Sarah Hospital - Joao Filgueiras Lima

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technology case studies

Hospital Sarah Kubitschek

Joao Pedro de Lacerda Campos

2015


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Locotion

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Architect

Joao FIlgueiras Lima (Lele)

Builted Area

54 . 376 m2

Year

2002 - 2009

Hospital Sarah Kubitschek

Joao Pedro de Lacerda Campos

2015


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Introduction

Enviromental Strategy

Structure

Skyn

Services

Summary

index


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Finished in 2009, the Hospital Sarah Kubitscheck in Rio de Janeiro was

the last from the hospital network that consagreted Joao Filgueiras Lima (Lele) as

an Architecture Master. Followig his previous work, the Hospital was desingned

as an human enviroment, according to the concept of Progresseve Care, an idea

that was discussed with the clients since the first hospital, in Salvador (BA, Brazil).

Being so, the hospital is full of green and open spaces, where the pacients can

spent time and make exercises, and it also has a huge consideration concernig the

enviromental confort and the weel being of the pacients in their roms.

The project should attend not only the complex program of an hospital

assigned to locomotor diseases, but also should suply the demands for new

technologies and maintenance without depend of big industries. Besides the

technical premises, there is a clear intention to provide a differential enviroment.

It can be seen in his assosiation with the artist Athoss Bulcao, making the colours

and the artistic components not only decorative, but elements integrated with the

Progressive Care concept.

Introduction

The architecture is its own

purpose- Joao Filgueiras Lima


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The building has a linear shape, with the bigger facades oriented in

the east-weast direction. This seems paradoxal cosidering the insolation, and

the fact that Brazil has a hot weather, requiring the buildings to be protected

from the sun. Althoug this orientation is the one that more receive solar load,

in the specific site this is also the one that is more favorable to wind, an

impotant element to remove heat out of the building. To bypass the solar issue

the building takes advantage of a series of complex protection systems thatinvolves brises-solei and double layer covers with a huge air space between

them. It also maximizes the venilation with a sophisticated shed roof, that

covers the entire building and allows the air flux through suction (negative

pressure) and chiminey effect. That, combined with the humidity provided by

the lake and vegetation, and also an air-conditionig system, guarantees a

cofortable enviroment inside the building.

from almost any point in the hospital,

the building allows pleasant views

of Rio de Janeiro.


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The hospital is made from fou buildings interconected: General Services Block, Techinical Services

Block, Hospitalization and Auditorium. The land, partially flooded, had to be landfilled to reach a secure

level, 1,8 meters above the lake level. As an additional precaution against flooding, was designd an

artificial lake surrounding the buildig. This lake receives all the rain water from the building and lead them

to the big lake.


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Site Planscale: 1/1250

1 - gate house

2 - hospital access

3 - service yard

4 - parking lot

5 - garden

6 - water mirror

7 - helipad

8 - solarium

9 - auditorium

10 - ambulatory

11 - hospi talization

12 - service block


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Ground Floorscale: 1/1250

1 - main entrance

2 - hall

3 - waiting room

4 - ambulatorium

5 - physiotherapy

6 - orthopedics

7 - radiology

8 - hospitalization

9 - first stage

10 - cirurgic centre

11 - chan ging room

12 - lab

13 - multipurpose room

criativity centre/cafe

14 - library

15 - auditorium

16 - parking lot

17 - service yard

18 - hydroterapy

19 - water mirror

20 -garden

21 - solarium

22 - cafe

23 - hospitalization


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1 - technical floor

2 - lifts

3 - cafe

4 - study center/auditorium access

Technical Floorscale: 1/1250


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The unit Rio de Janeiro, like the others in Sarah network, is all build from pre-fabricated

and padronizated components, due to the economy and better quality in the finishing, despite the

reduction on the execution time. The mass industry logic, aplyed to the architecture also allows

more investment in the project and in the detailing process, because the costs are diluted in the

production serie. Besides, ampliations and reforms can be made using pieces and components

fabricated with the same characteristics as the original ones.

In the construcion of Sarah Kubitschek in Rio de Janeiro it was used pre-fabricated

components in concret, steel and reinforced grout. The least one is a very versatile element,

with a small thickness - wich allows it to adapt into several shapes. The architect stablished that

by using reinforced grout he could get a reduction in weigh equal a four time the traditional

construction, in concret and bricks. Steel was largely u sed to replace elemets before made of

concrete, like the structure and zenital openings.


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Rio de Janeiro is located in southeast of Brazil, at 22,5 degrees of latitude.

The weather is hot and humid, with temperatures between 15 and 40 degrees

celcius. In a tropical weather like this, the main enviromental strategys are to protect

from direct sunlight, insulate the building to avoid beeing heat by the sun, and also

allows ventilation and air circulation. The predominant wind direction in summer is

north and souheast - in summer the wind speed is higher, about four meters per

second. The severe weather coditions in Rio were determinants in the architectural

aproache.

Lele has aways been known by his concerns about he enviromentalstrategy and how to make buidings in a confortable and sustentable way.The two

most significant guidelines for the project defined by the architect in response to

the weather were, first, the adoption of an horizontal strategy with green areas

integrated to treatment and hospitalization spaces. Second, the proposal of

alternative natural and artificial ventilation sistems giving priority to the first one

whenever it was possible. However, the higlihgt detail in the project is the roofing

system, which is basicaly a serie of huge skylighs that allows not only the natural

ilumination, but also the natural ventilation of the iternal spaces.

You can not restric theuse to the air conditioning,and not propose a moreefficient system.- Joao Filgueiras Lima

Environmental

Strategy


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Although the air conditioning system is used in all the internal area of the

building, all the spaces also have a natural ventilation strategy. This is made manly

by the skylight system. The hole building has a roof that is completely disconected

of the internal layout, with variable heights that can reach eight meters. This roof

has a serie of openings to allow the light to come in, and also the hot air from the

internal spaces to get out. This happens because the air in internal spaces of the

building gets hot by the presence of people inside, the hot air has less density then

the cold air, therefore it tends to go up. Since the building has openings o the roof,

the hot air goes up and out through this openigs, which makes room for air from the

outside to come in. This ventilation strategy is called chimney effect.

Under this roof there is a plain ceeiling in the internal enviroments. The space

between the ceeiling and the roof has an air layer that works as an insulation. Both

natural ilumination and ventilation can be controled by frames on the ceeiling, which

works like windows, but horizontal. This way the user can regulates the conditionson his own room, without intefering in other spaces, even if the huge roof is the

same for the entire building.

Besides that, on the base floor the building has a technical floor, used to

house machines and specialy the air conditioning system. This system is a fan coil

kind, and in the hospital it is capable to capturate natural air that circulates in the

technical floor and breath it to the rooms using its own ducts. On extremely hot

days, the ceeiling frames are closed and the fan coil system is turned on. This way

it breaths cold air inside the building. The return for the fan coil unites is made by

other ducts, located in a raised floor. Lele used to say that in extremely hot cities,

like Rio, it is inevitable to use air condioning. But his strategy was to use it only in

really hot days, providing natural ventilation for the mild days, since he belived that

air conditioning was an expesive and unhealthy solution that have beeing used

indiscriminately.

Glazing

Brise Solei

Air

Air

Return

Fan Coil Technical Floor

Ducts

air flow inside the building


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The ventilation in the building can be made by three diferent ways:

- natural ventilation only by the ceeiling frames and roof openings

- forced natural ventilation, made by natural air from the technical floor injected in the rooms by the

air conditionig ducts. The air is extracted by the roof openings.

- refrigerated air, injected by the same ducts of tre previous case. The fan coil unites are turned on,

and the openings are closed. the air is extracted by another ducts.

air flow inside the building


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air gets in from the technical floor


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hot air gets out through th e roof


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in very hot days the openings are closed and the air conditioning turned on


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the roof shape, the brises solei and the ceeiling protec the rooms from direct sun


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One of the biggest concerns in Leles architectural practice has always

been to make the construction more efficient, cheaper, and faster. This thought is

reflected in every decision he takes, and specially in the structural system. Like the

other buildings from the Sarah network, the hospital in Rio was designed following

a modular system. Modular constructions are knwon to be more efficient and more

rational, particularly in the production of the compoents and in the assembly in the

location.

All the hospitals from Sarah network are cases of well-heeled use of

modular systems. According to the architect, the main point is to decide the basic

module, since it will determinates the entire project. In this case the basic unit is

1,25 meters, and all the dimensions are multiples from this one. The choice for

this particular number was made considering the dimensions of other pre cast

components, making easier to use elements already avaible in the industry. This

way the construction is more economic, and the material waste is minimized.

The buildings structure israised to poetry, as partof the aesthetics. There isno diference.- Lina Bo Bardi

structure


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The hospital was build using metallic structure, with columns and beans in variable sections,and also metallic lattices, which made easier to give form to the roofs. The opition for metallic structure

was made considering the advanteges of pre fabrication and assembly. The floor structre is also

made from metallic frame, with gaps that vary from 2,5m; 3,75m or 5m. This frame transfer the loads

from the floor to the columsn. The floor slab is made of pre cast reiforced grout.

Because of the weak ground, the foundations are direct on the grond. Although, they do notneed to be very deep, due to the horizontal plan of the building. Most of the foundation block are

isolated, and the columns are set direct on the concrete.

on section is easy to se t he modulation


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the main structure are modulated porticos


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the roof is structured by metallic latticework


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the frames on the ceeiling are suported by a metal structure


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the buiding structure


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The auditorium structure is made of radial metallic frame,

enchased on the top mettalic ring, and also o the reinforced

concrete ring on the bottom. The top ring is covered by a semi-

sphere in stainless steel. This structure is segmented in a way that is

possible to completely open the circular gap.

Top RingAluminium Sheets

Raft

Base Ring


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opening system auditorium sstructure


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All the walls on the building are made from pre cast reinforced grout panels.

This makes easier the assembly and execution. All the components are made on the

Centro de Tecnologia da Rede Sarah - CTRS (Sarahs Network Technology Centre).

Lele experimented a lot with reinforced grout panels on his buildings. He claimed

that building made by this system could be even four times lighter than traditional

construction - with reinforced concrete structure and mansonry walls. Furthermore,

the panels are light and can easily be carried by two or trhee people, which

reduces the use of heavy machines on the construction.

The walls are made by two panels, with an empty space between them.

This gap generates an air layer that works as an insulation to the building, avoinding

the building from beeing heated by the sun. The base has an aluminium sheet that

helps the fixation on the ground. The conection between the two panels is made to

avoid them to have contact with each other, which could create a way from heat

transmitance.

The mass production,today seen as base forarchitecture, always existedin nature- Lina Bo Bardi

skin


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Air Layer

Fixation

Reinforced Grout Panel

Aluminium Base


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reinforced grout panels fixations system


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The roof is made of aluminium sheets painted in white to help reflecting the sunlight. The

ceeiling is made from transparent polycarbonate panels. All the panels are dumpers, to allow the air

flux. The opening system is automated, which makes easier its use.

Metalic Frame and Polycarbonate

Column

Maintenca Walkway

Primary Beam s

Secondary Beams - Ceeiling

Reinforced Grout Slab

Floor Ripping


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Acording to the architect, in very hot cities, like in Rio de Janeiro, you can

not waive the air conditionig, otherwise you will not reach an internal confort

suitable for work or living. Thus all internal spaces in the hospital are served by air

conditioning. The system used is known as fan coil. This system is generaly used in

environmets that need huge power, and it uses cold water, releasing the direct use

of refrigerant fluids.The buildig has a huge central machine, located on the techinical

floor, and the cold air is insufflated on the room by a series of ducts on the raised

floor.

One of the most important ideas on the Sarahs design is the flexibility. The

architect aims to allow the entire building to be easily rearrenged without many

losts. This way all the services are completely separeted from the walls. Most of the

times the are instaled toghether with the structure, or inside small gaps between

two beams or two columns. With the services running outside the axis of walls

and partitions, the lamps are instaled beweent the envelope and the roof. All the

structural sections were designed by the architect, and the beams have functions

like gutters, eletric pipes and base to fix other elements.

In very hot cities, youcan not waive the airconditioning, or you wontreach an internal confort- Joao Filgueiras Lima

services


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Green Area

Natural Ventilation Only

Served by Air Conditioning

Solarium

Water Mirror


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1 - Aluminium Roof

termoacoustic insulation

2 - Gutter for Rain Water

3 - Phone and Internet Cables

4 - Termoacoustic Insulation

5 - Fan

6 - Eletric Cables

8 - Lamp

9 - Concrete

10 - Pre Cast Slab

11 - Raft

12 - Pipe for Rain Water

7 - Column

conducts rain water


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The hospital Sarah Kubitschek in Rio de Janeiro can be considered as

the masterpiece of Joo Filgueiras Lima. All the technical solutions are complitely

integrated, and work toghether to make the building extremely functional and

confortable. The roof, definitely the most important element in the design, takes

its most perfect shape, maximizing the ventilation and the ilumination inside the

building. All the other services only complement the roof: the lighs and the air

coditioning systems are not needed all the time, but caan perfectly meet the needs

when it is necessary.

But the most important is that all these technical solutions are not made

only for economy and efficience. They all answer to the architects believe that a

hospital should be a more human environment. Thats way he filled the rooms with

natural light and fresh air - instead of making perfect airtight spaces. The hospital

becomes a pleasant place, full of energy, life and light, to help the pacients get

throught this difficult time in the best environment possible.

Lele is the architect who

makes art and technology

meet each other, he is the

builder- Lucio Costa

summary

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Sarah Hospital - Joao Filgueiras Lima