Criando nuvens de gelo em laboratório

Prof. Manfredo H TabacniksIFUSP/UMBC/NASA

30 de outubro de 2008

Climate Change 2007: Syntesis Report. IPCC

Climate Change 2007: Syntesis Report. IPCC

Atmospheric scatterers

Air molecules~0.0004 µm

Most aerosol(>0.01 µm)

Cloud drops(typically 5-10 µm)

Rain drops

Ice crystals(hail, etc. greater)

Wavelength Frequency

Coarse aerosol(sand, dust

sea salt)

size

<>≈ wavelength

D C

C

MM

R

M

D

G

Cle

an

Po

llute

d

De

lay

in d

rop

let f

ree

zing

1

2

1

2

D = DiffusionC = Collision CoalescenceR = Warm RainoutM = Mixed PhaseG = Glaciation

Suppression of collision-coalescence

Suppression of warm rainout

D C

C

MM

R

M

D

G

Cle

an

Po

llute

d

De

lay

in d

rop

let f

ree

zing

1

2

1

2

D = DiffusionC = Collision CoalescenceR = Warm RainoutM = Mixed PhaseG = Glaciation

Suppression of collision-coalescence

Suppression of warm rainout

D C

C

MM

R

M

D

G

Cle

an

Po

llute

d

De

lay

in d

rop

let f

ree

zing

1

2

1

2

D = DiffusionC = Collision CoalescenceR = Warm RainoutM = Mixed PhaseG = Glaciation

Suppression of collision-coalescence

Suppression of warm rainout

D C

C

MM

R

M

D

G

Cle

an

Po

llute

d

De

lay

in d

rop

let f

ree

zing

1

2

1

2

D = DiffusionC = Collision CoalescenceR = Warm RainoutM = Mixed PhaseG = Glaciation

Suppression of collision-coalescence

Suppression of warm rainout

Aerosol Impact on Clouds Microphysics and Thermodynamics

J. Vanderlei Martins, A. Marshak, L. A. Remer, D. Rosenfeld, Y. J. Kaufman, R. Fernandez-Borda, I. Koren, V. Zubko, P. Artaxo – ACPD 7, 4481-4519, 2007

2.1m0.55m

Cloud Base Smoke!!!

Light Scattering Process

(1-Absorption)Asymmetry

Martins, V. personal comm.

light in light out

Ratio 2.1/2.25m

Proxy for ice/waterseparation

Ratio 2.1/2.25m

Proxy for ice/waterseparation

Measuring Clouds

J. Vanderlei Martins, Alexander Marshak, Tobias Zinner, Lorraine Remer, ACP 2006, 2007, 2008.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Ratio and mi 2.1/2.25m

# o

bs

erv

ed

ca

se

s

reflectance ratio - water

reflectance ratio - ice

mi ratio - ice T=-25C

mi ratio - water T = 22C

mi ratio - water T = -8C

Ratio 2.1/2.25m for and 1/mi

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Ratio and mi 2.1/2.25m

# o

bs

erv

ed

ca

se

s

reflectance ratio - water

reflectance ratio - ice

mi ratio - ice T=-25C

mi ratio - water T = 22C

mi ratio - water T = -8C

Ratio 2.1/2.25m for and 1/mi

Range from simulations

(Reflectances)

Kostinski & Cantrell, JAS 65 (2008) 2961-71

água -30ºC água 0ºCágua 0ºC gelogelo 0ºC gelo -30ºC

Fermi (1936, p. 77)

água -30ºC gelo

dry N2

1

2

humid air (N2)

drift tubeor/and

diffusion dryer

N2

MFM

cold (freezing) air

P

Tringing

absorpmeter

vacuum pump

MFM

dewar

thermal insulation

~m

Di ~20mm

Di ~10mm

~20 cm

~30 cm

~1 L/min

~1-10 L/min

~100mm

mixer 1

mixer 2

light

PT

aerosol generator and reactor

PT

INEF

aerosol generator

reactordrierhumidifiercooler

analyzer

P

T

(soil dust) + suitable solvent