CRÍTICA CINEMATOGRÁFICA NA WEB: Análise dos elementos mais presentes nas críticas de cinema feitas em blogs e páginas especializadas no Brasil e na Argentina

8/7/2019 CRÍTICA CINEMATOGRÁFICA NA WEB: Análise dos elementos mais presentes nas críticas de cinema feitas em blogs …

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Iflo Doykqoczf

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ilonw gkcfbhzonyèmkgow wço mfkzow pyomkwwkochlbfczf f fwzço kcwfykjow co goczftzo jo

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o zkpo jf gyâzkgh, jf hgoyjo gob h jk}kwço fwzhiflfgkjh poy Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+, xvf

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pñilkgo ch hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh ov bfwbo kcmlvfcgkhy ch flhioyhîço jf ovzyhw gyâzkghw5

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aoychlkwzhw#



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yfpyojvîço# Hlëb jkwwo, wfv hlzo gvwzo jf ftfgvîço f wvh cfgfwwkjhjf jf bço jf oiyh f

gocdfgkbfczo zëgckgo phyh ftfgvîço mhqfb gob xvf wvh flhioyhîço w÷ wfah powwâ}fl fb vb

goczftzo jf pyojvîço fb wëykf# Poy kwwo, bvkzo wf xvfwzkocov $f hkcjh wf xvfwzkoch+ o wzhzvw

jf hyzf h flf gocmfykjo# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy o gkcfbh zfb fb wk hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf vbh oiyh jf

hyzf, poyëb pyfgkwh “hzfcjfy hw yfnyhw jf vb bfyghjo phjyockqhjo‒ phyh ftkwzky $GHPVQQO,

8;4=, P#88+# Ov wfah, fwwh kcjfmkckîço fczyf hyzf f pyojvzo kcjvwzykhl ahbhkw wfyè yfwol}kjh,

pokw o gkcfbh ë vbh gobvcdço jf hbiow# Wf vb mklbf pyfgkwh jh hvjkácgkh phyh fczyhy co

gkygvkzo gobfygkhl, poy vb lhjo ë o pñilkgo xvf jfzfybkch h wvh gykhîço f flf xvfy xvf h ghjh

pyojvîço hlno co}o ldf wfah hpyfwfczhjo# Poy ovzyo lhjo, o goczftzo kcjvwzykhl co xvhl hw

pyojvîöfw gkcfbhzonyèmkghw fwzço kcwfykjhw zfcjf h gykhy yfnyhw f phjyöfw h wfyfb wfnvkjow#Hâ, wfnvcjo o hvzoy fwzè h bhkoy ghvwh jh jkgozobkh hyzf/kcjñwzykh }k}kjh pflo gkcfbh, pokw

flf cço woiyf}k}fykh, fcxvhczo oiyh jf hyzf, fb vb goczftzo jf phjyockqhîço jf wfvw

pyojvzow#

O mklbf pyfgkwh jh hvjkácgkh, poy kwwo xvfb jfzfybkch o wvgfwwo jh oiyh ë o pñilkgo, pokw o

wvgfwwo ë bfjkjo pflow cñbfyow jh ikldfzfykh# Fbioyh o goczftzo kcjvwzykhl co xvhl hw

pyojvîöfw gkcfbhzonyèmkghw fwzço kcwfykjhw zfczf gykhy yfnyhw f phjyöfw h wfyfb wfnvkjow, o

ftpfgzhjoy xvfy xvf h ghjh mklbf hlno co}o ldf wfah hpyfwfczhjo#



80

O gkcfbh wfbpyf pyfgkwh jf moczf kcfwnozè}fl jf co}hw kjfkhw phyh hlkbfczhy hw ftpfgzhzk}hw

jo pñilkgo, bhw mok ch jëghjh jf 8;80 xvf kwwo wf kczfcwkmkgov, gob o hj}fczo jhw pyojvîöfw

doll{~oojkhchw# H phyzky jf fczço wvynkv vbh kcjñwzykh ghphq jf, hlëb jf pyojvqky mklbfw fb

fwghlh kcjvwzykhl, yobpfy hw ihyyfkyhw zfyykzoykhkw f lf}hy wvhw pyojvîöfw h }èykhw phyzfw jo

bvcjo# Ovzyo mhzoy xvf havjov ch gocwzkzvkîço jo wvgfwwo jow mklbfw coyzf"hbfykghcow mok h

Pykbfkyh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl, xvf mfq gob xvf hw pyojvîöfw fvyopëkhw mowwfb phyhlkwhjhw poy ioh

phyzf jh jëghjh# Fczyf fwwhw pyojvîöfw, o nácfyo xvf bhkw wf jfwzhgov f oizf}f bfldoy

hgfkzhîço bvcjkhl mok h gobëjkh#

Cfwzf goczftzo o gkcfbh hbfykghco mfq wvynky hlno hzë fczço kcëjkzo phyh h wëzkbh hyzf, vb

nyhcjf goczkcnfczf jf pyomkwwkochkw gob gocdfgkbfczo zëgckgo, hlëb jf jkyfzoyfw f hzoyfw,

zojow flfw pyomkwwkochkw jo gkcfbh# Fyh o kcâgko jo gkcfbh fcxvhczo kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl#

O gkcfbh doll{~oojkhco wf jk}kjkv fb nácfyow gobpowzow poy mklbfw gob zfbèzkghw

wfbfldhczfw phyh, hzyh}ëw jh mhbklkhykjhjf, pfcfzyhy co gozkjkhco lñjkgo jo pñilkgo# Fczyf zhkw

nácfyow pojfb wfy gkzhjow1 “o mklbf polkgkhl, o ~fwzfyc, h gobëjkh, o mklbf jf nécnwzfy, o

zfyyoy, o mklbf yobéczkgo, h mkgîço gkfczâmkgh, ow jyhbhw dkwz÷ykgow, o bvwkghl‒ $GHPVQQO,

8;4=, p#>0+# Ovzyh moybh fcgoczyhjh poy Doll{~ooj phyh gocxvkwzhy fwwh mhbklkhykjhjf mok h

yfpfzkîço jow bfwbow hzoyfw, jhâ o wvynkbfczo jhw nyhcjfw fwzyflhw jo gkcfbh, fwzyhzënkh xvfmok bhkw kczfcwh cow hcow 8;:0, bhw xvf ftkwzf hzë ow jkhw jf doaf#

Hlëb jkwwo, o gkcfbh jfwwh jëghjh co pfyâojo p÷w Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl ë bhyghjo pflh

pyfwfcîh jow “mklbfw pyophnhcjh‒, xvf wf gocgfczyh}hb fb ghbphcdhw hczk"mhwgkwbo f pflh

gocwolkjhîço jf Doll{~ooj, wvpfyhcjo ow phâwfw fvyopfvw, gobo pykcgkphl pyojvzoy jf

gkcfbh jo bvcjo#

Aè cow hcow 8;60 o gkcfbh zfb xvf pfcwhy moybhw jf wf yfkc}fczhy phyh gobpfzky gobo vbh

co}h zfgcolonkh, h zflf}kwço# Fczyf hw bvjhcîhw jfwwf pfyâojo Yochljo Ifynhc $900>+, fb

wfv lk}yo Gkcfbh, jfwzhgh o wvynkbfczo jow mklbfw zykjkbfcwkochkw, h ftployhîço jf zfbhw

bhkw ovwhjow xvf fyhb kbpy÷pykow phyh zflf}kwço f h ftployhîço jh gvlzvyh pop hzyh}ëw jh

mknvyh jf âjolow gobo Bhyloc Iyhcjo f Ahbfw Jfhc#

Bhw, mok cow hcow 8;=0 xvf wf }fykmkgov vbh zfcjácgkh xvf, wfnvcjo Ghpvqqo $8;4=+, ë o

pykcgkphl wvwzfczègvlo jow mklbfw jf xvhlkjhjf hzvhlbfczf, o mklbf jf hvzoy# Flh goyyfwpocjf h

mklbfw xvf záb co jkyfzoy o pykcgkphl pyojvzoy f xvf wço mfkzow, bvkzhw }fqfw, jf moybhkcjfpfcjfczf# Wfnvcjo Ifynhc $900>+, fwwh zfcjácgkh zf}f kcâgko ch Fvyoph $gob bhkw moyîh



88

ch Kzèlkh f ch Myhcîh+, bhw lono wf ftphcjkv phyh Doll{~ooj f ovzyow phâwfw jf pyojvîço

bfcoy, fczyf flfw o Iyhwkl#

Fcxvhczo cow hcow 8;=0 o pñilkgo jo gkcfbh gocwfnvkv wf bhczfy flf}hjo, h phyzky jf 8;>0flf gobfîov h ghky iyvwghbfczf# Wfnvcjo Ifynhc $900>+, cow FVH h bëjkh jf pñilkgo

phwwov jf :7,6 bkldöfw fb 8;=0 phyh 86 bkldöfw fb 8;>0# Phyh gocwfnvky wf bhczfy

mkchcgfkyhbfczf ow fwzñjkow phwwhyhb h hpowzhy fb bfnh"pyojvîöfw, mklbfw xvf, wfnvcjo o

hvzoy “o pñilkgo cço pojkh jfkthy jf }fy‒ $IFYNHC, 900>, p#=9+#

Aè ch jëghjh jf 8;40, fbioyh Doll{~ooj zfcdh wf bhczkjo gobo pykcgkphl pyojvzoy jf

gkcfbh jo bvcjo, zyhihldow jf ovzyhw chgkochlkjhjfw gobfîhyhb h nhcdhy bhkw

gobpfzkzk}kjhjf poy vb fwphîo chw whlhw jf ftkikîço, gob jfwzhxvf phyh o gkcfbh oykfczhl#Poyëb, ë cow hcow 8;;0 xvf fwwh zfcjácgkh wf moyzhlfgf hzyh}ëw jow mklbfw kcjfpfcjfczfw#

Hzvhlbfczf h bhkoy pyojvîço jf gkcfbh, fb zfybow xvhczkzhzk}ow, }fb jh Âcjkh# Poyëb, ow

mklbfw coyzf"hbfykghcow goczkcvhb wfcjo ow ghbpföfw fb oyîhbfczo, hvjkácgkh f zfgcolonkh#

Bhw, wfnvcjo Ifynhc $900>+ hlnvcw ovzyow phâwfw zhbiëb wf jfwzhghb, bhw cço gobo vb

zojo, f wkb poy pyojvîöfw kwolhjhw# Fczyf flfw fwzço Iyhwkl, Bëtkgo f Kyç#

9#8#9 O gkcfbh hynfczkco

Wfnvcjo o gyâzkgo jf gkcfbh hynfczkco, Phyhcè Wfjy÷w: $w/j+, o pykbfkyo mklbf hynfczkco ë

jhzhjo jf 8;0;, kczkzvlhjo Lh Yf}olvgk÷c jf Bh{o, jf Bhyko Nhllo# Zyhzh}h"wf jf vb gvyzh"

bfzyhnfb jf povgow bkcvzow xvf mok ftkikjo fb Ivfcow Hkyfw# Fwzvjow zhbiëb gocwkjfyhb

xvf o pykbfkyo mklbf hynfczkco gob wob mok Zhcno, jf 8;77, jkyknkjo poy Lvkw Bonlkh Ihyzd#

Mok hp÷w o lhcîhbfczo jf Zhcno xvf kckgkov co phâw vbh yflhîço bhkw kcjvwzykhl jf pyojvîço#

Ow fxvkphbfczow fyhb pyfgèykow, bhw o phâw gocwfnvkh ftpoyzhy bvkzow jf wfvw mklbfw

pyojvqkjow hkcjh ch jëghjh jf 8;70# Pfyâojo fb xvf pyf}hlfgkhb ow jyhbhw wogkhkw f hw

gobëjkhw gobo nácfyow gfczyhkw#

Ch jëghjh jf 8;:0 h Hynfczkch phwwov poy vbh mhwf jf xvhwf hvwácgkh jf pyojvîöfw# Kwwo

poyxvf o phâw wf bhczf}f cfvzyo jvyhczf h Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl, o xvf mfq gob wfvw

yfhlkqhjoyfw pfyjfwwfb o hgfwwo h pyojvzoyfw jf pflâgvlhw }kynfcw, aè xvf h pyojvîço mok

yfjvqkjh f ow phâwfw mhiykghczfw jh}hb pyfmfyácgkh phyh wfvw hlkhjow co gocmlkzo#

: Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 dzzp1//wvyjflwvy#gob/gkcf/gkcfkc/ Hgfwwo fb1 06 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#



89

Ow hcow 8;60 wço gocwkjfyhjow ow hcow jovyhjow jo gkcfbh hynfczkco pflo nyhcjf cñbfyo jf

whlhw jf gkcfbh ftkwzfczfw co phâw f h hlzh pyojvîço hcvhl jf mklbfw $fb 8;60, 6> mklbfw

hynfczkcow fwzyfhyhb chw whlhw jo phâw+# Wfnvcjo Wfcjy÷w $w/j+, hp÷w fwwh jëghjh o cñbfyo jf

pyojvîöfw f, pykcgkphlbfczf, jf ftkikîöfw jf mklbfw hynfczkcow mok yfjvqkjo iyvwghbfczf co

phâw, jf}kjo, fczyf ovzyow mhzoyfw, ho mfgdhbfczo jow wfvw nyhcjfw fwzñjkow f ho hj}fczo jh

zflf}kwço# Poyëb, o hvzoy gocwkjfyh xvf, bfwbo gob vbh yfjvîço jyèwzkgh co cñbfyo jf

pyojvîöfw, o phâw hzvhlbfczf, gob bëjkh jf 89 mklbfw ftkikjow cow gkcfbhw hcvhlbfczf,

gocwfnvf bhczfy vbh xvhlkjhjf fwpfgkhl xvf mhq gob xvf wfvw mklbfw wfahb

kczfychgkochlbfczf yfgocdfgkjow#

Aè cow hcow 8;=0 wf jfwzhgov o gdhbhjo gkcfbh jf hvzoy, gob jogvbfczèykow, mklbfw

ftpfykbfczhkw f vb gkcfbh vcjfynyovcj , xvf jfwhmkh}h h gfcwvyh kbpowzh pflh jkzhjvyh

bklkzhy# Fb 8;>7 mok kcwzhlhjo vb no}fyco jfbogyèzkgo xvf pfybkzkv vbh yèpkjh yfzobhjh

jhw pyojvîöfw jo phâw# Bhw vb co}o no}fyco bklkzhy wf kcwzhlov jokw hcow jfpokw f h gfcwvyh

}olzov h jkmkgvlzhy h pyojvîço jf mklbfw#

H jkzhjvyh bklkzhy hynfczkch gdfnov ho mkb cow hcow 8;40 f o phâw jfv fwphîo phyh xvf vbh

co}h nfyhîço jf ao}fcw gkcfhwzhw yfco}hwwf hw pyojvîöfw, o xvf yfcjfv ho gkcfbh hynfczkco

bvkzow pyábkow kczfychgkochkw# Poyëb, h phyzky jf 8;4; o phâw phwwov poy gykwfw fgocúbkghwxvf mkqfyhb gob xvf hw pyojvîöfw mkghwwfb bhkw fwghwwhw f jfpfcjfwwfb poy hlnvcw hcow jf

mkchcgkhbfczow fwzyhcnfkyow# Bhw fb 8;;6, fczyov fb }knoy vbh lfk phyh yfnvlhbfczhy o

mkchcgkhbfczo jf mklbfw co phâw# Jfwwf hco phyh ow jkhw jf doaf o gkcfbh hynfczkco }k}f h

mhwf xvf ]hlfykh Yf { Bhykch Bonvkllhcwe{6 $w/j+ gdhbhb jf “Fl cvf}o gkcf hynfczkco‒, xvf

ë glhwwkmkghjo gobo “vb gkcfbh jf xvhlkjhjf f gob pyfzfcwöfw hyzâwzkghw‒= $YF,

BONVKLLHCWE[, w/j+# Mhq phyzf jfwwf co}o gkcfbh hynfczkco o nhcdhjoy jo Owghy 9080

jf bfldoy mklbf fwzyhcnfkyo, Fl wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow, jf Avhc Aowë Ghbphcfllh $900;+# Fwzh mokh wfnvcjh }fq xvf vbh pyojvîço jo phâw }fcgfv h pyfbkhîço ‗ o pykbfkyo mklbf hynfczkco h

nhcdhy vb Owghy mok Lh dkwz÷ykh omkgkhl , jf Lvkw Pvfcqo $8;4:+#

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=

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87

9#8#7 O gkcfbh iyhwklfkyo

Wfnvcjo jhjow jo Bkckwzëyko jh Gvlzvyh>, hw pykbfkyhw mklbhnfcw iyhwklfkyhw wço jhzhjhw jf

84;4, xvhcjo o kbknyhczf kzhlkhco Hmmocwo Wfnyfzzo gobfîov h mhqfy kbhnfcw jo Yko jf

Ahcfkyo# Bhw, mok fb 8;70, xvhcjo o phâw fczyov ch fyh jo gkcfbh mhlhjo, xvf gobfîov h

fcmyfczhy vb jfwhmko xvf pfyjvyh hzë ow jkhw jf doaf1 gocgoyyfy poy fwphîo chw whlhw jf

pyoafîço gob hw nyhcjfw pyojvîöfw doll{~oojkhchw# Cfwwf pfyâojo wf woiyfwwhâhb, fczyf hw

pyojvîöfw chgkochkw, hw gdhcgdhjhw, “gobëjkhw bvwkghkw gob popvlhyfw ghczoyfw jo yèjko f

hzykqfw jo zfhzyo jf yf}kwzh4‒#

Co mkb jh jëghjh wfnvkczf, wvynkv o fwzñjko ]fyh Gyvq, myvzo jo jfwfao jf hlnvcw gkcfhwzhw jf

pyojvqky mklbfw bhkw womkwzkghjow, kcmlvfcgkhjow poy nyhcjfw pyojvîöfw jo ftzfykoy# O fwzñjko

mhlkv fb 8;6:, bhw yfcjfv ho phâw mklbfw gob xvhlkjhjf yfgocdfgkjh co ftzfykoy, gobo O

ghcnhgfkyo $8;67+, jf Lkbh Ihyyfzo, nhcdhjoy jo pyábko jf bfldoy mklbf jf h}fczvyh co

Mfwzk}hl jf Ghccfw#

Ch jëghjh jf 8;=0, vbh co}h nfyhîço jf gkcfhwzhw, xvf yfafkzh}hb hw gdhcgdhjhw f ivwgh}hb

mhqfy mklbfw gob gvcdo bhkw polâzkgo f wogkhl, jfv oyknfb ho Gkcfbh Co}o# Kcmlvfcgkhjowpflo cfo"yfhlkwbo; f pflh ov}fllf ]hnvf80 myhcgfwh, jkyfzoyfw gobo Nlèvify Yogdh, Ghgè

Jkfnvfw f Yv{ Nvfyyh mkqfyhb mklbfw xvf lf}hyhb o gkcfbh iyhwklfkyo h wfy hjbkyhjo fb

jk}fywow mfwzk}hkw co bvcjo zojo#

Chw jëghjhw jf 8;=0 hzë 8;;0 o gkcfbh iyhwklfkyo goczkcvov h mhqfy mklbfw xvf gykzkgh}hb h

yfhlkjhjf, fbioyh pyfgkwhwwf mhqfy vwo jf bfzèmoyhw f ovzyow wvizfymñnkow phyh jykilhy h

gfcwvyh jvyhczf h jkzhjvyh bklkzhy# Poyëb, zhbiëb }olzhyhb h wfy mfkzhw gobëjkhw, kcwpkyhjhw

> Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 dzzp1//~~~#jg#byf#no}#iy/gkcfbh"f"z}/dkwzoykh"jo"gkcfbh"iyhwklfkyo# Hgfwwo fb1 06 jfwfzfbiyo jf 9080#

4 Kjfb 88#

; Wfnvcjo o jkgkocèyko Bkgdhflkw goyyfwpocjf h1 bo}kbfczow lkzfyèykow, hyzâwzkgow f mklow÷mkgow jh hzvhlkjhjf gvaopoczo jf phyzkjh ë o yfhlkwbo# Bo}kbfczo kckgkhjo ch Kzèlkh $8;:6+ xvf, phyzkcjo jh lkzfyhzvyh, wf fwzfcjfv àwhyzfw, fb phyzkgvlhy ho gkcfbh

80 Bo}kbfczo hyzâwzkgo jo gkcfbh myhcgáw }k}kjo co mkb jow hcow 8;60 f 8;=0 xvf wf ghyhgzfykqov poy mklbfw

kcjfpfcjfczfw, mfkzow, fb wvh bhkoykh, poy gkcfhwzhw ao}fcw f gob chyyhzk}hw cço goc}fcgkochkw#



8:

chw gdhcgdhjhw, xvf zkcdhb nyhcjf hpflo popvlhy, goczfñjo fy÷zkgo, f mkghyhb gocdfgkjhw

gobo “poycogdhcgdhjhw‒#

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pyojvîöfw coyzf"hbfykghchw# Hw pyojvîöfw iyhwklfkyhw fyhb xvhwf kcftkwzfczfw cfwwf pfyâojo,

gdfnhcjo h wf bhczfyfb hifyzhw hpfchw 8& jhw whlhw jf ftkikîço chgkochkw#

Gob o mkb jo no}fyco Golloy, o gkcfbh iyhwklfkyo fczyov fb vb pfyâojo gocdfgkjo gobo

Yfzobhjh# Co}hw lfkw moyhb gykhjhw phyh kcgfczk}hy h pyojvîço jf mklbfw chgkochkw f zyáw

pyojvîöfw moyhb kcjkghjhw ho Owghy jf bfldoy mklbf fwzyhcnfkyo1 O Xvhzykldo $8;;6+, O Xvf

ë Kwwo, Gobphcdfkyo $8;;>+ f Gfczyhl jo Iyhwkl $8;;4+# Fwzf ñlzkbo zhbiëb mok o }fcgfjoy jo Vywo jf Ovyo jf Ifylkb#

Wfnvcjo Yfchzo Ghbpow $900:+88, o zfybo Yfzobhjh wf yfmfyf hpfchw ho mhzo jf xvf o

gkcfbh chgkochl }olzov h wfy pyojvqkjo# Cço dè yflhîço gob o yfgobfîo jf vb fwzklo ov jf

vb bobfczo xvf o gkcfbh iyhwklfkyo zfcdh }k}kjo hczfykoybfczf# O hvzoy zhbiëb gdhbh

hzfcîço phyh h pyfwfcîh jf hlno co}o co phâw, h yflhîço fczyf gkcfbh f nyhcjfw fbpyfwhw ‗

xvf hnoyh }khiklkqhb hw pyojvîöfw hzyh}ëw jh Lfk jf Kcgfczk}o à Gvlzvyh# Ghbpow zhbiëb

hmkybh wfy jkmâgkl zyhîhy vb pfymkl jo hzvhl gkcfbh iyhwklfkyo, pokw fwzf ë bhyghjo pflh

jk}fywkjhjf jf nácfyow f fwzklow#

“Hzvhlbfczf, woi ow hvwpâgkow jhw lfkw jf kcgfczk}o à gvlzvyh f vbh gfyzh hifyzvyh jfbfyghjo à pfcfzyhîço jo mklbf chgkochl pfygfif"wf hlno jf co}o1 h pyojvîço chgkochlphyfgf zfy hpyfcjkjo h lkîço jo bfyghjo# Ow mklbfw chgkochkw cço wf jkyknfbftglvwk}hbfczf ho gkygvkzo gvlzvyhl, dè vbh ivwgh poy bfyghjo f yfzoyco mkchcgfkyo#

Hpyo}fkzh"wf zojow ow yfgvywow xvf vb iob plhcfahbfczo jf bfyghjo omfyfgf ho pyojvzomâlbkgo1 jfwjf h jkwzykivkîço hzë bfwbo poy gobphcdkhw fwzyhcnfkyhw hzë h moybhzhîço jo

mklbf àw }èykhw zfgcolonkhw doaf jkwpocâ}fkw ho fczyfzfckbfczo $}âjfo, J]J, Z} poy hwwkchzvyh f hifyzh+#‒ $GHBPOW, 900:+

9#9 Flfbfczow f hcèlkwf mâlbkgh

Wfnvcjo Myhcgkwgo Ah}kfy N÷bfq Zhyâc $900=+, fb wfv hyzkno Ël hcèlkwkw jfl zftzo mâlbkgo,

vbh hcèlkwf ë hxvklo xvf ivwgh wolvgkochy pyoilfbhw hzyh}ëw jo vwo jf vb bëzojo flhioyhjo

phyh vb jfzfybkchjo zkpo jf pyoilfbh f xvf pfybkzf moybvlhy dkp÷zfwfw# H hcèlkwf mâlbkgh

88 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 ~~~#hlbhchxvfjhgobvckghgho#gob#iy/mklfw/###/yfchzo_ghbpow#jog# Hgfwwo fb1 06 jfwfzfbiyo jf 9080#



86

jf}f hioyjhy hcèlkwf zftzvhl, kgúckgh $ftpyfwwço hzyh}ëw jf wocw f kbhnfcw+, chyyhzol÷nkgh,

hlëb jf zyhqfy fcvcgkhîöfw f poczo jf }kwzh, kczfypyfzhîço jh oiyh jf moybh nloihl f avâqow

gyâzkgow# Poyëb, vbh ioh hcèlkwf zhbiëb jf}f lf}hy fb goczh flfbfczow xvf wço ftzfycow ho

mklbf, bhw xvf mhqfb phyzf jo wfv pyogfwwo pyojvzk}o f jh gykhîço jo oiafzo hyzâwzkgo#

Bhcvflh Pfchmykh $900;+, co hyzkno Hcèlkwf jf mklbfw ‗ gocgfkzow f bfzojolonkh$w+, hpyfwfczh

vbh jkwzkcîço fczyf hcèlkwf mâlbkgh f gyâzkgh# Hchlkwhy ë jfgobpoy vb mklbf f jfwgyf}fy ow

flfbfczow jfwzh jfgobpowkîço# Poyzhczo, h hcèlkwf fc}ol}f gocdfgkbfczo jf flfbfczow

yflhzk}ow à kbhnfb, ho wob f à fwzyvzvyh jf vb mklbf# “Zyhzh"wf, hgkbh jf zvjo, jf vbh

hgzk}kjhjf xvf wfphyh, xvf jfwvcf flfbfczow‒ $PFCHMYKH, 900;+# H phyzky jfwwh wfphyhîço ë

pyfgkwo fczfcjfy jf xvf moybh ow flfbfczow jfwzykcgdhjow wf vcfb phyh gobpoy o mklbf fb

xvfwzço#

Aè h gyâzkgh ë vbh moybh jf opkchy, hzykivky avâqo jf }hloy h vb mklbf# Fbioyh jkwzkczhw, h

hvzoyh jfmfcjf xvf h gyâzkgh pojf mhqfy vwo jh hcèlkwf mâlbkgh fb wfvw hynvbfczow }hloyhzk}ow

gobo moybh jf jhy"ldfw bhkw gocwkwzácgkh# Hlëb jkwwo, h gyâzkgh gowzvbh, xvhcjo mhq vwo jow

flfbfczow mâlbkgow, wf lkbkzhy hpfchw h hlnvcw flfbfczow# Pfchmykh hpoczh gobo vb fyyo

h}hlkhy vb mklbf hpfchw pflh dkwz÷ykh xvf flf goczh, pokw “cço cow pfybkzf jkwzkcnvky vb mklbf

jf vb lk}yo‒ $PFCHMYKH, 900;+, poy ftfbplo# Zojow wfvw hwpfgzow gocwzkzvzk}ow jf}fb wfy lf}hjow fb goczh poy vbh ioh gyâzkgh#

Jf hgoyjo gob Zhyâc $900=+, }fy vb mklbf cço ë o wvmkgkfczf phyh hchlkwè"lo, ë pyfgkwo xvf

dhah vbh hpyotkbhîço fb pyomvcjkjhjf gob o oiafzo fb xvfwzço, ivwghcjo zojow ow

jfzhldfw, }kwâ}fkw ov cço ho hwwkwzky ho mklbf# Poyëb, zyhzh"wf jf vb pyogfwwo kcfwnozè}fl, pokw

h hcèlkwf goyyfwpocjf h vb pyogfjkbfczo jf pfygfpîço f kczfypyfzhîço xvf jè bhynfb phyh

xvfwzkochbfczow f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, yfmoybvlhîöfw gocwzhczfw#

O py÷pyko mklbf goczëb vbh jk}fywkjhjf jf zftzow f, zojow flfw, powwkiklkzhb }èykhw lfkzvyhw# H

}knácgkh jf vb oiafzo, co ghwo jf mklbf, jfpfcjf jh lfkzvyh xvf ë mfkzh# H kczfypyfzhîço jfwzfw

zftzow wobh vb pyogfwwo jf lfkzvyhw xvf fc}ol}fb ow flfbfczow kbplâgkzow ch oiyh f h

ihnhnfb gvlzvyhl f goczftzvhl jo fwpfgzhjoy, xvf bhkw zhyjf wfyè o hvzoy jh hcèlkwf#

Vb zftzo xvf cço zfb ghyèzfy jkjèzkgo, f wkb fwzëzkgo, pyfgkwh jh havjh jf vb lfkzoy xvf o

kczfypyfzf# Poy kwwo, o zftzo ë hpflkjhjo jf “bèxvkch pyfnvkîowh‒# Cço wobfczf ow zftzow

fwgykzow wço kcglvwow cfwwh jfmkckîço, gobo zhbiëb hyzfw plèwzkghw, hvjko}kwvhl fzg# O lfkzoy



8=

hzvh woiyf o wknckmkghczf, “U###R woiyf o jkzo f woiyf o ‘cço jkzo‛, woiyf h bhzëykh ftplâgkzh f

woiyf h kbplâgkzh ‗ phyh gobplfzhy zojh fwzyvzvyh hvwfczf‒ $ZHYÂC, 900=, p#88+#

Dè ch kczfypyfzhîço jo zftzo mâlbkgo vbh yflhîço jf pyfwfcîh f hvwácgkh, o lfkzoy gocwzy÷kwfczkjo hzyh}ëw jow g÷jknow f wknckmkghjow pyfwfczfw ch oiyh, avwzhpocjo o xvf ë bowzyhjo f o

xvf o zftzo jè h fczfcjfy# H jfwgykîço ë o pykbfkyo phwwo phyh h kczfypyfzhîço, pokw mhgklkzh h

gykhîço jf dkp÷zfwf f o fwzhiflfgkbfczo jf vb poczo jf phyzkjh# Fwwh jfwgykîço aè ë vbh

moybh jf goc}fyzfy hw kbhnfcw fb co}ow wkncow#

H wknckmkghîço gkcfbhzonyèmkgh pojf }ky h wfy bozk}hjh, bhw cvcgh ë hyikzyèykh# Fwwh

bozk}hîço hgoczfgf ch yflhîço fczyf wknckmkghczfw f wknckmkghjow jf jfcozhîço f jf gocozhîço#

H jfcozhîço goyyfwpocjf à bozk}hîço jfyk}hjh jh wfbfldhcîh fczyf wknckmkghjo fwknckmkghczf# Flh hgoczfgf zhczo gob yflhîço àw kbhnfcw, xvhczo how wocw jf vb mklbf# Aè h

gocozhîço ë bozk}hjh poy wknckmkghjow xvf nfyhb wknckmkghczfw jf chzvyfqh wkbi÷lkgh,

ftphcjkcjo o wknckmkghjo phyh hlëb jhxvklo xvf flf phyfgf#

H kbhnfb co gkcfbh kbplkgh vbh wëykf jf wknckmkghjow f ghif ho lfkzoy flfnfy hlnvcw f

flkbkchy ow yfwzhczfw, poy kwwo zyhzh"wf jf vbh bozk}hîço gocozhjh# Poyëb, fwwfw wknckmkghjow

wço pyo}fckfczfw jh yflhîço wknckmkghjo/wknckmkghczf f gobo zhl záb bozk}hîço jf wfbfldhcîh

nfyhjh pflo wknco kgúckgo $jfcozhjh+# Hbihw hw yflhîöfw fwzço pyfwfczfw co gkcfbh# Hlnvcw

flfbfczow gocozhjow fwzço yflhgkochjow h kczfy}fcîöfw woiyf o wknckmkghczf $h fwgoldh

pyopowkzhl jf vb zkpo fwpfgâmkgo jf klvbkchîço, vb écnvlo ov plhco fzg+, bhw ovzyow

flfbfczow wço gocozhjow hzyh}ëw jf pyogfwwow kczfypyfzhzk}ow xvf }hykhb jf hgoyjo gob h

gvlzvyh f }k}ácgkhw jo fwpfgzhjoy# Poyzhczo, h gocozhîço hghih poy pyf}hlfgfy jkhczf jh

jfcozhîço, bhw wfb wvpykbk"lh jo pyogfwwo kczfypyfzhzk}o#

Zhbiëb ë kbpoyzhczf xvf wfah mfkzh h jkmfyfcgkhîço fczyf wknckmkghjo f wfczkjo# Wknckmkghjo

wfykh vb g÷jkno fwzhiflfgkjo, fcxvhczo o wfczkjo w÷ ftkwzf fb yflhîço h vb wvafkzo, flf ë o

wknckmkghjo xvf fwzf hzykivk phyh hlno# Poy kwwo, jokw jkwgvywow jf}fb wfy jfwzhghjow# Hxvflf

xvf mok pyfzfcjkjo pflo fcvcgkhjoy f hxvflf xvf ë yfwvlzhjo jf pyogfwwo jf myvkîço jo

fwpfgzhjoy# Ow jokw pojfb gobphyzkldhy hlnvbhw gokcgkjácgkhw, bhw ahbhkw wfyço kjáczkgow#

Zhyâc $900=+ jk}kjf h yflhîço jo fwpfgzhjoy gob o gkcfbh fb jokw p÷low, o jh kjfczkmkghîço f

o jh phyzkgkphîço# Pykbfkyo o fwpfgzhjoy wf kjfczkmkgh gob o poczo jf }kwzh fwzhiflfgkjo pflh

gébfyh, ov wfah, vb poczo jf }kwzh pyfjfzfybkchjo# H phyzky jo bobfczo xvf fwwf kcjk}âjvowf zoych ghphq jf hwwvbky h ftpfykácgkh }k}kjh pflow pfywochnfcw flf }k}f o p÷lo jh



8>

kjfczkmkghîço# Poyëb, fb vb wfnvcjo bobfczo, wf fwwf fwpfgzhjoy wf kcwfyf ch yfhlkjhjf

mkggkochl xvf fwzè hwwkwzkcjo, phwwh ho p÷lo jh phyzkgkphîço#

Xvhczo how bëzojow jf hcèlkwf, wf jfwzhghb ow phyébfzyow goczftzvhkw1 gocjkîöfw jfpyojvîço jo mklbf, wkzvhîço fgocúbkgh, polâzkgh f wogkhl jo bobfczo jf pyojvîço, nácfyow,

fwzklow hvzoyhkw, bo}kbfczow gkcfbhzonyèmkgow cow xvhkw fwzè kcwfykjo, fwzvjo jh yfgfpîço jo

mklbf, h pyfwfcîh $ov cço+ jf vb bojflo jf yfpyfwfczhîço jfzfybkchjo# Fwzfw flfbfczow

mhqfb gob xvf o fwpfgzhjoy gykf ftpfgzhzk}hw pyë}khw h yfwpfkzo jo mklbf#

O pyogfwwo kczfypyfzhzk}o zhbiëb jf}f wfy jfwzhghjo# Hzyh}ëw jflf o fwpfgzhjoy pojf gykhy,

phyh hxvklo xvf fwzè }fcjo, vbh mèivlh xvf zfcdh lvnhy jfczyo jow wfvw lkbkzfw jo yfhl, pojf

hiwzyhky ow wknckmkghjow lkzfyhkw pyfwfczfw ch oiyh ov gocwzyvky wknckmkghjow wkbi÷lkgow ovkbplâgkzow, hlëb jf gocwzyvky wknckmkghjow yfpykbkjow ov wkczobèzkgow phyh hxvklo xvf o mklbf

jk}vlnh jf moybh kc}olvczèykh#

Zojo mklbf zfb, fb wfv jkwgvywo, g÷jknow xvf nfyhb wvh py÷pykh gojkmkghîço# O pyogfwwo jf

kczfypyfzhîço, poyzhczo, fwzè lknhjo à jfgojkmkghîço# H kczfypyfzhîço ë oykfczhjh pflh

gobpyffcwço jhw bozk}hîöfw xvf pyojvqfb o mklbf# Poy kwwo, Zhyâc $900=+ jfwzhgh hw

pykcgkphkw xvfwzöfw xvf pyfgkwhb wfy oiwfy}hjhw ch hcèlkwf mâlbkgh# Fczyf flhw fwzço1

kjfczkmkghy o zkpo jf fwphîo xvf o zftzo mâlbkgo pfybkzf gocwzyvky, oiwfy}hy hw moybhw jf

jkwgvywo, jfzfybkchy xvf zkpo jf yflhîço hmfzk}h ë powwâ}fl zfy gob o mklbf f kjfczkmkghy wvh

fwzyvzvyh fcvcgkhzk}h# Hzyh}ëw jfwzhw xvfwzöfw ë powwâ}fl gocwzyvky bojow jf pyojvîço jf

wfczkjo#

Aè Pfchmykh $900;+, pyopöf jokw zkpow jf hcèlkwf, xvf gdhbh jf hcèlkwfw kczfych f ftzfych jo

mklbf# Co pykbfkyo bobfczo ë lf}hjo fb goczh o mklbf fcxvhczo oiyh kwolhjh# Co wfnvcjo

wço hchlkwhjow ow mhzoyfw xvf zk}fyfb kcmlvácgkh woiyf h yfhlkqhîço jfwwf mklbf#

Zhyâc $900=+ zhbiëb hpyfwfczh vbh jk}kwço fczyf ow bojow jf o fwpfgzhjoy hioyjhy h lfkzvyh

jf vb mklbf# O fwpfgzhjoy pojf }fy o mklbf gobo vb fwpfzègvlo, wfnvky o ykzbo jow

hgoczfgkbfczow chyyhjow, fcghyè"lo gobo vbh moybh jf wf kcmoybhy woiyf jfzfybkchjo

hwwvczo, }á"lo gob ácmhwf $ov bhkw hzfcîço+ ho jkwgvywo, ho hvzoy, how flfbfczow wocoyow f

}kwvhkw, ov ivwghcjo vbh kjfczkmkghîço gob wvh }k}ácgkh pfwwohl#

Dkwzoykghbfczf h hcèlkwf mâlbkgh zfb wf pyfogvphjo ihwkghbfczf gob zyáw xvfwzöfw1 h hcèlkwf

jf kbhnfcw f wocw, hcèlkwf jo yflhzo f jhw fwzyvzvyhw chyyhzk}hw f hcèlkwf jo pyogfwwo

gobvckghzk}o f jo zkpo jf fwpfgzhjoy xvf ë gocwzyvâjo h phyzky jflf# Ovzyo oiafzk}o jh hcèlkwf



84

mâlbkgh ë jfzfybkchy h zkpolonkh, fczyf flhw1 o mklbf gobo phyzf jf vbh zfoykh, gobo oiyh jf

vb jfzfybkchjo gkcfhwzh, o mklbf gobo oiyh yfgocdfgkjh ov fcxvhczo powwkiklkjhjf jf

zfoykqhy woiyf o py÷pyko gkcfbh#

Phyh yfhlkqhy vbh hcèlkwf mâlbkgh ë cfgfwwèyko xvf wfahb lf}hjow fb goczh ow flfbfczow xvf

gobpöfb h lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh# Wfnvcjo Dfkzoy Ghpvqqo $8;4=+, fb wfv lk}yo

Gkcfbh1 h h}fczvyh jo wocdo, vb jow flfbfczow xvf gobpöf h lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh ë

o plhco, xvf ë gobpowzo pflh hcnvlhîço $gébfyh hgkbh, hihkto ov co fkto jo oldhy+# Ow

plhcow zhbiëb pojfb wf yfmfyky ho ghbpo moghl, wfcjo flfw1 plhco nfyhl, plhco hpyotkbhjo,

pykbfkyo plhco, pykbfkyâwwkbo plhco f plhco jf jfzhldf# Flfw jfpfcjfb jf vbh gobpowkîço,

xvf ë jfzfybkchjh pflo mvcjo fwgoldkjo, h jkwpowkîço jow pfywochnfcw f oiafzow fb gfch, h

bo}kbfczhîço jow pfywochnfcw jkhczf jhw gébfyhw f h bo}kbfczhîço jh py÷pykh gébfyh $xvf

pojf wfy gébfyh mkth, vbh phcoyébkgh, vb zyh}fllkcn ov h gébfyh ch bço+#

Poyëb, vb plhco cfgfwwkzh jf wfxvácgkh phyh jhy wfczkjo ho mklbf, f kwwo w÷ hgoczfgf hzyh}ëw

jh boczhnfb# Co kcâgko jo gkcfbh o zfbpo jf vb plhco goyyfwpocjkh ho zfbpo yfhl jh hîço#

Bhw h boczhnfb jfv ho gkcfbh h ghphgkjhjf jf gykhy h klvwço jh phwwhnfb jo zfbpo hzyh}ëw

jo jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf yfgvywow jf flkpwf zfbpoyhl $gobo hgflfyhy ov gocnflhy h kbhnfb,

gébfyh lfczh fzg+# Zhbiëb dè yfgvywow phyh ghvwhy klvwço ch phwwhnfb jo zfbpo wfb xvf fwzfwfah yfhlbfczf hlzfyhjo, gobo o fwgvyfgkbfczo jh zflh fczyf plhcow, h mvwço ov h wvpfypowkîço

jf kbhnfcw, poy ftfbplo#

“O xvf mkgh jf vb mklbf, hlëb jf kbhnfcw kwolhjhw, ë o hwwvczo pykcgkphl jo hynvbfczo, ov

wfah, o zfbh‒ $GHPVQQO, 8;4=, p#77+# Xvhcjo hlnvëb pfjf h vb fwpfgzhjoy xvf jfwgyf}h

vb mklbf, flf flfnfyè h zfbèzkgh, f cço ovzyo flfbfczo jh lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh, phyh

mhqá"lo# Fczyfzhczo, wfnvcjo o hvzoy, o jfwfcyolhy jfwwh zfbèzkgh jfpfcjf jf ovzyo flfbfczo,

xvf ë o pykcgkphl ghvwhjoy jh kjfczkmkghîço jo fwpfgzhjoy gob o mklbf, o pfywochnfb# H

lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh ë ghbvmlhjh jvyhczf h yfhlkqhîço jf vb mklbf phyh fcmhzkqhy cow

fwpfgzhjoyfw h wfcwhîço jf yfhlkjhjf, poy kwwo jkmkgklbfczf pfygfifb h kczfymfyácgkh jf

flfbfczow gobo boczhnfb, klvbkchîço, fjkîço jf wob#



8;

9#7 Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f dkwz÷ykh jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl

Wfnvcjo Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+, fb wfv lk}yo kczkzvlhjo Aoychlkwbo Gvlzvyhl , cço ë powwâ}fljfzfybkchy vbh jhzh fthzh phyh o chwgkbfczo jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# Poyëb, vb jow bhygow ë

o hco jf 8>88, xvhcjo mok mvcjhjh poy Aowfpd Hjjkwoc h yf}kwzh kcnlfwh Zdf Wpfgzhzoy , gob

goifyzvyh xvf zfczh}h jhy h xvfwzöfw boyhkw f mklow÷mkghw vbh lkcnvhnfb bhkw hgfwwâ}fl f, ho

bfwbo zfbpo, zyhihldh}h yflhîöfw fwzëzkghw f hzë bfwbo h bojh# Bhkw zhyjf, co mkb jo

wëgvlo T]KKK, wvynkyhb ow phwxvkcw f ow phcmlfzow f, cfwwh bfwbh zohjh, o aoychlkwbo

gvlzvyhl, gob nyhcjf moyîh jow hyzknow opkchzk}ow, gobfîov h mhqfy"wf pyfwfczf fb

pvilkghîöfw jkwzkczhw poy zojh h Fvyoph#

Fwzf mok o bojflo ièwkgo jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl hzë o bobfczo fb xvf hw gyâzkghw jf hyzf

nhcdhyhb bhkoy jfwzhxvf cow pfyk÷jkgow# Zyhcwmoybhîço fwwh xvf ë jhzhjh jo mkb jo wëgvlo

TKT, ch Myhcîh# H phyzky jf fczço hw gyâzkghw jf zfhzyo, lkzfyhzvyh, bñwkgh f hyzfw plèwzkghw

kc}hjkyhb hw pènkchw jow pfyk÷jkgow fvyopfvw# Jfwwh moybh, fwwf nácfyo gdfnov ho wëgvlo

TT gobo vb jow ghyyow"gdfmf jo aoychlkwbo, jk}kjkcjo o fwphîo gob vbh pfxvfch

xvhczkjhjf jf cozkgkèykow f bvkzh hyzkgvlhîço polâzkgh#

Poyëb, fwwhw jhzhw wço bhygow pykcgkphlbfczf jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl fvyopfv, co Iyhwkl ow

jfwzhxvfw hpoczhjow poy Pkqh $900:+ wço ovzyow# Fczyf flfw fwzè o chwgkbfczo jh yf}kwzh O

Gyvqfkyo, fb 8;94, gobo vb jow hgoczfgkbfczow bhkw kbpoyzhczfw jow pykb÷yjkow jo

aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl co phâw# H yf}kwzh zkcdh fczyf wfvw golhioyhjoyfw nyhcjfw cobfw jh

lkzfyhzvyh iyhwklfkyh, gobo Aowë Lkcw jo Yfno, ]kcâgkvw jf Boyhkw, Yhxvfl jf Xvfkyoq, fczyf

ovzyow# H gyúckgh fyh o mogo pykcgkphl jh pvilkghîço f h hyzf bhkw gkzhjh fyh h lkzfyhzvyh#

Hpfwhy jf zfy chwgkbfczo bhkw zhyjko, o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl iyhwklfkyo phwwov, ch jëghjh jf8;:0, h nhcdhy fwphîo ch kbpyfcwh# Jfwzhghyhb"wf hw yfpoyzhnfcw lkzfyèykhw, hw yfpoyzhnfcw

locnhw f kczfypyfzhzk}hw, ow pfymkw f hw gyúckghw# Hlnvcw hcow jfpokw, jvyhczf h jëghjh jf 8;60,

o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl zf}f wfv py÷pyko ghjfyco cow pykcgkphkw aoychkw jo phâw# Wfnvcjo Kwhifllf

Bflo89 o pykcgkphl jfwzhxvf jfwzf goczftzo ë o Ghjfyco I, jo Aoychl jo Iyhwkl # H pvilkghîço

goczh}h gob h golhioyhîço jf cobfw gobo Mfyyfkyh Nvllhy f Glhykgf Lkwpfgzoy f hzë doaf o

zyhihldo mfkzo pflo ghjfyco cfwwh ëpogh ë vbh yfmfyácgkh co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo à gyâzkgh gvlzvyhl#

89 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <~~~#iogg#vik#pz/phn/bflo"kwhifllf"aoychlkwbo"gvlzvyhl#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb1 0= jf wfzfbiyo jf

9080#



90

Jfwjf fczço, hzë ow jkhw jf doaf, h fjkzoykh jf gvlzvyh ë vbh jhw bhkw hpyfgkhjhw pflow

lfkzoyfw#

Ovzyow zyáw bobfczow kbpoyzhczfw jh zyhafz÷ykh jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl iyhwklfkyo bfyfgfbjfwzhxvf, jf hgoyjo gob o xvf Lfochyjo Gvcdh, Lvkq Dfcykxvf Bhnhldçfw f Câwko Zfktfkyh87

hmkybhb co hyzkno Jklfbhw jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl iyhwklfkyo# O pykbfkyo jflfw wf jè chw

jëghjhw jf 8;=0 f 8;>0, pfyâojo jf pyfjobâcko jh pyojvîço hyzâwzkgh chgkochl, zyhzhcjo gob

yfwwhl}hw o xvf fyh kczfychgkochl ov myvzo jh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl# Co wfnvcjo bobfczo, ch

jëghjh jf 8;40, h gvlzvyh jf bhwwh cço ë bhkw }kwzh gobo cfgfwwhykhbfczf cfnhzk}h f

golockhlkwzh f ë lfnkzkbhjh pflow aoychlkwzhw jf gvlzvyh# Aè h jëghjh jf 8;;0, fbioyh wfah vbh

goczkcvkjhjf jh hvzfczkghîço jh gvlzvyh jf bhwwh jow hcow hczfykoyfw, hpyfwfczh gobo

jkmfyfcgkhl h }hloykqhîço jhw pyojvîöfw “pyo}fckfczfw jf phâwfw $ov hyzkwzhw+ pfykmëykgow‒

$GVCDH fz hl , 8;;4, p#>>+ ‗ vb fmfkzo jh nloihlkqhîço#

Aè co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo ho hzvhl aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl hxvk pyhzkghjo, Pkqh $900:+ jfwzhgh h

}k}ácgkh jf vbh gykwf jf kjfczkjhjf xvf zf}f oyknfb nyhîhw ho wvynkbfczo jow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# H pyojvîço jf gvlzvyh nhcdov fwghlh kcjvwzykhl, o xvf nfyov fmfkzo

woiyf h moybh jf mhqfy jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl f wfvw gykzëykow jf wflfîço jf goczfñjo# Gvcdh fz

hl $8;;4+ ftplkghb xvf o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl mok jvplhbfczf kcmlvfcgkhjo pflhkcjvwzykhlkqhîço, hzyh}ëw jh zyhcwmoybhîço jh gvlzvyh gobo pyèzkgh jf ghyèzfy kcjvwzykhl, hwwkb

gobo pflh kcwfyîço jo py÷pyko aoychlkwbo cfwwf pyogfwwo jf pyojvîço# Xvhczo bfcoy o zfbpo

jkwpocâ}fl phyh gocmfgîço jo ghjfyco, bhkw o ykzbo jf pyojvîço kcjvwzykhl gykh lkbkzhîöfw

phyh h yfhlkqhîço jf vb zyhihldo bhkw hpyomvcjhjo#

Phyh Pkqh $900:+, ow gykzëykow jf wflfîço jf goczfñjo jf}fykhb wfy phvzhjow pflo wfcwo gyâzkgo,

h}hlkhcjo oiyhw, zfcjácgkhw, kczfyfwwfw bfyghjol÷nkgow fc}ol}kjow ch pyojvîço f kcjvîöfw

wkbi÷lkghw f boyhkw kcfyfczfw ho pyojvzo# Poyëb, fb bfko à cvbfyowh f hbplh pyojvîço jh

kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl f h wvh moyîh fgocúbkgh, ow gykzëykow wflfzk}ow womyfb gob hlnvbhw

goczyhjkîöfw#

Phyh ftfbplkmkghy hw goczyhjkîöfw jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl xvf pyfgkwhb wfy goyyknkjhw, pojf"wf

gkzhy o jvhlkwbo flkzkwbo/popvlkwbo# Zyhzh"wf jo gocgfkzo jf gvlzvyh ch pfywpfgzk}h jo wfcwo

gobvb xvf h }á gobo “U###R hlno kchzkcnâ}fl, hlno wëyko, gobplkghjo, wfb h lf}fqh jf mklbf

87

Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vmm#iy3# Hgfwwo fb1 90 jf hnowzo jf 9080#



98

phwwhzfbpo‒ $PKQH, 900:, p,:=+# Fwwh }kwço ë o xvf mhq gob xvf hlnvcw zfbhb h gvlzvyh,

hgyfjkzhcjo xvf cvcgh h oizfyço# Poy ovzyo lhjo, o popvlkwbo gocwkwzf fb “U###R hgdhy xvf h

gvlzvyh wf lkbkzh how nyhcjfw wvgfwwow jf pñilkgo‒ $PKQH, 900:, p#:=+, ov à gykhîço jf avâqow

pyë}kow woiyf vbh oiyh, wfb xvf dhah ftpfykbfczhîço#

Hwwkb gobo co Iyhwkl, o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl pyhzkghjo doaf ch Hynfczkch f}olvkv fb ykzbo

jkmfyfczf jo fvyopfv# Wfb gocwkjfyhy o wfv dkwz÷ykgo f wf hzfcjo à wvh gocmknvyhîço hzvhl,

Bhyâh ]kllh $8;;4+, co hyzkno Fl pfykojkwbo gvlzvyhl ‗ yfmlftkocfw { hpyotkbhgkocfw, jfwzhgh

jokw ghjfycow gvlzvyhkw jf aoychkw jkèykow jh Hynfczkch gobo pykcgkphkw yfpyfwfczhczfw jo

nácfyo co phâw# O pykbfkyo pfyzfcgf ho Lh hgk÷c, aoychl fjkzhjo fb Ivfcow Hkyfw f xvf

powwvk h bhkoy zkyhnfb jo phâw# O ghjfyco wvynkv fb 8;4> f zkcdh o cobf jf Pykbfy Plhco#

Fyh vbh pvilkghîço fwgykzh xvhwf zozhlbfczf poy aoychlkwzhw f fwgykzoyfw xvf dh}khb }olzhjo

jo ftâlko hp÷w h jkzhjvyh bklkzhy hynfczkch f zkcdh moyzf ghyèzfy jf jfmfwh jh jfbogyhgkh# Fb

8;;= o ghjfyco mok yfmoybvlhjo, phwwov h wf gdhbhy Yhjhy f hjozov vb moybhzo bhkw

wfbfldhczf h vbh yf}kwzh# Zojo wfv pyoafzo nyèmkgo mok bojkmkghjo, hw zfbèzkghw mkghyhb bhkw

jk}fywkmkghjhw, hw kbhnfcw yfgfifyhb bhkw jfwzhxvf f ow zftzow mkghyhb bhkw lknfkyow# O

oiafzk}o jh bvjhcîh fyh hzkcnky h vb pñilkgo bhkw ao}fb f xvf cço zkcdh o dhikzo jf lfy

ghjfycow jf gvlzvyh#

O ovzyo ftfbplo ë o ghjfyco Gvlzvyh, jo aoychl Lh ]oq jfl Kczfykoy , vb aoychl fjkzhjo fb

G÷yjoih f xvf powwvk h bhkoy zkyhnfb jo kczfykoy jo phâw# Fwzf ghjfyco, ho goczyèyko jo

hczfykoy, bhczëb hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo xvf ]kllh $8;;4+ gdhbh jf aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl

zyhjkgkochl, }olzhjo phyh vb pñilkgo bhkw lfzyhjo f gob ácmhwf fb gyâzkghw f fcwhkow

pyk}klfnkhcjo, jfczyf hw hyzfw, h lkzfyhzvyh#

]kllh $8;;4+ zhbiëb kjfczkmkgh co aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl hynfczkco pyoilfbhw wfbfldhczfw how

hpoczhjow poy Pkqh $900:+ ch pyèzkgh iyhwklfkyh, gdhbhcjo hzfcîço phyh o mhzo jf ow ghjfycow

zyhihldhyfb gob vb gocgfkzo jf gvlzvyh xvf ftglvk hlnvcw zkpow jf bhckmfwzhîço fb mh}oy

jhxvflhw xvf wf gocjkgkocov dkwzoykghbfczf h gdhbhy jf gvlzvyh# Fwwh gocgfpîço jf gvlzvyh,

wfnvcjo h hvzoyh, ë flkzkwzh f wf yfwzykcnf ho ghbpo jhw gdhbhjhw iflhw hyzfw f jhw lfzyhw#

Hlëb jfwwhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf Iyhwkl f Hynfczkch ftpowzhw fb jkwgvwwöfw woiyf o aoychlkwbo

gvlzvyhl, fwzvjkowow jow jokw phâwfw fwzço jf hgoyjo ho hpoczhy xvf o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl

pyhzkghjo fb hbiow }k}f vb bobfczo jf gykwf, kbfywo fb pyoilfbhw f goczyhjkîöfw

ghvwhjhw, pykcgkphlbfczf, poy vbh zyhcwmoybhîço ch moybh gobo h gvlzvyh ë pyojvqkjh f

gocwvbkjh#



99

Vbh jfwwhw goczyhjkîöfw jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl ë bhyghjh poy }hykfjhjfw f fyvjkîöfw# Hw

}hykfjhjfw, ch ftplkghîço jf Pkqh $900:+, goyyfwpocjfb how ghjfycow jf gvlzvyh xvf hioyjhb

vbh jk}fywkjhjf nyhcjf jf hwwvczow, h ftfbplo jow ghjfycow jkèykow# Gob zftzow wvpfymkgkhkw,

}hloykqhîço fthnfyhjh jf gflfiykjhjfw, povgo fwphîo phyh gyâzkgh mvcjhbfczhjh, yfpoyzhnfcw

woiyf f}fczow xvf wf hwwfbfldhb h yflfhwfw f ácmhwf jhjh how hwwvczow bhkw gocwvbkjow,

fwwhw pvilkghîöfw wf jkmfyfb bvkzo jow ghjfycow fyvjkzow# Fwwfw ghjfycow, wfnvcjo Jvlgklkh

Ivkzock $9000+ pvilkghb pykcgkphlbfczf wfy}kîow, jfjkghcjo povgo fwphîo h zftzow bhkw

flhioyhjow# Wfnvcjo Gvcdh fz hl $8;;4+, fwwf zkpo jf goifyzvyh hghih poy mhqfy gob xvf ow

pyogfwwow gvlzvyhkw wfahb pyhzkghbfczf kncoyhjow pflow ghjfycow jf gvlzvyh, fb mh}oy jf vbh

fthnfyhjh hzfcîço how pyojvzow gvlzvyhkw#

Coybhlbfczf gob pfykojkgkjhjf wfbhchl, hw pvilkghîöfw bhkw fyvjkzhw záb zftzow moghjow fb

lkzfyhzvyh, gob hyzknow locnow, fwgykzh ivyogyèzkgh f aoychlkwbo flkzkwzh# O fmfkzo jkwwo, wfnvcjo

Pkqh $900:+, ë h “fczyockqhîço‒ jo pop " fwzklo xvf, phyh o hvzoy, goyyfwpocjf h zvjo hxvklo

xvf fwzè fb }onh# Poy kwwo, o hvzoy jfmfcjf xvf ë pyfgkwo mhlhy jf hwwvczow bhkw fyvjkzow jf

vbh moybh bfcow yfivwghjh f, ho bfwbo zfbpo, yfwfy}hy fwphîo phyh ow zfbhw jf nyhcjf

kczfyfwwf popvlhy, bhw zyhzhcjo"ow jf moybh yfmlftk}h f jkmfyfcgkhjh# Jf hgoyjo gob ]kllh

$8;;4+, fwwf zkpo jf wvplfbfczo ë bhyghjo pflh dfzfyonfcfkjhjf jf hwwvczow# Fwwf fwphîo,

wfnvcjo h hvzoyh, ë $ov jf}fykh wfy+ vwhjo phyh lfnkzkbhy hw jk}fywhw bhckmfwzhîöfw gvlzvyhkw,

hwwkb gobo ow jk}fywow zkpow jf zftzo xvf gobpöfb o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl, jf chzvyfqh

kcmoybhzk}h f opkchzk}h#

Pkqh $900:+ hpoczh ovzyo pyoilfbh1 h yflhîço fczyf o chgkochl f o kczfychgkochl co aoychlkwbo

gvlzvyhl# O hvzoy bfcgkoch o bfcowpyfqo jf f}fczow xvf hgoczfgfb co ftzfykoy gobo vb

fyyo, pokw o lfkzoy wf kczfyfwwh fb whify woiyf gokwhw xvf f}fczvhlbfczf cço wfyço lhcîhjhw co

Iyhwkl, ov lvnhyfw f ftpowkîöfw xvf flf pojf }kwkzhy fb vbh }khnfb ho ftzfykoy# Fwwhjfw}hloykqhîço jo xvf hgoczfgf moyh jhw myoczfkyhw chgkochkw }fb jh }kwço jf xvf o yozfkyo ë h

pykcgkphl zhyfmh jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# Ovzyo pyoilfbh ë hgyfjkzhy xvf jhy fwphîo ho

kczfychgkochl wknckmkgh gologhy hw pyojvîöfw chgkochkw fb phzhbhy kcmfykoy, wvibkwwhw h flf#

Fwwfw jklfbhw jfwfcghjfkhb hlnvcw pyoilfbhw1 goczfñjo phvzhjo pflh hnfcjh jf fwzyfkhw f

lhcîhbfczow, o xvf hghih poy pykoykqhy ow aè ifb wvgfjkjow5 zftzow povgo gyâzkgow, gob

kcmoybhîöfw yhwhw f bvkzh pyoboîço jf f}fczow5 “bhynkchlkqhîço‒ jh gyâzkgh, gob zftzow

gvyzow, povgow jfwzhxvfw f gobfczèykow bhl mvcjhbfczhjow#



97

Jvlgklkh Ivkzock $9000+, co hyzkno kczkzvlhjo Fczyf o gocwvbo yèpkjo f h pfybhcácgkh1

aoychlkwbo jf hyzf f gvlzvyh, zhbiëb jfwzhgh ovzyh jkmkgvljhjf }k}kjh pflo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl

hzvhl, xvf gocwkwzf ch flhioyhîço jf vbh kbhnfb jh fjkzoykh, poy phyzf jf gocwvbkjoyfw f

fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw, gobo vbh jkwzyhîço, vb goczyhpoczo àw bhzëykhw wëykhw $gobo polâzkgh

f fgocobkh+# Jfwzhgh"wf, cfwzf ghwo, h moybh gobo h cfgfwwkjhjf jh hzvhlkjhjf jo mhzo

kcëjkzo, ftkwzfczf co aoychlkwbo, hmfzh h pyojvîço jf yfpoyzhnfcw gvlzvyhkw, pojfcjo nfyhy

“wkzvhîöfw moyîhjhw, gobo h gykhîço jf vbh ‘hvyh‛ jf hgoczfgkbfczo fb zoyco jf hwwvczo xvf

wf xvfy pvilkghy fb moybh jf fcwhko, poy ftfbplo‒ $IVKZOCK, 9000, p# =7+# Phyh Kwyhfl jo

]hlf8: $w/j+, fwwf ghyèzfy jf jkwzyhîço mhq gob xvf hzvhlbfczf o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl wfah

phvzhjo pykcgkphlbfczf pflo xvf o hvzoy jè o cobf jf “gflfiykjkwbo‒#

Ovzyh zfcjácgkh ‗ cço fthzhbfczf vb pyoilfbh, bhw zhl}fq vbh wolvîço fcgoczyhjh phyh

wolvgkochy ov hbfckqhy hlnvcw jflfw ‗ kjfczkmkghjh co hzvhl aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl hynfczkco $bhw

xvf zhbiëb wf hplkgh à pyèzkgh iyhwklfkyh+, wfnvcjo Nfhcf Hlqhboyh $900;+, ë h pyë"

jkwpowkîço à wfnbfczhîço, yfwvlzhczf jh jk}fywkjhjf jf hwwvczow f jf pyojvzow gvlzvyhkw f jf

wvh jfbhcjh jf gocwvbo gyfwgfczf# Wfnvcjo h hvzoyh, fwwh jk}fywkjhjf ë vb jow mfcúbfcow

yfwpocwè}fkw pflo wvynkbfczo kckczfyyvpzo jf pènkchw ch ~fi gob zfoy gvlzvyhl# Bvkzhw jflhw

záb goczfñjo cço aoychlâwzkgo, bhw ftfygfb hlnvbhw jhw mvcîöfw jf yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jo

aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl hzvhl, fczyf flhw, h jk}vlnhîço jf hnfcjhw/pyonyhbhîöfw#

Co kcâgko jow hcow 9000 o phcoyhbh jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl zf}f wvh lkcnvhnfb ftphcjkjh

nyhîhw à “jkwwfbkchîço jf moybhzow golhioyhzk}ow jf kcmoybhîço, gobo ilonw, mlonw f

pojghwzw, hlëb jf hbikfczfw jf gobphyzkldhbfczo jf kcmoybhîço, gobo o [ovZvif‒

$HLQHBOYH, 900;, p#:9+# Jf hgoyjo gob Ivkzock $9000+, ow wkzfw wço mfyyhbfczhw

kbpoyzhczfw phyh h jk}vlnhîço jf bhckmfwzhîöfw hyzâwzkghw f gvlzvyhkw jf}kjo àw jk}fywhw

powwkiklkjhjfw jf lkcnvhnfcw f kczfyhîço xvf o bfko omfyfgf#

Poyëb, jf hgoyjo gob Ivkzock $9000+, jk}fywkjhjf jf hwwvczow f wfnbfczow gvlzvyhkw f

hbplkhîço jh xvhczkjhjf jf kcmoybhîço cço ë wkcúckbo jf }hykhîço/ftpfykbfczhîço jf

lkcnvhnfcw# Zyhihldhcjo gob vb gocgfkzo bhkw hczyopol÷nkgo jf gvlzvyh, h hvzoyh }á gobo

vb mhzoy powkzk}o h hbplkhîço xvf }k}f o aoychlkwbo bojfyco jhw fjkzoykhw xvf pyffcgdfb hw

pènkchw jow ghjfycow jf gvlzvyh phyh hlëb jhw “hyzfw gocwhnyhjhw ov jf bhwwh#

8: Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#jfnfwzk}ogvlzvyhl#gob/fcwhkow3# Hgfwwo fb1 90 jf hnowzo jf 9080#



9:

Jf hgoyjo gob Kwyhfl jo ]hlf, dè hkcjh co aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl vbh zfcjácgkh h kc}fywço jf

}hloyfw# O aoychlkwbo, xvf jf}fykh zfy gobo vbh jf wvhw mvcîöfw hbplkhy h qoch jf kczfyfwwf

jo pñilkgo ‗ wfah hpyfwfczhcjo"ldf o xvf flf jfwgocdfgf ov co}hw pfywpfgzk}hw phyh o aè

gocdfgkjo ‗ bvkzhw }fqfw hzvh jf hgoyjo gob h kjfkh jf xvf “o bfldoy aoychlkwbo ë hxvflf

jfjkghjo h hwwvczow xvf jkqfb yfwpfkzo h vb bhkoy cñbfyo jf pfwwohw‒ $]HLF, w/j+#

Phyh o hvzoy, bfwbo xvf h wflfîço jf hwwvczow jf vbh fjkzoykh jf gvlzvyh wf ihwfkf fb

pfwxvkwhw jf yfgfpîço gob gocwvbkjoyfw, gocgfczyhy h goifyzvyh wfbpyf cow bfwbow

wfnbfczow jh gvlzvyh ë wf wvafkzhy ho fyyo f pyk}hy o gocwvbkjoy jo goczhzo gob hwwvczow

jkmfyfczfw xvf pojfb }ky h ldf kczfyfwwhy#

Wfnvcjo Câwko Zfktfkyh86 $w/j+, fb wfv hyzkno Kbphgzo jh kczfycfz woiyf h chzvyfqh joaoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl, o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl womyf kbphgzo gob o hj}fczo ch kczfycfz cow jkhw jf

doaf# Kwwo kczfymfyf, cço hpfchw co aoychlkwbo mfkzo phyh h kczfycfz, bhw ch yflhîço jo

pyomkwwkochl ch yfjhîço jf vb aoychl kbpyfwwo, poy ftfbplo, gob h hpvyhîço jf kcmoybhîöfw

ov co goczhzo gob hw moczfw, hlëb jf zfy fmfkzo woiyf hw gyâzkghw gvlzvyhkw xvf wço pvilkghjhw

ch yfjf# Poyëb, wfnvcjo o hvzoy, fwwh yflhîço ftkwzf phyh xvhlxvfy èyfh jo aoychlkwbo# O xvf

yfhlbfczf jkmfyfcgkh o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl mfkzo ch kczfycfz ë h moybh gobo wfvw zftzow f hw

powwkiklkjhjfw dkpfyzftzvhkw wf yflhgkochb# Ftfbplo jkwwo ë o vwo jf vb }âjfo gob vbh gfchjf vb mklbf phyh klvwzyhy o poczo jf }kwzh jf vbh gyâzkgh#

Ovzyh jkmfyfcîh xvf h kczfycfz omfyfgf fb yflhîço how ovzyow }fâgvlow ë h powwkiklkjhjf jf vb

bfwbo wkzf zfy vbh hnfcjh gvlzvyhl bhkw gobplfzh f hzvhlkqhjh wfb xvf, phyh kwwo, wfah

pyfgkwo yfjvqky o fwphîo jfjkghjo h yfpoyzhnfcw, gyâzkghw, gyúckghw# Hlëb jkwwo, h kczfycfz

powwkiklkzh xvf bhkw moybhw jf “zftzo‒ wfahb kcglvâjhw ch pyèzkgh jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl, poy

ftfbplo, gdhynfw fb bo}kbfczo, ov bfwbo aonow oc"lkcf xvf zfcdhb yflhîço gob o

goczfñjo jkwgvzkjo f h kcgoypoyhîço jf lkcew xvf lf}fb o lfkzoy h zftzow kczfyfwwhczfw woiyf o

bfwbo hwwvczo#

Cfwzf goczftzo, hw gyâzkghw jf hyzf, fczyf flhw h gyâzkgh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh, nhcdhb h powwkiklkjhjf

jf mhqfy vwo jh kczfycfz f jf wfv fwphîo klkbkzhjo phyh mvnky jf vb jow pykcgkphkw pyoilfbhw

hpoczhjow pflow fwzvjkowow jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl ‗ o “wkbplkwbo‒# Gob fwphîo phyh zftzow

bhkw flhioyhjow f h powwkiklkjhjf jf hnyfnhy yfgvywow dkpfyzftzvhkw gobo moybh jf flvgkjhy ow

86 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<~~~#iogg#vmm#iy/phn/zfktfkyh"ckwko"kbphgzo"jh"kczfycfz#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb1 0= jf wfzfbiyo jf9080#



96

hynvbfczow, yfwzh whify wf fwwf pozfcgkhl jh ~fi }fb wfcjo ifb ftployhjo pflow gyâzkgow jf

gkcfbh#

9#: Gyâzkgh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh1 fwpfgkmkgkjhjfw f kcwfyîço ch yozkch pyojvzk}h jo

aoychlkwbo

^èlzfy Hcâihl Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+, fb wfv hyzkno Hgfygh jf lh gyâzkgh pfykojâwzkgh jf lhw hyzfw,

hpyfwfczh h gyâzkgh gobo yfwpocwè}fl poy vbh bfjkhîço fczyf h hyzf f wvh hpyfgkhîço,

fczfcjfcjo xvf h gyâzkgh fwzè kcglvâjh fb vb pyogfwwo gobpowzo poy wfkw phwwow f xvf h

hvwácgkh jf hlnvb jfwwfw phwwow goyyfwpocjf à kczfyyvpîço jo pyogfwwo jf gykhîço jf vbh

oiyh jf hyzf1 o pykbfkyo phwwo hpoczhjo ë h kjfhlkqhîço jh gykhîço# Fb wfnvkjh dè h

bhzfykhlkqhîço jh kjfkh# O zfygfkyo phwwo goyyfwpocjf à fczyfnh, xvf ë h jkmvwço jh oiyh# Fwwh

jkmvwço pyfwwvpöf o xvhyzo phwwo, h yfgfpîço, xvf ë o goczhzo jh oiyh gob o pñilkgo# Hp÷w h

yfgfpîço fwwh oiyh ë kcgoypoyhjh ho vck}fywo jh hyzf, o xvf o hvzoy jè o cobf jf ghpzhîço#

Poy mkb ‗ ë cfwwf ñlzkbo phwwo xvf hphyfgf h gyâzkgh ‗ h hyzf yfgfif wvh hpyfgkhîço#

Fwwh }hloyhîço jh oiyh ë mfkzh pflo pñilkgo, wfah flf vb gyâzkgo jf hyzf ov cço# Poyëb, vbh jhw

mvcîöfw xvf h gyâzkgh gvbpyf ë kcmlvky cfwwf pyogfwwo, zhczo co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo à hpyfgkhîçoxvhczo àw ovzyhw fzhphw# O zyhihldo jf vb gyâzkgo, wfnvcjo Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+ pojf hvbfczhy ov

yfjvqky h yfgfpîço, hnklkqhy " ov bfwbo zoychy }kè}fl " h fczyfnh, wfy}ky gobo fwzâbvlo phyh h

gykhîço f, hzë bfwbo, wfy}ky gobo moczf jf kcwpkyhîço phyh co}hw kjfkhw#

Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+ hjhpzh phyh h gyâzkgh jh hyzf jf vbh moybh nfyhl, vb gocgfkzo flhioyhjo poy

Dhcw"Dfkcq Wzvgefcwgdbkjz8= phyh h gyâzkgh jf bñwkgh# Wfnvcjo Yh}hcfllk, h gyâzkgh ë vb

avlnhbfczo jf vbh pyojvîço hyzâwzkgh xvf ë mfkzo jf hgoyjo gob ow pyfwwvpowzow jo

aoychlkwbo f gocdfgkbfczow hgfygh jh hyzf h xvf wf yfmfyf# Cflh, wf mhqfb pyfwfczfwgobphyhîöfw f opkcköfw wviafzk}hw#

Gocwkjfyhcjo h wvh mvcîço bfjkhjoyh, o hvzoy jfwzykcgdh h mvcîço gvbpykjh pflh gyâzkgh jf

hyzf# Fczyh flhw, hpoczhy jkyfîöfw f powwkiklkjhjfw phyh o hvzoy jh oiyh jf hyzf, hvtklkhy o

pñilkgo ch hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh ov bfwbo kcmlvfcgkhy ch flhioyhîço jf ovzyhw gyâzkghw#

8= WZVGEFCWGDBKJZ, Dhcw"Dfkcq, Xvë fw gyâzkgh bvwkghl, Kc1 DHBB, Pfzfy $fj#+, Gyâzkgh jf lh gyâzkgh#Ihygfloch, Ihyyhl, 8;>8#



9=

Yfwvbkjhbfczf Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+ vwh ow wfnvkczfw }fyiow phyh jfzfybkchy h mvcîço ftfygkjh

poy vbh gyâzkgh1 oykfczhy, ftplkghy, nvkhy, kcgkzhy f bhyghy gocjvzhw#

Co fczhczo, cço wf pojf hmkybhy xvf zojh gyâzkgh zfb o bfwbo ghyèzfy# Co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo howzkpow jf gyâzkgh, jf hgoyjo gob Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+, h bhkw vwvhl ë gdhbhjh jf gyâzkgh

kbpyfwwkockwzh, pokw goyyfwpocjf h vb yflhzo jhw kbpyfwwöfw bhkw kbfjkhzhw jo hvzoy ho zfy

goczhzo gob h oiyh# Fwzf zkpo zhbiëb fwzè pyfwfczf ch glhwwkmkghîço hpyfwfczhjh poy Yh}hcfllk

$8;;=+, bhw ë hpoczhjh gobo vbh pyojvîço kcwvmkgkfczf phyh o iob aoychlkwbo# Kwwo

hgoczfgfykh poyxvf mhlzh h fwwf zkpo jf gyâzkgh h jfwgykîço jf gobo $ov o xvf+ ë h oiyh# O kjfhl,

phyh o hvzoy, wfykh vwhy pfxvfchw jowfw jf kbpyfwwkockwbo fb gyâzkghw gob mogo fb opkcköfw

avwzkmkghjhw pflo gocdfgkbfczo zf÷ykgo f pyèzkgo# Fwwf zftzo wfykh gobpowzo poy vbh mkgdh

zëgckgh lono co kcâgko f vbh hpyfgkhîço yèpkjh wfnvkjh jf vbh avwzkmkghzk}h jfzhldhjh phyh zhl

}hloyhîço#

Poyëb, hw gyâzkghw pojfb zfy fcmoxvfw jkmfyfczfw# Vbh powwkiklkjhjf, wfnvcjo Pkqh $900:+, ë

hpyfwfczhy vbh hynvbfczhîço ihwfhjh ch h}hlkhîço jow hwpfgzow fwzyvzvyhkw f jhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw lkcnvâwzkghw jh oiyh ‗ zyhzh"wf jh yfwfcdh fwzyvzvyhlkwzh#

Pkqh $900:+ zhbiëb hpyfwfczh bhkw jokw zkpow jf gyâzkgh, hxvflh xvf zfb mogo co hvzoy jh oiyh

$bvkzo vwvhl co aoychlkwbo iyhwklfkyo+ f hxvflh xvf zfb o zftzo moghjo ch jkwgvwwço jo zfbh

$wfb lf}hy bvkzo fb goczh h lkcnvhnfb f ow yfgvywow vwhjow phyh gobpowkîço jh oiyh+#

Aè Yhgdfl Ghyjowo Ihyyfzo $900=+, fb wvh jkwwfyzhîço kczkzvlhjh Gyâzkgh Oyjkcèykh, hpyfwfczh

h gyâzkgh gobo vb zftzo xvf pojf zfy gvcdo bhkw pfwwohl5 lf}hy fb goczh h ikonyhmkh jo

yfhlkqhjoy jo mklbf5 h kcmlvácgkh jo mklbf f jo goczftzo wogkhl5 }fy o mklbf gobo vb

mfcúbfco fzcol÷nkgo5 gykzkghy gob ihwf co nácfyo jo mklbf5 wf pyfogvphy bhkw gob hw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw fwzëzkghw jo mklbf5 fczyf ovzyhw# Bvkzhw jfwwhw glhwwkmkghîöfw pojfb hzvhy

avczhw cvb bfwbo zftzo# Fczyfzhczo, hlnvcw fktow hghihb wfcjo pykoykqhjow pflow gyâzkgow, o

xvf pfybkzf pfygfify xvhkw flfbfczow wço bhkw }hloykqhjow poy ghjh hvzoy# Wfnvcjo h hvzoyh,

zhbiëb jf}fb wfy lf}hjow fb goczh ch hcèlkwf jf vb mklbf, hlëb jow flfbfczow kczyâcwfgow,

hxvflfw xvf wço ftzfycow h flf f xvf kcmlvfcgkhb ch pfygfpîço jo fwpfgzhjoy#

Cfwzf goczftzo, o gyâzkgo pojf wf gologhy gobo vb avkq jhw xvhlkjhjfw jow mklbfw, mhqfcjo"o

jf hgoyjo gob gocgfkzow xvf wço }hykè}fkw phyh ghjh pvilkghîço ov hvzoy# Flf zhbiëb pojf

kczfypyfzhy o zftzo mâlbkgo, kcjkghy hgfyzow f fyyow ivwghcjo goczykivky phyh h bfldoykh jogkcfbh, ov yfnkwzyhy wvhw f}olvîöfw f o wfv jfwfc}ol}kbfczo#



9>

9#:#8 H zyhafz÷ykh jh gyâzkgh co Iyhwkl

Co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo à zyhafz÷ykh jhw gyâzkghw co aoychlkwbo, wfnvcjo Ihyyfzo $900=+, ow

pykb÷yjkow jow zftzow yflhgkochjow ho gkcfbh wço ihwkghbfczf cozkgkèyko f pvilkgkjhjf# Comkb jh jëghjh jf 8;80, o zftzo f}olvkv, jhcjo bhkw hzfcîço phyh goczfñjow kcmoybhzk}ow,

gobfczèykow# Hlëb jkwwo, cfwwf bfwbo pfyâojo wvynkyhb hw yf}kwzhw gvlzvyhkw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw

fb gkcfbh# Fczyfzhczo, wobfczf ch pykbfkyh bfzhjf jo wëgvlo TT hw gyâzkghw jf gkcfbh

f}olvâyhb phyh hcèlkwfw bhkw zf÷ykghw# Hczfw fwgykzh fb moybhzo wfbfldhczf à gyúckgh f

nfyhlbfczf poy pwfvjúckbow jf pofzhw, fwgykzoyfw f aoychlkwzhw, hw gyâzkghw f}olvfb phyh

fwzvjow bhkw hpyomvcjhjow f xvf wf pyfogvphb bhkw gob h fwzëzkgh f ow flfbfczow mâlbkgow#

Co Iyhwkl, h gocgfpîço jo gkcfbh gobo hyzf hlkhjh ho goczftzo polâzkgo, fgocúbkgo f wogkhljh jëghjh jf 8;60, hlëb jhw kcmlvácgkhw ftzfychw, gykov o gfcèyko jo èpkgf jh gyâzkgh jf

gkcfbh# O bojflo jf aoychlkwbo myhcgáw xvf pyf}hlfgkh co phâw hzë fczço mok wviwzkzvâjo pflo

bojflo coyzf"hbfykghco $lkcnvhnfb bhkw oiafzk}h, bhkw fwphîo phyh cozâgkh f bfcow phyh

opkckço+# Poy ovzyo lhjo, gob o mfy}oy gvlzvyhl jo pfyâojo, o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl nhcdov

ghjfycow fwpfgkhlkqhjow cow pykcgkphkw aoychkw jo phâw, hkcjh ch jëghjh jf 8;60# Cfwzf

pfyâojo dh}kh nyhcjf pyfogvphîço jow hyzkwzhw fb “U###R gologhy wfv zyhihldo h wfy}kîo jh

gocwzyvîço polâzkgh jo phâw‒ $IHYYFZO, 900=, p# 90+# Poyëb, h pyfmfyácgkh jo pñilkgo fyhpflo gkcfbh kcjvwzykhl hbfykghco f hw gdhcgdhjhw chgkochkw# Dh}kh, poyzhczo vb

jfwfczfcjkbfczo fczyf gyâzkgow f fwpfgzhjoyfw, xvf }hloykqh}hb jf moybhw opowzhw hw

pyojvîöfw jh ëpogh#

Poyëb, dh}kh vb pñilkgo bhkw bhjvyo f bfldoy pyfphyhjo polâzkgh f gvlzvyhlbfczf, xvf

gobpyffcjkh bfldoy h lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh f hzykivâh vb phpfl bhkw kczflfgzvhl how

mklbfw# Dh}kh fczço, jokw zkpow jf pñilkgo jkmfyfczfw, gob fwzènkow kczfybfjkèykow fczyf flfw1

hxvflfw xvf wf gologh}hb gobo kczfylogvzoyfw jhw gyâzkghw bhkw hpyomvcjhjhw f o lfknow xvf

ivwgh}hb wobfczf o fczyfzfckbfczo#

H phyzky jh jëghjh jf 8;=0, hw gyâzkghw jf gkcfbh }k}fcgkhyhb vb jklfbh, fyh pyfgkwo opzhy

poy “goczkcvhy wf womkwzkghcjo‒ ov “hwwvbky moybhw bhkw wkbplfw f wvpfymkgkhkw‒ $IHYYFZO,

900=, P# 9>+# Gob h myhnbfczhîço jo aoychlkwbo fb èyfhw jf nácfyow f èyfhw jf kczfyfwwf

jk}fywhw, h gyâzkgh fwpfgkhlkqhjh gobfîov h pfyjfy fwphîo ch nyhcjf kbpyfcwh, pyogfwwo xvf

goczkcvh hzë doaf#



94

H hvzoyh fczfcjf xvf h gyâzkgh jf gkcfbh phwwh poy vb gocwzhczf pyogfwwo jf f}olvîço ho

locno jo zfbpo# Poyëb, h bhkoykh jow pfwxvkwhjoyfw jh èyfh glhwwkmkgh h gyâzkgh hzvhl gobo

kcmfykoy à mfkzh co phwwhjo, gob jfwzhxvf phyh hw jëghjhw jf 8;60 f 8;=0# Wfnvcjo Ihyyfzo

$900=+, kwwo hgoczfgf poyxvf dh}kh vbh cfgfwwkjhjf jf hgobphcdhy h f}olvîço jo gkcfbh,

zhczo fwzëzkgh xvhczo zfgcol÷nkgh f powwkiklkjhjfw hyzâwzkghw gobpoyzhjhw pflo mklbf, hlëb jf

oiwfy}hy hw xvfwzöfw mklow÷mkghw f polâzkghw fc}ol}kjhw# Ho bfwbo zfbpo, o gkcfbh fyh

fcghyhjo gob bhkw wfykfjhjf, jfkthcjo jf wfy bfyo fczyfzfckbfczo# Hlkhjo h kwwo, o

aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo gobfîov h wf moyzhlfgfy ch jëghjh jf 8;60, goczhcjo gob

pyomkwwkochkw bvckjow jf bhkw gocdfgkbfczo f zfybow fwpfgâmkgow jh èyfh#

O xvf lf}ov àw hzvhkw bvjhcîhw ch gyâzkgh jf gkcfbh cço mok h }oczhjf jow aoychlkwzhw ov jow

jkyknfczfw jhw pvilkghîöfw# O xvf jfzfybkch o hzvhl phjyço ë h bvjhcîh ch moybh gobo wço

gocwvbkjow, zhczo o gkcfbh xvhczo o aoychlkwbo, fbioyh o goczftzo jkcébkgo jhw yfjhîöfw

jf aoychlkwbo f h moybh gobo h gyâzkgh wf yflhgkochb gob fwwf goczftzo zhbiëb zfcdhb

kcmlvácgkh woiyf hw bvjhcîhw#

Hw zyhcwmoybhîöfw gvlzvyhkw nfyhyhb bojkmkghîöfw zhbiëb ch moybh, ch lkcnvhnfb f ch

fwzëzkgh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh, o xvf wf yfmlfzf co mhqfy jh gyâzkgh# H bvjhcîh gvlzvyhl zhbiëb

hlzfyov o pfymkl jow lfkzoyfw, hlzfyov h yflhîço jow lfkzoyfw gob o zftzo, wfvw jfwfaow, wvhyflhîço gob o gkcfbh, h xvhczkjhjf f h xvhlkjhjf jo xvf ë gocwvbkjo#

O aoychlkwbo jo mkchl jh jëghjh jf 8;>0 f kcâgko jf 8;40 zoycov"wf bhkw kcjvwzykhlkqhjo f

phjyockqhjo f o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl wf yfcjfv ho moybhzo pyobogkochl f ho aoychlkwbo jf

hnfcjh# Wfnvkcjo h zfcjácgkh }k}fcgkhjh pflh fjkzoykh jf gvlzvyh, phwwov h pyf}hlfgfy cow

}fâgvlow cço fwpfgkhlkqhjow h gyâzkgh lknfkyh, “U###R gob bkck"yfwfcdhw f glhwwkmkghîöfw

zhthzk}hw‒ $IHYYFZO, 900=, p#77+# H gyâzkgh hwwvbkv h mvcîço jf wfy}kîo, jf yfgobfcjhy ov

cço vb mklbf, cço bhkw jf hcèlkwf# Pyf}hlfgf hzvhlbfczf vbh jkwzkcîço fczyf fczyfzfckbfczo f

gvlzvyh# H gvlzvyh bhkw fyvjkzh yfgfif gyâzkghw bhkw flhioyhjhw f fbihwhjhw, bhw mhlh h vb

pñilkgo bvkzo yfwzykzo f fwpfgâmkgo fb }fâgvlow fwpfgkhlkqhjow#

Fwwhw bvjhcîhw mhqfb gob xvf doaf dhah jk}fynácgkhw kcglvwk}f woiyf xvf cobf jhy how

zftzow pvilkghjow1 yfwfcdh ov gyâzkgh? Hw jvhw wfykhb jkmfyfczfw, poyëb zfcjo fb gobvb

“U###R o pyk}klënko jh kczfypyfzhîço f jh opkckço woiyf h kcmoybhîço‒ $IHYYFZO, 900=, P#7>+#

Fcxvhczo h gyâzkgh wf hpyomvcjh bhkw ch fwwácgkh jh oiyh f mhq bhkw avlnhbfczow fwzëzkgow, h

yfwfcdh ë vbh moybh jf oykfczhîço how gocwvbkjoyfw#



9;

H gyâzkgh jf gkcfbh, kcwfykjh co moybhzo aoychlâwzkgo, kbpöf hlnvbhw lkbkzhîöfw ho zftzo# O

ghyèzfy jhw pvilkghîöfw zhbiëb ë vbh moybh jf gocjkgkochy h gyâzkgh h vb moybhzo

phwzfvykqhjo# O zftzo, fczço, fwzè wvafkzo h ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf wço oykvcjhw jhw pyojvîöfw

aoychlâwzkghw, fczyf flhw, yozkchw jf pyojvîço, fwzyhzënkhw jf gobfygkhlkqhîço, gobpfzkzk}kjhjf

kcjvwzykhl# “Ghjh zftzo, poyzhczo, pojf zfy wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw phyzkgvlhyfw, bhw powwvk vbh

moybh nfyhl xvf oykfczh f jfzfybkch, pflo bfcow fb phyzf, h wvh fwzyvzvyhîço‒ $IHYYFZO,

900=, p#68+#

Xvhczo à hzvhîço jh gyâzkgh, flh pojf pyolocnhy h ftpfykácgkh jo fwpfgzhjoy gob o mklbf# “H

gyâzkgh fc}ol}f vbh zyhcwpowkîço ov vbh zyhcwgojkmkghîço jo }kwvhl, jo mâlbkgo, jo wocoyo, jo

hvjko}kwvhl phyh hw phlh}yhw‒ $IHYYFZO, 900=, p#>>+#

H gyâzkgh pojf fwzhiflfgfy gob o lfkzoy vbh yflhîço jf kcwzyvîço ov jf gobphyzkldhbfczo# H

yflhîço jf kcwzyvîço wf ghyhgzfykqh poy bhyghy h wvpfykoykjhjf jo hvzoy gob yflhîço ho lfkzoy,

gob vb ghyèzfy jkjèzkgo/ftplkghzk}o ov jf pyfwgyf}fy gobo o mklbf jf}f wfy hwwkbklhjo f

kczfypyfzhjo# Aè h yflhîço jf gobphyzkldhbfczo pyfwwvpöf vbh zyogh jf kcmoybhîöfw f

opkcköfw gob o lfkzoy# Lfkzoy fwwf xvf, hgyfjkzh"wf, zfcdh gocdfgkbfczow f yfpfyz÷yko

wfbfldhczf ho jo hvzoy#

Zhbiëb hw moybhw jf }hloyhîço jf vb mklbf pojfb wfy jkwzkczhw# “Vb mklbf pojf wfy

h}hlkhjo fcxvhczo ÷zkbo fczyfzfckbfczo f poy wfv gobpfzfczf vwo jf zfgcolonkh, fcxvhczo

ovzyo pojf wfy avlnhjo poy wvhw xvhlkjhjfw hyzâwzkghw f pflh ftpyfwwço pfwwohl jf wfv jkyfzoy,

poy ftfbplo‒ $IHYYFZO, 900=, p#804+#

Xvhczo ho vwo jo zfybo gyâzkgh phyh glhwwkmkghy hw yfwfcdhw xvf wço pvilkghjhw hzvhlbfczf cow

}fâgvlow jf nyhcjf gkygvlhîço, pojf wfy mfkzo vb xvfwzkochbfczo, aè xvf h hcèlkwf f h

kczfypyfzhîço jow flfbfczow mâlbkgow wço bâckbhw# Poy ovzyo lhjo, h gyâzkgh jf gkcfbh cço

jfktov jf ftkwzky5 fbioyh wfah fwghwwh, fwzè pyfwfczf fb “U###R pvilkghîöfw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw‒,

“lk}yow f yfmlftöfw hghjábkghw‒, “pènkchw ch kczfycfz‒ $IHYYFZO, 900=, p#866+#

9#:#8 H zyhafz÷ykh jh gyâzkgh ch Hynfczkch

Aè h gyâzkgh jf gkcfbh mfkzh ch Hynfczkch ë jk}kjkjh poy ]hlëykh Yf f Bhykch Bonvkllhcwe{

$w/j+8> fb xvhzyo bhygow# O pykbfkyo ë jhzhjo jf 8;8:, xvhcjo o gkcfbh fyh }kwzo pflhw

8> Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<dzzp1//~~~#pfyko#vclp#fjv#hy/xvfwzkoc/ck}fl9/hyzkgvlow/kcmoybfw_kc}fwzknhgkoc/bonvkllhcwe{_yf_8_kcmoybfw_89pykbh}fyh0=#dzb3# Hgfwwo fb1 08 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#



70

pvilkghîöfw aoychlâwzkghw gobo vbh co}h moybh jf hyzf f wobfczf hw pyojvîöfw kczfychgkochkw

zkcdhb fwphîo chw pènkchw jow pfyk÷jkgow#

O wfnvcjo bobfczo hgoczfgf ch jëghjh jf 8;70, gob h gdfnhjh jow mklbfw gob wob co phâwf o wvynkbfczo jh mknvyh jh fwzyflh jf gkcfbh# Hphyfgfb bvkzhw pvilkghîöfw moghjhw ch

jk}vlnhîço jhw nyhcjfw pyojvîöfw f ch }kjh jhw gflfiykjhjfw jo gkcfbh# Ho bfwbo zfbpo,

hlnvbhw pvilkghîöfw, bfwbo xvf bhkw yhyhw, wf gocgfczyh}hb ch jkwgvwwço bhkw polâzkgh jo

mfcúbfco gkcfbh#

Aè o wvynkbfczo jf aoychlkwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjow fb gkcfbh chw yfjhîöfw, pyogfwwo lf}hjo pflh

bojfyckqhîço f ftphcwço jo bfyghjo gkcfbhzonyèmkgo, ë jhzhjo jh jëghjh jf 8;=0# Co

bfwbo pfyâojo wvynfb }èykow co}ow fwphîow phyh jkmvwço jhw gyâzkghw f o mklbf jf hvzoy phwwhh wfy vbh zfcjácgkh jhw pyojvîöfw f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, fczyf hw pvilkghîöfw jo phâw# Fwwf

bobfczo wfnvf wf ftphcjkcjo hzë o kcâgko jh jkzhjvyh ch Hynfczkch $8;>= ‗ 8;47+, xvhcjo

bvkzhw yfjhîöfw aoychlâwzkghw moyhb mfgdhjhw f pyojvîöfw gkcfbhzonyèmkghw chgkochkw

wvwpfcwhw#

Fwwh wkzvhîço gobfîh h wf yf}fyzfy gob o yfzoyco jh jfbogyhgkh, fb 8;47, f zfb wfv hvnf co

kcâgko jow hcow 8;;0 gob vb bo}kbfczo gdhbhjo jf Co}o Gkcfbh Hynfczkco, xvf kckgkov

vbh co}h mhwf, zhczo chw pyojvîöfw chgkochkw, gobo ch moybh gobo h gyâzkgh hw }kh# Wfnvcjo

hw hvzoyhw, fwwh goyyfwpocjf à bfldoy mhwf jh dkwz÷ykh jh gyâzkgh jf gkcfbh hynfczkch, pokw,

hlëb jh goczykivkîço jh ioh mhwf }k}kjh pflo gkcfbh jo phâw, h kczfycfz f o wvynkbfczo jf vbh

co}h nfyhîço jf gyâzkgow mfq gob xvf o cñbfyo jf pvilkghîöfw f o fwphîo jfjkghjo ho gkcfbh

cow aoychkw jkèykow hvbfczhwwf gocwkjfyh}flbfczf# Hlëb jkwwo, dè ovzyh avwzkmkghzk}h phyh fwwh

ftphcwço1 o gyfwgkbfczo jo cñbfyo jf gvywow jf gkcfbh co phâw, xvf hbplkov

gocwkjfyh}flbfczf o pñilkgo pozfcgkhl jfwwhw pvilkghîöfw#



78

7 O AOYHLKWBO KWFYKJO H ^FI

7#8 Hw fwpfgkmkgkjhjfw jh kczfycfz f dkpfyzftzo

Wfnvcjo Lvâw Boczfkyo $9008+, fb wfv hyzkno H kczfycfz gobo bfko jf gobvckghîço, fbioyhh kczfycfz zfcdh wvynkjo ch jëghjh jf 8;=0 phyh mkcw bklkzhyfw, mok hpfchw h phyzky jow hcow

8;;0 xvf wfv vwo gobfîov h wf popvlhykqhy, gob kcwzhlhîço fb gobpvzhjoyfw pfwwohkw# Co

Iyhwkl, h kcwzhlhîço jf pyo}fjoyfw phyh jkwpockiklkqhy o hgfwwo h kczfycfz ho pñilkgo fb nfyhl

zf}f kcâgko fb 8;;6# H phyzky jf fczço wfv vwo wf ftphcjkv yhpkjhbfczf f fwwf cñbfyo

hzvhlbfczf goczkcvh wf ftphcjkcjo# Wfnvcjo pfwxvkwh yfhlkqhjh pflo KJG fb 900;, fcxvhczo

fb 9000, 897 bkl iyhwklfkyow zkcdhb hwwkchzvyh jf ihcjh lhynh, fb 900; fwwf cñbfyo aè fyh jf

89 bkldöfw jf pfwwohw gocfgzhjhw#

O vwo jh kczfycfz gobo fwphîo phyh gobphyzkldhbfczo jf kcmoybhîöfw, wfahb flhw zftzow,

}âjfow, mozow, wf mfq powwâ}fl hzyh}ëw jh gykhîço jh ôylj ^kjf ^fi $^^^+# Wfv

mvcgkochbfczo wf ihwfkh ch lkcnvhnfb jo dkpfyzftzo $mfyyhbfczh xvf, gob vb glkge jo

bovwf, jkyfgkoch o lfkzoy phyh ovzyo zftzo/pènkch+ phyh pyopoygkochy ho vwvèyko h powwkiklkjhjf

jf hgfwwo h kcmoybhîöfw jf bojo cço lkcfhy#

Hp÷w hcow jf gobvckghîço vckjkyfgkochl hzyh}ëw jow }fâgvlow kbpyfwwow, yèjko f zflf}kwço, h

fyh jh kczfycfz phwwov h wfy }kwzh gobo h powwkiklkjhjf jf pyoboîço jf vbh gobvckghîço

ikjkyfgkochl bfjkhjh pflo gobpvzhjoy# Ov wfah, zyhzh"wf jh powwkiklkjhjf jf xvfiyhy ihyyfkyhw

mâwkghw fczyf wfyfw dvbhcow, powwkiklkzhcjo hw gobvckghîöfw kcwzhczécfhw, kcjfpfcjfczfbfczf

jh jkwzécgkh fczyf wfvw phyzkgkphczfw# Poyëb, wfnvcjo Hlft Pykbo $9007+, co hyzkno Xvço

kczfyhzk}o ë o dkpfyzftzo?, o xvf pyf}hlfgf co vwo jh kczfycfz ë h kczfyhîço dobfb"bèxvkch#

Bvkzow fwpfgkhlkwzhw hgyfjkzhb xvf fwwh ikjkyfgkochlkjhjf ë vb pyfwwvpowzo mvcjhbfczhl phyh

kczfyhzk}kjhjf# Fczyfzhczo, hzvhlbfczf o xvf mhq jf vb wkzf bhkw ov bfcow kczfyhzk}o ë h

powwkiklkjhjf jf lkcew $yfgvywow dkpfyzftzvhkw+ xvf flf omfyfgf, f cço wvh ghphgkjhjf jf

pyopoygkochy jkèlono# Ov wfah, “xvhczo bhkw ‘glkgè}fl‛ ë vb wkzf, bhkw kczfyhzk}o flf wfyè

gocwkjfyhjo‒84 $PYKBO, 9007+#

O dkpfyzftzo zfb jvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bhyghczfw, wfnvcjo Pykbo $9007+1 h pfybvzhiklkjhjf

$ghphgkjhjf jf gobikchîöfw jk}fywhw jf zftzow f goczfñjow+ f h pozfcgkhlkjhjf $fwzhw jk}fywhw

gobikchîöfw pfybkzfb h moybhîço jf wfczkjow jk}fywow jf hgoyjo gob hw powwkiklkjhjfw

84 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~=#vmynw#iy/lkbg/PJMw/xvho_kczfyhzk}o_dkpfyzftzo#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb1 8= jfwfzfbiyo jf 9080#



79

fwgoldkjhw+# Fwwhw jvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw mhqfb gob xvf o vwvèyko wfah hvzoy jf wvhw hîöfw ho

fwgoldfy o xvf ftployhy f fb xvf oyjfb ftployhy#

Ftkwzfb zyáw câ}fkw jf kczfyhzk}kjhjf xvf }hykhb jf hgoyjo gob h kczfcwkjhjf jf ghjh vb$hpvj ]FYLF, 9008+8;# Co pykbfkyo, h phyzkgkphîço jo vwvèyko ë ihkth, o goczfñjo ë hpfchw

jfkthjo à wvh jkwpowkîço $dkpfyzftzo pozfcgkhl+# Co wfnvcjo, o kczfychvzh zfb opîço jf

phyzkgkphîço fb hlnvcw hwpfgzow jo goczfñjo jo wkzf $gdhbhjo jf dkpfyzftzo golhioyhzk}o+#

Co zfygfkyo f ñlzkbo câ}fl, hw powwkiklkjhjfw jf phyzkgkphîço jo kczfychvzh wf ftphcjfb phyh h

jkwpockiklkjhjf jo wkzf jf hnyfnhy h opkckço jo lfkzoy ho jfwfc}ol}kbfczo gocgfkzvhl jo

pyoafzo $dkpfyzftzo goopfyhzk}o+# Ov wfah, o vwvèyko pojf pvilkghy f kczfymfyky co goczfñjo jh

moybh xvf xvkwfy f, hzë bfwbo, hphnhy hxvklo xvf xvkwfy, bfwbo wfcjo vb goczfñjo jf

hvzoykh jf ovzyh pfwwoh#

O dkpfyzftzo, jf hgoyjo gob Boczfkyo $9008+, goyyfwpocjf h }èykow }âcgvlow $lkcew+ phyh

ovzyow goczfñjow xvf vb jogvbfczo jkwpocâ}fl ch kczfycfz pojf zfy# Jhâ h kjfkh jf cço

lkcfhykjhjf jh kczfycfz, aè xvf flh jè ho vwvèyko h powwkiklkjhjf jf “whlzhy‒ poy goczfñjow

jk}fywow hzyh}ëw jhw lknhîöfw fwzhiflfgkjhw fczyf flfw# Poyëb, Pykbo $9007+ jkwgoyjh jfwzf

poczo jf }kwzh hlfnhcjo xvf, fbioyh bvkzow hvzoyfw hpoczfb o dkpfyzftzo gobo vbh lfkzvyh

cço lkcfhy, h lkcfhykjhjf hkcjh fwzè lè# O xvf dè ë vbh bvlzkplkgkjhjf jf wfxvácgkhw jf lfkzvyhjkwpocâ}fkw à jkwpowkîço jo vwvèyko# Aè phyh Aoço Ghch}kldhw90 $w/j+, fb wfv hyzkno Dkpfyzftzo

f yfgfpîço jf cozâgkhw oc"lkcf, h powwkiklkjhjf jh kczfyhzk}kjhjf jhjh pflo dkpfyzftzo $xvf ë

glhwwkmkghjo gobo h hwwogkhîço jf flfbfczow, hzyh}ëw jf lkcew, xvf záb vb zfbh fb gobvb,

wfahb flfw }âjfow, mozow, wocw, kcmonyhmkhw, zftzow fzg+ ë h pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh xvf jkmfyf o

aoychlkwbo mfkzo ch ~fi jo kbpyfwwo# O xvf bojkmkgh cço hpfchw h moybh gobo ë mfkzo o

aoychlkwbo, bhw h moybh gobo flf ë gocwvbkjo# Kwwo wf ftplkgh, pokw o dkpfyzftzo “hcvlh h

lkcfhykjhjf jo zftzo kbpyfwwo f jfwzy÷k h coîço jf zftzo vckzèyko, omfyfgfcjo bhkw lkifyjhjfphyh xvfb lá f phyh xvfb fwgyf}f‒98 $GHCH]KLDHW, w/j+#

8; ]FYLF, Lfchyh# Hyzkwzw hcj Hyzkgkphczw1 Wkzo Gollhiwphgf hcj Hyzgdk}fw# 9008# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<dzzp1//~~~#cf~wgdool#fjv/bfjkhwzvjkfw/gocmfyfcgf/}kyzvhl_yfhlkz{/lfchyh_}fylf#dzb3# Hgfwwo fb 87 co}#9008#

90 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vmm#iy/###/ghch}kldhw"aoho"dkpfyzftzo"f"yfgfpgho"cozkgkhw"oclkcf#pjm3#

Hgfwwo fb1 8= jf wfzfbiyo jf 908098 Kjfb 84#



77

Wfnvcjo Ghch}kldhw $w/j+, co ~fiaoychlkwbo ow lkcew gvbpyfb jvhw mvcîöfw1 jogvbfczhl f

chyyhzk}h# H mvcîço jogvbfczhl goyyfwpocjf à ghphgkjhjf jf gykhîço jf vbh zfkh xvhwf

kcmkckzh jf kcmoybhîöfw xvf pfybkzf ho lfkzoy opzhy poy wf hpyomvcjhy ov cço co zfbh fb

xvfwzço# Aè h mvcîço chyyhzk}h goyyfwpocjf à gocwzyvîço jhjh ho zftzo, o xvf ë fwgoldkjo phyh

wfy “lkcehjo‒, ov wfah, fb xvhkw phlh}yhw wfyço gologhjow ow lkcew#

Poyëb, wfnvcjo Boczfkyo $9008+, bfwbo gob zojh h kczfyhzk}kjhjf f pyhzkgkjhjf jo

dkpfyzftzo, flf cço ë o yfgvywo omfyfgkjo pflh kczfycfz bhkw hpyfgkhjo pflow kczfychvzhw

iyhwklfkyow# O vwo jo f"bhkl wvpfyh o vwo jhw pènkchw jf goczfñjo kcmoybhzk}o# Fwwf hwpfgzo

wobhjo ho vwo jf pyonyhbhw gobo yfjfw jf goc}fywh f ghchkw jf }oq phyh zflfmocfbhw oc"

lkcf mhq gob xvf h kczfycfz wfah glhwwkmkghjh gobo vb bfko jf gobvckghîço kczfypfwwohl#

Cfwzf ghwo, o xvf bhkw jkmfyfcgkh h kczfycfz jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh ë h

ghphgkjhjf xvf o vwvèyko zfb jf zhbiëb wfy gykhjoy jf goczfñjo f wvh hvzocobkh phyh

jfzfybkchy h xvf zkpo jf goczfñjo xvfy zfy hgfwwo f xvhcjo xvfy xvf kwwo hgoczfîh# Ë kwwo xvf

jkmfyfcgkh vb fwpfgzhjoy, co ghwo jo vwo jo wvpoyzf zflf}kwço, jf vb vwvèyko, poy ftfbplo#

Xvhczo ho vwo jfwzf zfybo, Pykbo $9007+ gocwkjfyh h vzklkqhîço jh phlh}yh “vwvèyko‒ gobo

vbh moybh jf gologhy xvfb mhq vwo jh gobvckghîço bfjkhjh poy gobpvzhjoy gobo

gohjav}hczf ch hîço $hxvflf xvf mhq vwo jf vb goczfñjo aè gocjkgkochjo phyh flf+, wfcjo h

zfgcolonkh h pyozhnockwzh# Poy kwwo, hpoczh gobo bhkw hjfxvhjo mhqfy vwo jo zfybo

“kczfnyhczf‒, pokw jfcozh hîço, hlnvëb xvf phyzkgkph jh zfgcolonkh, f cço wobfczf h vwh#

Poy kwwo, h kczfycfz mvcgkoch gobo vb bfko jf gobvckghîço dâiykjo# Flh zfb hlnvcw hwpfgzow

jf bfko jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh $gobo wvh ghphgkjhjf jf hlghcgf jf jk}fywow pñilkgow fb

zfyykz÷ykow jkwzkczow+, fczyfzhczo, wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wf zyhcwmoybhb jf hgoyjo gob vwo xvf ë

mfkzo jh ~fi#

H kczfycfz yfpyfwfczh vbh yf}olvîço co wfczkjo jo goczyolf f jh jkmvwço jf kcmoybhîöfw, pokw

“zoych hgfwwâ}fkw, wfb h ftknácgkh jf nyhcjfw kc}fwzkbfczow, vb bfko jf pyojvîço f,

pykcgkphlbfczf, jf jkwzykivkîço jf kcmoybhîöfw‒ $PYKBO, 9007+# Hlëb jkwwo, pojf jkmkgvlzhy

h gfcwvyh, pokw dè kcmoybhîço wvynkcjo jf zojh phyzf, f pyopkgkhy h gobvckghîço fczyf fbkwwoy

f yfgfpzoy jf moybh bhkw hifyzh f jkyfzh# Bhw, h pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh yf}olvgkocèykh jh

kczfycfz ë o mhzo jf xvf “bkcoykhw f bhkoykhw, nyhcjfw f pfxvfcow pojfb gobphyzkldhy o

bfwbo fwphîo‒99 $PYKBO, 9007+#

99 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~=#vmynw#iy/lkbg/PJMw/xvho_kczfyhzk}o_dkpfyzftzo#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb1 8= jfwfzfbiyo jf 9080#



7:

Fczyfzhczo, o mhzo jh kczfycfz powwkiklkzhy xvf zojow wfahb nfyhjoyfw jf goczfñjo f zfcdhb

jkyfkzo h fwgoldfy o xvf hgfwwhy, cço xvfy jkqfy xvf zojow zfcdhb hgfwwo h yfjf# Hlëb jf

hkcjh cço zfy hzkcnkjo zojh h popvlhîço, o vwo jh kczfycfz ftknf vb bâckbo jf gocdfgkbfczo

jf gobpvzhjoyfw f womz~hyfw, hlëb jf jobâcko jh lkcnvhnfb fwgykzh# Fwwhw yfwzykîöfw phyh o

vwo jh ~fi nfyhb o mfcúbfco gocdfgkjo co Iyhwkl gobo ftglvwço jknkzhl, xvf, wfnvcjo

Boczfkyo $9008+, pyfogvph hw hvzoykjhjfw, pokw wfv vwo fwzè wf zoychcjo, ghjh jkh bhkw, zço

kbpoyzhczf cfwzh wogkfjhjf xvhczo h hlmhifzkqhîço#

7#9 H pyèzkgh jo aoychlkwbo ch ~fi

Bhygow Phlègkow $900:+, co hyzkno kczkzvlhjo Aoychlkwbo fb hbikfczf plvyhl? ozhw phyh

jkwgvwwço jh Kczfycfz fcxvhczo wvpoyzf phyh pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh, xvfwzkoch h glhwwkmkghîço jhkczfycfz gobo bfko jf gobvckghîço, pokw jfmfcjf h ftkwzácgkh jf }èykhw bojhlkjhjfw

gobvckghgkochkw cfwzf bfwbo hyzfmhzo zfgcol÷nkgo $h kczfycfz+# Co vck}fywo oc"lkcf, zojhw

fwwhw bojhlkjhjfw wço gobplfbfczhyfw $Z}, yèjko, kbpyfwwo+ f h ghphgkjhjf jf gykhîço jf

kcmoybhîöfw f ihcgow jf jhjow ë bvkzo hlzh# Poy kwwo, ë kbpoyzhczf h ftkwzácgkh jf “U###R

pyogfwwow pyomkwwkochkw jf mklzyhnfb, zykhnfb, }hlkjhîço‒ $PHLÈGKOW, 900:, p#4>+# Ow

lfkzoyfw xvfyfb yfgfify bvkzhw kcmoybhîöfw, bhw cço xvfyfb zfy xvf zojow ow jkhw wflfgkochy

o xvf lfyço# Fwzf phpfl jf}f wfy ftfgvzhjo poy aoychlkwzhw f fjkzoyfw#

Jfwwh moybh, o aoychlkwbo ch ~fi cço ë vb wviwzkzvzo jhxvflf mfkzo fb wvpoyzfw hczfykoyfw,

bhw wkb vbh goczkcvkjhjf, poyëb gob h ghphgkjhjf jf hnyfnhy f pozfcgkhlkqhy co bfwbo

fwphîo ghyhgzfyâwzkghw gobo1 “U###R kczfyhzk}kjhjf, bvlzkbkjkhlkjhjf, dkpfyzftzvhlkjhjf,

kcwzhczhcfkjhjf f hzvhlkqhîço goczâcvh, bfb÷ykh, pfywochlkqhîço‒ $PHLÈGKOW, 900:, p#44+,

jf hlnvbh moybh pyfwfczfw fb wvpoyzfw aoychlâwzkgow hczfykoyfw#

Fczyfzhczo, wfnvcjo Iyvco Yojyknvfw $9000+, fb wfv lk}yo ^fi~ykzkcn 1 Pfcwhcjo o Zftzo

Phyh h Bâjkh Jknkzhl , o zftzo aoychlâwzkgo mfkzo phyh kczfycfz ë zhthjo gobo o fwphîo ocjf wf

fwgyf}f povgo, jh moybh bhkw oiafzk}h f pfywvhwk}h powwâ}fl# Bhw, fbioyh h bhkoykh jow

}fâgvlow aoychlâwzkgow ch ~fi mhîh vwo jfwwf moybhzo, cço wf zyhzh jf vbh yfnyh# Ch kczfycfz

“cço dè gfyzo f fyyhjo U###R, chjh ë jfmkckzk}o‒ $YOJYKNVFW, 9000, p#4+#

O hvzoy glhwwkmkgh o zftzo fwgykzo phyh h kczfycfz gobo ~fi~ykzkcn , xvf cço wfykh cfb vb zftzo

aoychlâwzkgo, cfb pvilkgkzèyko, f wkb vbh bkwzvyh jow jokw# Fwzf zftzo pyfgkwh wfy phvzhjo

ivwghcjo mkthy h hzfcîço jo lfkzoy hzyh}ëw jf vbh ioh jkwpockiklkqhîço jf jhjow# H ghjh



76

phyènyhmo hlnvb flfbfczo jf}f wfy}ky gobo vb bozk}hjoy phyh wfnvky fb myfczf gob h

lfkzvyh# Ovzyh ioh fwzyhzënkh jh kczfycfz ë, wfbpyf xvf powwâ}fl, pfjky h opkckço jo lfkzoy#

Fbioyh cço dhah vb bojflo jf ~fi~ykzkcn xvf jf}h wfy wfbpyf wfnvkjo, ftkwzfb “zyáwbhcjhbfczow‒ ièwkgow phyh o zftzo jf kczfycfz# Wço flfw1 oiafzk}kjhjf $gocwzyvky vb zftzo

jkyfzo f gob vwo jf lkcew phyh hgyfwgfczhy kcmoybhîöfw xvf pojfb }ky h kczfyfwwhy o lfkzoy+,

ch}fnhiklkjhjf $o ghbkcdo xvf o lfkzoy pfygoyyf hzë h kcmoybhîço jf}f wfy o bhkw gvyzo f

wkbplfw powwâ}fl+ f }kwkiklkjhjf $jhy jfwzhxvf hw kcmoybhîöfw pykcgkphkw+#

Wfnvcjo Phlègkow $900:, p#4;+, h kczfycfz cço ë hpfchw vb bfko jf “zyhcwbkwwço jf

bfcwhnfcw fczyf kczfylogvzoyfw‒# Flh ftfygf zhbiëb vbh mvcîço jf bfjkhîço, bhw wfvw

fbpyfnow }ço bvkzo hlëb jkwwo, kcglvwk}f co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo ho aoychlkwbo oc"lkcf# Fcxvhczofb ovzyow wvpoyzfw o xvf pyf}hlfgf ë h l÷nkgh jh omfyzh $omfyzh jf pyonyhbhîço jf vb ghchl jf

Z], jf vbh fwzhîço jf yèjko ov jf cozâgkhw jf vb aoychl+, ch kczfycfz pyfjobkch h l÷nkgh jh

jfbhcjh, ë flh xvf jfzfybkch o goczfñjo h wfy hgfwwhjo# Poyëb, hbihw hw l÷nkghw pojfb

goftkwzky ch ~fi# H kczfycfz zhbiëb pojf jfwfcghjfhy hîöfw jf ghyèzfy gobfygkhl, jfgkwöfw

pwkgol÷nkghw, fmfkzow wogkhkw# Poyzhczo, wvh ghphgkjhjf }hk bvkzo “hlëb jo ébikzo

gobvckghgkochl/kcmoybhgkochl‒ $PHLÈGKOW, 900:, p#;8+# Poy kwwo, o hvzoy jfmfcjf h

glhwwkmkghîço jh ~fi gobo “U###R vb wkwzfbh xvf mvcgkoch gobo hbikfczf bñlzkplo fdfzfyonácfo jf kcmoybhîço, gobvckghîço f hîço phyh ovzyow wkwzfbhw‒ $PHLÈGKOW, 900:,

p#;7 f ;:+#

H kczfycfz hkcjh zfykh ovzyh fwpfgkmkgkjhjf1 wvh ghphgkjhjf jf ftkwzácgkh, xvf }hk hlëb jo

wvpoyzf f h avcîço jf jk}fywow wkwzfbhw fb vb bfwbo fwphîo $o gkifyfwphîo+# Fwwfw wkwzfbhw

ftkwzfczfw co gkifyfwphîo goczykivfb phyh h bvlzkplkgkjhjf jf ovzyow “$wvi+wkwzfbhw‒#

Towë Lopfq, Bhcvfl Nhno f Towë Pfyfkyh $900:+ yfwwhlzhb co hykzno Lh nfwzk÷c jf lh

kcmoybhgk÷c gvlzvyhl fc kczfycfz , ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jh ~fi xvf ë h jk}fywkjhjf jf goczfñjow

jkwpocâ}fkw, o xvf cço wknckmkgh xvf h nyhcjf f mhgklkzhjh hgfwwkiklkjhjf àw kcmoybhîöfw wfah

wkcúckbo jf xvhlkjhjf# Poy kwwo, jfmfcjfb h kbpoyzécgkh jh nfwzço jo goczfñjo gobo vbh

moybh jf wvibfzá"lo h gykzëykow jf xvhlkjhjf f jf zoychy hxvflfw xvf o nfyhb yfwpocwè}fkw

pflo xvf ë jk}vlnhjo#

Fwwh nfwzço jf kcmoybhîöfw ch kczfycfz fc}ol}f xvhzyo hzoyfw mvcjhbfczhkw1 o

nfwzoy/aoychlkwzh, o pyojvzoy, o vwvèyko f o goczfñjo# H fmkgègkh jo wkwzfbh gobvckghgkochl f h



7=

vzklkqhîço jfwwf goczfñjo jfpfcjfb jh ftkwzácgkh jf vbh yflhîço jf xvhlkjhjf fczyf fwzfw

flfbfczow#

Poyëb, o nfwzoy/aoychlkwzh ë o pykcgkphl yfwpocwè}fl pflh xvhlkjhjf jhw kcmoybhîöfw# Hwmvcîöfw jfwwf aoychlkwzh wço bhkoyfw co vck}fywo gkifycëzkgo, aè xvf ë zyhihldo jflf ftployhy,

jh bfldoy moybh powwâ}fl, ow yfgvywow jkwpocâ}fkw phyh zhl, xvf kcglvfb fwgoldfy ow yfgvywow

bvlzkbâjkh, hw mozow, lkcew fzg, gobo moybh jf pyojvqky vb goczfñjo jf bfldoy câ}fl#

Fwwh jk}fywkjhjf jf powwkiklkjhjfw, wfnvcjo Phlègkow $900:+, mhq gob xvf h kczfycfz zyhihldf

gob jfbhcjhw jkwzkczhw, nfyhcjo wolvîöfw fwpfgâmkghw phyh hzfcjá"lhw# Poyëb, fwwhw wolvîöfw

zfcjfb h wf nfcfyhlkqhy f yhpkjhbfczf wço hwwkbklhjhw poy ovzyow wkwzfbhw# Jhâ }fb h kjfkh jf

xvf ch yfjf wf fcgoczyh jf zvjo# Poy kwwo, ë kbpoyzhczf cço zfy jh kczfycfz vbh gocgfkzvhîçolkbkzhjh, gocdfgfy bfldoy wfvw pozfcgkhkw f ftployè"low bhkw ch pyèzkgh jo aoychlkwbo#

Phyh Lopfq hz hl , $900:+ hlëb jh hzvhl mhgklkjhjf phyh hzvhlkqhîço jf goczfñjo, vbh jfwwhw

}hczhnfcw jh f}olvîço xvf h kczfycfz womyfv cow ñlzkbow hcow, f xvf jf}f wfy bfldoy

ftployhjh, ë o ghbkcdo ghjh }fq bhkw gvyzo xvf o vwvèyko pyfgkwh mhqfy phyh zfy hgfwwo h fwzhw

kcmoybhîöfw# Hlëb jkwwo, h ~fi powwkiklkzh mhqfy vwo jf yfgvywow jk}fywow phyh vbh ñckgh

cozâgkh# O zftzo pojf }ky hgobphcdhjo jf kcmonyèmkgow, lkcew phyh zftzow f hyzknow yflhgkochjow

ho bfwbo zfbh, fczyf}kwzhw# Fwwf zkpo jf jkwgvywo kcmoybhzk}o ë gdhbhjo pflow hvzoyfw jf

“kcmoybhîço jf }hloy hgyfwgkjo‒97 $LOPFQ5 NHNO5 PFYFKYH, 900:, p#8>;, zyhjvîço cowwh+

f h kczfycfz ë o ñckgo wvpoyzf ftkwzfczf ghphq jf hiyknè"lo#

Poyëb, cço ë pyfgkwo wfy aoychlkwzh phyh bhckmfwzhy wvhw opkcköfw ch kczfycfz# Xvhlxvfy pfwwoh

pojf bhczfy vbh pènkch ch ~fi f wfy pyojvzoy jf vb jkwgvywo bkjkèzkgo# Jfwwh moybh, h

kczfycfz pfybkzf xvf h bfwbh pfwwoh wfah pyojvzoyh f nfwzoyh jo goczfñjo jk}vlnhjo fb wvh

pènkch# O bhkw kbpoyzhczf, co ghwo jhw pènkchw aoychlâwzkghw ë xvf flhw zfcdhb vb jkwgvywo

kcmoybhzk}o jf xvhlkjhjf phyh xvf pyojvqhb yfmfyácgkhw, jkmvcjkcjo kcmoybhîöfw gvlzvyhkw jf

vbh jfzfybkchjh gobvckjhjf# Gob opkckço wfbfldhczf, Yojyknvfw $9000+ kjfczkmkgh h

kczfycfz gobo vb fwphîo hifyzo xvf cço ftknf moybhîço pyomkwwkochl jhxvflf xvf cflf wf

kcwfyf# Kwwo wf ftplkgh poyxvf h yfjhîço ch ~fi }hk bvkzo hlëb jo zftzo aoychlâwzkgo f h

kczfycfz fwzè kcwfykjh co goczftzo jf zyhihldo jf xvhwf zojh pyomkwwço, hlëb jf wfy vb fwphîo

hgfwwâ}fl h zojow#

97 “U###R kcmoybhgk÷c jf }hloy høhjkjo‒#



7>

Aè Aoço Ghylow Goyyfkh $900:+, fb wfv hyzkno Jf xvf bojo h coîço jf fwphîo pñilkgo hlzfyh"

wf ch yfjf f hmfzh gocgfkzvhlbfczf o ~fiaoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl?, zyhzh h ~fi gobo vb fwphîo

pñilkgo ocjf “U###R o yhgkogâcko zfcjf h goc}fyzfy"wf fb gocwvbo‒ $DHIFYBHW9:, 8;49

hpvj GOYYFKH, 900:, p#8;9+# H kczfycfz powwkiklkzh vbh kczfyhîço xvf cço fwzè lkbkzhjh h

jhy yfwpowzhw fb zfbpo yfhl, flh goyyfwpocjf à moybhîço jf vb nyvpo xvf hpyfwfczh opkcköfw,

yfhnf àw opkcköfw hldfkhw, ivwgh lfnkzkbhy wvhw hîöfw ov xvfwzkochy hw hîöfw hldfkhw#

Fczyf fwwfw nyvpow moybhjow ch yfjf fwzço hxvflfw gob mogo ch pyojvîço gvlzvyhl, ov fb wvh

jkwgvwwço# O aoychlkwbo, ch bhkoykh jow }fâgvlow bkjkèzkgow, hjxvkykv vb ghyèzfy jf pyojvîço

kcjvwzykhl, xvf pykoykqh kczfyfwwfw phyzkgvlhyfw fb jfzykbfczo jh ftpyfwwço jh opkckço pñilkgh#

Phyh o hvzoy, h kczfycfz fcxvhczo fwmfyh pñilkgh wfykh h fwpfyhcîh jf gykhy"wf vbh kzfyhzk}kjhjf

f vb fwphîo vck}fywhl jf jk}vlnhîço jf kjfkhw xvf yf}fyzfwwf fwzf xvhjyo#

H kczfycfz, fcxvhczo myvzo jh nloihlkqhîço, }k}f hlnvbhw gocwfxvácgkhw jfwwf pyogfwwo# Vbh

jflhw fwzè co mhzo jf xvf h nloihlkqhîço “U###R jfw}hloykqov hw kjfczkjhjfw ihwfhjhw fb phpëkw

wogkhkw fb jfzykbfczo gyfwgfczf jf kjfczkjhjfw ihwfhjhw fb pfyzfcîhw gvlzvyhkw‒ $GOYYFKH,

900:, p#8;6+# Gobo yfwvlzhjo jh jfbogyhzkqhîço jh kczfycfz, goczfñjow gyâzkgow nhcdhyhb

bhkw fwphîo ch ~fi, fwphîo xvf dè hlnvb zfbpo mok yfjvqkjo chw ovzyhw bâjkhw, f dov}f

pyolkmfyhîço jh kbpyfcwh hlzfychzk}h, yèjkow f zflf}kwöfw gobvckzèykhw# Poy ovzyo lhjo,pyolkmfyhyhb zhbiëb o gobfygkhlkwbo, h fwpfzhgvlhykqhîço f h }hloykqhîço jo zyk}khl#

Jf hgoyjo gob Lopfq hz hl $900:+, o pñilkgo jfwwhw pènkchw ch ~fi ë bvkzo bhkw jo xvf vb

lfkzoy, ë vb vwvèyko# Flf wf jkmfyfcgkh poy zfy h wvh jkwpowkîço, h xvhlxvfy bobfczo,

kcgoczè}fkw opîöfw jf goczfñjo, mkghcjo h wfv gykzëyko h fwgoldh jhxvklo xvf nowzhykh jf

gocwvbky h ghjh bobfczo# Zhl}fq, poy kwwo, wfah bhkw jkmâgkl gocxvkwzhy h mkjflkjhjf co

vck}fywo }kyzvhl# Poyëb, zojo vwvèyko xvfy fcgoczyhy o xvf ivwgh jh moybh bhkw mègkl powwâ}fl#

Poy kwwo, h pfywochlkqhîço jf goczfñjo ov o mogo fb moycfgfy kcmoybhîöfw fwpfgâmkghw phyh

hzfcjfy h vbh jfbhcjh wfnbfczhjh jf vwvèykow goyyfwpocjfb àw pykcgkphkw fwzyhzënkhw phyh

gocxvkwzh jh mkjflkqhîço#

Poy kwwo, vb iob goczfñjo phyh kczfycfz cço jfpfcjf jh gykhîço jf nyhcjfw poyzhkw jf

kcmoybhîço f wkb jf pènkchw xvf pykoykqfb vbh èyfh jf kczfyfwwf jfzfybkchjh# Zyhihldow xvf

wço mfkzow fb mvcîço jf hzfcjfy h jfbhcjhw pyë"jflkbkzhjhw#

9: DHIFYBHW, Aüynfc# Bvjhcîh fwzyvzvyhl jh fwmfyh pñilkgh# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Zfbpo Iyhwklfkyo, 8;49



74

7#7 Pènkchw pfwwohkw $ilonw+

Wfnvcjo Hlfzh Zfyfqh Jyf}fw $900:+, fb wvh boconyhmkh Ilon f Aoychlkwbo Oc"lkcf1

Pozfcgkhlkjhjfw Pyomkwwkochkw ch Goczfbpoyhcfkjhjf Zfgcol÷nkgh, h phlh}yh ~filon ëyfwvlzhjo jh avcîço jf jvhw ovzyhw phlh}yhw jh lâcnvh kcnlfwh1 ~fi $xvf ë h hiyf}khîço jh

^^^, ôylj ^kjf ^fi+ f lon $zfybo xvf kcjkgh yfnkwzyo+# Ov wfah, vb ilon ë vb

bfghckwbo jf yfnkwzyo ch kczfycfz#

Fwwfw ilonw wf ghyhgzfykqhb, pykbfkyhbfczf, pflh jkwpowkîço gyocol÷nkgh jf kcmoybhîöfw xvf

wço ftkikjhw gob h pvilkghîço bhkw yfgfczf wfbpyf co zopo jh pènkch, wfnvkjh jhw jfbhkw,

oyjfchjhw pflo jkh jh powzhnfb# Fwwhw pvilkghîöfw wço gdhbhjhw jf powzw ov powzhnfcw# “Vb

powz , gobo ë gdhbhjo pflow ilonvfkyow o yfwvlzhjo jo hzo jf powzhy, ë vbh hzvhlkqhîço ov hhlkbfczhîço jf hlnvbh kcmoybhîço co ilon‒ $JYF]FW, 900:, p#8:+#

Ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh xvf wf jfwzhgh cow ilonw ë h pyfwfcîh jf lkcew f h mfyyhbfczh phyh

gobfczèykow jow }kwkzhczfw# “Ioh phyzf jow ilonw goczëb lkcew phyh ovzyow ilonw, xvf, fb wvh

bhkoykh, pvilkghb hwwvczow goyyflhzow, moybhcjo vbh fwpëgkf jf goyyfczf‒ $JYF]FW, 900:,

p#86+#

Wfnvcjo Yowh Bfkyf Ghy}hldo jf Olk}fkyh $9009+, ch jkwwfyzhîço Jkèykow Pñilkgow, BvcjowPyk}hjow1 Jkèyko Âczkbo Gobo Nácfyo Jkwgvywk}o f Wvhw Zyhcwmoybhîöfw ch

Goczfbpoyhcfkjhjf, fwwf zkpo jf pvilkghîço zfb oyknfb cow hczknow jkèykow pfwwohkw fwgykzow

h bço# Jo poczo jf }kwzh fzkbol÷nkgo, ftkwzf vbh wfbfldhcîh jf wknckmkghjo fczyf hw phlh}yhw

“jkèyko‒ f “aoychl‒, poyëb wobfczf h pykbfkyh ë vwhjh co Iyhwkl gob o wknckmkghjo zyhihldhjo

pflh hvzoyh $phyh wf yfmfyky ho jkèyko âczkbo, pfwwohl+# “Ow jokw wf gocmvcjfb poy fwzhyfb

hwwogkhjow à kjfkh jf yfgoyjhîço jkèykh jf f}fczow‒ $BHLLOC, 968;;6 hpvj OLK]FKYH,

9009+# Fbioyh cço wfah vwvhl, h hvzoyh fwzè jf hgoyjo gob h jfcobkchîço xvf ë hgfkzh poy

bvkzow fwzvjkowow phyh wf yfmfyky how jkèykow pfwwohkw, zyhzhcjo"ow poy jkèyko ov aoychl#

Kckgkhlbfczf ow jkèykow, bhkw fwgykzow ho locno jh dkwz÷ykh poy bvldfyfw jo xvf poy dobfcw,

fyhb yflhzow jo gozkjkhco, jh }kjh wogkhl f fwpkykzvhl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jo pfyâojo }k}kjo poy wvh

hvzoyh# Poyëb, zhbiëb pojkhb zfy kcglkchîço bhkw polâzkgh, gkfczâmkgh, mklow÷mkgh# Fbioyh

bhkw }olzhjow phyh vb yflhzo dkwz÷ykgo"wogkhl, fwwfw jkèykow wf yfbfzkhb povgo how hwpfgzow

pfwwohw $âczkbow+, how wfczkbfczow jf wvh hvzoyh# Fwzf zkpo jf yflhzo, xvf goyyfwpocjf à moybh

96 BHLLOC, Zdobhw# H Iooe om Ocf.w o~c " Pfoplf hcj Zdfky Jkhykfw# Whkcz Phvl, Bkccfwozh1 Dvcny{ BkcjPyfww, 7h Fj#,8;;6, 78: p#



7;

jf jkèyko bhkw gocdfgkjh popvlhybfczf, w÷ wf zoycov gobvb co mkb jo wëgvlo TKT f

pyf}hlfgfv co wëgvlo TT nyhîhw à bhkoy lkifyjhjf jhjh àw bvldfyfw, hzë fczço bvkzo

wvibkwwhw f yfpykbkjhw#

H chyyhzk}h fb vb jkèyko zfb gobo jkmfyfcgkhl o mhzo jf hgoczfgfy fb vb pyfwfczf goczâcvo#

Fwwf }hloy jf goczkcvkjhjf ë hzvhlkqhjo hzyh}ëw jh yflhîço xvf o lfkzoy fwzhiflfgf gob o zftzo#

Poyëb, hxvflfw xvf fwgyf}fb jkèykow zyhjkgkochkw pojfb mhqá"lo wfb h pyfzfcwço jf xvf o

goczfñjo hlnvb jkh wfah lkjo#

O wfcwo gobvb pfcwh o jkèyko gobo o pyk}hjo, phyzkgvlhy, jfwgocwkjfyhcjo h wvh

pvilkgkqhîço# Bhw flf pojf zfy wkjo pfcwhjo poy wfvw hvzoyfw, jfwjf o kcâgko, gobo hlno

pvilkgè}fl# Vb ftfbplo jf jkèyko pñilkgo hpyfwfczhjo poy Olk}fkyh $9009+ yfmfyf"wf h fwgykzowjo ft"pyfwkjfczf jo Iyhwkl, Nfzñlko ]hynhw# Hw hcozhîöfw “U###R zyhqkhb ow pykcgkphkw f}fczow

polâzkgow, bhw zhbiëb yfnkwzyow jf pfcwhbfczow pfwwohkw f jh yflhîço ftzyhgocavnhl xvf

bhczkcdh‒ $OLK]FKYH, 9009, p#884+#

H f}olvîço jow jkèykow pñilkgow gob o phwwhy jow hcow phyh yflhzow bhkw pfwwohkw f lk}yfw,

hlkhjh à popvlhykqhîço jh kczfycfz, jfv oyknfb how jkèykow oc"lkcf, xvf yhpkjhbfczf f}olvâyhb

phyh ow yfgfczfw ~filonw, vb fwphîo xvf wf jkmfyfcgkh jow wkzfw zyhjkgkochkw f ë vwhjo

ihwkghbfczf phyh pvilkghîço jf gobfczèykow# H zfcjácgkh jf wf ftpyfwwhy pvilkghbfczf

hzyh}ëw jh kczfycfz zf}f kcâgko fb 8;;:, poyëb, gob povgow hjfpzow# Bhw, wfnvcjo h hvzoyh,

hzvhlbfczf, o cñbfyo jf “jkhykwzhw‒ ch ~fi ë kcgoczè}fl#

Fwzf mfcúbfco ë hzykivâjo à mhgklkjhjf xvf h kczfycfz pyopkgkh phyh gykhîço jf jkèykow }kyzvhkw

f ho fwzâbvlo nfyhjo co py÷pyko fwphîo gkifycëzkgo $pènkchw aè ftkwzfczfw hzvhb gobo moybh

jf kcgfczk}o phyh h bvlzkplkghîço jow jkèykow oc"lkcf+# Fwwh jkwpockiklkjhjf jfv oyknfb h

pènkchw gob ghyhgzfyâwzkghw opkchzk}hw f jfwgobpyobkwwhjhw#

Ow zfbhw phyh ow jkèykow oc"lkcf wço ow bhkw }hykhjow, cço mkghcjo bhkw yfwzykzow how jkèykow

pfwwohkw# “U###R dè zhbiëb ch ~fi jkèykow ov aoychkw zfbèzkgow xvf hnyfnhb pfwwohw xvf poy

hlnvb bozk}o wf kjfczkmkghb‒ $OLK]FKYH, 9009, p#877+#

Gob h gykhîço jf co}ow pyo}fjoyfw phyh dowpfjhnfb, pykcgkphlbfczf jh pènkch Ilonnfy ,

mhgklkzhcjo o hgfwwo jow cço fwpfgkhlkqhjow à ~fi, jkwpockiklkqhcjo womz~hyfw nyhzvkzow, wfb

gfcwvyh f gob opîço jf zoychy o goczfñjo jhw pvilkghîöfw pñilkgo, ov cço, wf bvlzkplkghyhb

ow ~filonw, ov hpfchw ilonw, gobo wço jfcobkchjow doaf ow jkèykow }kyzvhkw# Vb jow poczow



:0

cfnhzk}ow jfwwhw pènkchw, wfnvcjo Jyf}fw $900:+, ë xvf flhw cfb wfbpyf hpyfwfczhb vbh

pyfogvphîço jh phyzf jf wfvw hvzoyfw gob h xvhlkjhjf jow zftzow pvilkghjow#

Ow ilonw gdfnhyhb h wfy }kwzow gobo vbh moybh jf yf}olvgkochy o aoychlkwbo, pokw jhykhb hxvhlxvfy pfwwoh xvf fwzè moyh jf vbh yfjhîço h powwkiklkjhjf jf pyojvqky cozâgkhw jf moybh

kcjfpfcjfczf# Poy kwwo, bvkzhw }fqfw hzvhb gobo vbh hlzfychzk}h phyh hxvflfw xvf wf

kczfyfwwhb poy vb zkpo jf goczfñjo xvf cço zfb fwphîo ch nyhcjf kbpyfcwh# Pfygfifcjo f,

lono, wfnvkcjo h zfcjácgkh, hw fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw zhbiëb hjfykyhb ho vwo jow ~filonw#

Gob fwwh hifyzvyh kcjkwgykbkchjh jh fwgykzh ch yfjf bvcjkhl jf gobpvzhjoyfw, phyzfgocwkjfyè}fl jow ilonw pojf wfy kczkzvlhjh gobo jkèykow pfwwohkw# Poyëb, dè gocjkîöfw phyhxvf fwwf kcwzyvbfczo oc"lkcf zfcdh wvhw mvcîöfw hbplkhjhw f ghchlkqhjhw à zyhcwbkwwço jfkcmoybhîöfw jf kczfyfwwf wogkhl $JYF]FW, 900:, p#87+#

Ovzyo zkpo xvf fwzè wf zoychcjo bhkw vwvhl ë o ilon golfzk}o, xvf, gobo vbh fxvkpf jf

yfjhîço jf vb aoychl, ë gobpowzo f flhioyhjo poy bhkw jf vbh pfwwoh#

O “jkhykwbo‒ oc"lkcf, gobo ë gdhbhjo poy Olk}fkyh $9009+, pojf wfy jfmkckjo poy jvhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw1 o bo}kbfczo f hw ghphgkjhjfw jf gocwzyvîço f jfwgocwzyvîço# Poy kwwo, hwwkb

xvf o vwo jh kczfycfz phyh pvilkghîço jf goczfñjo mok mhgklkzhjo wvynkyhb jk}fywow ilonvfkyow#

O xvf wvypyffcjfv h zojow xvf cço kbhnkch}hb xvf pojfykh dh}fy zhczh }fyioyyhnkh

fwphldhjh pflo bvcjo#

Ow ~filonw powwkiklkzhb h wfvw hvzoyfw zyhihldhy gob zftzow hgyfwgkjow jf yfgvywow

bvlzkbâjkh $mozow, }âjfow, èvjko+, hlëb jf powwkiklkzhy h kczfyhîço gob o lfkzoy hzyh}ëw jow

gobfczèykow, lkcew f yfjfw wogkhkw f jh bfb÷ykh klkbkzhjh xvf o gkifyfwphîo omfyfgf# Poyëb,

hw pènkchw ch kczfycfz pojfb whky jo hy wfb cfcdvb bozk}o hphyfczf phyh kwwo#

Bfwbo gob wvhw lkbkzhîöfw, Gdhylfw Ghjë9= $w/j+, fb wfv hyzkno O co}o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl ,

}á cow ilonw o mvzvyo jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, ftkwzfb hzvhlbfczf ch yfjfbhkw jf 846 bkl ilonw gvlzvyhkw xvf záb mogo, ihwkghbfczf fb gyâzkghw ov jfwzhxvf jhw

co}kjhjfw co vck}fywo gvlzvyhl# “Loghlbfczf, fwwfw ilonw pojfb mhqfy vb zyhihldo ihwzhczf

yflf}hczf, hzë poyxvf lhcîhb lvq woiyf phvzhw xvf cço fczyhyhb fb ovzyow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço, wfah poy mhlzh jf zfbpo ov fwphîo‒9>#

9= Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//gobvckghghofbyfjf#~kek#qodo#gob/O"co}o"aoychlkwbo"gvlzvyhl#dzbl3# Hgfwwo fb1 99

jf wfzfbiyo jf 90809> Kjfb 96#



:8

: HÈLKWF JF GOZFÑJO JH GYÂZKGH JF GKFBH PYOJVQKJH H

KZFYFZ FB PÈNKHW JO IYHWKL F JH HYNFZKH

:#8 Bfzojolonkh

Fwzf zyhihldo ë vb fwzvjo gobphyhzk}o fczyf gyâzkghw gkcfbhzonyèmkghw mfkzhw phyh }fâgvlow oc"

lkcf jo Iyhwkl f jh Hynfczkch, yfpyfwfczhcjo vbh ivwgh poy kjfczkmkghy, jfczyo jhw lkbkzhîöfw

jo vck}fywo fwzvjhjo, vb pfymkl jh gyâzkgh mfkzh phyh o vck}fywo }kyzvhl# Fczfcjfcjo h ~fi

gobo vb bfko xvf jkwpockiklkqh pyojvîöfw jf zojh phyzf jo bvcjo, h Hynfczkch mok fwgoldkjh

gobo moybh jf cço bhczfy h hcèlkwf yfwzykzh h zyhihldow chgkochkw# H fwgoldh mok bozk}hjh

pflhw wfbfldhcîhw dkwz÷ykgo"gvlzvyhkw, fgocúbkghw f jf pyojvîço gkcfbhzonyèmkgh jow jokw

phâwfw#

]kwhcjo kjfczkmkghy hlnvbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bhkw yfgoyyfczfw chw gyâzkghw, moyhb hchlkwhjow1 o

zkpo jf gyâzkgh pyfjobkchczf, jf hgoyjo gob h zkpolonkh fwzhiflfgkjh poy Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+,

xvf hw jk}kjf fb gyâzkghw kbpyfwwkockwzhw, fwzyvzvyhlkwzhw, gob mogo co hvzoy f gob mogo co

zfbh5 h pykcgkphl mvcîço xvf o zftzo gvbpyf, wfnvcjo h glhwwkmkghîço jf ^èlzfy Hcâihl

Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+ ‗ xvf goyyfwpocjfb h hpoczhy jkyfîöfw f powwkiklkjhjfw phyh o hvzoy jh oiyh

jf hyzf, hvtklkhy o pñilkgo ch hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh ov bfwbo kcmlvfcgkhy ch flhioyhîço jf

ovzyhw gyâzkghw5 ow flfbfczow mâlbkgow hchlkwhjow f, fczyf flfw xvhkw yfgfifb bhkw hzfcîço5 ovwo jf gfchw gobo moybh jf flvgkjhîço f o vwo jf dkpfyzftzo f yfgvywo bvlzkbâjkh gobo

gobplfbfczhîço ho zftzo fwgykzo#

Phyh kwzo, moyhb wflfgkochjow, pykbfkyhbfczf, zyáw mklbfw xvf zk}fyhb hchlkwhjhw gyâzkghw

yfmfyfczfw h flfw# Fwzfw mklbfw gocwkwzfb fb vbh pyojvîço hynfczkch, vbh pyojvîço iyhwklfkyh

f vbh pyojvîço wfb }âcgvlow gob ow jokw phâwfw fb xvfwzço# Phyh ghjh mklbf moyhb

wflfgkochjhw xvhzyo gyâzkghw, jvhw jf ghjh phâw ‗ wfcjo vbh oykvcjh jf pènkch aoychlâwzkgh

fwpfgkhlkqhjh fb gkcfbh f vbh pvilkghjh fb ilon $pènkch pfwwohl+ fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb gkcfbh,

hwwkchjh poy aoychlkwzh#

Phyh wflfgkochy ow mklbfw xvf zk}fyhb wvhw gyâzkghw kcwfykjhw cfwzf fwzvjo mok fwwfcgkhl xvf hw

zyáw oiyhw zk}fwwfb wkjo ftkikjhw cow jokw phâwfw $Iyhwkl f Hynfczkch+ f xvf mowwfb yfgfczfw ‗

aè xvf h kcwfyîço jo aoychlkwbo f jh gyâzkgh jf gkcfbh ch kczfycfz ë vb mfcúbfco

yflhzk}hbfczf co}o# Hwwkb, o flfbfczo gobvb fwgoldkjo phyh jfzfybkchy hw zyáw pyojvîöfw

mok o jfwfbpfcdo yfgfczf fb vbh jhw pyfbkhîöfw bhkw kbpoyzhczfw f }hloykqhjhw jo gkcfbh,

o Owghy#



:9

Jfczyo jfwwf gykzëyko, o yfpyfwfczhczf hynfczkco wflfgkochjo mok O wfnyfjo jow wfvw oldow

$Avhc Aowf Ghbphcfllh, Hynfczkch, 900;+ }fcgfjoy jo Owghy 9080 jf bfldoy mklbf

fwzyhcnfkyo# Zyhzh"wf jh dkwz÷ykh jo kc}fwzknhjoy Ifcahbâc Fwp÷wkzo, xvf hp÷w wvh hpowfczhykh

yfwol}f fwgyf}fy vb lk}yo woiyf vb hwwhwwkchzo iyvzhl jf vbh ao}fb# Fwp÷wkzo mok o

fcghyyfnhjo jf kc}fwzknhy o ghwo f, fcxvhczo pyfphyh h oiyh, yf}k}f mhzow xvf aè fwzh}hb

fczfyyhjow fb wfv phwwhjo, gobo o yobhcgf xvf zf}f gob wvh hczknh gdfmf#

Aè h pyojvîço iyhwklfkyh mkgov poy goczh jf Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl $Mèiko Ihyyfzo, Iyhwkl,

900;+, ghcjkjhzo h yfpyfwfczhy o phâw ch pyfbkhîço jo Owghy 9088, ftkikjo f bvkzo

gobfczhjo ch Hynfczkch# O mklbf wf jfjkgh h goczhy h dkwz÷ykh jo pyfwkjfczf jo Iyhwkl, Lvkq

Kcègko Lvlh jh Wkl}h, jfwjf wvh kcmécgkh hzë wvh zyhcwmoybhîço fb vb pyobkwwoy lâjfy

wkcjkghl# Fbioyh wfah h dkwz÷ykh jf Lvlh, o mklbf zhbiëb wf gocgfczyh fb hpyfwfczhy ho

pñilkgo h joch Lkcjv, h bçf xvf whkv gob ow mkldow jo wfyzço pfychbivghco f mok phyh Wço

Phvlo fb ivwgh jf vb mvzvyo bfldoy#

Poy mkb, o }fcgfjoy jf wfkw pyábkow co Owghy 9080, fczyf flfw bfldoy mklbf, Nvfyyh ho zfyyoy

$Ehzdy{c Iknflo~, FVH, 9004+ mfgdh h lkwzh phyh h hcèlkwf# O mklbf chyyh h dkwz÷ykh jf

woljhjow jo ftëygkzo coyzf"hbfykghco xvf mhqfb phyzf jf vb fwxvhjyço hczk"iobihw fb

hzvhîço ch nvfyyh jo Kyhxvf# Hp÷w h boyzf jf wfv gobhcjhczf, o whynfczo Ahbfw hwwvbf ogobhcjo jo fwxvhjyço, xvf zfb gobo yozkch, jfwhmkhy h boyzf#

O phwwo wfnvkczf goyyfwpocjfv à wflfîço jhw gyâzkghw yfmfyfczfw h fwzfw zyáw mklbfw h wfyfb

kcglvâjhw ch hcèlkwf# Kckgkhlbfczf zojo mklbf zfykh hchlkwhjhw1 vbh gyâzkgh pvilkghjh co ilon jf

vb aoychl jf ghjh vb jow jokw phâwfw f vbh pvilkghjh fb ilonw fwpfgkhlkqhjow bhczkjow poy

aoychlkwzhw, zhczo jo Iyhwkl xvhczo jh Hynfczkch# Wobhcjo hwwkb, xvhzyo gyâzkghw phyh ghjh

mklbf f vb zozhl jf joqf zftzow h wfyfb fwzvjhjow#

Poyëb, fcxvhczo co Iyhwkl h vzklkqhîço jh mfyyhbfczh ilon gob mkcw aoychlâwzkgow chw pènkchw

jow aoychkw kbpyfwwow ch kczfycfz aè ë vb mhzo gocwvbhjo, ch Hynfczkch o mfcúbfco

jfbocwzyh wfy bhkw yfgfczf f dè povghw pènkchw xvf jfjkghb ilonw ftglvwk}hbfczf ho gkcfbh

co phâw# Poy kwwo, zhkw ilonw moyhb wviwzkzvâjow poy pènkchw aoychlâwzkghw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw fb

gkcfbh#



:7

H pènkch fwpfgkhlkqhjh iyhwklfkyh fwgoldkjh mok o Gkcfbh fb Gfch94, pokw wf zyhzh jf vb wkzf

xvf zfb gobo fjkzoy vb aoychlkwzh, Philo ]kllhîh, ifb gocgfkzvhjo fczyf ow pyomkwwkochkw jo

phâw f gob zojhw hw gyâzkghw hwwkchjhw#

Wfbfldhczf à pyopowzh jo Gkcfbh Gfch, h pènkch hynfczkch Ozyow Gkcfw9; zfb gobo fjkzoy o

gyâzkgo Jkfno Ihzllf jo aoychl hynfczkco jf bhkoy zkyhnfb, Lh hgk÷c, f zojhw wvhw gyâzkghw

zhbiëb wço hwwkchjhw#

Phyh gobplfzhy hw jfbhkw gyâzkghw, ghjh mklbf zf}f jokw zftzow $vb iyhwklfkyo f vb hynfczkco+

oykvcjow jf ilonw fwgykzow poy aoychlkwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjow fb gkcfbh kcglvâjow co fwzvjo# Bhkw

vbh }fq o gykzëyko kckgkhl phyh wflfîço jfwwhw gyâzkghw pyfgkwov wfy hlzfyhjo# Kckgkhlbfczf, ow

ilonw wfykhb wflfgkochjow jf hgoyjo gob h bëjkh jf hgfwwow# Hwwkb, hw gyâzkghw jow zyáwmklbfw whkykhb jow ilonw fwpfgkhlkqhjow fb gkcfbh bhkw hgfwwhjow jow jokw phâwfw# Ch

hvwácgkh jh yfwfcdh jf hlnvb jow zyáw mklbfw, wfykh kcglvâjh gyâzkgh jh wfnvcjh pènkch bhkw

hgfwwhjh ov jh pykbfkyh co yhcekcn jf hgfwwow ocjf o zftzo fwzk}fwwf jkwpocâ}fl#

Poyëb, cço mok powwâ}fl fcgoczyhy vbh lkwzh jf hgfwwow gocmkè}fl jow jokw phâwfw xvf zoychwwf

}kè}fl fwwf pyogfjkbfczo# Jkhczf jkwwo, mok vwhjo gobo gykzëyko wviwzkzvzk}o, h ivwgh ch

pènkch Noonlf70 jow jokw phâwfw# Jknkzhcjo co ivwghjoy h phlh}yh “gyâzkgh‒ bhkw o cobf jo

mklbf $Ft#1 gyâzkgh Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy+ h pykbfkyh opîço jf ghjh mklbf xvf wf hjfxvov how

gykzëykow aè fwzhiflfgkjow ‗ ov wfah, fwzhy pvilkghjh fb vb ilon fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb gkcfbh f wfy

hwwkchjh poy aoychlkwzh ‗ mok kcglvâjh ch hcèlkwf#

Wfnvkcjo o gykzëyko jfwgykzo hgkbh, o ilon iyhwklfkyo Ghmë gob Pop78 zf}f jvhw gyâzkghw, jow

mklbfw O wfnyfjo jow wfvw oldow f Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl , hwwkchjhw pflo aoychlkwzh Yojykno

Ghyyfkyo, kcglvâjhw co fwzvjo#

Fcgfyyhcjo hw gyâzkghw yfzkyhjhw jf ilonw iyhwklfkyow, h yfwfcdh jo mklbf Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy chpènkch Gkcfbhz÷yko79, hwwkchjh pflo pvilkgkzèyko f aoychlkwzh ]âzoy Jyvbocj#

94 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1< dzzp1//gkcfbhfbgfch#gob#iy3# Hgfwwo fb1 9= jf ovzviyo jf 9080

9; Jkwpocâ}fl fb1< dzzp1//~~~#ozyowgkcfw#gob3# Hgfwwo fb1 9= jf ovzviyo jf 9080

70 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<dzzp1//noonlf#gob#iy3# f <dzzp1//noonlf#gob#hy3 # Hgfwwo fb1 9= jf ovzviyo jf 9080

78

Jkwpocâ}fl fb1< dzzp1//~~~#ghmfgobpop#gob3# Hgfwwo fb1 9= jf ovzviyo jf 9080

79 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1< dzzp1//~~~#gkcfbhzoyko#gob#iy3# Hgfwwo fb1 9= jf ovzviyo jf 9080



::

Xvhczo how ilonw hynfczkcow, h gyâzkgh jf Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy , xvf ch Hynfczkch yfgfifv o cobf

jf ]k}ky hl lkbkzf ë hwwkchjh pflo aoychlkwzh Jhbkèc jf Dhfjo co ilon Oao hl Phygdf77#

Aè h gyâzkgh jo iyhwklfkyo Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl ov Lvlh ‗ fl dkao jfl Iyhwkl mok yfzkyhjh joilon Fwpfgzhjoyfw7: f ë hwwkchjh pflh aoychlkwzh Bhyâh Ifyzock#

Poy mkb, jf hgoyjo gob ow gykzëykow pyë"jfzfybkchjow, h gyâzkgh jo mklbf hynfczkco O wfnyfjo

jow wfvw oldow $Fl wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow+ wflfgkochjh phyh hcèlkwf ë jo ilon DkpfyGyâzkgo76,

yfjknkjh poy Lvkw Bhavl#

Zhbiëb ë kbpoyzhczf yfwwhlzhy xvf phyh klvwzyhy hw gocglvwöfw hlghcîhjhw ch hcèlkwf

gocwkjfyov"wf kbpoyzhczf h gkzhîço jf zyfgdow jhw gyâzkghw# Poyëb, gobo bfzhjf jfwwhw

gyâzkghw moyhb fwgykzhw fb fwphcdol, hw gkzhîöfw moyhb zyhjvqkjhw pflh hvzoyh jo fwzvjo, gob

}fywço oyknkchl jkwpocâ}fl fb cozh jf yojh"pë#

:#9 Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy

:#9#8 Gkcfbh fb Gfch $wkzf " Iyhwkl+

$]fy hcfto H+

Ch gyâzkgh fwgykzh poy Philo ]kllhîh phyh o wkzf Gkcfbh fb Gfch ë pykoykqhjh h jk}vlnhîço jf

opkcköfw, wfbpyf avwzkmkghjhw f ftfbplkmkghjhw gob gfchw jo mklbf, o xvf kcjkgh wf zyhzhy jf

vb zftzo fwgykzo phyh lfkzoyfw xvf aè }kyhb o mklbf f yfgoyjhb hw gfchw xvhcjo fwzhw wço

jfwgykzhw pflo hvzoy# Vb ftfbplo jkwwo ë o zyfgdo fb xvf ]kllhîh hmkybh1 “U###R gobo co

ftgfpgkochl ‘jvflo‛ fczyf hzkyhjoyfw jf flkzf xvf, ogoyyfcjo co bfko jo jfwfyzo, zfb h fwpfyh

pyolocnhjh gobo fwzyhzënkh ièwkgh U###R‒#

Poy kwwo, lf}hcjo fb goczh hw mvcîöfw ftfygkjhw pflh gyâzkgh, fwzhiflfgkjhw poy ^èlzfy Hcâihl

Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+ ‗ xvf goyyfwpocjfb h hpoczhy jkyfîöfw f powwkiklkjhjfw phyh o hvzoy jh oiyh

jf hyzf, hvtklkhy o pñilkgo ch hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh ov bfwbo kcmlvfcgkhy ch flhioyhîço jf

77 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1< dzzp1//oaohlphygdf#ilonwpoz#gob 3# Hgfwwo fb1 9= jf ovzviyo jf 9080

7:

Jkwpocâ}fl fb1< dzzp1//fwpfgzhjoyfw#~oyjpyfww#gob 3# Hgfwwo fb1 9= jf ovzviyo jf 9080

76 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1< dzzp1//dkpfygykzkgo#gob 3# Hgfwwo fb1 9= jf ovzviyo jf 9080



:6

ovzyhw gyâzkghw ‗ o zftzo jf Philo ]kllhîh gvbpyf hgkbh jhw ovzyhw mvcîöfw, o phpfl jf hvtklkhy

o pñilkgo ch hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh, bfwbo xvf fb vbh hpyfgkhîço “p÷w"gocwvbo‒#

Vbh jhw pykoykjhjfw jh hcèlkwf mfkzh poy ]kllhîh ë h jkwgvwwço jow jk}fywow flfbfczow mâlbkgowxvf gobpöfb h oiyh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh, fbioyh hlnvcw jflfw wfahb hpfchw gkzhjow f ovzyow

bhkw yfwwhlzhjow# Fczyf flfw, o hvzoy gkzh yhpkjhbfczf, hzvhîöfw, boczhnfb, gobpowkîço jf

plhcow f gfcèykow f jè bhkw jfwzhxvf how flfbfczow yozfkyo, gocwzyvîço jh pfywochnfb gfczyhl

f, pykcgkphlbfczf, jkyfîço# Gobo xvhcjo mhq h wfnvkczf hmkybhîço1 “Gobo wf cço ihwzhwwf, h

jkyfzoyh mhq vb vwo kbpfgè}fl jh gébfyh lfczh, vwhcjo o yfgvywo hpfchw cow bobfczow fb

xvf fwzf yfhlbfczf wf fcghkth oynhckghbfczf f yfwvlzhcjo fb plhcow cço w÷ kbphgzhczfw, bhw

jf wvypyffcjfczf iflfqh plèwzkgh U###R‒# Jf hgoyjo gob fwzhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f zfcjo gobo ihwf h jk}kwço jf zkpow jf gyâzkgh

fwzhiflfgkjh poy Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+ ‗ xvf h jk}kjfb fb kbpyfwwkockwzh, fwzyvzvyhlkwzh, gyâzkgh

gob mogo co zfbh f gob mogo co hvzoy ‗ o zftzo jf Philo ]kllhîh pojf wfy hpoczhjo gobo

vbh gyâzkgh gob pyfjobkcécgkh jhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw fwzyvzvyhlkwzhw, pokw pykoykqh h jkwgvwwço jh

lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh xvf gobpöf h oiyh# Fczyfzhczo, gobo yfwwhlzh Yhgdfl Ghyjowo

Ihyyfzo $900=+, bhkw jf vb zkpo jf gyâzkgh pojfb fwzhy pyfwfczfw fb vb bfwbo zftzo, fbioyh

vb coybhlbfczf pyf}hlfîh# Cfwwf ghwo, dè zhbiëb flfbfczow jf mogo co zfbh $pyfwfczfw chhpyfwfczhîço f jkwgvwwço jh chyyhzk}h+ f jf mogo ch hzvhîço jh hvzoyh#

Ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh xvf wf jfwzhgh ë h moybh gobo o hvzoy kckgkh wfv zftzo, lf}hcjo h

jkwgvwwço phyh hlëb jh oiyh f jf wfv zfbh, ho yflhzhy o xvf flf gocwkjfyh vbh mhldh cow

gykzëykow jf wflfîço jh kcjñwzykh jf jkwzykivkîço jf mklbfw co Iyhwkl, hmkybhcjo xvf1 “hw

jkwzykivkjoyhw iyhwklfkyhw záb vb bojo bkwzfykowo jf zyhihldhy1 zojow ow hcow, jk}fywow mklbfw

kbpoyzhczâwwkbow ov wkbplfwbfczf hnvhyjhjow pflo pñilkgo wço fcnh}fzhjow poy zfbpo

kcjfmkckjo hczfw jf gdfnhyfb how gkcfbhw iyhwklfkyow U###R‒# Zhbiëb, ho locno jh gyâzkgh, o

hvzoy }olzh h ftphcjky wvh jkwgvwwço phyh o ébikzo jh nvfyyh jf vbh moybh nfyhl, f cço

wobfczf hxvflh yfzyhzhjh co mklbf# Ftfbplo jkwwo ë o zyfgdo fb xvf hmkybh1 “f h gocglvwço à

xvhl gdfnhbow ë xvf, bfwbo xvf o goypo woiyf}k}h à nvfyyh, o fwpâykzo dvbhco ë

kc}hykh}flbfczf jfwzyvâjo pflo zfyyoy f pflh }kolácgkh U###R‒#

Cço dè co zftzo, vwo jf yfgvywow bvlzkbâjkh f dkpfyzftzvhkw#



:=

:#9#9 Ozyow Gkcfw $wkzf " Hynfczkch+

$]fy hcfto I+

H gyâzkgh fwgykzh poy Bhcvfl [èøfq Bvykllo phyh o wkzf Ozyow Gkcfw }hk hlëb jh jkwgvwwço jo

mklbf pyopykhbfczf jkzo phyh jkwwfyzhy woiyf h wvh kcwfyîço co gkcfbh goczfbpoyécfo ‗

yfgfpîço jh gyâzkgh, yflhîço jo gkcfbh gob xvfwzöfw kjfol÷nkghw f mklow÷mkghw, gobphyh o

mklbf f wfvw flfbfczow pykcgkphkw gob o zyhihldo jf ovzyow jkyfzoyfw fb mklbfw xvf wço

hpflkjhjow pflo hvzoy jf “mklbfw iëlkgow‒# Zyhzh"wf, poyzhczo, jf vbh gyâzkgh xvf gvbpyf h

mvcîço jf oykfczhy ovzyhw gyâzkghw f o gocwvbo jo pñilkgo, jf hgoyjo gob h glhwwkmkghîço jf

Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+# Bhw pykcgkphlbfczf, wfnvcjo h kjfkh jf Yhgdfl Ghyjowo Ihyyfzo $900=+,

hzvh gobo vbh moybh jf wkzvhy h kbpoyzécgkh f ogvphîço jo mklbf co goczftzo jo gkcfbhgoczfbpoyécfo#

O hvzoy cço wf hpyomvcjh ch jkwgvwwço jf bvkzow flfbfczow mâlbkgow# Fbioyh h gocwzyvîço

jow pfywochnfcw f o yozfkyo wfahb gkzhjow, wobfczf h jkyfîço yfgfif vb zyhzhbfczo bhkw

hpyomvcjhjo# Ftfbplo jkwwo ë h wfnvkczf hmkybhîço1 “Iknflo~ hwpkyh otknfchy o bojo xvf o

gkcfbh jf nácfyo wf yflhgkoch gob h kjfolonkh f h mklowomkh U###R‒7=# Bhw o mogo bhkoy fwzè ch

jfwgykîço jh dkwz÷ykh# Poy kwwo, jf hgoyjo gob h jk}kwço jf Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+, zyhzh"wf jf vbh

gyâzkgh gob mogo co zfbh, pokw wf gocgfczyh fb jkwgvzky o zfbh f ftphcjky wvh hcèlkwf phyh h

moybh gobo xvfwzöfw kjfol÷nkghw f polâzkghw wço zyhzhjhw $“Fb Nvfyyh ho zfyyoy , cfcdvb

pfywochnfb ‘ftplkgh‛ h kczfcîço polâzkgh poy zyèw jh kc}hwço coyzf"hbfykghch ho Kyhxvf U###R‒7>#

Poyëb, o zyhihldo jh hvzoyh zhbiëb yfgfif zyhzhbfczo jkmfyfcgkhjo#

Jkmfyfczfbfczf jh gyâzkgh pvilkghjh co Gkcfbh fb Gfch, ocjf o avlnhbfczo jo hvzoy h

yfwpfkzo jo mklbf fwzè kbplâgkzo co zftzo, co Ozyow Gkcfw ow mklbfw wço h}hlkhjow hzyh}ëw jh

hzykivkîço jf fwzyflhw, wfcjo gkcgo fwzyflhw h cozh bètkbh# Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy mok h}hlkhjo pflo

hvzoy gob xvhzyo fwzyflhw f bfkh#


7= “Iknflo~ hwpkyh h otknfchy fl bojo fc xvf fl gkcf jf nëcfyo wf yflhgkoch goc lh kjfolonâh { lh mklowomkh U###R‒

7> “Fc ]k}ky hl lâbkzf, ckcnñc pfywochaf )ftplkgh) fl zyhwmocjo polâzkgo jf lh kc}hwk÷c coyzfhbfykghch h Kyhe U###R‒#



:>

:#9#7 Gkcfbhz÷yko $ilon " Iyhwkl+

$]fy hcfto G+

H gyâzkgh fwgykzh poy ]âzoy Jyvbocj phyh o ilon Gkcfbhz÷yko vwh o zfbh jo mklbf phyh ky hlëb

f goczftzvhlkqhy h yfhlkjhjf gob o xvf ë hpyfwfczhjo ch pyoafîço, hzyh}ëw jh gkzhîço jf vbh

bhzëykh jo aoychl Moldh jf W# Phvlo# Hwwkb gobo co zftzo jf Bhcvfl [èøfq Bvykllo, o hvzoy

zhbiëb gkzh h hpyfgkhîço jo mklbf mfkzh poy nyhcjf phyzf jow gyâzkgow co bvcjo zojo, hlëb jf

hchlkwhy h hzvhîço jo mklbf fcxvhczo moybh jf jkwgvwwço polâzkgh# Gob jkjèzkgh wfbfldhczf à

fwzhiflfgkjh pflh gyâzkgh pvilkghjh ch pènkch Ovzyow Gkcfw, fwzh ivwgh pykcgkphlbfczf oykfczhy

o gocwvbo, jhcjo ho lfkzoy flfbfczow pyfwfczfw co mklbf f, pykcgkphlbfczf, ovzyow xvf cço

wço yflhzhjow co oiyh, bhw fcykxvfgfb wvh hpyfgkhîço#

Gob mogo ch chyyhzk}h $ov co zfbh+, h gyâzkgh wf gocgfczyh fb hpyfwfczhy vbh gvyzh wkcopwf f

jkwgvzky o wfv zfbh phyh hlëb jo xvf ë yfzyhzhjo co mklbf# Gobo co zyfgdo fb xvf Jyvbocj

jfwgyf}f o pfywochnfb gfczyhl jh wfnvkczf moybh1 “Cço fwzhbow mhlhcjo jf vb phzykozh xvf

fwzè co ghbpo jf ihzhldh pflo hboy ho phâw hgkbh jf zvjo# Bhw, wkb, jf vb dobfb xvf

pyfgkwh fwzhy lè, pyfgkwh hyykwghy wvh }kjh, phyh goczkcvhy }k}fcjo#‒ Jfczyo jfwwh jkwgvwwço

povgow flfbfczow mâlbkgow wço yflhzhjow, fczyf flfw wobfczf h jkyfîço zfb bhkoy jfwzhxvf#

Poyëb, xvhcjo h jkyfîço ë hchlkwhjh, flfbfczow zëgckgow $fcxvhjyhbfczow f bo}kbfczow jf

gébfyh+ zhbiëb wço jfwgykzow pflo hvzoy# Gobo ch hmkybhîço1 “Iknflo~ gocwfnvf, hzyh}ëw jf

vb zyhihldo jf gébfyh bhnkwzyhl, gocwzyvky vbh zfcwço xvhwf kcwvpoyzè}fl phyh xvfb hwwkwzf

ho mklbf#‒

Vb flfbfczo pyfwfczf cfwwh gyâzkgh f kcëjkzo chw hczfykoyfw ë h kczfypyfzhîço jhw kczfcîöfw jh

jkyfzoyh gob o mklbf f, h phyzky jflh, o xvfwzkochbfczo jo zâzvlo fb poyzvnváw ‗ xvf fb kcnláw

ë Zdf Dvyz Logefy $“O iloxvfhjoy jh joy‒, fb zyhjvîço lk}yf+ ‗ “Iknflo~ cço fwzè

kczfyfwwhjh fb woljhjow dfy÷kgow, jkwgvzky gocwfxvácgkhw jo zfyyoykwbo $jhâ o zâzvlo iyhwklfkyo,

)Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy), wfy vb povgo kchpyopykhjo+ ov lf}hczhy ihcjfkyh goczyh ov h mh}oy jh

nvfyyh jo Kyhxvf#‒ Ovzyh kczfypyfzhîço mfkzh ë fczyf hxvklo xvf wf pyfzfcjfv bowzyhy co mklbf

gob h yfhlkjhjf jhw nvfyyhw goczfbpoyécfhw# Hlëb jkwwo, o hzoy kcjkgh o wvynkbfczo jf vb

co}o wvi"nácfyo gkcfbhzonyèmkgo, o “Kyhx bo}kf‒, co xvhl Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy wf fcxvhjyh#

Hczfykoybfczf, cfwzh pènkch, ow mklbfw yfgfikhb cozhw jf qfyo à jfq f vbh gozhîço xvf

pojfykh wfy1 “]fah co gkcfbh f gobpyf o J]J‒, “]hlf o kcnyfwwo‒, “]fah wfb pyfwwh‒, “Cçopfygh zfbpo fb }fy#‒, xvf kcjkgh glhyhbfczf h kczfcîço jf oykfczhy o gocwvbo phyh o lfkzoy



:4

xvf hkcjh cço }kv o mklbf fb xvfwzço# Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy yfgfifv cozh co}f f gozhîço “]fah

co gkcfbh f gobpyf o J]J‒# Poyëb, jfwjf bhko jf 9080 hw cozhw f gozhîço jfkthyhb jf wfy

vwhjhw ch pènkch#


:#9#: Oao hl Phygdf $ilon " Hynfczkch+

$]fy hcfto J+

Co ilon Oao hl Phygdf, h gyâzkgh fwgykzh poy Jhbkèc jf Dhfjo pykoykqh h opkckço pfwwohl jo

hvzoy woiyf o mklbf, mhqfcjo o xvf Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+ gdhbh jf gyâzkgh kbpyfwwkockwzh# Fczyf

ow poczow gkzhjow pflo hvzoy, wf jfwzhgh h jkwgvwwço h yfwpfkzo jh moybh gobo o mklbf yfzyhzh hnvfyyh f wvh opîço poy cço zobhy phyzkjo fb jkwgvwwço polâzkghw h yfwpfkzo jfwwh xvfwzço#

Jkhczf jkwwo Dhfjo hpyfwfczh vbh opkckço pfwwohl woiyf fwwhw fwgoldhw jh jkyfzoyh f jo

yozfkyo# “O mklbf cço fbkzf avâqow jf }hloy h yfwpfkzo jo gocmlkzo $kwwo cço ë kcfyfczfbfczf

bhv+‒74#

Hpfwhy jf zyhzhy"wf jf vbh gyâzkgh kbpyfwwkockwzh, o zftzo wf }olzh fb hlnvcw bobfczow phyh h

hpyfgkhîço jow flfbfczow fwzyvzvyhkw, ov wfah, ow flfbfczow mâlbkgow# Fczyf flfw, jkyfîço f

hzvhîço jo hzoy pyozhnockwzh yfgfifb bhkoy jfwzhxvf# Hlëb jfwwfw, yozfkyo, hw jfbhkw

hzvhîöfw f ow zyhihldow zëgckgow $wob, fjkîço f mozonyhmkh+ zhbiëb wço gkzhjow#

Jfwjf o kcâgko jh gyâzkgh o hvzoy ivwgh, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf h}hlkh o mklbf, mhqfy vbh

lfkzvyh jh pyèzkgh jf gykzkghy gkcfbh, o xvf kcjkgh o gvbpykbfczo jh mvcîço jf oykfczhy ovzyhw

gyâzkghw gobo kjfkh gfczyhl jo zftzo, jf hgoyjo gob o pfcwhbfczo jf Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+#

Ftfbplo jkwwo ë xvhcjo hmkybh1 “Ch bhkoykh jow ghwow, hw ghvwhw xvf lf}hb hlnvëb h

hpyfgkhy bhkw ov bfcow vbh oiyh wço jkmâgfkw jf ftplkghy, poyxvf fwzço yflhgkochjhw ho

fbogkochl‒7;#

Jh bfwbh moybh xvf mok mfkzo co ilon Gkcfbhz÷yko ch gyâzkgh jf Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy , ch pènkch

Oao hl Phygdf ow mklbf zhbiëb wço h}hlkhjow h phyzky jf vb wkwzfbh jf cozhw, gob h}hlkhîço

74 “Lh pflâgvlh co fbkzf avkgkow jf }hloy hgfygh jfl gocmlkgzo $fwzo co fw kcdfyfczfbfczf bhlo+‒#

7; “Fc lh bh{oyâh jf low ghwow, lhw ghvwhw xvf llf}hc h xvf hlnvkfc hpyfgkf bèw o bfcow vch oiyh woc jkmâgklfw jf

ftplkghy, poyxvf fwzèc yflhgkochjhw h lo fbogkochl‒#



:;

jf vb h jfq “Jhbkhcgkzow‒ $jfyk}hîço jo cobf jo hvzoy+# Cfwwf ghwo, o mklbf mok h}hlkhjo

poy Jhbkèc jf Dhfjo gob wfkw “Jhbkhcgkzow‒#

Co zftzo zhbiëb dè o vwo jf vb yfgvywo dkpfyzftzvhl xvf, jf hgoyjo gob Lvâw Boczfkyo$9008+, goyyfwpocjf h }èykow }âcgvlow $lkcew+ phyh ovzyow goczfñjow xvf vb jogvbfczo

jkwpocâ}fl ch kczfycfz pojf zfy ‗ hzyh}ëw jf vb lkce phyh vbh gyâzkgh jo bfwbo mklbf

pvilkghjo co wkzf coyzf"hbfykghco Bfzhgykzkg:0#

:#7 Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl

:#7#8 Gkcfbh fb Gfch $wkzf " Iyhwkl+

$]fy hcfto F+

Ch gyâzkgh jf Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl fwgykzh poy Philo ]kllhîh phyh o wkzf Gkcfbh fb Gfch o

hvzoy, bhkw vbh }fq, h}hlkh jk}fywow flfbfczow mâlbkgow xvf gobpöfb h oiyh f mhq vwo jf

ftfbplow yfzkyhjow jo mklbf phyh ftplkghy f flvgkjhy wfvw poczow jf }kwzh, pyë"wvpocjo xvf wfv

lfkzoy aè zfcdh hwwkwzkjo ho mklbf f ivwghcjo gobphyzkldhy gob flf ow pykcgkphkw flfbfczow

cozhjow pflo hvzoy phyh havjhy ch hpyfgkhîço “p÷w"gocwvbo‒# Gobo co zyfgdo fb xvf ]kllhîh

gkzh h ftployhîço jf glkgdáw co mklbf1 “U###R o jkyfzoy hpflh phyh o glkgdá f phyh h ghmockgf ho

zyhqfy Lvlh $Jkhw+ f wvh pykbfkyh fwpowh wf ifkahcjo fczyf lfcî÷kw fwzfcjkjow xvf mlvzvhb ho

yfjoy jo ghwhl U###R‒#

O hvzoy kckgkh wvh gyâzkgh opkchcjo woiyf h polábkgh gykhjh fb zoyco jo mklbf, xvf gocwkwzf

fb jkqfy wf dè ov cço kczfyfwwfw polâzkgow poy zyèw, xvf mok lhcîhjo co kcâgko jf hco gob

jkwpvzh flfkzoyhl phyh h pyfwkjácgkh jh yfpñilkgh, xvhcjo hmkybh xvf1 “U###R xvhlxvfy pfwwoh

gob vb bâckbo jf iob wfcwo pfygfif mhgklbfczf xvf, fb }fq jf ifcfmkgkhy o Pyfwkjfczf, ë o

mklbf xvf ivwgh ftployhy h popvlhykjhjf jf wfv pyozhnockwzh gob pyop÷wkzow gobfygkhkw‒# Ho

locno jo zftzo, ]kllhîh jfwzhgh, pykcgkphlbfczf, ow poczow cfnhzk}ow jo mklbf, ivwghcjo

yfmoyîhy fwwf hynvbfczo#

Zyhzh"wf jf vbh gyâzkgh ifb jk}fywkmkghjh xvhcjo ë lf}hjh fb goczh h jkwzkcîço pyopowzh poy

Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+# Hlnvcw flfbfczow jh gyâzkgh fwzyvzvyhlkwzh wf jfwzhghb ch hcèlkwf1 yozfkyo,

gobpowkîço jf plhcow, hzvhîöfw f zykldh wocoyh# Poyëb, pyfjobkchb o mogo co hvzoy, gob

]kllhîh fb }èykow bobfczow gkzhcjo f hchlkwhcjo o zyhihldo jf Mèiko Ihyyfzo, gobo pojf wfy

:0 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#bfzhgykzkg#gob/mklb/zkzlfw/dvyzlogefy?x2dvyz&90logefy3# Hgfwwo fb1 96 jfovzviyo jf 9080



60

cozhjo ch wfnvkczf hmkybhîço1 “Gkcfhwzh zyfbfcjhbfczf lkbkzhjo, Ihyyfzo gykh vbh chyyhzk}h

}kwvhlbfczf jfwkczfyfwwhczf f ftpöf zojh wvh kbfcwh myhnklkjhjf gobo gkcfhwzh U###R‒, f o mogo

co zfbh, xvf jè bhynfb phyh h goczftzvhlkqhîço bvkzo ftployhjh ch gyâzkgh fczyf o Lvlh yfhl f

o pfywochnfb gykhjo phyh o mklbf#


:#7#9 Ozyow Gkcfw $wkzf " Hynfczkch+

$]fy hcfto M+

Ch gyâzkgh pvilkghjh co wkzf Ozyow Gkcfw f hwwkchjh poy Jkfno Ihzllf, hwwkb gobo co zftzo jf

Philo ]kllhîh, h jkwgvwwço woiyf h powwâ}fl kczfcîço polâzkgh poy zyèw jo mklbf ë lf}hczhjh f ohvzoy hpyfwfczh wvh opkckço woiyf h xvfwzço ho hmkybhy xvf1 “U###R hw bozk}hîöfw polâzkghw poy

zyèw jfwzf pyoafzo wço bkckbkqhjhw jkhczf jh hlhybhczf bfjkogykjhjf hyzâwzkgh jo mklbf‒:8#

Poyëb, vb poczo jkmfyfczf hioyjhjo pflo hvzoy ë h gobphyhîço fwzhiflfgkjh fczyf o mklbf f hw

co}flhw jh Yfjf Nloio# Vbh moybh jf mhqfy gob xvf o lfkzoy hynfczkco kjfczkmkxvf zhczo h

hzykq Nl÷ykh Pkyfw, gobo o zkpo jf hioyjhnfb f chyyhzk}h, wfnvcjo Ifzllf, wfbfldhczfw co

mklbf f h ch zflfjyhbhzvynkh#

Hpyfwfczhcjo hcèlkwfw jh jkyfîço, zykldh wocoyh f gocwzyvîço jh zfbèzkgh $poyëb wfb zyhîhy

bvkzhw avwzkmkghzk}hw phyh wvhw hmkybhîöfw+ o hvzoy ivwgh oykfczhy o gocwvbo, hphyfczfbfczf

zfcjo gobo mogo ow lfkzoyfw xvf hkcjh cço hwwkwzkyhb ho mklbf# O xvf zhbiëb mkgh

jfbocwzyhjo ch hzykivkîço jf cozhw $cfwwf ghwo, jf fwzyflhw+ gobo moybh jf h}hlkhîço# Lvlh ‗

o mkldo jo Iyhwkl yfgfif jf Ifzllf h h}hlkhîço jf vbh fwzyflh f bfkh#

Gob mogo co zfbh f hlnvbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo xvf Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+ pyfmfyf gdhbhy jf

yfwfcdh $zftzo gob mogo ch hpyfwfczhîço jh dkwz÷ykh gfczyhl jo mklbf+, o hvzoy gocgfczyh wfv

zftzo fb xvfwzkochy h yflhîço, xvf zhbiëb ë yfzyhzhjh poy ]kllhîh, fczyf o Lvlh yfhl f o

zyhzhbfczo xvf ë jhjo h wvh dkwz÷ykh co mklbf# Ftfbplo jkwwo ë vbh jhw myhwfw vwhjhw phyh

fcgfyyhy h gyâzkgh1 “Lvlh, o mkldo jo Iyhwkl ë vb mklbf jfwhnyhjè}fl, xvf cço docyh cfb h ykgh

dkwz÷ykh jo lâjfy polâzkgo bvkzo bfcow h wvh powkîço co bvcjo‒:9#

:8 “U###R lhw bozk}hgkocfw polâzkghw jfzyèw jf fwzf pyo{fgzo xvfjhc fwzh }fq bkckbkqhjhw myfczf h lh hlhybhczfbfjkogykjhj hyzâwzkgh jfl mklb‒#

:9 “Lvlh, fl dkao jfl Iyhwkl fw vch pflâgvlh jfwhnyhjhilf, xvf co lf dhgf docoy ck h lh ykgh dkwzoykh jfl lkjfy

polâzkgo ck bvgdo bfcow h wv lvnhy fc fl bvcjo‒#



68


:#7#7 Ghmë gob Pop $ilon " Iyhwkl+

$]fy hcfto N+

Bhkw vbh }fq, h jkwgvwwço woiyf ow wvpowzow kczfyfwwfw polâzkgow kcgvzkjow co mklbf }olzh h wfy

lf}hczhjh cfwwh gyâzkgh fwgykzh poy Yojykno Ghyyfkyo phyh o ilon Ghmë gob Pop $“Flf ë, wkb,

myhgo f kcgocwkwzfczf ch bhkoykh jo zfbpo, poyëb cço ë cfb vb povgo phcmlfzèyko ov mfkzo

phyh ghbphcdh polâzkgh‒+# Ovzyo poczo xvf hxvk }olzh h wf yfpfzky ë h gobphyhîço fczyf o yfhl

f h gocwzyvîço jh wvh dkwz÷ykh co mklbf# Poyëb, hxvk bhkw vb hwpfgzo ë hnyfnhjo h fwwh

hcèlkwf, h gobphyhîço gob vb mklbf $jogvbfczèyko+ jf bfwbo zfbh f, wfnvcjo o hvzoy, bhkw

ifb wvgfjkjo# “H kjëkh fyh bowzyhy o dobfb poy zyèw jo pyfwkjfczf# Lov}è}fl hzë, bhw vbh

zhyfmh xvf aè mok gvbpykjh pflo flonkhjo jogvbfczèyko Fczyfhzow‒ $Aoço Boyfkyh Whllfw,

Iyhwkl, 900:+# Fbioyh gob povgow flfbfczow jf gyâzkgh fwzyvzvyhlkwzh ‗ bfcgkochcjo jf moybh iyf}f

jkyfîço, yozfkyo f hzvhîço ‗ f hlnvcw bobfczow jf ftpowkîço jf opkcköfw pfwwohkw

$ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jh gyâzkgh kbpyfwwkockwzh+, h zkpolonkh jf gyâzkgh fwzhiflfgkjh poy Jhckfl Pkqh

$900:+ xvf pyf}hlfgf co zftzo fwgykzo poy Ghyyfkyo ë o mogo co zfbh# Kwwo poyxvf h gyâzkgh wfgocgfczyh ch moybh gobo o zfbh yfhl ë hjhpzhjo phyh hw zflhw jf gkcfbh#

Cfwwf ilon, h gyâzkgh zhbiëb zfb gobo mvcîço pykcgkphl oykfczhy o gocwvbo jo lfkzoy f, poy

kwwo, zojow ow mklbfw gykzkghjow yfgfifb vbh cozh xvf }hk jf vbh h jfq tâghyhw jf ghmë# Phyh

Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl moyhb hzykivâjhw xvhzyo tâghyhw jf ghmë#

Hxvk o dkpfyzftzo }olzh h wfy ftployhjo gob o vwo, co goypo jo zftzo, jf vb lkce kczfyco phyh

vbh gyâzkgh jf H}hzhy :7, gobphyhcjo h yfpfygvwwço jow jokw mklbfw#

:#7#: Fwpfgzhjoyfw $ilon " Hynfczkch+

$]fy hcfto D+

H gyâzkgh pvilkghjh poy Bhyâh Ifyzock co ilon hynfczkco Fwpfgzhjoyfw, hwwkb gobo fb Ozyow

Gkcfw, zhbiëb opzh poy yflfbiyhy co}flhw jh Yfjf Nloio phyh xvf o lfkzoy powwh kjfczkmkghy

xvfb ë h hzykq gfczyhl jo mklbf, Nl÷ykh Pkyfw# Poyëb, ë h ñckgh jhw xvhzyo gyâzkghw yfmfyfczfw ho

:7 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#ghmfgobpop#gob/900;/89/gykzkgh"jf"mklbf"h}hzhy"900;/3# Hgfwwo fb1 96 jfovzviyo jf 9080



69

mklbf xvf cço fczyh ch jkwgvwwço woiyf vbh wvpowzh kczfcîço polâzkgh ghbvmlhjh co mklbf f co

bobfczo fwgoldkjo phyh wfv lhcîhbfczo, hpfchw gkzhcjo fb vbh cozh hihkto jo zftzo xvf o

mklbf cço zf}f hvtklko jo Fwzhjo phyh wvh yfhlkqhîço#

Poy ovzyo lhjo, Ifyzock mhq vbh hcèlkwf kcftkwzfczf chw ovzyhw gyâzkghw jfwzh hbowzyhnfb#

Zyhzh"wf jh hwwogkhîço jhw opîöfw mfkzhw pflo yozfkyo gob vbh moybh jf gocwzyvîço jf vb

bkzo, hmkybhcjo xvf1 “U###R o mklbf zhbiëb bowzyh hcfjozhw zâpkghw jh gocwzyvîço jf vb bkzo

U###R‒::# Fwwh lkcdh jf yhgkogâcko ë ftfbplkmkghjh hzyh}ëw jh gkzhîço jf gfchw jo mklbf#

Zyhzhbfczo xvf kcjkgh xvf h gyâzkgh zfb gobo pñilkgo hl}o ow lfkzoyfw xvf cço hwwkwzkyhb ho

mklbf#

Gob povgow flfbfczow mâlbkgow yfzyhzhjow $yozfkyo, jkyfîço f hzvhîço+ h gyâzkgh fwgykzh poy Bhyâh Ifyzock bhczëb wfv mogo ch hcèlkwf jo zyhihldo jo jkyfzoy Mèiko Ihyyfzo f chw

fwzyhzënkhw hjozhjhw poy flf phyh hjhpzhy h dkwz÷ykh f “hpyo}fkzhy‒ jh popvlhykjhjf jo Lvlh yfhl

phyh hzyhky o pñilkgo# Gobo co zyfgdo fb xvf h hvzoyh hmkybh1 “Ihyyfzo f Whczkhno $yozfkykwzh+

wf pyfogvphb bfcow fb jfbocwzyhy h kczflknácgkh f coiyfqh jf Lvlh jo xvf gob fcmhzkqhy h

fbphzkh fjâpkgh phyh goczhnkhy o pñilkgo‒ :6#

Jhw xvhzyo gyâzkghw fwwh ë zhbiëb h bhkw mh}oyè}fl ho mklbf, h}hlkhcjo ifb hw gdhcgfw jh

oiyh jf wfy kcglvâjh fczyf hw gkcgo gocgoyyfczfw ho Owghy jf bfldoy mklbf fwzyhcnfkyo fb

9088#

Dè co goypo jo zftzo }èykow dkpfylkcew# O pykbfkyo jflfw jkyfgkoch o lfkzoy phyh o wkzf omkgkhl

jo mklbf:=# Dè zhbiëb bhkw xvhzyo phyh zftzow kczfycow hlëb jf, vb lkce phyh kcmoybhîöfw

woiyf h zflfco}flh ]hlf Zvjo:> f phyh vbh cozâgkh:4 yfmfyfczf à kcjkghîço jo mklbf phyh

yfpyfwfczhy o Iyhwkl co Owghy 9088#

:: “U###R fl mklb zhbikëc bvfwzyh hcëgjozhw zâpkghw fc lh gocwzyvggk÷c jf vc bkzo U###R‒#

:6 “Ihyyfzo { Whczkhno wf pyfogvphc bfcow poy jfbowzyhy lh kczflknfcgkh { coilfqh jf Lvlh xvf poy wviyh{hy lhfbphzâh fjâpkgh phyh goczhnkhylh hl pñilkgo‒#

:= Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#lvlhomkldojoiyhwkl#gob#iy/3# Hgfwwo fb1 96 jf ovzviyo jf 9080#

:> Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 < dzzp1//bfboykhnloio#nloio#gob/Bfboykhnloio/0,9>>97,N[C0"69>7"99:868,00#dzbl3#Hgfwwo fb1 96 jf ovzviyo jf 9080#

:4 Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 < dzzp1//~~~#jkhykojkyfgzo#gob/gvlzvyh/9080/0;/96/lvlh"ghcjkjhzh"iyhwkl"owghy"9088"6:74;6;009:;#dzbl3# Hgfwwo fb1 96 jf ovzviyo jf 9080#



67

:#: O wfnyfjo jow wfvw oldow

:#:#8 Gkcfbh fb Gfch $wkzf " Iyhwkl+

$]fy hcfto K+

Bhkw vbh }fq, zojo h gykzkgh jf Philo ]kllhîh ë yfplfzh jf hcèlkwfw woiyf o mklbf xvf wço

avwzkmkghjhw f ftfbplkmkghjhw hzyh}ëw jh yfmfyácgkh h hlnvbhw gfchw# O xvf wf jkmfyfcgkh hxvk ë

xvf, h zojo bobfczo, o hvzoy mhq hlnvbhw oiwfy}hîöfw pfwwohkw, gobo co gobfczèyko mfkzo

poy ]kllhîh xvhcjo kcmoybh xvf Ykghyjo Jhyâc ë o pyozhnockwzh jo mklbf1 “vb jf bfvw hzoyfw

mh}oykzow, jf}o gocmfwwhy‒# Hlëb jf, h phyzky jhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jfwzhghjhw co mklbf, mhqfy

vbh hcèlkwf jo gkcfbh hynfczkco jf vbh moybh nfyhl# Co}hbfczf wf jfwzhgh h mvcîço jf

oykfczhy o lfkzoy ch hpyfgkhîço hp÷w zfy }kwzo o mklbf, bowzyhcjo flfbfczow xvf pojfb zfy

phwwhjo jfwpfygfikjow#

Ovzyh fwzyhzënkh hjozhjh xvf wf jfwzhgh ch gyâzkgh jf ]kllhîh ë gkzhy zyhihldow hczfykoyfw jo

jkyfzoy fb phygfykh gob o pyozhnockwzh jo mklbf phyh zyhîhy vb pfymkl jo zyhihldo jf Avhc Aowë

Ghbphcfllh# Lono co kcâgko jo zftzo fwwh fwzyhzënkh wf mhq cozè}fl gob h myhwf1 “Jfwjf xvf

fwzhiflfgfv wvh phygfykh gob o bhncâmkgo hzoy Ykghyjo Jhyâc fb 8;;;, xvhcjo mkqfyhb O

Bfwbo Hboy, H Bfwbh Gdv}h, o gkcfhwzh hynfczkco Avhc Aowë Ghbphcfllh }fb bhczfcjovbh ghyyfkyh kbpfgè}fl‒# Kwwo jè h fwwh gyâzkgh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw gfczyhkw jf mogo co hvzoy,

fbioyh zojhw hw ovzyhw zyáw zkpolonkhw pyf}kwzhw poy Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+ zhbiëb fwzfahb

pyfwfczfw# O mogo co zfbh hphyfgf fb zyfgdow fb xvf ]kllhîh chyyh f hchlkwh h dkwz÷ykh gfczyhl

jo mklbf# Aè ow flfbfczow fwzyvzvyhlkwzhw fwzço chw bfcîöfw how flfbfczow hzvhîço, yozfkyo,

boczhnfb, bhxvkhnfb f gfcèykow# Poy mkb, o vwo jf hlnvbhw opkcköfw ch pykbfkyh pfwwoh jo

wkcnvlhy bhygh h pyfwfcîh jf flfbfczow kbpyfwwkockwzhw ch gyâzkgh#

Goczëb vb lkce kczfyco phyh h gyâzkgh jf Glvif jh Lvh:;, zhbiëb fwgykzh poy Philo ]kllhîh#

:#:#9 Ozyow Gkcfw $wkzf " Hynfczkch+

$]fy hcfto A+

Ch gyâzkgh fwgykzh phyh o wkzf Ozyow Gkcfw, Jkfno Ihzllf goczftzvhlkqh o hzvhl gkcfbh gobfygkhl

hynfczkco f gkzh zyhihldow hczfykoyfw jo jkyfzoy phyh, hzyh}ëw jflfw, hpyfwfczhy hw pykcgkphkw

:;

Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//gkcfbhfbgfch#gob#iy/Mkgdh_mklbf#hwpt?kj_gykzkgh2=68:-kj_mklbf2690;-hih2gykzkgh3# Hgfwwo fb1 96jf ovzviyo jf 9080



6:

xvhlkjhjfw pyomkwwkochkw jf Avhc Aowë Ghbphcfllh# “U###R ckcnvëb pojf jkwgvzky wvh wolkjfq

pyomkwwkochl, wvh ghphgkjhjf gobo chyyhjoy f gobo jkyfzoy jf hzoyfw f wfv bhcfao jh wèzkyh jf

gowzvbfw‒60# Ovzyo poczo yfzyhzhjo pflo hvzoy ë o fmfkzo ghvwhjo pflh fwzyfkh jo mklbf ch

nyhcjf gyâzkgh hynfczkch f h moybh gobo flh o yfgfifv#

Gob hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jh gyâzkgh kbpyfwwkockwzh pyf}hlfgfcjo, o hvzoy wf kjfczkmkgh gobo vb

cço hjbkyhjoy jo zyhihldo jf Ghbphcfllh, fbioyh yfgocdfîh cflf xvhlkjhjfw pyomkwwkochkw#

Ho locno jo zftzo, Ihzllf chyyh wvh ftpfykácgkh ho hwwkwzky ho mklbf f jfwzhgh ow flfbfczow xvf

o hnyhjhyhb f ow xvf o jfwhnyhjhyhb ch gocwzyvîço jh zyhbh# Gobo xvhcjo hmkybh1 “U###R

jvyhczf ;0";6 jow 89> bkcvzow jfwmyvzfk cço wobfczf jo bfldoy jf wvh mklbonyhmkh gobo

zhbiëb jf vb jow bhkw ykgow f hphktochczfw yflhzow jo gkcfbh hynfczkco yfgfczf U###R‒68#

Poyëb, gobo pojf wfy }kwzo co zyfgdo hgkbh, Ihzllf zhbiëb vwh bvkzo jow flfbfczow xvf

gobpöfb h gyâzkgh gob mogo co hvzoy ho hwwogkhy wfv nowzhy $ov jfkthy jf nowzhy+ jo mklbf

gob o zyhihldo jo jkyfzoy/yozfkykwzh# Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf gyâzkghw gob mogo co zfbh f

fwzyvzvyhlkwzh, fbioyh gob bfcoy jfwzhxvf, wf mhqfb pyfwfczfw hzyh}ëw jh moybh gobo o hvzoy

hchlkwh hlnvcw flfbfczow mâlbkgow xvf gobpöfb h oiyh#

Jfczyo jhw mvcîöfw xvf vbh gyâzkgh pojf gvbpyky, wfnvcjo ^èlzfy Hcâihl Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+,

cfwwf zftzo woiyf O Wfnyfjo jow wfvw oldow wf jfwzhghb hw mvcîöfw jf hpoczhy jkyfîöfw f

powwkiklkjhjfw phyh o hvzoy jh oiyh jf hyzf f jf hvtklkhy o pñilkgo ch hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh#

Pfcwhcjo co hvtklko ho lfkzoy, vbh jhw fwzyhzënkhw vwhjhw ë h hzykivkîço jf gozhîço, xvf phyh

fwwf mklbf ë jf zyáw fwzyflhw f bfkh#

O zftzo cço hpyfwfczh vwo jf yfgvywo bvlzkbâjkh ov jf dkpfyzftzo#

:#:#7 Ghmë gob Pop $ilon " Iyhwkl+

$]fy hcfto E+

Ch gyâzkgh pvilkghjh co ilon Ghmë gob Pop, Yojykno Ghyyfkyo boljh o zftzo h phyzky jf

kczfypyfzhîöfw jh chyyhzk}h f hgoczfgkbfczow jo mklbf, ivwghcjo, bvkzhw }fqfw, ftzyhky jflf

“lkîöfw‒ jf }kjh# Ftfbplo jkwwo ë xvhcjo gkzh h boyhl xvf pojf wfy zkyhjh jo mklbf ho wf

60 “U###Rchjkf pvfjf jkwgvzky wv wolkjfq pyomfwkochl, wv ghphgkjhj gobo chyyhjoy { gobo jkyfgzoy jf hgzoyfw, wvmhgklkjhj phyh low jkèlonow { wv bhcfao jfl dvboy gowzvbiykwzh‒#

68 “U###R jvyhczf ;0";6 jf low 89> bkcvzow jkwmyvzë co w÷lo jf lo bfaoy jf wv mklbonyhmâh wkco zhbikëc jf vco jf

low bèw ykgow { hphwkochczfw yflhzow jfl gkcf hynfczkco yfgkfczf U###R‒



66

yfmfyky à moybh “gobo c÷w jfkthbow h }kjh phwwhy wfb cow pfygfify jhw gocwfxüácgkhw jf

fwgoldhw xvf zobhbow‒# Zyhîhcjo vbh hwwogkhîço fczyf h oiyh f h pofwkh, o hvzoy mogh wvh

hcèlkwf co zyhihldo jo jkyfzoy Avhc Aowë Ghbphcfllh, ivwgh wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bhyghczfw chw

gobphyhîöfw gob wfvw zyhihldow hczfykoyfw, ftfbplkmkghcjo wvhw oiwfy}hîöfw ho mhqfy

yfmfyácgkh h phwwhnfcw jo mklbf#

Jfwwh moybh, o mogo co zfbh wf jfwzhgh, jfczyf ow zkpow jf gyâzkgh fwzhiflfgkjow poy Jhckfl

Pkqh $900:+, aè xvf h zojo bobfczo Ghyyfkyo hwwogkh o zfbh gfczyhl jo mklbf gob

hgoczfgkbfczow jh }kjh yfhl# Gobo co bobfczo fb xvf hmkybh xvf o mklbf ë yfplfzo jf

wvypyfwhw xvf, “gobo h }kjh, xvf cow pyfwfczfkh U###R gob bobfczow yvkcw f iocw f gob

bobfczow xvf w÷ cow jfkthb o ifcfplègkzo jh fwgoldh‒# Poyëb, ow flfbfczow jf mogo co

hvzoy zhbiëb wf jfwzhghb ch hzfcîço jhjh ho zyhihldo jf Ghbphcfllh# O xvf cço dè cfwwh

gyâzkgh wço yfmfyácgkhw gocwkjfyè}fkw h ovzyow flfbfczow mâlbkgow, wf cço hxvflfw ftfgvzhjow

pflo py÷pyko Ghbphcfllh, jkyfîço f yozfkyo#

Bhkw vbh }fq, hwwkb gobo fb Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl , o mklbf ë h}hlkhjo gob tâghyhw jf

ghmë# Poyëb, O wfnyfjo jow wfvw oldow yfgfif vbh cozh bhkoy, goczhiklkqhcjo co}f tâghyhw#

Fwwh f ovzyhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw pyfwfczfw co zftzo jfbocwzyhb vbh zfczhzk}h jf hvtklkhy h

hpyfgkhîço jf xvfb aè }kv o mklbf, bhw zhbiëb oykfczhy o gocwvbo phyh hxvflfw xvfjfwgocdfgfb h oiyh#


:#:#: Dkpfy Gyâzkgo $ilon " Hynfczkch+

$Hcfto L+

Ch gyâzkgh pvilkghjh poy Ah}kfy Poyzh Movq co ilon Dkpfy Gyâzkgo, o mogo jo hzoy fwzè ch

yfgobfcjhîço jo mklbf phyh o lfkzoy, xvf aè hphyfgf lono co zâzvlo jo zftzo, “Dh{ xvf }fy Fl

wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow‒# Ovzyow mklbfw, xvf o hvzoy gocwkjfyh ow iocw lhcîhbfczow jo bfwbo

pfyâojo jf O wfnyfjo jow wfvw oldow, wço yfgobfcjhjow ho lfkzoy hczfw jh hcèlkwf jh oiyh wfy

kckgkhjh#

Ho locno jo zftzo o hvzoy loghlkqh o mklbf co gkcfbh hynfczkco yfgfczf f kjfczkmkgh wvh

kbpoyzécgkh jfczyo jfwwf goczftzo, o glhwwkmkghcjo gobo “vb jow mklbfw bhkw hbikgkowow jo



6=

gkcfbh hynfczkco yfgfczf69‒# Hlëb jo mklbf, o jkyfzoy Ghbphcfllh zhbiëb zfb wvh

kbpoyzécgkh phyh o gkcfbh hynfczkco jkwgvzkjh f ftplkghjh hzyh}ëw jf yfmfyácgkhw h wfvw

zyhihldow hczfykoyfw# Phyh ftplkghy wvhw gocglvwöfw o hvzoy gdfnh h gobphyhy o zyhihldo jf

Ghbphcfllh gob o jf ovzyow gkcfhwzhw kbpoyzhczfw phyh o gkcfbh hynfczkco#

Fbioyh o hvzoy kckgkf wfv zftzo gob vbh yfgobfcjhîço jo mklbf, o xvf kcjkgh h mvcîço jf

oykfczhy o gocwvbo phyh hxvflfw xvf cço gocdfgfb h oiyh, ho locno jh gyâzkgh o zyhihldo jo

jkyfzoy ë h}hlkhjo f gfchw jo mklbf wço vwhjhw gobo moybh jf ftfbplkmkghy hw gocglvwöfw

zkyhjhw# Poyëb, o bhkoy jkmfyfcgkhl jfwwh gyâzkgh fwzè ch jfwgykîço jh yflhîço jo pfywochnfb

gfczyhl, f jh moybh gobo h dkwz÷ykh ë goczhjh, gob hw coîöfw jf pyfwfczf f phwwhjo# O xvf mhq

gob xvf, fbioyh wf zyhzf jf vbh gyâzkgh gob flfbfczow jf mogo co hvzoy bhkw bhyghczfw $pokw

jè bvkzh ácmhwf ho zyhihldo jo jkyfzoy+, hlnvbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf mogo co zfbh zhbiëb wço

cozè}fkw# Ho bfwbo zfbpo, flfbfczow fwzyvzvyhlkwzhw zhbiëb wf jfwzhghb co zftzo hzyh}ëw jh

bfcîço f h}hlkhîço jf zykldh wocoyh, gocwzyvîço jf jkèlonow f kjfczkmkghîço jow nácfyow

gkcfbhzonyèmkgow xvf wf bkwzvyhb co mklbf#


:#6 Hcèlkwf gobphyhzk}h jhw gyâzkghw

H phyzky jh hbowzyhnfb wflfgkochjh phyh fwzf fwzvjo mok powwâ}fl kjfczkmkghy hlnvbhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bhyghczfw jf gyâzkgh jf gkcfbh mfkzh phyh kczfycfz, jfczyo jo ckgdo pfwxvkwhjo ‗

fczyf flhw h pyfwfcîh gocwzhczf jf yfmfyácgkh ho zyhihldo jf jkyfîço f h ftployhîço jo zfbh

gfczyhl jf ghjh mklbf# Ovzyo poczo xvf pojf wfy oiwfy}hjo wço hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bhkw

yfgoyyfczfw chw gyâzkghw mfkzhw phyh jokw zkpow jf }fâgvlow jknkzhkw jkwzkczow ‗ hw pènkchw

aoychlâwzkghw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, xvf powwvfb mkcw lvgyhzk}ow f gobfygkhkw f ow ilonw, xvf wçopènkchw pfwwohkw bhczkjhw poy aoychlkwzhw xvf záb ch pyèzkgh jf fwgyf}fy phyh kczfycfz vbh

jk}fywço ov vb doii{#

Pykbfkyhbfczf wfyço hpyfwfczhjow ow poczow bhkw yfgoyyfczfw f bhyghczfw jh gyâzkgh hynfczkch

kjfczkmkghjow gob ihwf ch hbowzyhnfb wflfgkochjh# Fb wfnvkjh, o bfwbo wfyè mfkzo h yfwpfkzo

jhw gyâzkghw iyhwklfkyhw# Gob ihwf cow jokw yfwvlzhjow, hw pyojvîöfw zftzvhkw jow jokw phâwfw

69 “Fl wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow, jf Avhc Aowë Ghbphcfllh, vch jf lhw pflâgvlhw bèw hbikgkowhw jfl gkcf hynfczkcoyfgkfczf#‒



6>

wfyço gobphyhjhw f goczyhwzhjhw# Poy mkb, ow jokw wvpoyzfw oc"lkcf fwzvjhjow, pènkchw

fwpfgkhlkqhjhw f ilonw zhbiëb wfyço hchlkwhjow gobphyhzk}hbfczf#

:#6#8 Gyâzkghw hynfczkchw

Fczyfw hw gyâzkghw jf gkcfbh hynfczkchw pyfwfczfw ch hbowzyhnfb fwzvjhjh zyáw jow xvhzyo

zkpow jf gyâzkgh pfcwhjow poy Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+ wf jfwzhghb, fbioyh cfcdvb jow zftzow

powwh wfy fcghkthjo fb wobfczf vb jow zkpow# Ov wfah, zojhw hw gyâzkghw hchlkwhjhw bkwzvyhb

bhkw jf vbh zkpolonkh# Fczyf hw xvf wf jfwzhghb ch pyojvîço hynfczkch fwzço1 gyâzkgh

kbpyfwwkockwzh, gyâzkgh gob mogo co hvzoy f gob mogo co zfbh‗ ghjh vbh jfwwhw zyáw ë o zkpo

bhkw yfgoyyfczf fb jvhw jhw wfkw gyâzkghw hynfczkchw fwzvjhjhw#

Co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo à mvcîço xvf hphyfczfbfczf hw gyâzkghw ivwghb jfwfbpfcdhy, jf hgoyjo

gob h jk}kwço mfkzh poy Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+ ‗ xvf goyyfwpocjfb h oykfczhy h hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh,

oykfczhy ovzyhw gyâzkghw ov wfy}ky gobo moczf jf havjh phyh o hvzoy/jkyfzoy ch flhioyhîço jf

co}hw oiyhw ‗ pyf}hlfgf h kczfcîço jf oykfczhy o gocwvbo/hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh# Ovzyo poczo

xvf wf yfpfzf ë xvf, bfwbo hxvflhw gvao mogo cço fwzè co hvzoy, o zyhihldo jf jkyfîço ë

wfbpyf gkzhjo#

Aè ow jfbhkw flfbfczow mâlbkgow cço yfgfifb zhczh hzfcîço# Fczyf flfw hphyfgfb1 yozfkyo$gkzhjo zyáw }fqfw+, o bfwbo cñbfyo wf yfpfzf gob yflhîço àw hzvhîöfw, gocwzyvîço jf

pfywochnfcw f/ov jo zfbh, zykldh wocoyh f kjfczkmkghîço jow nácfyow gkcfbhzonyèmkgow $gob

jvhw bfcîöfw ghjh+# Hlëb jfwzfw, wob, fjkîço, mozonyhmkh, pyojvîço f yfgocwzyvîço dkwz÷ykgh

moyhb gkzhjow fb vbh gyâzkgh ghjh vb# Flfbfczow xvf jfbocwzyhb, jfczyf h hbowzyhnfb

fwzvjhjh, vbh hzfcîço bhkoy ho zyhihldo jf jkyfîço jo xvf hxvflf xvf hphyfgf chw zflhw, ov

wfah, hw hzvhîöfw#

Ovzyo poczo xvf wf jfwzhgh ë h yfmfyácgkh pyfwfczf chw jvhw gyâzkghw hynfczkchw jo mklbf Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl h zflfco}flhw jh Yfjf Nloio jf zflf}kwço f, fb cfcdvbh jhw jvhw h ovzyow

mklbfw iyhwklfkyow# O xvf jfbocwzyh vb powwâ}fl gocdfgkbfczo bhkoy poy phyzf jo pñilkgo

hynfczkco jh zflfjyhbhzvynkh jo xvf jhw pyojvîöfw gkcfbhzonyèmkghw iyhwklfkyhw# Aè chw

gyâzkghw yfmfyfczfw ho mklbf O wfnyfjo jow wfvw oldow zhbiëb dè vb flfbfczo moyzf xvf wf

yfpfzf# Zyhzh"wf jh jkwgvwwço mfkzh xvhczo à kbpoyzécgkh jo mklbf f jo jkyfzoy Avhc Aowë

Ghbphcfllh phyh o gkcfbh hynfczkco goczfbpoyécfo#

Zhbiëb pojf wfy jfwzhgh h pyfwfcîh jf cozhw jhjhw phyh ow mklbfw ch bhkoykh jhw gyâzkghw

hynfczkchw fwzvjhjhw# Fb xvhzyo, jow wfkw zftzow, hw oiyhw wço h}hlkhjhw gob hlnvb zkpo jf



64

gozhîço# Ë ghwo jo wkzf Ozyow Gkcfw, poy ftfbplo, xvf hzykivk vbh gozhîço poy fwzyflhw h zojo

mklbf gykzkghjo#

:#6#9 Gyâzkghw iyhwklfkyhw

Fczyf hw gyâzkghw iyhwklfkyhw wflfgkochjhw phyh fwzf fwzvjo, h zkpolonkh pyfwfczf ch jk}kwço

fwzhiflfgkjo poy Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+ $kbpyfwwkockwzh, fwzyvzvyhlkwzh, gob mogo co zfbh f gob

mogo co hvzoy+ h xvf bhkw wf yfpfzf ë h gyâzkgh gob mogo co zfbh $gobo ë o ghwo jo zftzo woiyf

Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy pvilkghjo co ilon Gkcfbhz÷yko+, xvf hphyfgf fb xvhzyo jow wfkw zftzow,

wfcjo xvf fb vb jflfw o mogo co hvzoy zhbiëb ë pyfjobkchczf# Hw ovzyhw jvhw gyâzkghw wço

vbh gob mogo co hvzoy f vbh fwzyvzvyhlkwzh# Aè h gyâzkgh kbpyfwwkockwzh, fbioyh hpyfwfczf

zyhîow fb hlnvbhw gyâzkghw cço wf woiyfwwhk how ovzyow zkpow fb cfcdvbh jflhw# Poyëb,cfcdvb jow wfkw zftzow hpyfwfczh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw ñckghw jf hlnvbh jhw xvhzyo zkpolonkhw#

Jf hgoyjo gob h jk}kwço jf mvcîöfw xvf vbh gyâzkgh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh pojf gvbpyky,

fwzhiflfgkjh poy Yh}hcfllk $8;;=+, h mvcîço jf oykfczhy o gocwvbo f h hpyfgkhîço, hczfw f p÷w

gocwvbo, ë vcéckbf fb zojhw hw gyâzkghw iyhwklfkyhw fwzvjhw# Zhbiëb fwzè pyfwfczf cow wfkw

zftzow, gob bhkw jfwzhxvf fb hlnvcw f hpfchw gkzhjo fb ovzyow, ow zyhihldow jf jkyfîço#

Ow ovzyow flfbfczow mâlbkgow gkzhjow wço1 yozfkyo $gob gkcgo gkzhîöfw+, hzvhîöfw $gkzhjoxvhzyo }fqfw+, boczhnfb, gobpowkîço jf plhcow f gfcèykow $gob jvhw bfcîöfw ghjh+ f

gocwzyvîço jf pfywochnfb, fcxvhjyhbfczow, bo}kbfczow jf gébfyh, zykldh wocoyh f

bhxvkhnfb $gkzhjh vbh }fq ghjh flfbfczo+# Flfbfczow xvf jfbocwzyhb, jfczyf h

hbowzyhnfb fwzvjhjh, vbh hzfcîço bhkoy ho zyhihldo jf jkyfîço jo xvf hxvflf xvf hphyfgf

chw zflhw, ov wfah, hw hzvhîöfw# Hlëb jf bhkw bfcîöfw, ow hvzoyfw jfjkghyhb bhkw fwphîo fb

wvhw gyâzkghw ho zyhihldo jf jkyfîço#

Vbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh gobvb àw jvhw gyâzkghw iyhwklfkyhw jf Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy ë xvf chw jvhw ozfbh jo mklbf ë vwhjo gobo phco jf mvcjo phyh wf pfcwhy h nvfyyh jf vbh moybh nfyhl,

hwwogkhcjo h chyyhzk}h gob h yfhlkjhjf jow gocmlkzow iëlkgow# Aè woiyf o mklbf Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo

Iyhwkl , jokw flfbfczow wf yfpfzfb, h jkwgvwwço jhw wvpowzhw kczfcîöfw polâzkgo"flfkzoyhkw poy

zyèw jo mklbf f h gobphyhîço fb o Lvlh yfhl f o pfywochnfb gykhjo phyh o mklbf# Co ghwo jf

O wfnyfjo jow wfvw oldow, o flfbfczo xvf wf yfpfzf chw gyâzkghw ë h yfmfyácgkh h ovzyow mklbfw

jo bfwbo jkyfzoy#

Xvhczo ho vwo jf cozhw gobo moybh }hloyhîço jow mklbfw, zyhzh"wf jf vbh fwzyhzënkh xvf fwzè

pyfwfczf fb zyáw jhw gyâzkghw iyhwklfkyhw fwzvjhjhw# Ovzyo flfbfczo xvf wf yfpfzf ë h



6;

gkzhîço/jfwgykîço jf gfchw jow mklbfw gobo moybh jf flvgkjhy f ftfbplkmkghy hw

hynvbfczhîöfw pyopowzhw pflow hvzoyfw# Fwwf flfbfczo fwzè pyfwfczf fb xvhzyo jhw gyâzkghw

iyhwklfkyhw#

:#6#7 Iyhwkl t Hynfczkch1 vbh gobphyhîço

Hzyh}ëw jo fwzvjo jh hbowzyhnfb wflfgkochjh $joqf gyâzkghw, wfcjo wfkw iyhwklfkyhw f wfkw

hynfczkchw+ mok powwâ}fl gobphyhy ow zftzow oyknkcèykow jow jokw phâwfw, wfcjo fcgoczyhjhw

bhkw wfbfldhcîhw jo xvf jkmfyfcîhw bhyghczfw#

Pykbfkyhbfczf, xvhczo ho zkpo jf gyâzkgh hjozhjh, mok powwâ}fl cozhy vbh }hykhîço bhkoy cow

zftzow hynfczkcow ‗ xvf wf jk}kjkyhb fb gyâzkgh kbpyfwwkockwzh, gob mogo co zfbh f gob mogo

co hvzoy ‗ fcxvhczo cow iyhwklfkyow pyfjobkch h gyâzkgh gob mogo co zfbh, gobo h gyâzkgh jf

Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl pvilkghjh co ilon Ghmë gob Pop# Poyëb, chw pyojvîöfw jow jokw

phâwfw cço dè, ch hbowzyhnfb fwzvjhjh, gyâzkghw xvf wf fcghktfb fb vbh ñckgh zkpolonkh, wfb

hpyfwfczhy cfcdvb flfbfczo jf ovzyo$w+ zkpo$w+#

Zhbiëb mok powwâ}fl cozhy xvf hlnvcw flfbfczow wço vcéckbfw fb zojhw hw gyâzkghw# Wço flfw1

o mogo ch mvcîço jf oykfczhy ov hnyfnhy kcmoybhîöfw h hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh poy phyzf jo lfkzoy f

h hzfcîço jhjh à hcèlkwf jo zyhihldo jf jkyfîço# O xvf jfbocwzyh xvf ‗ jfczyf h hbowzyhnfbwflfgkochjh ‗ ow hvzoyfw }áfb h jkyfîço gobo o flfbfczo mâlbkgo jf bhkoy kbpoyzécgkh# Fb

wfnvkjh, cow jokw phâwfw yozfkyo f hzvhîço wço ow flfbfczow xvf yfgfifb bhkw hzfcîço# O xvf

zhl}fq powwh wfy ftplkghjo poy wfv ghyèzfy bhkw pfygfpzâ}fl# Ov wfah, ë bhkw mègkl, ho hwwkwzky h

vb mklbf, wf hzfy how jfzhldfw jh hzvhîço jo xvf how bo}kbfczow jf gébfyh, poy ftfbplo#

Xvhczo ho vwo jf cozhw gobo moybh jf }hloyhîço jow mklbfw, flhw wf mhqfb bhkw pyfwfczfw chw

gyâzkghw hynfczkchw, gobo poy ftfbplo co wkzf Ozyow Gkcfw, f fwzço fb wfzf jhw joqf gyâzkghw

hchlkwhjhw cfwzf zyhihldo# O wkwzfbh jf gozhîço pojf wfy kczfypyfzhjo zhczo gobo vbh moybhxvf o hvzoy zfb jf avlnhy o mklbf jf moybh bhkw oiafzk}h, xvhczo gobo vbh oykfczhîço phyh

xvf o lfkzoy hwwkwzh, ov cço ho mklbf# Vbh cozh ihkth, lono o hvzoy cço yfgobfcjh o mklbf phyh

wfv lfkzoy#

Hlëb jkwwo, povghw fczyf hw pènkchw hchlkwhjhw mhqfb vwo jf yfgvywow dkpfyzftzvhkw co goypo

jow zftzow ‗ wfcjo h gyâzkgh jf Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl co ilon hynfczkco Fwpfgzhjoyfw h xvf

bhkw mhq vwo jfwwf yfgvywo ‗ f, fczyf hxvflhw xvf ow mhqfb, h bhkoykh jow dkpfylkcew

jkyfgkochb o lfkzoy phyh zftzow kczfycow jo wkzf ov ilon xvf fwzè }kwkzhcjo#



=0

:#= Wkzfw fwpfgkhlkqhjow t ilonw

Gobphyhcjo hw gyâzkghw pvilkghjhw cow jokw wkzfw fwpfgkhlkqhjow fb gkcfbh xvf mkqfyhb phyzf

jfwzh hcèlkwf, Gkcfbh fb Gfch f Ozyow Gkcfw, gob hxvflhw xvf moyhb yfzkyhjhw jf ilonw$pènkchw pfwwohkw+ fwpfgkhlkqhjhw fb gkcfbh ‗ fb zojow ow ghwow hwwkchjhw poy aoychlkwzhw ‗

mok powwâ}fl kjfczkmkghy xvf cço dè jkmfyfcîhw bhyghczfw fczyfw ow zftzow pyojvqkjow phyh ow

jokw wvpoyzfw oc"lkcf#

H bhkoy jkmfyfcîh goyyfwpocjf à xvhczkjhjf jf flfbfczow mâlbkgow hioyjhjow# Fcxvhczo cow

wkzfw ow flfbfczow mâlbkgow hchlkwhjow ov gkzhjow xvhwf wfbpyf }ço hlëb jow zyáw bhkw

yfgoyyfczfw $jkyfîço, yozfkyo f hzvhîço+, cow ilonw pyfjobkch h pyfwfcîh jf povgow flfbfczow

fwzyvzvyhkw jo mklbf#

Xvhczo ho zkpo jf gyâzkgh, jf hgoyjo gob h jk}kwço fwzhiflfgkjh poy Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+, cço dè

vbh jkmfyfcîh wknckmkghzk}h fczyf hw zkpolonkhw pyfwfczfw cow jokw wvpoyzfw# O bfwbo hgoczfgf

xvhczo à pykcgkphl mvcîço gvbpykjh pflh gyâzkgh, xvf fb zojow ow ghwow ë jf oykfczhy o

gocwvbo ov hvtklkhy h hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh#

Ovzyh jkmfyfcîh fcgoczyhjh ë xvhczo ho vwo jf yfgvywow dkpfyzftzvhkw, ov wfah, h pyfwfcîh jf

lkcew xvf jkyfgkochb o lfkzoy phyh ovzyo zftzo ov pènkch# Cow wkzfw fwpfgkhlkqhjow fwwf yfgvywohphyfgf hpfchw ch gyâzkgh jf O wfnyfjo jow wfvw oldow pvilkghjh co wkzf Gkcfbh fb Gfch# Aè

cow ilonw fwwf yfgvywo fwzè bhkw pyfwfczf, wfcjo vwhjo fb zyáw jow wfkw zftzow fwzvjhjow# O

bfwbo hgoczfgf xvhczo à hzykivkîço jf cozhw gob gykzëyko jf }hloyhîço jhw oiyhw# Fwwf

yfgvywo wf mhq pyfwfczf ch bhkoykh jhw gyâzkghw jf ilonw $xvhzyo jflhw+ f fwzè hpfchw ch bfzhjf

jhw gyâzkghw jf wkzfw $hpfchw chxvflhw yfzkyhjhw jo wkzf hynfczkco Ozyow Gkcfw+#



=8

6 GOGLVWÇO

O pyfwfczf fwzvjo zf}f gobo oiafzk}o kjfczkmkghy hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bhkw bhyghczfw jhw gyâzkghw

jf gkcfbh mfkzhw fb }fâgvlow oc"lkcf jf jokw phâwfw, Iyhwkl f Hynfczkch# Fwzè glhyo xvf h phyzky

jh hbowzyhnfb fwzvjhjh, joqf gyâzkghw, wfkw jf ghjh chgkochlkjhjf, cço ë powwâ}fl hlghcîhy

gocglvwöfw jfmkckzk}hw woiyf h gyâzkgh mfkzh phyh zhl wvpoyzf, h kczfycfz# Poyëb, mok powwâ}fl

fcgoczyhy ghyhgzfyâwzkghw gobvcw à gocwzyvîço jow zftzow fwzvjhjow xvf wfy}fb gobo moybh

jf kckgkhy vbh jkwgvwwço f gdhbhy hzfcîço phyh fwwf mfcúbfco xvf ë yfgfczf f fwzè fb

pyogfwwo gocwzhczf jf gyfwgkbfczo f f}olvîço f, poy kwwo, hkcjh ë povgo fwzvjhjo#

Jfczyf hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw oiwfy}hjhw wf jfwzhghb1 h pyfwfcîh jf bhkw jf vb zkpo jf gyâzkgh, jf

hgoyjo gob h zkpolonkh fwzhiflfgkjh poy Jhckfl Pkqh $900:+, poyëb gob pyfjobkcécgkh jhw

gyâzkghw gob mogo co zfbh f co hvzoy5 o mogo vcéckbf ch mvcîço jf oykfczhy ov hnyfnhy

kcmoybhîöfw à hpyfgkhîço jh oiyh poy phyzf jo lfkzoy f h hzfcîço jhjh à hcèlkwf jo zyhihldo jf

jkyfîço, fczyf ovzyhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw# Zojhw flhw pfybkzfb gdfnhy h hlnvbhw gocglvwöfw ov, ho

bfcow, wfy}fb gobo ihwf phyh flhioyhîço jf hlnvbhw wvpowkîöfw xvf bfyfgfb bhkw hzfcîço

fb fwzvjow mvzvyow#

Vbh jfwwhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw ë o povgo vwo poy phyzf, zhczo jhw pènkchw aoychlâwzkghw

fwpfgkhlkqhjhw xvhczo jow ilonw, jf yfgvywow dkpfyzftzvhkw ov bvlzkbâjkh gobo yfgvywowgobplfbfczhyfw ho zftzo# O xvf pojf wfy }kwzo gobo vbh ftployhîço kcgobplfzh jo pozfcgkhl

jh kczfycfz ‗ xvf ë jfwgykzo poy Bhygow Phlègkow $900:+ gobo h ghphgkjhjf jf hnyfnhy }èykow

yfgvywow bkjkèzkgow fb vb ñckgo wvpoyzf# Pykcgkphlbfczf, wf zyhzhcjo jf gyâzkghw jf gkcfbh,

wvypyffcjf h hvwácgkh jo vwo jf }âjfow, gobo vb zyhklfy ov bhekcn omm jhw oiyhw hchlkwhjhw,

poy ftfbplo#

Vb ftfbplo jkwwo wço hw gyâzkghw fwgykzhw poy Philo ]kllhîh phyh o wkzf Gkcfbh fb Gfch#

]kllhîh, fczyf ow hvzoyfw jhw gyâzkghw hchlkwhjhw, ë o xvf bhkw mhq vwo jf yfmfyácgkhw h gfchw

jow mklbfw jvyhczf o zftzo# Fb hlnvcw bobfczow o hvzoy jfwgyf}f hw gfchw fcmhzkqhcjo

jfzhldfw xvf pojfb zfy phwwhjo jfwpfygfikjow ho lfkzoy f, poy kwwo, ë pyo}è}fl xvf h lfkzvyh

ldf ghvwhykh kczfyfwwf fb yf}fy h gfch# Kwwo mkgh glhyo xvhcjo, ch gyâzkgh jf Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo

Iyhwkl , Philo ]kllhîh hmkybh1 “U###Rho vwhy vb zyh}fllkcn jfwhafkzhjo f hbhjoy phyh bowzyhy h

yfhîço jf joy jo pfywochnfb wfb zfy xvf fcmoghy o hgkjfczf fb wk#‒

Hlëb jkwwo, ë powwâ}fl cozhy h pyfwfcîh jf vbh jvhlkjhjf fczyf hw pyojvîöfw xvf gobpvwfyhb

o oiafzo fwzvjhjo# Wf poy vb lhjo fwzf ë o bobfczo jh goc}fynácgkh bkjkèzkgh, xvf hnyfnh

jk}fywow yfgvywow $gobo jfwgykzo hgkbh+ f ftknf jo aoychlkwzh bñlzkplhw dhiklkjhjfw ‗ o xvf



=9

bvkzhw }fqfw wknckmkghy h nfcfyhlkqhîço f h jk}vlnhîço jf kcmoybhîöfw povgo hpyomvcjhjhw,

gobo jfwgyf}f Pkqh $900:+ ‗ poy ovzyo lhjo zhbiëb ë vb bobfczo jf wfnbfczhîço# H ghjh

jkh co}ow nyvpow jf kczfyfwwf wvynfb f w÷ o aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo ë ghphq jf hzfcjfy h

jfbhcjh poy kcmoybhîço nfyhjh poy fwwfw co}ow “ckgdow‒# Wço hbhczfw jow bhkw jk}fywow

fwzklow bvwkghkw, nyvpow xvf phyzkldhb vbh pyèzkgh yflknkowh, vbh kjfolonkh polâzkgh fzg# Fwwfw

nyvpow, wfnvcjo Nfhcf Hlqboyh $900;+ cço wço nyhcjfw o wvmkgkfczf phyh wfyfb gocwkjfyhjow

pflow hzvhkw gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf jo aoychlkwbo jkèyko, o xvf mhq jflfw mfcúbfcow

yfwpocwè}fkw pflo wvynkbfczo kckczfyyvpzo jf pènkchw ch ~fi gob zfoy gvlzvyhl#

Hlnvbhw jfwwhw pènkchw wço bhczkjhw poy aoychlkwzhw f záb ghyèzfy gobfygkhl# Poyëb, zhbiëb

dè hxvflhw xvf, fwgykzhw poy gyâzkgow pyomkwwkochkw ov cço, wço vb ghchl, cço hpfchw jf

jk}vlnhîço jf kcmoybhîöfw, bhw pykcgkphlbfczf jf gobvckghîço fczyf pfwwohw xvf záb fb

gobvb o kczfyfwwf pflo gkcfbh# Ë o ghwo jow ilonw fwpfgkhlkqhjow# F, zhl}fq fwwh wfah h

pykcgkphl jkmfyfcîh fczyf ow jokw zkpow jf pènkchw oc"lkcf fwzvjhjhw hxvk, o gkglo jf “hbkqhjf‒

xvf ë moybhjo poy fwwfw ilonw, ocjf hlnvëb xvf zhbiëb zfb vb ~filon fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb

gkcfbh lá f gobfczh ow zftzow jf ovzyow hvzoyfw f fwzfw mhqfb bfwbo ho hgfwwhy hw pènkchw jf

wfvw }kwkzhczfw#

Lf}hcjo fb goczh zojhw fwwhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw, zfcjácgkhw f ow zkpow jf yfmfyácgkhw mfkzhw pflowhvzoyfw, ë powwâ}fl wvpoy xvf hw gyâzkghw xvf gobpöfb o bhzfykhl fwzvjhjo cço wço

jkyfgkochjhw ho pñilkgo lfkzoy jhw yfwfcdhw xvf wço pvilkghjhw fb aoychkw jkèykow, f wkb

àxvflfw xvf cço wf jço poy whzkwmfkzow gob hw hcèlkwfw gvyzhw f povgo hpyomvcjhjhw# Poyëb,

lf}hcjo kwwo fb goczh, vbh xvfwzço xvf pojf wfy lf}hczhjh phyh vb fwzvjo mvzvyo ë1 wfyè xvf

hw gyâzkghw mfkzhw phyh }fâgvlow oc"lkcf wf jkmfyfcgkhb zhczo jo xvf ë mfkzo co aoychlkwbo jkèyko

h poczo jf gocwfnvkyfb gvbpyky ifb fwwh mvcîço?



=7

YFMFYÁGKHW

HLQHBOYH, Nfhcf# Jo zftzo jkmfyfcgkhjo ho dkpfyzftzo bvlzkbkjkèzkgo1 pfywpfgzk}hw phyh oaoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl# Kc1 HLQHBOYH, Nfhcf fz hl# Wfzf pyopowzhw phyh o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl1yfmlftöfw f ftpfykácgkhw# Wço Phvlo1 Bky÷ Fjkzoykhl, 900;#

IHYYFZO, Yhgdfl Ghyjowo# Gyâzkgh Oyjkcèykh# H Gyâzkgh jf Gkcfbh ch Kbpyfcwh Iyhwklfkyh#9006# 8>4 m# Jkwwfyzhîço $Bfwzyhjo fb Gobvckghîço Wogkhl+ ‗ Mhgvljhjf jf Mklowomkh fGkácgkhw Dvbhchw, Vck}fywkjhjf Mfjfyhl jf Bkchw Nfyhkw, Iflo Doykqoczf1 900=# Jkwpocâ}flfb1<dzzp1//jwphgf#lgg#vmbn#iy/jwphgf/ikzwzyfhb/84:7/]GWH"=^;BCZ/8/jkwwfyzhgho_yhgdflihyyfzo_gykzkghoyjkchykh#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb 86 bhy# 9080#

IFYNHC, Yochlj# Gkcfbh ‗ Nvkh Klvwzyhjo Qhdhy# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Aoynf Qhdhy, 900>#

IVKZOCK, Jvlgklkh# Fczyf o gocwvbo yèpkjo f h pfybhcácgkh1 aoychlkwbo jf hyzf f gvlzvyh# Kc1 BHYZKCW, Bhykh Dflfch $oyn#+# Ovzyhw lfkzvyhw1 lkzfyhzvyh, zflf}kwço, aoychlkwbo jf hyzf fgvlzvyh, lkcnvhnfcw kczfnyhczfw# Wço Phvlo1 WFCHG Wço Phvlo1 Kzhñ Gvlzvyhl, 9000#

GHJË, Gdhylfw# O co}o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl # Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<dzzp1//gobvckghghofbyfjf#~kek#qodo#gob/O"co}o"aoychlkwbo"gvlzvyhl#dzbl3# Hgfwwo fb1 99jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

GHBPOW, Yfchzo# Dkwz÷ykh jo gkcfbh iyhwklfkyo ‗ Ow gkglow jf pyojvîço bhkw py÷tkbow hobfyghjo, 900:# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1~~~#hlbhchxvfjhgobvckghgho#gob#iy/mklfw/###/yfchzo_ghbpow#jog# Hgfwwo fb1 06 jfwfzfbiyo jf 9080#

GHCH]KLDHW, Aoço# Dkpfyzftzo f yfgfpîço jf cozâgkhw oclkcf# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vmm#iy/###/ghch}kldhw"aoho"dkpfyzftzo"f"yfgfpgho"cozkgkhw"oclkcf#pjm3#Hgfwwo fb1 8= jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

GHPVQQO, Dfkzoy# Gkcfbh1 h h}fczvyh jo wocdo# Wço Phvlo1 Chgkochl, 8;4=#

GOYYFKH, Aoço Ghylow# Jf xvf bojo h coîço jf fwphîo pñilkgo hlzfyh"wf ch yfjf f hmfzhgocgfkzvhlbfczf o ~fiaoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl?# Kc1 IYHWKL, Hcjyë fz hl# Gvlzvyh fb Mlvto1 Co}hw Bfjkhîöfw fb Yfjf# Iflo Doykqoczf1 PVG Bkchw, 900:#

GVCDH, Lfochyjo, BHNHLDÇFW, Lvkq Dfcykxvf, ZFKTFKYH, Câwko# Jklfbhw joaoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl iyhwklfkyo# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vmm#iy3# Hgfwwo fb1 90 jfhnowzo jf 9080#

JYF]FW, Hlfzh# Ilon f Aoychlkwbo Oc"lkcf1 Pozfcgkhlkjhjfw Pyomkwwkochkw chGoczfbpoyhcfkjhjf Zfgcol÷nkgh# 900:# ;0 m# Boconyhmkh $Ihgdhyflhjo fb Gobvckghîço

Wogkhl ‗ Dhiklkzhîço fb Aoychlkwbo+ ‗ Mhgvljhjf jf Phzo Iyhcgo, Phzo Iyhcgo1 900:#Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vik#pz/phn/jyf}fw"hlfzh"ilon"aoychlkwbo"oclkcf#pjm3#Hgfwwo fb 86 bhy# 9080#



=:

LOPFQ, Towë, NHNO, Bhcvfl, PFYFKYH, Towë# Lh nfwzk÷c jf lh kcmoybhgk÷c gvlzvyhl fckczfycfz# Kc1 IYHWKL, Hcjyë fz hl# Gvlzvyh fb Mlvto1 Co}hw Bfjkhîöfw fb Yfjf# IfloDoykqoczf1 PVG Bkchw, 900:#

BFLLO, Kwhifllf# Aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl1 pflo fcgoczyo jh glhyfqh jo aoychlkwbo gob hjfcwkjhjf f gobplftkjhjf jh gvlzvyh# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <~~~#iogg#vik#pz/phn/bflo"kwhifllf"aoychlkwbo"gvlzvyhl#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb1 0= jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

BOZFKYO, Lvâw# H kczfycfz gobo bfko jf gobvckghîço1 powwkiklkjhjfw f lkbkzhîöfw, 9008#Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#poyzhl"yp#gob#iy/###/gobvckghgho}kyzvhl/0864#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb18= jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

OLK]FKYH, Yowh Bfkyf Ghy}hldo jf# Jkèykow Pñilkgow, Bvcjow Pyk}hjow1 Jkèyko ÂczkboGobo Nácfyo Jkwgvywk}o f Wvhw Zyhcwmoybhîöfw ch Goczfbpoyhcfkjhjf# 9009# 98: m#

Jkwwfyzhîço $Bfwzyhjo fb Gobvckghîço f Gvlzvyh Goczfbpoyécfhw+ ‗ Mhgvljhjf jfGobvckghîço, Vck}fywkjhjf Mfjfyhl jh Ihdkh# Ihdkh1 9009# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vik#pz/phn/olk}fkyh"yowh"bfkyf"jkhykow"pvilkgow"bvcjow"pyk}hjow#pjm3#Hgfwwo fb 86 bhy# 9080#

PHLÈGKOW, Bhygow# Aoychlkwbo fb hbikfczf plvyhl? Cozhw phyh jkwgvwwço jh Kczfycfzfcxvhczo wvpoyzf phyh pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh# Kc1 IYHWKL, Hcjyë fz hl# Gvlzvyh fb Mlvto1 Co}hwBfjkhîöfw fb Yfjf# Iflo Doykqoczf1 PVG Bkchw, 900:#

PFCHMYKH, Bhcvflh# Hcèlkwf jf mklbfw ‗ gocgfkzow f bfzojolonkh$w+# 900;# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1

<dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vmm#iy/phn/iogg"pfchmykh"hchlkwf#pjm3 # Hgfwwo fb1 0= jf wfzfbiyo jf9080#

PKQH, Jhckfl# Aoychlkwbo Gvlzvyhl# 9# fj# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 900:#

PYKBO, Hlft# Xvço kczfyhzk}o ë o dkpfyzftzo? Jè kczfymhgf pozfcgkhl à fwgykzh golfzk}h, 9007#Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~=#vmynw#iy/lkbg/PJMw/xvho_kczfyhzk}o_dkpfyzftzo#pjm3# Hgfwwofb1 8= jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

YH]HCFLLK, ̂ èlzfy Hcâihl# Hgfygh jf lh gyâzkgh pfykojâwzkgh jf lhw hyzfw# 8;;=# Jkwpocâ}flfb1

<dzzp1//~~~#lkiyobp7#gob/jbjogvbfczw/YH]HCFLLK&90^HLZFY&90HCKIHL&90"&90Hgfygh&90Jf&90Lh&90Gykzkgh&90Pfykojkwzkgh&90Jf&90Lhw&90Hyzfw#JOG3#Hgfwwo fb1 08 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

YF, ]hlfykh, BONVKLLHCWE[, Bhykch# Lh gyâzkgh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh# Vc phgzo goc fl cvf}ogkcf hynfczkco# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<dzzp1//~~~#pfyko#vclp#fjv#hy/xvfwzkoc/ck}fl9/hyzkgvlow/kcmoybfw_kc}fwzknhgkoc/bonvkllhcwe{_yf_8_kcmoybfw_89pykbh}fyh0=#dzb3# Hgfwwo fb1 08 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

YOJYKNVFW, Iyvco# ^fi~ykzkcn 1 Pfcwhcjo o Zftzo Phyh h Bâjkh Jknkzhl# 9# fj# Wço Phvlo1

Ifyeflf{, 9000#



=6

WFJY×W, Phyhcè# Dkwzoykh jfl gkcf hynfczkco# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<dzzp1//wvyjflwvy#gob/gkcf/gkcfkc/3# Hgfwwo fb1 06 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

ZHYÂC, Myhcgkwgo Ah}kfy N÷bfq# Ël hcèlkwkw jfl zftzo mâlbkgo# 900=# 984 m# Hyzkno $pyoafzo jf

kczfygébiko gkfczâmkgo+ " Jfphyzhbfczo jf Gobvckghîço f Hyzfw jh Vck}fywkjhjf jh IfkyhKczfykoy f Jfphyzhbfczo jf Mklowomkh, Wogkolonkh { Gobvckghgk÷c Hvjko}kwvhl { Pvilkgkjhjjh Vck}fywkzhz Ahvbf K# Go}kldç1 900=# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vik#pz/phn/zhykc"myhcgkwgo"fl"hchlkwkw"jfl"zftzo"mklbkgo#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb 86 bhy# 9080#

ZFKTFKYH, Câwko# Kbphgzo jh kczfycfz woiyf h chzvyfqh jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl # Jkwpocâ}flfb1<~~~#iogg#vmm#iy/phn/zfktfkyh"ckwko"kbphgzo"jh"kczfycfz#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb1 0= jfwfzfbiyo jf 9080#

]HLF, Kwyhfl jo# Aoychlkwbo Gvlzvyhl1 yfmlftöfw# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<dzzp1//~~~#jfnfwzk}ogvlzvyhl#gob/fcwhkow3# Hgfwwo fb1 90 jf hnowzo jf 9080#

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Bkckwzëyko jh Gvlzvyh# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 dzzp1//~~~#jg#byf#no}#iy/gkcfbh"f"z}/dkwzoykh"jo"gkcfbh"iyhwklfkyo# Hgfwwo fb1 06 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#



HFTOW

Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy

Hcfto H " Gkcfbh fb Gfch

Hzoy1 Philo ]kllhîh

06 jf Mf}fyfkyo jf 9080

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mklbfw kbpoyzhczâwwkbow ov wkbplfwbfczf hnvhyjhjow pflo pñilkgo wço fcnh}fzhjow poy zfbpo

kcjfmkckjo hczfw jf gdfnhyfb how gkcfbhw iyhwklfkyow $hlnvëb hkcjh wf lfbiyh jo wfbpyf

hjkhjo À Pyo}h jf Boyzf?+ ov bfwbo yfzhldhjow poy hlnvb bozk}o kyyhgkochl $Dhllo~ffc+

xvhcjo jfwpfahjow fb cowwhw zflhw# Fb goczyhphyzkjh, dè ghwow gobo o jf Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy ,

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co pykbfkyo wfbfwzyf jf 900; wfb zfy wfxvfy phwwhjo pflow gkcfbhw ‗ kwzo bfwbo zfcjo wkjo

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gocwkjfyhjo gobo pozfcgkhl ghcjkjhzo ho Owghy pyhzkghbfczf jfwjf o bobfczo fb xvf mok

lhcîhjo cow Fwzhjow Vckjow# Gob kwwo, bfwbo fwzhcjo jkwpocâ}fl phyh loghîço dè xvhwf vb

hco co Iyhwkl, o mklbf hnoyh ë lhcîhjo cow gkcfbhw phyh zfczhy pfnhy ghyoch fb wvhw co}fkcjkghîöfw pflh Hghjfbkh, o xvf cço jfkth jf wfy gvykowo# F, goc}fcdhbow, phzëzkgo#

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hbfykghcow gvah fwpfgkhlkjhjf yfwkjf fb jfwhybhy iobihw plhczhjhw poy kcwvynfczfw

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phwwh}hb ch bhkoy phyzf fb bhzhw mfgdhjhw, h nvfyyh jo Kyhxvf ë fwwfcgkhlbfczf vb gocmlkzo

vyihco ‗ f, hwwkb, ghjh pyëjko, ahcflh, fwxvkch ov boczf jf lkto pojf yfpyfwfczhy vbh hbfhîh

fb pozfcgkhl phyh ow woljhjow jo ftëygkzo kc}hwoy# Fwwh hzbowmfyh jf pfykno gocwzhczf xvf

kcwpkyh vbh xvhwf phyhc÷kh poy phyzf jow bklkzhyfw, hlkèw, ë klvwzyhjh jf bhcfkyh kbpfgè}fl aè

ch wfxüácgkh kckgkhl, xvf, zfcwh f bvkzâwwkbo ifb gocwzyvâjh, fwzhiflfgf o zob xvf jobkchyè

zojh h chyyhzk}h#

Zyhqfcjo gobo gfczyo jf wvh zyhbh o ftpfykfczf whynfczo ^kllkhb Ahbfw, Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy

hghih mvcgkochcjo zhbiëb gobo vb ftgflfczf fwzvjo jf pfywochnfb ho yfzyhzè"lo gobo vbwvafkzo gobplfto f zykjkbfcwkochl1 pyomkwwkochl gobpfzfczf f goyhaowo, flf ë fcghychjo pflo

iykldhczf Afyfb{ Yfccfy gobo vb dobfb xvf, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf wf pyfogvph



kczfcwhbfczf gob ow wvioyjkchjow, ivwghcjo bozk}è"low f gvkjhcjo jf wfv ifb"fwzhy mâwkgo,

cço dfwkzh fb wf fc}ol}fy fb wkzvhîöfw ftzyfbhbfczf hyykwghjhw xvf kcjkyfzhbfczf zhbiëb

jfkthb }vlcfyè}fkw wfvw gobphcdfkyow# Poyëb, locnf jf wvynky gobo vb fwzfyf÷zkpo jo

“woljhjo"go~io{‒, o whynfczo Ahbfw gocwzhczfbfczf yf}flh mhgfzhw wvypyffcjfczfw jf wvh

pfywochlkjhjf, gobo, poy ftfbplo, ho ahbhkw wf jfkthy hmfzhy pflhw omfcwhw f hnyfwwöfw

$avwzkmkghjhw+ jf wfv wfnvcjo"fb"gobhcjo $fcghychjo gob kcgyâ}fl wfykfjhjf poy Hczdoc{

Bhgekf+ ov ho jfbocwzyhy cço zfy pfybkzkjo xvf zojh hxvflh }kolácgkh o zoychwwf kcwfcwâ}fl

how doyyoyfw jh nvfyyh, gobo pojfbow pfygfify poy wvhw yfhîöfw h kcgkjfczfw ftzyfbow xvf

pyozhnockqh ov zfwzfbvcdh#

Hjozhcjo ch bhkoy phyzf jh pyoafîço vb fwzklo wfbk"jogvbfczhl, gob h gébfyh ch bço f

pfywfnvkcjo ow pfywochnfcw gobo wf mowwf vbh jhw kczfnyhczfw jhxvflh pfxvfch fxvkpf, h

jkyfzoyh Ehzdy{c Iknflo~ zhbiëb ivwgh whlkfczhy o zob jf kbpyo}kwo zâpkgo jf vb

jogvbfczèyko hzyh}ëw jf yèpkjow qoobw f jf vbh boczhnfb xvf, bfwbo yfplfzh jf fcfynkh,

ahbhkw hpflh phyh o fwzklo fczyfgoyzhjo f kckczflknâ}fl jf zhczhw oiyhw jo nácfyo# Ho bfwbo

zfbpo, h gkcfhwzh wf bowzyh kczflknfczf ho hlzfyhy fwzh hioyjhnfb fb jfzfybkchjhw wfxüácgkhw

xvf wf ifcfmkgkhb fcoybfbfczf jf vbh jfgvphnfb bhkw goc}fcgkochl, gobo co ftgfpgkochl

“jvflo‒ fczyf hzkyhjoyfw jf flkzf xvf, ogoyyfcjo co bfko jo jfwfyzo, zfb h fwpfyh pyolocnhjh

gobo fwzyhzënkh ièwkgh ‗ o xvf, fb }fq jf wohy fczfjkhczf, hghih yfwvlzhcjo cvb jow

bobfczow bhkw zfcwow jo locnh avwzhbfczf fb mvcîço jh ghphgkjhjf jf Iknflo~ jf yfzyhzhy o

kcgúbojo, o ghcwhîo f o mogo kchihlè}fl jow woljhjow woi vb wol gyvfl f gfyghjow jf pofkyh,

bowxvkzow f ghjè}fyfw# Gobo wf cço ihwzhwwf, h jkyfzoyh mhq vb vwo kbpfgè}fl jh gébfyh

lfczh, vwhcjo o yfgvywo hpfchw cow bobfczow fb xvf fwzf yfhlbfczf wf fcghkth

oynhckghbfczf f yfwvlzhcjo fb plhcow cço w÷ kbphgzhczfw, bhw jf wvypyffcjfczf iflfqh

plèwzkgh ‗ gobo o kcwzhczf fb xvf }fbow o ghwghldo whlzhcjo jo gdço ov h mfyyvnfb wf

jfwpyfcjfcjo jf vb ghyyo }fldo fb mvcîço jf vbh moyzf ftplowço#

Gob vbh fwzyvzvyh fpkw÷jkgh xvf wvynf gobo myvzo jh py÷pykh chzvyfqh jhw bkwwöfw

fcghifîhjhw pflow dfy÷kw, Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy whlzh jf vbh wfxüácgkh h ovzyh gob mlvkjfq,

bhczfcjo o fwpfgzhjoy wfbpyf kcxvkfzo nyhîhw how oiwzègvlow ghjh }fq bhkw hbfhîhjoyfw

fcmyfczhjow poy hxvflfw dobfcw# Hlëb jkwwo, ow jkmfyfczfw gfcèykow pfybkzfb h hpyfwfczhîço

jf }èykow pfywochnfcw xvf, jf vbh moybh ov jf ovzyh, klvwzyhb }èykow hwpfgzow jh nvfyyh,

pfybkzkcjo xvf Iknflo~ jfwfc}ol}h wvh zfbèzkgh glhyhbfczf hczk"iflkgkwzh gob pyopykfjhjf1

hwwkb, zfbow o âbpfzo wkbpèzkgo, bhw zyènkgo jo whynfczo jf Nv{ Pfhygf5 h gyvfljhjf f h mhlzh

jf dvbhckjhjf jo goyocfl jf Jh}kj Boywf5 f, glhyo, h kckgkhzk}h kczfyfwwfkyh jo bfygfcèyko jf



Yhlpd Mkfccfw ‗ zyáw hzoyfw gobpfzfczfw xvf fcykxvfgfb o mklbf gob wvhw hphykîöfw bhkw jo

xvf fmkghqfw# Jh bfwbh bhcfkyh, h powzvyh gyâzkgh jh gkcfhwzh mkgh glhyh hzyh}ëw jf bobfczow

gobo hxvflf fb xvf ow woljhjow dowzklkqhb h popvlhîço loghl co zyécwkzo ov xvhcjo vb

zhtkwzh ë zyhzhjo gobo vb }fyjhjfkyo zfyyoykwzh, o xvf lf}h o pyozhnockwzh h gocwzhzhy jf

bhcfkyh kyúckgh1 “Wf flf cço fyh kcwvynfczf, hnoyh gfyzhbfczf ë‒#

Co mkchl jhw goczhw, poyëb, ë bfwbo o pfywochnfb jf Yfccfy xvfb hghih wfy}kcjo gobo

}fyjhjfkyo gfczyo zfbèzkgo jo locnh ho jfbocwzyhy ow fmfkzow jh nvfyyh woiyf o fwpâykzo

dvbhco1 hgowzvbhjo ho pfykno goczâcvo f àw wkzvhîöfw ftzyfbhw, o whynfczo Ahbfw ë vb

dobfb xvf co ghbpo jf ihzhldh wf bowzyh wfbpyf wfnvyo f co goczyolf hiwolvzo jh wkzvhîço

‗ bfwbo xvf hkcjh cço zfcdh wf hgowzvbhjo gobplfzhbfczf à ihyièykf xvf zfwzfbvcdh ov

go"phzyogkch# Hwwkb, h pfywpfgzk}h jf }olzhy à powkîço jf wkbplfw gk}kl ë hlno xvf flf

chzvyhlbfczf fcghyh gob yfwfy}hw ‗ f ë yfwvlzhjo jkyfzo jh mhczèwzkgh gobpowkîço jf Afyfb{

Yfccfy o mhzo jf xvf, fb gfyzo bobfczo, ho }fybow o whynfczo cvb wvpfybfyghjo f gfyghjo

jf ghkthw jf gfyfhl, ftpfykbfczhybow vbh wfcwhîço jf fwzyhcdhbfczo hiwolvzo, gobo wf

hxvflf dobfb yfhlbfczf cço pfyzfcgfwwf àxvflf hbikfczf#

F h gocglvwço à xvhl gdfnhbow ë xvf, bfwbo xvf o goypo woiyf}k}h à nvfyyh, o fwpâykzo

dvbhco ë kc}hykh}flbfczf jfwzyvâjo pflo zfyyoy f pflh }kolácgkh how xvhkw wvibfzfbow cowwowkybçow cfwzf zykwzf plhcfzh#

Hcfto I " Ozyow Gkcfw

Hvzoy1 Bhcvfl [èøfq Bvykllo

0: jf mf}fyfkyo jf 9080

]k}ky hl lâbkzf, jf Ehzdy{c Iknflo~

Lh nvfyyh gobo hjkggk÷c

H wv phwo poy fl Mfwzk}hl jf ]fcfgkh jf 9004, ]k}ky hl lâbkzf pyo}og÷ vc }fyjhjfyo yf}vflo

fczyf lh gyâzkgh, gv{h opkck÷c wf polhykq÷ jf moybh ftzyfbh1 bkfczyhw low jfmfcwoyfw jf lh

hyykfwnhjh pyopvfwzh jf Ehzdy{c Iknflo~ glhbhihc jf moybh dkpfyi÷lkgh hxvfllo jf )öiyh

bhfwzyh() , low jfzyhgzoyfw fchyiolhihc fwf yfwihlhjkqo hjafzk}o xvf wvflf wvwzkzvky h lh

yfmlftk÷c bèw womkwzkghjh { bhzkqhjh1 )¨mhwgkwzh() # Fc jfmfcwh jf fwzow ñlzkbow, ghif hj}fyzky

xvf co fw dhikzvhl fcgoczyhywf goc vc mklb iëlkgo xvf yfcvcgkf h lh gobojkjhj jfl jkwgvywo

jkjègzkgo#



Fc ]k}ky hl lâbkzf, ckcnñc pfywochaf )ftplkgh) fl zyhwmocjo polâzkgo jf lh kc}hwk÷c

coyzfhbfykghch h Kyhe, co wf fwgvgdhc nyhcjfw phylhbfczow woiyf fl }hloy jf lh }kjh {

ckcnvco jf wvw a÷}fcfw pyozhnockwzhw wf )dhgf vc dobiyf)# Lh pflâgvlh wf lkbkzh h yfzyhzhy fl

jâh h jâh jf zyfw woljhjow wkzvhjow fc fl goyhq÷c jf lh goczkfcjh, vch ftkwzfcgkh wvwpfcjkjh hl

ioyjf jf lh ghzèwzyomf { oynhckqhjh gobo vc ykzvhl bhghiyo { zyfpkjhczf# Hwâ, goc wv

gobpyobkwo yhjkghl goc vch yfhlkjhj phyzkgvlhy $fl nvk÷c jfl mklb fwzè ihwhjo fc lhw

ftpfykfcgkhw }k}kjhw fc Kyhe poy fl pfykojkwzh Bhye Iohl+, Iknflo~ hwpkyh h otknfchy fl bojo

fc xvf fl gkcf jf nëcfyo wf yflhgkoch goc lh kjfolonâh { lh mklowomâh1 hpflhcjo h low

gobpocfczfw fwzyhzënkgow, nfobëzykgow { mâwkgow jf lh hggk÷c#

]k}ky hl lâbkzf hgobphøh h vc nyvpo jf ftpfyzow hyzkmkgkfyow $jfwhybhjoyfw jf iobihw+

jfwzhghjow fc Kyhe { hwvbf fl oiafzk}o jf yfzyhzhy lh nvfyyh gobo hjkggk÷c, gobo vch jyonh

xvf wf hwkfczh fc fl kbhnkchyko jf wvw phyzkgkphczfw { low goc}kfyzf fc bfygfchykow jf wv

pyopko jfwfo jf hggk÷c hjyfchlâckgh# Phyh gocwfnvkylo, Iknflo~ gocwzyv{f vc womkwzkghjo

bfghckwbo jf )yfpfzkgk÷c goc }hykhgkocfw) fc fl xvf, bkwk÷c zyhw bkwk÷c, low woljhjow wf

wobfzfc h lh zfcwk÷c jf lh kchggk÷c, h lh fwpfyh jfl fwzhllkjo mkchl# Co dh{ fc lh pflâgvlh yhwzyo

jf kczfyfwfw pfzyolâmfyow, ck hybhw jf jfwzyvggk÷c bhwk}h, w÷lo zyfw dobiyfw fcmyfczhjow h lh

ñckgh mvfyqh bozoyh }èlkjh, ñzkl, fc fl goczftzo jf lh ihzhllh1 lh wvpfy}k}fcgkh#

H ck}fl jyhbèzkgo, fl mklb yfgvfyjh kczfcwhbfczf h lhw pflâgvlhw iëlkghw jf Whbvfl Mvllfy

$Bèw hllè jf lh nloykh/Zdf Ikn Yfj Ocf, Ghwgow jf hgfyo/Zdf Wzffl Dflbfz+, bkfczyhw xvf lh

pvfwzh fc fwgfch pojyâh moybvlhywf gobo vch wvfyzf jf Zoc{ Wgozz }hgkhjo jf ëpkgh { jf

fwzhllkjow ghzèyzkgow, o bfaoy hñc, lh zyhwgykpgk÷c iëlkgh jf lo gocwfnvkjo poy fl nyhc Aodcckf

Zo fc Zdf Bkwwkoc1 vch poëzkgh jf lh wvwpfcwk÷c jf lh hggk÷c#

Aowë Bhcvfl L÷pfq, fc wv gyâzkgh phyh Ghdkfyw jv Gkcëbh"Fwphøh, zhbikëc jh fc fl glh}o hl

yflhgkochy fl mklb goc low ~fwzfycw jf Hczdoc{ Bhcc# Lh pflâgvlh yoqh lh gykwkw gvhcjo

fwnykbf, jf vc bojo vc zhczo ftplâgkzo, low zyhvbhw jf low pfywochafw, pfyo yfwvfl}f lh

wkzvhgk÷c goc lknfyfqh f kcnfcko, wkc ëcmhwkw ck ftdkikgkocfw jyhbèzkghw, gobo fc fl ghwo jfl

woljhjo xvf llf}h gocwkno vch ghah goc hxvfllow oiafzow )xvf pojyâhc dhifylo bhzhjo)

$jfzochjoyfw jf iobihw { vc hckllo jf iojh+# Pvfjf hynvbfczhywf jf bvgdhw bhcfyhw, pfyo

mkchlbfczf fl oiafzk}o jf Iknflo~ yfwvlzh flfbfczhl1 dhgfy ivfc gkcf jf nëcfyo, xvf co fw

pogo#



$Fl pyfwfczf zftzo fw vch ftzfcwk÷c jf lo fwgykzo poy fl hvzoy jvyhczf fl Mfwzk}hl jf ]fcfgkh

9004+

Hcfto G ‗ Gkcfbhz÷yko

Hvzoy1 ]âzoy Jyvbocj

04 jf hiykl jf 900;

Co jobkcno, jkh 9 jf hnowzo, whkv vbh bhzëykh co aoychl O Fwzhjo jf W# Phvlo, yflhzhcjo xvf,

co Hmfnhckwzço, vb nyhcjf pyoilfbh phyh ow woljhjow jow Fwzhjow Vckjow wço hw iobihw

ghwfkyhw xvf wço mfkzhw poy zhlkiçw h phyzky jf woiyhw jf ovzyhw }èykhw nvfyyhw pflhw xvhkw o phâw

aè phwwov# Ow kcwvynfczfw fwgocjfb ow ftplowk}ow ch fwzyhjh f, hzyh}ëw jf vb yoiú goczyolhjo

poy vb ao{wzkge, ow woljhjow zfczhb jfwhybè"lhw# Xvhcjo cço gocwfnvfb, ow py÷pykow záb

xvf gologhy h bço ch bhwwh f, }fwzkcjo vbh fwpëgkf jf fwghmhcjyo, vb jflfw ë fwgoldkjo phyh

hyykwghy h }kjh f zfczhy jfwhybhy h iobih# Wfnvcjo h bhzëykh, avldo mok o báw fb xvf o

cñbfyo jf boyzfw jf woljhjow hzkcnkv wfv poczo bhkw hlzo jfwjf o kcâgko jh nvfyyh#

Zyoxvf Hmfnhckwzço poy Kyhxvf f iobihw ghwfkyhw poy iobihw cço zço ghwfkyhw hwwkb f }ogá

zfb )Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy) $Zdf Dvyz Logefy+, co}o mklbf jh jkyfzoyh Ehzdy{c Iknflo~, xvf }fb

nhcdhcjo flonkow poy zojow ow lhjow jfwjf xvf fwzyfov cow Fwzhjow Vckjow co ñlzkbo 9= jf

avcdo $f xvf fwzè jkwpocâ}fl fb J]J poy hxvk jfwjf hiykl+# Ftpyfwwöfw gobo “o bfldoy Kyhx

bo}kf‒ $wkb, aè }kyov wvi"nácfyo+ ov “o bfldoy mklbf jf nvfyyh jow ñlzkbow hcow‒ wço,

vwvhlbfczf, hwwogkhjhw à pyojvîço# Jo xvf cço powwo jkwgoyjhy# )Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy)

powwk}flbfczf wfyè vbh jhw nyhcjfw oiyhw lhcîhjhw cfwzf hco f Iknflo~ bfyfgf hplhvwow poy

wfv zyhihldo#

Bhw hczfw jf wfy vb mklbf jf nvfyyh, )Zdf Dvyz Logefy) ë vb nyhcjf mklbf jf hîço# Hwjkwgvwwöfw polâzkghw woiyf h nvfyyh jo Kyhxvf cço wço o xvf bhkw kbpoyzhb, fb vb pykbfkyo

bobfczo# Glhyo, jfpokw jf hwwkwzky ho locnh, ë bhkw jo xvf }èlkjo pfcwhy woiyf h

kyyfwpocwhiklkjhjf jo no}fyco hbfykghco jkhczf jo gocmlkzo, aè xvf cfb flfw whifb goczyh o

xvf fwzço gobihzfcjo# Co mklbf, zyáw woljhjow, ^kllkhb Ahbfw $Afyfb{ Yfccfy, mhczèwzkgo+,

AZ Whcioyc $Hczdoc{ Bhgekf, wfcwhgkochl+ f O~fc Fljykjnf $Iykhc Nfyhnzd{, bvkzo iob+

wço ow yfwpocwè}fkw poy jfwhzk}hyfb iobihw# Ahbfw ë o xvf }fwzf o fwghmhcjyo f }hk jfwhybhy

o ftplowk}o f ow ovzyow jokw mkghb ch yfzhnvhyjh, jf oldo fb xvhlxvfy pfwwoh ov bo}kbfczo

wvwpfkzow# O pyoilfbh ë xvf, phyh ow woljhjow, pyhzkghbfczf zojow wço wvwpfkzow#



Gob kwwo fb bfczf, Iknflo~ gocwfnvf, hzyh}ëw jf vb zyhihldo jf gébfyh bhnkwzyhl, gocwzyvky

vbh zfcwço xvhwf kcwvpoyzè}fl phyh xvfb hwwkwzf ho mklbf# Pykbfkyo, h gébfyh oiwfy}h o

woljhjo xvf }hk zfczhy jfwhzk}hy h iobih# Gobo h jkyfzoyh aè jfktov glhyo ch pojfyowh gfch

kczyojvz÷ykh jo mklbf, ë vb zyhihldo kcnyhzo, hyykwghjo f o fwpfgzhjoy aè mkgh hpyffcwk}o, poy

whify xvf Ahbfw pojf boyyfy h xvhlxvfy bobfczo# Lono, h gébfyh phwwh h ghpzhy ow

kcjk}âjvow ho yfjoy f ow woljhjow Whcioyc f Fljykjnf xvhwf pfyjkjow, jfwgocmkhcjo jf zvjo f

jf zojow# F, poy }fqfw, h gébfyh zobh o lvnhy jow oldow jf Ahbfw# Gob vbh boczhnfb yèpkjh

f gob vbh gocwzhczf bvjhcîh jf plhcow, Iknflo~ pyojvqkv vb mklbf ftzyfbhbfczf zfcwo#

Zfcwço xvf w÷ zfybkch xvhcjo vbh iobih ftplojf $ov cço+# F, glhyo, vbh zfcwço zfbpoyèykh,

poyxvf lono, vb co}o bozk}o phyh jfkthy o fwpfgzhjoy hpyffcwk}o wf kckgkh#

Iknflo~ cço fwzè kczfyfwwhjh fb woljhjow dfy÷kgow, jkwgvzky gocwfxvácgkhw jo zfyyoykwbo $jhâ

o zâzvlo iyhwklfkyo, )Nvfyyh ho Zfyyoy), wfy vb povgo kchpyopykhjo+ ov lf}hczhy ihcjfkyh goczyh

ov h mh}oy jh nvfyyh jo Kyhxvf# Ë o Kyhxvf, bhw pojfykh wfy bvkzo ifb o Hmfnhckwzço yflhzhjo

co pykbfkyo phyènyhmo# Flh xvfy mhlhy woiyf hw nvfyyhw bojfychw gobo pyojvzoyhw jf dobfcw"

bèxvkchw, xvf jfkthb o xvf gocwzyvâyhb phyh zyèw f mkghb à fwpfyh jf bhkw vbh jowf jf

hjyfchlkch#

O mklbf hmkybh xvf h nvfyyh ë vbh jyonh, poyxvf flh }kgkh# Ahbfw jfwhzk}h iobihw wfb ofxvkphbfczo jf wfnvyhcîh, mkgh kcgobvckgè}fl jf pyop÷wkzo, zfczh jfwhybhy o ftplowk}o jf

vbh iobih"yfl÷nko, bkcvzow hczfw jflh ftplojky# W÷ pflh hjyfchlkch, phyh whgkhy o }âgko#

Iknflo~ cço avlnh fwwh fwgoldh# Flh whif xvf ë vbh fwgoldh# Cço fwzhbow mhlhcjo jf vb

phzykozh xvf fwzè co ghbpo jf ihzhldh pflo o hboy ho phâw hgkbh jf zvjo# Bhw, wkb, jf vb

dobfb xvf pyfgkwh fwzhy lè, pyfgkwh hyykwghy wvh }kjh, phyh goczkcvhy }k}fcjo# F fb vbh

nvfyyh kyyfwpocwè}fl f wfb bvkzo wfczkjo jf wfy, vb dobfb"bèxvkch wf zoych bhkw

kbpoyzhczf jo xvf vb phzykozh gob hboy à }kjh#

cozh1 ;/80 "" }fah co gkcfbh f gobpyf o J]J

Hcfto J " Oao Hl Phygdf

Hvzoy1 Jhbkèc jf Dhfjo

09 jf mf}fyfkyo jf 9080

Hd, fl jkmâgkl hyzf jf gykzkghy… ¿G÷bo dhno phyh ftplkghylfw xvf lh pflâgvlh bèw flonkhjh jflhøo fc VWH $}fy hxvâ+, h lh gvhl bvgdow fwpfgkhlkwzhw coyzfhbfykghcow wføhlhc gobo vch jf



lhw bfaoyfw jf lh ñlzkbh jëghjh, { xvf hghih jf wfy cobkchjh h ; pyfbkow Owghy bf dh{h

jfgfpgkochjo? Fw mègkl, fc yfhlkjhj# Fwzo fw gkcf, { zojow zfcfbow lh yhq÷c h lh doyh jf opkchy#

Fl hyzf, yfhlbfczf, co pvfjf gvhczkmkghywf $poy fllo fwzo{ pfcwhcjo fc jfahy jf lhjo bkw

xvfykjow “Jhbkhcgkzow‒+# Fc lh bh{oyâh jf low ghwow, lhw ghvwhw xvf llf}hc h xvf hlnvkfc

hpyfgkf bèw o bfcow vch oiyh woc jkmâgklfw jf ftplkghy, poyxvf fwzèc yflhgkochjhw h lo

fbogkochl# Hvcxvf zhbikëc bvgdhw }fgfw dh{ bozk}ow yhgkochlfw f kjfol÷nkgow xvf fczyhc fc

avfno# Gyfo xvf fwzf fw fl ghwo#

Zdf dvyz logefy chyyh fl jâh h jâh jf vc fwgvhjy÷c jfl faëygkzo coyzfhbfykghco fwpfgkhlkqhjo

fc jfwhgzk}hy ftplowk}ow# Fl mklb wvgfjf fc Kyhe, hvcxvf lh pflâgvlh co wf ogvph jf dhgfy

yfmfyfcgkhw bv{ fwpfgâmkghw woiyf fl gocmlkgzo fc wâ# Fl pyozhnockwzh pykcgkphl fw fl

whynfczo ^kllkhb Ahbfw $Afyfb{ Yfccfy+, vc hyykfwnhjo fwpfgkhlkwzh xvf gocwzhczfbfczf

phyfgf jfwhmkhy lo xvf fl wfczkjo gobñc, f kcglvwo lhw yfnlhw jfl faëygkzo, jkgzhc# Fwzo dhgf xvf

wvw jow cvf}ow gobphøfyow $fc yfhlkjhj Ahbfw wf wvbh hl fwgvhjy÷c fc yffbplhqo jf ozyo

fwpfgkhlkwzh+, lo }fhc goc yfgflo { dhwzh gobo vch powkilf hbfchqh# Hwâ, low jâhw kyèc phwhcjo

jf bkwk÷c fc bkwk÷c, ghjh vch bèw fwzyfwhczf xvf lh hczfykoy#

Hczfw xvf chjh, xvkfyo jfahy fc glhyo xvf lh pflâgvlh co bf phyfgk÷ “bhlh‒# Hl goczyhyko, gyfo

xvf powff hlzow }hloyfw jf pyojvggk÷c# Lh jkyfggk÷c jf Ehzdy{c Iknflo~ fw yfhlbfczfzfcwkochczf# Lonyh pocfy hl fwpfgzhjoy fc lh pkfl jf low woljhjow fc bfjko jf vc fwgfchyko

dowzkl fc fl xvf cvcgh wf whif xvkëc fw hlkhjo { xvkëc fcfbkno# Bvgdh gèbhyh fc bhco,

bvgdo }ëyzkno, bvgdo kbphgzo }kwvhl# Jhjo fwzf fwzklo jf mklbhgk÷c, fw zhbikëc jf flonkhy fl

zyhihao jf Yfccfy, xvkfc lonyh vch kczfcwh hgzvhgk÷c h ihwf jf hgzkzvjfw, nfwzow { yfhggkocfw

fc wkzvhgkocfw fc lhw xvf wf zobhc jfgkwkocfw jf }kjh o bvfyzf fc gvfwzk÷c jf wfnvcjow# Fc

yfhlkjhj, zojo fl flfcgo iykcjh ivfcow zyhihaow# [, jfwjf {h, zojow low hwpfgzow zëgckgow jfl

mklb $wockjo, fjkgk÷c, mozonyhmâh+ woc ftgfpgkochlfw#

Hdoyh ikfc, }h{hbow h lo xvf h bâ $lo wviyh{o poyxvf bf phyfgf kbpoyzhczf+ bf ogvyyk÷ goc

fl mklb# Pykbfyo, bf gowz÷ bvgdo kjfczkmkghybf goc low pyozhnockwzhw# Fczkfcjo xvf vc

coyzfhbfykghco wkfczh fbphzâh goc fwzow woljhjow xvf hyykfwnhc wv }kjh h bklfw jf ekl÷bfzyow

jf wv donhy# Pfyo {o co pvfjo f}kzhy wfczky gkfyzo yfgdhqo dhgkh fwzow zkpow }fwzkjow jf }fyjf

hpvczhcjo wvw hybhw { nykzècjolf h gvhlxvkfy gk}kl kyhxvâ xvf lfw phyfqgh wowpfgdowo#

Fczkfcjo lh chzvyhlfqh pflknyowh jf lh wkzvhgk÷c, pfyo jfwjf fl }hbow co pvfjo jfahy jf lhjo

bk pfygfpgk÷c jf low dfgdow# Hjfbèw, fl pfywochaf jfAhbfw llfnh hl golbo jf lo zfbfyhyko, {wvw hgzkzvjfw cvcgh zfybkchyoc jf zfcfy phyh bâ vch ftplkghgk÷c whzkwmhgzoykh#



Lh pflâgvlh co fbkzf avkgkow jf }hloy hgfygh jfl gocmlkgzo $fwzo co fw kcdfyfczfbfczf bhlo+#

Jf dfgdo, phyfgf fwzhy kczfyfwhjh fc vc fcmoxvf bèw nfcfyhl woiyf lh chzvyhlfqh dvbhch, lh

gvhl dhgf xvf h }fgfw yfhlkgfbow hggkocfw xvf }hc bèw hllè jf gvhlxvkfy l÷nkgh# Jf hllâ xvf fl

mklb gobkfcgf goc lh myhwf “Lh nvfyyh fw vch jyonh‒# Fl pyop÷wkzo jf lh pflâgvlh fw, fczocgfw,

bfzfycow fc vc bvcjo fc fl xvf low dobiyfw hgzñhc wknvkfcjo wv cfgfwkjhj jf hjyfchlkch, {

co wv yhgkogkcko# Fwzo co jfah wf wfy kczfyfwhczf, { lh pflâgvlh yfhlbfczf dhgf avwzkgkh h fwzh

hjyfchlkch, pfyo {o co pvjf jfahy jf wfczkybf hlfahjo fbogkochlbfczf jf fwzh kjfh { jfl

pyozhnockwzh# Poy fllo, wkc kbpoyzhy lo ikfc jkyknkjo xvf fwzë fl mklb ck lo ikfc xvf

fwzë Yfccfyfc wv phpfl, co lonyë xvf lh dkwzoykh wf bfzh ihao bk pkfl#

Poy ozyo lhjo, fl nvk÷c fwzè fwzyvgzvyhjo h zyh}ëw jf lo xvf ogvyyf fc jkwzkczow jâhw# Hwâ, wf

pojyâh jk}kjky lh zyhbh fc ghjh vch jf lhw wkzvhgkocfw xvf low pyozhnockwzhw jfifc hzyh}fwhy#

Zojhw wkzvhgkocfw fafgvzhjhw jf bhcfyh ftpfyzh, gobo jkaf# Pfyo xvf zhbpogo bf h{vjhyoc h

xvf jyhbèzkghbfczf fl mklb bf hpoyzhyh bvgdo ck mvfyh gyfgkfcjo goc fl phwo jf low bkcvzow#

Phyh golbo, fl ñckgo bobfczo fc xvf low zyfw dobiyfw nfcfyhc vch fwpfgkf jf }âcgvlo

pfywochl, lo dhgfc zozhlbfczf ioyyhgdow { gobpoyzècjowf gobo fl zâpkgo woljhjo hbfykghco1

avnhcjo h jhywf zyobphjhw# Phyh hlnvkfc xvf hioyyfgf lhw jogzykchw $yflknkowhw o bklkzhyfw+

fwzf zkpo jf gobpoyzhbkfczow bf phyfgfc ykjâgvlow, hwâ xvf zhbpogo dvio hmkckjhj poy fwf

lhjo#

Fc mkc# Wkcgfyhbfczf, lf pocno pvczvhgk÷c hl mklb poyxvf lo zfcno gobo gowzvbiyf, pfyo dhgf

yhzo xvf bf }fcno yfplhczfhcjo fwzo jf jhy pvczhafw# Gyfo xvf lf jh hl gobfczhyko vc hcglhaf

xvf zhl }fq co wfh jfl zojo klvwzyhzk}o# Fc fwzf ghwo, goc bk yfwføh xvkwf jfahy ikfc fc glhyo lhw

ghvwhw xvf llf}hyoc h xvf {o co pvjkfyh jkwmyvzhy jf fwzh pflâgvlh gobo wvw ck}flfw jf

yfhlkqhgk÷c hbfykzhyâhc# Co zfcno jvjhw xvf bvgdâwkbh nfczf }h h pojfy hpyfgkhy lh

hjyfchlkch xvf fl mklb zhc ikfc zyhcwbkzf# [ bf phyfgf mhczèwzkgo xvf hwâ wfh# [ oao xvf {o wo{vco jf low pykbfyow fc jfmfcjfy fwzf zkpo jf gkcf# Pfyo fc fwzf ghwo, hlno bf phw÷# Hlno bf

hlfa÷# Fwpfyo xvf lfw dh{h xvfjhjo glhyo xvë mvf, phyh xvf gvhcjo }fhc lh pflâgvlh co wf

pyfnvczfc “¿G÷bo bkfyjh co lf nvwz÷ h Jhbkèc fwzf pflkgvl÷c?‒ Wkbplf# Fwzo fw gkcf,

xvfykjow hbknow# [ zojow zfcfbow lh yhq÷c#

Zdf dvyz logefy wf fwzyfch fc Hynfczkch fl : jf mfiyfyo#



Lvlh ‗ o mkldo jo Iyhwkl

Hcfto F " Gkcfbh fb Gfch

Hvzoy1 Philo ]kllhîh

0; jf Ahcfkyo jf 9080

Fwzf cço fyh o bobfczo gfyzo phyh wf lhcîhy vbh gkcfikonyhmkh jf Lvlh# F cço poyxvf kwwo

pojf wfy }kwzo gobo vbh bhcoiyh flfkzoyfkyh, aè xvf xvhlxvfy pfwwoh gob vb bâckbo jf iob

wfcwo pfygfif mhgklbfczf xvf, fb }fq jf ifcfmkgkhy o Pyfwkjfczf $xvf, hmkchl, cfb wfyè

ghcjkjhzo chw py÷tkbhw flfkîöfw+, ë o mklbf xvf ivwgh ftployhy h popvlhykjhjf jf wfv

pyozhnockwzh gob pyop÷wkzow gobfygkhkw# Cço, h xvfwzço ë xvf vbh oiyh gobo fwzh ftknfjkwzhcgkhbfczo dkwz÷ykgo phyh wfy yfhlkqhjh ‗ hmkchl, hxvflfw xvf hiobkchb h mknvyh jf cowwo

Gdfmf jf Fwzhjo poy yhqöfw polâzkghw aè gobfîhb h hwwkwzky ho mklbf gob pyomvcjh hczkphzkh

pflo pfywochnfb, ho phwwo xvf hxvflfw xvf gob flf wkbphzkqhb aè o hiyhîhb co pykbfkyo

xvhjyo# Gob kwwo, h chyyhzk}h fb wk aè fcmyfczh jkmkgvljhjfw kbfjkhzhw, bfwbo goczhcjo h

dkwz÷ykh mhivlowh jf vb bolfxvf poiyf jo wfyzço jf Pfychbivgo xvf gocwfnvkv wf zoychy vb

jow bhkw kbpoyzhczfw lâjfyfw jf wfv phâw ‗ vbh zyhafz÷ykh xvf, goc}fcdhbow, ë

gkcfbhzonyèmkgh poy chzvyfqh#

Fwgykzo poy Mfychcjo Iochwwk, Jhckfl Zfcjlfy f Jfckwf Phyhcè h phyzky jo lk}yo jfwzh

ñlzkbh, Lvlh, o Mkldo jo Iyhwkl zfb kcâgko ch kcmécgkh bkwfyè}fl jf wfv pfywochnfb"zâzvlo, xvf,

wëzkbo jf okzo mkldow $wfb goczhy hxvflfw xvf boyyfyhb pfxvfcow+, }á o phk phyzky yvbo h Wço

Phvlo gob h hbhczf f phwwh h wfy gykhjo hpfchw pflh bçf, joch Lkcjv $Pkyfw+# Hlnvcw hcow

jfpokw, h bvldfy, bfwbo hihcjochjh pflo bhykjo, hgfkzh wfnvk"lo f lf}h h mhbâlkh phyh Whczow

cvbh }khnfb hiwvyjhbfczf jfwnhwzhczf cvb phv"jf"hyhyh ‗ f hxvk ow yozfkykwzhw f o gkcfhwzh

Mèiko Ihyyfzo gobfzfb wfv pykbfkyo nyh}f fxvâ}ogo ho klvwzyhyfb h }khnfb jf bhcfkyhfcnhcowhbfczf phwwhnfkyh f fpkw÷jkgh $vb fczfyyo ch ifkyh jh fwzyhjh ë vwhjo phyh

yfpyfwfczhy h jvyfqh jh aoychjh+, opzhcjo, fb }fq jkwwo, poy wf gocgfczyhyfb co wkbiolkwbo

ifwzh jf wvh jvyhîço, “87 jkhw f 87 cokzfw‒, xvf wvynf fwzhbphjh fb vb lfzyfkyo ÷i}ko xvf

}kwh fwzhiflfgfy h kbpoyzécgkh jo cñbfyo phyh o pyozhnockwzh $“87‒, hmkchl, }kykh h wf zoychy o

cñbfyo omkgkhl jo PZ+#

Gkcfhwzh zyfbfcjhbfczf lkbkzhjo $f hgyfjkzfb1 hgdo zykwzf zfy xvf fwgyf}fy kwwo woiyf hlnvëb

xvf wf fcgoczyh dowpkzhlkqhjo+, Ihyyfzo gykh vbh chyyhzk}h }kwvhlbfczf jfwkczfyfwwhczf f

ftpöf zojh wvh kbfcwh myhnklkjhjf gobo gkcfhwzh ho cço gocwfnvky, poy ftfbplo, gocmfyky vb



bâckbo jf yfhlkwbo àw wfxüácgkhw xvf yfzyhzhb ow pyozfwzow jow opfyèykow fb nyf}f,

gdfnhcjo ho èpkgf jh hyzkmkgkhlkjhjf ho bowzyhy vb wvafkzo wfcjo boyzo pflow nyf}kwzhw jfpokw

jf ihlfhy vb zyhihldhjoy# Jh bfwbh bhcfkyh, o jkyfzoy hpflh phyh o glkgdá f phyh h ghmockgf

ho zyhqfy Lvlh $Jkhw+ f wvh pykbfkyh fwpowh wf ifkahcjo fczyf lfcî÷kw fwzfcjkjow xvf mlvzvhb

ho yfjoy jo ghwhl ‗ hlno xvf, poy kcgyâ}fl xvf phyfîh, fbphlkjfgf jkhczf jo kcwzhczf, hkcjh

bhkw gocwzyhcnfjoy, fb xvf o gkcfhwzh fcmogh ovzyo ifkao jh jvplh fcxvhczo vb kbfcwo

goyhîço fb cfoc gobpöf o mvcjo jo xvhjyo#

Kcmflkqbfczf, Ihyyfzo cço phyh poy hâ1 phyh yfzyhzhy o hgkjfczf xvf gvwzov vb jfjo h Lvlh, o

jkyfzoy }olzh h mhldhy ho pfybkzky, pykbfkyo, xvf o ghcwhîo jfwzf fb mvcîço jhw doyhw jf

zyhihldo wfah ftplkghjo cvb jkèlono zfyyk}flbfczf ftpowkzk}o f, h wfnvky, ho vwhy

vb zyh}fllkcn jfwhafkzhjo f hbhjoy phyh bowzyhy h yfhîço jf joy jo pfywochnfb wfb zfy xvf

fcmoghy o hgkjfczf fb wk# Hlkèw, ë gvykowo oiwfy}hy xvf o jkyfzoy cço phyfgf cfb bfwbo

h}hlkhy gob pyopykfjhjf o oiafzk}o jf ghjh xvhjyo, aè xvf, ho zyhqfy Lvlh mfgdhcjo vb hgoyjo

gob vb lâjfy wkcjkghl, jfgkjf fcmoghy o yfmlfto jo hpfyzo jf bçow co }kjyo jf vbh fwzhczf ‗

vb mloyfko }kwvhl wfb wknckmkghjo hlnvb xvf jf}f zfy wkjo vwhjo hpfchw poyxvf Ihyyfzo

avlnov xvf wfykh vb plhco kczfyfwwhczf# Hkcjh hwwkb, kwwo ë ifb bfldoy jo xvf h jfgkwço

co}flfwgh jf fcmoghy o pyozhnockwzh yfgfifcjo h cozâgkh jh boyzf jf vb pfywochnfb wfb

bowzyhy o yowzo jo bëjkgo xvf h zyhcwbkzf, vwhcjo hpfchw wvh }oq wobiykh f vbh zykldh

ftgfwwk}hbfczf bflojyhbèzkgh# Fb goczyhphyzkjh, o jkyfzoy zfb hlnvcw povgow iocw

bobfczow, gobo, poy ftfbplo, ho mhqfy vbh zyhcwkîço fmkgkfczf fczyf h mozo zkyhjh poy Lvlh

xvhcjo gykhcîh f ovzyh ihzkjh xvhcjo fwzf ë pyfwo ov ho yfgykhy o jkwgvywo co fwzèjko, xvf

ftknkv xvf ow opfyèykow yfpfzkwwfb ghjh myhwf phyh ow gobphcdfkyow xvf wf fcgoczyh}hb bhkw

jkwzhczfw cvbh gobo}fczf ocjh jf pyozfwzo f kcjknchîço#

Hkcjh hwwkb, poy bhkw xvf Mèiko Ihyyfzo zyopfgf, Lvlh ë whl}o jo jfwhwzyf hiwolvzo pflhhzvhîço pojfyowh f kcfwxvfgâ}fl jf Nl÷ykh Pkyfw, xvf, gobo joch Lkcjv, gykh vbh bvldfy moyzf

f pyomvcjhbfczf jfjkghjh how mkldow# Yfzyhzhcjo h bçf jf Lvlh ho locno jf }èykhw jëghjhw, h

hzykq fc}fldfgf f wf myhnklkqh jkhczf jf cowwow oldow ‗ f xvhcjo flh gdoyh gobo}kjh ho

zfwzfbvcdhy h moybhzvyh jo mkldo gobo zoycfkyo bfgéckgo, wfv oynvldo ë goczhnkhczf f

hiwvyjhbfczf zoghczf# $Hlkèw, }hlf hpoczhy xvf h jfgkwço jf fwghlhy Glëo Pkyfw, mkldh jf

Nl÷ykh, gobo h pykbfkyh fwpowh jf Lvlh ë hlno xvf gocmfyf vb gvykowo wvizftzo fjâpkgo à

yflhîço# Bhw jk}hno#+ Fcxvhczo kwwo, o jfwgocdfgkjo Yvk Ykghyjo Jkhw yfgfif h zhyfmh

bocwzyvowh jf fcghychy vbh mknvyh gob h xvhl fwzhbow gobplfzhbfczf mhbklkhykqhjow,

whkcjo"wf hjbkyh}flbfczf ifb1 fwzhiflfgfcjo gob zhlfczo hlnvbhw jhw pykcgkphkw



ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo pfywochnfb $gobo wvh fbozk}kjhjf f wvh chzvyfqh gocgklkhz÷ykh+, Jkhw

hgfyzh cço w÷ cow pfxvfcow bobfczow $ho klvwzyhy wvh hlfnykh f hlâ}ko ho mkchlbfczf gocwfnvky

vb fbpyfno, poy ftfbplo+, bhw zhbiëb ch ghyhgzfykqhîço ‗ f nowzfk phyzkgvlhybfczf jh

gvkjhjowh zyhcwmoybhîço xvf mhq co zkbiyf f ch jkgîço ghyhgzfyâwzkgow jf Lvlh, bo}fcjo"wf

nyhjvhlbfczf ch jkyfîço jh }oq gob h xvhl aè fwzhbow dhikzvhjow# Aè o yfwzhczf jo flfcgo,

kcmflkqbfczf, povgo pojf mhqfy, aè xvf o yozfkyo, wfb fczfcjfy xvf hw pfwwohw xvf gfyghb o

pyozhnockwzh wço kbpoyzhczfw phyh xvf powwhbow gobpyffcjá"lo, opzh poy zyhcwmoybhy ow

kybçow jf Lvlh fb bvjow wfb pfywochlkjhjf ‗ f bfwbo gykhcîh, Lvlh ë }kwzo gobo o ñckgo

xvf hiyf h iogh phyh mhqfy pfynvczhw ov jfmfcjfy h bçf# Gobo wf cço ihwzhwwf, o iob

Bkldfb Goyzhq ë oiyknhjo h fcghychy o phk jo dfy÷k gobo vbh ghykghzvyh xvf wvynf hpfchw

phyh ihzfy cow mkldow f nykzhy, jfwgoczyolhjo, “Ghjá bkcdh ghgdhîh? Ghjá bkcdh ghch?‒ f phyhwfy fcxvhjyhjo poy Ihyyfzo gobo vbh mknvyh nyozfwgh gob èlgool fwgoyyfcjo pflo xvfkto#

Aè jo poczo jf }kwzh polâzkgo, o mklbf ë vbh cvlkjhjf1 zfczhcjo f}kzhy goczyo}ëywkhw ov zhl}fq

ftkikcjo hpfchw kncoyécgkh dkwz÷ykgh hiwolvzh, Lvlh gobfzf hzë bfwbo o pfghjo jf yfzyhzhy

nyf}kwzhw f yfpyfwwço gobo lhjow pyhzkghbfczf fxvklkiyhjow, gobo wf h polâgkh cço gobfzfwwf

hzyogkjhjfw xvf wvpfyh}hb, f bvkzo, ow hzow jf }hcjhlkwbo yfhlkqhjow pflow opfyèykow# Hlëb

jkwwo, o py÷pyko pyozhnockwzh ë }kwzo gobo vb dobfb wfb xvhlxvfy wobiyh jf kjfolonkh,

gdfnhcjo h jkqfy cço wfy jf “fwxvfyjh ov jkyfkzh‒ ‗ f, gob kwwo, o locnh gdfnh ho mkchl wfb

omfyfgfy xvhlxvfy avwzkmkghzk}h phyh xvf Lvlh zfcdh wf zoychjo vb lâjfy zço ifb"wvgfjkjo#

Hlkèw, gocmfwwo wfy kcghphq jf fwzhiflfgfy vbh lknhîço l÷nkgh fczyf o Lvlh }kwzo co jfwmfgdo

jh chyyhzk}h f hxvflf xvf mvcjhykh o PZ povgo jfpokw, aè xvf phyfgfb wfy jvhw pfwwohw

gobplfzhbfczf jkmfyfczfw#

Vwhcjo ho bfcow hw kbhnfcw jf hyxvk}o gob fmkgkácgkh, Lvlh, o Mkldo jo Iyhwkl , bfwbo

wfcjo o bfldoy zyhihldo jf Mèiko Ihyyfzo $o xvf cço ë jkmâgkl+, ë pyomvcjhbfczf mhldo goboGkcfbh f hkcjh gobfzf o nyh}f fxvâ}ogo jf ghwzyhy polkzkghbfczf wfv pyozhnockwzh# Hkcjh

hwwkb, gocwfnvf fbogkochy f jfkthy o fwpfgzhjoy gob vb c÷ ch nhynhczh " ovzyh oiyh ifb"

wvgfjkjh jf joch Lkcjv#



Hcfto M " Ozyow Gkcfw

Hvzoy1 Jkfno Ihzllf

97 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080

Lvlh, fl dkao jfl Iyhwkl, jf Mèiko Ihyyfzo

Vch }kjh jf pflâgvlh, vch pflâgvlh wkc }kjh

Vch ikopkg woiyf Lvlh gvhcjo ëwzf zojh}âh fw pyfwkjfczf fc fafygkgko phyfgâh jf fczyhjh vch

bo}kjh bèw opoyzvckwzh xvf opoyzvch, pfyo lhw bozk}hgkocfw polâzkghw jfzyèw jf fwzf pyo{fgzo

$xvf zhbikëc bfyfgfc wv hcèlkwkw+ xvfjhc fwzh }fq bkckbkqhjhw myfczf h lh hlhybhczfbfjkogykjhj hyzâwzkgh jfl mklb# Wk hlnvkfc lh pfcw÷ gobo vc zykivzo o, pfoy hñc, gobo h{vjh h

lh ghbphøh flfgzoyhl jf wv ghwk wfnvyh wvgfwoyh, Jklbh Yovwwfmm, gobfzk÷ vc fyyoy jf nyhcjfw

pyopoygkocfw#

Fwzf phcfnâykgo woiyf lh mknvyh jf Lvlh $jfwjf wv kcmhcgkh llfch jf ghyfcgkhw dhwzh xvf wf

goc}kfyzf fc fl ghykwbèzkgo lâjfy jf low bfzhlñynkgow jf Whc Philo+ fw zoypf, oi}ko, plhnhjo jf

goc}fcgkochlkwbow, jf nolpfw ihaow, jf glkwëw, jf low lvnhyfw bèw gobvcfw { ifyyfzhw jfl

nëcfyo jf lhw pflâgvlhw ikonyèmkghw pfcwhjhw phyh lh nloykmkghgk÷c vckjkbfcwkochl jf lh mknvyh

fc gvfwzk÷c# Gvhlxvkfy zflfco}flh jf lh yfj Nloio "gopyojvgzoyh jfl lhynobfzyhaf" fw bèw

hzyhgzk}h { owhjh xvf fwzf fcnfcjyo jf kczfybkchilfw 894 bkcvzow xvf ahbèw dhgf pkf fc lo

polâzkgo, lo jogvbfczhl, lo yobèczkgo, lo mhbklkhy ck lo bflojyhbèzkgo#

Fl mklb hyyhcgh, glhyo, h bfjkhjow jf low høow .:0, gvhcjo Kcègko chgf fc fl wfco jf vch

mhbklkh cvbfyowh { jf ftzyfbh poiyfqh goc phjyf ioyyhgdo { nolpfhjoy kcglvâjo# Wv bhjyf

$lh nyhc Nl÷ykh Pkyfw+, fc ghbiko, fw pogo bfcow xvf vch whczh { wf goc}fyzkyè fc fl nyhcfafbplo, wowzëc { mvfczf jf kcwpkyhgk÷c fc lh ghyyfyh nyfbkhl { polâzkgh jf Lvlh $vc pogo

goc}kcgfczf Yvk Ykghyjo Jkhq+#

Jf lh hykjfq jf Pfychbivgo h lh dowzklkjhj { woyjkjfq jf vch bfnhvyif gobo Who Phvlo, lh

mhbklkh Jh Wkl}h woiyfllf}hyè zojo zkpo jf goczyhzkfbpow $bvfyzfw, nolpfw, kcvcjhgkocfw,

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zhczo fwzhjkwzh#

Hcfto N " Ghmë gob Pop

Hvzoy1 Yojykno Ghyyfkyo

0> jf ahcfkyo jf 9080

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poy vbh wkzvhîço }k}kjh poy Lvkw, h gfch ë lono goyzhjh phyh jhy lvnhy h ovzyo fwzvpfcjo

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wfxüácgkh l÷nkgh jf gocjvîço jyhbèzkgh# Nloykh Pkyfw, glhyo, ë fwpfyzh#

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Hcfto D ‗ Fwpfgzhjoyfw

Hvzoy1 Bhyâh Ifyzock

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wvynkcjo gobo }fyjhjfkyow pyfwfczfw phyh ow mçw jf vb Gkcfbh hjvlzo, pyomvcjo f

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Hcfto A " Ozyow Gkcfw

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hgoczfgkbkfczo phyh vc gkcf hynfczkco xvf co zkfcf bvgdow )f}fczow) poy høo# Do{ poy do{,

dh{ pogow jkyfgzoyfw )kcjvwzykhlfw) hgzk}ow $fc hlnvchw wfbhchw bèw Bhygflo Pkøf{yo

fwzyfch Lhw }kvjhw jf low avf}fw+ goc low xvf vco pvfjf jkwgvzky $o jkhlonhy o kcglvwo

pflfhywf+# Wf pvfjf pfcwhy gvhlxvkfy gowh jfl gkcf jf AAG, pfyo hñc ojkècjolo $co fw bk ghwo,

{h xvf Fl bkwbo hboy, lh bkwbh llv}kh bf nvwz÷ ihwzhczf5 Fl dkao jf lh co}kh, pogo5 { Lvch

jf H}fllhcfjh, ghwk chjh+ chjkf pvfjf jkwgvzky wv wolkjfq pyomfwkochl, wv ghphgkjhj gobo

chyyhjoy { gobo jkyfgzoy jf hgzoyfw, wv mhgklkjhj phyh low jkèlonow { wv bhcfao jfl dvboy

gowzvbiykwzh#



Vch bvfwzyh goczvcjfczf jf lh ftpfgzhzk}h xvf nfcfyh AAG $zhczo fczyf wvw mkflfw wfnvkjoyfw

gobo fczyf wvw co pogow jfzyhgzoyfw+ mvf lh pyo{fggk÷c jf pyfcwh bhzvzkch xvf wf yfhlkq÷ fl

bhyzfw : fc fl Do{zw jf Hihwzo# Hllâ fwzhihc bvgdow pfykojkwzhw { gyâzkgow xvf ghwk cvcgh

hphyfgfc poy lhw )pyk}hjhw) { dhwzh wf dkqo pyfwfczf vch cvzykjh golvbch jf a÷}fcfw { }kfaow

gyâzkgow jf lh yf}kwzh Fl Hbhczf, xvkqèw low bèw mfy}oyowo hczk"ghbphcfllkwzhw jfl hbikfczf#

[o kih jkwpvfwzo h xvf bf nvwzhyh bvgdo Fl wfgyfzow jf wvw oaow, phyh hwâ yfgocgklkhybf jf

bhcfyh jfmkckzk}h goc AAG, { jfio jfgky xvf ghwk lo lony÷1 jvyhczf ;0";6 jf low 89> bkcvzow

jkwmyvzë co w÷lo jf lo bfaoy jf wv mklbonyhmâh wkco zhbikëc jf vco jf low bèw ykgow {

hphwkochczfw yflhzow jfl gkcf hynfczkco yfgkfczf, vch kbpfghilf bktzvyh fczyf lh

ëpkgh yobèczkgh, fl zdykllfy avjkgkhl $ivfch phyzf zyhcwgvyyf fc fl kczfykoy jf vc avqnhjo fc8;>:+ { fl jyhbh jf ëpogh goc zkczfw polâzkgow, yfbkckwgfcgkhw jfl coky { fwpâykzv co}flfwgo#

Pfyo fwh wkzvhgk÷c kjâlkgh ${o dvcjkjo fc bk ivzhgh jkwmyvzhcjo gobo vc logo jf vc mklb jf

AAG+ gobfcq÷ h jfwkczfnyhywf h bfjkjh xvf h}hcqhih lh ñlzkbh bfjkh doyh goc wv gñbvlo jf

jfwfclhgfw $cvcgh }k fc bk }kjh vch pflâgvlh goc zhhhhhczow mkchlfw+ jobkchjow poy lh

bhckpvlhgk÷c fbogkochl, poy low jkèlonow yfghynhjow, poy lhw hlfnoyâhw { nolpfw jf fmfgzo, {

poy lh gocmvwk÷c kjfol÷nkgh#

Co pvfjo jfgky $wfyâh kyyfwpocwhilf jf bk phyzf+ xvf goc wfbfahczf yfwolvgk÷c hyyvkc÷ poy

gobplfzo bk }hloyhgk÷c jfl mklb, pfyo bf wfczâ fwzhmhjo, zyhkgkochjo, {h xvf fl AAG jf wkfbpyf

dhiâh ghâjo fc lhw bkwbhw zfczhgkocfw hbpvlowhw { jkjègzkghw jf wv oiyh pyf}kh phyh hckxvklhy

hl AAG cvf}o xvf {o gyfâh fwzhih jfwgviykfcjo jvyhczf lhw pykbfyhw zyfw gvhyzhw phyzfw jfl

yflhzo#

Xvf Jhyâc { ]kllhbkl fwzèc kbpfghilfw $¨xvë jkmâgkl fw dhgfy mègkl lo jkmâgkl { fllow fcgkbh

yfwvfl}fc low jfwhmâow bèw gobplkghjow goc hiwolvzh wolzvyh, goc}kggk÷c { chzvyhlkjhj(+, xvf

Myhcgfllh jfbvfwzyh hxvâ jf bhcfyh jfmkckzk}h xvf fw bvgdo bèw xvf vc wkbplf ghpog÷bkgo

zflf}kwk}o, xvf lh pyojvggk÷c { lh yfgocwzyvggk÷c jf ëpogh woc zhc }kwzowhw gobo yknvyowhw,

xvf AAG fw vc jozhjo phyh mklbhy wkfbpyf goc zkbkcn ghjh yfbhzf jf wvw jkèlonow, woc gowhw

xvf h fwzh hlzvyh co woypyfcjfc jfbhwkhjo $poyxvf {h wf pojâh pfygkiky zojo fwzo+, pfyo fc Fl

wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow ghjh vch jf fwhw pkfqhw fcghahih h lh pfymfggk÷c jfczyo jf vch dkwzoykh

bvlzkmhgëzkgh, ykgh fc jfzhllfw, fc glkbhw, fc ghychjvyh dvbhch { fc goccozhgkocfw

wogkopolâzkghw#



Pfyo "xvfj÷ jkgdo" pogo { chjh jfl jfwfclhgf bf goc}fcgk÷ $fw bv{ ivfch lh zobh mkchl+#

Bèw hllè jf fwzh kccfnhilf jfwklvwk÷c, bf hckbo h yfgobfcjhy knvhl wv }kwk÷c $co jfah jf wfy

vch pflâgvlh }hlkowh+ { wkno hpowzhcjo poy vc AAG xvf zfybkcf jf yfjocjfhy $cvcgh lonyh

gfyyhy ikfc zojhw lhw pvfyzhw xvf hiyf+ fwh nyhc pflâgvlh xvf Fl wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow pvjo wfy {

co fw, fwf mklb kyyfpyogdhilf xvf zhczo xvkfyo jkwmyvzhy { xvf {o wë xvf ël fwzè fc gocjkgkocfw

jf yfnhlhybf# Lo wfnvkyë fwpfyhcjo#

Hcfto E " Ghmë gob Pop

Hvzoy1 Yojykno Ghyyfkyo

8; jf hiykl jf 9080

Ftkwzfb mklbfw ftgflfczfw, gdfkow jf cvhcgfw, ÷zkbhw hzvhîöfw, yozfkyo hmkhjo, vbh jkyfîço

mkch f bvkzow ovzyow nyhcjfw hzykivzow# F ftkwzfb mklbfw gobo “O Wfnyfjo jf Wfvw Oldow‒

xvf, hlëb jkwwo zvjo, ldf jfkth fbihwihghjo f gob }oczhjf jf hwwkwzky zvjo jf co}o, hpfchw

vb bkcvzo hp÷w o hphnhy jhw lvqfw jo gkcfbh#

O mklbf ë h dkwz÷ykh jo polkgkhl mfjfyhl Ifcahbkc Fwp÷wkzo $Ykghyjo Jhyâc+, xvf }á wvh }kjh

bvjhy h phyzky jf jokw mhzow opowzow1 h kc}fwzknhîço jf vb iyvzhl hwwhwwkchzo f h gdfnhjh jfvbh co}h golfnh jf yfphyzkîço, h iflh Kyfcf Dhwzkcnw $Wolfjhj ]kllhbkl+#

Cço dè bobfczo jfwghyzè}fl fb “O Wfnyfjo jf Wfvw Oldow‒# Bfwbo fb wkzvhîöfw fb xvf o

lf}f dvboy kbpfyh, zvjo ë bklkbfzykghbfczf hyyvbhjo phyh xvf h dkwz÷ykh goyyh wfv gvywo

chzvyhl# F o gvywo chzvyhl ë wvypyffcjfy o fwpfgzhjoy h zojo bobfczo# Chjh jf wvwzow ov

yf}kyh}olzhw wfb wfczkjo# O wvypyffcjfy xvf fv bf yfmkyo ë h py÷pykh boyhl jh }kjh jf

Fwp÷wkzo, vb dobfb gobvb knvhl }fbow zojow ow jkhw ch yvh $ov c÷w bfwbow, ë ÷i}ko+# H

boyhl jf goc}k}ácgkh ov h boyhl jh cço"goc}k}ácgkh# Ov wkbplfwbfczf gobo c÷w jfkthbow h

}kjh phwwhy wfb xvf cow pfygfify jhw gocwfxüácgkhw jf fwgoldhw xvf zobhbow# Ë }kjh pvyh f

o yozfkyo jo py÷pyko Ghbphcfllh $ihwfhjo ch oiyh jf Fjvhyjo Whgdfyk+ gocwfnvkv ghpzhy kwwo

jf bhcfkyh ñckgh#

O mklbf zfb jokw hwpfgzow jf hcèlkwf# H dkwz÷ykh jo fwzvpyo wfnvkjo jf hwwhwwkchjo jf Lklkhch

Golozo ë vbh, f ë o xvf }hk cow gocjvqky phyh fczfcjfy zojh pyoilfbèzkgh jf }kjh jf Fwp÷wkzo

f wvh yflhîço gob o mkfl hbkno Whcjo}hl $Nvkldfybo Myhcgfllh+ f gob h hj}onhjh Kyfcf#

Wobow, ch }fyjhjf, “fcnhchjow‒ pflo yozfkyo, xvf cow lf}h h hgyfjkzhy xvf fwzhbow jkhczf jf

vbh zyhbh jf hwwhwwkchzo f kc}fwzknhîço ‗ glhyo, gob zojh vbh ihnhnfb mâlbkgh xvf fwwf zkpo



jf mklbf zfb# Cço, cço fwzhbow hgobphcdhcjo vbh wkbplfw dkwz÷ykh jf hwwhwwkchzo# Fwp÷wkzo

ë vb dobfb whnhq, mkybf f zfb coîço fthzh jf ocjf fwzè wf bfzfcjo# Wvh kczflknácgkh ë

gocmkybhjh fb jk}fywhw gfchw, pykcgkphlbfczf chxvflh fb xvf flf gocwfnvf jfwgoiyky vbh

pkwzh fwgocjkjh co oldhy jf jfzfybkchjo pfywochnfb# Kcgyâ}fl pfygfpîço f bfzèmoyh jf }èykow

hgoczfgkbfczow jo mklbf#

Fb wvh l÷nkgh jf lhgvchw h wfyfb pyffcgdkjhw pflo fwpfgzhjoy, Ghbphcfllh jè wfv wdo~

phyzkgvlhy ho gologhy h gébfyh h wfy}kîo jfwwfw fwphîow }hqkow xvf }fbow fb zflh# Ov fczço

ho, fb }èykow bobfczow, gologhy h gébfyh hzyèw jf oiafzow f pfywochnfcw# Wobow

zfwzfbvcdhw jf xvá, hmkchl? Jf vbh pfywfnvkîço polkgkhl ov jf vbh pfywfnvkîço pflo wfczkjo

jh }kjh? Wkb, ë pkfnhw mhlhy kwwo, bhw o zhl “wknckmkghjo jh }kjh‒ ë hlno kczyâcwfgo h xvhlxvfy

wfy dvbhco# Cço ë jkmfyfczf jf Fwp÷wkzo, wfah ch yflhîço moyzf xvf flf bhczëb gob Whcjo}hl

ov ch mhlzh jf dhiklkjhjf jf zyhzo gob hw bvldfyfw ‗ f}kjfcgkhjo cvbh gfch co kcâgko jo

mklbf f fb ovzyhw xvhcjo goczyhgfch gob Kyfcf# Flf phwwh o mklbf zojo kc}fwzknhcjo f

goyyfcjo hzyèw jf pkwzhw, bhw cço pfygfif o xvf fthzhbfczf flf zfb xvf yfgvpfyhy1 wvh py÷pykh

}kjh# C÷w fwpfgzhjoyfw, oi}khbfczf, zhbiëb wobow aonhjow cfwwf bfko, vbh moybh jflkgkowh

jf wf pfyjfy co mklbf f wf hgdhy h ghjh bobfczo ch gfch wfnvkczf#

Ghbphcfllh, o jkyfzoy poy zyèw jf ovzyo nyhcjf wvgfwwo hynfczkco “O Mkldo jh Cok}h‒, mhq zvjokwwo jf bhcfkyh ènkl f bhlkgkowh $co iob wfczkjo+# Zhczo ë xvf gocwfnvf mklbhy bobfczow

lâykgow, gdfkow jf fboîço f zhbiëb vbh gfch jf hîço f pfywfnvkîço jf zkyhy o múlfno ‗

wkbplfwbfczf vbh jhw bfldoyfw gfchw xvf }k cow ñlzkbow zfbpow, vb plhco"wfxvácgkh zço

pfymfkzo xvf gdfnh wfy jkjèzkgo# Wvh dhiklkjhjf ë pyopoygkochl ho zyhihldo oiwfwwk}o jf Jhyâc

f wfv Fwp÷wkzo, hwwkb gobo ÷zkbhw hzvhîöfw jo yfwzhczf jo flfcgo#

Cço dè gobo cfnhy xvf “O Wfnyfjo jf Wfvw Oldow‒ ë pofwkh pvyh, fb xvf hw ykbhw wf jço

bhkw pflo aono jf wvypyfwhw xvf xvhlxvfy ovzyh gokwh# F wvypyfwh gobo h }kjh, xvf cow

pyfwfczfkh h ghjh bobfczo gob bobfczow yvkcw f iocw f gob bobfczow xvf w÷ cow jfkthb

o ifcfplègkzo jh fwgoldh# F dhah fwgoldh#

Ftkwzfb mklbfw ftgflfczfw, gdfkow jf cvhcgfw, ÷zkbhw hzvhîöfw, yozfkyo hmkhjo, vbh jkyfîço

mkch f bvkzow ovzyow nyhcjfw hzykivzow# F ftkwzfb mklbfw gobo “O Wfnyfjo jf Wfvw Oldow‒

xvf, hlëb jkwwo zvjo, ldf jfkth fbihwihghjo f gob }oczhjf jf hwwkwzky zvjo jf co}o, hpfchw

vb bkcvzo hp÷w o hphnhy jhw lvqfw jo gkcfbh#



O mklbf ë h dkwz÷ykh jo polkgkhl mfjfyhl Ifcahbkc Fwp÷wkzo $Ykghyjo Jhyâc+, xvf }á wvh }kjh

bvjhy h phyzky jf jokw mhzow opowzow1 h kc}fwzknhîço jf vb iyvzhl hwwhwwkchzo f h gdfnhjh jf

vbh co}h golfnh jf yfphyzkîço, h iflh Kyfcf Dhwzkcnw $Wolfjhj ]kllhbkl+#

Cço dè bobfczo jfwghyzè}fl fb “O Wfnyfjo jf Wfvw Oldow‒# Bfwbo fb wkzvhîöfw fb xvf o

lf}f dvboy kbpfyh, zvjo ë bklkbfzykghbfczf hyyvbhjo phyh xvf h dkwz÷ykh goyyh wfv gvywo

chzvyhl# F o gvywo chzvyhl ë wvypyffcjfy o fwpfgzhjoy h zojo bobfczo# Chjh jf wvwzow ov

yf}kyh}olzhw wfb wfczkjo# O wvypyffcjfy xvf fv bf yfmkyo ë h py÷pykh boyhl jh }kjh jf

Fwp÷wkzo, vb dobfb gobvb knvhl }fbow zojow ow jkhw ch yvh $ov c÷w bfwbow, ë ÷i}ko+# H

boyhl jf goc}k}ácgkh ov h boyhl jh cço"goc}k}ácgkh# Ov wkbplfwbfczf gobo c÷w jfkthbow h

}kjh phwwhy wfb xvf cow pfygfify jhw gocwfxüácgkhw jf fwgoldhw xvf zobhbow# Ë }kjh pvyh fo yozfkyo jo py÷pyko Ghbphcfllh $ihwfhjo ch oiyh jf Fjvhyjo Whgdfyk+ gocwfnvkv ghpzhy kwwo

jf bhcfkyh ñckgh#

O mklbf zfb jokw hwpfgzow jf hcèlkwf# H dkwz÷ykh jo fwzvpyo wfnvkjo jf hwwhwwkchjo jf Lklkhch

Golozo ë vbh, f ë o xvf }hk cow gocjvqky phyh fczfcjfy zojh pyoilfbèzkgh jf }kjh jf Fwp÷wkzo

f wvh yflhîço gob o mkfl hbkno Whcjo}hl $Nvkldfybo Myhcgfllh+ f gob h hj}onhjh Kyfcf#

Wobow, ch }fyjhjf, “fcnhchjow‒ pflo yozfkyo, xvf cow lf}h h hgyfjkzhy xvf fwzhbow jkhczf jf

vbh zyhbh jf hwwhwwkchzo f kc}fwzknhîço ‗ glhyo, gob zojh vbh ihnhnfb mâlbkgh xvf fwwf zkpo

jf mklbf zfb# Cço, cço fwzhbow hgobphcdhcjo vbh wkbplfw dkwz÷ykh jf hwwhwwkchzo# Fwp÷wkzo

ë vb dobfb whnhq, mkybf f zfb coîço fthzh jf ocjf fwzè wf bfzfcjo# Wvh kczflknácgkh ë

gocmkybhjh fb jk}fywhw gfchw, pykcgkphlbfczf chxvflh fb xvf flf gocwfnvf jfwgoiyky vbh

pkwzh fwgocjkjh co oldhy jf jfzfybkchjo pfywochnfb# Kcgyâ}fl pfygfpîço f bfzèmoyh jf }èykow

hgoczfgkbfczow jo mklbf#

Fb wvh l÷nkgh jf lhgvchw h wfyfb pyffcgdkjhw pflo fwpfgzhjoy, Ghbphcfllh jè wfv wdo~phyzkgvlhy ho gologhy h gébfyh h wfy}kîo jfwwfw fwphîow }hqkow xvf }fbow fb zflh# Ov fczço

ho, fb }èykow bobfczow, gologhy h gébfyh hzyèw jf oiafzow f pfywochnfcw# Wobow

zfwzfbvcdhw jf xvá, hmkchl? Jf vbh pfywfnvkîço polkgkhl ov jf vbh pfywfnvkîço pflo wfczkjo

jh }kjh? Wkb, ë pkfnhw mhlhy kwwo, bhw o zhl “wknckmkghjo jh }kjh‒ ë hlno kczyâcwfgo h xvhlxvfy

wfy dvbhco# Cço ë jkmfyfczf jf Fwp÷wkzo, wfah ch yflhîço moyzf xvf flf bhczëb gob Whcjo}hl

ov ch mhlzh jf dhiklkjhjf jf zyhzo gob hw bvldfyfw ‗ f}kjfcgkhjo cvbh gfch co kcâgko jo

mklbf f fb ovzyhw xvhcjo goczyhgfch gob Kyfcf# Flf phwwh o mklbf zojo kc}fwzknhcjo f

goyyfcjo hzyèw jf pkwzhw, bhw cço pfygfif o xvf fthzhbfczf flf zfb xvf yfgvpfyhy1 wvh py÷pykh



}kjh# C÷w fwpfgzhjoyfw, oi}khbfczf, zhbiëb wobow aonhjow cfwwf bfko, vbh moybh jflkgkowh

jf wf pfyjfy co mklbf f wf hgdhy h ghjh bobfczo ch gfch wfnvkczf#

Ghbphcfllh, o jkyfzoy poy zyèw jf ovzyo nyhcjf wvgfwwo hynfczkco “O Mkldo jh Cok}h‒, mhq zvjokwwo jf bhcfkyh ènkl f bhlkgkowh $co iob wfczkjo+# Zhczo ë xvf gocwfnvf mklbhy bobfczow

lâykgow, gdfkow jf fboîço f zhbiëb vbh gfch jf hîço f pfywfnvkîço jf zkyhy o múlfno ‗

wkbplfwbfczf vbh jhw bfldoyfw gfchw xvf }k cow ñlzkbow zfbpow, vb plhco"wfxvácgkh zço

pfymfkzo xvf gdfnh wfy jkjèzkgo# Wvh dhiklkjhjf ë pyopoygkochl ho zyhihldo oiwfwwk}o jf Jhyâc

f wfv Fwp÷wkzo, hwwkb gobo ÷zkbhw hzvhîöfw jo yfwzhczf jo flfcgo#

Cço dè gobo cfnhy xvf “O Wfnyfjo jf Wfvw Oldow‒ ë pofwkh pvyh, fb xvf hw ykbhw wf jço

bhkw pflo aono jf wvypyfwhw xvf xvhlxvfy ovzyh gokwh# F wvypyfwh gobo h }kjh, xvf cow

pyfwfczfkh h ghjh bobfczo gob bobfczow yvkcw f iocw f gob bobfczow xvf w÷ cow jfkthb

o ifcfplègkzo jh fwgoldh# F dhah fwgoldh#

Hcfto L " Dkpfy Gyâzkgo

Hvzoy1 Ah}kfy Poyzh Movq

w/j

Vch pflâgvlh hbikgkowh, pozfczf, hphwkochczf

Dh{ xvf }fy Fl wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow

Fl 87 jf hnowzo mvf vc bv{ ivfc avf}fw phyh lh ghyzflfyh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh# Lh wfbhch phwhjh

dfbow yfgobfcjhjo hxvâ bkwbo lh gobfjkh ¿Xvë phw÷ h{fy?, { hdoyh pojfbow wvbhy lhw

yfgobfcjhgkocfw jf B{ ^kcckpfn , fl hlvgkchjo yfzyhzo jf wv zfyyvøo jfl ghchjkfcwf Nv{

Bhjjkc, lh ghzhyhzh jf wvwzow { ykwhw llfchw jf hjyfchlkch jfHyyèwzyhbf hl kcmkfyco jf Whb

Yhkbk# [ zhbikëcFl wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow, jf Avhc Aowë Ghbphcfllh, vch jf lhw pflâgvlhw bèw

hbikgkowhw jfl gkcf hynfczkco yfgkfczf# Lh gobikchgk÷c jf nëcfyow, lhw }hykhczfw chyyhzk}hw,

low zocow jk}fywow, fc vc moybhzo jf “gkcf nyhcjf‒ lh dhgfc gobplfah, ftgfwk}h { mhwgkchczf#

Yfgkëc fwzyfchjh, {h fw vc ëtkzo jf yfghvjhgk÷c { dh nfcfyhjo { nfcfyhyè co poghw

jkwgvwkocfw#

Fl wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow fw vc polkgkhl jf kc}fwzknhgk÷c, vch pflâgvlh “jf zykivchlfw‒ $pfyo co jf

avkgko wkco jf omkgkchw+# Poy bobfczow zhbikëc fw vch gobfjkh, { vch dkwzoykh jf hboy



goczfckjo, { vc yflhzo polâzkgo { zhbikëc ‗{ fwzo co fw bfcoy‗ vch pflâgvlh hynfczkch, gkcf

goc jfcobkchgk÷c jf oyknfc# Fl dkao jf lh co}kh {Lvch jf H}fllhcfjh zhbikëc fyhc “pflâgvlhw

hynfczkchw‒, pfyo fc hbiow ghwow h low pfywochafw { h wvw jfgkwkocfw wf lfw hczfpocâh vch

wvfyzf jf jfzfybkckwbo ihyykhl, xvfaowo, pvfykl, xvf low goc}fyzâh fc bhykocfzhw jf vch pkczvyh

nyozfwgh jf vc phâw jfbhwkhjo wkbplf, yfjvgkjo bfjkhczf pyogfjkbkfczow gkcfbhzonyèmkgow

xvf fc oghwkocfw fyhc yhbplocfw, gobo fl xvf kbplkghih h lh cfch poiyf fc Lvch jf

H}fllhcfjh# Fc Fl bkwbo hboy, lh bkwbh llv}kh { fc Fl wfgyfzo jf wvw oaow low pfywochafw

}k}fc, wf kbpocfc, wf yfgoyzhc goc glhykjhj, zkfcfc yflkf}f# [ co fcghahc jfl zojo goc fl

phkwhaf ck goc fllow bkwbow1 woc kcfwzhilfw, gocmlkgzk}ow, h }fgfw kbpyfjfgkilfw fc wv

jfwhwowkfno# Woc zhbikëc pfywochafw bhncëzkgow, hphwkochczfw# Fw jfgky, nyhgkhw h fwf

bhncfzkwbo pvfjfc wowzfcfy fl phwo jfl zkfbpo, hlnvcow }hk}fcfw }kolfczow, { pvfjfchmkybhywf fc bobfczow jf mvfyzf ghbiko jf zoco jfl yflhzo# Poy wvpvfwzo, co fw bfcoy fl nyhc

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CRÍTICA CINEMATOGRÁFICA NA WEB: Análise dos elementos mais presentes nas críticas de cinema feitas em blogs e páginas especializadas no Brasil e na Argentina