladobis, cvlis reJimis

gamoyenebis, samuSao Zalis brunvis intensivobis koeficientebi.

siobriv ricxvSi Seitaneba samuSaoze erT dReze meti

xniT miRebuli yvela (mudmivi, sezonuri da droebiTi)

momuSave. amrigad, am siaSi moxvdeba rogorc samuSaoze

gamocxadebulni, aseve sxvadasxva mizeziT (mivlineba,

avadmyofoba) samuSaoze aragamocxadebulebi, sxva sawarmodan

mivlinebulni da a.S.

siobrivi ricxvi ganisazRvreba drois ama Tu im

momentisaTvis, magaliTad 1 ianvrisaTvis. raodenobrivad igi

dadgindeba Semdegnairad: wina dRis siobriv ricxvSi myofT,

52 53

mimatebuli mocemul dRes siobriv ricxvSi CarTuli da

gamoklebuli siobrivi ricxvidan amoRebuli.

saSualo siobrivi ricxvi ganisazRvreba saangariSo Tvis

yvela kalendaruli dRis siobrivi jamis (gamosasvlel da uqme

dReebSi siobriv ricxvad CaiTvleba wina samuSao dRis siobrivi

ricxvi) gayofiT Tvis kalendarul dReTa ricxvze (28, 29, 30

an 31). aseTi meTodi gamoiyeneba maSinac, roca sawarmo axalia

da ar umuSavnia srul Tves.

magram aseTi wesiT gaangariSebuli saSualosiobrivi

ricxvi ar gamogvadgeba saSualo xelfasisa da Sromis

nayofierebis gaangariSebisaTvis, vinaidan masSi moxvda is

pirebic, romlebic xelfass ar Rebuloben mocemul sawarmoSi

(damatebiT SvebulebaSi myofi dedebi, studentebi, romlebic

imyofebian sawarmoo praqtikaze da sxv.), amitom aseTi

kategoriis muSakebi unda gamoiTiSnon siobrivi ricxvidan da

Semdeg imave wesiT davadginoT saSualosiobrivi ricxvi.

Tveebis mixedviT saSualosiobrivi ricxvis safuZvelze

(martivi saSualo ariTmetikulis gamoyenebiT) ganisazRvreba

kvartalis an wlis saSualosiobrivi ricxvi.

samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

maCvenebelia cvladobis koeficienti. igi gaiangariSeba samive

cvlaSi namuSevari (Tu muSaobis reJimi samcvliania)

kaccvlebis ricxvis gayofiT umaRles cvlaSi gamomuSavebuli

kaccvlebis ricxvze (rogorc wesi umaRlesia pirveli cvla,

romelSic yvelaze meti muSa gamodis samuSaoze). Tu

cvladobis koeficients SeufardebT cvlis reJimiT dawesebuli

cvlebis raodenobas, miviRebT cvlis reJimis gamoyenebis

koeficients.

samuSao Zalis brunvis intensivobas gansazRvravs samuSao

Zalis brunva miRebisa da daTxovnis mixedviT, denadobis

koeficienti, kadrebis mudmivobisa da cvalebadobis

koeficientebi. Tu samuSaoze miRebulTa da samuSaodan

daTxovnilTa ricxvs cal-calke SevufardebT mocemul

periodSi saSualosiobriv ricxvs, miviRebT samuSao Zalis

brunvis koeficientebs Sesabamisad miRebisa da daTxovnis

mixedviT. samuSaodan wasulTa erTi nawili (samxedro

savaldebulo samsaxurSi, saswavlebelSi wasvla da a.S.)

gansazRvravs aucilebel brunvas, xolo meore (sakuTari

nebasurviliT, Sromis disciplinis darRveviT,

kvalifikaciisadmi SeufereblobiT da sxv.) - zedmet brunvas

anu denadobas. Tu zedmeti brunvis ricxvs SeufardebT

saSualosiobriv ricxvs, miviRebT denadobis koeficients. misi

gadideba metyvelebs kadrebian arasakmao muSaobaze da iwvevs

mraval urayofiT movlenas.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve kadrebis mudmivobisa da

cvalebadobis maCveneblebis gaangariSebas biznesSi. samuSao

Zalis erTi nawili mudmivad muSaobs mTeli saangariSo

periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tu maT ricxvs gavyofT saSualo

siobriv ricxvze, miviRebT mudmivobis koeficients. samuSao

Zalis meore nawili cvalebadia. Tu miRebis raodenobas

gamovaklebT wasulTa raodenobas da gavyofT saSualosiobriv

ricxvze, miviRebTa kadrebis cvalebadobis koeficients. am

koeficientis gadideba dadebiTad moqmedebs sawarmos muSaobaze,

vinaidan sawarmos rekonstruqcia-gafarToeba moiTxovs axali

samuSao Zalis miRebis aucileblobas da saTanadod aisaxeba

produqciis gamoSvebis gadidebaSi.

kadrebis moZraobas Tvis, kvartlisa da wlis

ganmavlobaSi asaxavs samuSao Zalis balansebi. balansi moicavs

samuSao Zalis raodenobas periodis dasawyisSi, mis matebasa da

klebas periodis ganmavlobaSi da raodenobas periodis bolos.

amasTan, mateba da kleba unda gaiSifros wyaroebisa da

mizezebis mixedviT. matebis wyaroebia: organizebuli Segroveba,

umaRlesi da saSualo specialuri saswavleblebidan miRebulni,

sxva sawarmodan gadmoyvanili da a.S. klebas gansazRvravs

gaTavisufleba xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis gamo, samxedro

savaldebulo samsaxurSi wasvla da sxv.

balansis TiToeul muxlSi SeiZleba gamoiyos sqesi,

asaki, kvalifikacia, staJi, ganaTleba da sxva niSnebi.

54 55

soflis meurneobaSi samuSao Zalis balansebi moicavs

mozardebs 12-11 wlamde, sapensio asakis mqone da sxva pirebs,

romlebic muSaoban agrofirmebSi. amitom am balansebSi samuSao

Zalis raodenoba ara marto fizikur erTeulebSi gamoisaxeba,

aramed pirobiT srul Sromis unarianTa raodenobaSic.

samuSao Zalis statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

maCvenebelia kadrebis momzadeba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba.

kadrebis momzadeba sawarmoebSi warmoebs, rogorc

individualuri ise brigaduli formiT, agreTve kvalifikaciis

amaRlebis skolebSi da a.S. statistikam unda daadginos

momzadebuli kadrebis ricxvi profesiebis momzadebis

wyaroebis, kvalifikaciisa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT.

sawarmoebSi muSaTa kvalifikaciis doneze msjeloben saSualo

Tanrigis mixedviT. mas angariSoben saSualo Sewonili

ariTmetikulis gamoyenebiT, sadac variantebis mniSvnelobaa

Tanrigebi, xolo wonebi - TiToeuli Tanrigis muSaTa

raodenoba. saSualo Tanrigis amaRleba niSnavs kvalifikaciis

donis amaRlebas biznesSi, rac ganapirobebs Sromis

nayofierebis zrdas.

samuSao Zalis gamoyenebas axasiaTebs samuSao drois,

agreTve, Sromis pirobebisa da maTi dacvis statistika.

arsebobs kalendaruli, satabelo, maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli,

gamocxadebuli da faqtiurad namuSevari drois fondebi.

samuSao drois balanss biznesSi aqvs Semdegi tolobis

forma:

a) muSaobis faqtobrivi drois fonds + mTliani

mocdenebi = gamocxadebuli muSaobis drois fonds;

b) gamocxadebuli muSaobis drois fonds +

aragamocxadebani = maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli muSaobis drois

fonds;

g) gamocxadebuli muSaobis drois fonds + morigi

Svebulebani = satabelo drois fonds;

d) satabelo drois fonds + gamosasvleli da uqme

dReebi = kalendaruli drois fonds.

samuSao drois balansebi moicavs, rogorc sasargeblo

muSaobas, aseve danakargebs. es maCveneblebi unda Seudardes

gegmurs da miviRebT samuSao drois gamoyenebis maCvaneblebs.

amisaTvis xSirad angariSoben erTi muSis an muSakis mier

gamomuSavebuli dReebis raodenobas mocemul periodSi.

magaliTad, Tu weliwadSi mTlianad gamomuSavebulia 22000

kacdRe da saSualosiobrivma ricxvma Seadgina 1000 kaci, maSin

erT kacze modis 220 dRe. Tu gegmuri maCvenebeli Seadgenda

260 dRes, maSin samuSao drois gamoyeneba udris:

%6.84100260

220

analizisaTvis mniSvnelovania, agreTve, biznesSi samuSao

dRis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli, romelsac

angariSoben mocemul periodSi gamomuSavebuli kacsaaTebis

SefardebiT erTi muSis mier faqtobrivad namuSevari dReebis

ricxvze. es maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba ori wesiT. Tu

mxedvelobaSi miviReT, rogorc ganakveTuri, ise zeganakveTuri

saaTebis raodenobas, maSin gaangariSebuli maCvenebeli

warmoadgens samuSao dRis srul xangrZlivobas, xolo Tu

gamovTiSavT sazeganakveTo saaTebs, maSin ganakveTuri samuSao

dRis xangrZlivobas. swored es ukanaskneli unda SevudaroT

Sesabamis gegmur xangrZlivobas da miviRebT samuSao dRis

gamoyenebis koeficients, romlis gadideba Sromis nayofierebis

amaRlebisa da TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani faqtoria.

samuSao Zalis statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

maCvenebelia biznesSi Sromis pirobebisa da dacvis

statistikuri maxasiaTeblebi. is moicavs Sromis meqanizaciisa

da muSebis spectansacmliT, specfexsacmliT, profilaqtikuri

miznebisaTvis sawarmoebis xarjze muSebis kvebis produqtebiT

(rZe, qoni da sxv.) momaragebas, travmatizmis, daavadebaTa

gavrcelebis Sesabamis maCveneblebs. magaliTad, travmatizmis

Seswavlis mizniT statistika adgens sikvdilianobis, droebiT

Sromis unaris dakargvis, mudmivad dainvalidebis da sxvaTa

56 57

SemTxvevebs 1000 kacze procentobiT momuSaveTa

saSualosiobrivi ricxvis mimarT da a.S.

daavadebaTa Seswavla mizezebis mixedviT miuTiTebs

sanitarul-higienuri pirobebis doneze biznesSi, rac Sromis

dacvis pirobebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

winapirobaa.

biznesSi samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia Sromis nayofiereba. is konkretuli

Sromis Sedegianobaa, romlis amaRlebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs

sameurneo mSeneblobisa da mravali socialur-ekonomikuri

amocanis gadasaWrelad. misi gadideba gulisxmobs muSis

(muSakis) mier gamomuSavebuli produqciis erTeulze

daxarjuli drois Semcirebas.

statistika swavlobs biznesSi Sromis nayofierebis

dones, dinamikas, maszed moqmed faqtorebs raodenobrivi

TvalsazrisiT da sxva sakiTxebs.

Sromis nayofierebis done gaizomeba drois erTeulSi

gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobiT an piriqiT, gamoSvebuli

produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli drois raodenobiT. Tu

gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobas aRvniSnavT q-iT,

daxarjuli drois raodenobas T -iT, Sromis nayofierebis done

gamoisaxeba Semdegi formuliT: T

q

sadac q

Tt

produqciis erTeulis Sromatevadobaa.

erTimeorisagan asxvaveben saaTobriv, dRiur, Tviur,

kvartalur da wliur Sromis nayofierebas.

saaTobrivi Sromis nayofiereba gaiangariSeba mocemul

periodSi gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobis SefardebiT amave

periodSi ZiriTadi da damxmare muSebis mier daxarjuli

kacsaaTebis raodenobasTan. es maCvenebeli ar moicavs gacdenebs,

mocdenebs da drois sxva danakargebs. amitom is Sromis

nayofierebis yvelaze zusti maCvenebelia.

dRiuri Sromis nayofiereba gaizomeba gamoSvebuli

produqciis SefardebiT muSebis mier gamomuSavebuli

kacTdReebis raodenobasTan. am maCveneblebze ukve gavlenas

axdens Sigacvlis mocdenebi.

Tviur Sromis nayofierebas angariSoben TveSi

gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobis gayofiT muSebis (miiReba

erTi muSis Sromis nayofiereba) an muSakTa (miiReba erTi

muSakis Sromis nayofiereba) saSualosiobriv ricxvze. es

maCvenebeli ukve damokidebulia Tvis ganmavlobaSi samuSao

drois gamoyenebaze. gaangariSebis msgavsi meTodi gamoiyeneba

saSualokvartaluri da saSualowliuri Sromis nayofierebis

gasaangariSeblad.

Sromis nayofierebis dinamika izomeba naturaluri,

SromiTi da RirebulebiTi indeqsebiT.

naturaluri indeqsi gamoiyeneba biznesSi erTsaxeliani

produqciis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi. igi aris cvalebadi,

fiqsirebuli da struqturuli Semadgenlobis.

statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa gaarkvios

calkeuli faqtoris (am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli firmis

Sromisnayofierebisa da xvedriTi wilis anu struqturuli

cvalebadobis) gavlena saerTo maCveneblis cvlilebaze.

swored am amocanis gadasawyvetad gamoiyeneba

statistikaSi cvalebadi, fiqsirebuli da struqturuli

Semadgenlobis indeqsebi.

Sromisnayofierebis gaangariSebis zogadi principi

erTnairia meurneobis yvela dargSi. magram gamoSvebuli

produqciisa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos gazomvis specifika

ganapirobebs Sromisnayofierebis donisa da dinamikis dadgenis

Taviseburebebs mrewvelobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi,

mSeneblobaSi, transportsa da vaWrobaSi.

58 59

mrewvelobaSi Sromis nayofiereba SeiZleba gaangariSebul

iqnes warmoebuli an realizebuli sabazro produqciis

Rirebulebis mixedviT.

soflis meurneobaSi Sromis nayofierebis gaangariSebis

specifika isaa, rom aq cocxali Sroma ixarjeba ara ubralod

mza produqciis Seqmnaze, rogorc mrewvelobasa da

mSeneblobaSi, aramed miwis, mravalwliani nargavebisa da

pirutyvis movlaze. amitom aq jer iangariSeba Sromis

nayofierebis arasruli maeCveneblebi - cocxali Sromis

danaxarjebi erTi ha naTes farTobze an erT sul pirutyvze T

da Semdeg sruli maCveneblebi (1 ha naTesi farTobidan an 1

suli pirutyvidan miRebuli produqciis moculobaze q

gayofiT):

q

Tt

sadac t produqciis erTeulis Sromatevadobaa.

maSasadame, Sromis nayofierebis dinamika soflis

meurneobaSi gaiangariSeba sabaziso periodis Sromatevadobis

0

0

q

T

SefardebiT saangariSo periodis Sromatevadobaze 1

1

q

T

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

0 :q

q

T

T

q

T

q

Tj

maSasadame, Sromis nayofierbis indeqsi soflis

meurneobaSi gaizomeba Sromatevadobisa 1

0

T

T

da mosavlianobis an

produqtiulobis

0

1

q

q indeqsebis namravliT.

mSeneblobaSi gamoSvebuli produqcia da Sromis

nayofierebac izomeba Sesrulebuli samSeneblo-samontaJo

samuSaoebis saxarjTaRricxvo RirebulebiT.

transportSi Sromis nayofierebis gasazomad gadaziduli

tvirTi (tona-kilometrebi) da gadayvanili mgzavrebi (mgzavr-

kilometrebi) gadaiyvaneba erT pirobiT - naturalur

erTeulSi. gadayvanisaTvis praqtikaSi miRebulia, rom 1 t/km

tolia erTi mgzavr-kilometrisa. gansxvavebulia mxolod

sahaero transportze, sadac 1 t/km-is TviTRirebuleba etoleba

11,12 mgzavr/kilometrs. yvela saxis transportis muSaobis

moculoba, gadayvanili pirobiT naturaluri zomis erTeulSi

gaiyofa muSakTa saSualo ricxvze da miiReba Sromis

nayofierebis done. am doniT xdeba, agreTve, misi dinamikis

gazomvac.

vaWrobaSi Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculoba gamoisaxeba

saqonelbrunviT (realizacia, Sesyidva an miwodeba) naturalur

an RirebulebiT zomis erTeulebSi. am maCvenebliT gaizomeba

Sromis nayofierebis done da dinamika wlebis mixedviT.

60 61

samuSao Zalaze danaxarjebisa da SromiTi konfliqtebis

statistika

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi biznesmenebs da menejerebs

ainteresebT ara marto xelfasis, aramed samuSao Zalis

daqiravebaze mTliani danaxarjebis moculoba, struqtura da

dinamika. Sromis statistikosebis me-11 saerTaSoriso

konferenciis rezoluciaSi Cawerilia: ,,samuSao Zalaze

danaxarjebi aris samuSao Zalis daqiravebasa da Senaxvaze

gaweuli xarjebi, kerZod:

1. pirdapiri xelfasi

2. gamoumuSavebuli drois anazRaureba (Svebuleba,

sadResaswaulo dasvenebis dReebi)

3. premiebi da fuladi jildoebi

4. kveba, sawvavis xarji da sxva naturaluri

danaxarjebi

5. binis danaxarjebi

6. danaxarjebi socialur uzrunvelyofaze

7. profesiuli kvalifikaciis amaRlebisTvis swavlis

xarjebi

8. kulturul-sayofacxovrebo xarjebi

9. da sxva.

10. gadasaxadebi, rogorc Sromis Rirebuleba.

amitom statistikam unda Seiswavlos zemoT CamoTvlili

danaxarjebis moculoba, struqtura da dinamika, rac

biznesmenebs, ekonomistebs, menejerebs miscems swori

strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSavebis saSualebas adamianTa

resursebis marTvis saqmeSi.

Sromis anazRaureba firmebSi, organizaciebsa da

dawesebulebebi warmoebs ori formiT: droiTi da sanardo.

sanardo formis dros anazRaurebis sidides gansazRvravs

Sesrulebuli samuSaos an momsaxurebis moculoba da xarisxi.

misi sistemebia: pirdapiri sanardo, sanardo-premiuli, sanardo-

progresuli, akordul-premiuli. pirdapiri sanardos pirobebSi

anazRaurebis sidide gamoSvebuli produqciis an Sesrulebuli

samuSaos erTeulisaTvis ar icvleba. sanardo-premiulis dros

amasTan erTad miRweuli xarisxobrivi maCveneblebisaTvis

gaicema premiac. sanardo-progresulis SemTxvevaSi winaswar

dadgenili gamomuSavebis normis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis

TiToeuli procentisaTvis Sefaseba anu anazRaureba

produqciis, an Sesrulebuli samuSaos erTeulisaTvis

progresulad diddeba. akordulis dros Sesrulebuli

samuSaosaTvis anazRaureba gaicema winaswari SeTanxmebis

mixedviT, xolo akordul-premiulis dros, garda amisa emateba

premiebic xarisxobrivi maCveneblebisaTvis.

sanardo anazRaureba 2 saxisaa: individualuri da

koleqtiuri anu brigaduli. individualuris dros TiToeuli

muSakis anazRaureba damokidebulia piradad misi Sromis

Sedegebze, xolo brigadulis pirobebSi - brigadis, koleqtivis

Sromis saerTo Sedegebze. es ukanaskneli misi efeqturobis

gamo ufro met gavrcelebas poulobs Tanamedrove pirobebSi.

droiTi forma gulisxmobs anazRaurebis gacemas

gamomuSavebuli droisa da kvalifikaciis mixedviT. mas ori

sistema gaaCnia: martivi droiTi da droiTi premiuli. martivi

droiTi xelfasis pirobebSi anazRaurebis moculoba

ganisazRvreba satarifo ganakveTiTa (ama Tu im kvalifikaciis

muSis erTi saaTis anazRaureba) da namuSevari drois

namravliT, xolo droiTi premiulis SemTxvevaSi masTan erTad

gaicema premiebic raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi

maCveneblebisaTvis.

firmebSi, sawarmoebsa da dawesebulebebSi aRiricxeba

xelfasis saaTobrivi, dRiuri da Tviuri fondebi.

saaTobriv fondSi Sedis anazRaureba satarifo

ganakveTebis mixedviT, premiebi, anazRaureba ZiriTadi

Sefasebebis mixedviT, danamatebi monarde muSebisaTvis

progresuli SefasebebiT, danamatebi Ramis saaTebSi

muSaobisaTvis, danamatebi brigadirobisaTvis da sxva.

62 63

saaTobrivi fondi SeiZleba gaangariSebul iqnes Tviurad,

kvartalurad da wliurad.

dRiur fondSi Seitaneba saaTobrivi fondi da agreTve,

CvilbavSviani dedebis anazRaureba damatebiTi SvebulebisaTvis,

cvlisSiga mocdenebisaTvis muSisagan damoukidebeli mizezebiT,

zeganakveTuri muSaobisaTvis da sxv.

Tviuri fondi moicavs dRiur fonds da agreTve,

anazRaurebas kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad mivlinebulTaTvis,

morigi damatebiTi SvebulebisaTvis, warmoebisgan mowyvetiT

moswavle axalgazrdebisaTvis, ufaso komunaluri momsaxurebis

Rirebulebas da sxvas.

xelfasis analizi warmoebs absoluturi da SefardebiTi

maCveneblebiT.

absoluturi gadaxra (gadaxarjva an ekonomia)

gamovlindeba faqtobrivad daricxuli xelfasis donis

SedarebiT absolutur fondTan. magram es maCvenebeli ar iZleva

xelfasis fondis xarjvis swor suraTs. es gamowveulia imiT,

rom xelfasis absoluturi fondi mocemulia produqciis 100-

iT Sesrulebis pirobebisaTvis. magram faqtobrivad daricxuli

xelfasi Seesabameba sawarmoo davalebaTa Sesrulebis

faqtobriv maCveneblebs. amasTan, produqciis gadaWarbebiT

gegmis Sesrulebis 1%-ze ar ixarjeba xelfasis 1%, vinaidan

yvela kategoriis muSakTagan mxolod erTi nawilis (sanardo

anazRaurebaze myofi muSakis an sxv. kategoriis) xelfasi

diddeba produqciis gamoSvebis pirdapirproporciulad. es

garemoebani gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas biznesSi xelfasis

analizis dros.

Sromis anazRaurebis statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

maCvenebelia Sromis saSualo anazRaureba.

Sromis saSualo anazRaurebis gasaangariSeblad saWiroa

gaviTvaliswinoT, rogorc xelfasi, aseve sxva saxis

gacemulobani. wliurad maTi jamis Sefardeba muSakTa

saSualowliur ricxvTan mogvcems saSualowliur anazRaurebas.

erTimeorisagan ansxvaveben saSualo saaTobriv, saSualodRiur

da saSualoTviur xelfass. pirveli gaiangariSeba xelfasis

saaTobrivi fondis SefardebiT namuSevari kacsaaTebis ricxvTan,

meore - xelfasis dRiuri fondiT SefardebiT namuSevari

kacdReebis raodenobasTan, xolo mesame - xelfasis Tviuri

fondis gayofiT muSakTa saSualosiobriv ricxvze. am

maCveneblebis mixedviT SeiZleba gaizomos saSualo xelfasis

dinamikac.

Sromisa da anazRaurebis pirobebis gauareseba biznesSi

Zalian xSirad iwvevs SromiT konfliqtebs damqiravebelTa da

daqiravebulTa Soris. amitom statistikam unda Seiswavlos,

agreTve, SromiTi konfliqtebis raodenoba, struqtura da

dinamika. am SeswavlaSi unda gaiTvaliswinos 1993 wlis Sromis

statistikosTa saerTaSoriso konferenciis mier miRebuli

normebi.

statistikosebi Seiswavlian biznesSi konfliqtebis

(warmoebis SeCerebiTa da SeCerebis gareSe), gaficvlebis,

lokautebis (ramdenime samuSao adgilis sruli an nawilobrivi

daxurva) saerTo raodenobas mizezebis (xelfasis, premiis

Semcireba, Tavisdroze gaucemloba, Sromis pirobebis Secvla

sxva muSebisadmi mxardaWera da a.S.) mixedviT, warmoebis

danakargebs, konfliqtSi monawileTa xvedriT wils da sxva

maCveneblebs, rac biznesmenebisa da menejerebisaTvis

aucilebeli informaciaa biznesis marTvis saqmeSi.

statistikaSi ganasxvaveben SromiTi konfliqtebis Semdeg

saxeobebs:

1. samuSaoebis Sewyvetis gareSe SromiTi konfliqtebi. aseT

SemTxvevaSi sakonfliqto mxareebis mier wamoyenebuli

moTxovnebis gadawyvetas molaparakebiT axorcieleben an

warmarTaven iseT saqmianobas arasamuSao drois monakveTSi,

romlebic uzrunvelyofen konfliqtis mogvarebas.

2. samuSaoebis SewyvetiT SromiTi konfliqtebi, romelTa

or saxeobas gamoyofen:gaficvebi da lokautebi.

gaficvebi aris mSromelTa erTi an ramdenime jgufis mier

samuSaoebis droebiTi Sewyveta Tavis moTxovnebis SeTavazebis

64 65

mizniT, an win aRudgebian, gamoxaton TavianTi ukmayofileba

administraciis gadawyvetilebaze an mxari dauWiron danarCeni

mSromelebis moTxovnebsa da ukmayofilebas.

lokauti moicavs warmoebis gaCerebas da xelfasebis

gacemis Sewyvetas, raTa profesiuli kavSiri iZulebuli gaxdes

daTanxmdes damqiraveblis (administraciis) mier SeTavazebul

pirobebs.

statistikis praqtikaSi gamoyofen konfliqtebis or fgufs:

konfliqtebis pirvel jgufs miakuTvneben konfliqtebs,

romlebic warmoiSvnen koleqtiuri SromiTi xelSekrulebis

SedgenisaTvis, mewarmeebis warmomadgenlebsa da mSromelTa

profesiul organizaciebs Soris warmarTuli molaparakebis

procesSi, Semdegi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas:

- dasaqmebuloba(sakadro politika, personalis

gadaadgileba, sawarmos daxurva, personalis kvalifikacia),

- xelfasebi, premiebi da Sromis anazRaurebis danarCeni

sakiTxebi,

- Sromis pirobebi (samuSao drois xangrZlivoba, Sromis

organizacia da Sromis usafrTxoeba),

- profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianoba.

- mSromelTa sxva jgufebisadmi mxardaWera samuSaos

momcemTaTvis moTxovnebis wayenebis gareSe,

- mTavrobis ekonomikuri da socialuri politikisadmi

protestis gamoxatva an politikuri moTxovnebis wamoyeneba,

- danarCeni mizezebi, romlebmac molaparakebani CixSi

moamwyvdies da sxva.

meore jgufis konfliqtebi warmoSobilia ara koleqtiuri

SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sedgenisas, aramed Sromis

anazRaurebis pirobebiT (Sromis anazRaurebis vadebis darRveva,

xelfasis gadideba, inflaciebi).

SromiTi konfliqtebis Sesaxeb informaciebs agroveben

yovelTviurad. maTi detaluri analizis sawarmoeblad

monacemebis dajgufebas awarmoeben Semdegi mimarTulebebiT:

SromiT konfliqtebSi monawileTa jgufebis ricxovnobis

dadgena, konfliqtebis raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, romlebic monawileobdnen

konfliqtebSi, samuSao drois danakargebis raodenoba, erTi

gaficvis saSualo xangrZlivoba da a.S. es maCveneblebi

muSavdeba calkeuli dargebis, regionebisa da qveynis masStabiT.

SromiTi konfliqtebis saerTaSoriso SedarebebisaTvis

rekomendebulia Semdegi maCveneblebis gamoyeneba:

1. yovel 1000 muSakze konfliqtebis Sedegad samuSao

drois danakargebi:

;1000ricxovnoba siobrivi saSualo muSakebis

dro samuSao dakarguli Sedegad iskonfliqteb

2. mSromelTa konfliqtSi monawileTa ricxvi yovel 1000

mSromelze:

.1000ricxovnoba siobrivi saSualo muSakebis

ricxvi monawileTa konfliqtSi mSromelTa

rogorc analizi uCvenebs, Cvens qveyanaSi gaficvebs da sxva

saxis samuSaos Sewyvetis procesebs ara aqvT masStaburi

xasiaTi, es im azrs adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika

jerjerobiT muSaobs arasruli dasaqmebis reJimSi, miuxedavad

amisa, mSromelTa mxridan ukmayofilebis gamoxatvis mizezad

rCeba Sromis anazRaurebis gadaxdis vadebis uxeSi darRvevebi,

fasebis zrdis pirobebSi Semosavlebis indeqsebis

gamouyenebloba, xelfasebis dabali done da a.S.

66 67

Tema 3. sabanko da sadazRvevo statistika

ekonomikuri Teoriis ganmartebiT krediti (laT.

Credirum sesxi, vali) droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis

an saqonlis gacema valad gansazRvruli vadiT fiqsirebuli

procentis safasurad.

ganasxvaveben moklevadian (erT wlamde), saSualovadian

(erTi wlidan sam wlamde) da grZelvadian (sam welze meti

xangrZlivobiT) kreditebs. sakredito urTierTobebs bankebi

(ZiriTadad komerciuli) awarmoeben kreditorebTan. amitom

statistika sabanko-sakredito saqmianobas swavlobs qveyanaSi an

regionSi bankebis saWiroebis, TviT bankebis funqcionirebis da

bankebis sakredito maCveneblebis mixedviT.

bankebis saWiroebis statistikuri maCveneblebis

safuZvelze gaiangariSeba mocemul qveyanaSi biznesis da

mewarmoebis ganviTarebis mixedviT organizaciebisa da

mosaxleobis Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis nakadis saerTo

moculoba. am maCveneblisa da erTi bankis momsaxurebis

moculobis safuZvelze SeiZleba dadgindes bankebis saWiro

raodenoba mocemul periodSi. aq gaiangariSeba, agreTve,

bankebisa da maTi filialebis saerTo qselis sidide, maTi

raodenoba 100,0 aTas macxovrebelze da Sefardeba bankebis

siWarbe an nakleboba mocemul regionSi. sxvadasxva

statistikur maCvenebelTa safuZvelze angariSoben sabanko

saqmianobis pirobebis SefardebiTi mimzidvelobis indeqss

Semdegi formulis daxmarebiT:

55

4

321

1I

IIIII

sadac I - sabanko saqmianobis pirobebis SedarebiTi

mimzidvelobis indeqsia;

1I - safinanso nakadebis moculobis indeqsia mocemul

qveyanaSi an regionSi;

2I - safinanso nakadebis koncentraciis indeqsia;

3I - bankebis an filialebis raodenobis indeqsia;

4I - arasafinanso operaciebis xvedriTi wilis indeqsi;

5I - realuri aqtivebis dinamikis indeqsi.

formulaSi motanili pirveli indeqsi gviCvenebs sabanko

saqmianobisaTvis saWiro fuladi resursebis dinamikas (Tu

izrdeba indeqsi, mimzidveloba matulobs an piriqiT). safinanso

nakadebis koncentracia anu moculoba erT moqmed bankze an

filialze bankTaSorisi konkurenciis maCvenebelia imdenad,

ramdenadac dabali koncentraciis SemTxvevaSi bankTaSorisi

konkurencia maRalia, xolo maRali koncentraciis SemTxvevaSi

sabanko saqmianobisadmi mimzidvelobis xarisxi dabalia da

konkurenciac klebulobs.

mesame indeqsi gviCvenebs bankebis raodenobis zrdis an

klebis tendencias (zrdis SemTxvevaSi - mimzidveloba izrdeba,

xolo klebis SemTxvevaSi - mcirdeba).

meoTxe indeqsi arasafinanso operaciebis anu sxva saxis

biznesiT (samrewvelo, samSeneblo da a.S.) bankis dakavebuloba

amcirebs bankebis zrdisadmi interess anu mimzidvelobas.

bolos realuri aqtivebis zrda adidebs sabanko biznesisadmi

mimzidvelobis xarisxs.

aqve saWiroa ganvmartoT ra aris realuri aqtivebi.

sabanko aqtivebisa da pasivebis absoluturi anu normaluri

moculoba ver daaxasiaTebs srulyofilad bankebis gaxsnisadmi

mimzidvelobis xarisxs. amitom statistikaSi gamoiyeneba

realuri aqtivebi. zemoT motanili mizidulobis indeqsis

safuZvelze biznesmenebsa da moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT airCion esa

Tu is banki regionSi da masTan awarmoon urTierTobani.

68 69

sakredito Tanxebis gamoyenebis maCveneblad statistikaSi

cnobilia sami ZiriTadi indikatori:

kreditis brunvis ricxvi ( K ), kreditis brunvadoba

dReebSi ( t ), produqciis gamoSvebis moculoba sakredito

resursebis erT larze. brunvaTa ricxvi ( K ) ganisazRvreba

Semdegi formuliT:

S

QK

sadac, K - brunvaTa ricxvia mocemul periodSi (Tve,

kvartali, weli);

Q - kreditis brunva gacemis an dafarvis mixedviT;

S - kreditis saSualo naSTebi.

kreditis saSualo naSTi TveSi ganisazRvreba Tvis

dasawyissa da Tvis bolos sakredito davalianebaTa jamis orze

SefardebiT, saSualokvartaluri naSTi sami Tvis saSualos,

xolo saSualowliuri - oTxi kvartlis saSualos mixedviT.

Tu gvaqvs mocemuli ramdenime Tvis dasawyisisaTvis sakredito

davalianebaTa naSTebi, maSin saSualoTviuri naSTi gaiangariSeba

saSualo qronologiuris daxmarebiT.

kreditis dReebSi brunvadobis gasaangariSeblad saWiroa

mocemuli periodis kalendaruli dReebis ricxvis (T )

Sefardeba brunvadobis koeficientTan:

K

Tt

sadac, T - kalendaruli dReebis ricxvia mocemul

periodSi. gacemuli kreditis erT larze damatebiT

gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba gaiangariSeba gamoSvebuli

produqciis (gacemuli kreditis gamoyenebis xarjze)

SefardebiT gacemuli kreditis moculobasTan. Tu izrdeba am

maCveneblisa da agreTve, brunvadobis koeficientis mniSvneloba

da mcirdeba brunvadoba dReebSi, umjobesdeba kreditis

gamoyenebis efeqtianoba.

magaliTi. komerciuli bankis sakredito davalianebam

2009 wlis pirveli ianvrisaTvis Seadgina 9.2 mln lari,

xolo wlis bolos anu 2010 wlis dasawyisSi 12,8 lari.

kreditis brunvam dabrunebadobis mixedviT Seadgina 40,0 mln

lari.

amoxsna

saSualowliuri sakredito naSTebi Seadgens:

112

8.122.9

S mln lars.

brunvadobis koeficienti: 64.311

0.40

S

QK

brunvadoba dReebSi: 9964.3

360

K

Tt dRe

Tanamedrove sabanko sistemaSi erTerTi mniSvnelovani

adgili uWiravs mosaxleobis Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis

mobilizacias da miznobriv gamoyenebas. amis garda bankebi

awarmoeben, agreTve, sakredito operaciebs, mosaxleobidan

sabinao qiris, sayofacxovrebo da kavSirabmulobis momsaxurebis

gadaxdisa da sxva operaciebs, rac afarToebs maTi moqmedebis

sferos da pasuxismgeblobas Tavisufali fuladi Tanxebis

efeqturad gamoyenebis saqmeSi.

mosaxloebis Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebi, rac bankebSi

Seitaneba anabrebis saxiT, SeiZleba iyos mokiTxvamde, vadiani

da momgebiani, xolo gacemuli krediti SeiZleba iyos rogorc

moklevadiani, ise grZelvadiani.

statistika calkeuli regionebis mixedviT bankebis

saerTo qseliTa da maTi raodenobiT mosaxleobis saSualo

wliuri ricxovnobis 1000 sulze, axasiaTebs macxovrebelTa

uzrunvelyofis xarisxs saSemnaxvelo saqmis organizaciiT,

xolo meanabreTa saerTo ricxviT, maTi struqturiT qalaqisa

70 71

da soflis mcxovrebTan, agreTve, socialuri niSnebiT,

axasiaTebs anabrebis ganawilebas da a.S.

TviT anabrebs statistika swavlobs maTi saSualo

sididiT erT meanabreze (naSTebis jami gayofili meanabreTa

ricxvze) anabrebis saSualo sididiT erT mcxdovrebze, wlebis

mixedviT anabrebis absolutur matebas, zrdisa da matebis

tempebsa da sxva.

saanabro operaciebs statistika axasiaTebs Senatanebis

(mokiTxvamde, vadiani, momgebiani) saerTo brunvis, anabrebis

raodenobis, anabrebis naSTebis, dinamikis, mogebaTa raodenobis,

maTi Rirebulebis, Senaxvis saSualo vadis, brunvaTa ricxvis,

anabrebis mozidvisa da Cawolis koeficientebisa da sxva

maCveneblebis mixedviT.

am maCvenebelTa statistikur gaangariSebebSi

mniSvnelovania anabrebis saSualo naSTis gaangariSeba.

statistika mas angariSobs saSualo qronologiuris

daxmarebiT. 1

5.05.0 321

n

SSSSS n

sadac nSSSS ,,, 321 - qronologiuri periodebis

dasawyisSi anabrebis naSTebia, xolo n qronologiuri

periodebis ricxvi.

Tu Senatanebi wlis manZilze Zalian mkveTrad icvleba,

maSin umjobesia gamoviyenoT saSualo Sewonili ariTmetikulis

formula:

f

SfS

sadac S - larebis raodenoba, romlebic inaxeboda ama

Tu im periodiT;

f - Senaxvis periodis dReebis ricxvi.

Tu am formulas SevabrunebT, miviRebT Senaxvis saSualo

vadas.

wlis manZilze saSemnaxvelo bankSi sabrunavi uwyisiT

cnobilia anabrebis ukan dabrunebis Tanxa (S ). Tu am Tanxas

SevufardebT anabrebis saSualo naSTs ( S ), miviRebT

brunvadobis koeficients.

Tu wlis manZilze kalendaruli dReebis raodenobas

SevufardebT brunvadobis koeficients, miviRebT brunvadobas

dReebSi.

periodis ganmavlobaSi anabrebis Semosvlasa da gasvlas

Soris sxvaoba anabrebis mozidvis absolituri maCvenebelia.

miTi SefardebiT periodis dasawyisSi anabrebis naSTan miReba

anabrebis mozidvis koeficienti, xolo periodis ganmavlobaSi

anabrebis SemosavlobaTa jamTan - anabrebis Cawolis xarisxi.

anabrebis Cawolis koeficientisa da Senaxvis vadis mixedviT

SeiZleba vimsjeloT mosaxleobis danazogebis stabilurobaze,

rac cxovrebis donis erTerTi statistikuri maCvenebelia.

biznesisa da menejmentis saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovani

adgili uWiravs aradeterminirebul, SemTxveviT, stoqastur

movlenebsa da procesebs. amaTgan garkveuli nawili (stiqiuri

ubedurebani, avadmyofobani, avariebi, travmatizmi, ubeduri

SemTxvevebi, sikvdilianoba, mousavlianoba gvalvebis gamo da

sxva) zogjer masobriv xasiaTs Rebulobs.

amitom qveyanaSi arsebobs sadazRvevo sistema, romelic

iTvaliswinebs calkeuli pirebis socialuri dacvisa da qonebis

anazRaurebis safinanso uzrunvelyofas. statistika, rogorc

masobrivi socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis

raodenobriobis Semswavleli mecniereba, farTod gamoiyeneba am

tipis safinanso-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa Seswavlis saqmeSiac.

dazRvevis sistema SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifoebrivi da

kerZo. orive maTgani SeiZleba moicavdes socialur, pirad da

qonebriv dazRvevas.

sazogadoebaSi yvelaze adre warmoiSva qonebrivi

dazRveva, rac Tavidanve dakavSirebuli iyo avariebTan, stiqiur

ubedurebasTan da qurdobasTan. statistika Seiswavlis am

72 73

movlenebis raodenobriobas rogorc absoluturi, ise

SefardebiTi maCveneblebiT. absoluturi an moculobiTi

maCveneblebia: saerTo sadazRvevo Tanxa, sadazRvevo mindori,

sadazRvevo obieqtebis ricxvi, dazaralebuli obieqtebis

ricxvi, sadazRvevo SemTxvevaTa raodenoba da sxva. saerTo

sadazRvevo Tanxa ganisazRvreba avariebis, stiqiuri ubedurebisa

da qurdobis albaTobis mixedviT. vinaidan

urTierTdamoukidebeli SemTxveviTi sidideebia, amitom maTi

albaTobis jami udris calkeuli SemTxveviTi sididis

albaTobaTa jams;

soflis meurneobaSi qonebrivi dazRveva xSirad

vrceldeba mousavlianobis SemTxvevebze (setyva, gvalva,

stiqiuri ubedureba da sxva). Tu magaliTad, dazRveva 50%-

iania, maSin saxelmwifo aanazRaurebs saSualo saheqtaro da

faqtiur mosavlianobaTa Soris sxvaobis naxevars da a.S.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli da didmasStabiania socialuri

dazRveva. saxelmwifo institucionaluri erTeulebis

miznobrivi socialuri anaricxebis xarjze qmnis biujets,

romelsac Semdeg iyenebs moqalaqeTa dazRvevisaTvis

avadmyofobis, travmatizmis, sapensio, mSobiarobis, Cvili

bavSvebis da sxvaTa uzrunvelsayofad. statistika Seiswavlis

araSromisunarianTa saerTo ricxovnobas, maT struqturas,

sqesis, asakis, socialuri da sxva niSnebis mixedviT,

daavadebaTa saerTo ricxovnobas, dedebis da Cvili bavSvebis

saerTo ricxovnobas, romelsac gaeweva ufaso samedicino

momsaxureba, daxmarebani fexmZimobisa da mSobiarobis dros,

Svebulebis anazRaureba, Seiswavlis pensionerTa saerTo

ricxovnobas da maT struqturas moxucebulobis, avadmyofobis,

marCenalis dakargvis gamo, invalidobis da sxva niSnebis

mixedviT. aqve gamoiyofa invalidebi 100%-iani (I jgufi). 50%-

iani (II jgufi) da 25%-iani (III jgufi) Sromis unarianobis

dakargviT.

statistika angariSobs agreTve, socialuri dazRvevis

SefardebiT maCveneblebs. aqedan mniSvnelovania daavadebaTa da

travmatizmis SemTxvevaTa koeficienti (am mizezebiT gamowveul

araSromisunarianTa ricxvi 10000 momuSaveze), daavadebis

sirTulis koeficienti (erTi daavadebis saSualo

xangrZlivoba), daavadebis da travmatizmis saSiSroebis

koeficienti (daavadebiT an travmatizmiT dakargul dReTa

raodenoba 10000 momuSaveze) da a.S.

dazRvevis erTerTi saxeobaa agreTve, piradi dazRveva.

piradi dazRvevis saxeebia ubeduri SemTxvevebisa sicocxlis

dazRveva. ubeduri SemTxvevebi (sikvdili an Sromisunarianobis

dakargva) savsebiT albaTur xasiaTs atarebs da dazRvevis

gadaxda warmoebs maSin, Tu SemTxvevebi moxda afeTqebiT,

transportSi iaraRis gamoyenebiT, sidamwvris, daxrCobis,

cxovebis Tavdasxmisa da sxva SemTxvevebiT. ubeduri

SemTxvevebis dazRveva umTavresad erTi wlis vadiT xdeba.

2009 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobiT saqarTvelos

sadazRvevo bazarze moqmedebda 14 sadazRvevo kompania.

mzRvevelebis mier mowodebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare,

moziduli premiis mixedviT, romelic sadazRvevo

xelSekrulebebSi dafiqsirebul jamur sadazRvevo premias

warmoadgens, sadazRvevo bazris koncentracia 83.6 procentiT

xuT sadazRvevo kompaniaze modis.

2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaformda 1,832,453 sadazRvevo

polisi. moqmedi polisebidan 116,568 Seadgenda fizikur pirebze

gacemul polisebs, 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi dazRveuli

saxmeleTo satransporto saSualebaTa raodenoba 29,936

Seadgens, xolo sahaero da mcuravi satransporto saSualebaTa

raodenoba, Sesabamisad 43-is da 17-is tolia.

statistikuri angariSgebis mixedviT 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi

mozidulma jamurma premiam 372.4 mln lari Seadgina, xolo

mzRvevelebis mier sakuTari riskebis gadanawilebis mizniT

gaformebuli gadazRvevis xelSekrulebebis Sesabamisma

gadazRvevis premiam 48.6 mln lari Seadgina. moziduli jamuri

premia 2008 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels 34 procentiT, xolo

2007 wlis maCvenebels 213 procentiT aRemateba. rogorc

74 75

monacemebidan Cans, 2009 wels moziduli premiebis zrdis

tendencia Semcirebulia 2008 welTan SedarebiT, radgan 2008

wlis moziduli premia 135 procentiT aRemateboda 2007 wlis

monacems. aRniSnuli maRali zrdis tempi mniSvnelovanwilad

ganapiroba janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo programis

amoqmedebam, romelsac sadazRvevo bazarze sakmaod didi wili

uWiravs. 2009 wels wina welTan SedarebiT zogierT saxeobaSi

SeiniSneboda moziduli premiis Semcirebac (sicocxlis

dazRveva, tvirTebis dazRveva, qonebis dazRveva, saxmeleTo

satransporto saSualebaTa dazRveva), Tumca saerTo jamSi,

bazris moculoba 1/3-iT aris gazrdili. aRniSnuli zrda

didwilad ganapiroba

samedicino dazRvevis saxeobaSi (54 procenti) moziduli

premiis zrdam, radgan es saxeoba ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens

jamur monacemebSi da misi cvlileba mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba

saerTo monacemebze.

moziduli jamuri premiis maCveneblebis mixedviT SeiZleba

gamovyoT qonebis (8.2 procenti), saxmeleTo satransporto

saSualebaTa (7.6 procenti) da valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis (5.4

procenti) dazRveva. dazRvevis sxva saxeobebi metnaklebad

Tanabari TanafardobiT monawileoben mozidul premiaSi. aqve

unda gamovyoT dazRvevis 2 saxeoba, sadac saqmianoba saerTod

ar ganxorcielebula, es saxeobebia: sarkinigzo satransporto

saSualebaTa dazRveva da iuridiuli xarjebis dazRveva. 2009

wlis sadazRvevo Semosavlis 77.9 procents samedicino

dazRveva Seadgens, xolo 8.1 procentiT meore adgilze

saxmeleTo satransporto saSualebaTa dazRveva modis. aseve

dazRvevis sxva saxeobebidan sadazRvevo SemosavalSi SedarebiT

maRali wiliT SeiZleba gamovyoT qonebis (3.7 procenti) da

valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis (3.2 procenti) dazRveva.

sadazRvevo kompaniebis 2009 wlis sadazRvevo zaralis

odenoba 173.1 mln lars Seadgens. aqedan 155.1 mln lari

samedicino dazRvevaze modis. sxva saxeobebTan SedarebiT

sadazRvevo

zaralebSi 6.5 procentiT mniSvnelovani wili uWiravs

saxmeleTo satransporto saSualebaTa dazRvevas, aseve SeiZleba

gamovyoT valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis dazRveva 1.5 procentiT.

Ffulis Rirebulebis zrda procentis daricxvisas.

investirebuli an nasesxebi fuli warmoadgens anabris an

valis ZiriTad Tanxas da mas uwodeben prinsipals.

investirebuli fuli sargeblis saxiT gamoimuSavebs

procents, anu mas ericxeba procenti, romelsac investori

iRebs da piriqiT, nasesxeb fulze msesxebeli ixdis procents.

martivi procentis SemTxvevaSi, wlis ganmavlobaSi

procentis saxiT daricxuli Tanxa ar emateba ZiriTad

kapitals (prinsipals.) mag: 100 l.-ze gadasaxdeli (an

misaRebi) 15%-iani martivi saprocento ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi

daricxuli Tanxebi pirvel, meore da mesame wels Sesabamisad

iqneba 15 l., 30 l, da 45 l.

martivi procentis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba Semdegi

formulebi:

100

PRTI

an RT

Ip

100

an PR

IT

100

sadac:

P = prinsipali (ZiriTadi Tanxa) R = wliuri saprocento ganakveTi % T = dro (wlebis raodenoba) I = procentis saxiT dagrovili Tanxa

magaliTi:

pirovneba yoveli wlis pirvel ianvars awarmoebs 160l.-

is investicias, xolo 31 dekembers investirebul Tanxas

wliuri 12%-iana ganakveTiT ericxeba sargebeli, romelic

grovdeba calke angariSze. mas, Tavis mxriv, ar ericxeba

aranairi procenti. gamoTvaleT mTliani Tanxa, romelic

investors unda daubrundes 31 dekembers mexuTe 160 l.-is

Setanis Semdeg.

76 77

weli(1 ianvari) investireba (l.) procenti (31 dekemberi)

1. 160 20.19160

100

12 lari

2. 160+160=320 40.38320

100

12 lari

3. 160+320=480 60.57480

100

12 lari

4. 160+480=640 80.76640

100

12 lari

5. 160+640=800 00.96800

100

12 lari

sul mTliani Tanxa mexuTe wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis =

(800+288) l. (prinsipali da martivi procenti jamSi) = 1088

lars rTuli procentis SemTxvevaSi, yovelwliurad daricxuli

procenti emateba ZiriTad Tanxas da momdevno wells procentis

daricxva warmoebs jamur Tanxaze.

magaliTad, 1,000l-ze daricxuli 10%-iani wliuri, rTuli

saprocento ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi

dagrovili Tanxa gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad:

weli prinsipali(l) procenti(l) mTliani Tanxa(l)

1. 1000 1001000

100

10

1000+100=1100

2. 1100 1101100

100

10

1100+110=1210

3. 1210 1211210

100

10

1210+121=1331

4. 1331 1.1331331

100

10

1331+133.1=1464.1

amocanis amoxsnis alternatiuli Canaweri iqneba:

weli prinsipali(l) mTliani Tanxa(l)

1. 1000 1000(1+0.1)=1100

2. 1000(1+0.1) 1000(1+0.1)(1+0.1)=1000(1+0.1)2=1210

3. 1000(1+0.1)2 1000(1+0.1)2(1+0.1)=1000(1+0.1)3=1331

4. 1000(1+0.1)3 1000(1+0.1)3(1+0.1)=1000(1+0.1)4=1464.1

amrigad, rTuli procentis SemTxvevaSi, mTliani (A) Tanxa

n_uri wlis bolosaTvis gamoisaxeba formuliT:

nrPA )1(

sadac 100r = procentis (%) saxiT warmodgenil wliur saprocento ganakveTis (sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am formulaSi

procenti warmodgenilia aTwiladis saxiT. magaliTad, 12%-s

formulaSi CavwerT, rogorc 0,12).

rTuli procentebi, ZiriTadad, gxvdeba Semnaxvel anabrebze. momavali Rirebuleba gviCvenebs mocemuli momentisaTvis

investirebuli Tanxis Rirebulebas momavalSi.

78 79

magaliTi

a) gamoTvaleT 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi procentis saxiT

dagrovili Tanxa, Tu wliuri rTuli saprocento ganakveTi = 4%-s,

ZiriTadi Tanxa = 624l.

b) gansazRvreT is Tanxa, romlis investireba saWiroa dRes

5%-iani wliuri, rTuli saprocento ganakveTiT imisaTvis, rom 10

wlis mere miviRoT 10,000l.

amoxsna

a) gamoviyenoT nrPA )1( formula, sadac: P=624l, r=0.04

da n=10 maSin: A=624(1+0.04)

10=624(1.04)

10=923/67

amrigad, dagrovili rTuli procenti = (923.67-624)l = 299.67l.

b) nrPA )1( formulaSi SevitanoT A=10000l, r=0.05 da

n=10 gveqneba:

10000=P(1+0.05)10 10(1.05)

10000P P=6139.13l.

amrigad, 6,139.13 aris investirebisTvis saWiro Tanxa.

anuiteti – aris yovelwliurad erTi da imave Tanxebis

regularulad miReba (gadaxda). anuiteti fuladi nakadia. anuitetis

momavali Rirebuleba (anu gadaxdisas dagrovili mTliani Tanxa)

SegviZlia gamovTvaloT Semdegi formuliT:

momavali Rirebuleba n-uri wlisaTvis r

rP n 1)1(

anuitetis amocana SegviZlia amovxsnaT formulis gamoyenebis

gareSec anuitetis cxrilebis saSualebiT. cxrilebSi mocemulia

koeficientebi anuitetis saprocento ganakveTisa da gadaxdis

periodebis mixedviT.

magaliTi

mocemulia xuTwliani anuiteti yovelwliurad 100l-is

gadaxdiT. anuitetis saprocento ganakveTi Seadgens 10%-s. ra iqneba

am anuitetis saboloo anu momavali Rirebuleba? (am anuitetis

koeficienti cxrilidan = 6.1051).

anuitetis momavali Riurebuleba formulis saSualebiT

Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba: FV(momavali Rirebuleba) me-5 wels = 100l x 6.1051 = 610.51l

moyvanil magaliTebSi procentebis daricxva simartivisaTvis

xdeboda weliwadSi erTxel. magram, SesaZlebelia, procentis

daricxva xdebodes yovelkvartalurad, yovelTviurad da

yoveldRiuradac ki. am SemTxvevebSic igive formula gamoiyeneba,

mxolod erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT wliuri da nominaluri

saprocento ganakveTebi.

finansuri institutebi, ZiriTadad, iyeneben or saprocento

ganakveTs: pirvelia – nominaluri ganakveTi, xolo meore – wliuri

(moqmedi) saprocento ganakveTi da aRiniSneba (APR) simboloTi. magaliTi

sakredito baraTebiT operaciebis warmoebisaTvis kompania

yovelTviurad iRebs sakomisios 3.5%-is odenobiT. davuSvaT, rom

klientma sakredito baraTiT SeiZina 100l-is Rirebulebis saqoneli

da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar gadaixada sakomisio. gamoTvaleT

klientis davalianeba wlis bolosaTvis da wliuri saprocento

ganakveTi (APR). amoxsna

12 Tvis bolosaTvis davalianebis Tanxa iqneba: n

rPa

1001

sadac:

P=sawyisi Tanxaa

80 81

r=saprocento ganakveTia n=drois periodia a=dagrovili Tanxaa periodis bolosaTvis

amrigad, 11.151100

5.31100

12

APR,Sesabamisad, gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:

11.151100

1100

r

aqedan:

11.51100

100

r r=51.11% APR=51.11%

arsebobs formulebi martivi da rTuli procentebis

gamosaTvlelad. fuladi nakadebis diskontirebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba maTi

droiTi Rirebuleba. diskontirebis procesSi momavali fuladi

nakadebis Rirebuleba daiyvaneba axlandel Rirebulebaze, rac

TavisTavad niSnavs Semdegs: ra Rirs dRes is Tanxa, romelsac

miviRebT momavalSi.

ori sainvesticio proeqtis Sedarebis umartives meTods

warmoadgens maTi fuladi nakadebis Sedareba. upiratesoba mieniWeba

im proeqts, romelsac gaaCnia ufro didi sufTa fuladi nakadi

(yvela amonagebisa da xarjis gaTvaliswinebiT). Tumca, es martivi

meTodi ar iTvaliswinebs fulis droiT Rirebulebas.

cxadia, investirebuli Tanxis miReba umjobesia moxdes droSi

adre, xolo nasesxebi Tanxis dabruneba _droSi gvian. dro

gansazRvravs fulis droiTRirebulebas.

martivad rom vTqvaT, visurvebdiT migveRo 100l axla vidre

erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. amis asaxsnelad SeiZleba ramdenime mizezi

arsebobdes:

Tanxebis gadavadebis, TavisTavad, axlavs riski SesaZloa

fondma, sadac investireba ganxorcielda, ver aanazRauros Tanxebi

erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.

100l-is tolia Tanxis miRebiT dRes, Sansigvaqvs miviRoT am

Tanxaze sargebeli procentis saxiT. magaliTisaTvis, usafrTxoa

sabanko depozitze Tanxis ganTavsebis Semdeg, erTi wlis vadaSi,

procentis saxiT miviRebT10l. xolo Tu Cven erTi wlis Semdeg

miviRebdiT 100l, Cvens davkargavdiT procentebs,romlebic SegveZlo

migveRo sabanko depozitidan.

inflacia amcirebs 100l-is Rirebulebas.sxva sityvebiT rom

100l-iT dRes SevisyidiT ufro met produqts,vidre imace TanxiT

erti wlis Semdeg.

gansxvavebul situaciebSi fuls gaaCnia gansxvevebuli droiTi

Rirebuleba. magaliTad: is, visTvisac fulis droiT Rirebulebas

didi mniSvneloba aqvs, ar daTanxmdeba 100l-is miRebis gadavadebas,

Tu sargebeli misgan ar eqneba maRali, dauSvaT 50l erTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi. sxvisTvis, visTvisac fulis droiT Rirebulebas

arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, SesaZlebelia misaRebi iyos wlis

ganmavlobaSi mxolod 1l-iani sargeblis miRebac ki. am meorisTvis

fulis droiTi Rirebuleba dabalia. pirvelisTvis dRevandeli 100l-

is Rirebuleba tolia 150l-is erTi wlis Semdeg, xolo meorisaTvis

101l-is. Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi 150l-is da 101l-is mimdinare

Rirebuleba erTi da igivea da tolia 100l.

fulis droiTi Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba fuladi nakadebis

diskontirebiT.

diskontirebis meTodi, romelic fundametnaluria fuladi

nakadebis mimdinare Rirebulebis daTvlisas, warmoadgens rTuli

procentis gamoTvlis piruku meTods.

magaliTi

klientma bankSi Seitana anabari 2,000l-is odenobiT, 5%-iani

wliuri rTuli saprocento sargebelis ganakveTis sargeblis qveS.

mogeTxovebaT, gamoTvaloT:

a) Tanxa, romelic dagrovili iqneba klientis angariSze

erTi wlis Semdeg

82 83

ori wlis Semdeg

sami wlia Semdeg

b) Tanxa, romelic saWiroa depozitze Sesatanad, rom miviRoT

2,500l

erTi wlis Semdeg

ori wlis Semdeg

sami wlia Semdeg

amoxsna

a) dagrovili Tanxa

cxadia, momavalSi misaRebi Tanxebi SeiZleba davadginoT

ariTmetikuli gamoTvlebis saSvalebiT, magram ufro mosaxerxebelia

formulis gamoyeneba:

sabolood dagrovili Tanxa nrPS )1(

sadac,

P = prinsipali r = wliuri saprocento ganakveTi (warmodgenili aTwiladis

saxiT) n= wlebis raodenoba, romlis ganmavlobaSic deponirebulia

prinsipali 1-li wlis Semdeg S=2,000lx(1.05)=2,100l me-2 wlis Srmdeg S=2,000lx1.05x1.05=2,000lx1.052=2,205l me-3 wlis Semdeg S=2,000lx 1.053= 2,315.25l

B

b) momdinare Rirebuleba

am SemTxvevaSi saboloo Tanxa, S cnobilia da unda vipovoT prinsipali P. kvlav viyenebT formulas, saidanac gvaqvs:

nr

SP

)1(

1-li wlis Semdeg rom miviRoT 2,500l, dRes unda moxdes

Semdegi Tanxis investireba:

Px1.05=2,500l 2.380.9505.1

12,500x P l

2,381l-is investireba wliuri 5%-is SemTxvevaSi mogvcems

119.05l, rac jamSi udris 2,500l)

me-2 wlis Semdeg rom miviRoT 2,500l dRes unda moxdes

Semdegi Tanxis investireba:

Px1.052=2,500l 2.267.5705.1

12,500x P

2 l

(Semowmeba advilia, radgan 2,267.57 ori wlis Semdeg

procentebis daricxvis Sedegad gaizrdeba 2,500l-mde)

me-3 wlis Semdeg 2,500l-is misaRebad dRes gvWirdeba:

2.159.5905.1

12,500 P

3

zemoT moyvanili magaliTis b) punqtSi gamovTvaleT momavali

Tanxebis mimdinare Rirebulebebi. axla ukve Segvizlia gavakeToT

aseTi daskvna: 5%-iani investirebisas, 1 wlis Semdeg miRebuli Tanxa-

2,500l ekvivalenturia DdRevandeli 2,380.95l-isa, miuxedavad imisa,

rom es Tanxebi sididiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. 2,380.95 l-s

ewodeba 2,500l-is mimdinare Rirebuleba erTi wlis vadiTa da 5%-

iani ganakveTiT.

fuladi nakadebis Semcveli produqtis Sesafaseblad

aucilebelia ganisazRvros gasuli da Semosuli fuladi nakadebis

( romelTac momavalSi eqneba adgili) mimdinare Rirebulebebi.

Cven mier zemoT ganxiluli diskontirebis analiziT

ganisazRvreba, ramdenad SesaZlebelia proeqtebSi Tanxebis investireba

an sesxad aReba, procentebis miReba an gadaxda, amave dros fulis

droiTi Rirebulebac.

Tu gasul fulad nakadebs aviRebT uaryofiTi niSniT, xolo

Semosul nakadebs dadebiTi niSniT, maSin proeqtis wminda mimdinare

Rirebuleba (NPV) iqneba fulis yvela nakadis diskontirebul

RirebulebaTa jami.

84 85

r wliuri saprocento ganakveTis (diskontirebis ganakveTi)

pirobebSi, n raodenobis wlis Sermdeg misaRebi S Tanxis mimdinare

Rirebuleba PV gamoiTvleba formuliT:

nrSPV

)1(

1

ipoveT qvemoT moyvanili Tanxebis mimdinare Rirebulebebi: a) 1,000l-is, romelsac miviRebT 1 wlis Semdeg

diskontirebis 10%-iani ganakveTisas. b) 4,000l-is, romelsac miviRebT 2 wlis Semdeg

diskontirebis 5%-iani ganakveTisas. g) 10,000l-is, romelsac miviRebT 5 wlis Semdeg

diskontirebis 8%-iani ganakveTisas. mimdinare Rirebulebis moZebna rTuli procentis

gamoTvlis Sebrunebuli procesia.

a) 09.90910.1

11000 PV

(dRevandeli 909.09l tolfasia erTi wlis Semdeg misaRebi 1,000l-is. xolo wlis ganmavlobaSi procentis saxiT daricxuli Tanxa tolia 90.91l)

b) 12.362805.1

14000 PV

2 (SeamowmeT Tavad, rom

3,628.12l rTuli, 5% daricxviT ori wlis Semdeg mogvcems 4,000l-s)

g) 680608.1

110000 PV

5

sainvesticio proeqtebis SefasebisaTvis saWiro gaangariSebis

gasamartiveblad Seqmnilia mimdinare Rirebulebis koeficientebis

(diskontirebis koeficientebi) cxrilebi. sadac koeficientebi

miTiTebulia proeqtis vadisa da saprocento ganakveTebis mixedviT,

xolo Tavad koeficientebi warmoadgenen fulis erTeulis

diskontirebul Rirebulebebs, Sesabamisi procentiTa da

vadiT.magaliTad: cxrilSi 10% wliuri diskontirebis ganakveTis da

2 wlis Sesabamisi koeficienti tolia 0.826-is. es niSnavs, rom ori

wlis Semdeg 10 %-iani diskontis ganakveTisas misaRebi 1l-is

mimdinare Rirebuleba tolia 0.826l-is. mimdinare Rirebulebis

koeficientebis cxrilebi msgavsia anuitetis koeficientebis

cxrilebisa. magaliTi

ganixileba danadgaris Sesyidvis sakiTxi imavdroulad sakiTxi

1.5 mln l-is gadaxdis pirobiT. mosalodneli Semosavali iqneba: 0.9

mln l pirveli wlis bolos, 0.6 mln l meore wlis bolos da 0.5

mln l mesame wlia bolos. gamoiyeneT diskontirebis koeficientebis

cxrilebi da gamoTvaleT am proeqtis wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba.

amoxsna

NPV(000l)= -1,500+[900x0.909]+[600x0.826]+[500x0.751]=189

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, aniuteti- aris yovelwliurad

erTidaigive Tanxebis regularuli gadaxda.

magaliTi

diskontirebis 10%-iani ganakveTisas sami wlis ganmavlobaSi

warmoebs 500l-is toli Tanxebis gadaxda yovelwliurad. ipoveT

mocemuli anuitetis mimdinare Rirebuleba.

mimdinare (diskontirebuli) Rirebuleba PV SegviZlia

davTvaloT rogorc 500l-is diskontirebul RirebulebaTa jami sami

sxvadasxva periodis mixedviT:

1244376413455

)10.1(

1500

)10.1(

1500

)10.1(

1500PV PV

32

86 87

SevniSnoT, rom diskontirebisas mimdinare momenti Seesabameba

drois nulovan periods. maSin, drois pirveli periodi Seesabameba

mimdinare momentidan aTvlil pirveli wlis bolos da ase Semdeg.

vTqvaT erTi da igive fuladi nakadisaTvis wminda mimdinare

Rirebuleba diskontis 12%-iani ganakveTisaTvis aris uaryofiTi _

97l, xolo 8%-iani ganakveTisas, dadebiTi+108l. am faqtis axsna

mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

sesxi 12%-iT rom yofiliyo aRebuli, saprognozo varaudi

iqneba, rom investori dakargavs daaxloebiT 97l-s.

sesxi 8%-iT rom yofiliyo aRebuli, saprognozod ivaraudeba,

rom investori gamoimuSavebs damatebiT daaxloebiT 108l-s.

amrigad, proeqtis wminda mimdinare Rirebulebis dadebiTi

mniSvneloba miuTiTebs proeqtis momgebianobaze.

zogjer saWiroa iseTi anuitetis mimdinare Rirebulebis

gamoTvla, romelic droSi usasrulod didxans grZeldeba, anu

Tanxebis gadaxda warmoebs ganusazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi. aseT

anuitets ewodeba usasrulo anuiteti. mimdinare Rirebuleba n-uri raodenoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi gadaxdili A anuitetisa r diskontirebis ganakveTisas moicema Semdegi formuliT:

mimdinare Rirebuleba

nrrA

)1(

11

1

ra moxdeba,Tu am formulaSi n gaxdeba usasrulod didi? roca n miiswrafvis usasrulobisken, maSin (1+r)

n-is mniSvnelobac

miiswrafvis usasrulobisaken da maSinnr)1(

1

wiladi miiswrafvis

nulisken. aqedan gamomdinare, diskontirebis koeficienti miiswrafvis

r

1sken.

uwyveti A anuitetis mimdinare Rirebuleba r

diskontirebis ganakveTisas, gamoisaxeba formuliT: R

APV .

magaliTi

5,000l-is mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic yovelwliurad

miiReba diskontirebis 8%-iani ganakveTiT, udris: 6250008.0

5000

Tema 4. monetaruli da fiskalur-sagadasaxado

statistika

fuli da fuladi mimoqceva

Tanamedrove ekonomikur sistemaSi fuladi nakadebi

fulis raodenoba aqtiur rols TamaSoben da iTvlebian mTeli

ekonomikuri procesebis mTavar regulatorad.

saqarTvelos realobaSi istoriulad Camoyalibda da

erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicda fuladi mimoqcevis

organizaciis forma, romelsac Tanamedrove terminologiiT

ewoda fuladi sistema, xolo aRniSnuli sistemis Semadgeneli

elementebia: fuladi erTeuli, fulis emisiis sesxebi da

Tanmimdevroba. Cveni qveynis mTavroba yvelanairad uwyobs xels

mimoqcevaSi fulis raodenobis regulirebas, ayalibebs

saxelmwifos fulad-sakredito politikas, romelic SeiZleba

ganvixiloT or aspeqtSi.

farTo gagebiT fulad- sakredito politikis

funqciaSi Sedis: fuladi reformis gatareba, naRdi fulis

emisia, mTavrobis mier sxvadasxva obligaciebis gamoSveba, xolo

viwro gagebiT fulad-sakredito politika moicavs fulis

mimoqcevaze mxolod iribi zedamxadvelobis normebs. fuladi

reforma tardeba fuladi mimoqcevis mosawesrigeblad da igi

iTvaliswinebs fuladi sistemis srul an nawilobriv

gardaqmnas.

xolo rac Seexeba uSualod fulisa da fuladi

mimoqcevis statistikas, igi warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes

meqanizms radgan swored misi meSveobiT xdeba fuladi

88 89

mimoqcevis sferoSi mimdinare masobrivi movlenebis

raodenobrivi mxaris Sefaseba.

Cveni qveynis fulad-sakredito sistemaSi fuladi

mimoqcevis statistikis obieqtad iTvleba fuladi sistemis

obieqtebi: oficialuri fuladi erTeuli, fulis emisiis

saxeebi da Tanmimdevroba, fuladi mimoqcevis organizaciis

formebi da regulirebis meTodebi.

fulisa da fuladi mimoqcevis statistikis mizania

fulad-sakredito sistemis maregulirebeli organoebis

uzrunvelyofa Sesabamisi utyuari informaciiT, fuladi

sistemis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

fuladi mimoqcevis statistikis ZiriTadi amocanebia:

fuladi masis zomebis, struqturis da dinamikis

gamoTvla, da misi ganawileba regionebSi da mosaxleobis

jgufebSi;

naRdi da unaRdo emisiis parametrebis gansazRvra;

naRdi fulis kupiurebis gansazRvra;

im raodenobrivi parametrebis gamovlineba, romlebic

asaxaven fulis mimoqcevis gavlenas ekonomikaze da inflaciis

doneze.

fulisa da fuladi mimoqcevis statistikis

maCveneblebi Seadgenen sam urTierTdakavSirebul bloks:

makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis bloks, romelic

gansazRvravs fulisa da fuladi mimoqcevis kavSirs ekonomikis

realur seqtorTan.

fulis saxeebis bloki;

fulis masis maCveneblebis bloki anu fuladi

agregatebis bloki.

am blokebidan TiToeuli Seicavs maCvenebelTa

garkveul nakrebs.

makroekonomikuri bloki moicavs Semdeg

maCveneblebs :

fulis nominaluri masa;

fulis brunva;

fulis mimoqcevis siCqare;

fulis realuri masa;

nominaluri da realuri fuladi masebis indeqsi;

fulis brunvis siCqaris indeqsi;

ekonomikis monetarizaciis done;

fulis msyidvelobiTi unari;

fulis saxeebis bloki ki moicavs:

naRdi fuli mimoqcevaSi;

naRdi fuli ara sabanko sistemaSi;

naRdi fuli sabanko salaroebSi;

unaRdo fulis masa;

fuladi multiplikatori;

fuladi baza;

fasiani qaRaldebi fulad mimoqcevaSi;

msoflio fuli;

fuladi masis maCveneblebis bloki axasiaTebs

fulis masis gamoTvlis sxvadasxva tipis midgomas da Seicavs:

fuladi agregatebis tradiciul sistemas:

fuladi agregati 0M

fuladi agregati 1M

fuladi agregati 2M

fuladi agregati _ es aris iseTi likviduri

finansuri aqtivebis moculobis maCvenebeli, romelic

gamoiyeneba fulis nacvlad. maCveneblebis nacionaluri sistema

Seicavs Semdegi saxis fulis agregatebs:

fulis agregati 0M _ Seicavs absoluturad

likvidur aqtivebs, naRd fuls mimoqcevaSi.

fuladi agregati 1M (saxsrebi romlebic arsebobs

dawesebulebebis da organizaciebis angariSebze) + (saxelmwifo

dazRvevis saxsrebi) + (mosaxleobis depozitebi Semnaxvel

90 91

bankebSi moTxovnamde) + (mosaxleobis da sawarmoebis

depozitebi komerciul bankebSi)

fuladi agregati 2M mosaxleobis vadiani

depozitebi Semnaxvel bankebSi. aRniSnuli agregati 2M aris

ZiriTadi maCvenebeli statistikaSi.

fuladi agregati 3M = 2M

+ (depozituri

serTifikatebi) + (saxelmwifo obligaciebi).

3M agregats xSirad uwodeben “erTobliv fulad

masas.” Anu farTo fuli.

amasTanave ssf-is meTodologiis Tanaxmad fuladi

masis dasaxasiaTeblad miRebulia Semdegi agregatebi:

agregati “fuli” – moicavs bankebis da moTxovnamde

anabrebis gareT arsebul fuls. e.i. igi warmoadgens faqtiurad

qveynis gankargulebaSi arsebul mTel fulad saxsrebs da igi

1M-is analogiuria.

agregati “kvazi fuli” – warmoadgens fuladi

sistemis likvidur depozitebs da moicavs vadian da Semnaxvel

depozitebs, aseve depozitebs ucxour valutaSi.

agregati “farTe fuli” – es aris “fuli” da “kvazi

fuli” agregatebis jami.

agregatebis aseTi klasifikacia saSualebas iZleva

gakontroldes da gaanalizdes ekonomikaSi fulis wyaroebis

miwodebis struqtura da dinamika.

saqarTveloSi erovnuli bankis monacemebiT agregatebis

mixedviT (milion larebSi) fulis masis dinamika 2004-2008

wlebSi Semdeg suraTs iZleva:

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

farTo fuli 3M 1521.6 1924.9 2689.9 4027.5 4305.1 4656.8

fulis masa 2M 847.2 1071.0 1392.8 2149.3 1862.5 2139.5

bankebs gareT arsebuli

naRdi fuli 0M

616.0 736.3 827.4 1152.1 1082.6 1186.8

sadepoziti valdebulebebi (erovnul valutaSi)

231.2 334.8 565.5 997.2 779.9 1035.8

sadepoziti valdebulebebi (ucxour valutaSi)

674.4 853.9 1297.0 1878.2 2442.6 2517.3

0M -is wili 2M -Si

%

79.8 75.8 66.7 61.0 69.3 57.5

2M -is wili 3M -Si

%

55.7 55.6 51.8 53.4 43.3 45.9

lari mimoqcevaSi 676.2 811.4 929.5 1310.5 1290.7 1457.9

cxrilidan Cans, rom Zalian swrafi tempebiT gaizarda

fulis masa saqarTveloSi 2004-2009 wlebSi, gaizarda

sadepozito valdebulebebi erovnul valutaSi, xolo

SedarebiT naklebi tempebiT gaizarda sadepozito

valdebulebani ucxour valutaSi. Semcirda bankebs gareT

arsebuli naRdi fulis wili fulis masaSi, rac miuTiTebs

saqarTvelosi sabanko sistemis ganviTarebaze.

fulis ZiriTadi masa qveyanaSi mimoiqceva sabanko

sistemis meSveobiT. amitom saxelmwifo sabanko kreditis

statistikur Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynis

sabanko politikis SemuSavebis saqmeSi. sabazro ekonomikis

pirobebSi sakredito operaciebs bankebis orsafexuriani sistema

92 93

anxorcielebs. am sistemis pirvel safexurze dgas qveynis

mTavari, erovnuli banki, xolo meoreze - komerciuli bankebi.

fiskaluri ekonomikuri politikis statistika

saxelmwifo banki qveyanaSi atarebs ekonomikis

regulirebis fulad-sakredito politikas. amisaTvis awesebs

komerciuli bankebisaTvis moziduli Tanxebis savaldebulo

rezervebis normebs, maT mier gacemuli kreditebisaTvis da

fasiani qaRaldebis SeZenisaTvis saWiro da savaldebulo

normativebs. saxelmwifo banki gascems, agreTve, kreditebs

saerTod da komerciuli bankebis refinansirebisaTvis.

saxelmwifo sabanko politikis meSveobiT anxorcielebs,

agreTve, qveyanaSi sakredito urTierTobaTa regulirebas da

amiT xels uwyobs erovnuli valutis kursis ganmtkicebas.

saxelmwifo, safinanso ekonomikuri politikis erTerTi

Semadgeneli nawilia, agreTve, fiskaluri ekonomikuri, anu

sabiujeto-sagadasaxado politika, rasac is anxorcielebs

fiskaluri statistikis meSveobiT.

fiskaluri statistika Seiswavlis sabiujeto

Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis (maT Soris sagadasaxado

Semosavlebis) dones anu moculobas, struqturas, dinamikas da

maTze moqmedi faqtorebis korelaciur-regresiul analizs.

sityva biujeti inglisuri warmoSobisaa (Budget) da

niSnavs CanTas. cnobilia, rom me-17 saukunis inglisSi lordTa

palatis winaSe moxsenebiT gamomsvlel xazinis kanclers win

fuliT savse tomara edo, romelsac tribunis nacvlad

dasayrdnoblad iyenebda. ase warmoTqvamda kancleri sityvas

qveynis finansebis wyaroebisa da xarjebis Sesaxeb, romelsac

,,biujets~ uwodeben. amis Semdeg dRemde biujeti yvela qveynis

fuladi resursebis warmoqmnisa da ganawilebis gegmis saxiTaa

cnobili da centralur adgils iWers fiskaluri politikis

SemuSavebis saqmeSi.

arsebobs biujetis sxvadasxva saxeebi. maT Sorisaa naerTi

(konslidirebuli) biujeti, saxelmwifo biujeti da

teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebi. naerTi biujti moicavs

saxelmwifo da teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebs. Tavis

mxriv, saxelmwifo biujeti moicavs centralur biujetsa da

specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis biujetebs. ekonomikuri

Teoriis mixedviT biujetis Semsavlebis xuTi wyaroa

dasaxelebuli: gadasaxadi Semosavalze, gadasaxadi moxmarebaze,

gadasaxadi sakuTrebaze, arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi da sxva

gadasaxadebi.

amis garda Semosavlebi moicavs, agreTve, oficialur

transpertebsac, romlebic aris araanazRaurebadi,

aradabrunebadi, araaucilebeli Semosavlebi.

maT gaaCniaT nebayofobiTi xasiaTi Cuqebis, reparaciebis

(gamarjvebuli qveynis mier omiT miyenebuli zaralis

anazRaureba damarcxebuli qveynisaTvis), subvenciebis

(centraluri organoebis mier miznobrivi dafinansebisaTvis

qvemdgomi organoebisaTvis Tanxebis gamoyofa) da sxvaTa saxiT.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier rekomendirebulia

saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis Semdegnairi klasifikacia:

I. saerTaSoriso Semosavlebi da miRebuli oficialuri

transpertebi (II + VII);

II. saerTaSoriso Semosavlebi (III + V);

III. mimdinare Semosavlebi (IV + V);

IV. sagadasaxado Semosavlebi (maT Soris: saSemosavlo,

mogebis, kapitalis sabazro Rirebulebis gadidebis,

socdazRvevis anaricxebis, xelflasis fondisa da samuSao

Zalis, sakuTrebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, sagareo

vaWrobisa da sagareo operaciebis da sxva gadasaxadebi);

V. arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi;

VI. Semosavlebi kapitalis operaciebidan;

VII. miRebuli oficialuri transpertebi.

arsebobs, agreTve, sabiujeto xarjebis saerTaSoriso

klasifikaciebi. maT Soris ZiriTadi funqcionaluri

94 95

(saxelmwifos Sesasrulebeli funqciebis mixedviT) sabiujeto

xarjebis klasifikaciaa, romlis mixedviTac gamoiyofa:

1. saerTo xasiaTis saxelmwifo momsaxurebis xarjebi;

2. Tavdacvis xarjebi;

3. saxelmwifo wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis xarjebi;

4. ganaTlebis xarjebi;

5. jandacvis xarjebi;

6. socdazRvevisa da socuzrunvelyofis xarjebi;

7. sabinao-komunaluri xarjebi;

8. dasvenebis organizaciis, kulturisa da religiis

xarjebi;

9. saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsis xarjebi;

10. soflisa da xe-tyis meurneobis, TevzWerisa da

samonadireo xarjebi;

11. samTomopovebuli mrewvelobisa da sasargeblo

wiaRiseulis (saTbobis gamoklebiT), gadamamuSavebeli

mrewvelobisa da mSeneblobis xarjebi;

12. transportisa da kavSirgabmulobis xarjebi;

13. sxva saxis momsaxurebis xarjebi, romlebic

dakavSirebulia ekonomikis saqmianobasTan;

14. xarjebi, romlebic ar miekuTvneba ZiriTad jgufebs.

biujetis Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs Soris sxvaoba

gvaZlevs deficits (xarjebi Warbobs Semosavlebs) an

proficits (xarjebi naklebia Semosavlebze). saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondis mier rekomendirebulia deficitis Sesavsebad

saSinao (Tanxebi miRebuli saxelmwifos sxva seqtoridan) da

sagareo (Tanxebi miRebuli ucxoeTidan) dafinanseba.

saqarTvelos biujetis Semosavlebi da xarjebi agebulia

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rekomendaciebis mixedviTa da

adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SemosavlebSia

sagadasaxado (saSemosavlo, mogebis, damatebuli Rirebulebis,

aqcizis, sabaJo da sxva gadasaxadebi), saxelmwifo fondebis

(dasaqmebis, socuzrunvelyofis, sagzao da sxva saxelmwifo

fondebi) Semosavali, arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi (Semosavlebi

privatizaciidan da sxv.) da grantebi.

2001-2007 wlebSi saqarTvelos naerTi biujetis

mixedviT Semosavlebi Semdeg suraTs iZleva:

saqarTvelos naerTi biujetis Semosavlebi (mln lari)

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Semosavlebi da grantebi

739.7 817.4 933.1 1773.7 2607.8 3773.2 5158.6

Semosavlebi sul:

691.6 794.8 884.6 1649.0 2503.3 3579.2 4935.1

maT Soris:

sagadasaxado Semosavlebi

630.5 722.6 806.6 1322.1 1836.0 2633.1 3732.6

arasagadasaxado 61.1 72.1 78.1 259.9 280.4 482.5 753.4

ucxouri grantebi

48.1 22.6 48.4 124.7 104.5 194.0 223.5

cxrilSi mocemuli absoluturi sidideebi TavisTavad

ver axasiaTeben raime kanonzomierebas.

amitom saWiroa struqturis, dinamikis da sxva saxis

SefardebiTi sidideebis gaangariSeba. 2001 wels naerTi

biujetis mTlian SemosavlebSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebs eWira

%2.851007.739

5.630

arasagadasaxado Semosavlebs

%3.81007.739

1.61

xolo grantebs

96 97

%5.6100

7.739

1.48

2007 wels es maCveneblebi Seadgenda Sesabamisad 72.4 %-

s, 14.6 %-s, 4.3 %-s, rogorc Cans, Semcirda sagadasaxado

Semosavlebis xvedriTi wili da gaizarda arasagadasaxado

SemosavlebiT xvedriTi wili. es niSnavs qonebis privatizaciis

tempebis daCqarebas saqarTveloSi.

Semosavlebis dinamika 2001-2007 gviCvenebs, rom mkveTrad

gaizarda biujetis Semosavlebi vardebis revoluciis Semdgom

periodSi, rac gadasaxadebis amoRebis administrirebis

gaZlierebasa da Crdilovani ekonomikis Semcirebaze mianiSnebs.

saxelmwifos fiskaluri ekonomikuri politikis

gatarebis ZiriTadi instrumenti sagadasaxado sistemaa.

ekonomikuri Teoriis ganmartebiT gadasaxadi savaldebulo

mosakrebia, romelsac mTliani erovnuli produqciis

ganawilebisa da gadanawilebis gziT qveynis iuridiuli da

fizikuri pirebi uxdian saxelmwifos, Sesabamisi

kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili sagadasaxado ganakveTebis mixedviT.

iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebia sawarmoebi, firmebi,

organizaciebi da moqalaqeebi, romlebic ewevian ama Tu im saxis

saqmianobas. arsebobs saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi da adgilobrivi

gadasaxadebi. saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebi, romlebic

amoiReba centraluri sagadasaxado organoebis mier da avsebs

federaluri (centraluri) biujetis saSemosavlo nawils.

aseTia: saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadi, damatebuli

Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, aqcizi, sabaJo gadasaxadi, socialuri

gadasaxadi.

adgilobrivia gadasaxadi, romelic amoiReba adgilobrivi

organoebis mier da avsebs adgilobrivi (municipaluri)

biujetis saSemosavlo nawils. aseTia qonebis gadasaxadi da

saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadi.

ekonomikuri Teoria gadasaxadebis klasifikacias

awarmoebs sxvadasxva niSnebiT. maT Soris gamoiyofa: piradpiri,

romliTac uSualod pirdapir ibegreba gadamxdelis Semosavali

da qoneba (saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, miwis gadasaxadi,

socialuri dazRveva, ekologiuri gadasaxadi da sxv.)

arapirdapiri, romelic wesdeba saqonlis fasze, agreTve

momsaxurebis tarifze wanamatis saxiT da romlis uSualo

gadamxdelia momxmarebeli. magram vinaidan is fasSi Sedis,

biujetSi gadaixdeba gamyidvelis mier (damatebuli

Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, saaqcizo gadasaxadi, sabaJo

gadasaxadi, saqmianobis monopoliur saxeebze gadasaxadi da

sxv.).

gamoyenebis niSniT gadasaxadebi ori saxisaa: saerTo (Tavs

iyris erTian saxelmwifo xazinaSi da gamoiyeneba saerTo

miznebis dasafinanseblad) da specialuri (socialuri

dazRvevis Tanxa, sagzao fondi, da sxv.), romlis Tanxebi

miznobrivia da gamoiyeneba mxolod specialuri daniSnulebiT.

sagadamxdelo ganakveTebis mixedviT SeiZleba gvqondes

fiqsirebuli (dabegvris erTeulze dawesebuli myari,

fiqsirebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, romelic ar icvleba

dabegvris obieqtis cvalebadobasTan dakavSirebiT), progresuli

(progresulad izrdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTebi) da

regresiuli (dabegvris obieqtis gadidebasTan erTad ki ar

diddeba, aramed mcirdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTebi) gadasaxadebi.

sagadasaxado statistikis amocanebia gadasaxadebis

moculobis, struqturis, dinamikis, gadasaxadebze moqmedi

faqtorebis Seswavla da prognozireba.

sagadasaxado statistikis winaSe arsebuli amocanebis

gadawyvetisaTvis aucilebelia gadasaxadebis amosavali xazis

Seswavla, rasac safinanso-sagadasaxado mecniereba iZleva.

aseTia gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi, dabegvris obieqti da

sagadasaxado ganakveTebi. marTlac SeuZlebelia sagadasaxado

statistikam Seiswavlos gadasaxadebis moculoba, struqtura

sxvadasxva niSnebis mixedviT da maT Soris gadamxdelebis

mixedviTac, an kidev gadasaxadebis dinamika, zemoTaRniSnuli

parametrebis codnis gareSe.

98 99

rogorc saqarTvelos sagadasaxado moqmedi kodeqsiTaa

dafiqsirebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi arian

rezidenti da ararezidenti fizikuri pirebi.

moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsiT ganmartebulia, rom

,,rezidentad iTvleba fizikuri piri, romelic faqtobrivad

imyofeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze 182 dReze met xans

nebismier 12-Tvian periodSi, romelic mTavrdeba sagadasaxado

wels, an igi sagadasaxado wlis ganmavlobaSi imyofeba

ucxoeTSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samsaxurSi~. amave

sagadasaxado kodeqsiT ganmartebulia, rom saqarTveloSi

yofnis dRed iTvleba dRe, romlis ganmavlobaSiac fizikuri

piri imyofeboda saqaraTvelos teritoriaze, miuxedavad am

yofnis xangrZlivobisa. fizikur pirs ar miekuTvneba

diplomatiuri statusis mqoneni da maTi ojaxis wevrebi, ucxo

qveynis saxelmwifoSi myofi pirebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi

(saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis garda), saqarTvelos teritoriaze

ucxoeTis erTi saxelmwifodan meoreSi gamvleli piri.

ararezidenti aris piri, romelic ar aris saqarTvelos

rezidenti.

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dabegvris obieqtad, moqmedi

sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT, miCneulia Semosavali, romelic

miiReba erTobliv (mTlian) Semosavlebsa da sagadasaxado

kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul gamoqviTvebs Soris sxvaobiT.

mTliani Semosavlebi rezidentisaTvis moicavs rogorc

saqarTveloSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT miRebul Semosavlebs,

xolo ararezidentisaTvis saqarTvelos wyaroebidan miRebul

Semosavlebs. maT miekuTvneba ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebuli

yvela Semosavali, maT Soris xelfasi, premia, samewarmeo

saqmianobiT saqonlis realizaciidan an momsaxurebis,

samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis gamoyenebuli aqtivebis

realizaciis, agreTve arasamewarmeo saqmianobiT miRebuli

Semosavlebi (dividendebi, procentebiT miRebuli Semosavlebi,

qonebis ijariT gacemis, valebis CamoweriT da sxva Semosavlebi

yovelTviuri daubegravi minimumis jamis, winaT dabegrili

dividendebisa da procentebis Semosavlis gamoklebiT).

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTia 25%.

saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan Tavisufalia ucxoeTis

diplomatis an sakonsulos TanamSromlis daqiravebuli Sromis

Sedegad miRebuli Semosavali, granti, saxelmwifo pensia,

memkvidreobamde miRebuli qonebis realizaciiT miRebuli

Semosavali, alimenti da sxv.

mogebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebia saqarTvelosa da

ucxouri sawarmoebi. dabegvris obieqtia mogeba, romelic

ganisazRvreba gadamxdelis mTlian Semosavalsa da am

Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs Soris sxvaobiT

(garda aqtivebis Rirebulebisa, romelSiac Seitaneba ZiriTadi

saSualebebis SeZenis, damontaJebisa da sxva kapitaluri

xarjebi, agreTve garda im xarjebisa, romlebic dakavSirebuli

ar aris ekonomikur saqmianobasTan: fizikuri piris mier piradi

moxmarebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi, maT Soris xelfasis saxiT

miRebuli Semosavali, garTobaze gaweuli xarjebi finansTa

saministros normis zeviT da a.S.). aq ar unda gavigoT ise, rom

ZiriTadi saSualebebis Rirebulebis nawili ar gamoiqviTeba

mTliani Semosavlidan amortizaciis saxiT. piriqiT,

amortizaciis Rirebuleba mTliani Rirebulebidan gamoiqviTeba

normatiuli procentebis saxiT. amasTan amortizacia ar

daericxeba araamortizirebad saSualebebs, rogoricaa miwa,

xelovnebis nimuSebi da sxv.

sawarmos mogebis sagadasaxado ganakveTi moqmedi

kodeqsiT Seadgens 15%-s

damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, rogorc

arapirdapiri gadasaxadi, aris ,,saqarTvelos teritoriaze

saqonlis, samuSaos, momsaxurebis, warmoebisa da mimoqcevis

procesSi Seqmnili Rirebulebis nawili, agreTve saqarTvelos

teritoriaze Semotanili yvela dasabegri saqonlis

Rirebulebis nawilis biujetSi savaldebulo Senatani.

100 101

damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi saqarTveloSi 1992

wlidan dainerga (1958 wels pirvelad frangebma SemoiRes da

Semdeg swrafad gavrcelda sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi).

ekonomikuri statistikis ganmartebiT damatebuli

Rirebuleba aris ,,warmoebuli saqonlisa da gaweuli

momsaxurebis Rirebulebasa da warmoebis procesSi mTlianad

moxmarebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis (Sualeduri moxmareba)

RirebulebaTa Soris sxvaoba.

amasTan warmoebuli saqonlisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis

RirebulebaSi Seitaneba:

a) yvela saxis saqoneli maTi gamoyenebis miuxedavad, maT

Soris sxva momxmareblebisadmi miwodebuli, aseve TviT

mwarmoeblis mier sakuTari saboloo moxmarebis, agreTve

dagrovebisa da materialuri saSualebebis maragTa SevsebisaTvis

gankuTvnili;

b) sxva institucionaluri erTeulebisaTvis, kerZod

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis da komerciuli

organizaciebisaTvis gaweuli arasabazro momsaxureba;

v) SinamosamsaxureTa mier anazRaurebadi momsaxureba

(ojaxis wevrebis mier urTierTaraanazRaurebadi) momsaxureba,

rogoricaa sarecxis recxva, kerZebis momzadeba da sxv. ar

Seitaneba produqciisa da momsaxurebis saerTo RirebulebaSi.

ekonomikuri statistika miuTiTebs agreTve, Sevides

warmoebis moculobaSi Crdilovani ekonomikis (arakanonieri),

agreTve, kanonieri, magram gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aridebis

mizniT maluli ekonomikis (maluli warmoeba) mier warmoebuli

produqciisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis Rirebulebac.

Sualeduri moxmareba, romelic gamoiyeneba damatebuli

Rirebulebis gasaangariSeblad, aris saqonlisa da sabazro

momsaxurebis Rirebuleba (ZiriTadi fondebis gamoklebiT),

romelic mocemul periodSi gamoyenebul iqna sxva saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad. is moicavs:

a) Sromis sagnebs (nedleulsa da ZiriTad masalebs),

eleqtroenergias, saTbobs, Tesls, sakvebs, sakuTari warmoebisa

da nayid naxevarfabrikatebs, medikamentebs, kvebis produqtebs,

spectansacmels, sakancelario sagnebs da a.S.

b) sxva sawarmoebisa da pirebis mier Sesrulebuli

samuSaosa da gaweuli momsaxurebis anazRaureba (transportiT

momsaxureba, remonti, kavSirgabmulobisa da gamoTvliTi

centrebis momsaxureba, komunaluri momsaxureba,

konsultaciebis, iuristebis, bankebis, reklamisa da sxvaTa

momsaxureba da a.S.);

v) samivlinebo Tanxebis anazRaureba.

aqedan cxadia, rom damatebuli Rirebulebis

gadamxdelebad iTvleba yvela pirovneba, vinc eweva raime saxis

saqmianobas, romelsac moaqvs Sesabamisi Rirebuleba, xolo

dabegvris obieqtad unda miviCnioT ara ,,dasabegri operacia da

dasabegri importi~, rogorc es saqarTvelos sagadasaxado

kodeqsSia aRniSnuli, aramed damatebuli Rirebuleba da

importi, romelic warmoiSoba Sesabamisi ekonomikuri

saqmianobiT.

damatebuli Rirebulebis sagadasaxado ganakveTebi

gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT. misi ganakveTebi metwil

qveynebSi meryeobs 20-30%-is farglebSi. igi Seadgens,

magaliTad, aaS-ebSi 11%-s, inglisSi 15%-s, gfr-Si daaxloebiT

6%-s, SvedeTSi 7%-s, safrangeTSi 8%-s, saqarTveloSi Tavidan

28%-s Seadgenda, SemdegSi 14%-mde davida, amJamad 18%-ia.

aqcizi, rogorc arapirdapiri gadasaxadi wesdeba iseTi

masobrivi moxmarebisa da ganusazRvreli raodenobiT

realizebad produqtebze, rogoricaa, Saqari, Cai, marili,

benzini, asanTi, Tambaqo da alkoholuri sasmelebi. aqciziT

saxelmwifo anxorcielebs optimalur-fiskalur politikas,

zogjer zRudavs zogierTi saqonlis moxmarebas da xels

uwyobs antimonopoluri kanonis qmediTunarianobas. zogierT

qveyanaSi aqcisze modis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis 20-25%.

saqarTveloSi aqcizuri gadasaxadi arc Tu didi xnis

winaTaa SemoRebuli, Tumca misi moqmedebis areali

TandaTanobiT farTovdab.

102 103

aqcizis gadamxdelebia aqcizuri saqonlis mwarmoeblebi

an importiorebi saqarTveloSi. aqciziT dabegvris obieqtia

aqcizuri saqonlis miwodeba saqarTveloSi ar sawyobidan

gatana (maT Soris damkveTis nedleuliT damzadebuli) an

importi ucxoeTidan.

aqcizis sagadasaxado ganakveTebi wesdeba rogorc

individualuri wesiT, mtkice odenobiT saqonlis erTeulze,

ise universaluri anu procentobiT saqonlis Rirebulebisadmi.

saqarTveloSi moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, magaliTad,

msubuqi avtomobilebisadmi dawesebulia 15%-iani aqcizi, xolo

yurZnis 1 litra Rvinoze fiqsirebuli 50 TeTri erT litrze

da a.S.

sabaJo gadasaxadis gadamxdelebia iuridiuli da

fizikuri pirebi, romlebic awarmoeben eqsport-importis

operaciebs. misi sagadasaxado bazaa eqsport-importis

moculoba, xolo ganakveTi 12%.

socialuri gadasaxadi, gankuTvnilia socialuri

uzrunvelyofisaTvis, romelsac gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi

ixdian Sromis anazRaurebisa da masTan gaTanabrebul Tanxebze.

aseTi saxis gadasaxadis gadamxdelia damqiravebeli

mewarme, fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, romlebic Sromas

unazRaureben daqiravebulebs da TviT daqiravebuli pirebi,

dasabegravi obieqtia mewarmesa da raime saqonlis mqone

Semosavali da daqiravebulebis xelfasi.

ukanasknel periodamde misi ganakveTi iyo 20%. amJamad es

gadasaxadi gauqmebulia da dawesebulia erTiani 25%-iani

saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.

qonebis gadasaxadi ori saxisaa: fizikuri pirebis qonebis

gadasaxadi da sawarmoTa qonebis gadasaxadi. fizikuri qonebis

gadasaxadis gadamxdelebia qonebis gadasaxadiT dasabegravi

obieqtebis mesakuTre fizikuri pirebi, dabegvris obieqti

saqarTvelos urbanul teritoriaze arsebuli, xolo

araurbanul teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis

gamoyenebuli iseTi uZravi qoneba (miwis garda), rogoricaa

Senoba-nagebobani an maTi nawilebi, xolo sagadasaxado

ganakveTia maTi sabuRaltro Rirebulebis 0,1 procenti.

sawarmoTa qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebia sawarmoebi

(maT Soris samamulo da ucxouri, agreTve, maTi damoukidebel

angariSze myofi da bankSi angariSsworebis angariSis mqone

filialebi da organizaciebi, romelTa qonebis nawili

gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis). sawarmoTa qonebis

gadasaxadis dabegvris obieqtia sawarmos balansze ricxuli

ZiriTadi saSualebebi, daumontaJebeli mowyobiloba,

daumTavrebeli dabandebani da aramaterialuri aqtivebi.

dasabegravi Rirebuleba gaiangariSeba CamoTvlili aqtivebis

narCeni saSualowliuri Rirebulebis 1 procentiani ganakveTiT.

saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebad iTvlebian

pirebi, romlebic ewevian sawarmeo saqmianobas latariebiT,

kazinoebiT, azartuli da sxva saTamaSo miznebiT. dabegvris

obieqtia latariis bileTebis realizaciidan miRebuli

amonagebi, TamaSebisaTvis gamoyenebuli magidebi, saTamaSo

aparatebi, totalizatorebi, bingos salaroebi da sxv.

sagadasaxado ganakveTebia latariis bileTebis

realizaciidan miRebuli amonagebis ara umetes 20%-isa,

kazinos, samorines TiToeuli magididan TveSi 5000-dan 10000

laramde, totalizatoris, bingos, lotos salaroebze TveSi

300-dan 600 laramde da a.S. axal sagadasaxado kodeqsSi,

romelic amJamad ganxilvis procesSia ormagdeba

totalizatoris, kazinoebis da bingos gadasaxadi.

sagadasaxado politikis gatarebisaTvis saWiroa gvqondes

Semosavlebis indikatorebis statistikuri suraTi, rac iZleva

am movlenebisa da procesebis droSi ganviTarebis

kanonzomierebebs.

104 105

Tema 5. fasebisa da inflaciis statistika

fasi aris saqonlis Rirebulebis fuladi gamoxatuleba.

gegmuri ekonomikis pirobebSi fasi warmoadgenda produqciisa

da momsaxurebis Rirebulebis fulad sazom indikators.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mas gansazRvravs ara produqciisa

da momsaxurebis warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi da aqedan

gamomdinare Rirebuleba, aramed bazarze arsebuli moTxovna-

miwodeba. amitom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi fasi SeiZleba

ganisazRvros Semdegnairad: fasi aris yidva-gayidvis procesSi saqonlis (produqciis) an momsaxurebis erTeulisaTvis,

moTxovna-miwodebis Sesabamisad, gadasaxdeli Tanxa. fasebi

Tavad moqmedebs moTxovna-miwodebis regulirebaze, gamoiyeneba

makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis (mTliani Sida produqtis,

erovnuli Semosavlis, erovnuli sisdidris da sxva)

gasaangariSeblad, mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis,

cxovrebis donis dasadgenad da sxva mravali makroekonomikuri

problemis gadasaWrelad. biznesSi, menejmentSi, marketingSi da

sxva sferoebSi is adamianTa yoveldRiuri saqmianobis mZlavri

instrumentia.

yvela am sferoSi fasebi asrulebs saaRricxvo

(produqciisa da momsaxurebis moculobis, mogebisa da

rentabelobis dadgena da sxv.), mastimulirebel (maRali fasis

produqciisa da momsaxurebis meti raodenobis warmoeba,

nedleulis, saTbobis, masalebis, eleqtroenergiis da sxva

danaxarjebis ekonomia da a.S.) da ganmanawilebel (mis

SemadgenlobaSi ara marto danaxarjebis, aramed saxelmwifo

biujetSi gadasaxadebis da sxvaTa gaTvaliswineba) funqciebs.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi fasebi aris sxvadasxva saxis.

amaTgan qveyanaSi dominirebs sabazro fasebi. sabazro fasebi

aris Tavisufali fasebi, romlebic yalibdeba bazarze moTxovna-

miwodebis, agreTve, myidvelisa da gamyidvelis interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. igi moicavs, agreTve, damatebuli

Rirebulebisa da aqcizis gadasaxadebs.

sabazro fasebi qveyanaSi yalibdeba moqmedi fasebis

bazaze. maT Sorisaa gamyidvelis, myidvelisa da ZiriTadi

sacalo fasebi, momsaxurebis fasebi da tarifebi.

gamyidvelis fasi ewodeba im fass, romliTac gamyidveli

yidis saqonels da momsaxurebas. gamyidvelis fasis erTerTi

nairasaxeobaa mwarmoeblisa da ZiriTadi fasebi. mwarmoeblis

fasia is fasi, romelsac Rebulobs mwarmoebeli produqciis an

momsaxurebis erTi erTeulis gayidviT. is moicavs

TviTRirebulebas anu warmoebisa da momsaxurebis danaxarjebs

(nedleuli da ZiriTadi masalebi, saTbobi da eleqtroenergia,

naxevarfabrikatebi, ZiriTadi kapitalis amortizacZia, xelfasi,

socdazRvevis anaricxebi socdazRvevaze da sxv.), gadasaxadebs

(aqcizis, damatebuli Rirebulebis da importze gadasaxadebis

garda) produqtebze da importze subsidiebis gamoklebiT.

ZiriTadi fasi aris mwarmoeblis mier produqciisa da

momsaxurebis erTeulze miRebuli fasi, produqtebze yvela

saxis gadasaxadis gamoklebiT da subsidebis CaTvliT (garda

importze subsidisa).

aqedan cxadia, rom mwarmoeblis fassa da ZiriTad fass

Soris aseTi damokidebula aris:

mwarmoeblis fasi - mwarmoeblis fasSi CarTuli

produqtebze gadasaxadebi + produqtebze subsidiebi = ZiriTad

fass.

myidvelis fasi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saboloo

moxmarebis fasia, romelic moicavs mwarmoeblis fass, agreTve,

satransporto-savaWro daTbobas da wminda gadasaxadebs

(mwarmoeblis fasSi gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadebis gareSe).

sabiTumo fasi ewodeba im fass, romliTac samomxmareblo

saqoneli biTumad gadaecema msxvili partiebiT mwarmoeblidan

savaWro qsels an teqnikuri daniSnulebis nawarmi - uSualo

momxmarebels.

rogorc wesi, sabiTumo fasSi SeaqvT warmoebis

danaxarjebi da mogeba. masSi ar Seitaneba aqcizisa da

damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi.

106 107

sacalo fasebi ewodeba im fasebs, romliTac saqoneli da

momsaxureba uSualod mieyideba mosaxleobas. masSi Seitaneba

sabiTumo fasi, savaWro daTboba (mimoqcevis xarjebi da mogeba),

agreTve, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi da aqcizi.

momsaxurebis fasebi da tarifebi gamoiyeneba momsaxurebis

(satransporto, kavSirgabmulobis, sabinao-komunaluri,

sanitaruli da sxv.) sferoebSi.

sabazro, Tavisufali fasebis garda zogierT gardamavali

ekonomikis qveyanaSi moqmedebs, agreTve, saxelmwifo fasebi,

romlebic wesdeba im dargebis produqtebze, romlebsac

monopoliuri mdgomareoba uWiravT bazarze (eleqtroenergia,

airi da sxv.) saxelmwfio fasi SeiZleba iyos zRvruli

(magaliTad, saafTiaqo medikamentebze) fasi, romlis zeviT ar

SeiZleba dawesdes fasi, fiqsirebuli (saxelmwifos mier

mkacrad gansazRvruli fasi mosaxloebisaTvis) da

regulirebadi (romelic SeiZleba saxelmwifos mier Seicvalos

calkeuli regionebisa da periodebis mixedviT).

fasebis statistikis winaSe dgas Semdegi amocanebi:

bazarze saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebze dakvirveba.

fasebis klasifikacia

fasebis struqturis analizi

fasebia variaciis analizi

mosaxleobis cxovrebios doneze fasebis moqmedebis

gazomvis maCvenebelTa sistemis SemuSaveba da gaangariSeba

inflaciis donis gansazRvris meTodebis SemuSaveba da

misi gavlenis Seswavla ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.

fasebis statistikis winaSe dasmuli amocanebis

realizeba xorcieldeba Sesabamisi maCvenebelTa sistemis

safuZvelze, romelic SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:

fasebis donis maCveneblebi

fasebis struqturis maCveneblebi

fasebis variaciis maCveneblebi

fasebis elastiurobis maCveneblebi

fasebis dinamikis maCveneblebi

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sfi) asaxavs fasebis

saSualo cvlilebas saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fiqsirebul

kalaTaze, romelsac moxmarebisaTvis SeiZens qalaqis

mosaxleoba. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebi, romlebic

gamoiyeneba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gamosaTvlelad,

grovdeba saqarTvelos xuTi qalaqis (Tbilisi, baTumi, quTaisi,

gori, Telavi) sacalo vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis obieqtebSi –

maRaziebSi, bazrebSi, benzingasamarT sadgurebSi, vaWrobisa da

momsaxurebis sxva obieqtebSi. samomxmareblo kalaTaSi Semavali

282 dasaxelebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sewonvis

struqtura Camoyalibebulia SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevis

safuZvelze sfi-is gaangariSebis bazaa 2006 wlis dekemberi.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi iTvleba mniSvnelovan

ekonomikur maCveneblad, romelic axasiaTebs inflaciis dones

da gamoiyeneba ekonomikaSi fasebis cvlilebis donesTan

dakavSirebuli procesebis analizisa da prognozirebisTvis.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi gaiangariSeba laspeiresis

indeqsiT:

00

01

qp

qpI

sadac: 1p - konkretuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasia

(tarifia) saangariSo periodSi.

108 109

0p - konkretuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasia

(tarifia) sabaziso periodSi periodSi.

0q - konkretuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fizikuri

moculobaa sabaziso periodSi.

procentuli cvlileba wina TvesTan gaiangariSeba

formuliT:

1001

1

t

ttt

I

III

sadac: tI aris sfi-is procentuli cvlileba wina

TvesTan, tI - saangariSo Tvis sfi, 1tI - wina Tvis sfi.

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris

informaciiT, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi 2002-2008 wlebSi

ase gamoiyureba. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

saSualo wliuri wina wlis saSualo wliurTan

105.6

104.8 105.7 108.2 109.2 109.2 110.0

dekemberi wina wlis dekemberTan

105.4

107.0 107.5 106.2 108.8 111.0 105.5

saSualo wliuri 1995 wlis saSualo wliurTan

211.9

222.0 234.6 253.9 277.2 302.8 333.1

rogorc cxrilidan Cans samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi yovel

wels wina welTan SedarebiT umniSvnelod izrdeba, xolo 1995

welTan SedarebiT Zalzed didia zrda.

ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÀ ÒÈÖËÉ ÓÏÝÉÀËÖÒ-ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒÉ ÊÀÔÄÂÏÒÉÀÀ. ÉÂÉ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒÉ ÌÏÅËÄÍÀ, ÃÉÃÉ áÀÍÉÀ ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÓ. ÌÀÒÈÀËÉÀ, ÌÉÓÉ ßÀÒÌÏÛÏÁÉÓ ÆÖÓÔÉ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÉ ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒ ËÉÔÄÒÀÔÖÒÀÛÉ ÀÒ ÓÀáÄËÃÄÁÀ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÈÉÈØÌÉÓ ÚÅÄËÀ ÌÊÅËÄÅÀÒÉ ÈÅËÉÓ, ÒÏÌ ÉÂÉ ÃÀÀáËÏÄÁÉÈ ×ÖËÉÓ ÛÄÌÏÙÄÁÉÓ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÓ ÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀ. ÈÅÉÈ „ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÉÓ“ ÝÍÄÁÀ ßÀÒÌÏÛÏÁÉËÉÀ

ËÀÈÉÍÖÒÉ inflatio-ÓÀÂÀÍ, ÒÀÝ ÍÉÛÍÀÅÓ ÂÀÁÄÒÅÀÓ. ÅÀÒÀÖÃÏÁÄÍ, ÒÏÌ ÐÉÒÅÄËÀÃ ÔÄÒÌÉÍÉ „ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÀ“ áÌÀÒÄÁÀÛÉ ÛÄÌÏÅÉÃÀ ÜÒÃÉËÏÄÈ ÀÌÄÒÉÊÀÛÉ 1861-1865 ßËÄÁÛÉ ÃÀ ÉÂÉ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÀÅÃÀ ÉÓÄÈ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÓ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÉßÅÄÅÃÀ ÁÒÖÍÅÀÛÉ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ ØÀÙÀËÃÉÓ ×ÖËÉÓ ÌÏÝÖËÏÁÉÓ ÆÒÃÀÓ, ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÀÃ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖËÓ ÓÀÌáÄÃÒÏ áÀÒãÄÁÉÓ ÃÀ×ÉÍÀÍÓÄÁÀÓÈÀÍ. ÈÖÌÝÀ, ÞÍÄËÉÀ ÉÌÉÓ ÌÔÊÉÝÄÁÀ, ÒÏÌ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÖÒ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÓ Ö×ÒÏ ÀÃÒÉÍÃÄË ÐÄÒÉÏÃÛÉ ÀÒ äØÏÍÃÀ ÀÃÂÉËÉ. ÀÌÉÓ

ÓÀ×ÖÞÅÄËÓ ÉÞËÄÅÀ XVII ÓÀÖÊÖÍÉÓ ÓÀ×ÒÀÍÂÄÈÛÉ ØÀÙÀËÃÉÓ ×ÖËÉÓ ÛÄÌÏÙÄÁÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÓÖË ÌÏÊËÄ ÃÒÏÛÉ ÃÀÌÈÀÅÒÃÀ ÌÏÖÈÏÊÀÅÉ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÉÈ ÃÀ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÓÀ×ÉÍÀÍÓÏ-ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒÉ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÉÓ ÌÏÛËÉÈ. ÀÙÓÀÍÉÛÍÀÅÉÀ, ÒÏÌ „ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÉÓ“ ÊÀÔÄÂÏÒÉÀ ÜÒÃÉËÏÄÈ ÀÌÄÒÉÊÉÃÀÍ ÈÀÍÃÀÈÀÍÏÁÉÈ áÌÀÒÄÁÀÛÉ ÛÄÌÏÅÉÃÀ ÄÅÒÏÐÉÓ ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÛÉ ÃÀ, ÖÐÉÒÅÄËÄÓ ÚÏÅËÉÓÀ, ÃÉÃ ÁÒÉÔÀÍÄÈÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀ×ÒÀÍÂÄÈÛÉ. ÈÀÅÃÀÐÉÒÅÄËÀÃ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÊÀÔÄÂÏÒÉÀ ÂÀÌÏÉÚÄÍÄÁÏÃÀ ÁÀÍÊÉÒÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ×ÉÍÀÍÓÉÓÔÄÁÉÓ ßÒÄÛÉ, áÏËÏ ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒ ËÉÔÄÒÀÔÖÒÀÛÉ

×ÀÒÈÏÃ ÌÉÓÉ ÂÀÌÏÚÄÍÄÁÀ ÓÀÈÀÅÄÓ ÉÙÄÁÓ XX ÓÀÖÊÖÍÉÓ ÃÀÓÀßÚÉÓÉÃÀÍ. ×ÀØÔÏÁÒÉÅÀÃ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÖÒÌÀ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÌÀ ×ÀÒÈÏ ÂÀÓÀØÀÍÉ ÌÉÉÙÏ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ÃÀ ÌÄÏÒÄ ÌÓÏ×ËÉÏ ÏÌÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ ÃÀ ÓßÏÒÄÃ ÀÌ ÃÒÏÉÃÀÍ ÉßÚÄÁÀ ÌÉÓÉ ÓÉÙÒÌÉÓÄÖËÉ ÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÖËÉ ÊÅËÄÅÀ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÉÂÉ ãÄÒ ÊÉÃÄÅ ÀÒÀÀ ÓÒÖËÚÏ×ÉËÀÃ ÛÄÓßÀÅËÉËÉ ÃÀ ÌÉÓÉ ÌÈÄËÉ ÒÉÂÉ ÈÄÏÒÉÖË-ÌÄÈÏÃÏËÏÂÉÖÒÉ ÀÓÐÄØÔÄÁÉ ÃÙÄÓÀÝ ÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÉÓ ÓÀÂÀÍÓ ßÀÒÌÏÀÃÂÄÍÓ.

ÌÓÏ×ËÉÏ ÂÀÌÏÝÃÉËÄÁÀ ÂÅÉÜÅÄÍÄÁÓ, ÒÏÌ ×ÖËÀÃÉ ÌÀÓÉÓ ÌÀÔÄÁÀ ÀÖÝÉËÄÁËÀÃ 2-3 ÈÅÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ ÉßÅÄÅÓ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÉÓ ÆÒÃÀÓ. ÌÀÂÀËÉÈÀÃ, 1988-1992 ßËÄÁÛÉ ÀÛÛ-ÛÉ ×ÖËÀÃÉ ÌÀÓÉÓ ÓÀÛÖÀËÏßËÉÖÒÉ ÆÒÃÉÓ ÔÄÌÐÉ ÛÄÀÃÂÄÍÃÀ 5,4 ÐÒÏÝÄÍÔÓ, áÏËÏ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÉÓ ÆÒÃÉÓ ÓÀÛÖÀËÏßËÉÖÒÉ ÔÄÌÐÉ - 4,9%. ÓÀ×ÒÀÍÂÄÈÛÉ ÛÄÓÀÁÀÌÉÓÀÃ 10,6 ÃÀ 2,9%, ÉÀÐÏÍÉÀÛÉ - 5,6 ÃÀ 2,2%. ÒÖÓÄÈÛÉ 1993 ßÄËÓ ßÀÒÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÝÄÌÉÓ ÐÉÒÏÁÄÁÛÉ ×ÖËÉÓ ÌÀÓÉÓ ÆÒÃÀÌ 17,3%-ÉÈ ÂÀÌÏÉßÅÉÀ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÉÓ ÔÄÌÐÉÓ ÚÏÅÄËÈÅÉÖÒÉ ÆÒÃÀ 20-

110 111

25 ÐÒÏÝÄÍÔÉÈ. ÀÍÀËÏÂÉÖÒ ÊÀÍÏÍÆÏÌÉÄÒÄÁÀÓ äØÏÍÃÀ ÀÃÂÉËÉ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ 1992-1995 ßËÄÁÛÉ.

ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ ÂÀÂÄÁÉÈ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÉÓ ÀÒÓÉ ÌÃÂÏÌÀÒÄÏÁÓ ÄÒÏÅÍÖËÉ ÅÀËÖÔÉÓ ÂÀÖ×ÀÓÖÒÄÁÀÛÉ ÓÀØÏÍËÉÓ, ÌÏÌÓÀáÖÒÄÁÉÓ ÃÀ ÖÝáÏÖÒÉ ÅÀËÖÔÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÌÀÒÈ. ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÉÓ ÛÉÍÀÀÒÓÛÉ ÌÀÉÍÝ ÌÈÀÅÀÒÉÀ ×ÀÓÄÁÉ, ÌÉÓÉ ÓÀÄÒÈÏ

ÃÏÍÉÓ ÆÒÃÀ. ÈÖÌÝÀ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÖÊÅÄ ÀÙÉÍÉÛÍÀ, ×ÀÓÄÁÉÓ ÆÒÃÀ ÚÏÅÄËÈÅÉÓ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÀÓÈÀÍ ÀÒÀÀ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖËÉ. ×ÀÓÄÁÉÓ ÆÒÃÀ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÂÀÌÏßÅÄÖËÉ

ÉÚÏÓ ÓÀØÏÍËÉÓ ÌÏÈáÏÅÍÉÓ Ö×ÒÏ ÌÀÙÀËÉ ÃÏÍÉÈ ÌÉßÏÃÄÁÀÓÈÀÍ ÛÄÃÀÒÄÁÉÈ. ÀÓÄÈÉ ÃÉÓÐÒÏÐÏÒÝÉÀ ÌÈÄË ÒÉÂ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀÛÉ ÀÒ ßÀÒÌÏÀÃÂÄÍÓ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÀÓ. ÃÀÌÏÖÊÉÃÄÁËÀÃ ×ÖËÀÃÉ Ó×ÄÒÏÓÀÂÀÍ, ÓÀØÏÍÄËÆÄ ×ÀÓÄÁÉ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÛÄÉÝÅÀËÏÓ ÛÒÏÌÉÓ ÍÀÚÏ×ÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀÌÀÙËÄÁÉÓ, ÝÉÊËÖÒÉ ÃÀ ÓÄÆÏÍÖÒÉ ÒÚÄÅÄÁÉÓ, ÊÅËÀÅßÀÒÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀÛÉ ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÉ ÞÅÒÄÁÉÓ, ÁÀÆÒÉÓ ÌÏÍÏÐÏËÉÆÀÝÉÉÓ, ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÒÄÂÖËÉÒÄÁÉÓ, ÂÀÃÀÓÀáÀÃÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÂÀÍÀÊÅÄÈÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÏÙÄÁÉÓ, ×ÖËÀÃÉ ÄÒÈÄÖËÉÓ ÃÄÅÀËÅÀÝÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÒÄÅÀËÅÀÝÉÉÓ, ÁÀÆÒÉÓ ÊÏÍÉÖØÔÖÒÉÓ ÝÅËÉËÄÁÉÓ, ÓÀÂÀÒÄÏÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒÉ ÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÓ ÆÄÂÀÅËÄÍÉÓ, ÓÔÉØÉÖÒÉ ÖÁÄÃÖÒÄÁÉÓ ÃÀ ÓáÅÀ ×ÀØÔÏÒÄÁÉÓ ÆÄÌÏØÌÄÃÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ. ÝáÀÃÉÀ, ÒÏÌ ×ÀÓÄÁÉÓ ÚÏÅÄËÂÅÀÒÉ ÆÒÃÀ ÀÒÀÀ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÀÓÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖËÉ, ÀÌÉÔÏÌ ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍÉÀ ÌÊÀ×ÉÏÃ ÂÀÌÏÉÊÅÄÈÏÓ ÉÍ×ËÀÝÉÖÒÉ ÌÏÅËÄÍÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÌßÅÄÅÉ ×ÀØÔÏÒÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÌÉÆÄÆÄÁÉ.

inflacias iwvevs fulis mimoqcevis arxebis Warbi,

zedmeti fulis masiT avseba Sesabamisi sasaqonlo

uzrunvelyofis anu sasaqonlo masis adeqvaturi zrdis gareSe.

Sedegad izrdeba fasebi rogorc samomxmareblo, ise sawarmoo

daniSnulebis saqonelze, Zvirdeba mosaxleobis saarsebo

saSualebebi, biznessa da menejmentSi produqciisa da

momsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba, ecema mogeba. mTavroba rig

SemTxvevebSi, iZulebulia gaataros dezinflaciuri

RonisZiebani mimoqcevidan fulis masis amoRebis politika

gadasaxadebis gazrdis, Sromis anazRaurebis Semcirebis,

sakredito restriqciis anu sakredito Tanxebis Semcirebis,

saxelmwifo biujetidan ekonomikis, agreTve, socialur-

kulturuli RonisZiebebis dafinansebis Semcirebisa da sxva

RonisZiebebis gatarebis gziT.

inflaciuri movlenebi mravali, sxvadasxva niSniT

SeiZleba davajgufoT anu movaxdinoT maTi klasifikacia. am

niSnebidan yvelaze mTavaria inflaciis siswrafe. am niSniT

inflacia SeiZleba iyos ,,mcocavi~ (mJRavndeba fasebis

TandaTanobiT zrdaSi xangrZlivi periodis manZilze),

,,Wenebadi~ (mJRavndeba fasebis naxtomisebur zrdaSi) da

hiperinflacia (berZnuli hnper - zeviT) (mJRavndeba fasebis

Zalze maRali zrdis tempebSi). miRebulia, rom TveSi 50%-mde

fasebis zrda Wenebadia, xolo 50%-ze zeviT hiperinflaciaa.

amis garda inflacia SeiZleba iyos Ria (romelic kargad Cans

samomxmareblo saqonelsa da sawarmoo resursebze fasebis

zrdiT) da daxuruli (rac gamowveulia sasaqonlo deficitiT

da Cans arapirdapir, warmoebis danaxarjebis gadidebiTa da

mogebis TandaTanobiTi SemcirebiT biznesSi).

inflaciis sidides (dones) statistikaSi zomaven

procentulad saangariSo da sabaziso periodebis

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebis safuZvelze Semdegi

formulis gamoyenebiT:

100

0

01

.

p

pp

I

IIIinfl

sadac .inflI - inflaciis done procentulad;

1pI - saangariSo periodis fasebis indeqsi;

0pI - sabaziso periodis fasebis indeqsi.

mocemuli formala asedac SeiZleba Caiweros:

112 113

1001

0

1

.

p

p

I

IIinfl

magaliTi. rogorc zemoT mocemuli cxrilidan Cans,

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsma saqarTveloSi 2007 wels

Seadgina: 2.9

0pI

, xolo 2008 wels 0.10

1pI

cxadia am periodSi inflaciis done Seadgens:

%7.81002.9

2.90.10100

0

01

.

p

pp

I

IIIinfl

e.i. saqarTveloSi inflaciis procenti 2007-2008

wlebSi Seadgenda: 8.7 %

cxadia, inflaciis es maCveneblebi asaxulia Sesabamisi

wlebis mixedviT gaangariSebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani

makroekonomikuri indikatoris sidideebSi, rogoricaa mTliani

Sida produqti. 2003 w., magaliTad, saqarTveloSi mTliani

Sida produqtis Rirebulebam mimdinare fasebSi (nominaluri

sidide) Seadgina 8564 mln lari, xolo 2007 da 2008 wlebSi,

Sesabamisad 16994 mln da 19070 mln lari. maSasadame 2008

wels saqarTveloSi nominaluri mTliani produqti gaizarda

2007 wlis mimarT 1,12-jer anu 12%-iT, xolo 2003 wlis

mimarT 2,23-jer, anu 123%-iT. magram es maCveneblebi araa

realuri, vinaidan maTi nawili gadidebulia ara realurad

qveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, aramed

inflaciis xarjze. rogor gamovTiSoT inflaciis gavlena

makroekonomikur maCveneblebze da davadginoT maTi dinamikis

realuri suraTi?

amisaTvis msoflio statistikur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi

gamoiyeneba e.w. deflilirebis meTodi. deflilireba ewodeba

ekonomikuri maCveneblebidan inflaciis gavlenis gamoTiSvis

process, romlis ganxorcielebis miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba

deflatorebi.

deflatori (laT. deflecto) ewodeba koeficients,

romelic gamoiyeneba fulad gamosaxulebaSi gaangariSebuli

ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gadasaangariSeblad, wina periodis

donesTan maTi saerTo mniSvnelamde dayvanis mizniT.

ricxobrivad igi udris fasebis zrdis indeqss. msoflio

statistikur Teorias da praqtikaSi defliatirebis procesis

sami ZiriTadi meTodia gamoyenebuli.

erTmagi defliatirebis, ormagi defliatirebisa da

ekonomikuri maCveneblis fizikuri moculobis dinamikis

defliatirebis meTodi.

erTmagi deflirebis procesSi defliatorebad gamoiyeneba

samomxmareblo fasebis an mTliani Sida produqtis indeqsi

(mTliani Sida produqtis indeqsia am maCveneblis saangariSo

periodis anu mimdinare fasebiT gamosaxuli sididisa da imave

maCveneblis sabaziso periodis fasebSi gamosaxuli sidideebis

ganayofi). samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

Rirebulebis indeqs-defliatorisagan gansxvavebiT, mTliani

Sida produqtis indeqs-defliatori asaxavs, agreTve, Sromis

anazRaurebis, ZiriTadi kapitalis amortizaciis da wminda

gadasaxadebis nominaluri masis cvalebadobas, rac gamowveulia

fasebis cvalebadobiT.

indeqs-defliatori mTels msoflioSi iangariSeba paaSes

fasebis indeqsiT:

10

11

qp

qpIdefl.

114 115

sadac, wiladis mricxveli mTliani Sida produqtis

Rirebulebaa saangariSo periodis fasebiT, xolo mniSvneli

igive mTliani Sida produqtis Rirebulebaa sabaziso periodis

fasebiT.

nebismieri ekonomikuri maCveneblis (am SemTxvevaSi

mimdinare fasebiT gamosaxuli mTliani Sida produqtis

deflireba) warmoebs mimdinare periodSi amave mimdinare

periodis fasebiT gamosaxuli nominaluri sididis indeqs-

deflatorze gayofiT

defl.I

pqpq

11

01

magaliTi. saqarTveloSi mTliani Sida produqtis

Rirebulebam, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 2003 wels Seadgina

8564 mln lari, xolo 2008 wels 19070 mln lari. zrdam

222.7%, anu moimata 122.7%-iT. am wlebSi samomxmareblo

fasebi gaizarda 1,05-jer, rac SeiZleba gamoviyenoT indeqs-

defliatorad. maSasadame 2008 wlis mTliani Sida produqti

2003 wlis fasebSi Seadgens:

larsmln. defl.

9.1816105.1

1907011

01 I

pqpq

maSasadame, am wlebSi mTliani Sida produqtis realuri

moculoba gaizarda 2,12-jer.

ormagi defliatirebis meTodi gulisxmobs mTliani Sida

produqtis sawamroo meTodiT gaangariSebis kvalobaze TviT

warmoebis doneze ekonomikis dargebis mixedviT. dargebis

mixedviT warmoebs rogorc produqciisa da momsaxurebis

mTliani gamoSvebis, aseve Sual3gamoSvebisaTvis defliatorad

gamoiyeneba mTliani gamoSvebis fasebis paaSes indeqsi, xolo

Sualeduri moxmarebisaTvis - moxmarebuli nedleulis,

masalebis, saTbobis, naxevarfabrikatebisa da sxvaTa fasebis

defliatori).

maSasadame, pirvel etapze ekonomikis calkeuli dargebis

mixedviT gaiangariSeba gamoSveba Sesadaris fasebSi (mimdinare

fasebSi mTliani gamoSvebis fasebis indeqsze anu defliatorze

gayofiT), meore etapze - Sualeduri moxmareba Sesadaris

fasebSi (Sualeduri moxmareba mimdinare fasebSi gayofili

Sualeduri moxmarebis elementebis fasebis defliatorze anu

indeqsze), xolo mesame etapze - maTi sxvaobiT (gadafasebul

mTlian gamoSvebas gamoklebuli gadafasebuli Sualeduri

moxmareba) miiReba damatebuli Rirebuleba sabazro periodis

fasebiT. dargebis mixedviT gaangariSebul damatebul

RirebulebaTa jami gvaZlevs mTliani Sida produqtis realur

Rirebulebas.

defliatirebis mesame meTodi gulisxmobs sabaziso

periodis damatebuli Rirebulebis

00 pq

eqstrapoliacias produqciisa da momsaxurebis fizikuri

moculobis indeqsis gamoyenebiT.

es ase SeiZleba Caiweros:

00

00

01

01 pqpq

pqpq

sadac,

01 pq

produqciis damatebuli Rirebulebaa Sesadaris fasebSi;

116 117

00

01

pq

pq

produqciis fizikuri moculobis indeqsia;

00 pq

sabaziso periodis damatebuli Rirebulebaa.

inflaciuri movlenebi da procesebi ekonomikisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli inerciis kanonebis ZaliT didxans inarCuneben

ganviTarebis Camoyalibebul tendenciebs. amas kargad

iTvaliswineben biznesmenebi da awarmoeben nedleulis, saTbobis,

eleqtroenergiis, naxevarfabrikatebis an mTlian mza

produqciis winaswar Sesyidvas, riTac fasTasxvaobiT

Rebuloben mogebas. aseT mogebas dasavleTis ekonomistebi

holdingur mogebas uwodeben. aseTi saqmiTaa dakavebuli ara

marto calkeuli biznesmenebi, aramed specialuri msxvili

holdinguri kompaniebic da korporaciebic. es kompaniebi,

umetes SemTxvevebSi, ar floben raime saxis TavianT sawarmoo

potencials da holdinguri operaciebiT mniSvnelovani wili

uWiravT calkeuli firmebis aqciaTa sakontrolo paketSi.

saqarTvelos statiatikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT

inflaciis maCvenebeli Semdeg suraTs iZleva:

წლიური ინფლაცია

წლიური ინფლაცია

(სამომხმარებლო ფასების

ინდექსის პროცენტული

ცვლილება წინა წლის

შესაბამის თვესთან), %

საშუალო წლიური

ინფლაცია (12 თვის

საშუალო), %

იანვარი-96 42,9 127,6

იანვარი-97 11,8 36,3

იანვარი-98 6,7 6,7

იანვარი-99 13,2 4,1

იანვარი-00 8,5 18,6

იანვარი-01 4,9 3,8

იანვარი-02 4,7 4,7

იანვარი-03 5,5 5,6

იანვარი-04 5,2 4,8

იანვარი-05 9,3 6,1

იანვარი-06 5,2 7,9

იანვარი-07 10,4 9,6

იანვარი-08 10,7 9,3

იანვარი-09 4,4 9,4

იანვარი-10 2,7 1,6

თებერვალი-10 5,6 1,9

მარტი-10 5,8 2,2

აპრილი–10 5,6 2,6

მაისი–10 4,0 2,7

ივნისი-10 3,7 2,8

118 119

Tema 6. safondo birJebis da fasiani qaRaldebis

statistika

fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWroba mimdinareobs saerTaSoriso

safinanso bazrebze, iseTi msxvili finansuri centrebis

birJebze, rogoricaa niu-iorki, londoni, parizi, frankfurti,

tokio, ciurixi. SegaxsenebT, rom garda safondo (savaluto)

birJebisa (Stock Exchanges) arsebobs aseve sasaqonlo birJebi (Commodity Exchanges),sadac mimdinareobs vaWroba garkveuli

saqonliTa da produqtebiT (feradi liTonebiT, bambiT, SaqriT

da a.S.).

birJebi viTardebian ramdenime aswleulis ganmavlobaSi. pirveli

maTgani

Camoyalibda antverpenSi 1531 wels, Semdeg londonSi 1561

wels, niuiorkSi uol tritze 1792 wels. birJa uol stritze

niu-iorkSi warmoadgens kerZo sazogadoebas, romelic erTianebs

daaxloebiT 1500 wevrs. am birJis romelime wevris sikvdilis

SemTxvevaSi, ms adgils yidian auqcionze masze, vinc mets

gadaixdis. dasavleTis yvela qveyanaSi birJebs akontrolebs

specialuri saxelmwifo organo, agaliTad, aSS-Si — safondo

birJebis saqmeebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis komisia. ResdReobiT

msoflios udidesi birJa tokioSia. masSi xdeba 1520 sawarmos

qciis kotireba.

fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWroba warmoebs e.w. sabirJo dros,

magaliTad, niuiorkis birJaze: 8—12-mde da 13.30—16 saaTamde.

myidvelisa da gamyidvelis saxiT birJaze SeiZleba

mogvevlinos mxolod brokeri makleri) (Broker), romelic

asrulebs Tavisi kllientebis SekveTebs da amisaTvis Rebulobs

brunvidan garkveul procents.

arsebobs e.w. sabrokero firmebi an samaklero kantorebi.

amerikuli firmebidan msxvilesia — `meril linCi~, romlis

qonebac Sefasebulia 55 miliard dolarad. masSi dasaqmebulia

44 aTasi adamiani, romlebic mudmivad emsaxurebian 5 milion

klients.

bazarze arsebuli fasebis moZraobis tendenciebis

mixedviT ganasxvaveben

xarebis an daTvebis bazars.

xarebis bazars (Bull Market) adgili aqvs, rodesac

fasebi izrdeba aqciebis aqtiuri Sesyidvis Sedegad.

daTvebis bazris (Bear Market) dros, aqciebis fasebi

iklebs am aqciebze dabali moTxovnis arsebobis gamo, rac

niSnavs, rom SeTavazebuli aqciebi ar gaiyideba fasis daklebis

gareSe.

rodesac vsaubrobT birJebze, fasiani qaRaldebiT

vaWrobaze, unda vicodeT ramdenime terminis mniSvneloba.

safondo birJa — organizacia, romlis wevrebsac aqvT

ufleba iyidon da gayidon fasiani qaRaldebi sxva pirebisaTvis.

sasaqonlo birJa — specializirebulia operaciebze,

romelic dakavSirebulia Zvirfas liTonebTan, saTbobTan,

ucxour valutasTan da

sasoflo-sameurneo produqciasTan (marcvleuli,

saqoneli,

Saqari)

marJa — (marJiT vaWroba) es aris aqciebis yidva fuliT,

romlis nawilic

sesxis saxiT aRebulia brokerTan.

marJis ganakveTi winaswar aris gansazRvruli (magaliTad,

aSS-Si is ganisazRvreba federaluri sarezervo sistemiT).

fuli, romelic

brokerTan iyo aRebuli sesxis saxiT, ukan unda

daubrundes

mas procentebiT. marJiT nayidi aqciebi brokerTan inaxeba

garantis saxiT.

aqciis danawevreba— rodesac aqcionerebs erTi aqciis magivrad

aZleven 2 da met aqciebs. magaliTad, Tu I-is aqcia Rirda 150

dolari, xolo

120 121

firmam moaxdina aqciis danawevreba 5—1-Tan mimarTebaSi,

maSin I-is erTi aqciis mflobeli avtomaturad gaxdeba 5

aqciis mflobeli. magram erTi aqciis Rirebuleba iqneba ara

150 dolari, aramed 30 dolari. umTavresad es keTdeba imis

gamo, rom investorebs gauadvildeT mTliani lotis (100

aqciis) SeZena.

loti — romelime kompaniis 100 aqcia.

jeradi loti — aqciaTa partia, romelic aris 100-is jeradi.

diversifikacia — ewodeba process, romlis drosac kapitalis

Cadeba xdeba sxvadasxva faseulobebSi (Cvens SemTxvevaSi, fasian

qaRaldebSi),

raTa SevamciroT investiciis riski. magaliTad, investorma

SeiZleba Cados Tavisi kapitalis 30% swrafad zrdad aqciebSi,

romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia maRali riski. kidev 30%

konservatorul saxelmwifo obligacieb- Si. 15% —

Semosavlian aqciebSi, xolo danarCeni Tanxa ganaTavsos bankSi

gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebisaTvis da SemdgomSi ufro kargi

(perspeqtiuli) fulis ganTavsebis (investiciis)

molodiniT. imis gamo, rom kapitalis gadanawileba xdeba

sxvadasxva seqtorebSi, misi mTlianad dakargvis albaToba

dayvanilia minimumamde. investiciuri strategiis es tipi,

rogorc wesi, iwodeba investiciuri strategiis portfelad.

hedjireba — investicia, romelic icavs investors

danakargebisagan sxva

investiciaze. hedjireba aris umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti,

raTa Seamciron TavianTi riskebi mwarmoeblebma,

gadamamuSaveblebma

da gamyidvelebma, radgan sufTa saxiT hedjireba niSnavs

saqonlisa da produqciis yidvas da gayidvas fiuCersul

bazarze — mimdinare situaciidan da samomavlo moTxovnebidan

gamomdinare.

aqciebis kotirebis (kursis) indeqsi (Quotation Index) — es aris birJebze umniSvnelovanesi kursis maCvenebeli. is,

rogorc wesi, aerTianebs umsxvilesi sawarmoebis aqciebis

kurss. aqciebis kotirebis indeqsi warmoadgens birJaze

klimatis Tavisebur indikators.

sabirJo indeqsebi warmoadgenen safondo vaWrobisa da calkeul

dargebSi mdgomareobis statistikuri ganzogadebis, kvlevisa da

prognozirebisaTvis sakvanZo maCvenebels. zogierTi maTgani

warmoadgens aqciis kursis cvlilebis ubralo saSualo

ariTmetikuls, zogi ki warmoadgens indeqss am sityvis

tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT, anu saSualo Sewonil sidides.

bevri indeqsi gamodis, rogorc safondo vaWrobis

damoukidebeli obieqti: am indeqsebis mixedviT formdeba

fiuCersuli

kontraqtebi, gamoiwereba ofcionebi da ofcionebi fiuCersul

kontraqtebze. dou-jonsis indeqsi Seqmnes 1884 wels Carlz

doum (Charles Dow) da eduard jonsma (Eduard Jones) (aqedan Semoklebulia dou-jonsi). Tavdapirvelad maT aiRes

imdroindeli 11 mTavari korporaciis aqciebis Rirebuleba. maT

Sekribes am aqciaTa fasi da gayves 11-ze. indeqsi modernizebuli

iqna 1928 wels. igi ganisazRvreba dRis ganmavlobaSi

yovel saaTSi. arsebobs dou-jonsis oTxi indeqsi:

1. dou-jonsis samrewvelo indeqsi ( DJIA) — aris 30

msxvili samrewvelo korporaciis aqciebis kursis cvlilebis

saSualo maCvenebeli (maT Soris ori kompania — àmeriken

eqspres~ da àmeriken telefon end telegraf~ ar SeiZleba

CaiTvalos samrewvelod, magram isini Sedian am indeqsSi).

dou-jonsis samrewvelo indeqsi warmoadgens safondo bazrebis

yvela maCvenebelTa Soris yvelaze Zvelsa da yvelaze metad

gavrcelebuls. misi Semadgenloba ar aris ucvleli, misi

komponentebi SeiZleba Seicvalos aSS-s ekonomikisa da bazarze

msxvili samrewvelo korporaciis mier dakavebuli poziciidan

gamomdinare, Tumca Tanamedrove pirobebSi aseTi SemTxvevebi

iSviaTia.

McDonald’s Corporation aris pirveli sacalo vaWrobis

firma, romelic vaWrobs kvebis produqtebiT da moxvda dou-

jonsis samrewvelo indeqsSi

122 123

im 30 kompaniis aqciaTa CamonaTvali, romelic CarTulia dou-

jonsis samrewvelo indeqsSi

Alcoa, Exxon-Mobil, McDonald's, American Express, General Electric, Merck, AT&T Corp, General Motors, Microsoft, Boeing, Hewlett-Packard, MN Mining Manufacturing (3M), Caterpillar, Home Depot, Morgan JP, Citigroup, Honeywell, Philip Morris, Coca Cola, IBM, Procter & Gamble, Disney, Intel, SBC Communications, DuPont, International Paper, United Technologies, Eastman Kodak, Johnson & Johnson, Walmart.

2. dou-jonsis satransporto indeqsi ( DJTA)

aris saSualo maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs 20

satransporto korporaciis (aviakompaniis, sarkinigzo

korporaciisa da saavtomobilo gzebis kompaniis) aqciebis

fasebis moZraobas.

3. dou-jonsis komunaluri indeqsi ( DJUA) — saSualo

maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs gazisa da

eleqtromommaragebeli 15 kompaniis aqciebis kursis

cvlilebebs.

4. dou-jonsis krebiTi indeqsi (The Dow Jones Composite) (cnobilia agreTve dasaxelebiT indeqs-65) — maCvenebeli,

romelic dgeba samrewvelo, satransporto da komunaluri

indeqsebis bazaze.

dou-jonsis indeqsis garda aSS-Si gavrcelebulia iseTi

indeqsebi, rogoricaa: indeqsi `sTendard end fuarz-500~ (warmoadgens 500 korporaciis aqciebis sabazro Rirebulebis

saSualo Sewonils. masSi Sedis 400 samrewvelo korporacia,

20 satransporto, 40 safinanso da 40 komunaluri kompania),

indeqsi `sTendard end fuarz-100~, niu-iorkis safondo birJis indeqsi, amerikis safondo birJis ZiriTadi sabazro indeqsi

(warmoadgens 20 wamyvani samrewvelo korporaciis aqciebis

fasis

cvlilebis saSualo maCvenebels), amerikis safondo birJis

sabazro Rirebulebis indeqsi (warmoadgens maCvenebels,

romelic ganisazRvreba masSi komponentebis saxiT CarTuli

korporaciebis mier gamoSvebuli yvela aqciis sabazro

Rirebulebis mixedviT. pirvelad igi gamoqveynebuli iyo 1973

wels da 1983 wlis ivlisamde aerTianebda

100 punqts. 1993 wlis ivlisSi moxda misi kotireba. igi

moicavs komponentebis saxiT 800 gamoSvebis aqciebs). rodesac

vsaubrobT fasian qaRaldebsa da safondo birJebze, aucileblad

unda vaxsenoT NASDAQ-i. aSS-is safondo birJebis Sesaxeb 1934 wels miRebul kanonSi

1938 wels Setanili iqna sayovelTaod cnobili e.w. melonis

Sesworebebi, romlis Sesabamisad, daarsda fasiani qaRaldebis

dilerTa nacionaluri asociacia (NASD) NASD-s zedamxedvelobs fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis

komisia. igi aris uzarmazari TviTregulirebadi organizacia,

romlis wevrebs aqtiurad warmoadgenen aSS-s yvela is broker-

dilerebi, romlebic dakavebulni arian fasiani qaRaldebis

biznesiT. NASDAQ-is aqciebis bazari aris yvelaze ufro mowinave

fasiani qaRaldebis bazari, romelic imarTeba da regulirdeba NASD-is mier. igi warmoadgens uzarmazar eleqtronul,

demonstrirebul (ekranul) aqciebis bazars. iyenebs ra mowinave

kompiuterul da telekomunikaciur teqnologiebs, sadac

CarTulni arian monawileebi, NASDAQ-i aZlevs uflebas

monawile firmebs sakuTari da investorebis xarjze realur

droSi Seasrulon garigebebi. NASDAQ-i tradiciuli

birJebisagan gamoirCeva bazris Semqmnelebis (Market Makers) mravalferovnebiT, romlebic Ria konkurencias uweven

erTmaneTs investorebis davalebebis Sesrulebaze. daarsda ra

1970 wels, dResdReobiT NASDAQ-ze xdeba amerikis bazarze aqciebiT Sesrulebuli garigebebis naxevarze meti da igi

warmoadgens msoflioSi meore bazars vaWrobis moculobiT.

NASDAQ-Si ufro meti adgilobrivi da sazRvargareTuli

kompaniaa listingSi Setanili, vidre aSS-is yvela sxva fasiani

qaRaldebis bazarze erTad aRebuli. yovelwliurad NASDAQ-ze aqciebis wliuri brunva miaxloebiT Seadgens 100- 102

124 125

miliard cals, rac Tanxobrivad udris 2,4-2,5 trilion

dolars. aqciebis saSualo dRiuri brunva Seadgens 400-402

milion cals, xolo Tanxobrivad — 9,4-9,6 miliard dolars.

NASDAQ-is listingSi CarTulia miaxloebiT 5200 kompaniis

aqciebi da registrirebulia miaxloebiT 520 bazris Semqmneli.

sxva qveynebis indeqsebidan aRsaniSnavia inglisSi: `FT-30~ — uZvelesi indeqsia inglisSi (1935 w.); `FT-100~ — yvelaze popularuli indeqsi inglisSi,

iangariSeba 100 kompaniis aqciis kursidan; `FT-250~ — gamoiTvleba saSualo sididis kompaniebis aqciebis

kursidan, es is Semdegi 250 kompaniaa, `FT-100~-Si Semaval

kompaniebs rom mosdevs. `FT-350~ — aerTianebs indeqss `FT-100~ da `FT-250~. saerTo indeqsi FT did britaneTSi yvelaze ufro momcveli

indeqsia, iangariSeba 750 kompaniis aqciaTa kursis mixedviT

dReSi erTxel.

iaponiis ZiriTadi indeqsebia:

nikei (Nikkei) 1950 wlidan iangariSeba tokios birJis erTi

seqciis 225 aqciis bazaze dou-jonsis indeqsis msgavsad.

klasikuri indeqsi TOPIX 1968 wlidan iangariSeba tokios

birJis erTi seqciis yvela aqciidan.

germaniaSi ZiriTadi safondo indeqsia DAX — iangariSeba 30 aqciis bazaze. iangariSeba agreTve kompozituri indeqsi CDAX — 320 aqciis bazaze. safrangeTSi ZiriTadi safondo indeqsi

CAC-40 da generaluri indeqsi CACGeneral, igive SBF 250. CAC-40 iangriSeba safrangeTis birJebis sazogadoebis mier 40 umsxvilesi kompaniis aqciebis bazaze. 1993 wlidan ùol sTriT jornel~ aqveynebs `dou-jonsis~ msoflio indeqss, (Dow Jones World Stock

Index), romelic iTvleba 13 qveynis 2200 kompaniis aqciebiT. fasiani qaRaldebis bazari saqarTveloSi jer kidev

ganviTarebis Canasaxobriv stadiaSia. “saqarTvelos safondo

birJa~ aris saaqcio sazogadoeba da moqmedebs “mewarmeTa

Sesaxeb” da `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos

kanonebis Sesabamisad. misi sruli saxelwodebaa: qarTulad _

saaqcio sazogadoeba `saqarTvelos safondo birJa~; inglisurad – GSE. bolo dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma (finansuri krizisi,

agvistos movlenebi) mkveTrad Seamcira aqtivoba safondo

bazarze da Seaferxa mimdinare ganviTarebis procesebi.

miuxedavad sirTuleebisa safinanso zedamxedvelobis saagento

saangariSo periodSi ganagrZobda aqtiur TanamSromlobas

bazris monawileebTan da atarebda RonisZiebebs bazris

ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaTvis.

birJis saqmianobis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens saqarTveloSi

fasiani qaRaldebis gamWvirvale da likviduri organizebuli

bazris Camoyalibeba, sicocxlisunariani savaWro meqanizmis

Seqmna da misi funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa. birJis

saqmianobis sagania:

a) fasiani qaRaldebisa da sxva finansuri instrumentebis

yidvisa da gayidvis Sesaxeb winadadebebis Segroveba;

b) fasiani qaRaldebis sajaro vaWrobis organizeba sabirJo

wesebis da procedurebis Sesabamisad;

g) sabirJo vaWrobebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb da safondo bazarTan

dakavSirebuli sxva informaciis gavrceleba.

d) kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva saqmianoba. birJis sawesdebo

kapitali Seadgens 30 000 (ocdaaTi aTas) lars.

sawesdebo kapitali dayofilia 3 000 000 (sam milion) cal

aqciad, romelTagan TiToeulis nominaluri Rirebuleba

Seadgens 0.01 (erT meased) lars.

GSX indeqsi (SemdgomSi - ìndeqsi~) warmoadgens birJis

savaWro sistemis oficialur indikators da misi gaangariSeba

da gamoqveyneba xdeba qvemoT moyvanili wesebis mixedviT.

indeqsis portfeli, an indeqsis baza warmoadgens fasiani

126 127

qaRaldebis nusxas, romlis safuZvelzec dgeba indeqsi.

indeqsis bazaSi, ZiriTadad, Sedis savaWro sistemis listingSi

arsebuli fasiani qaRaldebi.

saqarTvelos fasiani qaRaldebis bazari 2009 wlisTvis

warmodgenili iyo bazris Semdegi licenzirebuli monawileebis

saxiT: 1 safondo birJa, 1 fasiani qaRaldebis centraluri

depozitari, 10 sabrokero kompania da 8 registratori.

saqarTvelos safondo birJis mier mowodebuli

informaciiT, 2009 wlis 31 dekembris monacemebiT saqarTvelos

safondo birJis sistemaSi daSvebuli iyo 146 emitentis fasiani

qaRaldi. mocemuli periodisTvis fasiani qaRaldebis garigebaTa

saerTo moculobam Seadgina: 98.9 mln laris Rirebulebis 3

mlrd cali fasiani qaRaldi. aqedan birJis savaWro sesiaze

dadebul garigebaTa moculobaa 12.7 mln erTeuli,

RirebulebiT _ 3.1 mln lari, xolo birJis gareT dadebul

garigebaTa moculoba _ 3 mlrd erTeuli, RirebulebiT _ 95.8

mln lari. dafiqsirebul garigebaTa saerTo moculobaSi

registratorebis mier birJaze dafiqsirebul garigebaTa

moculobas 98.3 procenti, xolo Rirebulebas 94.1 procenti

uWiravs (moculobiT 2,9 mlrd cali, RirebulebiT _ 90.1 mln

lari). sabrokero kompaniebis mier birJaze dadebul da

dafiqsirebul garigebaTa raodenobam Seadgina 3,186, fasiani

qaRaldebis moculobam _ 126.1 mln erTeuli, xolo

Rirebulebam _ 17.6 mln lari.

fasiani qaRaldi ewodeba fulad an sasaqonlo dokuments,

romelic mflobels gansazRvruli qonebis an fuladi

Semosavlis miRebis uflebas aZlevs.

misi saxeebia:

obligacia (obligatio) niSnavs valdebulebas da

erTerTi gavrcelebuli fasiani qaRaldia. obligaciis

mflobelma Seitana fuladi saxsrebi mocemuli fasiani

qaRaldis SesaZenad da obligaciis gamomSvebi (anu emitenti),

rogorc emisioneri, valdebulia warmodgenisTanave gaanaRdos

is nominaluri Rirebulebis mixedviT, rasac dafarvas uwodeben.

aqcia (action) - fasiani qaRaldia, romelic adasturebs

misi mflobelis mier wilis Setanas aqcioneruli sazogadoebis

sawesdebo kapitalSi. aqcioners ufleba aqvs miiRos

aqcioneruli sazogadoebidan wili dividendis saxiT an kidev

gayidos safondo birJaze Sesabamisi saaqcio kursis mixedviT.

Tamasuqi (wechsel gacvla) grZelvadiani fasiani

qaRaldia, romelic Sedgenilia werilobiTi formiT. Tamasuqi,

am fasiani qaRaldis mflobels aZlevs kanoniT aRiarebul

uflebas, miiRos fuladi vali gasazRvruli pirobebiT

dafiqsirebuli vadis ganmavlobaSi.

depozituri sertifikati (depoziti warmoSobilia

laTinuri sityva depositum-isagan, rac niSnavs Sesanaxad

datovebuls, magaliTad, fuladi anabrebi bankSi - sabanko

depozitebi, xolo sityva sertifikati laTinuri sityva

certifico-isaganaa warmoSobili da niSnavs ,,vamowmeb~) fasiani

128 129

qaRaldi, romelic adasturebs serTifikatis mflobelis mier

fuladi saxsrebis bankSi Cadebas.

Ceki dadgenili formis fuladi fasiani qaRaldia. is

upiro gankargulebaa imis Taobaze, rom Cekis mlobelze

(pirovnebaze, romelzedac gaica Ceki) Sesabamisma sakredito

dawesebulebam unda gasces Sesabamisi Tanxa. ,,bankSi es Tanxa

Camoiwereba Cekis gamcemis saCeko angariSebidan da gadaigzavneba

an uSualod gaicema bankis mier Cekis mflobelze. aseTi saCeko

operacia winaswaraa gaTvaliswinebuli saCeko xelSekrulebaSi

banksa da Cekis gamcems Soris~.

statistika safondo birJasa da fasian qaRaldebs

Seiswavlis rogorc moculobiTi, ise xarisxobrivi

maCveneblebiT. TiToeuli maTgani ganixileba fasiani qaRaldebis

pirveladi da meoradi bazrebis mixedviT.

pirvelad bazarze xdeba fasiani qaRaldebis emisia

(gamoSveba) da maTi ganTavseba safondo birJaze, xolo meoard

bazarze - garigebani da gayidvebi.

orTave bazarze moqmedebs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo

biznesi da menejmenti. saxelmwifo uSvebs, magaliTad,

saxelmwifo moklevadian obiligaciebs da federaluri sesxebis

obligaciebs. fasiani qaRaldebi SeuZlia gamouSvas, agreTve,

adgilobrivi, municipaluri TviTmmarTvelobis organoebmac.

pirveladi bazris moculobiTi statistikuri

maCveneblebia: fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebis (emisiis)

moculoba, bazarze ganTavsebis moculoba, gayidvidan amonagebis

moculoba, saxelmwifo biujetSi (Tu es exeba saxelmwifosa da

adgilobrivi organoebis mier gamoSvebul fasian qaRaldebs)

Tanxebis mozidvis moculoba.

emisiis anu gamoSvebis moculoba ganisazRvreba

gamoSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebis gadamravlebiT nominalur anu

sabazro Rirebulebaze.

fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze ganTavsebis saerTo moculoba

ganisazRvreba auqcionebze investorebis raodenobis

gadamravlebiT nominalur fasze.

fasiani qaRaldebis gayidvebisagan miRebuli amonagebi

ganisazRvreba gayiduli fasiani qaRaldebis raodenobis maT

faqtiur fasebze gadamravlebiT.

biujetSi gayidvebisagan moziduli Tanxebi ganisazRvreba

mTliani saxelmwifos mier gamoSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebis

gayidvis Rirebulebasa da dafarvis Tanxebis Soris sxvaobiT.

statistika Seiswavlis, agreTve, TviT safondo birJis

muSaobis safinanso-ekonomikur rogorc moculobriv, ise

xarisxobriv maCveneblebs.

safondo birJis, rogorc organizebuli erTeulis

saerTo xasiaTis safinanso-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi iseTivea,

rogoricaa Cveulebrivi rogorc safinanso ise arasafinanso

seqtoris maCvenebelTa sistema (gamoSvebuli produqciis an

momsaxurebis saerTo moculoba, momuSaveTa ricxovnoba,

ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitali, mogeba-zarali, rentabeloba da

sxv.). safondo birJis specifikuri ekonomikur-statistikuri

maCveneblebia:

birJis tevadoba, likviduroba, koncentracia,

,,Sefasebadoba~, struqtura, Semosavlianoba da sxv.

birJis tevadoba anu bazris moculoba aris listing

gavlili emitetentebisa (aqciebis, obligaciebis da sxv.) da

kapitalizaciis (bazris masStabis - aqciebis Rirebulebis)

saerTo moculoba. am maCvenebliT SeiZleba SevadaroT

erTmaneTs sxvadasxva qveynis safondo birJebi. msoflioSi

gamoirCeva yvelaze didi tevadobis 10 safondo birJa.

maT Sorisaa:

niu-iorkis (aSS) (10,0 trilion dolarze meti

moculobis)

nasdakis (aSS) (5,0 trilionze meti tevadobis)

tokio (iaponia) (2,4 trilionze meti tevadobis)

londonis (inglisi) (2,3 trilionze meti tevadobis)

germaniis (1,0 trilionze meti)

parizis (safr.) (991,0 mlrd dolarze meti)

Sveicariis (689,0 mlrd dolarze meti)

130 131

amsterdamis (603,0 mlrd dolarze meti)

italia (569 mlrd dolarze meti)

toronto (543,0 mlrd dolarze meti)

birJis likviduroba niSnavs birJis mTliani sabrunavi

kapitalis gadaqcevis siswrafes fulad kapitalSi, anu

vaWrobis siswrafes. misi pirdapiri maCveneblebia brunvadobis

koeficienti K da brunvadobis dReebi t

S

QK

sadac, Q - birJaze garigebaTa mTliani Rirebuleba

sabazro fasebSi;

S - birJaze sabrunavi kapitalis (fasiani qaRaldebis)

saSualo naSTi mocemul periodSi:

K

Tt

sadac, T - kalendaruli dReebis ricxvia mocemul

periodSi.

safondo birJis koncentraciis maCvenebelia birJis

kapitalis xvedriTi wili saerTo sabirJo kapitalis

moculobaSi qveyanaSi da msoflioSi. magaliTad, zemoTmotanili

10 msxvili safondo birJidan niu-iorkis birJas uWiravs

24,0%-ze meti, nasdakis birJas 22,0%-ze meti da a.S.

safondo birJis ,,Sefasebadobas~ angariSoben aqciis

sabazro fasis SefardebiT mogebasTan da msjeloben aqciis

kursis cvalebadobaze mogebasTan mimarTebaSi.

safondo birJis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia, agreTve,

struqtura fasiani qaRaldebis mixedviT. aq CvenTvis cnobili

struqturis SefardebiTi sidideebis gamoyenebiT gaiangariSeba

fasiani qaRaldebis xvedriTi wili da am safuZvelze birJis

cvalebadi, fiqsirebuli da struqturuli Semadgenlobis

indeqsebi. struqturuli cvalebadobani gavlenas axdens birJis

safinanso-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis cvalebadobaze (maRali

mogebis fasiani qaRaldebis xvedriTi wilis gadideba saerTo

garigebaTa moculobaSi adidebs birJis Semosavlianobasa da

mogebas, an kidev piriqiT).

safondo birJis saerTo Semosavlebi Semosavlis sami

sxvaobiT ganisaRzvreba:

1. Semosavlebi safondo birJis saerTo momsaxurebidan

(fasiani momsaxurebis gavrceleba, sakliringo da sadepozito

momsaxureba, sawevro Senatanebi da sxv.);

2. treidingis gadasaxadebi. treideri (ing. trade-

vaWroba) pirovnebaa, romelic monawileobs sabrokero da

sadilero vaWrobaSi birJaze. treidingis gadasaxadebSi Sedis

sabirJo mosakreblebi sabirJo garigebaTa mixedviT, saarendo

terminalebiT momsaxureba da sxv.

3. listingze gadasaxadebi. listingi (ingl. list-sia)

niSnavs kompaniis aqciebis siaSi Setanas. aqciebis siaSi

Seitaneba is aqciebi, romelTa kotireba warmoebs mocemul

birJaze. kotireba fasebis dadgenas gulisxmobs fasiani

qaRaldebze, valutasa da sxva saqonelze birJaze moqmedi

sakanonmdeblo wesebisa da normebis mixedviT. sruli kotireba

gulisxmobs fasebis dadgenas, romelsac sTavazoben birJis

gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi.

ukanaskneli periodis monacemebiT saSualod msoflios

safondo birJebze swrafad izrdeba treidingidan Semosavlebis

xvedriTi wili (31,2%-dan 42,7%-mde) da mcirdeba listingisa

da saerTo momsaxurebidan safondo birJebis Semosavlebis

xvedriTi wili. biznesmenebi, investorebi da menejerebi safondo birJaze

fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidvis garkveuli qcevis wesebsa da

struqturas emorCilebian. pirvel yovlisa, gaiTvaliswineba

bankebis depozitebze sabanko procenti, romelsac isini

132 133

miiReben Tavisufali fuladi Tanxebis bankebSi ganTavsebisas.

cxadia, fasiani qaRaldis yidvisas biznesmenma, investorma da

menejerma unda miiRos meti ekonomikuri sargebeli, vidre am

Tanxis bankebSi depozitebze ganTavsebis pirobebSi miiReben.

amitom statistikaSi dadgenilia meTodologia, romliTac

gaiangariSeba fasiani qaRaldebidan Semosavlis sidide.

magaliTad, obligaciisagan mosalodneli Semosavlebi ori

nawilisagan Sedgeba: obligaciis arsebobis mTliani periodis

manZilze procentuli Semosavlebi da sesxis (anu obligaciis

nominalis ganaRdebis Tanxa). ama Tu im periodSi obligaciis

Rirebulebas gansazRvraven Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT:

N

n

tt

E

Q

E

QP

11

1

1

sadac t , t -iuri sakupone procentuli gadaxdis

nomeria; (kuponi fasiani qaRaldis nawilia mosaxevi talonis

saxiT, romelic saTanado dros moexeva fasian qaRalds da

banks gadaecema gasanaRdeblad) n - sakupone gadaxdebis raodenoba;

E - mimdinare saganakveTo kursia, romelsac uwodeben,

agreTve, ganTavsebis ganakveTs da Cveulebrivad refinansirebis

(axali fasiani qaRaldebis gamocemis) ganakveTis tolia;

1Q - obligaciis nominaluri Rirebulebaa;

N - obligaciis dafarvamde darCenili wlebi;

Q - sakupone Semosavali anu procentuli

gadasaxdelebi;

(KQQ 1 , sadac K - sakupone ganakveTia).

obligaciis gamoSvebis momentSi sakupone da mimdinare

saganakveTo kursebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. amasTan rogorc

formulidan Cans:

a) Tu EK maSin obligaciis

fasi nominalur Rirebulebaze dabalia da amboben, rom

obligacia iyideba diskontiT;

b) Tu piriqiTaa, EK maSin obligaciis fasi ufro

maRalia, vidre misi nominaluri Rirebuleba da amboben, rom

obligacia iyideba premiiT. aqedan ekonomikuri daskvna:

Tu refinansirebis ganakveTi ( E ) mcirdeba, obligaciidan

miRebuli Semosavlebi diddeba da aWarbebs im Tanxebs,

romlebic SeiZleboda biznesmenebs mieRoT am Tanxebis bankebSi

sadepozito angariSebze ganTavsebiT, amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi

investorebi upiratesobas aniWeben obligaciebis SeZenas.

analogiuri gaangariSebani SeiZleba vawarmooT aqciis

fasis gansazRvrisaTvis. sabolood miviRebT, rom aqciis fasi

pirdapirproporciulia dividendisa da ukuproporciulia

aqciis Semosavlianobis procentisa anu igive refinansirebis

koeficientisa ( E ), rac Cven gamoviyeneT obligaciis

Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis.

savaluto gacvliTi kursi ewodeba erTi qveynis valutis

fass, rac gamosaxulia sxva qveynis valutiT anu fuladi

erTeulebiT.

ase xdeba, magaliTad, ucxouri investiciebis dabandebisas

sxva qveyanaSi, saerTaSoriso kreditebis miRebisas,

saerTaSoriso savaWro garigebisas turistuli da samivlinebo

mogzaurobisas da sxv.

savaluto bazari ewodeba savaluto birJaze an birJis

gareT bankTaSorisi da savaluto jixurebis meSveobiT valutis

yidva-gayidvis urTierTobebs. valuta, romelic gamodis da

mimoiqceva bazarze, SeiZleba iyos konventirebadi an

arakonvertirebadi. rTuli konventirebadi ewodeba valutas,

romlis mixedviT sabazro garigebebs araviTari winaRobani ar gaaCnia, xolo arakonvertirebadi valutis mimarT TiTqmis

yvela operaciazea dawesebuli garkveuli sakanonmdeblo

SezRudvebi. arsebobs, agreTve, nawilobriv konvertirebadi

134 135

valuta, romlis mixedviT mxolod zogierT operaciazea

dawesebuli garkveuli SezRudvebi.

msoflioSi arsebobs rogorc regionaluri (evropaSi -

londonis, ciurixis, frankfurtis, aziaSi - tokios, hinkongis,

singapuris, amerikaSi - niuiorkis, losanJelesis, Cikagos) ise

erovnuli savaluto bazrebi. regionalur bazrebze warmoebs

msoflios ZiriTadi savaluto erTeulebis kotireba, xolo

erovnul bazrebze rogorc Tavisufali konvertirebadi

msoflio valutis ise erovnuli valutebis operaciebi.

savaluto kotireba ewodeba valutis kursis dadgenas

savaluto bazrebze (sityva kotireba warmoSobilia franguli

sityva koter-isagan), rasac awarmoeben Sesabamisi kotirebis

komisiebi da aqveyneben biuletenebSi. savaluto kursi

savaluto bazarze yalibda moTxovna-miwodebis mixedviT. amas

ewodeba Tavisuflad mcocavi savaluto kursi. xSir

SemTxvevaSi aseTi stiqiuri procesis mosawesrigeblad

erovnuli bankis meSveobiT TviT mTavroba axdens intervencias

bazarze, ris Sedegadac yalibdeba SedarebiT gawonasworebuli,

gamoTanabrebuli savaluto kursebi. swored aseTi kursebis

formirebis proceduraa savaluto kotireba.

savaluto kursi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis:

pirdapiri, Sebrunebuli, kros-kursi, forvarduli, fiuCersuli,

myidvelis, gamyidvelis, gacvliTi da sxv.

pirdapiri kursi ewodeba mocemuli qveynis savaluto

erTeulze sxva qveynis savaluto erTeulebis raodenobriobas,

xolo arapirdapiri, Sebrunebuli, ki piriqiT, sxva qveynis

savaluto erTeulis gamosaxvaa ama Tu im qveynis valutis

raodenobiT.

magaliTad, 2010 wlis pirveli ivlisisTvis 1 larze

modioda 0,537 aSS dolari (pirdapiri kursi), xolo 1

dolarze - 1,863 lari (Sebrunebuli kursi).

kros - kursi or savaluto erTeulTa Soris

urTierTSefardebaa, rac gansazRvrulia maTi mesame savaluto

erTeulTan SefardebiT. magaliTad, 2010 wlis 1 ivlisisTvis:

1 aSS dolari = 1,863 lars,

1 aSS dolari = 28.936 rusul maneTs,

1 rusuli maneTi = 532.15863.1

936.28 lars.

forvarduli kursi ewodeba arasabirJo garigebidan,

saswrafod ori samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi angariSsworebas.

gamyidvelis kursi aris is kursi, romliTac banki hyidis

valutas, xolo myidvelis kursi - romliTac banki yidulobs

valutas.

saerTaSoriso saxelmwifoebriv da biznesmenur

saqmianobaSi erTob mniSvnelovania valutis gacvliTi kursi.

gacvliTi kursi aris ori sxvadasxva qveynis valutris is

raodenoba, romliTac SeiZleba iyido saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis erTnairi moculoba.

magaliTi. 1 kg. Zroxis xorci = 9,5 lars,

1 kg. Zroxis xorci = 90 maneTs.

aqedan cxadia, rom 1 maneTi = 1055.090

5.9 lars.

maSasadame, Tu Cveulebrivi kursis mixedviT 1 maneTi

0,0519 lars Seadgens, zemoTmotanili magaliTis mixedviT

Zroxis xorcis gacvliTi kursis 1 maneTi = 0,1055 lars.

sxvagvarad amas uwodeben valutis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis

paritets.

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi msyidvelobiTi unarianobis

paritets angariSoben ara mxolod erTi saxis saqonlis, aramed

saqonelTa jgufebisa da mTeli sasaqonlo nomenklaturis

mixedviT. msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis indeqsi aseTi

saxisaa:

ba

aa

arit.msy.unar.ppq

pqI

136 137

sadac, aq - aris ,,a~ qveynis saqonlis jgufis an mTeli

sasaqonlo produqciis fizikuri moculoba;

ap da bp - Sesabamisad ,,a~ da ,,b~ qveynebis fasebia

mocemul periodSi. es sxva araferia Tu ara samomxmareblo

fasebis teritoriuli indeqsi.

ase angariSoben, magaliTad, kvebis produqtebis

moxmarebas fiziologiur normebis mixedviT jer ,,a~ qveynis

fasebiT, Semdeg ,,b~ qveynis fasebiT da Sefardeba gvaZlevs

msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis indeqss kvebis

produqtebis mixedviT.

magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 2004 wlamde moqmedebda kvebis

produqtebze Semdegi odenobis moxmarebis fiziologiuri

normebi (saSualowliuri moxmareba kg-obiT erT sulze).

puri da purproduqtebi 115

kartofili 53

bostneuli da baRCeuli 107

xili, kenkra, yurZeni 90

Saqari 40

xorci da xorcis produqtebi 78

rZe da rZis produqtebi 405

kverci (calobiT) 210

aseT normativebs amravleben Sesyidvis anu sabazro

fasebze, gamosaxuls jer erovnuli valutiT, Semdeg ki im

qveynis valutiT, romlis mimarT undaT daadginon mocemuli

qveynis valutis paritetuli kursi da jamSi Rebuloben

mocemuli saxis kvebis produqtebis mixedviT sasursaTo

kalaTis Rirebulebas. vTqvaT, saqarTvelosa da aSS qveynebis

mixedviT davuSvaT, rom qarTul valutaSi (larobiT) aseTi

saxis kvebis produqtebze sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebam

Seadgina 700 lari, xolo aSS dolarobiT - 400 dolari.

maSasadame 75.1400

700 lari erTi dolaris mimarT. es imas

niSnavs, aSS dolari paritetulia 1,75 larisa, xolo 1 lari

571.0700

400 dolarisa.

aseTi gacvliTi kursiT iwarmoebs savaluto

kavSirurTierTobani amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da

saqarTvelos Soris.

arsebobs gacvliTi kursis sxvadasxva saxeobani. maT

Sorisaa nominaluri savaluto gacvliTi kursi, realuri

savaluto gacvliTi kursi, realuri efeqturi gacvliTi kursi

da nominaluri efeqturi gacvliTi kursi.

nominaluri savaluto gacvliTi kursi araa

damokidebuli inflaciur procesebze, xolo danarCeni - asaxavs

inflaciuri procesebis zemoqmedebas savaluto gacvliT

kursze. nominalur gacvliT kurss sxvagvarad SeiZleba

vuwodoT faqtiuri gacvliTi kursi.

ოფიციალური ყოველდღიური გაცვლითი კურსები ვალუტების

მიხედვით – წარმოადგენს ეროვნული ბანკის მიერ წინა დღეს

დადგენილ კურსებს, რომლებიც მოქმედებაშია მოცემული

თარიღისათვის.

რეალური გაცვლითი კურსები (RExR) გაანგარიშებულია

შესაბამისი ნომინალური გაცვლითი კურსების ინდექსების (In)

შებრუნებული სიდიდის გამრავლებით საქართველოსა და

შესაბამისი პარტნიორი j ქვეყნის სამომხმარებლო ფასების

ინდექსების (CPIgeo და CPIj) შეფარდებაზე:

CPIj

CPIgeo

InRExR 1

138 139

რეალური ეფექტური გაცვლითი კურსი – ასახავს ლარის

გაცვლითი კურსის ინდექსის ცვლილებას საქართველოსა და

მის ძირითად სავაჭრო პარტნიორ ქვეყნებში, სამომხმარებლო

ფასების ინდექსებს შორის თანაფარდობის ცვლილების

გათვალისწინებით. იგი გაიანგარიშება როგორც საქართველოსა

და მის 12 ძირითად სავაჭრო პარტნიორ ქვეყანაში

(აზერბაიჯანი, აშშ, გაერთიანებული სამეფო, გერმანია,

თურქეთი, იტალია, ნიდერლანდები, რუსეთი, საფრანგეთი,

სომხეთი, უკრაინა, შვეიცარია) რეალური გაცვლითი კურსების

შეწონილი საშუალო გეომეტრიული:

iw

i ii

eP

PREER

12

1

1 ,

სადაც ie არის ლარის ნომინალური გაცვლითი კურსი i

პარტნიორი ქვეყნის ვალუტის მიმართ, wi - i ქვეყნის წონა

საქართველოს საგარეო სავაჭრო ბრუნვაში, P და Pi -

სამომხმარებლო ფასების ინდექსი საქართველოში და i

პარტნიორ ქვეყანაში.

რეალური ეფექტური გაცვლითი კურსის ინდექსის ზრდა

ნიშნავს ეროვნული ვალუტის რეალურ გამყარებას და

ექსპორტის კონკურენტუნარიანობის დაქვეითებას, ხოლო

შემცირება – პირიქით.

ნომინალური ეფექტური გაცვლითი კურსი – წარმოადგენს

პარტნიორი ქვეყნების მიმართ (აზერბაიჯანი, აშშ,

გაერთიანებული სამეფო, გერმანია, თურქეთი, იტალია,

ნიდერლანდები, რუსეთი, საფრანგეთი, სომხეთი, უკრაინა,

შვეიცარია) ლარის ნომინალური გაცვლითი კურსის

ინდექსების შეწონილ საშუალო გეომეტრიულს:

iw

i ieNEER

12

1

1 ,

სადაც ie არის ლარის ნომინალური გაცვლითი კურსი i

პარტნიორი ქვეყნის ვალუტის მიმართ, wi - i ქვეყნის წონა

საქართველოს საგარეო სავაჭრო ბრუნვაში. ნომინალური

ეფექტური

magaliTi. saqarTveloSi laris nominalurma kursma 2010

wlis ianvarSi Seadgina 1,8125, anu 1 aSS dolari udrida 1,8125

lars. 2010 wlis ivnisis bolos Seadgina 1,7430.

zrdis tempi: 9617.08125.1

7430.1In

anu daiklo (1-0,9617)X100=3.83 procentuli punqtiT.

magaliTi. saqarTveloSi nominaluri gacvliTi kursis

indeqsma 2010 wlis ivnisis bolos Seadgina 142,1.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebma saqarTveloSi 220,3%,

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 142,2%.

0109023.02.142

3.220

1.142

11 CPIj

CPIgeo

InRExR

anu 109.02 %

es maCvenebeli ianvris TvesTan SedarebiT gaizarda

9.02%-iT.

maSasadame, Tu saqarTveloSi laris nominaluri gacvliTi

kursi aSS dolaris mimarT Semcirda 3.83%-iT, realuri,

piriqiT - gaizarda 9.02%. es gamoiwvia iman, rom inflaciis

tempebi ufro maRali iyo saqarTveloSi, vidre amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi.

140 141

Tema 7. mewarmeobis statistika

saqarTvelos kanoni „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ samewarmeo

saqmianobas gansazRvravs rogorc marTlzomier da araerTjerad

saqmianobas, romelic orientirebulia mogebaze da xorcieldeba

damoukideblad da organizebulad. sawarmo aris ekonomikuri

erTeuli, romelic awarmoebs saqonels an eweva momsaxurebas,

damoukideblad iRebs ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs sakuTari

resursebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb (flobs gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebaSi Tavisuflebis gansazRvrul xarisxs).

sawarmo axorcielebs erT an ramodenime saqmianobis

saxes, erTi an meti adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. praqtikaSi,

subieqtTa umravlesoba dakavebulia Sereuli xasiaTis

saqmianobiT (erTdroulad axorcielebs erTze met saqmianobis

saxes). Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben: ZiriTadi saqmianoba

warmoadgens saqmianobas, romelic gamoirCeva konkretuli

ekonomikuri

subieqtis mier mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi

udidesi wiliT.

amgvarad, ar aris aucilebeli ZiriTadi saqmianobis wilad

modiodes ekonomikuri subieqtis mier Seqmnili mTliani

damatebuli Rirebulebis 50 procenti an meti. damxmare

saqmianoba warmoadgens saqmianobis saxeebs, romlebic qmnian

pirobebs subieqtis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobebis (ZiriTadi da

araZiriTadi) gansaxorcieleblad (sabuRaltro aRricxva,

transportireba, Senaxva, yidvebi, reklama, remonti da

teqnikuri ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebi gansazRvrulia

saqarTvelos erovnul klasifikatorSi èkonomikuri

saqmianobis saxeebi~ (sek 001-2004), romelic efuZneba

ekonomikur saqmianobaTa saxeebis evropul klasifikators NACE (Nomenclature des Activities de Communaute Europeenne) [damtkicebulia 2004 wlis 22 dekembers,

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministris brZanebiT].

sawarmo SeiZleba iyos individualuri (fizikuri) an

iuridiuli piri. saqarTvelos kanoni „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“

gansazRvravs sawarmos organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis

Semdeg tipebs:

• individualuri sawarmo (fizikuri piri);

• solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba;

• komandituri sazogadoeba;

• SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba;

• saaqcio sazogadoeba;

• kooperativi.

individualuri sawarmos mflobeli aris fizikuri piri,

romelsac aqvs samewarmeo wesiT mowyobili organizacia,

mowesrigebuli sakaso da sabuRaltro saqme. samarTlebriv

urTierTobebSi igi gamodis Tavisi saxeliT.

solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba,

romelSic ramdenime fizikuri piri erToblivad, erTiani

safirmo saxelwodebiT eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas da

partniorebi sazogadoebis valdebulebebisaTvis kreditorebis

winaSe pasuxs ageben rogorc solidaruli movaleebi: uSualod,

pirdapir mTel valdebulebebze, SeuzRudavad mTeli Tavisi

qonebiT. solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis

partniorebi SeiZleba iyvnen mxolod fizikuri pirebi.

komandituri sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romelSic

ramdenime piri erToblivad, erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT

eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas. amasTan, erTi an ramdenime

partnioris (komanditebi) pasuxismgebloba Semoifargleba

sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe gansazRvruli sagarantio

Tanxis gadaxdiT, xolo sxva partniorebis (personalurad

pasuxismgebeli partniorebi – komplementarebi)

pasuxismgebloba SezRuduli ar aris. komplementarebi SeiZleba

iyvnen mxolod fizikuri pirebi.

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba,

romlis pasuxismgebloba misi kreditorebis winaSe

Semoifargleba mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, xolo partnioris

142 143

pasuxismgebloba - sawesdebo kapitalSi misi wilis odenobiT.

aseTi sazogadoebis dafuZneba SeuZlia erT pirsac.

saaqcio sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romelsac aqvs erTi da

igive nominaluri Rirebulebis mqone aqciebad dayofili

sawesdebo kapitali. sawesdebo kapitali unda Seadgendes sul

mcire 15000 lars.

kooperativi aris wevrTa SromiT saqmianobaze dafuZnebuli

sazogadoeba, romlis mizania wevrTa interesebis dakmayofileba

da igi mimarTuli ar aris upiratesad mogebis miRebaze.

sawarmoebi zomis mixedviT daiyofa Semdegnairad:

msxvili, saSualo da mcire. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs

ganekuTvneba yvela organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis

sawarmo, romelSic dasaqmebulTa saSualo wliuri raodenoba

da romlis wliuri brunva ar aRemateba Semdeg zRvrul

odenobebs:

• mcire sawarmoebisaTvis - 20 dasaqmebulsa da 0.5 milion

lars;

• saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis - 100 dasaqmebulsa da 1.5 milion

lars;

• msxvil sawarmoebs ganekuTvneba sawarmo, sadac dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba aRemateba 100 kacs da wliuri brunvis moculoba 1.5

milion lars. sawarmoTa zemoT aRniSnuli gradacia moqmedebs

2002 wlidan.

iuridiul pir sawarmos miekuTvneba: solidaruli

pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, komandituri sazogadoeba,

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba

da kooperativi.

ekonomikur saqmianobad iTvleba nebismieri saqmianoba,

romelic warimarTeba mogebis, Semosavlis an kompensaciis

misaRebad, miuxedavad aseTi saqmianobis Sedegebisa. ekonomikuri

saqmianobis saxeebi gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos erovnuli

klasifikatoris mixedviT.

brunva aris saangariSi periodSi ekonomikuri

saqmianobis maCvenebeli, romelic Seesabameba mocemuli

erTeulis mier ganxorcielebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

gayidvis moculobas. brunva moicavs yvela gadasaxadsa Tu baJs

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze (garda dRg-isa da brunvasTan

pirdapir kavSirSi myofi sxva gadasaxadebisa). masSi CairTveba

agreTve yvela xarji (satransporto, SefuTvis da a.S.),

romlebic daekisreba myidvels. fasTa daweva, fasdaklebebi Tu

fasdaTmobebi, agreTve dabrunebuli taris Rirebuleba SeiZleba

gamoiricxos brunvidan (naRdi angariSsworebisas mxolod

fasdaklebebis

gamoricxviT). brunvaSi ar CairTveba ZiriTadi kapitalis

gayidva, agreTve subsidiebi warmoebaze, romlebic miRebulia

saxelmwifo organoebidan.

produqciis gamoSveba gansazRvravs ekonomikuri erTeulis mier

faqtobrivad warmoebuli produqciis raodenobas da

realizebuli produqciis moculobas, gadayidvisaTvis SeZenili

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, agreTve materialuri sabrunavi

saSualebebis maragebis cvlilebebis CaTvliT.

gamoSvebuli produqcia ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:

brunva

+ kapitalizebuli saqoneli da momsaxureba

+ usasyidlod gacemuli sakuTari warmoebis mza produqcia

+ Sromis anazRaureba, romelic gaica dasaqmebul personalze

naturaluri saxiT

- gadasayidad gankuTvnili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi

+/- daumTavrebeli warmoebis moculobis cvlileba (+ zrda, -

kleba)

+/- mza produqciis maragebis cvlileba (+ zrda, - kleba)

+/- gadasayidad gankuTvnili saqonlis maragebis cvlileba (+

zrda, - kleba)

= gamoSvebuli produqcia

kapitalizebuli produqcia (sakuTari sargeblobisaTvis

warmoebuli produqcia) gulisxmobs im saqonlis Rirebulebas,

romelic warmoebulia sakuTari ZalebiT da rCeba mwarmoeblebs

sakuTari saboloo moxmarebisa Tu investirebisaTvis.

144 145

ukanasknelSi moiazreba rogorc ZiriTadi materialuri, ise

aramaterialuri aqtivebis (programuli uzrunvelyofis

Seqmna da a.S.) warmoebas. sakuTari sargeblobisaTvis Seqmnili

produqcia is produqciaa, romelic ar iyideba da misi

Rirebuleba Sefasdeba ZiriTadi fasebis mixedviT, romelic

arsebobs msgavs produqciaze. Tu es SeuZlebelia, maSin

Sefaseba moxdeba warmoebis xarjebis mixedviT. unda aRiniSnos,

rom kapitalizebuli saqoneli SeiZleba CarTuli iqnes

investiciebSic.

damatebuli Rirebuleba ZiriTad fasebSi eyrdnoba

gamoSvebul produqcias, romelsac emateba subsidiebi

produqtebze, akldeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi

(garda ucvlelad gadayidvisaTvis SeZenili produqtisa),

agreTve akldeba an emateba nedleulis, masalebisa da sxva

Sromis sagnebis maragebis cvlileba. aRniSnuli sidide

warmoadgens damatebul Rirebulebas, romelic Sefasebulia

ekonomikuri erTeulis warmoebiTi saqmianobis sxvadasxva

faqtoruli xarjebis Rirebulebis mixedviT. damatebuli

Rirebuleba ZiriTad fasebSi ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:

brunva

- saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi

+/- saqonlisa da momsaxurebis maragebis cvlileba

+ kapitalizebuli produqcia (anu sakuTari sargeblobisaTvis

warmoebuli produqcia)

+ subsidiebi produqtebze

..........................

= damatebuli Rirebuleba ZiriTad fasebSi

Sualeduri moxmareba ganisazRvreba rogorc im saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis moculoba, romelic moxmarebulia danaxarjebis

saxiT warmoebis procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia

ZiriTadi kapitali, romlis moxmareba ganixileba rogorc

ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba. saqoneli da momsaxureba

warmoebis procesSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli an

transformirebuli.

Sualeduri moxmareba ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi

- saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvebi ucvlel mdgomareobaSi

gadayidvisaTvis

+/- nedleulis da masalebis, sxva Sromis sagnebis maragebis

cvlileba

..........................

= Sualeduri moxmareba

wliuri mogeba an zarali warmoadgens sawarmos saqmianobis

buRaltruli balansis Sedegs. igi gvevlineba rogorc

warmoebiTi, finansuri da eqstraordinaruli saqmianobebidan

miRebuli mogebebis an zaralis jami, romlis gaangariSebisas

gaiTvaliswineba gadaxdili gadasaxadebi da RirebulebiTi

koreqtirebebi.

mTliani mogeba warmoadgens mogebas, romelic miiReba sawarmos

saqmianobis Sedegad, moicavs mTlian mogebas warmoebidan da

mogebas finansuri operaciebidan. mTliani mogeba warmoadgens

sawarmos rentabelobis maCvenebels da gamoiyeneba wliuri

mogebis an zaralis gamosavlenad.

mTliani mogeba gaiangariSeba Semdegnairad:

mTliani mogeba warmoebidan

+ finansuri Semosavlebi

- finansuri xarjebi

+ sxva Semosavlebi warmoebiTi saqmianobidan

- sxva warmoebiTi xarjebi

..........................

= mTliani mogeba

mTliani mogeba warmoebidan warmoadgens mogebas, romelic

miiReba warmoebiTi saqmianobidan Sromis faqtoruli

danaxarjebis anazRaurebis Semdeg.

Sromis mwarmoebluroba, kapitalis mwarmoebluroba,

kapitalaRWurviloba gansazRvraven ama Tu im saqmianobis

ekonomikur efeqturobas.

146 147

Sromis mwarmoebluroba (erT dasaqmebulze) = produqciis

gamoSveba /

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba.

kapitalis mwarmoebluroba = produqciis gamoSveba / ZiriTadi

kapitali.

kapitalaRWurviloba = ZiriTadi kapitali / dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba.

ZiriTadi kapitali (fiqsirebuli aqtivebi) ganisazRvreba

rogorc warmoebiTi aqtivebi, romlebic mravaljer an

xangrZlivad (erT welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi) gamoiyeneba

warmoebis procesSi.

ZiriTadi kapitali moicavs ara mxolod mowyobilobebs,

manqanebs, nagebobebs, aramed rogorc zrdad aqtivebs, rogoricaa

cxovelebi da mcenareebi, romlebic mravaljer da xangrZlivad

qmnian produqtebs (xili Tu rZis produqtebi); aseve

warmoebaSi gamoyenebul iseT aramaterialur aqtivebs,

rogoricaa programuli uzrunvelyofa da mxatvrul

nawarmoebTa originalebi.

dasaqmebulebad iTvlebian is pirebi, romlebic muSaoben

konkretul sawarmoSi (igulisxmeba momuSave mesakuTreebic,

regularulad momuSave partniorebic da saojaxo sawarmoTa

araanazRaurebadi muSakebic), agreTve is pirebi, romlebic

muSaoben am sawarmos gareT, magram miekuTvnebian mas da

Sesabamisad anazRaurebasac misgan iReben (e. i. savaWro

warmomadgenlebi, momwodeblebi, SekeTebis (saremonto) da

saeqsploatacio brigadebi).

erTiani saxelmwifo registri aris saqarTveloSi mTavari

kompleqsuri registri, romelic identifikaciis erTiani

principebis safuZvelze afiqsirebs qveynis teritoriaze

sazogadoebrivi an samewarmeo saqmianobiT dakavebul yvela

iuridiul da fizikur pirs da Seicavs reglamentirebul

cnobebs maT Sesaxeb. monacemebi ZiriTadad efuZvneba

adgilobrivi sagadasaxado samsaxurebis monacemebs.

mewarmeobis statistikam unda aRweros ekonomikuri

saqmianobiT dakavebuli subieqtebi da mogvces maTi saqmianobis

statistikuri maCveneblebi.

statistikis amocanebi samewarmeo saqmianobis ekonomikis,

biznesisa da menejmentis sferoSi mdgomareobs samewarmeo

saqmianobis moculobis, struqturis, dinamikisa da movlenebs

Soris korelaciur-regresiuli urTierTkavSiris SeswavlaSi.

mewarmeoba, biznesi da menejmenti moicavs ekonomikuri

saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela sferos. saqarTvelos erovnuli

klasifikatori, romelic saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli

samsaxuris mieraa SemuSavebuli, ekonomikuri saqmianobis

Semdeg ZiriTad seqciebs ganixilavs: saqmianobis saxeebis

mixedviT, 2010 wlis 1 aprilis mdgomareobiT.

148 149

საქმიანობის სახე სუბიექტების რაოდენობა

სულ 307628

სოფლის მეურნეობა, ნადირობა და სატყეო

მეურნეობა 3896

თევზჭერა, მეთევზეობა 173

სამთომოპოვებითი მრეწველობა 569

დამამუშავებელი მრეწველობა 15061

ელექტროენერგიის, აირისა და წყლის წარმოება და

განაწილება 541

მშენებლობა 5761

ვაჭრობა, ავტომობილების, საყოფაცხოვრებო

ნაწარმისა და პირადი მოხმარების საგნების

რემონტი

235397

სასტუმროები და რესტორნები 4643

ტრანსპორტი და კავშირგაბმულობა 7973

საფინანსო შუამავლობა 1777

ოპერაციები უძრავი ქონებით, იჯარა და

მომხმარებლისათვის მომსახურების გაწევა 8309

სახელმწიფო მმართველობა 1989

განათლება 2545

ჯანმრთელობის დაცვა და სოციალური

მომსახურება 3328

კომუნალური, სოციალური და პერსონალური

მომსახურების გაწევა 15649

სხვა 17

TiToeuli seqcia moicavs qveseqciebs, dargebsa da

qvedargebs.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela saxis mewarmeoba da

Sesabamisi sawarmoebi SeiZleba dajgufdes kapitalis

kuTvnilebadobis niSniT. es niSani miuTiTebs Tu vis ekuTvnis

mewarmeobis Sesabamisi sawarmoo erTeulis (sawarmos anu

damoukidebeli meurne-subieqtis, romelic awarmoebs saqonels,

momsaxurebas, asrulebs samuSaoebs, eweva sxvadasxva saxis

ekonomikur saqmianobas) sawarmoo kapitali, qoneba, aqtivebi da

Semosaval-gasavali. am niSniT gamoiyofa saxelmwifo,

municipaluri, koleqtiuri, kerZo da kerZo Sereuli

sawarmoebi.

saxelmwifo sawarmos sawesdebo kapitalis 50 %-ze meti

saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia, misi xelmZRvaneloba iniSneba

saxelmwifo organoebis mier, dafinansebac biujeturi

saxsrebidan warmoebs da amitom maT zogjer saxazino

sawarmoebsac uwodeben.

municipaluri sawarmos (municipaliteti - germanuli

munizipaliacet - adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemaSi

arCeviTi organo. municipalitets ufleba aqvs SemoiRos

adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi da sakuTrebaSi iqonios kanoniT

daSvebuli municipaluri qoneba; mTeli kapitali municipaluri

sakuTrebaa.

koleqtiuri sawarmos qoneba sxvadasxva pirTa

koleqtiuri sakuTrebaa. koleqtiuri sawarmoebis tipuri

formebia saaqcio sazogadoeba, erToblivi sawarmoebi

(sxvadasxva qveynis firmebis erTiani, saerTo sawarmo, romelic

Seqmnilia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ganlagebul organizaciaTa

ZalisxmeviT produqciis warmoebis, momsaxurebisa da

realizaciis warmarTvis mizniT), korporaciebi, kooperativebi

da sxv.

150 151

kerZo piri aris ekonomikuri subieqti, romlis

sawesdebo kapitalis 50 %-ze meti kerZo piris sakuTrebaSia,

sawarmoebis qoneba ekuTvnis erT an ramdenime kerZo pirs. misi

nairsaxeobaa nebismieri individualuri sawarmo, romlebic

kerZo kapitaliT awarmoeben raime saxis Rirebulebas

(produqcias an momsaxurebas, ewevian markentingul da sxva

saxis saqmianobas), kerZo, ojaxuri mewarmeoba da sxv.

kerZo Sereuli aris subieqti, romlis sawesdebo

kapitalSi saqarTvelos moqalaqisa da ucxoeli kerZo piris

wilobrivi monawileobaa.

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavalma, Seuqcevadma procesebma

mniSvnelovani biZgi misca mewarmeobis ganviTarebas

saqarTveloSi. oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT 2003-

2009 wlebSi mniSvnelovnad amaRlda samewarmeo saqmianoba.

brunva gaizarda 5523.0 mln laridan 2003 wels, 16475,7

2238,6 mln laramde 2009 wels, anu gaizarda 198.3%-iT,

gamoSvebuli produqcia gaizarda 156.5 %-iT, dasaqmebulTa

saSualo Tviuri anazRaureba gaizarda 139,4 laridan 564.9

laramde, anu 305.2 %-iT.

საკუთრების ფორმების მიხედვით

(2010 წლის 1 აპრილის მდგომარეობით)

საკუთრების ფორმა სუბიექტთა რაოდენობა

სულ 307628

კერძო პირები 287646

კერძო პირი-საქართველოს მოქალაქე 282390

უცხოელი კერძო პირი 2777

კერძო შერეული 2479

სახელმწიფო 7776

მუნიციპალიტეტი 1493

საკუთრების სხვა ტიპი 10713

152 153

ბიზნეს სექტორი

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

ბრუნვა, მლნ.ლარი 5523.0 7248.4 10076.3 13090.3 17544.4 19650.7 16475.7

გამოშვებული

პროდუქცია, მლნ.ლარი

3492.6 4374.8 5838.3 7412.6 9645.4 10248.4 8960.1

დამატებული

ღირებულება,

მლნ.ლარი

1773.3 2238.6 2796.8 3479.4 4541.8 5162.6 …

შუალედური მოხმარება,


1719.3 2136.2 3041.5 3933.1 5103.7 5085.8 …

ფიქსირებული აქტივები,


4364.8 4942.8 5415.1 6040.5 7935.9 9257.1 …

დასაქმებულთა

რაოდენობა,

კაცი

297795 322779 388946 360987 361209 349250 316553

დასაქმებულთა

საშუალო თვიური

შრომის ანაზღაურება,

ლარი

139.4 161.6 204.5 285.8 381.6 519.8 564.9

statistikuri informaciis mopovebis miznebisaTvis

saqarTveloSi tardeba mewarmeobis rogorc specialuri

(erTjeradi, perioduli), ise mimdinare (yovelwliuri)

gamokvlevebi. specialuri gamokvlevebidan farTod gamoiyeneba

SerCeviTi dakvirvebani.

saqonelwarmoebis dargTa produqcia

saqonelwarmoebis dargTa produqcia ewodeba TiToeuli

dargis saqmianobis pirdapir da sasargeblo Sedegs.

esaa mrewvelobaSi samrewvelo-sawarmoo saqmianobis

pirdapiri da sasargeblo Sedegi, soflis meurneobaSi -

sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo saqmianobis pirdapiri da

sasargeblo Sedegi, mSeneblobaSi - saamSeneblo-sawarmoo

saqmianobis pirdapiri da sasargeblo Sedegi. rogorc Cans

TiToeuli dargis produqcia xasiaTdeba sami ZiriTadi niSniT

da amitom sxva, ara am dargis profilis saqmianobis Sedegi ar

CaiTvleba mocemuli dargis produqciis saerTo moculobaSi.

magaliTad, nebismieri organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis

sawarmoSi mxolod samrewvelo-sawarmoo da ara sasoflo-

sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegebi CaiTvleba mrewvelobis dargis

produqciad, agreTve, mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo

saqmianobis Sedegebi CaiTvleba sasoflo-sameurneo poroduqciad

da a.S.

TiToeuli dargis produqciaSi CaiTvleba, saqmianobis ara

arapirdapiri Sedegebi (narCenebi da sxv.), aramed pirdapiri

Sedegebi, agreTve ara wundebuli, anu arasasargeblo

produqcia, aramed mxolod vargisi produqcia. aqedan

gamomdinare TiToeuli dargis produqciis saerTo moculoba

ganisazRvreba ara marto am dargSi, aramed sxva ara am dargis

profilis sawarmoTa Sesabamisi Sedegebis SejamebiT. magaliTad,

mrewvelobis produqciis RirebulebaSi Seitaneba rogorc TviT

mrewvelobis, ise sxva dargebis, agreTve SinameurneobaTa

samrewvelo-sawarmoo saqmianobis pirdapiri da sasargeblo

Sedegebi, soflis meurneobis produqciaSi - rogorc TviT

soflis meurneobaSi, aseve, ara sasoflo-sameurneo dargebSi

154 155

ganxorcielebuli sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo saqmianobis

pirdapiri da sasargeblo Sedegebi da a.S.

samrewvelo produqciis SemadgenlobaSi aRiricxeba:

1. realizebuli produqciis Rirebuleba;

2. Tavisi ZiriTadi kapitalis kapitaluri remonti da

arasamrewvelo dawesebulebaTaTvis (magaliTad, sabavSvo baga-

baRebisaTvis, dasasvenebeli saxlebisaTvis) gadacemuli

samrewvelo saqoneli;

3. Tavisi muSa-mosamsaxureebisaTvis Sromis

asanazRaureblad gadacemuli produqciis Rirebuleba;

4. sxva sawarmoebisaTvis humanitaruli daxmarebisaTvis

gadacemuli produqciis Rirebuleba;

5. daumTavrebeli warmoebis, agreTve, mza produqciis

naSTebis sxvaoba (mateba+, kleba-).

imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT samrewvelo produqciis

moculoba danaxarjebs da gavigoT mogeba-zarali, yvela saxis

zemoTCamoTvlili produqciis saxeobani (maT Soris samrewvelo

xasiaTis samuSaoebi) aRiricxeba moqmed mimdinare fasebSi. amis

garda, produqciis fizikuri moculobis dinamikis dasadgenad,

gamoiyeneba, agreTve, ucvleli anu Sesadari fasebic.

dasavleTis zogierT qveyanaSi, samrewvelo produqciis

saerTo moculoba, mxolod damatebuli RirebulebiT

ganisazRvreba, rac qveyanaSi iZleva iseTi makroekonomikuri

maCveneblis gaangariSebis saSualebas, rogoricaa mTliani Sida

produqti.

soflis meurneobis produqciis RirebulebaSi aRiricxeba

memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis mza produqtebis Rirebuleba,

agreTve, daumTavrebeli warmoebis naSTebis mateba an kleba. es

ukanaskneli gaiangariSeba am wlisa da momavali wlis

mosavlianobis misaRebad gaweuli samuSaoebis RirebulebaTa

sxvaobiT memcenareobaSi, xolo mecxoveleobaSi suladobis

mixedviT.

rogorc statistikosebi ityobinebia, soflis meurneobis

produqciis moculobis gaangariSebis mowinave meTodologiuri

gamocdilebis gaziarebis miznebisaTvis sayuradReboa

evrokavSiris qveynebis praqtika. am qveynebSi soflis meurneobis

produqciis moculobas angariSoben e.w. ,,erovnuli fermis~

meTodiT. am meTodiT qveynis soflis meurneoba ganixileba

rogorc erTiani erovnuli ferma da amitom misi produqciis

Rirebulebiadan unda gamoiTiSos produqciis fermebs Sorisa

da fermis Sida urTierTmiwodebani. aqedan gamomdinare soflis

meurneobis produqciaSi unda aRiricxos:

1. savaWro organizaciebisadmi soflis meurneobis mza

produqciis miwodebani saboloo moxmarebisaTvis

mosaxleobisaTvis misasyidad;

2. sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulis miwodebani samrewvelo

sawarmoebisaTvis gadasamuSaveblad;

3. miwodebani eqsportSi;

4. fermebis mier saboloo moxmarebani;

5. daumTavrebeli warmoebisa da mza produqciis naSTebis

cvlilebani (zrda+, kleba-).

soflis meurneobis damatebuli Rirebulebis

gasaangariSeblad evropis rig qveynebSi gamoiyeneba Semdegi

saxis sabalanso gaangariSeba: ??

TiToeuli maCveneblis gasaangariSeblad dgeba

ekonomikuri angariSebi, romlebic xasiaTdeba sabalanso

principiT da sabolood gamoiyeneba qveynis masStabiT soflis

meurneobis produqciis moculobis dadgenis miznebisaTvis.

mSeneblobis produqciad iTvleba Senobebisa da

nagebobebis, agreTve, individualuri saxlebis mSeneblobis iseT

samuSaoTa Rirebuleba, rogoricaa samSeneblo-samontaJo,

geologiur-saZiebo, saproeqto-saZiebo, miwis sairigacio-

samelioracio samuSaoebi, agreTve, Senobebisa da nagebobebis

mimdinare da kapitaluri remonti, individualuri binebis

mSenebloba da sxv.

transportis dargis produqciad iTvleba yvela saxis

transportis (saavtomobilo, sarkinigzo, sahaero, sazRvao-

samdinaro, samilgayvano da sxv.) mier tvirTis gadazidvisa da

156 157

mgzavrebis gadayvaniT miRebuli Semosavlebi, agreTve, sagzao

meurneobaSi gzebis mimdinare da kapitaluri remontis

samuSaoTa Rirebuleba.

vaWrobis produqciis RirebulebaSi aisaxeba rogorc

saSinao, ise sagareo bazrobebis saqonlis yidva-gayidviT

miRebuli Semosavlebi. es Semosavlebi warmoiqmneba saqonlis

Sesasyid da gasayid fasTa Soris sxvaobiT anu savaWro

daTmobiT da sxva araferia Tu ara mimoqcevis xarjebisa da

savaWro mogebis jami.

momsaxurebis sferos statistika

mewarmeoba, biznesi da menejmenti Zalian farTodaa

fexmokidebuli momsaxurebis bazarze. ra aris momsaxureba?

momsaxureba (inglisuri sityva servise-ganaa warmoSobili) SromiTi saqmianobis iseTi sferoa, romlis drosac ar iqmneba

nivTobrivi produqti, aramed warmoiqmneba raime sasargeblo

efeqti, riTac kmayofildeba adamianis esa Tu is moTxovnileba.

momsaxureba Tanamedrove msoflio statistikis Teoriasa

da praqtikaSi miCneulia sawarmoo sferod, romlis

ganviTarebis did perspeqtivebze isic metyvelebs, rom amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis mTlian Sida produqtSi mas uWiravs

75%, inglisSi 64% da a.S.

momsaxurebis saxeebi

momsaxureba sxvadasxva saxisaa. Tanamedrove pirobebSi

momsaxurebis Zveli, tradiciuli dargebis (satransporto,

safinanso, samedicino, sayofacxovrebo, kavSirgabmulobis,

savaWro, religiuri, saeklesio da sxv.) gverdiT swrafad

viTardeba axali (sainformacio, kompiuteruli, samecniero,

sabirJo da sxv.) dargebi. momsaxureba SeiZleba iyos

materialuri da aramaterialuri, sawarmoo da samomxmareblo,

anazRaurebadi da araanazRaurebadi, sabazro da arasabazro da

sxva.

materialur momsaxurebas ganekuTvneba manqanebis

SekeTebani, individualuri samkervalo mewarmeoba, samedicino

momsaxureba, samrecxaoebi, qimwmenda da sxva, xolo

aramaterialurs - iuridiuli konsultaciebi, saaudito,

saganmanaTleblo da sxva saxis momsaxurebani.

rogorc materialuri ise aramaterialuri momsaxurebani

SeiZleba iyos sawarmoo da arasawarmoo (piradi,

samomxmareblo) momsaxureba. sawarmoo momsaxureba, magaliTad,

sawarmoTa ZiriTadi kapitalis mimdinare, saSualo da

kapitaluri remonti, xolo samomxmarebloa ganaTleba, radio

da tele momsaxureba da a.S.

saerTaSoriso statistikuri praqtika da gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciis rekomendaciebiT sabazro anu

(anazRaurebadi) momsaxurebas iseTi saxis momsaxurebas

miakuTvneben, romlebic finansirdeba biujetidan an

sazogadoebrivi da politikuri organizaciebis mier.

rogorc sabazro, ise arasabazro momsaxurebis

statistikuri saerTaSoriso klasifikaciebis mixedviT SeiZleba

gamovyoT Semdegi saxis segmentebi:

sayofacxovrebo, satransporto, kavSirgabmulobis,

sabinao-komunaluri, kulturuli, turistul-saeqskursio,

fizkulturisa da sportis, samedicino, veterinaluri,

sanitarul-ganmajansaRebeli, samarTlebrivi xasiaTis, sabanko-

safinanso, saganmanaTleblo, savaWro da sxva saxis

momsaxurebani.

TiToeuli saxis momsaxureba xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva

servisiT magaliTad, sabinao-komunaluri momsaxurebis ekonomika

da biznesi moicavs daqiravebuli da saarendo sacxovrebliT,

Senobebisa da mowyobilobis mimdinare, saSualo, agreTve,

kapitaluri SekeTebis, eleqtroenergiiT, gaziT, wyliT,

gaTbobiT, sakanalizacio, satelefono, radiosa da teleqseliT

158 159

momsaxurebis, agreTve, sanitaruli dasufTavebis biznes-

servisiT uzrunvelyofas.

turistul-saeqskursio biznesSi Sedis turistTa

ganTavsebis, kvebis, satransporto, sayofacxovrebo,

saeqskursio, kulturul-masobrivi sportuli, gamajansaRebeli

da sxva servisuli biznes-momsaxureba. am servisul

momsaxurebaTa Sesabamisad evrosabWos qveynebSi moqmedebs

turistul momsaxurebaTa statistikuri klasifikacia. maT

Sorisaa: sastumroebiT momsaxureba, kvebiT momsaxureba,

sasmelebis gayidviT momsaxureba, sasadilo da binaze mza

sakvebis mitaniT momsaxureba, turistul momsaxurebaTa biuros

mier momsaxureba, kulturis, religiis da organizebuli

dasvenebis sferoSi administraciuli momsaxureba da sxv.

satransporto-kavSirgabmulobis biznes-servisi moicavs

yvela saxis satransporto-kavSirgabmulobis transportis

(sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo, samilgayvano, sazRvao, samdinaro,

sahaero gadayvanis da satvirTo gadazidvebis, agreTve,

kavSirgabmulobis) momsaxurebis serviss. am dargis produqcia

gaizomeba mgzavr-kilometrobiT da tona-kilometrobiT.

gamoiyeneba momsaxurebis tarifebi (fuladi anazRaurebis

ganakveTi satransporto momsaxurebis erTeulisaTvis) an

fraxtebi (wylis transportiT gadaziduli tvirTis erTeulis

anazRaureba).

kulturisa da sportis samomsaxureo biznes-servisSi

Sedis Teatrebis, kinoTeatrebis, filarmoniebis, muzeumebis,

biblioTekebis, samkiTxveloebis, klubebis, kulturis saxlebis,

sportuli sanaxaobebis, fizkulturisa da sportul-

gamajansaRebeli organizaciebis samomsaxureo servisi.

sasamarTlo momsaxurebis biznes-servisi moicavs

sanotaro, saadvokato, sadamcvelo firmebis samosamsaxureo

serviss.

sabanko-safinanso biznes-servisSi Sedis rogorc

anazRaurebadi, ise araanazRaurebadi operaciebi.

anazRaurebadia xelfasis gadaricxvebi, seifebis arendiT

momsaxureba, Zvirfas faseulobaTa Senaxva, valutis gacvla,

angariSebis gaxsna da warmoeba, sadazRvevo momsaxureba da sxv.

araanazRaurebadia sadepozito angariSebis gaxsna, warmoeba da

sxv.

saaudito momsaxurebis biznes-servisma didi gavrceleba

hpova sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. auditi (laTinuri sityva

audio-msmeneli, Zvel sasuliero saswavleblebSi mowinave,

maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs andobdnen sxva

moswavleebis gamocdas. isini usmendnen maT da Rebulobdnen

informacias Tu rogor aiTvises ganvlili saswavlo masala da

Seasrules saTanado davalebani. saWiro SemTxvevaSi aseTi

mowinave mowafeebi konsultaciebsac utarebdnen CamorCenil

moswavleebs) aris mewarmis, biznesmenis safinanso

angariSgebianobis damoukidebeli eqspertiza sameurneo-safinanso

operaciebis moqmedi kanonmdeblobisadmi, agreTve, sabuRaltro

aRricxvianobis sisrulisa da sizustisadmi Sesabamisobis

Sesaxeb. auditi SeiZleba iyos gare (rodesac auditorul

mewarmeobas, sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis winaswari dakveTis

safuZvelze, anxorcielebs gare auditoruli forma, kompania)

da Sida (rodesac auditorul eqspertizas anxorcielebs TviT

organizaciis, firmis, kompaniis specialuri funqcionaluri

ganyofileba, biuro, samsaxuri, romlebic administraciulad

emorCilebian mocemuli dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelobas).

saaudito biznes-servisi moicavs sawarmos finansuri

mdgomareobis gacnobas, gasinjvas, Sedarebas moqmedi

kanonmdeblobisadmi, daskvnas da rekomendaciebs.

momsaxurebis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi

statistikuri maCveneblebi qveyanaSi da mis calkeul

regionebSi ganisazRvreba momsaxurebis bazris socialur-

ekonomikuri potencialis (SromiTi, finansuri da materialuri

resursebis moculoba, maTi xarisxi da balansireba),

moTxovnisa da miwodebis mdgomareobis (moTxovna, miwodeba,

maTi urTierTSefardeba, tevadoba da momsaxurebiT

160 161

uzrunvelyofa), realizaciis (moculoba, struqtura, dinamika

rogorc mTlianad aseve mosaxleobis erT sulze

gaangariSebiT), fasebisa da tarifebis (fasebisa da tarifebis

done, struqtura, fasebisa da tarifebis msyidvelobiTi

unarianobis indeqsebi), infrastruqturis (momsaxurebis

sawarmoTa ricxvi, maTi struqtura, sawarmoo simZlavre,

teqnikuri aRWurviloba, satransporto, kavSirgabmulobisa da

da sxva saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa), momsaxurebis gawevis

ekonomikuri Sedegebis maCveneblebis (realizaciidan amonagebi

anu saoperacio Semosavlebi, mogeba, damatebuli Rirebulebis

gadasaxadi) da efeqturobis (mogeba, resursebis mimarT,

danaxarjebis mimarT, rentabeloba da sxv.) da sxva saxis

indikatorebi.

marketingis statistika

sityva marketingi warmoSobilia inglisuri sityva

market-isagan da bazars, gasaRebas niSnavs. amitom marketingi

yovelgvari komerciuli saqmianobis nebismier etapze (warmoeba,

gacvla, moxmareba) gamoiyeneba da xorcieldeba saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis gasaRebis, gacvlis ganviTarebis, daCqarebis,

moTxovnilebis ukeT dakmayofilebisa da saboloo jamSi

mogebis miRebis stimulirebisaTvis. marketinguli servisi

moicavs bazrebis analizs, moTxovna-miwoebis gansazRvras,

bazrebis segmentirebas, fasebis politikas, strategias,

reklamas da sxv.

bazari sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreuli

safexurebidanve, saqonelwarmoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad,

yovelTvis warmoadgenda adamianTa urTierTobis erTerT

mniSvnelovan sferos. bazarze upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moTxovna-miwodeba. magram bazris

Seswavla rogorc ekonomikurad ise statistikurad

gansakuTrebul rols sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi iZens. aq

unda movixsenioT bazarTa sxvadasxva saxeobani. maT Soris:

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazari, investiciebis bazari, Sromis

bazari, fasiani qaRaldebis bazari da sxva. isini mWidro

urTierTkavSirSi arian da erTmaneTs ganapirobeben. maTi

ganviTarebis zogadi kanonzomierebani moTxovna-miwodebis

TvalsazrisiT daaxloebiT erTnairia. amitom aq da SemdgomSic

ganixileba mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazris

statistika, romelic ganapirobebs sxva saxis bazrebis

statistikur maCvenebelTa sistemasac.

bazari aris Tavisufali partniorebis, gamyidvelebisa da

myidvelebis yidva-gayidvis urTierTobaTa sistema, rasac

ZiriTadad gansazRvravs moTxovna-miwodebis raodenobrivi

Tanafardobani. sabazro statistikam unda Seiswavlos bazris

tevadoba anu moTxovna-miwodebis moculobani, moTxovna-

miwodebis struqtura, dinamika qronologiuri TariRe;bis

mixedviT da sxva movlenebTan korelaciur-statistikuri

urTierTkavSiri.

sabazwro statistikis Seswavlis obieqtia bazari, anu

sabazro-ekonomikuri movlenebi da procesebi, xolo sagani - am

movlenebisa da procesebis raodenobrivi mxare Tvisebriv

mxaresTan mWidro kavSirSi konkretul drosa da sivrceSi.

winamdebare naSromSi sabazro statistikaSi ganixileba bazris

koniuqturis marketinguli gamokvlevis da sasaqonlo birJis

statistika.

sityva koniuqtura warmoSobilia laTinuri sityva

conjungo-sagan, rac niSnavs SeerTebas. bazris koniuqtura aris

bazarze arsebuli situacia, romelsac gansazRvravs moTxovna-

miwodebis urTierTSefardebani, maTi ganviTarebis tendenciebi,

konkretuli brZolis masStabebi, Zala, komerciuli riskis

done da sxva faqtorebi. maSasadame, koniuqtura am faqtorTa urTierTzemoqmedebis SeerTebis saerTo Zalis ganmsazRvreli

fenomenia, rac erTob saWiroa sabazro ekonomikis marTvisa da

regulirebisaTvis. konuqturis Seswavla aucilebeli pirobaa

marketingisa da komerciuli saqmianobis warmarTvisaTvis,

162 163

agreTve, socialur-ekonomikuri, sagadasaxado da sakanonmdeblo

politikis gasatareblad bazris saxelmwifo regulirebis

mizniT.

bazris koniuqtura xasiaTdeba variaciiT, ciklurobiT,

sezonurobiTa da dinamiurobiT. koniuqturis variacias anu

cvalebadobas gansazRvravs rogorc mudmivad moqmedi ise

SemTxveviTi xasiaTis faqtorebi, maT Soris SeiZleba iyos

socialur-ekonomikuri, bunebriv-klimaturi, demografiuli,

sazogadoebriv-politikuri, organizaciuli da sxva saxis

faqtorebi.

koniuqturis ciklurobas ganapirobebs moTxovnis

(bazarze wayenebuli moTxovnileba, romelsac gansazRvravs

adamianTa fuladi Semosavlebi da aqedan gamomdinare

msyidvelobiTi unarianoba) an miwodebis Semcireba an gadideba,

Semdeg stabilizacia da isev gadideba an Semcireba. sezonur

cvalebadobas gansazRvravs saqonlis damzadebis sezonuroba an

sxva msgavsi faqtori.

bazari cvalebadia droSi, misi sazRvrebi diddeba an

mcirdeba qronologiuri TariRebis mixedviT. aqedan gamomdinare

koniuqturis statistikam unda Seiswavlos moTxovna-miwodebis

Tanafardobani, koniuqturis cikluroba, sezonuroba, dinamika,

konkurenciuli brZolis, komerciuli riskis, agreTve, bazris

monopolizaciis xarisxi, bazris regionaluri gansxvavebani,

koniuqturis saprognozo parametrebi da sxva.

bazarze arsebuli situaciis daxasiaTeba da

prognozirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba rogorc sistematuri ise

perioduli informaciuli masala. sistematuri xasiaTis

masalas iZleva e.w. sasignalo informaciebi, romlebic dRiuri,

dekaduri, Tviuri da sxva qronologiuri TariRebis mixedviT

moedineba qvemdgomi (samrewvelo, savaWro, samarketingo da sxv.)

rgolebidan. es informacia exeba warmoebis, saqonelbrunvisa da

sasaqonlo maragebis moculobas, fasebs, finansebs, socialur-

demografiul sakiTxebs da sxva saxis masalas.

sistematuri xasiaTis masala zogjer ver axasiaTebs

CvenTvis saintereso yvela sakiTxs da ar iZleva koniuqturis

prognozirebis saSualebas. es ki aucilebelia sabazro

ekonomikis marTvisa da organizaciis aqtualuri sakiTxebis

gadawyvetisaTvis. amitom saWiro informaciis misaRebad

periodulad awarmoeben bazarze momuSave muSakebis, warmoebis

dargTa specialistebis, agreTve, mecnier-eqspertebis

gamokiTxvas. gamokiTxva warmoebs rogorc anketis meSveobiT,

ise intervius saxiT, specialurad Sedgenil kiTxvarebze

pasuxebis gacemis gziT.

mTavari maCveneblebi, romlebic erTmaneTs upirispirdeba

bazarze da gansazRvravs koniuqturas aris moTxovna da

miwodeba. momxmarebelTa survili sawonelsa da momsaxurebaze

gansazRvravs moTxovnilebas, xolo moTxovnileba fuladi

resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT ayalibebs bazarze moTxovnas.

miwodebas warmoqmnis warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sferos

ganviTareba. moTxovnisa da mowodebis urTierTSefardebiT

yalibdeba bazarze saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gansazRvruli,

gamawonasworebeli fasebi, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba

konkretuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidva da

momxmarebelTa dakmayofileba. moTxovna SeiZleba iyos

potencialuri an daxuruli (yalibdeba saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis bazarze gamosasvlelad momzadebis stadiaSi),

Camoyalibebuli (formirdeba moTxovna-miwodebis

urTierTSefardebiT), alternatiuli (yalibdeba momxmareblis

mier sxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenis survilis

gamomJRavnebisas), spontanuri (gamomJRavneba uecrad

momxmareblis mier bazarze misTvis sasurveli saqonlis an

momsaxurebis saxeobis aRmoCenisas), gadadebuli (rodesac

myidveli fuls TandaTanobiT agrovebs ama Tu im

moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad), daukmayofilebeli

(rodesac bazarze myidveli ver poulobs Sesabamis saqonels)

da sxva. TavisTavad moTxovna-miwodebis maCveneblebi SeiZleba

164 165

iyos moTxovnisa da miwodebis moculoba, struqtura,

elastiuroba, dinamika da sxva.

koniuqturis maCveneblebs miekuTvneba, agreTve,

proporciuloba (moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTSefardeba),

bazris struqtura (saqonelbrunvis, gamyidvelebisa da

myidvelebis, agreTve, regionaluri Wrilisa da sxva

maCveneblebis mixedviT), komerciuli riski (sainvesticio riski,

marketingul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis riski da sxv.),

koniuqturis cvalebadoba (variaciis maCveneblebi), saqmiani

aqtiuroba (dakveTebis portfeli, garigebaTa raodenoba da

dinamika da a.S.). es maCveneblebi gansazRvravs bazarze

situacias da amiT iZleva Sesabamis marketingul

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis saSualebas.

sabazro situaciis koniuqturuli Sefasebani warmoebs

xarisxobrivi da atributuli, agreTve, raodenobrivi

maCveneblebiT. bazarze situacia an keTilmyofeli anu maRali

koniuqturis an kidev arakeTilmyofeli anu dabali konuqturis

SeiZleba iyos. maRali koniuqturuli situaciis niSnebia:

balansirebuli moTxovna-miwodeba, gawonasworebuli fasebi,

stabiluri an mzardi realizacia da a.S. dabali koniuqturis

niSnebia: bazris disproporcia, moTxovnis mkveTri Semcireba,

saqonlis deficiti, fasebis cvalebadoba, maragebis

gaumarTlebeli zrda da a.S.

xSirad situacias bazarze axasiaTebs sami saxis

indikatori: saqonelbrunvis, fasebisa da maragebis indeqsebi. am

indikatorebis cvlilebas ganixilaven qronologiuri TariRebis

dinamikaSi. cnobili dinamikuri mwkrivebis damuSavebis

analizuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT daadgenen indikatorebis

ganviTarebis tendenciebs. aq rogorc cnobilia, SeiZleba

gvqondes sami SemTxveva: indikatoris zrdis tendencia, klebis

tendencia an stabiluri mdgomareoba. Cvens magaliTze anu

motanili sami indikatoris gamoyenebiT maRali koniuqturis

maCveneblebia saqonelbrunvis gadideba, fasebisa da maragebis

Semcireba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs dabali

koniuqturis SemTxvevasTan bazarze.

dabali koniuqturis Sesacvlelad saWiroa Sesabamis

marketingul RonisZiebaTa gatareba. TiToeuli marketinguli

gadawyvetileba garkveuli riskis tolfasia, ris gamo pirvel

rigSi unda Sefasdes riski. riskis Sefaseba damokidebulia misi

saxeobisagan: dabandebuli kapitalis nawilobrivi an mTlianad

dakargvis, gakotrebis, kreditis dakargvis, inflaciis,

konkurentis mier bazridan gamodevnis da sxva saxeobis riski.

riskis Sefasebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia saeqsporto

meTodi, rac TavisTavad eyrdnoba koniuqturis Sefasebis

mdidar statistikur masalas.

sabazro statistikis Seswavlis erTerTi mniSvnelovani

sakiTxia moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobis anu

cvalebadobis raodenobrivi Seswavla. am cvalebadobas

raodenobrivad gamosaxaven elastiurobis koeficientiT.

elsatiurobis koeficienti zogadad gviCvenebs saSedego

faqtoris procentul cvalebadobas faqtoruli niSnis erTi

procentis cvalebadobisas..

Tu elastiurobis koeficienti erTze metia, maSin saqme

gvaqvs pirdapir kavSirTan da Tanac ultra anu Zlier

elastiurobasTan. aseTi kavSiri SeiZleba gamovlindes

moTxovnisa da fuladi Semosavlebis urTierTkavSiris analizis

pirobebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTis toli an erTze naklebia

elastiurobis koeficienti, maSin saqme gvaqvs mcire anu infra

elastiurobasTan (unitaruli moTxovna).

Tu faqtoruli niSnis gadidebisas moTxovna mcirdeba

(magaliTad, fasebis cvalebadobasTan urTierTkavSirSi), maSin

saqme gvaqvs Sebrunebul anu ukukavSirTan. me-19 saukunis 80-ian

wlebSi germanelma ekonomistma da sociologma e. engelma

daadgina, rom ojaxis Semosavlebis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba

kvebis produqtebze danaxarjebis xvedriTi wili (da ara

absoluturad) da diddeba fufunebis sagnebze danaxarjebis

xvedriTi wili. es kanoni atarebs engelis kanonis

166 167

saxelwodebas da farTod gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis saojaxo

biujetur gamokvlevebSi.

bazarze moTxovnis elastiurobis ufro dawvrilebiTi

daxasiaTebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqonelisa da

momsaxurebis urTierTSemcvlelobis faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebas.

fasebis gadidebisas moTxovna ufro metad mcirdeba maRali

xarisxisa da metad ZviradRirebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze.

magaliTad, purze fasebis momatebisas Tavs iCens jifenis

paradoqsi: rac ufro Zvirdeba puri, miT metad yidulobs mas

momxmarebeli. magram puris moxmarebis struqturaSi mcirdeba

maRali xarisxisa da ZviradRirebuli puris moxmareba da

diddeba dabali xarisxis da SedarebiT naklebfasiani puris

moxmareba. aq gamovlindeba nivTis sargeblianobis xarisxi:

maRali xarisxis saqonlis SedarebiT naklebi raodenobaa

saWiro adamianis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad da amitom

misi Semcvleli xarisxis saqonlis meti masa esaWiroeba

momxmarebels ama Tu im saWiroebisaTvis.

bazarze moTxovnis Seswavlisas vlindeba, agreTve,

veblenis paradoqsi, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom fufunebis

sagnebs momxmareblebi iZenen ara imdenad maTi samomxmareblo

TvisebebisaTvis, ramdenadac socialuri daniSnulebisaTvis

(prestiJuloba, moda da a.S.). amitom zogjer jifenis

paradoqss ewodeba - siRaribis efeqti, xolo vebleris

paradoqss - simdidris.

elastiurobis zemoTmotanili Teoriuli koeficientis

formuliT SeiZleba davadginoT moxmarebis mgrZnobianobis

xarisxi maszed moqmedi romelime faqtoris cvalebadobis

mimarT mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis mixedviT. aseTi

jgufebi SeiZleba gamoiyos ojaxis erT sulze Semosavlis

mixedviT. magaliTad, ojaxis raodenoba, romelTagan TiToeul

ojaxis wevrs TveSi aqvs Semosavali 50-dan 100-laramde da a.S.

bazari Tavisi bunebiT stiqiuri xasiaTisaa, rasac

zogjer kapitalis koncentraciisa da saqonlis masis gadidebis

kvalobaze Tan sdevs stagnaciisa da sazogadoebisaTvis sxva,

metad arasasurveli movlenebi. amitom, Tavidanve, mowinave

maRalganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi,

mecnierebis winaSe daiasaxa sabazro procesebis ganviTarebis,

prognozirebisa da regulirebis gadaudebeli amocanebi. am

amocanebis gadawyvetas emsaxureba sabazro ekonomikis Tanmdevi

mecnieruli codnis dargi - marketingi. marketingi nebismieri

moTxovna-miwodebis Seswavlis gziT miznad isaxavs bazris

marTvisa da regulirebis sistemis SemuSavebas, xolo

marketinguli gamokvleva, rogorc misi erTerTi Semadgenli

nawili - bazris ganviTarebis winaswarSecnobas da am

safuZvelze prognozirebas gulisxmobs.

marketinguli gamokvlevis ZiriTadi etapebia sakiTxis

ekonomikuri dasma, informaciis mopoveba, informaciis

damuSaveba da analizi, prognozireba da rekomendaciebis

SemuSaveba. sakiTxis ekonomikuri dasma bazris marTvisa da

regulirebis amocanebis gansazRvras gulisxmobs, rasac unda

mohyves marketinguli informaciis - cifrebis, faqtebis,

cnobebisa da sxva saanalizo da saprognozo monacemebis

Segroveba. rogorc Cans marketinguli gamokvlevis yvela etapze

statistikas, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri Semecnebis mZlavr

iaraRs, gansakuTrebuli roli da niSvneloba eniWeba. mis

amocanebSia: bazarze moTxovna-miwodebis, konkurenciuli

brZolisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb utyuari, saimedo, mecnieruli

informaciis Segroveba, informaciis damuSaveba da analizi.

Sesabamisi mecnieruli, statistikuri meTodebiT,

konkurenciuli brZolis, agreTve bazris ganviTarebis parametrebis mecnieruli winaswarxedva da Sesabamisi sarekomendacio prognozebis SemuSaveba.

sabazro procesebis regulirebisaTvis saWiro cifrebi,

faqtebi, monacemebi unda Segrovdes saqonlisa da momsaxurebis,

miwodebis, moTxovnis, realizaciis, fasebis, konkurenciis

Sesaxeb. am informaciis matarebeli anu wyaroebia momxmareblebi

(individualuri, koleqtiuri), mosaxleoba, firmebi, sawarmoebi,

organizaciebi da dawesebulebebi. am monacemebis mopovebisaTvis

168 169

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas marketinguli samsaxurebi da misi

calkeuli qveganyofilebani an kidev komerciul sawyisebze

Seqmnili specialuri marketinguli firmebi. es ukanasknelni

valdebulni arian saTanado anazRaurebiT moipovon

marketinguli informacia, gadaamuSaon, gaukeTon mas saTanado

mecnieruli analizi da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi warudginon

damkveTs maTi qcevisa da momavalSi gasatarebel marketingul

gadawyvetilebaTa Sesaxeb. mowinave qveynebSi (magaliTad,

safrangeTSi da sxv.) saqonlis momxmareblebsa da mwarmoeblebs

Soris informaciis urTierTgacvla gaTvaliswinebulia

Sesabamisi kontraqtebiTa da sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT. am

SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebeli Tavis Tavze iRebs, miawodos

momxmareblebs informacia produqciis warmoebisa da

moxmarebis, agreTve, sakuTari informacia bazris Sesaxeb

(bazris tevadoba mTlianad calkeuli segmentebis mixedviT,

momxmareblis anketirebis monacemebi, bazris koniuqturuli

Sefasebani), demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi, monacemebi

konkurent-mwarmoebelTa da maTi qmedebis Sesaxeb, sruli

informacia SeTavazebul saqonelze (serTifikaciisa da

testirebis monacemebi, konkurentunarianoba da a.S.).

momxmareblebi, Tavis mxriv, valdebulni arian miawodon

mwarmoeblebs informacia sacalo momxmareblebis (klienturis),

materialur-teqnikuri bazis (sasawyobo meurneobis,

satransporto qselis da sxv.), momxmarebelTa Sexedulebebis,

qcevis, reklamis, efeqturobis, adgilobrivi bazris tevadobisa

da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. xSirad araoficialuri monacemebis

mosapoveblad ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi

mimarTaven e.w. marketinguli dazvervis gamoyenebas, rac

uzrunvelyofs konfidencialuri da naxevrad konfidencialuri

informaciis mopovebas da gadamuSavebas.

msxvil marketingul firmebsa da samecniero-kvleviT

organizaciebs, agreTve, saxelmwifo statistikis organoebs

gaaCniaT SerCeviTi dakvirvebis gziT miRebuli informaciis

saSualebani (panelebi). magaliTad, saxelmwifo statistikis

paneli moicavs 60,0 aTas SerCeviT ojaxs, romlebsac evalebaT

sistematurad miawodon informacia statistikis organoebs

sakuTar biujetze (wliur Semosavlebsa da gasavlebze) da

yvela im sakiTxze, rasac moicavs programa. gamoiyeneba, agreTve,

savaWro korespondentebi, romlebic ganlagebulni arian

sayrden punqtebSi da sistematurad awvdian bazris Sesaxeb

informacias savaWro firmebs.

marketinguli informaciis mopovebisa da SegrovebisaTvis

farTod gamoiyeneba gamokiTxvebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyos

zepiri da werilobiTi. gamokiTxvis obieqtia individualuri

momxmareblebi an msxvili savaWro firmebi. xSirad gamosakiTx

pirs (respodents) saubars utareben teqstirebis anu

urTierTgamomricxav kiTxvebze pasuxebis lmixedviT.

gamokiTxvisaTvis xSirad iyeneben anketebs, romlebic moicavs

gamokiTxvis miznebsa da amocanebs, respodentis anu

gamosakiTxavi piris Sesaxeb saWiro cnobebs, saprogramo

kiTxvarebis CamonaTvals bazris Sesaxeb, romlebsac unda gaeces

pasuxebi da a.S.

gamokiTxvis erTerTi gavrcelebuli saxeobaa saeqsperto

gamokvleva, romelSic monawileobs kvalificiuri, didi

codnisa da gamocdilebis mqone specialistebi. maTi pasuxebis

ganzogadeba iZleva bazris marTvisa da regulirebis metad

saWiro da saimedo, sarekomendacio masalas. am saqmeSi did

gamoyenebas poulobs saeqsperto SefasebaTa delfis meTodi,

tvinis Setevis meTodi da sxva, romlebsac warmatebiT iyeneben bazris ganviTarebis prognozirebis saqmeSi.

mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebis, dajgufebis,

Tavmoyrisa da saanalizo maCveneblebis gaangariSebis Sedegad

iqmneba sami marketinguli banki: informaciis banki, romelic

formdeba cxrilebis, disketebis, magnituri lentebisa da

sxvaTa saxiT, rac warmoadgens sistematizebuli informaciis

Senaxvisa da gamoyenebis saSualebas: statistikuri banki -

monacemebis Tavmoyrisa da dajgufebis, agreTve analizis

statistikuri meTodebis erToblioba; modelebis banki -

170 171

marketinguli modelebis erToblioba, romlebic iZleva

optimaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas. es masalebi

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas bazris

regulirebisa da marTvis saqmeSi.

marketinguli gamokvleva farTo speqtris praqtikuli da

samecniero xasiaTis samuSaoebs moicavs. amitom mis safuZvlad

gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva saxis mecnieruli gamokvlevani

rogorc raodenobrivi, formaluri (avtorebi: f. kotleri, d.

koksi, r. bazeli, f. bikekeri, p. maslovi da sxv.), ise

araformaluri (avtori k. simmondsi da sxv.) analizis

meTodebi.

marketpnguli gamokvlevis meTodologiaSi farTo adgils

iWers statistikuri dakvirvebis, dajgufebis, Tavmoyris,

saSualoebisa da dispersiuli analizis, dinamikuri mwkrivebis,

saindeqso, SerCeviTi dakvirvebis, korelaciur-regresiuli da

sxva saxis meTodebi. statistikuri Sefasebis gamoyenebis gareSe

warmoudgenelia optimalur, marketingul gadawyvetilebaTa

miReba da mis safuZvelze bazris marTva da regulireba.

mniSvnelovan gamoyenebas poulobs, agreTve, wrfivi da

arawrfivi programirebis, TamaSTa Teoriis, stoxasturi

programirebis, masobrivi momsaxurebis, imitaciuri modelirebis

da sxva meTodebi.

maSasadame, marketingul gamokvlevaSi gamoiyeneba yvela is

meTodi, romelic uzrunvelyofs gadawyvetilebaTa

mecnierulobas (mecnierulad dasabuTebuli masalis

uzrunvelyofa), kompleqsurobas (bazris muSaobis yvela

aspeqtis gamokvleva), sistemurobas (moqmedebaTa logikuri

Tanmimdevroba), operatiulobas (Tavisdroul gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebas), perspeqtiulobas (dasabuTebuli, saimedo prognozebis

miReba), efeqturobas (naklebi danaxarjebis maRali saSedego

maCveneblebis miReba).

marketinguli strategia principul, prioritetul da

sabazro gadawyvetilebaTa kompleqsia, rac ganapirobebs savaWro

firmis bazarze xvedriTi wilis zrdas, saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis gadidebas, axali saqonlis warmoebasa da bazarze

gatanas, mogebis gadidebas da sxv.

savaWro firmis strategia bazarze SeiZleba iyos

SeteviTi, TavdacviTi da ukandaxeviTi. strategia ganisazRvreba

bazarze Zlieri, TavdacviTi - saSualo, xolo ukandaxeviTi -

araxelsayreli, susti poziciebiT. amasTan savaWro firmis

pozicias gansazRvravs ori jgufis faqtorebi: sabazro da

sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa faqtori: bazris situacia da sakuTar

SesaZleblobaTa faqtorebi. bazris situacias gansazRvravs

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo moculobis zrdis teompebi,

sasaqonlo maragebi, fasebis cvalebadoba, konkurenciis

intensiuroba, bazris tevadoba, mogebis saSualo norma da sxva.

sakuTar SesaZleblobebs - firmis xvedriTi wili bazarze,

saqonlis konkurentunarianobis done, firmis safinanso-

sakredito potenciali, firmis imiji da a.S. SesaZlebelia am

faqtorebis mixedviT ganisazRvros mravalganzomilebiani

saSualo bali calcalke rogorc bazris situaciisaTvis, aseve

savaWro firmis sakuTari SesaZleblobebis, anu

konkurentunarianobisaTvis. amisaTvis saeqsperto wesiT

TiToeul faqtors mianiWeben misi moqmedebis siZlieris

mixedviT balur Sefasebas, xolo im rolis mixedviT, rasac is

imsaxurebs faqtorTa kompleqsSi - rangis mniSvnelobas.

faqtorTa TiToeuli kompleqsisaTvis ganisazRvreba saSualo

bali saSualo Sewonili ariTmetikulis gamoyenebiT.

am reitingis (Tu aseT saSualo balebs gamoviangariSebT

calcalke faqtorTa TiToeuli jgufisaTvis, maSin maTi

saSualo geometriuli daaxasiaTebs savaWro firmis reitings)

mixedviT (maRali, saSualo da dabali) savaWro firmas SeuZlia

ganaxorcielos Sesabamisad SeteviTi, TavdacviTi an

ukandaxeviTi strategia, rac erTob saWiroa gakotrebis Tavidan

acilebisa da mdgomareobis gajansaRebis miznebisaTvis. rogorc

Cans TavdacviTi strategia firmas SeuZlia airCios or

SemTxvevaSi (orive SemTxvevaSi pozicia saSualoa): sabazro

situacia xelsayrelia, magram firmis konkurentunarianoba

172 173

dabalia an piriqiT - sabazro situacia araxelsayrelia, magram

firmis konkurentunarianoba maRalia.

bunebrivia, rom savaWro firmis mier gatarebuli

marketinguli gadawyvetilebani SeteviTi strategiis dros

iqneba dabali, Tavdacvis dros saSualo, xolo ukandaxeviTi

strategiis dros - maRali riskis matarebeli. xSirad

statistika bazarze savaWro firmis reitingis dadgenis

gaangariSebaTa rTul kompleqss amartivebs da mimarTavs

mxolod firmis xvedriTi wilis gaangariSebas. Tu bazarze

yvela firmis mier realizebuli saqonlis saerTo masaSi

izrdeba mocemuli savaWro firmis xvedriTi wili, maSin firmis

xelmZRvaneloba mimarTavs SeteviT strategias. Tavis dazRvevis

mizniT, amasTan erTad, aumjobesebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

dizainur (nakeTobis esTetikur ier-saxes), stailingur

(stilisa da modisadmi Sesabamisobis xarisxi) da ergonomikur

(produqciis gamoyenebisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebisas

komfortuloba da siamovneba) Tvisebebs. savaWro firmebis

marketinguli strategiis SemuSavebis saqmeSi statistika

iTvaliswinebs, agreTve, saqonlis moTxovnisadmi simwifis

fazas. rogorc cnobilia saqoneli da momsaxureba sul xuT

fazas gaivlis: Seqmna, bazarze gatana, zrda, simwife da dacema.

am fazebis mixedviT statistika agebs mrudebs (abscisTa RerZze

gadizomeba fazebi xangrZlivobaTa mixedviT da ordinatTa

RerZze saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciis moculoba) da

mis safuZvelze iZleva marketingul gadawyvetilebaTa

rekomendaciebs.

sasaqonlo birJis statistika

sabazro statistikis erTerTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia

sasaqonlo birJis statistika.

sasaqonlo birJa sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis

erTerTi mniSvnelovani institutia. is aris iuridiulad da

organizaciulad gaformebuli, mudmivmoqmedi, saqonlis biTumad

gacvlis garigebaTa bazari, romlis elementebia saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis moTxovna-miwodebis,f asebis, komerciul

garigebaTa maRalorganizebuli regulireba. sasaqonlo birJa

SeiZleba iyos specializebuli romelime saxeobis saqonlis

(xorblis, navTobproduqtebis, Saqris, kauCukis, Savi da feradi

liTonebis, xe-tyis masalebis da a.S.) da universaluri,

sxvadasxva saqonlis yidva-gayidvis garigebaTa sfero.

sasaqonlo birJaze sabiTumo garigebani SeiZleba iyos

realuri saqonliT, forvarduli, fiuCersuli, opcionuri,

xejirebuli da spredinguli. realuri saqonlis garigeba

gulisxmobs, rom birJas gaaCnia sasawyobo Senobebi, sadac

arsebul realur saqonelze xdeba sabiTumo garigebani. am saxis

garigebisagan gansxvavebiT forvarduli garigeba marTalia

realur saqonelze warmoebs, magram gadaxdis ganvadebas

gulisxmobs garigebis momentSi arsebuli fasebiT. aseTi

garigeba fasebis Semcireba an gadidebazea navaraudevi

(gamyidveli fiqrobs, rom fasebi mcirdeba da myidveli ki

piriqiT). zemoTCamoTvlili garigebebisagan gansxvavebiT

fiuCersuli garigebisas araa aucilebeli mocemul momentSi

realuri saqonlis arseboba. is qaRaldze garigebas gulisxmobs

sakontraqto wesiT, riTac dafiqsirdeba garkveuli vadis

gasvlis Semdeg Sesabamisi nomenklaturisa da asortimentis

saqonlis miwodebis aucilebloba.

zemoTCaTmoTvlili garigebani warmoSobs sabirJo

spekulaciis or sxvadasxva variants: sakaso da vadian

garigebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi pirJis muSakni yiduloben

saqonels fasebis gadidebis imediT da fasTa sxvaobiT moelis

mogebas, xolo vadiani garigebisas (romlis erTerTi saxeoba

fiuCersuli garigebaa) kontraqti daideba iseT saqonelze,

romelzedac birJis muSakni fasebis Semcirebas moelian.

xejirebuli garigeba igive fiuCersuli garigebaa,

mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom xdeba fasebis mosalodneli

cvlilebis winaswardazRveva. Cveulebrivad, imisaTvis, rom

174 175

saqonlis gamyidvelma daizRvios Tavi da SeinarCunos momavalSi

sakaso fasi, SeiZens fiuCersul kontraqts saqonlis gayidvaze.

Tu vadiani da sakaso fasebi icvleba erTi mimarTulebiT da

gansxvaveba maT Soris, e.i. bazisi, ar icvleba, maSin xejireba

iqneba idealuri, radgan gamyidveli arc igebs da arc agebs.

imave saqonlis Sesyidvaze myidveli SeiZens saqonlis Sesyidvis

fiuCersul kontraqts xejirebis mizniT.

opcionuri garigeba ewodeba iseT garigebas, rodesac

erTi pirovneba SeuTanxmdeba meores da garkveul periodSi

iZens am saqonlis Sesyidvis uflebas fiqsirebuli fasiT.

risTvisac meore pirovnebas uxdis premiis garkveul Tanxas.

spredinguli garigeba garigebis specifikuri formaa da

gulisxmobs sxvadasxva fiqsirebuli garigebisaTvis raime

mogebis miRebas.

statistikuri amocanebia Seiswavlos sabirJo moTxovna-

miwodebis moculoba, struqtura, dinamika, sxva movlenebTan

urTierTkavSiri, sabirJo koniuqtura da misi cvlilebani

faqtorTa zemoqmedebiT, garigebaTa raodenoba, maTi struqtura

saxeobaTa mixedviT, dinamika da sxva sakiTxebi.

sabirJo statistikis maCveneblebi uSualod

gamomdinareobs amocanebidan da moicavs: birJebis saerTo

raodenobas, maT struqturas saxeobaTa mixedviT da dinamikas,

sabirJo saqonelbrunvis saerTo moculobas, saqonelbrunvis

struqturas, dinamikas saqonelbrunvaze moqmedi faqtorebis

raodenobriv, korelaciur-regresiul analizs, fasebis dones,

dinamikas da urTierTkavSirs moTxovna-miwodebasTan, fasebis

kotirebas, garigebaTa raodenobas, maT struqturas da am

safuZvelze saqmian aqtivobas, sabirJo operaciebis warmoebiT

birJebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis maCveneblebs, maT Soris

mogebas, saerTo Semosavals, gadasaxadebs biujetSi da sxva

maCveneblebs.

sasaqonlo birJis saqmianobas asaxavs saqmiani aqtiuroba,

romlis maCveneblebia ganacxadTa ricxvi, ganacxadTa saSualo

sidide, sabiTumo saqonelbrunva, sabirJo fasebi da sxva. am

maCvenebelTa mixedviT aigeba rogorc naturaluri, ise

RirebulebiTi maCveneblebi da Sesabamisad naturaluri da

RirebulebiTi, individualuri da saerTo (agregatuli)

indeqsebi da a.S. naturaluri indeqsebi gamoiyeneba calkeuli

saxis saqonlis (Saqari, xorbali, Tevzi da sxv.) fizikuri

moculobis dinamikis gasazomavad saangariSo periodSi sabaziso

periodTan SedarebiT, xolo sxvadasxva saxis saqonlis birJaze

yidvis an gayidvis saerTo moculobis dinamikis

dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba RirebulebiTi indeqsebi, romlebic

miiReba sxvadasxva saqonlis Sesabamis fasobriv gamosaxulebaSi

gamosaxvis gziT. sabirJo saqmitanobis saqonelbrunvis, fasebis

(rogorc individualuri, ise saerTo), agreTve saSualo

Sewonili, saSualo ariTmetikuli, saSualo harmoniuli da

sxva saxis indeqsebi gaiangariSeba im meTodologiiT, rac

naCvenebi iyo indeqsebis Sesabamis TavSi.

sabirJo saqmianobis situacias anu koniuqturas

axasiaTebs moTxovna-miwodebis, fasebis, garigebaTa da sxva

maCveneblebis cvalebadobani drosa da sivrceSi. maT

Sesaswavlad farTod gamoiyeneba variaciis, saindeqso,

korelaciiT, SerCeviTi dakvirvebis da sxva saxis meTodebi.

saqonelbrunvis statistikis maCveneblebi da maTi

daxasiaTeba

saqonelbrunva savaWro samewarmeo saqmianobis erTerTi

ZiriTadi statistikuri indikatoria.

erTimeorisagan ansxvaveben ori saxis saqonelbrunvas:

sabiTumos da sacalos. sabiTumo saqonelbrunva ewodeba

savaWro organizaciebis mier saqonlis Sesyidvas Semdgomi

gayivdis mizniT. mas ekuTvnis, agreTve sawarmoebisa da sxva

sabiujeto organizaciebisadmi saqonlis miyidva. sacalo

vaWroba ewodeba saqonlis miyidvas uSualod mosaxleobisadmi.

sabiTumo da sacalo saqonelbrunvis jams ewodeba

saerTo saqonelbrunva. es maCvenebeli pirobiTia, vinaidan

176 177

moicavs ganmeorebiT aRricxvas. amitom angariSoben ufro

realur maCvenebels, romelsac ewodeba wminda saqonelbrunva.

mTeli qveynis masStabiT wminda saqonelbrunva emTxveava sacalo

saqonelbrunvas, xolo calkeuli regionebis da savaWro

organizaciebis mixedviT is amasTan erTad moicavs saqonlis

gayidvas regionisa da organizaciis farglebs gareT.

saqonelbrunvis erTerTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia

rgoladobis koeficienti, romelic gaiangariSeba saerTo

saqonelbrunvisa da wminda saqonelbrunvis moculobaTa

urTierTSefardebiT. igi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenrgoliania

sasaqonlo mimoqceva. amasTan dakavSirebiT icvleba mimoqcevis

xarjebis moculobac. magaliTad, orrgoliani sistemis dros

gvaqvs sasawyobo sabiTumo saqonelbrunva, rodesac saqoneli

jer Sedis sabiTumo organizaciebis sawyobebSi da Semdeg

gadaecema sacalo qsels, xolo erTrgoliania - satranzito

sabiTumo saqonelbrunva, roca saqoneli mwarmoeblidan

pirdapir egzavneba sacalo qselis savaWro organizaciebs

mosaxleobaSi sarealizaciod.

saqonelbrunva icvleba socialur-ekonomikuri,

demografiuli, savaWro-organizaciuli da sxva faqtorebis

gavleniT. misi Seswavla statistikis erTerTi ZiriTadi

amocanaa.

saqonelbrunvis saerTo moculoba calkeuli saqonlis

gayidvaTa jamia.

misi sidide gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis erT sulze

gaangariSebiT, mosaxleobis materialuri da kulturuli

cxovrebis donis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia da

amitomac mis dinamikaSi, wlebis mixedviT Seswavlas didi

mniSvneloba aqvs. es amocana wydeba saqonelbrunvis dinamikuri

mwkrivebis Sedgenisa da maTi korelaciur-regresiuli analizis

meSveobiT. saqonelbrunvis dinamikis Seswavla xdeba indeqsebis

gamoyenebiT. cnobilia saqonelbrunvis saerTo da fizikuri

moculobis indeqsebi, isini gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca

cnobilia saqonlis realizacia calkeuli jgufebisa da

dasaxelebis mixedviT. magram xSirad, gansakuTrebiT

arasasursaTo saqonlis sacalo vaWrobaSi, cnobilia gayidvaTa

raodenoba ara calkeuli nomenklaturuli poziciebis mixedviT,

aramed fulad formaSi. amitom am SemTxvevaSi saqonelbrunvis

dinamikis gasazomad viyenebT saqonelbrunvis fizikuri

moculobis indeqsis sxva formas, kerZod:

11

11

1

pq

pqi

Ip

sadac, pi - fasebis jgufuri an individualuri indeqsi;

11 pq - calkeuli jgufis saqonlis gayidvaTa raodenoba

fuladi formiT saangariSo periiodSi.

sasaqonlo maragebis statistikis maCveneblebi

sasaqonlo maragebi vaWrobaSi saWiroa sasaqonlo

mimoqcevis uwyveti msvlelobisaTvis. gamoiyofa mimdinare,

sadazRvevo, sezonuri maragebi. amasTan ZiriTadia mimdinare

maragi, romelic saWiroa yoveldRiuri saWiroebisaTvis,

sezonuri maragi iqmneba xilze, kartofilze da sxva saxis

produqtze mosaxleobis momaragebisaTvis mTeli sezonis

ganmavlobaSi. miwodebis vadebis darRvevis, agreTve navigaciis

sezonurobis da sxva faqtorebis gavleniT zogjer Semoizideba

e.w. sadazRvevo maragi. es maragebi cal-calke ki ar inaxeba,

aramed erTad aris savaWro organizaciebSi da qmnian sasaqonlo

maragebs.

mimdinare maragebis moculoba damokidebulia saqonlis

realizaciis moculobaze. rac metia realizacia, miT metia

saWiro sasaqonlo maragebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,

saqonelbrunva unda iyos uzrunvelyofili sasaqonlo

178 179

maragebiT. xSirad es uzrunvelyofadoba gaiangariSeba dReebSi,

romlis normativebic arsebobs. igi dgindeba ama Tu im

TariRisaTvis sasaqonlo maragebis gayofiT dRiuri

realizaciis moculobaze. sasaqonlo maragebi aRiricxeba

periodis ama Tu im momentisaTvis (dasawyisSi da bolosaTvis).

garda amisa aucilebelia maTi saSualos gaangariSeba

(saSualoTviuri, saSualokvartaluri, saSualowliuri).

saSualoTviuri sasaqonlo maragi gaiangariSeba Tvis dasawyisisa

da bolos maragebis jamis orze gayofiT. saSualokvartaluri

sasaqonlo maragi dadgindeba sami Tvis saSualoTviuri

maragebis saSualos mixedviT. amave gziT, kerZod, oTxi

kvartlis saSualo maragebis mixedviT gaiangariSeba

saSualowliuri sasaqonlo maragebi.

saSualo maragebis safuZvelze gaiangariSeba

saqonelbrunvis siswrafis maCveneblebi:

brunvadobis koeficienti K da brunvadoba dReebSi ( t )

q

QK br.

br.K

Tt

sadac,

Q - mocemul periodSi realizebuli saqonlis jamia

(saqonelbrunva);

T - dReTa raodenoba mocemul periodSi.

brunvadobis koeficienti gviCvenebs Tu ramdenjer

gadabrunda mocemul periodSi saSualo maragi, xolo

brunvadobis dReebSi ki ramdeni dRe sWirdeba erT gadabrunebas.

Tema 8. investiciebis statistika investiciebis qveS igulisxmeba yvela saxis nivTobrivi an

inteleqtualuri faseulobani, romlebic mogebis miRebis

mizniT dabandebulia samewarmeo da sxva saxis saqmianobaSi.

statistikuri Seswavlilobis TvalsazrisiT investiciebis or

saxeobas gamoyofen.

finansurs da arafinansurs. finansur investiciebSi

SeaqvT wminda finansuri dabandebani aqciebis, obligaciebis,

fasiani qaRaldebis, agreTve, sxva sawarmoTa sawesdebo

kapitalSi wilis, sabanko serTifikatebis, depozitebis, xolo

arafinansurSi materialuri faseulobebis (miwa, Senobebi,

nagebobani, mowyobiloba da sxv.) SesaZenad.

investiciebis statistikis amocanebi mdgomareobs

investiciebis saerTo moculobis, maTi struqturis (calkeul

saxeobaTa mixedviT), investiciebis dinamikisa da maTze moqmedi

faqtorebis SeswavlaSi.

investiciuri saqmianoba makroekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.

jer erTi, saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtoris investiciebi,

moziduli ucxo investiciebi, mosaxleobis SemosavlebTan

erTad, erToblivi moTxovnis ZiriTadi komponentia. meore,

investiciebi axali teqnologiebis dasanergad

(gansaxorcieleblad) sawarmoebis modernizaciisaTvis

ekonomikuri, finansuri da socialuri progresis sawindaria.

gardamaval ekonomikaSi investiciebis didi rolisa da

mniSvnelobis gamo, investiciebi statistikuri gamokvlevebis

mixedviT saqarTveloSi sawarmoTa statistikuri gamokvlevis

moqmed angariSebiT formaSi, am sakiTxebs specialuri

ganyofileba eZRvneba. aq Seitaneba investiciebi finansur da

arafinansur (ZiriTad da sabrunav) aqtivebSi (sawarmoSi

sakuTari da sxva subieqtebidan moziduli finansuri saxsrebis

an uSaulod sawarmosaTvis qonebis gadacemis formiT

ganxorcielebuli) arafinansuri da finansuri (finansuri

180 181

aqtivebis gazrdis an valdebulebaTa dasafaravad dabandebuli)

investiciebi, daumTavrebeli warmoebisa da mza nawarmis

maragebis wminda zrda aseve miekuTvneba sawarmos mier sabrunav

saSualebebSi ganxorcielebul investiciebs.

საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახურის

მონაცემებით, 2009 წელს საქართველოში განხორციელებული

პირდაპირი უცხოური ინვესტიციების მოცულობა 759,1 მლნ. აშშ

დოლარს შეადგენს.

2009 წელს საქართველოში განხორციელებული

ინვესტიციების მიხედვით არაბეთის გაერთიანებული ემირატები

ლიდერობს, რომლის მიერ აღნიშნულ წელს განხორციელდა 169,8

მლნ. აშშ დოლარის ინვესტიცია.

საქართველოში განხორციელებული პირდაპირი უცხოური

ინვესტიციების მიხედვით, უმსხვილესი ქვეყნებია:

არაბეთის გაერთიანებული საემიროები – 169,8 მლნ. აშშ დოლარი

(მთლიანი ინვესტიციების 22,4%);

ეგვიპტე – 167,5 მლნ. აშშ დოლარი (22,1%);

ნიდერლანდები – 105,7 მლნ. აშშ დოლარი (13,9%);

თურქეთი – 89,5 მლნ. აშშ დოლარი (11,8%);

პანამა – 73,4 მლნ. აშშ დოლარი (9,7%);

გაერთიანებული სამეფო – 63,5 მლნ. აშშ დოლარი (8,4%)

პირდაპირი უცხოური ინვესტიციები სექტორების მიხედვით

შემდეგნაირად ნაწილდება:

მრეწველობა - 143,9 მლნ აშშ დოლარი (მთლიანი ინვესტიციების

28,5 პროცენტი);

უძრავი ქონების სექტორი - 103,6 მლნ აშშ დოლარი (მთლიანი

ინვესტიციების

20,5 პროცენტი);

სამშენებლო სექტორი - 65,7 მლნ აშშ დოლარი (მთლიანი

ინვესტიციების 13

პროცენტი);

ენერგეტიკის სექტორი - 30,1 მლნ აშშ დოლარი (მთლიანი

ინვესტიციების 6


ტრანსპორტი და კავშირგაბმულობა - 29,3 მლნ აშშ დოლარი

(მთლიანი ინვესტიციების 5,8 პროცენტი);

საბანკო სექტორი - 7,6 მლნ აშშ დოლარი (მთლიანი ინვესტიციების 1,5


სოფლის მეურნეობა, თევზჭერა - 5 მლნ აშშ დოლარი (მთლიანი

ინვესტიციების

1 პროცენტი);

დანარჩენი მომსახურება - 120 მლნ აშშ დოლარი (მთლიანი

ინვესტიციების 23,7 პროცენტი);

საქართველოში განხორციელებული პირდაპირი უცხოური

ინვესტიციების ყველაზე დიდი წილი საწარმოებში

განხორციელებულ ინვესტიციებზე მოდის.

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi

weli Mmln.aSS dolari

2004 499,1

2005 449,8

2006 1190,4

2007 2014,8

2008 1564,0

2009 658,4

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri

182 183

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculobam saqarTveloSi

2007 wels 2014,8 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 4,5-jer

metia 2004 wlis maCvenebelze.

finansebis roli samewarmeo saqmianobaSi da statistikis

amocanebi

safinanso statistika farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc

mimdinare, ise sainvesticio samewarmeo saqmianobis efeqtianobis

SefasebisaTvis.

mewarmeobis finansebi fuladi formis safinanso

urTierTobania saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis, gacvlisa

da realizaciis mTels procesSi. es urTierTobani warmoiqmneba:

1. TviT mewarmeobis Sida saqmianobaSi fulad-safinanso

resursebis warmoqmnis, ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis procesTan

dakavSirebiT;

2. bankebTan urTierTobis procesSi sabanko sesxebis

miRebis, maTze procentebis gadaxdis da sxva momentebTan

dakavSirebiT;

3. sxva mewarmeebTan da sameurneo subieqtebTan eqsport-

importis operaciebis, ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitalis, maT

Soris fasiani qaRaldebis SeZenis saqmeSi da sxva;

4. sadazRvevo kompaniebTan sxvadasxva saxis sadazRvevo

fondebis warmoqmnisa da gamoyenebis procesSi da a.S.

statistikis amocanebia Seiswavlos safinanso resursebis

moculoba, struqtura, dinamika, warmoqmna, gamoyeneba, agreTve,

mogebis, rentabelobis (Semosavlianobis) gansazRvra,

mewarmeobis safinanso-sakredito valdebulebebisa da

gadaxdisunarianobis Sefaseba.

samewarmeo ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis

moculobiT safinanso-statistikur indikatorebs ganekuTvneba:

saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi qveynebis mixedviT

qveynebi 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009*

sul 449,785 1,190,375 2,014,842 1,563,963 759,078.6

maT Soris: azerbaijani

66,920.2 77,804.5 41,368.1 23,943 24,596.0 avstria

14,732.2 10,749.3 11,384.4 51,463 14,451.3 virjinis k-bi (brit.) 4,900.2 58,586.2 187,815.5

156,847 5,691.8

CexeTi 1,279.6 15,032.2 227,926.4 34,858 15,057.3

dania 319.0 42,477.8 158,126.2 256 139.8

safrangeTi 14,383.3 17,221.7 43,726.0 8,180 11,944.8

germania 5,031.8 20,380.8 56,987.8 40,591 3,658.0

indoeTi 29.0 54.9 61.9 26,998 20,283.9

italia 22,833.5 47,219.1 15,228.1 6,048 1,172.5

luqsemburgi 553.1 261.1 9,245.7 5,731 6,206.3

niderlandebi 492.0 18,530.2 299,277.2 135,870 105,679.7

norvegia 23,620.9 77,894.8 34,200.1 2,693 1,877.3

panama - 3,391.6 6,177.7 -2,470 73,414.1

ruseTi 38,737.6 34,210.0 88,996.5 26,212 2,049.5

arabeTis gaerTianebuli emiratebi 280.5 422.6 130,858.7 306,576 169,784.0 TurqeTi

21,812.5 129,727.8 93,871.1 164,526 89,506.3 gaerTianebuli samefo 132,925.8 186,824.1 145,474.8 148,908 63,549.2

184 185

samewarmeo ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis

moculobiTi safinanso-statistikuri indikatorebi

a. mimdinare samewarmeo-saqmianobisaTvis: sawesdebo

kapitali, TviTRirebuleba, mimoqcevis xarjebi, Semosavlebi,

mogeba-zarali, gadasaxadebi saxelmwifo biujetSi, debitoruli

da kreditoruli davalianebani, sabrunavi saxsrebi, sadazRvevo

Sesatanebi biujetgareSe saxelmwifo fondebSi, sakuTari da

nasesxebi safinanso resursebi da sxv.

b. sainvesticio dabandebebisaTvis: investiciebis saerTo

moculoba calkeul saxeobaTa mixedviT, Semosavlebi

investiciebidan da a.S.

sawesdebo kapitali, rogorc safinanso resursebis

pirveldawyebiTi wyaro, warmoiqmneba mewarmeobis dafuZnebis

momentSive damfuZneblebis mier Senatanebis aqcioneruli

kapitalis, sapaio da sxva xarjze materialuri (ZiriTadi da

sabrunavi kapitalis) da aramaterialuri (damfuZnebelTa

iuridiuli ufleba miwis, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis,

bunebrivi resursebis, patentebis, licenziebis, savaWro

markebis da sxvaTa sargebloba) aqtivebis Sesaqmnelad.

TviTRirebuleba mniSvnelovani safinanso-ekonomikuri

indikatoria, romelic gviCvenebs Tu ra ujdeba mewarmeobas,

bizness, menejments, saqonlis momsaxurebis warmoeba da

realizacia. misi Semcireba mewarmeobis, biznesisa da

menejmentis mogebis gadidebis, am safuZvelze safinanso-

ekonomikuri saqmianobis gajansaRebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

faqtoria.

TviTRirebuleba (produqciis, saqonlis, momsaxurebis),

rogorc absoluturi safinanso-statistikuri indikatori,

gamoiyeneba sawarmoo da samomsaxureo samewarmeo ekonomikaSi,

biznessa da menejmentSi. masSi Seitaneba sawarmoTa

statistikuri gamokvlevis formaSi naCvenebi yvela saxis

saoperacio danaxarji (garda gadasayidad gankuTvnili im

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidvebze gaweuli danaxarjebisa,

romelic formisa da Tvisebebis Seucvlelad gadaiyida wlis

ganmavlobaSi damatebuli Rirebulebisa da aqcizis gareSe). es

xarjebia:

1. nedleuli da ZiriTadi masalebi, makompleqtebeli

nawarmi da naxevarfabrikatebi;

2. saTbobi, sawvavi da energia;

3. gare organizaciebis an fizikuri pirebisagan gaweuli

momsaxurebis anazRaurebisaTvis daricxuli xarjebi;

4. saijaro qira;

5. Sromis anazRaureba dasaqmebul personalze;

6. daricxuli socialuri gadasaxadi;

7. mimdinare warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi kapitalis

cveTis amortizacia;

8. warmoebis xarjebSi Sesuli gadasaxadebi da

mosakreblebi.

am xarjebiT SeiZleba Sedges warmoebisa da momsaxurebis

mTliani xarjTaRricxva, sasaqonlo produqciis mTliani

TviTRirebuleba, danaxarjebi sasaqonlo produqciis erT

larze da saqonlis (momsaxurebis) erTeulis TviTRirebuleba.

sasaqonlo produqcia igive produqciis (saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis) gamoSvebaa, rac moicavs saoperacio Semosavlebis

brunvas mTlianad saqmianobis (rogorc ZiriTadi ise

araZiriTadi) yvela saxeobaTa mixedviT. mza produqciis

sasaqonlo (igive, produqciis gamoSveba) produqcia

gaiangariSeba mimdinare sabazro fasebSi saerTo saqmianobis

yvela saxeobis mixedviT saoperacio Semosavlebis (produqciis)

saerTo brunvisa da mza produqciis maragebis cvlilebis safuZvelze, gadasayidad gankuTvnili saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis Sesyidvebze gaweuli saoperacio danaxarjebis

gamoklebiT.

mTliani TviTRirebuleba Sefardebuli sasaqonlo

produqciis moculobaze, gvaZlevs iseT metad mniSvnelovan

186 187

indikators, rogoricaa danaxarjebi sasaqonlo produqciis erT

larze. Tu es maCvenebeli erTs aWarbebs (magaliTad udris 1,2

lars) mewarmeoba zaraliania (sasaqonlo produqciis erT

larze zarali Seadgens 20 TeTrs), xolo Tu erTze naklebia

(magaliTad 0,8), mewarmeoba momgebiania (sasaqonlo produqciis

erT larze mogeba 20 TeTria). aqedan daproeqtdeba mewarmeobis

regulirebis Sesabamisi ekonomikuri, biznesmenuri da

menejmenturi RonisZiebani.

samewarmeo ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi gvaqvs,

agreTve, mTliani gamoSveba anu mTliani Semosavlebi, romelic

produqciis (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis) gamoSvebasTan erTad

moicavs Sromis naturaluri anazRaurebis saxiT, usasyidlod

an barteruli wesiT gacemuli produqciis Rirebulebas,

kapitalizirebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebas (sakuTari

warmoebisaTvis an investirebisaTvis warmoebuli produqciis

Rirebuleba), grantebsa da Semowirulobebs, daumTavrebeli

warmoebis naSTebis cvlilebas (+mateba, -kleba), arasaoperacio

Semosavlebs (saprocento Semosavlebi, dividendebi da sabrunavi

kapitalis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebi da sxv.), agreTve,

subsidiebs warmoebasa da produqciaze. amis Sesabamisad gvaqvs

mTliani xarjTaRricxva, romelic moicavs saoperacio xarjebs,

agreTve, arasaoperacio da gauTvaliswinebel xarjebs

(saprocento xarjebi, mimdinare warmoebaSi gamouyenebel

ZiriTad kapitalze daricxuli amortizacia, realizebuli da

Camowerili kapitalis narCeni Rirebuleba da sxv.). Tu mTlian

gamoSvebas (Semosavlebs) gamovaklebT xarjTaRricxvas, miviRebT

mogebas an zarals.

TviTRirebulebis msgavsi maCvenebeli mimoqcevis sferoSi

aris mimoqcevis xarjebi. aseTi mimoqcevis (vaWrobis an sxva

dargis) ZiriTadi kapitalis amortizacia, muSakTa Sromis

anazRaureba, transportirebis, garTobis, ganaTebis, SefuTvis,

daxarisxebis da sxva xarjebi.

produqciis erTeulis TviTRirebuleba erTerTi

mniSvnelovani indikatoria samewarmeo ekonomikaSi, biznessa da

menejmentSi. biznesmenebi da menejerebi swored am maCvenebels

udareben saqonlis momsaxurebis fasebs (tarifebs). Sedegad

arkveven ekonomika da biznesi momgebiania Tu zaraliani, vinaidan

kargad ician, rom gansxvaveba sabazro fassa (tarifs) da

TviTRirebulebas Soris aris samewarmeo biznesis mogeba. amitom

produqciisa da momsaxurebis erTeulis (1 cali nakeTobis,

erTi wyvili fexsacmlis, 1 kilovatsaaTi eleqtroenergiis,

erTi mgzavris gadayvanis anu mgzavr/kilometris, erTi tona

tvirTis erT km-ze gadazidvis anu t/km-is da sxv.)

TviTRirebulebis sworad gaangariSebas didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba samewarmeo ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi.

produqciis (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis) erTeulis

TviTRirebulebis gaangariSebisaTvis anu kalkulaciisaTvis

mewarmeobis mTliani danaxarjebi unda davajgufoT

sakalkulacio muxlebis mixedviT anu ZiriTad da zednadeb

xarjebad (sawarmoTa statistikuri dakvirvebis formaSi

xarjebi dajgufebulia mxolod ekonomikuri elementebis

mixedviT, rac ar iZleva produqciis erTeulis

TviTRirebulebis pirdapiri gaangariSebis saSualebas).

pirdapiri xarjebia nedleulis, ZiriTadi masalebis,

naxevarfabrikatebis, teqnologiuri saTbobis, teqnologiuri

eleqtroenergiis, ZiriTadi xelfasis da sxva danaxarjebi. am

xarjebis mixedviT mewarmeobaSi arsebobs saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis erTeulze xarjvis normebi, romelTa

gadamravlebiT sabazro fasze vRebulobT Sesabamis TiToeuli

ZiriTadi danaxarjis moculobas. amis garda mewarmoebaSi

arsebobs zednadebi (saerTo, administraciuli da sxva)

xarjebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saxis ekonomikuri saqmianobis

Sedegad warmoebuli produqciis erTeulze unda ganawildes

romelime pirdapiri, ZiriTadi danaxarjis

pirdapirproporciulad. Cveulebrivad aseT ZiriTad danaxarjad

miiCneven ZiriTad xelfass, romelic produqciis erTeulze

mocemulia saTanado Sefasebebis mixedviT.

188 189

magaliTi. ZiriTadi xelfasis fondi mewarmeobaSi yvela

saxis produqciis warmoebisaTvis Seadgens 100,0 aTas lars

TveSi, xolo zednadebi xarjebi - 200,0 aTass. am SemTxvevaSi

zednadebi xarjebi orjer metia ZiriTad xelfasze, anu

Seadgens 200 %-s.

Tu, magaliTad, mewarmeobaSi sami (,,a~, ,,b~, da ,,g~) saxis

produqcia iwarmoeba da TiToeulze moqmedi satarifo

sistemiT ixarjeba ZiriTadi xelfasi Sesabamisad 2 lari, 1,5

lari da 3 lari, maSin zednadebi xarjebi TiToeul maTganze

Seadgens 4100

2002

lars, 3

100

2005.1

lars, da

6100

2003

lars. sabolood rogorc ZiriTadi ise zednadebi

xarjebis jami gvaZlevs produqciis erTeulis

TviTRirebulebas.

safinanso-statistikur absolutur indikatorTa Soris

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi gansakuTrebul adgils iWers

debitoruli da kreditoruli davalianebani.

debitoruli davalianebaa saangariSo davalianeba

myidvelebTan, biujetTan da sxva debitorebTan. aseTia,

magaliTad angariSvaldebul pirTa davalianeba, avansi, romelic

gacemulia mimwodeblebisa da moijarade organizaciebisadmi da

a.S. am SemTxvevaSi debitoria is subieqti, iuridiuli an

fizikuri piri, romelic movalea e.i. valdebulia mocemuli

mewarmis mimarT.

kreditoruli davalianebis SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiTaa.

mocemuli mewarme warmoadgens debitors anu valdebuls sxva

iuridiuli an fizikuri pirebisadmi saqonlis an momsaxurebis

miwodebis, biujetisadmi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis, muSa-

mosamsaxureebisadmi Sromis anazRaurebis gacemis da sxva

urTierTobis dargSi. kreditoruli davalianebebis sistematuri

gadaWarbeba (mxolod droebiTaa dasaSvebi) debitoruli

davalianebisadmi arajansaRi safinanso-ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis maCvenebelia da metyvelebs mewarmis, biznesmenis

gadaxdisuunarobaze.

safinanso-statistikur absolutur maCvenebelTa Soris

erT-erTi mniSvnelovania, agreTve, mewarmeobis mTliani (da maT

Soris sakuTari da nasesxebi) sabrunavi saxsrebis moculoba da

struqtura.

sabrunavi saxsrebi Sedgeba sabrunavi fondebis (mimdinare,

sadazRvevo, sezonuri, teqnologiuri maragebi, daumTavrebeli

warmoeba da momavali periodis xarjebi) da mimoqcevis

fondebisagan (mza produqcia, mza produqcia sawyobSi,

gadagzavnili myidvelebze, gzaSi, da fuladi saxsrebi

angariSsworebis angariSze bankSi).

mTlianad sabrunavi saxsrebis Rirebuleba saWiroa

samewarmeo ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis uwyveti

funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. amitom im SemTxvevaSi,

roca ar hyofnis ama Tu im momentSi sawarmos sakuTari

sabrunavi saxsrebi nedleulis masalebis, saTbobis da sxva

mimdinare maragis SesaZenad, agreTve, dasaqmebul pirTaTvis

Sromis asanazRaureblad da sxva miznebisaTvis, mewarmes,

biznesmensa da menejers SeuZlia gamoiyenos nasesxebi sabrunavi

saSualebani.

nebismieri samewarmeo biznesisa da menejeruli

saqmianobis ZiriTadi mizania mogebis miReba. es indikatori

biznesisa da menejmentis yvelaze mTavari absoluturi

maCvenebelia.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi warmoiqmneba

mogebis oTxi ZiriTadi saxeoba: produqciis realizaciidan

miRebuli mogeba, sabalanso mogeba, saerTo da wminda mogeba.

produqciis (saqonelisa da momsaxurebis) realizaciidan

miRebuli mogeba ganisazRvreba realicaiidan amonageb Tanxasa

(aqcizis, agreTve, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis

gamoklebiT) da TviTRirebulebas Soris sxvaobiT. cxadia, Tu

TviTRirebulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaxarjebi aWarbebs

190 191

produqciis realizaciidan miRebul amonagebs, maSin

warmoiqmneba zarali, rac mewarmeobis gakotrebis maniSnebelia.

sabalanso mogeba mTliani mewarmeobis sameurneo-

safinanso saqmianobis Sedegia, romelic produqciis

realizaciidan miRebuli mogebis garda Seicavs qonebis

gayidvidan da arasarealizacio operaciebidan miRebul

Semosavals (sxvaoba arasarealizacio Semosavlebsa da

danaxarjebs Soris).

mewarmoebis arasarealizacio Semosavlebia is

Semosavlebi, romlebic miiReba ara produqciis (saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis) realizaciidan, aramed sameurneo-sabazro

saqmianobis da sxva operaciebidan. aseTia, magaliTad,

sauravoebi, jarimebi, romlebic mocemulma sawarmom daakisra

momwodeblebsa da myidvelebs, savaluto kursis dadebiTi

gansxvaveba, aqciebidan da sxva fasiani qaRaldebidan Semosuli

dividendebi da sxva saxis Semosavlebi, Semosavlebi sxva

sawarmoTa kapitalSi wilobrivi monawileobisaTvis da sxv.

samewarmeo ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi

arasarealizacio SemosavlebTan erTad arsebobs

arasarealizacio danaxarjebic. maT Sorisaa saarbitraJo da

sasamarTlo danaxarjebi, ekonomikuri sanqciebiT gamowveuli

danaxarjebi (jarimebi, sauravoebi da sxv.), ucxouri valutis

operaciebze uaryofiTi sakurso gansxvavebani, mza produqciis,

agreTve, sawarmoo maragebis CamofasebiT miRebuli zarali,

stiqiuri ubedurebiT gamowveuli danaxarjebi, dakonservebuli

sawarmoo simZlavreebidan miRebuli zarali da sxv.

mTliani mogeba igive sabalanso mogebaa, mxolod im

gansxvavebiT, rom misi gaangariSebisaTvis jarimebi da

sauravoebi gaiTvaliswineba mxolod im nawiliT, rac rCeba

biujetSi da arasabiujeto fondebSi maTi gadaricxvis

gamoklebiT.

wminda mogeba miiReba mTliani mogebidan biujetSi

gadasaxadebisa da arasabiujeto saxelmwifo fondebSi

sadazRvevo Sesatanebis gamoklebiT.

CamoTvlili absoluturi safinanso-statistikuri

maCveneblebis safuZvelze warmoebs samewarmeo ekonomikis,

biznesisa da menejmentis funqcionirebis SefardebiTi

maCveneblebis gaangariSeba da Sedegebis statistikuri

Sefasebani.

samewarmeo biznesisa da menejmentis SefardebiTi

safinanso-statistikuri indikatorebi

samewarmeo ekonomikis, biznesisa da menejmentis mimdinare

saqmianobis SefardebiT safinanso-statistikur maCvenebelTa

Soris, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, gamoiyofa safinanso simtkicis,

rentabelobis da brunvadobis indikatorebi, xolo

sainvesticio saqmianobaSi - investiciebis Semosavlebis

koeficientebi.

biznesis, ekonomikisa da menejmentis safinanso-simtkicis

qveS igulisxmeba mewarmoebis materialur da aramaterialur

aqtivebSi dabandebuli Tanxebis Tavis droze anazRaurebisa da

yvela safinanso valdebulebaTa gadaxdisunarianoba.

amisaTvis safinanso statistikis msoflio Teoriasa da

praqtikaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ori indikatori. esenia:

1. mewarmeobis avtonomiurobis koeficienti:

100mTl.

sak.

avt.Q

QK

sadac, avt.K - mewarmeobis avtonomiurobis koeficienti,

procentobiT;

sak.Q - sakuTari safinanso resursebi;

mTl.Q - mTliani safinanso resursebi.

192 193

Tu es koeficienti dinamikaSi izrdeba, es imas niSnavs,

rom sakuTari safinanso resursebiT mewarmeobis valdebulebaTa

gadaxdisunarianoba umjobesdeba.

2. saerTo likvidurobis koeficienti:

100dav.

likv.

likv.Q

QK

sadac, likv.K -davalianebaTa saerTo likvidurobis

koeficientia, procentobiT;

likv.Q - likviduri Tanxebi (fuladi resursebi fasian

qaRaldebSi, sasaqonlo-materialur faseulobaTa maragebSi

dabandebuli fuladi resursebi da debitoruli davalianebani):

davQ - mewarmeobis moklevadiani davalianebani.

Tu es koeficienti 100-ze naklebia, mewarmeoba

aragadaxdisunaria, xolo Tu 100-ze metia, safinanso-

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mtkicea, vinaidan nebismier dros

sawarmos SeuZlia gadaixados yovelgvari moklevadiani

safinanso valdebulebani da gaagrZelos muSaoba normalur

situaciaSi.

rentabeloba mewarmeobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

SefardebiTi, xarisxobrivi maCvenebelia. is mogebis procentuli

Sefardebaa resursebTan (ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitali,

aramaterialuri resursebi), romelic resursebis gamoyenebis

efeqtianobas axasiaTebs an produqciis TviTRirebulebasTan

(axasiaTebs danaxarjTa gamoyenebis efeqtianobas).

magaliTi. wliurma sabalanso mogebam samewarmeo biznesSi

Seadgina 300,0 aTasi lari, xolo ZiriTadi da sabrunavi

kapitalis, agreTve, aramaterialuri aqtivebis saSualowliurma

Rirebulebam 1,5 mln lari. amonagebi realizaciidan 1,0 mln.

lari. aqedan mewarmeobis saerTo rentabeloba udris:

%201005.1

3.0

larimln.

larimln.

TviTRirebuleba - 0,8 mln. lari.

realizebuli produqciis rentabeloba:

%25100 0.8

0.8-1.0

rentabelobis amaRleba mewarmeobis ekonomikaSi, biznessa

da menejmentSi sami ZiriTadi faqtoris zemoqmedebiT

ganisazRvreba. esenia: produqciis erTeulis TviTRirebulebis

Semcireba, fasebis gadideba da struqturuli Zvrebi. cxadia,

ramdenadac mcirea produqciis danaxarjebi anu erTeulis

TviTRirebuleba da maRalia fasi, miT metia mogebis

absoluturi moculoba da resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba

anu rentabeloba. am ori faqtoris amoqmedeba biznessa da

menejmentSi did winaaRmdegobas awydeba bazrebis

dapyrobisaTvis konkurenciul brZolaSi, ramdenadac orTave

umTavresad sabazro moTxovna-miwodebis kanonebiT yalibdeba da

bevrad araa damokidebuli biznesmenur da menejerul

unarianobaze.

gansxvavebiT am ori faqtorebisagan, rentabelobis

amaRlebis mesame faqtori, struqturuli Zvrebi, SedarebiT

zustad gamoxatavs mewarmeobis efeqtianobaze biznesmenTa da

menejerTa unaris, gergilianobis zemoqmedebas. swored aq iCens

Tavis biznesmenTa da menejerTa unari erTi da mxolod erTi

metad mniSvnelovani amocanis gadawyvetis (ra vawarmooT,

rogor vawarmooT da visTvis vawarmooT) efeqtianoba.

194 195

magaliTi. firmaSi iwarmoeba sami dasaxelebis produqcia;

,,a~, ,,b~ da ,,g~. erTeulis TviTRirebuleba da fasebi

saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi aseT suraTs iZleva:

produ qciis saxeo bani

I kvartali

II kvartali

pr

oduqc

cis

gam

oSve

ba c

al

i

fasi l

ar

i

er

Teul

is

TviT

Rir

ebul

eba

lar

i

mo

geb

a e

rT

eul

ze l

ari

pr

oduqc

iis

gam

oSve

ba c

al

i

fasi l

ar

i

er

Teul

is T

viT

Rir

e

bul

eba l

ari

lar

i mo

geb

a

er

Teul

ze l

ar

i

500 600 900

5.0 10.0 15

4.5 8.0 14.0

0.5 2.0 1.0

550 1200 1000

5.0 10.0 15.0

4.5 8.0 14.0

0.5 2.0 1.0

produqciis calkeul saxeobaTa mixedviT rentabeloba

(mogeba %-obiT TviTRirebulebisadmi):

sabaziso periodSi:

,,a~ saxis produqciaze %111005.4

5.0

,,b~ saxis produqciaze %251008

2

,,g~ saxis produqciaze %710014

1

saangariSo periodSi anu II kvartalSi rentabelobis

maCveneblebi calkeuli saxis produqciis mixedviT ar

Secvldila anu darCa igive, rac iyo I kvartalSi. Seicvala

mxolod produqciis nomenklaturis anu dasaxelebis mixedviT

struqtura, rac gamoiwvia menejeruli RonisZiebebis gatarebam

yvelaze metad rentabeluri produqciis (,,b~ saxis

produqciis) xvedriTi wilis amaRlebis mimarTulebiT.

I kvartalSi firmaSi ,,b~ saxis produqciis gamoSvebis

xvedriTi wili saerTo gamoSvebaSi Seadgenda:

%27100)15900()10600()5500(

10600

xolo II kvartalSi

%40100)151000()101200()5550(

101200

axla vnaxoT aseTma struqturulma Zvrebma anu ,,b~ saxis

nawarmis xvedriTi wilis gazrdam produqciis saerTo

gamoSvebaSi II kvartalSi I kvartalTan SedarebiT, ra gavlena

moaxdina firmis mogebis gadidebasa da rentabelobis

amaRlebaze. am kiTxvaze, rogorc indeqsebis Teoriidanaa

cnobili, pasuxs iZleva indeqsebs Soris urTierTkavSiris

formula:

01

11

00

01

00

11

zq

zq

zq

zq

zq

zq

196 197

anu zqqz III sadac 1q da 0q TiToeuli saxis

produqciis moculobaa saangariSo (II kvartali) da sabaziso (I

kvartali) periodebSi;

1z da 0z - TiToeuli saxis produqciaze mogeba

Sesabamisad saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi;

qzI - cvalebadi Semadgenlobis indeqsia;

zI - struqturuli Zvrebis indeqsi;

qI - ucvleli Semadgenlobis indeqsi.

cvalebadi Semadgenlobis indeqsi gviCvenebs firmaSi

saerTo mogebis gadidebas ori faqtoris (produqciis

moculobisa da produqciis erTeulze mogebis) cvalebadobis,

struqturuli Zvrebis indeqsi struqturuli Semadgenlobis

anu calkeuli saxis produqciis warmoebis moculobis

cvalebadobis, xolo ucvleli anu fiqsirebuli Semadgenlobis

indeqsi - produqciis erTeulze mogebis cvalebadobis xarjze.

Cvens mier zemoTmotanili cxrilis monacemebis

safuZvelze gamovTvaloT cvalebadi, fiqsirebuli da

struqturuli Semadgenlobis indeqsebi.

56.1

)0.1900()0.2600()5.0500(

)0.11000()0.21200()5.0550(

00

11

.

zq

zqIcval

1

)0.11000()0.21200()5.0550(

)0.11000()0.21200()5.0550(

01

11

.

zq

zqIfiqs

56.1

)0.1900()0.2600()5.0500(

)0.11000()0.21200()5.0550(

00

01

.

zq

zqIstr

56.156.10.1. strfiqs.cval. III

rac dasturdeba indeqsebs Soris urTierTkavSiris

formulidan.

maSasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom ucvleli darCa rogorc

fasebi, aseve produqciis erTeulis TviTRirebulebani,

struqturuli Zvrebis xarjze anu maRalrentabeluri

produqciis (,,b~) gamoSvebis xvedriTi wilis mkveTri amaRlebis

gziT menejerma miaRwia saerTo mogebis Tanxis gadidebas II

kvartalSi I kvartalTan SedarebiT 1325 lariT anu 56%-iT.

sabrunavi saxsrebis gamoyenebis SefardebiTi

maCveneblebidan aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, brunvadobis indikatorebi

(brunvadobis koeficienti, brunvadoba dReebSi da sabrunavi

saxsrebis datvirTvis koeficienti), romlebic mkiTxvelisaTvis

ukve cnobilia sabrunavi saxsrebis statistikis Sesabamisi

Tavisadmi miZRvnili masalidan.

mimdinare saqmianobisgan gansxvavebiT, sainvesticio

samewarmeo saqmianobaSi, mimdinare momgebianoba ganisazRvreba

SemosavlianobiT. sainvesticio Semosavlianoba ZiriTadad ori

faqtoriT ganisazRvreba. esenia: sainvesticio kapitalze fasTa

sxvaoba wlis ganmavlobaSi da dividendebi. fasTa sxvaobas anu

holdingur mogebas Tu mivumatebT dividendebs da SevufardebT

wlis dasawyisSi investoris mier dabandebuli investiciebis

moculobas, miviRebT investiciebis Semosavlianobas

procentobiT.

198 199

magaliTi. wlis dasawyisSi korporaciis aqciebi

investorma SeiZina 2500 aSS dolarad. wlis bolos aseTi

aqciebis sabazro fasma 3000 aSS dolari Seadgina. wlis

manZilze dividendis saxiT investorma am aqciebiT miiRo 700

aSS dolari. aseT SemTxvevaSi aqciebis Semosavlianoba


%481002500

700)25003000(

Tema 9. sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa statistika

nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis aRmavloba yovlad

warmoudgenelia sxva qveynebTan produqciisa da saqmianobis

urTierTgacvlis gareSe. am saqmianobis urTierTgacvla

nivTobrivad gulisxmobs saqonlis, samuSao Zalisa da

kapitalis gacvlas ekonomikurad urTierTxelsayrel pirobebSi.

es imas niSnavs, rom arsebobs Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba,

romlis safuZvelze calkeuli qveynis xalxebi

specializebulia maTTvis ekonomikurad iafi da

maRalxarisxovani produqciis warmoebaze, gaaCniaT am saqonlis

,,Warbi~ maragi da SeuZliaT misi gacvliT monawileoba miiRon

saerTaSoriso brunvaSi. nivTobrivad es saqoneli SeiZleba iyos

rogorc warmoebis saSualebani, ise moxmarebis sagnebi da maTi

urTierTgacvla warmoadgens TiToeuli qveynis sawarmoo ZalTa

ganviTarebis ucilobel pirobas. amis garda, ama Tu im qveyanas

SeiZleba hqondes ,,Warbi~ SromiTi resursebi da

inteleqtualuri potenciali, risi gacvlad agreTve qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebis erT-erTi faqtoria.

sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobebSi igulisxmeba:

savaWro-ekonomikuri, samecniero-teqnikuri, safinanso-

sakredito, savaluto urTierTobani, agreTve, saerTaSoriso

gadazidvebi, ucxouri turizmi da sxva urTierTobebi. aqedan

yvelaze mniSvnelovania, Tavisi moculobiT, laris savaWro-

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba ucxoeTTan, rac Tavis asaxvas

hpovebs sagareo vaWrobaSi. aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa rogorc

yvela qveynis, ise saqarTvelosaTvis samecniero-teqnikuri

TanamSromloba ucxoeTTan, rac mniSvnelovanwilad aisaxeba

erToblivi sawarmoebis SeqmniT mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis,

soflis meurneobis, vaWrobisa da sxva metad mniSvnelovan

dargebSi. es dargi amJamad Tavisi moculobiT mcirea, magram

progersulad mzardia da unda vivaraudoT, rom is

perspeqtivaSi erT-erT wamyvan adgils daiWers sagareo-

ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa sferoSi.

sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirurTierTobani mravalmxrivia,

romelTa maCveneblebi moicavs mraval ganmartebasa da

definicias. maT Sorisaa: importi, eqsporti, eqsport-importis

saldo, reeqsporti, sagadamxdelo balansi, erTiani sasaqonlo

nomenklatura, barteri, ucxouri valuta, garigebis valuta,

savaluto kursi, sagareo vaWrobis brunva, dempingi, kliringi,

defliatori, defliacia, kompensaciuri SeTanxmebani,

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, gadasayvani maneTi, generaluri

vaWroba, uxilavi vaWroba, saerTaSoriso tranziti da sxv.

sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa zemoT CamoTvlil

maCvenebelTa statistikaSi gvaqvs importis statistika,

eqsportis statistika, reeqsportis statistika, sagareo

vaWrobis saldos statistika, sagadamxdelo balansis

statistika da a.S.

importi ewodeba saqonlis Semozidvas sxva qveynebidan,

eqsporti ki samamulo warmoebis saqonlis sxva qveynebSi

gadazidvas niSnavs. reeqsporti wina periodSi importirebuli

saqonlis gatanaa sxva qveynebSi. eqsporti, importi da

reeqsporti (CaiTvleba eqsportis saerTo moculobaSi) aisaxeba

naturalur da RirebulebiT formaSi. RirebulebiT

gamosaxulebaSi maTi Tanxa aisaxeba nacionalur valutaSi -

larebSi. larebSi oficialuri kursiT gadaiyvaneba yvela

200 201

sagareo vaWrobis saerTo brunva (eqsport-importis jami).

eqsportSi ar Seitaneba humanitaruli daxmarebis mizniT

sazRvargareT usasyidlod gaziduli saqonlis Rirebuleba,

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaeros) teqnikuri

daxmarebis fondSi sawevro Sesatanebi, saerTaSoriso

gamofenebze gatanili saqonlis Rirebuleba, safosto

gzavnilebaTa da sazRvargareT wasul moqalaqeTa piradi bargis

Rirebuleba da a.S.

eqsport-importis sagareo vaWrobis saldo ewodeba

sxvaobas eqsportsa da imports Soris. is SeiZleba iyos

aqtiuri (,,plius~ niSniT), roca eqsporti aWarbebs imports da

pasiuri (,,minus~ niSniT), roca sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevasTan

gvaqvs saqme.

sagadamxdelo balansi ewodeba urTierTSefardebas

mocemul qveyanaSi ama Tu im periodSi sazRvargareTidan

savaluto Semosavlebsa da am qveynis sazRvargareT gadaxdebs

Soris. balansis ZiriTadi elementebia fuladi Semosavlebi da

gadasaxdelebi, rac dakavSirebulia eqsport-importTan, oqros

valutis rezervebis cvlilebani, Semosavlebi da gasavlebi

sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebisaTvis (transporti, turizmi da

sxv.), arasavaWro gzavnilebani, gacemuli da miRebuli

kreditisaTvis Semosavlebi da gadasaxadebi, sxva qveynebSi

gacemuli da sxva qveynebidan miRebul investiciebTan

dakavSirebuli Semosavlebi da gadasaxdelebi da sxv.

sagadamxdelo balansis Semosavlebsa da gasavlebs Soris

sxvaobas ewodeba sagadamxdelo balansis saldo, romelic

sagareo vaWrobis balansis msgavsad SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri

(Semosavlebi aWarbebs gasavlebs) da pasiuri (gasavlebi metia

Semosavlebze).

sagareo vaWrobis erTiani sasaqonlo nomenklatura

sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia. is gulisxmobs, rom mravali

dasaxelebis saqoneli klasificirebulia garkveuli niSnebiT da

Seqmnilia erTiani sasaqonlo nomenklaturis sistema, romelic

gamoiyeneba eqsport-importis statistikur aRricxvaSi rogorc

erTi, ise ramdenime qveynis farglebSi.

sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa erT-erTi

maCvenebelia barteri, romelic gulisxmobs saqonlis

urTierTgacvlas sxvadasxva qveynebs Soris fuladi

angariSsworebis gareSe.

ucxouri valuta ucxour saxelmwifoTa sakredito

saSualebaSi (veqsili, Ceki), romlebic gamoiyeneba

saerTaSoriso urTierTangariSsworebaSi. valuta iyofa sam

jgufad: konvertirebadi, nawilobriv konvertirebadi da

arakonvertirebadi. konvertirebadi anu ukuqcevadi ewodeba

iseT valutas, romelic Tavisuflad icvleba sxva valutaze.

nawilobriv konvertirebadi valuta qveynis iseTi fuladi

erTeulia, romelic savaluto SezRudvebs cvlis ara yvela

savaluto operaciaze, aramed mxolod ucxoeTidan Camosul

fizikur da iuridiul ararezident pirTaTvis.

arakonvertirebadi anu araukuqcevadi valuta ewodeba fulad

erTeuls, romelic Caketilia erTi qveynis farglebSi da

mxolod saSinao mimoqcevaSi gamoiyeneba.

garigebis valuta is valutaa, romelSiac aisaxeba

sagareo vaWrobis saqoneli, momsaxureba an saerTaSoriso

kreditis Tanxa.

savaluto kursi erTi qveynis fuladi erTeulis ,,fasia~,

gamosaxuli sxva qveynis fulad erTeuliT. mas awesebs bankebi

da oqros standartiT ganisazRvreba oqros paritetiT anu

fulad erTeulTa oqros SemcvelobiT.

sagareo vaWrobis brunva eqsportisa da importis jamia

fulad formaSi gamosaxuli ama Tu im kalendaruli drois

monakveTSi.

dempingi ewodeba dabal fasebSi (saqinao saerTaSoriso

fasebTan SedarebiT) saqonlis gadazidvas sxva qveyanaSi. es

warmoebs bazrebis ,,dapyrobis~ mizniT da zarali daifareba

saqinao bazris maRali fasebis xarjze.

202 203

kliringi qveynebs Soris angariSsworebaa naRdi fuladi

erTeulebis gareSe urTierTmoTxovnaTa CaTvlis gziT. qveynebs

Soris urTierTdavalianeba daifareba urTierTSemxvedri

sagadamxdelo valdebulebebiT (CekebiT, gzavnilebiT da sxv.).

defliatori fasebis indeqsia, romelic fasebis

cvalebadobis Tavidan asacileblad gamoiyeneba RirebulebiT

maCvenebelTa erTi romelime sabaziso wlis maCveneblebSi

gadasayvanad.

defliacia saxelmwifos mier gayalbebuli fuladi masis

Semcirebaa gadasaxadebis gadidebis, sabiujeto danaxarjTa

Semcirebis, saqonlis fasebis Semcirebis, kreditze moTxovnis

Semcirebis da sxvaTa gziT.

sakompensacio SeTanxmebani ewodeba saerTaSoriso

ekonomikur urTierTSeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviT erToblivi

sawarmoebis mSeneblobisas xdeba manqanebis, mowyobilobis,

masalebisa da sxvaTa miwodeba, xolo sakompensaciod

mimwodebeli qveyana miiRebs am mowyobilobiT, masalebiT da sxv.

gamoyenebiT warmoebul produqcias.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa

xelmoweriTa da SeTanxmebiT Seiqmna aSS-ebSi Catarebul

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze 1944 wels da miznad isaxavs

saerTaSoriso savaluto TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas am

fondis wevri qveynebis safinanso problemebis gadawyvetis

dargSi. awarmoebs statistikuri masalebis Segrovebasa da

damuSavebas kursis, oqros savaluto rezervebis fuladi

mimoqcevisa da sabanko saqmianobis, saerTaSoriso komerciuli

ganakveTebisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.

generaluri vaWroba saerTaSoriso statistikis

maCvenebelia. es maCvanebeli gamoiyeneba eqsport-importis

gasaangariSeblad sagareo vaWrobis e.w. ,,saerTo~ sistemiT

aRricxvis pirobebSi. is moicavs importSi: saqonels,

Semoziduls mocemul qveyanaSi gadasamuSaveblad da

moxmarebisaTvis; saqonels, romelic Semozidulia qveyanaSi

gadasamuSaveblad sabaJo kontroliT; saqonels, Sesyiduls

qveynis sagareo savaWro organizaciebis mier da miwodebuls

uSualod mesame qveynisaTvis; eqsportSi: mocemul qveyanaSi

warmoebul saqonels, wina periodSi mocemul qveyanaSi sabaJo

kontroliT gadasamuSaveblad Semozidul da mimdinare

periodSi gazidul saqonels (reeqsports) da a.S.

,,uxilavi vaWroba~ gamoiyeneba da asaxavs iseT

gadasaxadebs da Semosavlebs (transportis dazRveva, safosto-

satelegrafo da satelefono kavSirebi turizmi, kulturuli

gacvlebi, sakomisio operaciebi), romlebsac kavSiri ara aqvT

eqsport-importis operaciebTan.

saerTaSoriso tranziti iseTi saqonlis gadazidvaa,

romlis gamgzavni da mimRebi punqtebi imyofeba mocemuli

qveynis farglebs gareT. Tu saqoneli Semodis sabaJo sawyobSi

da aqedan egzavneba mimReb qveyanas, maSin aseT gadazidvas

ewodeba arapirdapiri tranziti, xolo Tu saqoneli ar Semodis

sabaJos sawyobSi da sabaJos uzrunvelyofiT pirdapir egzavneba

myidvel qveyanas, maSin aseTi gadazidva pirdapiri saerTaSoriso

tranzitia.

21sagareo vaWrobaSi saqarTvelo iyenebs misi aRricxvis `zogad

meTods”, rac niSnavs, rom saqonlis eqsport-importis

aRricxvis kriteriumia mis mier qveynis sabaJo sazRvris

gadakveTa.

eqsportSi igulisxmeba rogorc erovnuli warmoSobis

produqciis gatana, ise importirebuli saqonlis reeqsporti.

importSi igulisxmeba qveyanaSi produqciis Semotana, romelic

gamiznulia saboloo moxmarebisaTvis an Semdgomi

eqsportirebisaTvis.

eqsporti aRricxulia FOB, anu eqsportiori qveynis franko-

sazRvris fasebSi. importi aRricxulia CIF, anu importiori

qveynis franko-sazRvris fasebSi, rac niSnavs, rom saqonlis

fasSi CarTulia importiori qveynis sazRvramde misi

transportirebisa da dazRvevis xarjebi. informaciis ZiriTadi

wyaroa saqarTvelos finansTa saministros Semosavlebis

204 205

samsaxuris satvirTo-sabaJo deklaraciebi, romlebsac emateba

monacemebi im saqonlis eqsport-importis Sesaxeb, romlebic ar

fiqsirdeba qveynis sabaJo sazRvarze (eleqtroenergia, bunebrivi

airi). partniori qveynis dadgenis kriteriumebia: importis

dros – gamomgzavni qveyana, eqsportis dros – saboloo

daniSnulebis qveyana. saqonlis eqsport-importis

aRricxvisaTvis gamoiyeneba `sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis

sasaqonlo nomenklatura (ses sn)~, romelic agebulia saqonlis

aRwerisa da kodirebis harmonizebuli sistemis safuZvelze.

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saerTaSoriso saqmianobis

mniSvnelovani kategoriaa, romelic gulisxmobs erTi qveynis

ekonomikis rezidenti erTeulis mier sxva qveynis rezidenti

sawarmos marTvaSi kontrolis an mniSvnelovani gavlenis qonas.

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis monacemTa formireba

xorcieldeba: sawarmoTa sagareo

ekonomikuri saqmianobis kvartaluri da wliuri statistikuri

gamokvlevis, privatizaciisa da saqarTveelos komerciuli

bankebis angariSgebis safuZvelze.

sagareo vaWrobis statistika

Sromis danawilebis safuZvelze saxelmwifoTa

ganviTarebul sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa Soris

wamyvani adgili sagareo vaWrobas uWiravs. sagareo vaWroba

eqsport-importis wesiT qveynebs Soris saqonlis

urTierTgacvlaa urTierTxelsayrel pirobebSi yidva-gayidvis

gziT.

sagareo vaWrobis Sedegebi sxvadasxva maCvenebelTa

sistemiT gamoisaxeba, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania

RirebulebiTi maCveneblebi. am, ukanasknels miekuTvneba sagareo

vaWrobis saqonelbrunva anu eqsport-importis wesiT gaziduli

da Semoziduli saqonlis Rirebuleba. saqonelbrunvaSi

CaiTvleba is saqoneli, romelic xasiaTdeba saqonlis

nivTobrivi formiT da fulze gacvlis niSniT. amitom

saqonelbrunvaSi mxolod is saqonelia (patentebisa da

licenziebis yidva-gayidva, satransporto saSualebaTa remonti,

samSeneblo samuSaoebis xelmZRvaneloba da Catareba da a.S.),

romlebsac nivTobrivi forma gaaCniaT. amasTan erTad sagareo

vaWrobis saqonelbrunvaSi ar CairTveba is Semoziduli an

gaziduli saqoneli (humanitaruli daxmarebis gziT

usasyidlod saqonlis Semozidva-gazidva, Senatanebi gaeros

teqnikuri daxmarebis fondSi, gamofenebze an gaziduli

saqoneli da sxv.), romelic komerciul xasiaTs ar atarebs, e.i.

ar icvleba valutaze.

statistikam unda Seiswavlos sagareo vaWrobis

moculoba, dinamika da struqtura.

saqonelbrunvis fulad moculobas axasiaTebs eqsport-

importis jami gamosaxuli fulad formaSi. amitom

statistikis amocanaa eqsportisa da importis Sesaxeb

Sesabamisi organizaciebidan statistikuri masalis Segroveba,

damuSaveba da analizi.

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris

monacemebiT:

sagareo vaWroba ( milioni aSS dolari) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

ianvari-maisi

საგარეო

სავაჭრო ბრუნვა

3355.4 4613.0 6447.3 7800.0 5500.1 2434.5

საქონლის

რეგისტრირებული

ექსპორტი (FOB)

865.5 936.0 1232.4 1495.5 1130.6 607.5

საქონლის

რეგისტრირებული

იმპორტი (CIF)

2490.0 3677.0 5214.9 6304.6 4369.5 1827.0

საგარეო ვაჭრობის

სალდო

-1624.5 -2741.0 -3982.5 -4809.1 -3238.9 -1219.5

206 207

2009 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvam 5,500.1

mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 2008 wlis Sesabamis

maCvenebelze 29.5 procentiT naklebia. amavdroulad, savaWro

deficiti 3,238.9 mln. aSS dolars gautolda, rac wina wlis

maCvenebelze 32.7 procentiT naklebia. saqonlis

registrirebuli eqsporti, 1,130.6 mln. aSS dolari, 2008

wlis maCvenebels 24.4 procentiT CamorCeba, xolo saqonlis

registrirebuli importi wina wlis maCvenebelze 30.7

procentiT naklebia da 4,369.5 mln. aSS dolars utoldeba.

importirebuli saqonlis 40.7 procenti samomxmarebloa, 12.5

procenti _ sainvesticio da 45.7 procenti Sualeduri

moxmarebis saqoneli.

2009 wels eqsportirebul saqonels Soris

feroSenadnobebi tradiciulad pirvel pozicias ikavebs, Tumca

am produqciis eqsporti wina welTan SedarebiT 51.3 procentiT

naklebi iyo. meore poziciazea oqro, romlis eqsportis

wliuri zrdis tempi 16.1 procents Seadgenda. oqros

eqsportis zrda oqroze saerTaSoriso fasebis matebiT iyo

ganpirobebuli. oqros saeqsporto fasi 2009 wels wina

welTan SedarebiT 38.2 procentiT iyo gazrdili. mesame

pozicia msubuqi avtomobilebis eqsports eWira, romelic wina

welTan SedarebiT 30.8 procentiT Semcirda. 2009 wlis

eqsportSi aRiniSneboda garkveuli pozitiuri tendenciebi.

kerZod, Txilis eqsporti 2.2 -jer gaizarda wina welTan

SedarebiT da meoTxe pozicia daikava. Semdeg poziciaze iyo

mineraluri sasuqebi. 2009 wels aRsaniSnavia citrusovani

xilis eqsportis mkveTri zrda. am periodSi gatanili saqonlis

Rirebuleba oTxjer aRemateboda wina wlis eqsports.

citrusebis eqsportis 75 procenti ukrainaSi ganxorcielda,

16 procenti _ azerbaijanSi, 7 procenti _ belorusSi, xolo

danarCeni sxvadasxva qveynebSi. 2008 wlis meoTxe kvartalidan

saqarTvelos eqsportSi dafiqsirda axali dasaxelebebi,

cocxali cxovelebi, cxvrebi da msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi.

cocxali cxvrebis wliurma eqsportma 2009 wels 17 milioni

aSS dolari Seadgina, rac wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan

SedarebiT 16-jer metia. cxvrebis ZiriTadi wili saudis

arabeTSia eqsportirebuli. rac Seexeba msxvilfexa rqosan

pirutyvs, 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi 16.9 milioni aSS dolaris

Rirebulebis saqonelis eqsporti ganxorcielda, umetes wilad

azerbaijanSi.

saqonlis importis aRniSnuli ganawileba sakmaod

stabiluria bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi. Sualeduri moxmarebis

saqonelSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs navTobproduqtebs da

bunebriv airs. mniSvnelovani wili aqvs agreTve samSeneblo

masalebs, xorbals da fqvils. qarTuli eqsportis 42.5

procenti samrewvelo saqonlisgan Sedgeba, raSic wamyvani

adgili feroSenadnobebs, avtomobilebis reeqsports da

azotovan sasuqebs uWiravs. saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro

brunva 2003 wlidan mudmivad mzardi tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda.

agvistos saomari moqmedebebis, da Semdgom, msoflio finansuri

krizisis gavleniT, 2008 wlis mesame kvartalidan dafiqsirda

kvartaluri, xolo Semdgom wliuri vardna, rogorc

registrirebuli eqsportis, aseve importis SemTxvevaSi. 2009

wels aRdga kvartaluri zrdis tendencia, magram wliuri

zrdis maCveneblebi kvlav uaryofiTi iyo (gamonaklisi iyo

registrirebuli eqsporti 2009 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi sadac

dafiqsirda dadebiTi zrdis tempi 22.0 procenti. aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom wina wlis Sesabamisi periodidan eqsporti

sagrZnoblad Semcirebuli iyo). eqsportis vardna 2009 wels,

msoflio finansuri krizisis gamo saerTaSoriso fasebis

klebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. fasebi gansakuTrebiT Semcirebuli

iyo ZiriTad qarTul saeqsporto saqonelze, Sav da ferad

liTonebze. importis klebaze yvelaze didi gavlena msubuqi

avtomobilebis gayidvebis Semcirebam moaxdina. wina welTan

SedarebiT msubuqi avtomobilebis importi 64.0 procentiT iyo

Semcirebuli. gansakuTrebiT daiklo axali, ZviradRirebuli

208 209

avtomobilebis importma. importis klebaSi agreTve

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana navTobproduqtebze

saerTaSoriso fasebis vardnam. navTobproduqtebis importis

Rirebuleba 2009 wels wina welTan SedarebiT 27.2 procentiT

naklebi iyo, amavdroulad importirebuli saqonlis raodenoba

wina wlisas 13.4 procentiT aWarbebda.

sagareo vaWrobis saqonelbrunvis dinamikis

gasazomavad iyeneben indeqsebs. isini gviCvenebs movlenebis

ganviTarebas drosa da sivrceSi. Tu movlenebs, am SemxTvevaSi

sagareo vaWrobis saqonelbrunvas, ganvixilavT droSi, kerZod

wlebis mixedviT, indeqsebi gveqneba individualuri, jgufuri

da saerTo. calkeuli saxis saqonlsi (manqanebis, saTbobis,

xorcis, karaqis da sxva) fizikuri moculobis cvalebadobas

eqsportSi an importSi gviCvenebs individualuri indeqsebi,

romelic gamoisaxeba formuliT:

0

1

q

qiq

sadac qi - ama Tu im konkretuli saqonlis fizikuri

moculobis indeqsia;

1q da 0q mocemuli saqonlis fizikuri moculobaa

Sesabamisad saangariSo da sabaziso wlebSi.

Tu gvaqvs ara erTi saxeobis saqoneli, aramed saqonlis

jgufebi (magaliTad, manqanebi, mowyobilobani da satransporto

saSualebebis jgufi an kvebis produqtebis jgufi), maSin maTi

fizikuri moculobis dinamika eqsportSi an importSi gaizomeba

jgufuri indeqsebiT.

saerTo indeqsi qpI gaizomeba saangariSo periodis

saqonelbrunvis 11 pq SefardebiT sabaziso periodis

saqonelbrunvasTan 00 pq sadac 1p da 0p saqonlis

erTeulis fasia Sesabamisad saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi:

00

11

pq

pqI qp

rogorc vxedavT saqonelbrunvis saerTo indeqsi asaxavs

ori faqtoris (saqonlis fizikuri moculoba da saqonlis

erTeulis fasi) zemoqmedebis Sedegs.

saqonelbrunvis mxolod fizikuri moculobis gavlenas

asaxavs fizikuri indeqsi

00

01

pq

pqI q

saqonelbrunvis fizikuri moculobis indeqsi SegviZlia

gaviangariSoT, agreTve, saqonlis fizikuri moculobis

individualuri an jgufuri indeqsebisa da saqonelbrunvis

moculobis safuZvelze, rasac ewodeba saqonelbrunvis

fizikuri moculobis saSualo ariTmetikuli indeqsi:

00

00

pq

pqiI

q

q

sadac, qi - saqonlis fizikuri moculobis

individualuri

0

1

q

qiq an jgufuri indeqsebia

00

01

pq

pqiq

210 211

00 pq - wona, anu calkeuli saxis saqonlis mixedviT

saqonelbrunva sabaziso periodSi.

Tu saSualoariTmetikul indeqsSi CavsvavT qi -s

mniSvnelobas miviRebT saqonelbrunvis fizikuri moculobis

indeqss:

00

01

00

0

001

pq

pq

pq

q

pqq

I q

davuSvaT rom, gvaqvs ori jgufis saqoneli, jgufuri

indeqsebia: I jgufis saqonelze - 1,02, xolo II jgufis

saqonelze - 1,19, es imas niSnavs, rom eqsportSi I jgufis

saqonlis fizikuri moculoba gaizarda 2%-iT, xolo II

jgufis saqonlis fizikuri moculoba - 19%-iT. jgufuri

indeqsebis safuZvelze SegviZlia gaviangariSoT saqonelbrunvis

fizikuri moculobis cvalebadoba saSualoariTmetikuli

indeqsis daxmarebiT:

00

00

pq

pqiI

q

ise, rom Tu sabaziso periodis saqonelbrunvis

moculobam eqsportSi I jgufis saqonelze Seadgina 48000

lari, xolo II jgufis saqonelze 38000 lari, maSin indeqsi

miiRebs saxes:

17.1

3800048000

)3800019.1()4800002.1(

00

00

pq

pqiI

q

rogorc Cans, mTliani eqsportis saqonelbrunvis

fizikuri moculoba gaizarda 17%-iT.

sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa mniSvnelovani

maCveneblebi eqsporti da importi.

eqsporti ewodeba samamulo samrewvelo da sasoflo-

sameurneo warmoebis nawarmis gazidvas sazRvargareT yidva-

gayidvis gziT. masSi Sedis, agreTve, ucxoeTidan importis

wesiT Semoziduli saqoneli, romelmac gaiara samamulo

warmoebiT Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba da isev romelime ucxo

qveyanas mieyida. sagareo vaWrobis statistikaSi saqonlis

gadamuSavebad iTvleba iseTi damuSaveba, romlis Sedegad is

Rebulobs axal Tvisebriobas. samamulo saqonels miakuTvneben

mxolod im importul produqcias, romelmac gadamuSavebis

Sedegad Rirebuleba moitana Sesasyidi fasis 50%-ze metad,

amitom statistikurad dafasoeba, SefuTva, garegani saxis

gaumjobeseba da sxva operaciebi gadamuSavebaSi ar CaiTvleba.

eqsportSi Sedis agreTve is importuli saqoneli, romelic

yovelgvari gadamuSavebis gareSe ,,pirdapiri reeqsportis~

saxiT gadis ucxoeTSi gasasyidlad. zogjer ekonomikurad

mizanSewonilia romelime qveyanaSi saqonlis Sesyidva da

importis gareSe pirdapir im qveynisadmi miwodeba, romlis

winaSe garkveuli valdebuleba gaaCnia mocemul qveyanas. aseTma

operaciam miiRo ,,arapirdapiri reeqsportis~ saxelwodeba da

Sesabamisi saqonlis Rirebulebac adidebs eqsportis saerTo

saqonelbrunvis moculobas.

eqsportis statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa

statistikur monacemTa urTierTSesadarisobis uzrunvelyofa.

gansakuTrebul siZneles warmoadgens eqsportis

jamobrivi maCveneblebis urTierTSedareba. aq mravali qveyana

sagareo vaWrobaze saerTo moculobis dasadgenad gamoiyenebs

or sistemas; ,,specialursa~ da ,,saerTos~. ,,specialuri~

sistemiT sagareo vaWrobaSi Seitaneba samamulo warmoebis

saqoneli, agreTve, qveyanaSi sabaJo kontrolis qveS

gadasamuSaveblad Semoziduli da ,,nacionalizebuli~ saqoneli.

212 213

,,saerTo~ sistemiT sagareo vaWrobis saqonelbrunvis

gaangariSebisas ,,specialuri~ sistemiT zemoTCamoTvlil

saqonels daemateba ,,Tavisufali zonidan gaziduli saqonlis

Rirebuleba~. ,,Tavisufali zona~ is teritoriaa, sadac sagareo

savaWro operaciebi dasaSvebia sabaJo kontrolis, sabaJo

gadasaxadebis gareSe.

statistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa eqsportis

dinamikis, anu misi droSi, wlebis mixedviT cvalebadobis

gazomva, ra mizniTac iyeneben rogorc individualur, aseve

saerTo indeqsebs.

individualuri indeqsebiT zomaven calkeuli konkretuli

dasaxelebis saqonlis fizikuri moculobis cvalebadobas,

xolo saerTo indeqsebidan gvaqvs sami urTierTdakavSirebuli

indeqsi: eqsportis saerTo Rirebulebis qpI eqsportis

fizikuri moculobis indeqsi qI da eqsportis fasebis indeqsi

pI

maT Soris kavSiri, rogorc statistikis Teoriidanaa

cnobili, ase gamoisaxeba:

pqqp III

anu

01

11

00

01

00

11

pq

pq

pq

pq

pq

pq

sadac, 1q da 0q - eqsportSi gagzavnili saqonlis

fizikuri moculobaa saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi.

1p da 0p - saeqsporto produqciis erTeulis fasia

saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi.

importi ewodeba saqonlis Semozidvas ucxo qveynebidan

yidva-gayidvis gziT. saqonlis imports safuZvlad udevs

mravali faqtori, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: ekonomikuri

efeqtianoba, drois mogeba, msoflios masStabiT mecnierebisa da

teqnikis miRwevebis danergva samamulo warmoebaSi da sxva.

importi Sedgeba im saqonlisagan, romelzedac samamulo

warmoeba an ar arsebobs, an kidev arsebobs, magram misi

warmoebis moculoba ver akmayofilebs moTxovnilebas. importis

ekonomikuri efeqtianoba gulisxmobs imas, rom Sesabamisi saxis

saqonlis xarisxi maRalia da amasTan erTad misi SeZenisa da

transportirebis xarjebi naklebia samamulo warmoebis

saqonlis Sesabamis danaxarjebze. rig SemTxvevebSi am pirobis

garda unda gaviTvaliswinoT, agreTve, drois faqtori, romlis

mogebasac didi sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvs. es xdeba maSin,

roca ama Tu im saxis produqciaze moTxovnilebis

dakmayofilebis aucilebloba da samamulo warmoebis dawyeba

droSi erTmaneTs mniSvnelovnad scildeba. am SemTxvevaSi

samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis produqciis an

kidev saxalxo moxmarebis saqonlis importi gamarTlebulia da

mniSvnelovan sameurneo efeqts iZleva drois mogebis

TvalsazrisiT. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, agreTve, moZvelebuli

da moralurad gacveTili warmoebis saSualebebis Secvlas

importirebuli Tanamedrove, msoflio standartebis Sesabamisi

maRali warmadobis manqana-iaraRebiT, rac mniSvnelovnad

amaRlebs samamulo warmoebis ekonomikur efeqtianobas da

xalxis Sesabamisi samamulo warmoebis mier gamoSvebuli

saqonliT dakmayofilebis dones.

saqonlis importi SeiZleba gamoiwvios, agreTve,

zogierTi, sruliad SemTxveviTi faqtoris zemoqmedebam, rac

iwvevs saqonlis mwvave deficits ama Tu im drois monakveTSi.

aseT faqtorebs miekuTvneba araxelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi

pirobebis gamo mousavlianoba sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebze,

wyaldidobis, xanZari da zogierTi sxva stiqiuri movlena,

politikuri situacia mocemul qveyanaSi da a.S.

214 215

importi warmoiSoba, agreTve, saerTaSoriso

specilizaciisa da kooperirebis ganviTarebiT. Sromis

saerTaSoriso danawilebis bazaze mocemul qveyanaSi viTardeba

im produqciis warmoeba, romlisTvisac arsebobs xelsayreli

bunebriv-klimaturi da ekonomikuri pirobebi. amitom xdeba sxva

saxis saqonlis importi da Sesabamis moTxovnilebaTa

dakmayofileba.

statistika swavlobs importis saerTo moculobas,

struqturas, dinamikas da sxva ekonomikur da araekonomikur

faqtorebTan mWidro urTierTkavSirs. importis moculobas

statistika swavlobs ,,sagareo vaWrobis erTiani sasaqonlo

nomenklaturis~ mixedviT Sesadar fasebSi, ris Sesaxebac

saaRricxvo-statistikur informacias agrovebs saTanado

sagareo vaWrobis organizaciebisa da gaerTianebebis meSveobiT.

importis registracia xdeba ucxo qveynidan saqonlis

sazRvarze gadmotanis momentSi, ris Sedegadac is iTvleba

mocemuli qveynis materialuri simdidris Semadgenel nawilad.

importis struqtura eqsportis analogiuria. igi

ganixileba im ucxo qveynebis mixedviT, romelTa bazarzedac

SeiZineba saqoneli. TiToeuli qveynisaTvis ,,sagareo vaWrobis

erTiani sasaqonlo nomenklatura~ ganixileba mowodebis

kategoriebis (kliringi, Caketili valuta, Tavisufali valuta

da a.S.) mixedviT. yvelaferi es winaswar dadebuli savaWro

xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze dgindeba

rogorc saprognozo ise faqtobrivi monacemebis mixedviT.

importis struqtura xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva niSnebiT. maT Soris

statistikaSi gavrcelebulia sasaqonlo (calkeuli saxis

saqonlis sasaqonlo gjufebis, sasursaTo da arasasursaTo

saqonlis da a.S.) struqturis, teritoriuli struqturis da

sxva niSnebis mixedviT importirebuli saqonlis Seswavla

rogorc naturalur-nivTobrivi, ise RirebulebiTi formiT. es

ukanaskneli maCvenebeli saSualebas iZleva gaviangariSoT

importis dinamika (eqsportis saindeqso meTodis msgavsad), misi

zrdisa da matebis tempebi wlebis mixedviT.

statistika importis struqturaSi Semozidul da

gazidul saqonelsa da mimwodebel qveynebs ajgufebs ori

niSniT: ,,qveyana-saqoneli~ da ,,saqoneli-qveyana~. aq kargad Cans,

saqonelTa is jgufebi, romelTa mixedviT mocemuli qveyana

aris sufTa anu netto-eqsportiori da piriqiT, brutto-

eqsportiori da brutto-importiori. es maCveneblebi

gamoiyeneba vaWrobis marTvis, prognozirebisa da regulirebis

saqmeSi.

sagareo vaWrobis fasebis statistika

fasi sagareo vaWrobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

kategoriaa. is gadamwyvet rols asrulebs qveynis Sromis

saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi monawileobis maqsimaluri

efeqitanobis miRwevis amocanis gadawyvetis saqmeSi. fasebis

done da dinamika sagareo vaWrobis Sesabamis organizaciebis

yoveldRiuri saqmianobis areSia saeqsporto-saimporto

operaciebis ganxoricielebasTan dakavSirebiT. maTi meSveobiT

xdeba sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa organizacia,

marTva da regulireba. fasebis meSveobiT wydeba sagareo

vaWrobis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gansazRvra, eqsportis,

importis da maTi RirebulebiT formaSi kontrolis,

saqonelbrunvis donis, struqturisa da dinamikis, msoflio

bazris da mis calkeul seqtorebSi saqonlis vaWrobis

momgebianobis da sxva metad mniSvnelovan amocanaTa gadaWra.

saqonlis fasebis Sesaxeb yvelaze sarwmuno informaciis

wyaroa sagareo savaWro gaerTianebebsa da ucxour

kontragentebs Soris savaWro garigebani yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb

(kontraqtebi). magram sakontraqto fasebi xSirad ixreba

faqtobrivi fasebisagan, rac gamowveulia sakontaqto

garigebebsa da faqtobrivad saqonlis warmoebis dros Soris

gansxvavebiT. gavrcelebulia erTwliani, xuTwliani, aTwliani

216 217

da meti xnis savaWro garigebani, romlis ganmavlobaSic

icvleba warmoebis pirobebi da saqonlis fasis Camoyalibebaze

moqmedi saSinao da sagareo faqtorebi. amis gamo xSirad

mxareTa Soris urTierTSeTanxmebiT wesdeba saqonlis

sakontraqto sabaziso sortis fasi. imave kontraqtiT

ganisazRvreba saqonlis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis sabaziso

sortisagan gadaxrebis sazRvrebi. amis mixedviT saqonlis

faqtobrivi miwodebisas ganisazRvreba realuri

saangariSsworebo fasi.

sakontaqto fasebis registraciisas statistika iyenebs

mTliani dakvirvebis saxeobas, rac aucilebelia eqsport-

importis operaciebis regulirebisa da operatiuli

marTvisaTvis. sakontraqto fasebis cvalebadobis qveS

gulisxmoben mxareTa urTierTmolaparakebis bazaze Zvelis

nacvlad axali fasebis dadgenas.

statistika swavlobs sagareo vaWrobis fasebis dones

(sakontraqto fasebis sidides), maT dinamikas wlebis mixedviT

da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis gavlenis xarisxs.

sagareo vaWrobis fasebis done ganisazRvreba savaWro

garigebebiT da aisaxeba sakontraqto molaparakebebSi.

sakontraqto fasebis dadgenisas saqonlis myidvelebi da

gamyidvelebi iTvaliswineben msoflio fasebis dones. saqonlis

msoflio fasis qveS igulisxmeba bazarze realizebuli

saqonlis internacionaluri Rirebulebis warmoebis

internacionaluri fasi) fuladi gamoxatuleba. amas garda

fasis done yovelTvis ganisazRvreba miwodebis bazisis

mixedviT. sagareo vaWrobaSi miwodebis bazisi ewodeba saqonlis

miReba-Cabarebis geografiul adgils, sadac saqonelze

sakuTrebis ufleba gamyidvelidan gadadis myidvelze. msoflio

sagareo vaWrobis praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia sakontraqt o

fasebis dadgena sxvadasxva bazisze. maT Soris gvaqvs franko-

sazRvari an saqonlis mimwodeblis an mimRebis posti. es imas

niSnavs, rom internacionaluri Rirebulebis garda fasebi

moicavs an gagzavnis, portSi gemis portamde saqonlis

gadazidvis, an kidev daniSnulebis portamde mitanis xarjebs.

saqonelbrunvis donisa da dinamikis Sesadarisobis

uzrunvelsayofad sxvadasxva sabaziso sakontraqto fasebi

gadaiyvaneba miwodebis erTian bazisSi. praqtikulad fasebi

gadaiyvaneba gamgzavnis an mimRebis franko-sazRvris sabaziso

fasSi, rac sagareo vaWrobis RirebulebiT maCveneblebs xdis

urTierTSesadariss. statistika angariSobs sxvadasxva saqonlis

saSualo fass Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT:

q

qpp

sadac, p - saeqsporto an saimporto saqonlis

erTeulis individualuri fasia;

q - eqsportis an importis fizikuri moculobaa,

p - saqonlis saSualo fasia.

magaliTi: davuSvaT, rom eqsportSi gagzavnili rkinis

madnis moculobam Sedagina 1000000 tona. es moculoba

miewoda sam momxmarebels. pirvels, 300000 tona, meores

500000 tona da mesames 200000 tona. kontraqtis mixedviT

pirveli momxmareblis madanSi rkinis Semcveloba Seadgenda

50%-s, meore momxmareblis madanSi - 55%-s, xolo mesame

myidvelis madanSi 60%-s. momxmarebeli ixdis rkinis

Semcvelobis erTeulisaTvis 2 lars. maSasadame, pirvelma

momxmarebelma erTi tona rkinis madnisaTvis unda gadaixados

100 lari, meorem 110 lari, xolo mesamem 120 lari. am

monacemebis safuZvelze erTi tona rkinis madnis saSualo fasi

Seadgens:

218 219

109

300000400000300000

)120200000()110500000()100300000(

q

qpp

lars.

sagareo vaWrobis, maT Soris eqsportisa da importis

fasebis dinamika gaizomeba individualuri da saerTo

(agregatuli) indeqsebis gamoyenebiT. individualuri indeqsi

zomavs calkeuli konkretuli dasaxelebis saqonlis erTeulis

fasis dinamikas Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT:

0

1

p

pi p

sadac pi - fasis individualuri indeqsia;

1p da 0p - saqonlis erTeulis fasia saangariSo da

sabaziso periodebSi.

calkeuli jgufis saqonlis saSualo fasis indeqsi pi

gamoisaxeba formuliT:

01

11

pq

pqI p

sadac 1q da 0q mocemuli jgufis saqonlis fizikuri

moculobaa saangariSo da sabaziso periodebSi.

,vaWrobis pirobebis~ indeqsi

statistika swavlobs Tu rogori unda iyos sagareo

vaWrobis pirobebi saangariSo periodSi sabazisosTan SedarebiT.

aseTi pirobebis gasarkvevad angariSoben ,,vaWrobis pirobebis~

indeqss Semdegi formuliT:

siimp.saS.fa

asieqsp.saS.f

vaWr.pir.I

II

sadac, vaWr.pir.I - ,,vaWrobis pirobebis~ indeqsia;

asieqsp.saS.fI - eqsportis saSualo fasis indeqsi;

siimp.saS.faI - importis saSualo fasis indeqsi.

mocemul indeqsebze ar moqmedebs sagareo vaWrobis

saldo dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi. mas ver cvlis, agreTve,

valutis kursis cvalebadoba da amitom is Sesadarisia

sxvadasxva qveynebisaTvis da gamoiyeneba saTanado saanalizo

miznebisaTvis.

Tu ,,vaWrobis pirobebis~ indeqsi erTis tolia, maSin

ityvian, rom ,,vaWrobis pirobebi~ saangariSo periodSi iseTive

iyo, rogorc sabaziso periodSi, Tu erTze naklebia, maSin

saangariSo periodSi sabazisosTan SedarebiT gvqonda

araxelsayreli ,,vaWrobis pirobebi ~, xolo Tu indeqsi metia

erTze, maSin mocemul periodSi gacilebiT xelsayreli

,,vaWrobis pirobebi~ gvqonia. magaliTad, Tu ,,vaWrobis

pirobebis~ indeqsma ama Tu im periodSi mocemuli qveynisaTvis

Seadgina 1,03, maSin ,,vaWrobis pirobebis~ gaumjobesebis Sedegad

mocemuli qveyana sagareo vaWrobis saqonelbrunvis yovel 100

savaluto erTeulze Rebulobs damatebiT mogebas 3 savaluto

erTeuliT an piriqiT, maSin wagebas Rebulobs yovel 100

savaluto erTeulze 3 savaluto erTeuls.

220 221

geografiuli ganlagebis statistika

sagareo vaWrobis da sxva sagareo ekonomikur

kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiuli (teritoriuli) ganlagebis

qveS igulisxmeba qveynis SigniT da sazRvargareT ekonomikurad

aqtiuri raionebis teritoriuli ganlagebis upiratesobaTa

gamoyeneba sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa maqsimaluri

ekonomikuri efeqtianobis miRebis mizniT. sagareo ekonomikur

kavSirurTierTobaTa teritoriuli ganlagebis ekonomikur

safuZvels warmoadgens sawarmoo ZalTa ganlageba da aqedan

gamomdinare optimaluri saeqsporto da saimporto

partniorebis SerCeva. sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa

swori geografiuli ganlageba xels uwyobs ucxo

saxelmwifoebTan ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis Semdegom

gaRrmavebas, saqonelbrunvis teritoriuli ganawilebis

gaumjobesebas qveynis bunebrivi ekonomikuri Taviseburebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT da sxva metad mniSvnelovani amocanebis

gadawyvetas. sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa swori

geografiuli ganlagebis obieqturi winamZRvaria saxelmwifo-

partniorebis teritoriuli mdebareoba, maTi ganviTarebis

bunebrivi pirobebi, ekonomikis yvela dargSi (mrewvelobis,

soflis meurneoba, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, ganaTleba,

kultura da a.S.) miRwevebi, mdgomareoba mosoflio

saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sistemaSi da sxva.

sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa teritorituli ganlagebis

sakiTxebis marTvisa da organizaciis saqmeSi gamoiyeneba

ekonomikuri geografiis fuZemdebluri debulebani sawarmoo

ZalTa ganlagebis, Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebis,

ekonomikis Sigaraionul dargTa SeTanawyobis, agreTve,

Sigaraionuli da saraionTaSoriso ekonomikuri kavSirebis

Sesaxeb.

statistikis ZiriTadi amocanebi sagareo ekonomikur

kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiis Seswavlis saqmeSi mdgomareobs

SemdegSi:

1. Seiswavlos TiToeul qveyanasTan ekonomikur

kavSirurTierTobaTa moculoba rogorc eqsport-importis, ise

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis, safinanso-savalutro,

sakredito da sxva saxis saqmianobis sferoSi;

2. daadginos eqsport-importis saldo da sagareo

ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa sxva saxis saqmianobis

efeqtianoba saxelmwifo-partniorebisa da geografiuli

raionebis mixedviT;

3. Seiswavlos ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa

struqtura da dinamika geografiuli adgilmdebareobisa da

satransporto kavSirurTierTobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.

ucxo saxelmwifoebTan sagareo ekonomikur

kavSirurTierTobaTa Sesaxeb swori monacemebis Segroveba da

damuSaveba statistikuri saqmianobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

sferoa. am mimarTulebiT did mniSvnelobas iZens eqsport-

importis da sxva saxis sagareo-ekonomikis urTierTobaTa

statistikuri Seswavlis meTodologiis damuSaveba

geografiuli ganlagebis mixedviT. aq gamoiyofa oTxi jgufis

qveyana: pirveli - damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa kavSiris

qveynebi; meore - evropis ganviTarebadi qveynebi; mesame -

ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebi da meoTxe - aziisa da

afrikis ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis statistikam SeimuSava importisa

da eqsportis teritoriuli ganawilebis sami meTodi. pirveli

meTodis gamomyenebeli qveynebi saeqsporto saqonels anawileben

daniSnulebis (moxmarebis), xolo saimporto saqonels -

warmoSobis (warmoebis) punqtebis mixedviT. am meTods qveynebis

Zalian didi nawili gamoiyenebs. misi universaloba masSi

mdgomareobs, rom is moicavs yvela qveyana-mwarmoebelsa da

qveyana-momxmarebels. meore meTodis gamomyenebeli

saxelmwifoebi eqsport-importis saqonels anawileben mxolod

kontraqtze xelis momweri qveynebis mixedviT. aseTi qveynebis

ricxvi SedarebiT mcirea, vinaidan statistikur aRricxvaSi

warmoiSoba rigi problelmebi. Znelia winaswar sagareo

222 223

ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiuli ganlageba

ganisazRvros kontraqtze xelmoweris adgilis mixedviT.

gamyidveli da myidveli kontraqtze xelis moweris

adgilad irCevs maTTvis mosaxerxebel punqts. aseTi punqti

SeiZleba iyos saqonlis gamyidveli, an mesame romelime qveyana,

romelsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs savaWro

xelSekrulebasTan. aseTi winaswar ganusazRvreloba gavlenas

axdens sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiuli

ganlagebis prognozirebaze.

sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobaTa geografiuli

ganlagebis mesame meTodis gamomyenebeli qveynebi urTierTobas

teritoriul WrilSi ageben savaWro xelSekrulebaTa mixedviT.

savaWro xelSekrulebani daideba savaWro SeTanxmebaTa

safuZvelze da aisaxeba geografiul ganlagebaSi.

saerTaSoriso ekonomikur valdebulebaTa

statistika

sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirurTierTobebi rogorc wesi

aigeba saxelmwifoTa Soris garkveul SeTanxmebebze. es

SeTanxmebani ori saxisaa: savaWro da ekonomikuri. savaWro

SeTanxmebani - saqonlis gacvlas exeba urTierTxelsayrel

pirobebSi, xolo ekonomikuri - mecnierul-teqnikur

TanamSromlobas, specializaciisa da kooperirebis ganviTarebas,

kreditebisa da sxva saxis sesxebis miRebas da a.S. savaWro da

ekonomikur SeTanxmebebs erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTkavSiri

aqvT. ekonomikuri SeTanxmebebis realizacia Zalian xSirad

aisaxeba savaWro SeTanxmebebSi.

sagareo ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobebSi SeTanxmebani

sxvadasxva saxisaa. savaWro SeTanxmebebs garda, romlebSiac

saqonelbrunva aisaxeba uSualod, arsebobs sagadamxdelo

SeTanxmebani, sakredito SeTanxmebani da a.S. sagadamxdelo

SeTanxmebebSi aisaxeba urTierTsavaWro garigebebSi sxvadasxva

saxis gadasaxadebis pirobebi, xolo sakredito SeTanxmebani

moicavs kreditis moculobas, procentebis ganakveTebs,

kreditis ukan dabrunebis vadebs da sxva. SeTanxmebebis garda

savaWro-politikur praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba, agreTve, savaWro

xelSekruleba, romelSiac aisaxeba sabaJo gadasaxadebis

sistema, gadazidvebis tarifebi da sxva. savaWro SeTanxmebisagan

gansxvavebiT savaWro xelSekrulebaSi araa naCvenebi sasaqonlo

nomenklatura, saqonelbrunvis moculoba da a.S.

saerTaSoriso ekonomikur valdebulebaTa statistikis

amocanebia raodenobrivad daaxasiaTos am valdebulebaTa

realizaciis procesi, aCvenos maTi struqtura saxeobaTa

mixedviT da dinamika wlebis mixedviT.

am monacemebis safuZvelze statistika amuSavebs

SefardebiT maCveneblebs, romelTa daxmarebiT warmoebs

valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis kontroli vadebisa da

kontraqtebis mixedviT. gansakuTrebiT did mniSvnelobas,

ukanasknel periodSi, iZens grZelvadiani SeTanxmebebis

Sesrulebis kontroli, rac statistikis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani amocanaa. saqonlis nomenklatura da asortimenti

grZelvadian valdebulebaTa mixedviT wlebis mixedviT SeiZleba

Seicvalos. es cvalebadobani formdeba yovelwliur erTobliv

oqmebSi, romlebsac statistika iyenebs urTierTvaldebulebaTa

Sesrulebis kontrolisa da SemowmebisaTvis.

sagadamxdelo balansi

sagadamxdelo balansi qveynis sagareo ekonomikur

kavSirurTierTobaTa safinanso statistikis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. misi

cneba pirvelad SemoRebul iqna jer kidev 1967 wels j.

stiuartis mier.

sagadamxdelo balansi mocemuli qveynis gare samyaros an

safinanso urTierTobis amsaxveli dokumentia. am urTierTobebs

gansazRvravs drois mocemul periodSi an momentSi qveynis mier

224 225

faqtobrivi gadasaxdelebi sxva qveynebis mimarT da sxva

qveynebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi.

sagadamxdelo balansi moicavs mimdinare da kapitalur

operaciebs. mimdinare operaciebi moicavs savaWro, agreTve,

,,uxilav operaciaTa~ balansebs. savaWro balansSi aisaxeba

eqsport-importis operaciebi, xolo ,,uxilav operaciebSi~ -

gadasaxdelebi da Semosulobani transportis, safosto,

satelegrafo da satelefono momsaxurebis, turizmis,

investiciebis, procentebis da dividendebis, kulturuli

gacvlis da sxva dargebSi.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis sagadamxdelo balansebSi didi

xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCeva kapitaluri operaciebi anu

investiciebi, rac niSnavs mogebis miRebis mizniT sxva qveynebis

teritoriaze kapitaluri dabandebis gaRebas axali warmoebis

mSeneblobis an moqmedis - rekonstruqcia-gafarToebis

mimarTulebiT.

gaarCeven sami saxis investiciebs: xangrZlivi dabandebani

warmoebis sferoSi, safinanso-sakredito saqmianoba da fasiani

qaRaldebi, agreTve, inteleqtualuri (specialistebis

momzadeba, mecnieruli an teqnikuri gamocdilebis gadacema da

sxva).

sagadasamxdelo balansis agebis principi mdgomareobs

masSi, rom TviTeuli operacia tardeba ormagi Caweris wesiT.

es imas niSnavs, rom operacia aisaxeba erTi angariSis kreditSi

(dadebiTi niSniT), xolo meore angariSis - debetSi (uaryofiTi

niSniT). mocemuli forma iZleva sagadasamxdelo balansis

aqtiurobis an pasiurobis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas. aqtiuria

is, Tu qveynis Semosavlebi aWarbebs gadasaxadebs, xolo

pasiuria - Tu gadasaxadebi sxva qveynebis mimarT aWarbebs sxva

qveynebidan Semosavlebs. pasiuri balansis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba

sagareo vali, ecema erovnuli valutis kursi, mcirdeba oqros

maragebi da a.S. amitom sagadamxdelo balansis wonasworobis

miRweva qveynis ekonomikisa da savaluto-safinanso

mdgomareobis gajansaRebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.

magaliTad saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebiT

2005-2009 wlis monacemebiT saqarTvelos sagadamxdelo

balansi ase gamoiyureba:

226 227

Tema 10. erovnul angariSTa sistema

9erovnuli angariSebis sistema (eas) erovnul ekonomikaSi

warmoebis, Semosavlebis formirebis, misi ganawilebis,

gadanawilebisa da gamoyenebis, nakadebisa da balansebis

maCvenebelTa logikurad Tanamimdevrul, saerTaSoriso doneze

SeTanxmebul angariSebisa da cxrilebis sistemas warmoadgens.

igi moicavs instituciur seqtorebs Soris (m.S.

sazRvargareTTan) ekonomikuri operaciebis maCvenebelebis am

angariSebsa da cxrilebSi aRricxvas.

eas-Si aRiricxeba drois standartul monakveTebSi –

kvartalSi, weliwadSi qveynis ekonomikis mimdinare da wina

periodebTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis tendenciebis maxasiaTebeli

maCveneblebi.

amrigad, eas asaxavs erovnuli ekonomikis umTavres operaciebs

ekonomikis seqtorebs Soris, danarCen msofliosTan

ekonomikuri operaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qveynis ekonomikaSi

warmoebis, Semosavlebisa da maTi gamoyenebis ganxorcielebis

Sedegebs. yvela es ekonomikuri operacia warmodgenilia

Sesabamisi nakadebisa da sabalanso mdgomareobis

damaxasiaTebeli cxrilebisa da makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis

sistemis saxiT.

eas mTavari informaciuli instrumentia qveynis

ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebisa da misi ganxorcielebis

efeqtianobis monitoringisaTvis. erovnuli angariSebis sistemas

safuZvlad udevs qveynis ekonomikis mTlianobaSi warmodgenis

principi, romelic amave dros danarCen msoflios

mravalferovani saerTaSoriso operaciebiT ukavSirdeba.

saqarTvelos erovnuli angariSebis meTodur safuZvels

warmoadgens gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis, evrokomisiis statistikuri samsaxuris, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis, msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier

228 229

rekomendebuli erovnul angariSTa 1993 wlis sistemis (SNA-

93) standartuli meTodologia.

Sefasebebis principebi

eas-Si ekonomikuri operaciebis aRricxva xdeba maTi

ganxorcielebis momentisaTvis arsebuli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis mimdinare sabazro fasebSi. ekonomikuri

operaciebis aRricxva xdeba daricxvis meTodiT, ekonomikuri

operacia fiqsirdeba im momentisaTvis, rodesac am operaciebis

monawile subieqtTa Soris orive mxaris SeTanxmebiT warmoiqmna

aqtivis miwodebisa da Sesabamisi kompensaciis

urTierTvaldebulebebi, miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara am

momentSi es valdebulebebi praqtikulad ganxorcielebuli.

mSp-is mudmiv fasebSi gadayvana saqarTveloSi

jerjerobiT warmoebs mxolod warmoebis mixedviT

gaangariSebuli maCveneblebis mixedviT.

ZiriTadi angariSebi

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis angariSis resursebis

nawilSi aisaxeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTliani gamoSveba,

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importi da wminda gadasaxadebi

(gadasaxadebs minus subsidiebi), xolo gamoyenebis nawilSi –

Sualeduri moxmareba,

saboloo moxmarebis xarjebi, ZiriTadi kapitalis formireba,

sasaqonlo-materialuri maragebis cvlilebebi da eqsporti.

formalurad, es angariSi warmodgenilia imgvarad, rom misi

resursebisa da gamoyenebis mxareebi erTmaneTis tolia.

warmoebis angariSi asaxavs uSualod warmoebis procesTan

dakavSirebul operaciebs. eas-93-is aucilebeli moTxovnaa

gaangariSebebSi instituciuri erTeulebis ekonomikuri

saqmianobis Sedegebis sruli mocva. maT Soris sruli

moculobiT gaiTvaliswineba statistikur aRricxvas

dauqvemdebarebeli e. w. `daukvirvebadi ekonomikuri saqmianoba”.

am principebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos erovnuli

angariSebi moicaven araformaluri (sakuTari moxmarebis an

gasayidad Sinameurneobebis kuTvnili arakorporirebuli

warmoebis),

faruli (gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Tavis aridebis mizniT) da

arakanonieri warmoebis Sefasebebs.

mTliani gamoSveba aris drois garkveuli periodis (ufro

xSirad erTi wlis an kvartalis) ganmavlobaSi erovnuli

ekonomikis mier warmoebuli produqtebisa da momsaxurebis

erToblioba sabazro fasebSi.

saqonlis warmoeba moicavs saqmianobis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa

mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da satyeo meurneoba,

TevzWera, mSenebloba, xolo momsaxureba transports,

kavSirgabmulobas, vaWrobas, ganaTlebas, jandacvas, safinanso

saqmianobas da sxv.

Sualeduri moxmareba Sedgeba im saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis Rirebulebisagan, romelic mTlianad moixmareba

warmoebis procesSi. Sualeduri moxmarebis SemadgenlobaSi ar

aRiricxeba ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba.

mTliani damatebuli Rirebuleba warmoadgens sxvaobas

warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebasa (mTliani

gamoSveba) da Sualedur moxmarebas Soris.

termini `mTliani” niSnavs, rom maCvenebeli moicavs

warmoebis procesSi monawile ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmarebas

(fizikur da moralur cveTas).

gadasaxadebi produqciasa da importze (produqciaze

gadasaxadebi) – savaldebulo daubrunebeli gadasaxdelebi,

romelic daricxulia saxelmwifos mier sawarmoo erTeulebis

mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis an importis

moculobis proporciulad, produqciaze gadasaxadebs

miekuTvnebian: damatebuli Rirebulebis, aqcizuri, importze da

sabaJo gadasaxadebi.

sxva gadasaxdebi warmoebaze dakavSirebulia warmoebis

faqtorebis (Sroma, miwa, kapitali) gamoyenebasTan. maTSi

agreTve Sedis gadasaxdelebi licenziebisaTvis. subsidiebi

warmoebasa da eqsport-importze – saxelmwifos mier gacemuli

230 231

mimdinare, usasyidlo, daubrunebeli gadaxdebi, romlebic

garkveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri politikis gatarebis

mizniT eZlevaT sawarmoo erTeulebs im danakargebisaTvis,

romelic warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac warmoebuli produqciis

gasayidi fasi warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebze dabalia.

termini `wminda gadasaxadebi” niSnavs, rom gadasaxadebi

naCvenebia Sesabamisi subsidiebis gamoklebiT.

mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erovnul angariSTa

sistemis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maCvenebelia. misi gaangariSeba

warmoebs sami meTodiT:

• warmoebis meTodiT mSp (sabazo fasebSi) izomeba rezidenti

ekonomikuri

erTeulebis mier sawarmoo saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili

mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebebis SejamebiT. sabazo fasebSi

Sefasebul mSp-ze produqtebze wminda gadasaxadebis damatebiT

miiReba mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi.

• mSp ganisazRvreba agreTve rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

warmoebis procesSi monawile rezidenti erTeulebis pirveladi

Semosavlebis jami: Sromis anazRaurebis, produqciasa da

importze wminda gadasaxadebis, mTliani mogebisa da mTliani

Sereuli Semosavlebis SejamebiT.

• saboloo moxmarebis xarjebis meTodiT gaangariSebuli mSp

warmoadgens saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saboloo moxmarebis

xarjebis, mTliani dagrovebisa da wminda eqsportis (eqsports

minus importi) jams.

sxvadasxva meTodiT gaangariSebuli mTliani Sida produqtis

moculobebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs ar emTxveodes, radganac maTi

informaciuli wyaroebi gansxvavebulia. gansxvaveba

iwereba striqonSi `statistikuri gansxvaveba”.

mSp-is mudmiv fasebSi gadayvana 2003 wlamde xdeboda

erTmagi deflaciiT – saqmianobis saxis mixedviT mimdinare

fasebSi gaangariSebuli mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebis

gadafasebiT

saqmianobis saxis Sesabamisi fasebis indeqsiT an produqciis

moculobis naturaluri maCveneblebiT gaangariSebuli

indeqsebis meSveobiT.

2003 wlidan mSp-is mudmiv fasebSi gadayvana xdeba

ufro srulyofili meTodiT –ormagi deflaciiT. es

xorcieldeba fasebis Sesabamisi indeqsebis meSveobiT saqmianobis

saxeebis mixedviT mTliani gamoSvebisa da Sualeduri moxmarebis

cal-calke deflirebiT da Semdeg maTi sxvaobis gamoTvliT.

mTliani erovnuli Semosavali (meS) aris rezidentebis

mier qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze da danarCeni msofliodan

daricxuli pirveladi (xelfasi, mogeba, Sereuli Semosavlebi)

da sakuTrebidan (dividendebi, renta) wminda (misaRebi gasacemis

gamoklebiT)

Semosavlebis jami. raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT meS mSp-sgan

gansxvavdeba sazRvargareT gasacemi da miRebuli pirveladi

Semosavlebis saldos sididiT.

sazRvargareT gasacemi da miRebuli pirveladi

Semosavlebi yalibdeba rezidenti erTeulebis mier mSp-is

warmoebis procesSi Seqmnili Rirebulebebis pirveladi

ganawilebis procesSi. masSi Sedis: Sromis anazRaureba, wminda

gadasaxadebi warmoebasa da importze,

mTliani mogeba, mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebi da Semosavlebi

sakuTrebidan. Semosavlebi sakuTrebidan – instituciuri

erTeulebis mier finansuri da arafinansuri materialuri

aqtivebis gamosayeneblad gadacemis Sedegad daricxuli

Semosavlebi. maT miekuTvneba saprocento Semosavlebi,

dividendebi, renta da aseTive saxis sxva Semosavlebi

sakuTrebidan.

erovnuli mTliani gankargvadi Semosavali aris mTliani

erovnuli Semosavlisa da qveynis rezidentebis mier danarCeni

msofliodan miRebuli mimdinare wminda (misaRebi gasacemis

gamoklebiT) transfertebis jami. es aris Semosavlebi,

romelTac gankargaven

rezidentebi saboloo moxmarebisaTvis da danazogebisaTvis.

232 233

mimdinare transfertebi – mimdinare operaciebi,

romelTa drosac erTi instituciuri erTeuli meores

gadascems saqonels, momsaxurebas an aqtivebs raime sanacvlo

ekvivalentis miRebis gareSe. aseTi operaciebi warmoebs rogorc

fuladi, ise naturaluri formiT.

kapitaluri transfertebi – operaciebi, romelTa

drosac instituciuri erTeuli meore erTeuls usasyidlod

gadascems aqtivebs fuladi an naturaluri saxiT (rogorc

wesi, sainvesticio mizniT). kapitaluri transfertebi

Cveulebriv erTdroulia da mniSvnelovani

sididisaa. maTSive Sedis kapitalze gadasaxadebi, sainvesticio

subsidiebi, sxva kapitaluri transfertebi (memkvidreobis

miReba, zaralis patieba da sxv.).

mTliani mogeba da Sereuli Semosavlebi – mTliani

damatebuli Rirebulebis nawili, romelic rCeba mwarmoeblebs

(korporaciebs) Sromis anazRaurebisa da warmoebaze wminda

gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg. mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebi –

Sinameurneobebis sakuTrebaSi

arsebuli arakorporaciuli sawarmoebisTvis, sadac

Sinameurneobebs SeuZliaT awarmoon gadauxdeli SromiTi

danaxarjebi. igi moicavs rogorc SinameurneobaTa SromiT

anazRaurebas, ise am sawarmoTa mogebas.

wminda mogeba da wminda Sereuli Semosavlebi

utoldeba mTlian mogebas da mTlian Sereul mogebas ZiriTadi

kapitalis moxmarebis gamoklebiT.

danaxarjebi saboloo moxmarebaze – Sinameurneobebis

danaxarjebi samomxmareblo saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, agreTve

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis da Sinameurneobebis

momsaxure kerZo arakomerciul organizaciaTa (Smako)

danaxarjebi individualuri da sazogadoebrivi moxmarebis

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis xarjebi individualuri

moxmarebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze – saxelmwifo

biujetidan dafinansebuli mosaxleobisaTvis gaweuli ufaso

momsaxureba ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis, kulturis

sferoSi.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis xarjebi koleqtiur

momsaxurebaze – saxelmwifo biujetidan dafinansebuli ufaso

momsaxureba ara calkeuli SinameurneobebisaTvis, aramed mTeli

sazogadoebisaTvis an mosaxleobis garkveuli jgufisaTvis. am

maCvenebelSi Sedis

Tavdacvis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis, arasabazro mecnierebis

da sxva xarjebi.

Sinameurneobebis momsaxure kerZo arakomerciuli

organizaciebis (Smako) xarjebi saboloo moxmarebaze –

pirobiTad miRebulia, rom es organizaciebi (politikuri

partiebi, religiuri organizaciebi, profkavSirebi,

sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi) ewevian mxolod individualur

momsaxurebas.

mTliani erovnuli danazogi – mTliani erovnuli

gankargvadi Semosavlis nawili, romelic ar ixarjeba

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saboloo moxmarebaze.

mTliani dagroveba – moicavs ZiriTadi kapitalis

mTlian dagrovebas, materialuri sabrunavi saSualebebis

maragebis cvlilebas da faseulobaTa wminda cvlilebas.

ZiriTadi kapitalis mTliani dagroveba – ZiriTadi

kapitalis obieqtebSi Cadebuli saxsrebi momavalSi axali

Semosavlebis miRebisaTvis maTi warmoebaSi gamoyenebis gziT.

ZiriTadi kapitali – warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli an

arawarmoebuli aqtivebi, romlebic mravaljeradad, Cveulebriv

erT welze met periodSi gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesSi.

materialuri sabrunavi saSualebebis maragebis

cvlileba moicavs sawarmoo maragebis Rirebulebis cvlilebas,

daumTavrebel warmoebas, mza produqciasa da saqonels Semdgomi

gayidvisaTvis.

faseulobaTa wminda SeZena – SeZena aqtivebis gayidvis

gamoklebiT, SeZena, rogorc Rirebulebis SenarCunebis

234 235

saSualeba: Zvirfasi liTonebisa da qvebis, antikvaruli

nakeTobebisa, saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebisa da koleqciebis.

wminda dakrediteba(+) an wminda sesxeba(-) – gadameteba

an deficiti investiciebis dafinansebis wyaroebsa da

arafinansuri aqtivebis wminda SeZenis xarjebs Soris. mTlianad

ekonomikis masStabiT wminda dakrediteba an wminda davalianeba

gviCvenebs resursebis

moculobas, romelic gadasca qveyanam `danarCen samyaros” da

piriqiT.

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti da importi

moicavs mocemuli qveynis saeqsporto da saimporto operaciebs

sxva qveynebTan. saqonlis eqsporti da importi – qveynis

sazRvars gareT gatanili an qveyanaSi Semotanili saqonlis

Rirebuleba. momsaxurebis eqsporti da importi moicavs

satransporto momsaxurebas, turizms, komunikaciebs,

samSeneblo

momsaxurebas, sadazRvevo, finansur, kompiuterul da

informaciul momsaxurebas, reklamas da momsaxurebis sxva

saxeebs. wminda eqsporti ganisazRvreba rogorc sxvaoba

eqsportsa da imports Soris.

`danarCen samyarosTan” mimdinare operaciebis saldo –

damabalansebeli muxli pirveladi Semosavlebisa da mimdinare

transfertebis angariSisa sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

angariSSi. igi ganisazRvreba Semdegi wesiT: saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis saldos emateba pirveladi Semosavlebi da

mimdinare transfertebi miRebuli sxva qveynebidan da akldeba

pirveladi Semosavlebi da mimdinare transfertebi gadaxdili

sxva qveynebisaTvis.

erovnuli angariSis zogadi sqema ase SeiZleba

warmovadginoT:

gamoyeneba resursebi

1. 1y

2. 2y

3. 3y

.

.

.m M my

1. 1x

2. 2x

3. 3x

.

.

.n nx

sul gamoyeneba

)( 21 nyyy

sul resursebi

)( 21 nxxx

raodenobrivad resursebisa da gamoyenebis mxares

abalansebs gamoyenebiTi mxaris bolo me-m muxli, romelsac

sabalanso muxls uwodeben

n

i

m

i

ii yx1 1

aseTi formis angariSebi dgeba ekonomikis calkeul

dargebisa da seqtorebis mixedviT, ris safuZvelzec warmoebs

maTi Sejameba da mTeli ekonomikis konsovidirebul

(gaerTianebul) angariSTa sistemis Seqmna.

mTeli ekonomikis konsolidirebuli erovnul angariSTa

sistema moicavs rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo ekonomikur

kavSirurTierTobebs. am sistemaSi ganixileba Svidi

urTierTdakavSirebuli angariSi.

esenia:

1. warmoebis angariSi

Semosavlebis warmoqmnis angariSi

Semosavlebis pirveladi ganawilebis angariSi

Semosavlebis gadanawilebis angariSi

Semosavlebis gamoyenebis angariSi

kapitaluri danaxarjebis angariSi

236 237

safinanso angariSi erovnuli angariSebi da maTi sabalanso urTierTkavSirebi angariSebi

gamoyeneba resursebi sabalanso muxlebi maTi gaangariSebis wesi

I. warmoebis angariSi

2. Sualeduri moxmareba 3.mTliani damatebuli Rirebuleba (mTliani Sida produqti)

1. mTliani gamoSveba

1-2=3 (mTliani Sida produqti)

II.Semosavlebis warmoqmnis angariSi

2. Sromis anazRaureba 3. wminda gadasaxadebi warmoebaze 4. subsidiebi 5. mTliani mogeba (mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebi)

1.mTliani damatebuli Rirebuleba (mTliani Sida produqti)

1-2-(3-4)=5 mTliani mogeba (mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebi)

III. Semosavlebis pirveladi ganawilebis angariSi

5. `sxva samyarosTvis~ gadacemuli sakuTrebidan Semosavlebi 6. pirveladi Semosavlebis saldo (mTliani erovnuli Semosavlebi)

1. mTliani mogeba (mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebi) 2.sakuTrebidan Semosavlebi 3.Sromis anazRaureba 4.wminda gadasaxadebi warmoebaze

1+2+3+4-5=6 (mTliani erovnuli Semosavlebi)

IV.Semosavlebis gadanawilebis angariSi

3. `sxva samyarosTvis~ gadacemuli mimdinare transfertebi 4. mTliani gankargviTi erovnuli Semosavlebi

1. mTliani erovnuli Semosavlebi (mTliani erovnuli Semosavlebi) 2. `sxva samyarodan~ miRebuli mimdinare transfertebi

1+2-3=4 (mTliani erovnuli gankargviTi Semosavali)

V. mTliani gankargviTi erovnuli Semosavlis angariSi

2. danaxarjebi saboloo moxmarebaze 3. mTliani erovnuli danazogebi

1. mTliani gankargviTi erovnuli Semosavali

1-2=3 (mTliani erovnuli danazogebi)

VI. kapitaluri operaciebis angariSi

3. `sxva samyarosTvis~ gadacemuli kapitaluri transfertebi 4. ZiriTadi kapitalis dagroveba 5. materialuri maragebis cvlilebani mateba (+), kleba (-) 6. wminda dakrediteba (+) an sesxeba (-)

1. mTliani erovnuli danazogebi 2. `sxva samyarodan~ miRebuli kapitaluri transfertebi

1+2-3-4-5=6 (wminda dakrediteba an wminda sesxeba)

VII. safinanso angariSi

3. safinanso aqtivebis SeZena

1. wminda dakrediteba (+) an sesxeba (-) 2.safinanso valdebulebaTa aReba

238 239

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT saqarTvelos erovnuli

angariSebis agregatebi2004-2008 wlebSi mimdinare fasebSi (milion larebSi) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

mSp 9 824.3

11 620.9 13 789.9 16 993.8 19 069.6

(+)pirveldi Semosavlebis miReba danarCeni msofliodan

478.2

477.6 598.5 803.4 732.5

(-)pirveldi Semosavlebis gadaxda danarCeni msofliosaTvis

297.7

306.8 286.0 736.8 871.9

(=)mTliani erovnuli Semosavali

10 004.9 11 791.7 14 102.4 17 060.5 18 930.2

(-)ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba

976.8 1113.5 1306.4 1 617.0 1 750.2

(=)wminda erovnuli Semosavali

9028.0 10678.3 12796.1 15 443.4 17 180.0

(+)mimdinare transfertebis miReba sazRvargareTidan

881.4

747.9 1 029.1 1 280.2

1 722.4

(-)mimdinare transfertebis gacema sazRvargareT

97.9

98.5 111.7 133.7 122.1

(=)wminda erovnuli gnkargvadi Semosavali

9811.5 11327.7 13 713.4 16 589.9 18 780.3

(-)saboloo moxmareba 8 573.8

9 794.1 12 972.0 15 731.9 18 913.2

(=)wminda danazogi 1237.7

1533.6 741.5 858.0 -132.9

(+)kapitaluri transfertebis miReba sazRvargareTidan

83.7

113.4 301.3 213.3 158.0

(-)kapitaluri transfertebis gacema sazRvargareT

6.7

5.4 1.9 0.5 0.2

(=)kapitalis wminda Rirebulebis cvlileba danazogebisa da kapitaluri transfertebis Sedegad

1 314.8

1641.5 1 040.9 1 070.8 24.9

(-)mTliani kapitalis formireba 3 134.8

3 891.5 4 255.3 5 447.5 5 148.8

(+)ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba 976.8

1 113.5 1 306.4 1 617.0 1 750.2

(-)statistikuri gansxvaveba -250. 8

6.0 -106.9 359.3 544.9

(=)wminda dakrediteba(+), minda sesxeba(-)

-592.3

-1 142.6 -1 801.1 -3 119.0 -3 918.6

mTliani Sida produqti (mSp)

maTgan mTavaria: mTliani Sida produqti, mTliani

erovnuli Semosavali da erovnuli simdidre. mTliani Sida

produqti ewodeba mocemuli qveynis teritoriaze warmoebuli

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas sabazro fasebSi.

es makroekonomikuri maCvenebeli gansazRvravs qveynis

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis potencials, mosaxleobis cxovrebis

dones da sxva metad mniSvnelovan indikatorebs.

mas ewodeba ,,mTliani~ imis gamo, rom igi praqtikulad

moicavs, agreTve, momxmarebuli kapitalis Rirebulebasac

saamortizacio anaricxebis saxiT (Teoriulad ki is am

danaxarjebis gamoTiSviT unda iqnas adgenili, romelsac wminda

Sida produqts uwodeben).

,,Sida~ ewodeba mas imis gamo, rom igi warmoebulia

mocemuli qveynis teritoriaze rezidentebis mier (sityva

,,rezidenti~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da mjdomares niSnavs.

rezidentebs miekuTvneba ekonomikuri erTeulebi, romelTa

ekonomikuri interesebis centri mocemuli qveynis

teritoriazea, maT Soris ucxo qveynis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli

aqtivebic) da ar iTvaliswinebs mocemuli qveynis moqalaqeebis

mier ucxoeTSi Seqmnil Rirebulebas.

ekonomikaSi cnobilia mTliani Sida produqtis

gaangariSebis sami meTodi;

sawarmoo (ekonomikis yvela dargsa da seqtorSi Seqmnili

damatebuli Rireblebis jamis saxiT), saboloo moxmarebis

(saboloo moxmarebis komponentebis jamis saxiT) da

ganawilebiT (pirveladi Semosavlebis SejamebiT) meTodebi.

amasTan pirvelad SemosavlebSi Seitaneba yvela saxis

anazRaureba (xelfasi, premiebi, naturaluri anazRaureba da

sxv.), socdazRvevis anaricxebi xelfasze, gadasaxadebi

warmoebasa da importze subsidiebis gamoklebiT (romlebsac

saxelmwifo iRebs warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebisaTvis),

mTliani mogeba da mTliani Sereuli Semosavlebi.

240 241

saboloo moxmarebaSi aRiricxeba saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis xarjebi, mTliani dagroveba, agreTve, eqsport-

importis saldo (eqsportis gadameteba importze ,,+~, xolo

importis gadameteba eqsportze ,,-~).

TavisTavad saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xarjebSi Seitaneba

SinameurneobaTa saboloo moxmarebaze gaweuli, rogorc

fuladi ise naturaluri danaxarjebi.

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT

saqarTveloSi mTliani Sida produqtis dinamika Semdeg suraTs

iZleva:

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

mSp

mln.lari

8564 9824 11621 13790 16994 19070

erovnuli Semosavali

qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis mniSvnelovani

maCvenebelia, agreTve, erovnuli Semosavali (,,mTliani~

amortizaciis CaTvliT, xolo ,,wminda~ - amortizaciis

gamoklebiT). erovnuli Semosavali ewoda ama Tu im periodSi

mocemuli qveynis rezidentebis mier miRebuli pirveladi

Semosavlebis jams. igi gansxvavebulia mTliani Sida

produqtisagan rogorc raodenobrivad, ise Tvisebrivad.

Tvisebrivi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tu Sida

produqti warmoadgens saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

nakadebis anu axlad Seqmnili Rirebulebis (damatebuli

Rirebulebis) maxasiaTebels, mTliani erovnuli Semosavali -

pirveladi Semosavlebis (Sromis anazRaureba, mogeba,

sakuTrebidan miRebuli dividendebi, procentebi, renta da,

agreTve, gadasaxadebi warmoebasa da importze) is Tanxaa,

romelsac mocemuli qveynis rezidentebi Rebuloben rogorc

mocemuli qveynis, ise ucxo qveynebis mTliani Sida produqtis

SeqmnaSi monawileobisaTvis.

raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT erovnuli Semosavali

gansxvavebulia mTliani Sida produqtis Rirebulebisagan

ucxoeTidan miRebuli da ucxoeTisaTvis gadacemuli pirveladi

Semosavlebis (sxvaobiT). imis gamo, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebi

ucxoeTSi dabandebuli investiciebidan did Semosavals iReben,

amitom am qveynis erovnuli Semosavali, rogorc wesi, metia

mTlian Sida produqtze. ekonomiurad CamorCenil qveynebSi ki

piriqiTaa, mTliani Sida produqti metia erovnul Semosavalze.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia,

agreTve, erovnuli simdidre.

erovnuli simdidre

zogadad erovnuli simdidre aris safinanso da

arasafinanso aqtivebis erToblioba drois ama Tu im

momentisaTvis.

safinanso aqtivebia: monetaluri oqro da misi

xeluxlebeli maragebi, depozitebi da valuta, fasiani

qaRaldebi (aqciis garda), aqciebi da sxva saxis saaqcio

kapitali, sadazRvevo teqnikuri rezervebi da sxv.

arasafinanso aqtivebSi Sedis warmoebuli (ZiriTadi

kapitali, sabrunavi kapitali, ZviradRirebuli liTonebi,

saiuvilerio nawarmi) da arawarmoebuli aramaterialuri

(patentebi, saavtoro uflebebi da sxv.) da materialuri

(bunebrivi resursebi: miwa, wiaRiseuli, tye, wyali da sxv.)

Rirebulebani.

aqedan erovnuli simdidris konkretuli ganmarteba ase

SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

erovnuli simdidre drois ama Tu im mometisaTvis

ewodeba safinanso da arasafinanso aqtivebis erTobliobas,

242 243

romelic moicavs wina Taobebis mier mocemuli qveynis

teritoriasa da mis farglebs gareT Seqmnil materialur da

aramaterialur erovnul qonebas, agreTve gamokvleul da

ekonomikur brunvaSi moqceul resursebs. erovnuli simdidris

Semadgeneli elementebidan didi xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCeva

ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitali, agreTve, bunebrivi resursebi.

qveynis ekonomikuri simdidre damokidebulia am elementebis

moculobasa da gamoyenebis efeqtianobaze. amitom statistika

biznesmenebisa da menejerebisaTvis iZleva ZiriTadi da sabrunavi

kapitalis moculobis, struqturis, dinamikis, agreTve,

gamoyenebis efeqtianobis naTel suraTs, rac aucilebelia

kapitalis menejeruli marTvisaTvis.

ZiriTadi kapitalis statistika

ZiriTadi kapitali Sromis iaraRebi da aramaterialuri

resursebia, romlebic mravali sawarmoo ciklis ganmavlobaSi

emsaxurebian produqciis warmoebis, agreTve, momsaxurebis

process da TavianTi Rirebuleba gadaaqvT damzadebuli

produqciis TviTRirebulebaSi nawil-nawil, cveTis Sesabamisad.

ZiriTadi kapitalis SemadgenlobaSi aRiricxeba Senobebi da

nagebobani, manqanebi da mowyobilobani, satransporto

saSualebani, instrumentebi da inventari, muSa da

produqtiuli pirutyvi, mravalwliani nargavebi da sxva

ZiriTadi kapitali.

ZiriTadi kapitali ganicdis rogorc fizikur aseve

moralur cveTas. fizikuri cveTaa ZiriTadi kapitalis

fizikuri datvirTvis gamo calkeuli nawilebis mwyobridan

gamosvla, rac moiTxovs rogorc mcire, ise saSualo da

kapitalur remonts. moraluri ewodeba ZiriTadi kapitalis

gaufasurebas imis gamo, rom iwarmoeba ufro maRali

warmadobis an dabali TviTRirebulebis manqana-danadgarebi.

biznesmenebma da menejerebma unda icodnen, rom orTave am

SemTxvevaSi damzadebuli produqciis (momsaxurebis) erTeulis

TviTRirebuleba da tarifebi mcirdeba, riTac bazarze

arsebuli konkurenciis pirobebi ukarnaxebs maT ganaaxlon

mowyobilobis parki.

ZiriTadi kapitalis Sefaseba warmoebs Tavdapirveli,

aRdgeniTi da Tavdapirveli an aRdgeniTi RirebulebiT cveTis

gamoklebiT.

Tavdapirveli Rirebulebaa kapitalis SeZenis,

transportirebisa da damontaJebis RirebulebaTa jami.

aRdgeniTi Rirebuleba aris ZiriTadi kapitalis

Rirebuleba kvlavwarmoebis Tanamedrove pirobebSi. vinaidan

mcirdeba mowyobilobaTa warmoebis TviTRirebuleba, aRdgeniTi

Rirebuleba, rogorc wesi, naklebia Tavdapirvel Rirebulebaze

(Tumca inflaciuri movlenebis ganviTarebis gamo SeiZleba

piriqiT moxdes).

Tu Tavdapirvel an aRdgeniT RirebulebaT gamovaklebT

cveTis Rirebulebas, miviRebT ZiriTadi kapitalis

aramortizirebul, narCen Rirebulebas.

cveTis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba mowyobilobis

namuSevari wlebisa da saamortizacio anaricxebis normebis

mixedviT. ra aris amortizacia? amortizacia ewodeba ZiriTadi

kapitalis aRsadgeni Rirebulebis dagrovebas. Tanamedrove

msoflio praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia amortizaciis sami saxeoba:

wrfivi anu mudmivi, daCqarebuli da Senelebuli.

Tu ZiriTadi kapitalis cveTa mTeli momsaxurebis

periodis ganmavlobaSi warmoebs Tanabrad, maSin amortizaciis

wliur fonds (A)

gansazRvraven formuliT:

t

CCCCA

k likv.mod.apr.Tavd.

244 245

sadac Tavd.C - ZiriTadi kapitalis Tavdapirveli

Rirebulebaa;

kapr.C - kapitaluri remontis Rirebulebaa;

mod.C - modenizaciis Rirebulebaa;

likv.C - ZiriTadi kapitalis narCeni Rirebulebaa

mwyobridan gamosvlis SemTxvevaSi (salikvidacio Rirebuleba).

t - ZiriTadi kapitalis momsaxurebis welTa raodenobaa.

amortizaciis wliuri fondis mixedviT (misi

procentuli SefardebiT Tavdapirvel RirebulebasTan)

ganisazRvreba amortizaciis norma (%). mudmivi anu wrfivi

amortizaciis SemTxvevaSi es norma ucvlelia ZiriTadi

kapitalis momsaxurebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tu,

magaliTad, ama Tu im saxis mowyobilobis Tavdapirveli

Rirebulebaa 100,0 aTasi lari da amortizaciis norma 10%,

maSin damzadebuli produqciis TviTRirebulebas yovelwliurad

daericxeba mowyobilobis Rirebulebis 10%, anu

lari aTasi lari aTasi

0.10100

100.100

ZiriTadi kapitalis aqtiuri nawilis (teqnologiuri

mowyobilobani, maRali warmadobis manqanebi da sxv.) ganaxlebis

daCqarebis mizniT iyeneben amortizaciis daCqarebul meTods. am

dros ZiriTadi kapitalis narCeni Rirebulebidan

yovelwliurad iTvaliswineben saamortizacio Tanxebis amoRebas

ara Tanabari procentiT, aramed orjer da zogjer ufro meti

procentiT.

Cvens mier zemoT motanili magaliTidan SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom biznesmenebs SeuZliaT mowyobilobis muSaobis pirveli

wlebidanve amoiRos saamortizacio anaricxebi 20%-iani anu 2-

jer meti ganakveTiT. am SemTxvevaSi mowyobilobis mTlian

Tavdapirvel Rirebulebas biznesmeni amoiRebs ara aT, aramed

xuT weliwadSi. miRebuli TanxebiT biznesmenebs SeuZliaT

SeiZinon axali, maRali teqnikuri ekonomikuri monacemebis

manqana-iaraRebi da amiT moaxdinon mowyobilobis ganaxleba.

amortizaciis mesame Senelebuli saxeobaa, rac ekonomistebma,

biznesmenebma da menejerebma upriania gamoiyenon ZiriTadi

kapitalis pasiuri nawilis (Senobebi, nagebobani, gadamcemi

mowyobilobani da sxv.) mimarT, romlebsac naklebad emuqrebaT

moraluri cveTis saSiSroeba. am SemTxvevaSi Tavidan naklebi

Tanxebi amoiReba kapitalis Tavdapirveli Rirebulebidan, xolo

fizikuri cveTis xangrZlivobis gadidebasTan erTad

TandaTanobiT diddeba saamortizacio anaricxebic.

sabrunavi kapitalis statistika

sabrunavi kapitali warmoebis is saSualebebia

(saxsrebia), romlebic erTi sawarmoo ciklis ganmavlobaSi

mTlianad moixmarebian produqciis sawarmoeblad, icvlian

TavianT naturalur formas da Rirebuleba gadaaqvT

damzadebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis TviTRirebulebaSi

nawil-nawil, cveTis Sesabamisad.

sabrunavi kapitali Sedgeba sabrunavi fondebis (sawarmoo

maragebi, daumTavrebeli warmoebis naSTebi, momavali periodis

xarjebi) da mimoqcevis fondebisagan (mza produqcia

gadagzavnili myidvelebze gzaSi, mza produqcia sawyobSi da

fuladi aqtivebi bankSi).

statistika Seiswavlis da aCvenebs sarkeSi Tu rogoria

sabrunavi kapitalis saerTo moculoba, struqtura, dinamika da

maTze moqmedi faqtorebis korelaciur-regresiuli analizis

indikatorebi. unda vicodeT, rom kapitalis gamouyenebloba

mZime tvirTad awveba ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebs. am

SemTxvevaSi diddeba produqciisa da momsaxurebis erTeulze

kapitalis danaxarjebi, Zvirdeba TviTRireuleba, axlovdeba

246 247

gakotrebis saSiSroeba. erTnairi moculobis kapitalis

maRalefeqtiuri gamoyenebis pirobebSi diddeba gamovSebuli

produqciisa da momsaxurebis moculoba, mcirdeba erTeulis

TviTRirebuleba, izrdeba mogebis moculoba da rentabelobis

maCveneblebi.

amitom, biznesis swori marTvis miznebisaTvis

ekonomistebma, biznesmenebma da menejerebma, pirvel rigSi,

kargad unda gaarkvion statistikuri sarkis meSveobiT rogoria

kapitalis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba biznesSi, ramdenad

efeqturad gamoiyeneba TiToeuli daxarjuli lari.

am sarkes statistika warmoaCens iseTi maCveneblebiT,

rogoricaa fondukugeba, fondtevadoba, mowyobilobis

datvirTvis eqstensiuri, intensiuri da integraluri

koeficientebi (ZiriTadi kapitalis gamoyeneba), brunvadobis

koeficienti, brunvadoba dReebSi da datvirTvis koeficienti

(sabrunavi saxsrebis gamoyeneba).

fondukugeba (kapitalukugeba) gaiangariSeba gamoSvebuli

produqciisa da momsaxurebis RirebulebaTa SefardebiT

ZiriTadi kapitalis saSualo RirebulebasTan

S

QK

sadac K - kapitalukugeba;

Q - gamoSvebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis

Rirebuleba sabazro fasebSi)

S - ZiriTadi kapitalis (fondebis) saSualo

Rirebuleba.

fondtevadoba (kapitaltevadoba) fondukugebis

Sebrunebuli sididea. fondukugeba gviCvenebs kapitalis

(fondebis) Rirebulebis erT larze ramdenia gamoSvebuli

produqciis an momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, xolo fondtevadoba -

gamoSvebuli produqciis erT larze ZiriTadi kapitalis

danaxarjebis moculobas. aqedan cxadia, rom ZiriTadi

kapitalis erT larze produqciis an momsaxurebis Rirebulebis

gadideba niSnavs fondtevadobis Semcirebas anu ZiriTadi

kapitalis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas.

mowyobilobis datvirTvis eqstensiuri koeficienti

mowyobilobis samuSao drois mixedviT gamoyenebas gviCvenebs da

gaiangariSeba formuliT:

gegm.

faqt.

eqst.T

TK

sadac, eqst.K - mowyobilobis eqstensiuri datvirTvis

koeficientia;

faqt.T - mowyobilobis namuSevari faqtiuri droa dazga-

saaTebSi;

gegm.T - mowyobilobis muSaobis gegmuri droa mocemul

periodSi CarxsaaTobiT (dazgasaaTobiT).

intensiuri gamoyenebis koeficienti gviCvenebs

mowyobilobis datvirTvis xarisxs erT saaTSi, rasac arkveven

erT saaTSi gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobis SefardebiT am

mowyobilobis warmadobasTan.

kompleqsurad rogorc drois, aseve warmadobis mixedviT

gamoyenebas gviCvenebs mowyobilobis datvirTvis integraluri

koeficienti, romelic gaiangariSeba eqstensiuri da intensiuri

datvirTvis koeficientebis urTieTTanamravliT.

magaliTi: samSeneblo firmam, romlis ZiriTadi kapitalis

saSualoTviuri Rirebuleba 1,8 mln laria, mocemul TveSi

gamouSva 2,0 mln laris produqcia. Sesabamisma samSeneblo

teqnologiurma danadgarebma orcvliani muSaobis reJimis

pirobebSi 400 saaTis nacvlad imuSava 320 saaTi, warmadobis

mixedviT unda gamoeSva erT saaTSi saSualod 2 tona

248 249

samSeneblo masala, faqtiurad gamouSva 1,4 tona. aseT

pirobebSi:

fondukugeba Seadgens: lari fond.uk. 111.18.1

0.2K

fondtevadoba Seadgens: fond.tev. 9.0111.1

1K

1. eqstegraluri datvirTvis koeficienti:

eqst. 8.0400

320K

4. intensiuri datvirTvis koeficienti:

int. 75.02

5.1K

5. intensiuri datvirTvis koeficienti:

6.075.08.0 int.eqst.int. KKK

rogorc Cans, ZiriTadi kapitalis gamoyenebis maCveneblebi

dabalia.

ras unda miaqcion yuradReba ekonomistebma, biznesmenebma

da menejerebma?

pirvel rigSi unda mivaqcioT yuradReba ZiriTadi

kapitalis struqturas, rogoria masSi aqtiuri nawilis

(teqnologiuri mowyobilobis) xvedriTi wili. unda SevadaroT

is standartebsa da mowinave firmebis Sesabamis maCvenebels.

imis gamo, rom aqtiuri nawili qmnis uSualod produqcias,

menejeruli RonisZiebani unda davaproduqtoT misi amaRlebis

mimarTulebiT.

unda mieqces yuradReba, agreTve, mowyobilobis muSaobis

drois struqturas, rasac iZleva qronometraJisa da samuSao

drois fotografiis masalebi. menejeruli RonisZiebani unda

warimarTos unayofo drois danaxarjebis (muSebis gacdenebi,

mocdenebi sxvadasxva mizezebiT: eleqtroenergiis xSiri

gamorTvebi, masalebis uqonloba, mowyobilobis uwesivro

mdgomareoba, misi mcire, saSualo da kapremontis saWiroeba da

a.S.) aRmofxvrisa da sasargeblo drois danaxarjebis xvedriTi

wilis gadidebis mimarTulebiT.

sabrunavi saxsrebis gamoyenebis maCveneblebidan yvelaze

mniSvnelvani brunvadobis koeficientia, romelic ase

gaiangariSeba: C

QK brunv.

sadac: brunv.K - sabrunavi saxsrebis brunvadobis

koeficientia mocemul periodSi;

Q - imave periodSi gamoSvebuli an realizebuli

produqciis Rirebuleba sabazro fasebSi;

C - sabrunavi saxsrebis saSualo naSTia igive periodSi

(TveSi saSualoTviuri naSTi gaiangariSeba Tvis dasawyissa da

Tvis bolos sabrunavi saxsrebis naSTebis jamis orze

SefardebiT, saSualokvartaluri - sami Tvis saSualos, xolo

saSualowliuri - oTxi kvartlis saSualos mixedviT).

meore maCvenebeli, brunvadoba dReebSi ganisazRvreba

mocemuli periodis kalendaruli dReebis ricxvis SefardebiT

brunvadobis koeficientze.

mesame maCvenebeli sabrunavi saxsrebis datvirTvis

koeficienti, gaiangariSeba sabrunavi saxsrebis erT larze

realizebuli saqonlis moculobiT.

ras gviCvenebs TiToeuli maCvenebeli?

brunvadobis koeficienti gviCvenebs ramdenjer gadabrunda

sabrunavi saxsrebi mocemul periodSi,

brunvadobis dReebSi - ramdeni dRea saWiro erTi

gadabrunebisaTvis, xolo sabrunavi saxsrebis datvirTvis

koeficienti sabrunavi saxsrebis TiToeuli lari ramdeni

laris saqonlis (produqciis) realizacias ,,axerxebs~ mocemul

periodSi.

250 251

gare samyaro da bunebrivi resursebi

erovnuli simdidris Semadgeneli nawilia, agreTve, gare

samyaro da bunebrivi resursebi. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs gare samyarosa da

rekreaciuli zonis dabinZurebis, bunebrivi resursebis

mopovebis da xarjvis intensiuri procesebi (yovelwliurad

moipoveba 100 mlrd tona madani, saTbobi da sxvadasxva saxis

samSeneblo masalebi, agreTve, 5 mlrd tona bunebrivi airi da

navTobi da a.S.) metad aqtualuri gaxda am procesebis

statistikuri Seswavla. bunebrivi resursebia miwisa da tyis,

sasargeblo wiaRiseulis maragebi, wylisa da

hidroenergetikuli resursebi da sxva. bunebrivi resursebi or

nawilad iyofa. erTi nawili mozidulia warmoebis procesSi da

CaerTveba simdidris SemadgenlobaSi. meore nawili ganekuTvneba

potenciur bunebriv resursebs.

bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis statistikuri

maCveneblebi moicavs miwisa da tyis fondis, sasargeblo

wiaRiseulis, wylisa da hidroenergetikuli resursebis,

agreTve, garemo samyaros moculobis, struqturis, dinamikisa

da moqmedi faqtorebis indikatorebs.

miwis fondi aris ama Tu im qveynis an regionis mTliani

teritoria wylisqveSa farTobis CaTvliT, romlis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sasoflo-sameurneo, samrewvelo,

samSeneblo, satransporto da sxva daniSnulebis miwis

farTobebi.

sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fondis SemadgenlobaSi

TavisTavad gamoiyofa saxnavi, nasveni miwebi, mravalwliani

nargavebi, saTibebi, saZovrebi.

miwis fondi, pirvel rigSi, absoluturi maCveneblebiT

Seiswavleba, rac moicavs miwis fondis raodenobas periodis

dasawyisSi, zrdas an klebas periodis ganmavlobaSi,

transformacias (erTi saxis miwis fondis gardaqmnas meore

saxeobaSi - saxnavi saZovrad an piriqiT) da miwis fonds

periodis bolosaTvis. gamoiyeneba, agreTve, SefardebiTi

maCveneblebic, rogoricaa: miwis fondis struqtura calkeuli

saxis miwis fondis mixedviT, dinamika 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi da

a.S.

tyis fondi merqnis maragia, romlis raodenoba izomeba

kuburi metrobiT. igi Sedgeba wyalsacavebis (wylis obieqtebis

napirebis), damcveli (rkinigza da sxva gzebis gaswvriv),

sanitarul-higienuri da gamajansaRebeli (qalaqebis,

sawarmoebisa da dawesebulebebis tyis fondi, tyis parkebi,

nakrZalebi da sxv.) tyis fondebisagan.

tyis fondis gamoyenebas axasiaTeben tyiT dafaruli

farTobis 1 ha-ze merqnis namatiT wlis manZilze, tyis

aRdgeniT (gaWrili tyis nacvlad axalSeneba), tyis axali

gaSenebis farTobiT.

sasargeblo wiaRiseuli misi Seswavlilobisa da

samrewvelo gadamuSavebisaTvis momzadebis xarisxis mixedviT,

iyofa oTx jgufad:

A - detalurad gamokvleuli maragebi; B -

gamokvleuli maragebi;

1C - rTuli geologiuri agebulebis gamokvleuli

maragebi; 2C - perspeqtiuli maragebi. statistika axasiaTebs

maragebis saerTo moculobas, struqturas da dinamikas.

wylis resursebi gamoiyeneba sayofacxovrebo

miznebisaTvis, samrewvelo momaragebisaTvis, hidroenergiis

misaRebad, mosarwyavad, Tevzis gasaSeneblad, dasaWerad da a.S.

maT SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Sina (mdinareebi, tbebi da sxv.) da

gare (okeaneebi da sxv.) wylis resursebi. statistika swavlobs

wylis resursebis saerTo raodenobas, struqturas, dinamikas

da sxv.

garemos mdgomareobas axasiaTeben garemos calkeuli

elementebiT (wylis maragiT, misi moxmarebiT, mwvane nargavebiT)

252 253

ama Tu im qveynis an regionis teritoriis an mosaxleobis

erTeulze.

garemos dabinZurebas axasiaTeben avtomanqanebis

raodenobiT erT km2 an mosaxleobis 1000 sulze,

avtomanqanebidan gamotyorcnili mavne airebiT da a.S.

biznes garemos mimzidvelobis integrirebul

statistikur maCvenebelTa sistema

biznes garemoze uamravi socialur-ekonomikuri da

politikuri faqtori axdens zemoqmedebas, romelTagan mTavaria

zemoTganxiluli socialur-ekonomikuri, makroekonomikuri da

bunebrivi, SromiTi resursebisa da Sromis bazris garemos

statistikuri indikatorebi. ismis kiTxva! rogor SeiZleba

yvela isini gavzomoT da warmovadginoT erT gaerTianebul,

sinTezur, inegrirebul indikatorSi, romlis mixedviT

investorebi, biznesmenebi da sxva dainteresebuli pirebi

TvalnaTliv daianaxaven Tu ramdenad mimzidvelia mocemuli

qveyana an regioni biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis? am SemTxvevaSi

siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom faqtorTa iseT kompleqsTan

gvaqvs saqme, romelTa Sejameba an erTmaneTze gadamravleba ar

SeiZleba anu ar xasiaTdebian aditiurobisa da

multiflikatorebis TvisebebiT. amitom aq gamogvadgeba gaeros

eqspertebis mier adamianis potencialuri ganviTarebis indeqsis

SemuSavebisaTvis gamoyenebuli meTodologia, romlis mixedviT

xdeba TiToeuli faqtoris standartizacia anu normireba da

Semdeg maTi sinTezi, gaerTianeba erT integrirebul

maCvenebelSi.

biznes garemos mimzidvelobis sinTezuri, integraluri

statistikuri indikatori SeiZleba aseTi zogadi formuliT

warmovidginoT: n

K

K

n

i

i 1

int.

sadac, int.K biznes garemos mimzidvelobis integraluri

koeficientia;

iK - uri faqtoris subindeqsi;

n - faqtorTa ricxvi.

TavisTavad an subindeqsi SeiZleba gaangariSebul iqnas

Semdegi formulis daxmarebiT:

minmax

min

ii

ii

iXX

XXK

sadac, iX i -uri faqtoris faqtobrivi mniSvnelobaa

mocemul qveyanasa da regionSi;

miniX i - uri faqtoris minimaluri mniSvneloba;

maxiX i - uri faqtoris maqsimaluri mniSvneloba.

biznes garemoze moqmedi faqtorebi da maTi

ganmsazRvreli parametrebi Cveni varaudiT, SeiZleba ase

warmovadginoT:

254 255

biznes garemos ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi

# faqtoris dasaxeleba maCveneblis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba

maCveneblis minimaluri mniSvneloba

subindeqsi

1 mSp erT sulze 5448 aSS dolari 100 aSS dolari TveSi

K1

2 ganaTlebis done 100 % 0% K2

3 sicocxlis saSualo xangZlivoba

85 weli 25 weli K3

4 umuSevrobis done mowinave qveynis maCvenebeli

0% K4

5 siRaribis done mowinave qveynis maCvenebeli

0% K5

6 infrastruqturis ganviTarebis done

mowinave qveynis maCvenebeli

0% K6

7 bunebrivi resursebis % erovnul simdidreSi


0% K7

8 kanondarRvevaTa raodenoba mosaxleobis 10 000 kacze


0% K8

9 kerZo sakuTr. xelyofis raodenoba mosaxleobis 10 000 kacze


0% K9

10 Semosavlebis uTanabrobis koef.


0% K10

CamoTvlil faqtorTa pirveli Svidi

pirdapirproporciul gavlenas axdens biznes garemos

mimzidvelobis xarisxze. biznesmens da investors srulebiTac

ar awyobs biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli

teritoria cxovrebis Zalian dabali doniT. mas moawyobs

hyavdes kanonmdeblobiT daculi mdidarTa partniorebi qveyanasa

da regionSi, agreTve, maRali sicocxlis saSualo

xangrZlivobisa da ganaTlebuli samuSao Zalis mqone

mosaxleoba. magram amasTan erTad daintresebulia iafi samuSao

ZaliTa da infrastruqturis (gzebis, transportis da sxv.)

ganviTarebis maRali doniT, agreTve, umuSevrobisa da siRaribis

arsebobiT, rac bizness iafi samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofs.

faqtorTa bolo sami dasaxeleba ukuproporciul

damokidebulebaSia biznes garemos mimzidvelobis xarisxisadmi.

kanondarRvevaTa didi raodenoba anu kriminaluri situaciis

gauareseba, agreTve, kerZo sakuTrebis xSiri xelyofa

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier da

mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis uTanabrobis

Semcireba, anu nulTan miaxloeba auaresebs biznes garemos.

amitom biznes garemos mimzidvelobis xarisxis integraluri

maCveneblis gaangariSebisaTvis saWiroa, Cveni gaangariSebiT am

faqtoris Sesabamisi subindeqsi gamovakloT erTs. miviRebT

kanonmdeblobis da kerZo sakuTrebis dacvis, agreTve,

Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis ara uTanabrobis, aramed

Tanabarganawilebis koeficientebs, romelTa gadideba

pirdapirproporciulia biznes garemos mimzidvelobis

xarisxisadmi. saboloo jamSi, Cvens magaliTze, biznes garemos

mimzidvelobis xarisxis koeficienti miiRebs saxes:

zogadad Cvens mier miRebuli formula ase SeiZleba

gamovsaxoT:

n

KmnK

K

m

i

n

m

ii

1 1

)(

mimz.

10

37

1

3

1

i i

ii KK

Kmimz.

256 257

sadac, m - biznes garemos mimzidvelobis

pirdapirproporciuli faqtorebis ricxvi, xolo danarCeni

mn - araproporciuli moqmedebis faqtorebia.

biznes garemos mimzidvelobis integraluri koeficientis

mniSvneloba icvleba 0-dan 1-mde, anu 0-dan 100%-mde. Tu misi

mniSvneloba 0-dan 30%-is farglebSia, mimzidveloba sustia,

30-dan 60%-mde saSualod zomieri, xolo 60%-s zeviT, unda

viviaraudoT, rom Zalian Zlieria.

Sinaarsi

Sesavali . . . . . 3

Tema 1. mosaxleobis statistika . . . . . . . . . 4

Tema 2. SromiTi resursebisa da Sromis bazris statistika 44

Tema 3. sabanko da sadazRvevo statistika . . . 66

Tema 4. monetaruli da fiskalur-sagadasaxado

statistika . . . . . 87

Tema 5. fasebisa da inflaciis statistika . . 104

Tema 6. safondo birJebis da fasiani qaRaldebis

statistika . . . . 118

Tema 7. mewarmeobis statistika . . . 140

Tema 8. investiciebis statistika . . . 179

Tema 9. sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa statistika . . 198

Tema 10. erovnul angariSTa sistema . . . 227

literatura

258 259

literatura

1. gabiZaSvili b. , statistika, ekonomikaSi,

biznessa da menejmentSi, Tb. , 2007.

2. gabiZaSvili b. , ekonomikuri statistika, Tb. ,

2006.

3. kbilaZe d. , abesaZe n. , metreveli S. ,

statistika ekonomikasa da biznesSi, Tb. , 2008.

4. kbilaZe d. , abesaZe n. , metreveli S. ,

socialur-ekonomikuri statistika, Tb. , 2006.

5. xmalaZe m. , demografia, Tb. , 2009.

6. Cnfnbcnbrf Abyfycjd Extdybr gjl htlfrcbtq

D.Y. cfkbyf V. 2001 u.

7. WWW. geostat.ge

8. WWW. mof.ge

Documents

s t a t i s t i k a ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSiqorwineba (aTas kacze) 2,9 3,4 4,1 5,0 5,7 ganqorwineba (aTas kacze) 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,5 rogorc statistikuri monacemebidan irkveva