Estado da Arte na

Segurança de Túneis State of the Art in Tunnel Safety

Dr.-Ing. Roland Leucker

Managing Director STUVA

Managing Director DAUB

Chairman ITA-COSUF

Safety in Road Tunnels

– taking Germany as an example

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 2

Traffic Longest Tunnels Road Status Length Width

Rennsteigtunnel A 71 Operation 7.900 9,50

Tunnel Königshainer Berge A 4 Operation 3.300 9,50

Jagdbergtunnel A 4 Operation 3.070 13,00

Elbtunnel 1.-3. Tube A 7 Operation 2.653 9,00

Engelberg Basis Tunnel A 81 Operation 2.500 15,50

Tunnel Hirschhagen A 44 Construction 9,50

Tw

o-w

ay T

raff

ic

Saukopftunnel Weinheim B 38A Operation 2.715 9,50

Michaelstunnel Baden-Baden B 500 Operation 2.700 9,50

Schwäbisch Gmünd B 29 Operation 2.230 9,50

Kramertunnel B 23 Construction 3.604 9,50

Kirchholztunnel B 21 Planning 2.950 9,50

4.100

On

e-w

ay T

raff

ic

Reason for Retrofitting of Road Tunnels

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 3

Standards and Guidelines

European Guideline 2004/54/EC

New and existing Road Tunnels

in TERN

German Guideline on Operation

of Road Tunnels RABT 2006,

Update in 2017 (expected)

Additional technical terms of

contract and guidelines for civil engineering

structures (ZTV-ING); Part 5 “Tunnelling”

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 4

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 Time since start of fire [minutes]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

Hydro-Carbon (HC)

RWS (Rijkswaterstaat, NL)

Temperature-Time-Curves

Increased-HC (France)

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 5

Structural Fire-Safety

Common measures: Concrete cover 6 cm

Concrete using PP fibres to prevent spalling

Normal concrete Concrete using PP fibres

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 6 Source: Friebel, Heimbecher, 44 Forschung + Praxis: STUVA-Conference 2011

Structural Fire-Safety

Additional measures

for special tunnels

(e. g. under water)

Prolongation fire curve

Fire protection boards

Fire protection plasters

Note: Visual inspection

of structure not

(or only partly) possible

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 7

Retrofitting of Road Tunnels in Germany

Immediate action programme, 48 Tunnels

10 Mio. €, 2003 – 2009

e. g. Emergency Exit Signage

Operational Retrofitting, 140 Tunnels

500 Mio. €, 2003 – 2015

e. g. Ventilation

Structural Retrofitting, 80 Tunnels

450 Mio. €, 2005 – 2015

e. g. Construction of new Emergency Exits

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 8

2)

5)

3)

4)

1)

Emergency/Breakdown Lay - Bys

Reversing bays 1)

Cross - Passages in Tunnel

Emergency Exits

Emergency Walk - way

Drainage

Emergency Call Devices

Video Surveillance

Tunnel Radio System (Stuff)

PA Systems, Radio Messages

Manual Fire Alarm Button

Automatic fire detection devices

Hand fire extinguisher

Water supply line

Emergency Orientation Lighting

Structural

Measures

Communi -

cation

Devices

Fire

Detection

Fire Extin -

guishing

Emergency Exit Signage

Guiding Lighting

Safety Devices

Standard Special requirement 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 9

Tunnel Length [m]

Safety devices < 400

≥ 400

< 600

≥ 600

< 900

≥ 900

< 1800 ≥ 1800

Sourc

e:

RA

BT

, to

be p

ublis

hed in

2017

L ≤ 400 m Natural ventilation 400 m < L

≤ 600 m Longitudinal ventilation

600 m < L

≤ 1.200 m Risk Analysis

a) Longitudinal ventilation

b) Smoke extraction via

one big duct in middle

of tunnel

(point extraction)

c) Smoke extraction via

controllable flaps and

exhaust air ducts

L > 1.200 m Smoke extraction via

controllable flaps and

exhaust air ducts

Ventilation in Case of Fire

Two-way traffic ()

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 10

Tunnel Length Type of Ventilation

Sourc

e:

RA

BT

, to

be p

ublis

hed in

2017

L ≤ 600 m Natural ventilation 600 m < L

≤ 3.000 m

Longitudinal ventilation

L > 3.000 m Longitudinal ventilation

with point extraction

every 2000 m or

smoke extraction via controllable flaps and

exhaust air ducts

L ≤ 400 m Natural ventilation 400 m < L

≤ 600 m Longitudinal ventilation

600 m < L

≤ 1.200 m Risk Analysis

a) Longitudinal ventilation

b) Smoke extraction via

one big duct in middle

of tunnel

(point extraction)

c) Smoke extraction via

controllable flaps and

exhaust air ducts

L > 1.200 m Smoke extraction via

controllable flaps and

exhaust air ducts

Ventilation in Case of Fire

Two-way traffic () One-way traffic ( )

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 11

Tunnel Length Type of Ventilation Tunnel Length Type of Ventilation

Sourc

e:

RA

BT

, to

be p

ublis

hed in

2017

Fixed Fire Fighting Systems (FFFS)

are explicitly mentioned in RABT as additional

measures in tunnels with HRR ≥ 100 MW and

Length ≥ 3.000 m (uni-directional traffic) or

Length ≥ 1.200 m (bi-directional traffic)

shall improve 3rd-party rescue, fire extinguishing

protect structural components against high

temperatures

protection goals are to be assessed (self-/3rd-party

rescue, building protection, availability etc.)

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 12

Evaluation based on Large

Scale Fire Tests (SOLIT2)

Impact of Water Mist FFFS on the Safety of

Users and on the Tunnel Structure

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 13

SOLIT2: Safety of Life in Tunnels 2

Fixed Fire Suppression Systems in Tunnels

Integration into a holistic tunnel safety system

Compensation of other safety systems

(e. g. increase of efficiency of ventilation)

Reduction of temperatures and heat release rate

Big work package: large scale fire tests

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 14

South

„Upstream“

North

„Downstream“

120 m

Test tunnel

TST (Spain)

False Ceiling

Exhaust Gas Tunnel

Th

erm

o W

all

7.25

5.2

0

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 16

7.25

5.2

0

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 17

Test setup

Fire Load

Target

Pump

North

South

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 18

Pool fires (Diesel)

HHR: 100 MW

Longitudinal Ventilation 3 m/s

Semi-transversal

ventilation 120 m³/s

Water Mist, Nozzle 5.0 m

above Road Surface

5.0

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 19

Heat Release Rate 100 MW Fire

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10

Time [h:mm]

HR

R [

MW

]

Activa

tion

45 45

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 20

Temperatures 100 MW with FFFS

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10

Time [h:min]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

HCinc-Curve

D007, H=5.20 m

D015, H=5.00 m

D045, H=5.00 m

5,0

40 10 2

Activa

tion

5.0

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 21

Temperature Distribution inside Structural

Concrete

4 c

m

3 c

m

2 c

m

1 c

m

0 , 2

c m

5 c

m T

E 0

1

T E

0 2

T E

0 3

T E

0 4

T E

0 5

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 22

Temperature Distribution inside Structural

Concrete

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 23

Temperature Distribution inside Structural

Concrete

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 24

Temperatures 100 MW with FFFS

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10

Time [h:min]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

D007, H=5.20 m

concrete cover 0.2 cm

concrete cover 4.0 cm

5,0

Act

ivati

on

2

HCinc-Curve

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 25

trucks (with and w/o PVC-tarpaulin)

fire load: 408 wooden palettes (9 t) (B=2.4 m, L=10.0 m, H=2.5 m)

Socket 1.5 m => top 4.0 m

Truck Loads

2.4

2.5

1

.5

Solid Fire Load 100 MW

„normal“ start delay

(4 Min.)

semi transv. vent. 120 m³/s

„delayed“ activation of

water mist (12 Min.)

w/o semi transversal vent.

HRR 100 MW

Longitudinal ventilation 3 m/s

Height Fire Load: 4.0 m,

with PVC-tarpaulin

with water mist, nozzle 5.0 m above

road surface

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 27

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40

Test duration [h:min]

Tem

pera

tur

[°C

]

Temperatures (10 m behind fire load)

5,0

10

5,0

10

0 M

W, 1

2 m

in. d

ela

y

10

0 M

W, 4

min

. d

ela

y

Act

ivati

on

of

wate

r m

ist

Act

ivati

on

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 28

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40

Test duration [h:min]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Heat

Rele

ase

Rate

[M

W]

Heat Release Rate (HRR)

100 MW

Act

ivati

on

of

wate

r m

ist

Act

ivati

on

100 MW, 12 min. delay

100 MW, 4 min. delay

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 29

5.2

2.5

Temperatures

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40

Test duration [h:min]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

H=5.20 m

Concrete Cover 0.2 cm

Concrete Cover 4.0 cm

Act

ivati

on

of

wate

r m

ist

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 30

5.2

2.5

Temperatures

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40

Test duration [h:min]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

H=5.20 m

Concrete Cover

0.2 cm

Concrete Cover 4.0 cm

Act

ivati

on

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 31

Thermal Image of Concrete Surface

Heating up of Concrete

only in the immediate Fire Zone 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 32

Undamaged Target

(4 min delay of activation) 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 33

Target is not burned during test

(12 min delay of activation)

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 34

Heat Release Rate

Time [h:mm]

HR

R [

MW

]

Act

ivati

on

HRRmeasured

HRRsuppressed

HRRconv+rad

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 35

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Centre Tunnel [m]

Sp

ray D

en

sity

[l/

m²/

min

]

0 m/s 3 m/s 5 m/s

Distribution of Watermist

Installation of Watermist over 60 m

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 36

Early intervention prevents development of fire

small fires are not so dangerous for persons

small fires have less economic consequences

dimensioning for 100, 200 or even 300 MW fires

may not be necessary

Fire is „encapsulated“

spread of fire between objects (vehicles) is prevented

reduced heat radiation, third-party rescue is supported

Potential for compensation of conventional

measures (ventilation, passive protection)

Effects of water mist systems

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 37

Safety in Metro Tunnels

– taking Germany as an example

Case Studies of

Cologne North-South Line and

Karlsruhe combined Solution 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 38

Sourc

e:

HO

CH

BA

HN

Ham

burg

Regulations require safe design

of transport structures

Tram construction and operation regulation

(BOStrab)

tunneling guideline

TR Strab Tunneling

guideline

fire safety,

electrical installations

Avoid generation and spread of fires

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 39

“An Engineering Methodology

for Performance-Based Fire

Safety Design of Underground

Rail Systems”

Prepared by ITA-COSUF

Activity Group 2 on

“Regulations, Guidelines and

Best Practice”

ITA-COSUF Guideline

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 40

Protection goals for self and

third-party rescue

Sufficiently thick low-density smoke layer;

tolerable temperatures and

concentrations of pollutants

Securing temporary low-

density smoke escape routes

Adequate dimensioning of

escape routes

Support of emergency services with suitable aids

and constraints

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 41

Verification of protection goals Fire simulation using (CFD) field-model, e. g. KOBRA 3D

Determination of evacuation time according to NFPA 130

and research project “Emergency Scenarios”

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 42

Verification of protection goals

Comparison of smoke accumulation

vs. evacuation time

evacuation time < smoke accumulation

if not, measures have to be taken

Setup of individual holistic fire safety concepts

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 43

Protection of stairways

Fire protection vs.

architectural open design

Stairs preferably closed

Compromise, e. g. fire

protection glazing or

mobile smoke curtains

Combination of different

safety measures

smoke curtains glazing

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 44

Wall and ceiling cladding

F30 dowel and non-

combustible materials

Fire protection design (hot

dimensioning) of sub-

structure according

to EC3 for 30 minutes

Small-format design

(of panels)

Expansion joints

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 45

Separation of fire sections:

Meeting room

Access via

open

intermediate

level

Glazing

towards

platform

Joint escape

routes

F90-glazing

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 46

Smoke extraction

Combustion gases to be

extracted separately

(Separated from persons)

Normally ducts using

thermal lift are sufficient

In special cases: mechanical

smoke extraction is needed

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 47

Fire detection

Aspirating smoke detectors for platform areas

Point type smoke detector equipment rooms

Two message dependency

Manual call point at passage to public area

Surveillance of elevator entrance area for evacuation shuttle operation

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 48

Point type smoke detectors for surveillance

of elevator entrance area

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 49

Guiding of people

Escape and

rescue plan

Emergency signs

Dynamic floor

guiding system

Voice alarm system

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 50

Evacuation of the station

Complete evacuation in case of alarm in public area

Partial evacuation in case of alarm in technical area

Maintaining train operation due to separation of areas in terms of fire protection

Coordination between fire brigade and transport company

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 51

Fire brigade information center

First port of call for the fire

service

Display/control panel of the

fire alarm system

Microphone for PA-system

Key depot

Fire brigade response plans

and routing cards

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 52

Extinguishing water tapping points

In stations in staircase area

In tunnels every 50 m or 80 m

B connector with

B/C interface

Labeling and flash

Water supply line;

Cologne: dry,

Karlsruhe: wet

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 53

Current drain (power supply unit)

Supply of rescue

equipment

In tunnels, every 50 m

230 V two-pin earthed

socket

400 V three-phase CEE

socket

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 54

Other Safety precautions in tunnels

Safety areas

flat, no trip

hazards

Emergency

walkway,

at least

0.7 m x 2.0 m

(0.45 m to

squeeze through)

0.7 m

x

2.0 m

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 55

Other Safety precautions in tunnels

Emergency

lighting at least

1 Lux, positioned

as low as possible

transport aid,

railbound, for man

and machine

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 56

Other Safety precautions in tunnels

Emergency signs

Long luminescent green

along the tunnel

Every 25 m with distance

indication to safe area

Backlit blue at emergency

exit

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 57

Tunnel access signage

Determination of position of

damaged trains

via radio message of the driver

track circuit occupancy/axle

counters

No thermal sensors,

preventing false alarms due to

braking resistors on roof of

vehicle

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 58

Tunnel access signage

Alphabetical listing of every tunnel section provides

unique description for firefighters

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 59

Summary

Primary Protection goal: self and third-party rescue

Sufficiently thick low-smoke layer

Fire protection vs. architectural design

Solutions for Metro Stations:

Fire protection glazing, mobile smoke curtains, guiding of

people

Support of fire brigade: information center, tapping

points, current drain, transport aid, …

Secondary Protection goal: protection of structure

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 60

06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 61

Thank you very much

for your attention!