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UNIT 1. SMCP

1.1 As navigational and safety communications from ship to shore and vice versa, from ship to ship,

and on board ship must be precise, simple and unambiguous so as to avoid confusion and error, there is

a need to standardize the language used. This is of particular importance in the light of the increasing

number of internationally trading vessels with crews speaking many different languages, sinceproblems of communication may cause misunderstandings leading to dangers to the vessel, the people

on board and the environment.

The IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) has been compiled:

to assist in the greater safety of navigation and of the conduct of the ship,

to standardize the language used in communication for navigation at sea, in portapproaches, waterways and harbours, and on board vessels with multilingual crews, and

to assist maritime training institutions in meeting the objectives mentioned above.

These phrases are not intended to supplant or contradict the International Regulations for Preventing

Collisions at Sea, 1972 or special local rules or recommendations made by IMO concerning ships'

routeing. The IMO SMCP, as a collection of individual phrases, should not be regarded as any kind of

technical manual providing operational instructions.

Use of the IMO SMCP should be made as often as possible in preference to other wording of similar

meaning; as a minimum requirement, users should adhere as closely as possible to them in relevant

situations. In this way they are intended to become an acceptable safety language, using English for the

verbal interchange of intelligence among individuals of all maritime nations on the many and varied

occasions when precise meanings and translations are in doubt, as is increasingly evident under

modern conditions at sea.

1.2 Spelling of letters, digits and numbers

When spelling is necessary, only the following spelling table should be used:

Letter Code Letter Code

A Alfa N November

B Bravo O Oscar

C Charlie P Papa

D Delta Q Quebec

E Echo R Romeo

F Foxtrot S Sierra

G Golf T Tango

H Hotel U Uniform

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Letter Code Letter Code

I India V Victor

J Juliet W Whisky

K Kilo X X-ray

L Lima Y Yankee

M Mike Z Zulu

Spelling of digits and numbersA few digits and numbers have a modified pronunciation compared to general English:

Number Spelling Pronunciation

0 zero ZEERO

1 oneWUN

2 twoTOO

3 three TREE

4 four FOWER

5 fiveFIFE

6 six SIX7 seven SEVEN

8 eight AIT

9 nine NINER

1000 thousand TOUSAND

1.3 Message markersIn shore-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication or radio communication in general, the following eight

Message Markers may be used :

(i) Instruction

(ii) Advice

(iii) Warning

(iv) Information

(v) Question

(vi) Answer

(vii) Request

(VIII) Intention

1.4 Distress, urgency and safety signals

MAYDAY to be used to announce a distress message

PAN PAN to be used to announce an urgency message

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SECURIT to be used to announce a safety message

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. We (sail / just) 50 miles.2. They (sail) 100 km last week.3. I (paint) the main deck yesterday.4. I (paint / already) two decks this month.5. I (ring / just) my friend.6. I (ring) my friend 10 minutes ago.7. Two days ago, I (watch) a MJ concert on TV.8. I (see / never) a heavy-lift vessel.9. I (spend) my summer holiday in Spain last year.10.I (be / not) to Spain yet.

Unit 2 GLOSSSARY

2.1 General and VTS terms

General terms

Accommodation ladder Ladder attached to platform at vessel's side with flat steps and handrails enabling

persons to embark / disembark from water or shore

Assembly station Place on deck, in mess rooms, etc., assigned to crew and passengers where they

have to meet according to the muster list when the corresponding alarm is released

or announcement made

Berth .1 A sea room to be kept for safety around a vessel, rock, platform, etc.

.2 The place assigned to a vessel when anchored or lying alongside a pier, etc.

Blast A whistle signal made by the vessel

Bob-cat A mini-caterpillar with push-blade used for the careful distribution of loose goods in

cargo holds of bulk carriers

Briefing Concise explanatory information to crew and/or passengers

Cable .1 Chain connecting a vessel to the anchor(s)

.2 Wire or rope primarily used for mooring a ship

.3 (Measurement) one hundred fathoms or one tenth of a nautical mile

Casualty Here: case of death in an accident or shipping disaster

Check (to) .1 To make sure that equipment etc. is in proper condition or that everything is

correct and safe

.2 To regulate motion of a cable, rope or wire when it is running out too fast

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COW Crude Oil Washing: a system of cleaning the cargo tanks by washing them with the

cargo of crude oil during discharge

Crash-stop An emergency reversal operation of the main engine(s) to avoid a collision

Damage control team A group of crew members trained for fighting flooding in the vessel

Derelict Vessel still afloat, abandoned at sea

Disabled A vessel damaged or impaired in such a manner as to be incapable of proceeding

on its voyage

Disembark (to) To go from a vessel

Distress alert (GMDSS) A radio signal from a distressed vessel automatically directed to an MRCC giving

position, identification, course and speed of the vessel as well as the nature of

distress

Distress/Urgency Here: the verbal exchange of information on radio from ship to shore

traffic and/or ship to ship / aircraft about a distress / urgency situation as defined in the

relevant ITU Radio Regulations

Draft Depth in water at which a vessel floats

Drop back (to) To increase the distance from the vessel ahead by reducing one's own speed

DSC Digital Selective Calling (in the GMDSS system)

Embark (to) To go aboard a vessel

EPIRB Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon

Escape route A clearly marked way in the vessel which has to be followed in case of an

emergency

ETA Estimated Time of Arrival

ETD Estimated Time of Departure

Fathom A measure of 6 feet

Fire patrol A member of the watch going around the vessel at certain intervals so that an

outbreak of fire may be promptly detected; mandatory in vessels carrying more

than 36 passengers

Flooding Major uncontrolled flow of seawater into the vessel

Fire monitor Fixed foam/powder/water cannon shooting fire - extinguishing agents on tank deck,

manifold etc.

Fumes Often harmful gas produced by fires, chemicals, fuel, etc.

General emergency alarm A sound signal of seven short blasts and one prolonged blast given with the

vessels sound system

Give way To keep out of the way of another vessel

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GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

(D) GPS (Differential) Global (satellite) Positioning System

Hatchrails Ropes supported by stanchions around an open hatch to prevent persons from

falling into a hold

Inert (to) To reduce the oxygen in a tank by inert gas to avoid an explosive atmosphere

Jettison (to) (of cargo) To throw goods overboard in order to lighten the vessel or improve its stability in

case of an emergency

Launch (to) To lower, e.g. lifeboats, to the water

Leaking Escape of liquids such as water, oil, etc., out of pipes, boilers, tanks, etc., or a minor

inflow of seawater into the vessel due to damage to the hull

Leeward On or towards the sheltered side of a ship; opposite of windward

Leeway Vessels sideways drift leeward of the desired course

Let go (to) To set free, let loose, or cast off (of anchors, lines, etc.)

Lifeboat station Place assigned to crew and passengers to muster before being ordered into the

lifeboats

List Here: inclination of the vessel to port side or starboard side

Located In navigational warnings: Position of object confirmed

Make water (to) To have seawater flowing into the vessel due to hull damage, or hatches awashand not properly closed

MMSI Maritime Mobile Service Identity number

Moor (to) To secure a vessel in a particular place by means of wires or ropes made fast to

the shore, to anchors, or to anchored mooring buoys, or to ride with both anchors

down

MRCC Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre: land-based authority responsible for

promoting efficient organization of maritime search and rescue and for co-ordinating

the conduct of search and rescue operations within a search and rescue region

Muster (to) To assemble crew, passengers or both in a special place for purposes of checking

Muster list List of crew, passengers and others on board and their functions in a distress or drill

Oil clearance Oil skimming from the surface of the water

Operational Ready for immediate use

OSC On-Scene Co-ordinator: A person designed to co-ordinate search and rescue

operations within a specified area

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Overflow Escape of oil or liquid from a tank because of a twofold condition as a result of

overflowing, thermal expansion, change in vessel trim or vessel movement

Polluter A vessel emitting harmful substances into the air or spilling oil into the sea

Preventers Ropes or wires attached to derricks to prevent them from swinging during cargo

handling operations

Proceed (to) To sail or head for a certain position or to continue with the voyage

PA-system Public address system: loudspeakers in the vessel's cabins, mess rooms, etc., and

on deck through which important information can be broadcast from a central point,

mostly from the navigation bridge

Recover (to) Here: to pick up shipwrecked persons

Retreat signal Sound, visual or other signal to a team ordering it to return to its base

Roll call The act of checking how many passengers and crew members are present, e.g. at

assembly stations, by reading aloud a list of their names

Safe speed That speed of a vessel allowing time for effective action to be taken under

prevailing circumstances and conditions to avoid a collision and to be stopped

within an appropriate distance

SWL Safe working load: maximum working load of lifting equipment that

should not be exceeded

Safe working pressure The maximum permissible pressure in cargo hoses

SAR Search and Rescue

SART Search and Rescue Transponder

Slings Ropes, nets, and any other means for handling general cargoes

Spill control gear Anti-pollution equipment for combating accidental spills of oils or

chemicals

Standing orders Orders of the Master to the officer of the watch which he/she must comply with

Station The allotted place or the duties of each person on board

Stripping Final pumping of tanks residues

Tension winch A winch which applies tension to mooring lines to keep them tight

TEU Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit (standard container dimension)

Union purchase A method of cargo handling by combining two derricks, one of which is fixed over

the hatch, the other over the ships side

Unlit When the light of a buoy or a lighthouse are inoperative

UTC hours Universal Time Co-ordinated (GMT)

VHF Very High Frequency (30-300 MHz)

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Wreck A vessel which has been destroyed, sunk or abandoned at sea

VTS special terms

Manoeuvring speed A vessels reduced speed in circumstances where it may be required to usethe engines at short notice

VTS Vessel Traffic Services: services designed to improve the safety and

efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect the environment

Exercise 1

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive).

1. The receptionist (welcome) the guests and (ask) them to fill in a form.2. The car (break down) and we (have) to walk home.3. My father (come) in, (look) around and (tell) me to tidy up my room.4. Marvin (come) in, (switch) on the computer and (check) his emails.5. While we (do) a sight-seeing tour, our friends (lie) on the beach.6. The thief (sneak) into the house, (steal) the jewels and (leave) without a trace.7. We (wait) for Jane, when suddenly Louis (come)around the corner.8. I (cycle) through the park, when I (hear)a strange noise.

Unit 3. External Communication Phrases3.1 Report critical situationsFire, explosion

.1 I am/MV ... on fire (- after explosion).

.2 Where is the fire?

.2.1 Fire is on deck/in engine-room/ hold(s)/ superstructure/accommodation

.3 Are dangerous goods on fire?

.3.1 Yes, dangerous goods are on fire.

.3.2 No, dangerous goods are not on fire.

.4 Is there danger of explosion?

.4.1 Yes,/No danger of explosion.

.5 I am / MV ... not under command.

.6 Is the fire under control?

.6.1 Yes, fire is under control.

.6.2 No, fire is not under control.

.7 What kind of assistance is required?

.7.1 I do not / MV ... does not require assistance.

.7.2 I require / MV ... requires fire fighting assistance.

~ breathing apparatus - smoke is toxic.

~ foam /CO2 extinguishers.

~ fire pumps.

~ medical assistance/... .

.8 Report injured persons.

.8.1 No persons injured /Number of injured persons/casualties: ... .

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Flooding

.1 I am/MV ... is flooding below water line/in the engine room/in the hold(s).

.2 I/MV ... cannot control flooding.

.3 What kind of assistance is required?

.3.1 I require/MV ... requires pumps/divers, ... .

.3.2 I will send pumps/divers/... .

.3.3 I cannot send pumps/divers ... .

.4 I have/MV ... has dangerous list to port side/starboard.

.5 I am/MV ... in critical condition.

.6 Flooding is under control.

.7 I /MV ... can proceed without assistance.

.8 I require/ MV ... requires escort/tug assistance/... .

Technical failure

. 1 I am / MV ... not under command.

. 2 What problems do you have / does MV ... have?

. 2.1 I have / MV ... has problems with engine(s) / steering gear / propeller / ... .

. 3 I am / MV ...is manoeuvring with difficulty.

. 4 Keep clear of me / MV ... .

. 5 Navigate with caution.

. 6 I require / MV ... requires tug assistance / escort / ... .

. 7 I try / MV ... tries to proceed without assistance.

. 8 Stand by on VHF Channel ... / frequency ... .

.8.1 Standing by on VHF Channel ... / frequency ... .

Environmental protection communications

.1 Located oil spill in position (cardinal points/half cardinal points) extending ... (length and width inmetres) to ... (cardinal points/half cardinal points).

.2 Located oil spill in your wake/in the wake of MV ... .

.3 I have / MV ... has accidental spillage of oil / ... .

.4 Can you / MV ... stop spillage?

.4.1 Yes, I / MV ... can stop spillage.

.4.2 No, I / MV ... cannot stop spillage.

.5 What kind of assistance is required?

.5.1 I require / MV ... requires oil clearance assistance.

~ floating booms / oil dispersants / ... .

.5 Stay in vicinity of pollution and co-operate with oil clearance team.

.6 ... (number) barrels / drums / containers with IMDG Code marks reported adrift

near position..... .

.7 Located a vessel dumping chemicals / waste / ... in position ... .

.7.1 Located a vessel incinerating chemicals / waste / ... in position ... .

.8 Can you identify the polluter?

.8.1 Yes, I can identify the polluter - polluter is MV ... .

.8.2 No, I cannot identify the polluter.

.9 What is course and speed of the polluter?

.9.1 Course of the polluter ... degrees, speed ... knots.

.9.2 The polluter left the scene.

3.2 Standard distress/urgency/safety messages

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Standard distress message

MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY

- THIS IS TWO-ONE-ONE-TWO-THREE-NINE-SIX-EIGHT-ZERO

MOTOR VESSEL "BIRTE" CALL SIGN DELTA ALPHA MIKE KILO

- POSITION SIX TWO DEGREES ONE ONE DECIMAL EIGHT MINUTES NORTH

- ZERO ZERO SEVEN DEGREES FOUR FOUR MINUTES EAST

- I AM ON FIRE AFTER EXPLOSION

- I REQUIRE FIRE FIGHTING ASSISTANCE

- SMOKE NOT TOXIC OVER

Standard urgency message

PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN

ALL STATIONS ALL STATIONS ALL STATIONS

- THIS IS TWO-ONE-ONE-TWO-THREE-NINE-SIX-EIGHT-ZERO

MOTORVESSEL "BIRTE" CALL SIGN DELTA ALPHA MIKE KILO

- POSITION SIX TWO DEGREES ONE ONE DECIMAL EIGHT MINUTES NORTH

ZERO ZERO SEVEN DEGREES FOUR FOUR MINUTES EAST

- I HAVE PROBLEMS WITH ENGINES

- I REQUIRE TUG ASSISTANCE OUT

Standard safety message

SCURIT SCURIT SCURITALL SHIPS ALL SHIPS ALL SHIPS IN AREA PETER REEF

- THIS IS TWO-ONE-ONE-TWO-THREE-NINE-SIX-EIGHT-ZERO

MOTORVESSEL "BIRTE" CALL SIGN DELTA ALPHA MIKE KILO

- DANGEROUS WRECK LOCATED IN POSITION TWO NAUTICAL MILES SOUTH OF PETER REEF OVER

Exercises

Complete these sentences with either a to-infinitive or an -ingform. Choose an appropriate verb.

Sometimes more than one verb is possible.

admire buy check enjoy introduce live notify put race

say smoke spend talk tell tear turn down

a Although it was hard at first, she came to enjoy working for the airline.

b As I walked through the gate, the dog came ... towards me.

After working with her for so long, I came ... her patience and efficiency.

d Yesterday, Tom was so late he came downstairs, grabbed a cup of coffee and left.

a The children were shouting and screaming, but he went on to Frank.

b We've tried to persuade her to stop, but she just goes on

Dr Harris welcomed the members of the committee and went on the subject ofthe meeting,d Then, in her letter, she goes on that most of her family have been ill.

a I regret you that the model you want is out of stock.

b We regret you that your request for a tax refund has been rejected.

Almost as soon as I had posted the letter, I regretted the job.

d It cost me a fortune, but I don't regret a year travelling around the world.

a Bill was very young when they left, and he could no longer remember in the house.

b Did you remember a newspaper on the way home?

Remember your answers before handing in your exam paper.

d I remember the money in the top drawer, but it's not there now.

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Complete these sentences in any appropriate way using either the to-infinitive or the -ingform of the

verb in brackets.

I admit ... the combination to the safe. (lose)

I advise ... a good lawyer. (find)

I don't anticipate ... very much longer. (wait)

I appreciate ... a good joke. (hear)

I avoid ... as much as I can. (fly)

Would you consider ... your share of the company? (sell)

We will delay ... an agreement. (sign)

I deny ... that. (say)

We hope ... by next week. (begin)

I intend ... home early. (go)

He learned ... English as a child. (speak)

You managed ... something. (overlook)

Did you mean ... my report in the waste basket? (put)

I need ... to an expert. (talk)

Unit 4 Onboard Communication4.1 Fireprotection and fire-fighting

1. Checking status of equipment2. .1 Have fire patrols.

3. .1 .5 Have fire patrols in all spaces/areas / engine room/ cargo hold(s) / superstructure /

accommodation.

4. .2 Everything in order?

5. .3 Check fire/smoke alarms and report.

6. .3 .1 Fire/smoke alarms operational.7. .3 .2 Fire/smoke alarm(s) in ... not operational (yet).8. .4 Switch on/off fire/smoke alarms.

9. .5 Check fire alarm/smoke alarm displays on bridge and report.

10. .6 Check portable extinguishers and report.

11. .6 .1 Portable extinguishers in position and operational.

12. .6 .4 .1 Replace missing portable extinguisher(s).

13. .6 .5 Seal(s) of portable extinguisher(s) in ... broken.14. .7 Check fire mains and report.

15. .7 .1 Fire mains operational.

16. .7 .2 Hydrant(s) in ... not operational (yet)..

17. .7 .4 Hose(s) to hydrant(s) in ... worn/cut.18. .7 .4 .1 Replace worn/cut hose(s).

19. .7 .5 Hose(s) to hydrant(s) in ... missing.

20. .7 .7 Nozzle(s) to ... not operational (yet).21. .7 .9 .1 Replace missing nozzle(s).

22. .7 .11 Water pipe(s) in ... leaking.

23. .7 .11 .1 Repair leaking water pipe(s) in ... .

24. .7 .12 Water pipe(s) in ... blocked.

25. .7 .13 Pressure in water pipe(s) in ... too high.26. .7 .14 Pressure in water pipe(s) in ... too low.

27. .8 Check fixed foam/gas fire extinguishing system and report.

28. .8 .2 .1 Fixed foam/gas system operational in ... minutes.

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29. .9 Check sprinkler system and report.

30. .9 .1 Sprinkler system operational.

31. .9 .2 Sprinkler system in ... not operational (yet).

32. .9 .2 .1 Sprinkler system in ... operational in ... minutes.

33. .10 Check ventilation system and report.

34. .10 .1 Ventilation system operational.

35. .10 .2 Ventilation system not operational (yet)36. .10 .2 .1 Ventilation system operational in ... minutes.37. .10 .3 Remote control not operational (yet).

38. .10 .3 .1 Remote control operational in ... minutes.

39. .10 .4 Indicators not operational (yet).

40. .10 .4 .1 Indicators operational in ... minutes.

41. .10 .5 Dampers in ... not operational (yet).42. .10 .5 .1 Dampers in ... operational in ... minutes.

43. .11 Check skylights/windows/ ... and report.

44. .11 .1 Skylights/windows/ ... in/to ... open.

45. .11 .2 Close skylights/windows/ ... in/to ... .

46. .11 .2 .1 Skylights/windows/ ... in/to ... closed.47. .12 Check watertight door control and report.

48. .12 .1 Watertight door control operational.49. .12 .2 Watertight door control in ... not operational (yet).

50. .12 .2 .1 Watertight door(s) in ... do(es) not open/close.

51. .12 .3 Watertight door control in ... operational in ... minutes.

52. .13 Check electrical lighting and report

53. .13 .1 Electrical lighting operational.54. .13 .2 Electrical lighting in ... not operational (yet).

55. .13 .2 .1 Black-out/short circuit in ... .

56. .13 .3 Electrical lighting in ... operational in ... minutes.

57. .13 .4 Switch on/off electrical lighting in ... .58. .13 .4 .1 Electrical lighting in ... switched on/off.

59. .14 Check emergency power supply and report.

60. .14 .1 Emergency power supply operational.61. .14. 2 Emergency power supply not operational (yet).

62. .14 .2 .1 Emergency power supply operational in ... minutes.

63. .15 Check firemens outfits and report.64. .15 .1 Firemens outfits complete and available.65. .15 .2 Firemens outfits not complete.66. .15 .2 .1 Complete firemens outfits.67. .15 .3 Breathing apparatus/smoke helmets/safety lamps/ ... not operational/missing.

68. .15 .3 .1 Replace (missing) breathing apparatus/smoke helmets/safety lamps/ ... .69. .15 .4 Test certificate(s) of ... expired.

4.2 Fire-fighting and drills

Reporting fire

.1 Fire on board!

.1 .1 Smoke/fire/explosion in engine room/ no. ... hold(s)/tank(s).

.1 .5 Smoke from ventilator(s).

.1 .6 Burnt smell in .../ from... .

.2 Report injured persons:

.3 What is on fire?

.3 .1 Fuel/ Cargo on fire.

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.3 .2 Car(s)/truck(s)/waggon(s) on fire.

.3 .3 Containers/ ... (with dangerous goods) on fire.

.4 Is smoke toxic?

.4 .1 No, smoke not toxic.

.4 .2 Yes, smoke toxic.

.5 Is fire under control?

.5 .1 Yes, fire (in ... ) under control.

.5 .2 No, fire (in ... ) not under control (yet).

.5 .2 .1 No, fire spreading (to ... ).

.5 .2 .2 No, fire (in ... ) not accessible.

.6 What is damage?

.6 .1 No damage.

.6 .2 Minor/major damage in .../ to ... .

.6 .3 No power supply (in ... ).

.6 .4 Making water in ... .

.7 Pressure on fire mains.

.7 .1 Fire mains under pressure.

.8 Shut down main engine(s)/auxiliary engine(s)/ ... .

.8 .1 Main engine(s)/auxiliary engine(s)/ ... shut down.

.9 Stop fuel.

.9 .1 Fuel stopped.

.10 Close hatch covers.

.10 .1 Hatch covers closed.

.11 Close damper(s) (in ... ).

.11 .1 Damper(s) (in ... ) closed.

.12 Close all openings.

.12 .1 All openings closed.

.13 Switch off ventilator(s) (in ... ) .

.13 .1 Ventilator(s) (in ... ) switched off.

.14 Turn bow/stern to windward.

.14 .1 Bow/stern turned to windward.

.15 Turn port side/starboard side to windward.

.15 .1 Port side/starboard side turned to windward.

.16 Alter course to ... .

.16 .1 Course altered to ... .

Reporting readiness for action

.1 Stand by fire party/rescue team/first aid team.

.1 .1 Fire party/rescue team/first aid team standing by.

.2 Stand by main engine .

.2 .1 Main engine standing by.

.3 Stand by CO2 station/ ... station/ emergency generator.

.3 1 CO2 station/ ... station/emergency generator standing by.

.4 Close all openings and report.

.4 .1 All openings closed.

.4 .2 Openings in engine room/ hold(s)/tank(s)/ superstructure/accommodation closed.

.4 .6 Openings in ... space closed.

.4 .7 Openings in ... not accessible.

Orders for fire fighting

.1 Start fire fighting.

.1 .1 Take one/two/ ... fire party(s) to scene.

.1 .2 Take one/two/ ... rescue team(s) to scene.

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.2 Go following route:

.2 .1 Go through engine room/ no. ... hold(s)/tank(s)/ superstructure/ accommodation

.2 .2 Go through ... space.

.2 .3 Go through manhole(s) to ... space(s).

.2 .4 Go through funnel.

.2 .5 Go through ... .

.2 .6 Go from outside/inside to ... .

.2 .7 Go from port side/starboard side to ... .

.3 Take following (additional) safety measures and report.

.3 .1 Have two/ ... members in one team.

.3 .1 .1 Number of members in fire party/rescue team/ first aid team: ... .

.3 .2 Have lifeline between each other/to outside.

.3 .2 .1 Fire party/... team members have lifelines to each other.

.3 .2 .2 Fire party/... team members have lifelines to outside.

.3 .3 Have rescue team on stand by.

.3 .3 .1 Rescue team standing by.

.3 .4 Maintain visual contact.

.3 .4 .1 Fire party/...team members maintain visual contact with lamps.

.3 .5 Maintain radio contact on VHF channel .

.4 Fire party must have following outfit:

.4 .1 Fire party must have protective clothing/ smoke helmets/ breathing apparatus

.5 Manning of fire party/... teams is as follows:

.5 .1 Chief Officer/Chief Engineer/ ... in command of fire party (no. ... )/ ... team.

.5 .2 Following officer(s)/crew member(s) in the fire party (no. ... )/ ... team: ...

.6 Restrict action (in .../ on ... ) to ... minutes.

.6 .1 Agree on retreat signal and report.

.6 .1 .1 Retreat signal for fire party/ ... team is ... on telephone/radio.

.6 .1 .2 Visual retreat signal for fire party/ ... team is ...with lamp/hand/ ...

.6 .1 .3 Acoustic retreat signal for fire party/ ... team is ... with signal whistle/ships whistle/ ... .

.6 .1 .4 Retreat signal for fire party/ ... team is pulling lifeline ... times.

.7 Use the following extinguishing means:

.7 .1 Use water/ foam/ powder/ CO2/gas /sand/ blankets in ...

.8 Fire party (no. ... ) using ... in ... .

.9 Run out fire hoses.

.9 .1 Fire hoses are run out.

.10 Water on.

.10 .1 Water is on.

.10 .2 Water not on.

.11 Cool down boundaries with water and report.

.11 .1 Cool down bulkheads to engine room with water.4.3 Damage control.1 Close all openings / outlets / valves (in ...) and report.

.1.1 All openings / outlets / valves (in ...) closed.

.2 Switch on / off power (at / on / in) and report.

.2.1 Power (at / on / in ...) switched on / off.

.2.2 Power supply (at / on / in ...) not operational.

.3 Close watertight door(s) (in ...) (by hand) and report.

.3.1 Watertight door(s) (in ...) closed.

.3.2 Watertight door(s) (in ...) not accessible / operational.

.4 Switch on (bilge) pump(s) (in ...)and report.

.4.1 (Bilge) pump(s) (in ...) switched on.

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.4.2 (Bilge) pump(s) (in ...) not operational.

.5 Switch over (bilge) pump(s) from ... to ... .

.5.1 (Bilge) pump(s) switched over.

.5.2 Switching over (bilge) pump(s) not possible.

.6 Start damage control.

.8 Take following additional safety measures and report.

.8.1 Have two / ... members in one damage control team.

.8.2 Have lifeline to each other / to outside.

.8.3 Have rescue team on stand by.

.8.4 Maintain visual contact .

.9.1 Damage control team must have protective clothing/ safety helmets/ lifejackets/

diving equipment

Cancellation of alarm

.1 Is flooding stopped?

.2 Is flooding under control ?

.3 Post damage control watches and report.

.3.1 Damage control watches posted (in ...).

.4 How much water is in vessel?

.4.1 Amount of water (in ...) about ... tonnes.

.5 (Bilge) pump(s) remain on stand by.

.5.1 (Bilge) pump(s) standing by.

.6 Engine room remains on stand by.

.6.1 Engine room standing by.

.7 Additional emergency generator remains on stand by.

.8 Damage control team remain on stand by.

.9 Rope - off flooded area.

.10 Check leak every ... minutes / hour(s) and report.

.10.1 Leak checked - no flooding.

.10.2 Leak checked - minor / major flooding (in ...).Reporting damage

.1 What is damage?

.1.1 No damage.

.1.2 Crack(s) in plating/ no. ... double bottom/ no. ... hold(s) / tank(s)/ fuel pipe(s).

.1.3 Crack(s) in main / auxiliary engine(s) foundation.

.1.4 Deformation(s) / indentation(s) to plating.

.2 Check flooding and report.

.2.1 No flooding.

.3 Is danger imminent ?

Exercise. Find the right order:This is one-two-one-two-three-nine-six-eight-zero, motor vessel Medea, call sign Sierra India - November -

Kilo.

Position: six two degrees one decimal eight minutes north, zero zero seven degrees four two minutes east.

Mayday Mayday Mayday

Smoke not toxic. Over.

I am on fire after explosion.

I require fire fighting assistance.

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4.4 Phrases for giving orders, advice and warnings

The grammar behind instructions

The imperative form is used to give orders, warnings, instructions and advice:

Be quiet!

Take care of that.

Careful

Listen to me carefully!

Push the button on the lower right corner of the machine console until the light blinks green.

Dont discuss your new ideas beforetheyve agreed to your promotion.

Use sequencing wordsSequencing words are used to make instructions clear within a process:

First, make sure the appliance is disconnected.

Second, open the back with a screwdriver. Then, carefully pull out the two black cablesthat lead into thepower supply unit

Giving instructions Basic rules of the road

1. Before giving any instructions, be sure you have the attention of those who should be listening.2. If youre unsure if your listeners have really understood a specific instruction,

ask them to repeat it using their own words.

3. Demonstrate or illustrate wheneverpossible. Its done like this

Use a modal verb to turn the order into a request

Shut the door behind you.Can you shut the door behind you?

Will you shut the door behind you?

Could and would are the more polite forms of can and will.

Could you shut the door behind you?

Would you shut the door behind you?

Use the word please

Adding please to any question or imperative statement immediately softens its impact and makes it

clear that you wish to be polite:

Turn the printer off when youre finished.Please turn the printer off when youre finished.Turn the printer off when youre finished, please.

Can /Could /Will /Would you turn the printer off when youre finished, please?

Examples:

Would you mind possibly moving slightlyto your left? Youre blocking my view ofthe presentation.

I was hoping you could spare me a few minutes this morning.

Do you think you could do this photocopying for me?

If you have a couple of minutes to spare,

Idlike you to run down to Reception andpick up a box thats waiting there for me.

Id like you to file these documents for me.

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I want you to finish this by tomorrow.

Mayday Mayday Mayday.

This is Fireball. I am (a. in fire; b. firing; c. on fire; d. making a fire) in the (a. berth; b. apartments; c.

lounge; d. accommodation). My position is 275 two miles south (a. for; b. of; c. off; d. from) Europe

Point. I (a. solicit; b. require; c. need; d. request) help. Over.

Fireball, this is Gibraltar Radio Station. Message received. Salvage vessel Atlas will (a. go; b. head; c.

proceed to; d. set off) you. Please contact (a. she; b. him; c. he; d. her) on channel 14. Out.

Unit 5 Fire-fighting

5.1 Fire on board

A fire on a ship is one of the most dangerous incidents which can happen on board. If the fire isdetected in good time, the crew can prevent larger damages by taking immediate measuressuch as

fighting the fire by use of a fire hose under breathing protection. If the fire has already spread,

professional aid is absolutely needed, which can be rendered via helicopter or by ship.

Fighting a fire at sea is significantly different to fighting a

fire on land. First of all, the first action teams have to get to

the source of the fire, which means, as a rule, from the top

downwards to the interior of the shipin the opposite

direction of the natural spreading of heat and smoke. This is

a serious obstacle which slows the fire-fighting operationdown. What makes the fire-fighting operations even more

difficult, are the narrow stairs, sticking places, unclear and

labyrinth-like premises, numerous hatches and ladders as

well as ship movements due to the sea and the thermal-

conduction properties of the ship's steel.

After the end of the operation at sea, people and material have to be taken back to land. And it is

always time to prepare for the next operation. At sea, the same principle applies as on land: No

operation is like the other.

There are two ways of fighting fire on board a ship - by using portable marine fire fighting equipments

or by using different types offixed fire fighting installations. The type of system used for fighting fire

depends on the intensity and type of fire. Moreover, not all types of fixed fire installation systems can

be used for any type of ship. A specific type of fixed fire fighting installation can be used only for a

certain type of ship. In this article we will learn about a ship's fire main or the main fire fighting

installation system.

A ship's main emergency fire system consists of a specific number of fire hydrants located at strategic

positions across the ship. A series of dedicated pumps are provided to supply to these fire hydrants.

The number and capacity of pumps required for a particular type of ship is decided by an international

governing authority.

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All these pumps are supplied power from the main power system. Apart from that, an emergency fire

pump is also provided, which is located remote from the machinery space. The emergency fire pump

has its own independent means of power source, which can be used to take over in case of main power

failure.

Moreover, all the hydrant outlets are provided with an isolating valve so as to isolate those valveswhich are not in use. The fire hydrants are also provided with standard size flanges in order to attach

hoses which have nozzles attached to them. All the hoses are provided with snap in connectors for easy

and quick engaging and disengaging operation. The nozzles attached to the hoses are generally of two

types - jet and spray, depending on the type of discharge required for extinguishing the fire. Both the

nozzles can be adjusted according to the type of spray and flow required, which could be played over

the fire to cool it without spreading.

The pumps are connected with the main sea water connection, having appropriate head to prevent any

type of suction problem. The valves supplying water to these pumps are always kept open to provide a

constant supply of sea water to fight fire at any point of time. Though sea water is the best mode of

fighting fire, the main emergency fire fighting system can only be used on fires of Type A. However,in case of class B fires, if all modes for extinguishing fire fails, sea water from main emergency system

can be used.

5.2 Engine Room Fire Fighting EquipmentThe equipment should be of the more modern type of water nozzles which actually supply a fine mist,

rather than a flow of water. These systems cover of different areas of the engine room and control

room, but not the switchboard or the electrical generating component on the power generators. The

sprinkler system can be operated automatically by sensors or manually by the engineer. This starts the

water booster pump and opens up the compressed air supply which can be from dedicated high

pressure air bottles or the engine room air supply.

As we all know water is not normally used on oil fires but, because fine mist is injected into the area itnot only starves the fire of oxygen, but also dissipates the smoke.

Engine room Fire Extinguishers. There are four main types of fire extinguishers all coloured red

nowadays, with a different coloured band around the top of the body, denoting which type of

extinguisher it is. They are operated by removing the protective pin from the trigger and smartly

pulling the trigger.

Fire extinguishers are usually stored in a container together in a group of four; one of each type the

containers being positioned at high fire risk locations.

The four types are,

Dry Powder Fire Extinguisherit has a black band around the body and is used for extinguishing

electrical and liquid fires.

Foam Fire Extinguisherthis has a yellow band around the body and is used for extinguishing oilfires.

Water Fire Extinguisherthis has a red band contained between two thin white bands around the

body. It is used to extinguish paper, wood and cloth.

CO2 Fire Extinguisherthis has a black band around the body and is used to extinguish electrical and

liquid fires.

Remember, only the Dry Powder and CO2 extinguishers can should be used on electrical fires.

Fire Hydrants and Hoses. These are positioned throughout the engine room; a fire axe is sometimes

alongside the fire hoses. The hydrant valves should be opened; hoses run out and discharged to the

bilges at regular intervals to ensure operation.

Aqueous Film Forming Foam. Known as AFFF and (pronounced A triple F) was developed in the

sixties and is a great innovation to firefighting not only in ships engine rooms, but on oil and gas

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platforms worldwide. AFFF is supplied in its own containers and added to an AFFF storage tank and is

operated by pressurised seawater. The seawater mixes with the specialist liquid and exits the 11/2"

rubber hose through a brass nozzle as a pressurised film of thick, viscous foam. This is directed to the

base of the fire, quickly smothering the flames and dissipating the heat, smoke and fumes.

Idioms

account for (something) - to provide an explanation or answer for somethingThe bad weather accounts for the fact that few people came to the meeting.

back and forth - backwards and forwards, first one way and then the other way

The argument went back and forth before the judge made a decision.

better off- to be in a better situation than before

My friend would be better off if he sold his old car and bought a new one.

break up - to separate, to divide into groups or pieces, to put an end to something

We usually break up into small groups during our class.

come up - to happen unexpectedly

I will not be able to go to the party if something else comes up.

come up with (something) - to produce or find a thought/idea/answer

I tried to come up with a name for the new magazine.

deal with (something) - to be concerned with something, to take action about something

We will deal with the boxes tomorrow.end up (doing something or going somewhere) - to do something that one had not planned to do, to go

somewhere one had not planned to go

We ended up going to a restaurant after the movie last night.

figure out (someone or something) - to try to understand someone or something, to solve something

I finally figured out how to use the new DVD player.

for good - permanently

The city will close the public swimming pool for good next week.

get into (something) - to become interested or involved in somethingI do not want to get into an argument with my friend.

get through (something) - to complete something, to finish something

My friend is having trouble getting through her final exams.

I have much reading that I must get through before tomorrow.

go ahead - to begin to do something

"Let`s go ahead and start now. We can`t wait any longer."

go over (something) - to examine or review something

The accountant will go over the books tomorrow.

We plan to go over that question tomorrow.

go through (something) - to discuss something, to look at something, to do something

The teacher decided to go through the exercise before the test.

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go with (something) - to choose one thing rather than another

We decided to go with the small rental car rather than the large one.

hang out (somewhere/with someone) - to spend one`s time with no great purpose, to spend leisure

time with friends

Recently my friend has been hanging out with a group of people who are not a good influence on him.

in effect - for practical purposes, basically

The man's silence was in effect a way of disagreeing with the other people in the meeting.

in terms of(something) - with regard to something

In terms of our agreement with the other company we were not allowed to sell the products online.

kind of- somewhat, more or less, moderately

I was kind of tired when I arrived home last night.

look up (something) - to search for something in a dictionary or other book

I will look up my friend's name in the telephone book.

make a difference - to cause a change in a situation

It does not make a difference whether our boss comes to the meeting or not.

make sense - to seem reasonable

His new proposal really does make sense.open to (something) - to be agreeable to learn or hear about new ideas or suggestions

Most members of the class were open to the teacher's ideas.

pick up (something) - to get or receive something

I will pick up my dry cleaning tomorrow.

I picked up a copy of the newspaper at the station.

point out (someone or something) - to explain or call attention to someone or something

My teacher was very kind when she pointed out the mistakes that I had made.

put out (something) - to produce or make something (a product/brochure/report/paper)

The company puts out a newsletter every month for the employees.

regardless of(something) - without considering or thinking about something, without regard to

somethingRegardless of the weather we are going to go fishing tomorrow morning.

rule out (someone or something) - to decide against or eliminate someone or something

The police ruled out the man as a possible bank robber.

run into (something - a fact/trouble/problems/difficulty) - to experience something, to encounter

something

I ran into some interesting facts when I was researching my essay.

set up (something) - to establish something, to provide the money for something

The company set up a unique situation to test the new product.

show up - to appear, to arrive, to be present

"What time did your friend show up for the party?"

sort of(something) - to be almost something, to be similar to something, to be not quite something"Did you finish cleaning the kitchen?" "Sort of, but not really."

stick with (something) - to continue doing something, to not quit something

My brother has been able to stick with his trumpet lessons since he was a child.

take advantage of(someone or something) - to use someone or something for one's own benefit

We took advantage of the beautiful weather and went to the beach.

take over (something) - to take control of something, to take command of something

The large company wants to take over some of the small companies in our area.

turn in (something) - to give something to someone, to hand something to someone

I arrived at school early so that I could turn in my essay.

turn out - to be found or known, to prove to be true

It turned out that more people came to the party than we expected.

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with respect to (something) - referring to something, concerning something

I do not know what the company will do with respect to the old computer system.

work out (for the best) - to end successfully

I hope that everything will work out for my friend when she moves to London next week.

Exercise. Give the right idiom

1. Nobody wanted to separate their groups.

2. The shipping company provided the money to build a new car carrier.

3. The engineer encountered some trouble when he was replacing the piston.

4. We decided to eliminate Monday as the day to have our meeting.

5. The company would be in a better situation if the crew took onboard training.

6. I searched for the word in the dictionary.

Unit 6. Welding operations

6.1 Briefing on welding on board

WELDING SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. Accidents frequently occur in welding operations, and in

many instances, they result in serious injury to the welder or other personnel working in the immediate

area. What many welders fail to realize is that accidents often occur NOT because of a lack of

protective accidents equipment, but because of carelessness, lack of knowledge, and the

misuse of available equipment. You, the welder, should have a thorough KNOWLEDGE of safety

precautions relating to the job. But that is not all. You should also consider it a responsibility to

carefully OBSERVE the applicable safety precautions. In welding, being careless can cause serious

injury not only to yourself, but to others as well. Bear in mind that safety precautions for the

operation of welding equipment vary considerably because of the different types of equipment

involved.

To prevent injury to personnel, extreme caution should be exercised when using any types of weldingequipment. Injury can result from fire, explosions, electric shock, or harmful agents. Both the general

and specific safety precautions listed below must be strictly observed by workers who weld or cut

metals.

a. Do not permit unauthorized persons to use welding or cutting equipment.

b. Do not weld in a room with wooden floors, unless the floors are protected from hot metal by means

of fire resistant fabric, sand, or other fireproof material. Be sure that hot sparks or hot metal will not

fall on the operator or on any welding equipment components.

c. Remove all flammable material, such as cotton, oil, gasoline, etc., from the vicinity of welding.

d. Before welding or cutting, warm those in close proximity who are not protected to wear proper

clothing or goggles.

e. Remove any assembled parts from the component being welded that may become warped or

otherwise damaged by the welding process.

f. Do not leave hot rejected electrode stubs, steel scrap, or tools on the floor or around the welding

equipment. Accidents and/or fires may occur.

g. Keep a suitable fire extinguisher nearby at all times. Ensure the fire extinguisher is in operable

condition.

h. Mark all hot metal after welding operations are completed. Soapstone is commonly used for this

purpose.

General precautions on operating metalarc-welding equipment. For specificinstructions on the

operation, maintenance, and care ofindividual equipment, use the equipment manufacturers

instruction manual as a guide. In regard to general precautions, know yourequipment and how tooperate it. Use only approvedwelding equipment, and see that it is kept in good, cleancondition.

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Before you start to work, make sure that thewelding machine frame is grounded, that neither

terminal of the welding generator is bonded to the frame,and that all electrical connections are

securely made.The ground connection must be attached firmly to thework, not merely laid loosely

upon it.Keep welding cables dry and free of oil or grease. Keep cables in good condition, and,

at all times, takeappropriate steps to protect them from damage. If it isnecessary to carry cables

some distance from themachines, run the cables overhead, if possible, and useadequate

supporting devices.When you use a portable machine, take care to seethat the primary supply cable

is laid separately so that itdoes not become entangled with the welding supplycable. Any portable

equipment mounted on wheelsshould be securely blocked to prevent accidentalmovement during

the welding operations.When you stop work for any appreciable length oftime, be SURE to de-

energize the equipment. When notin use, the equipment should be completelydisconnected

from the source of power.

Exercise.Insert the words in the right place:

tools / cylinders / wet / condition/ up / no / non-slip

1. ... welding in ... areas

2. Wear ... shoes

3. Keep ... in good ...

4. Tie ... gas ...

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Unit 7 Function of Auxiliary Machinery7.1 Auxiliary machinery

We usually have a purpose for reading a passage. If we know nothing about a subject, our purpose

may be to gain a general knowledge of it. Later we may want to read about aspects of it in greaterdetail. Comprehension will be made easier by giving ourselves a definite purpose based on ourunderstanding of what the passage is going to be about from the title and the introductoryparagraph. This purpose will help focus our attention.

Besides running and maintaining the main propulsion machinery of the ship, the Engineer Officerhas a great deal of auxiliary machinery to look after. Auxiliary machinery covers everythingmechanical on board ship except the main engines and boilers. It includes almost all the pipes andfittings and the equipment needed to carry out a number of functions. These functions may besummarized as follows.

To supply the needs of the main engines and boilers. Air compressors are used to supply compressed

air for starting engines. Coolers are used for cooling either oil or water. Water for the boilers is alsoheated before being admitted into the boiler by feed water heaters. This increases the efficiency ofthe boiler.

To keep the ship dry and trimmed. This is done through the bilge and ballast pumping systems. Theformer removes water which has gathered in machinery, cargo and other spaces. The latter pumpswater into and out of ballast tanks. In general cargo ships, these systems are usually interconnectedand served by the same pumps. In tankers and other bulk carriers, these systems are entirely separate,because these ships may need to ballast at 12,000 tonne/hour and therefore need larger pumps.

To supply domestic needs such as fresh water from distillation plant, sanitation from sewage plantand heating and ventilation from heaters and air-conditioners.

To apply the main power of the engines for propulsion and manoeuvring. The engine power istransmitted to the propeller by a line of steel shafting. This is made up of the thrust shaft,intermediate shafts and the propeller shaft. Steering gear is also necessary to operate the rudder formanoeuvring.

To supply the ship with electrical power and lighting. This is done by steam or diesel-poweredgenerators.

To moor the ship and handle cargo. Deck machinery is extensive and varied. It can be divided intoanchor-handling machinery - windlass and capstans, mooring machinery winches and capstans,and cargo-handling machinerywinches and cranes. It also includes cargo oil pumps.

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To provide for safety. Firefighting and fire detection equipment, lifeboat engines and launching gearare also included;

Responsibility for auxiliary machinery is often delegated to individual engineer officers, each onetaking responsibility for the efficient working of certain items. A lot of equipment is duplicated, sothat for example, one generator can be overhauled without cutting off the supply of electricity to the

ship. Engineer officers on tankers are also involved in operating the cargo pumping machinery,although the pump rooms themselves are often manned by officers from the Deck Department.

7.2 Change of state verbs

Change from one state to another can be expressed verbally by:

1. Specific change of state verbs

e.g. to melt, to freeze, to condense, to rot, to rust

2. Verbs formed by adding -ify, -ize (-ise) to nouns and adjectives

e.g. solid => to solidify vapour => to vaporize

liquid => to liquefy crystal => to crystallize

(Note: changes of spelling are often necessary.)

3. General change of state verbsto become + adjective/noun

e.g. When air is compressed, it becomes hot.

When copper and tin are mixed, they become bronze.

to get + past participle/adjective

e.g. With poor lubrication, pistons get worn.

to turn + colour

e.g. Blue litmus paper turns red, if immersed in acid.

to change into + noun

e.g. Water changes into ice when the temperature drops below 0C.

to convert/be converted into + noun

e.g. At an oil refinery crude oil is converted into different oil products.

Exercise 1. Complete the following sentences by using one of the verbs above in the appropriate form:

(a) An interna l combustion engine .................. chemical energy into

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mechanical energy.

(b) With poor lubrication engine parts .............. worn.

(c) When gas is cooled below a certain temperature, it ..................

(d) The reciprocating motion of a piston .................. a rotary motion by

a connecting rod and crank.

7.3 Comparisons

Comparative statements point out the difference or the equality between things. Statements pointing

out the difference can be made with:

1. Adjectives and adverbs in the comparative form + than

e.g. Cruisers are larger than frigates.

Water-tube boilers are more efficient than Scotch boilers. Light travels more quickly than sound.

2. More or less/fewer with noun + than

e.g. Less time is needed to load a container ship than a 'tween deck vessel. There are fewer

passenger liners today than there were thirty years ago. More money is now spent on fuel than

before. (Note: less is used with uncountable nouns, fewer with countables.)

Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences so that the part afterthan is put first, but the meaning stays thesame.

(a) A nautical mile is longer than a statute mile.(b) Manila rope is more expensive than sisal rope.(c) A diesel engine is more economical than a petrol engine.

(d) 100C is hotter than 100F.(e) The Chief Officer is senior to the Second Officer.(f) There are more members of the Catering Department in a passenger

liner than in a cargo vessel.

(g) Mercury freezes at a lower temperature than water.(h) High carbon steel contains more carbon than mild steel.

(i) A ULCC is larger than a VLCC.

(j) A nuclear submarine is faster than a conventional submarine.

Statements making equal comparison can be made by

3. Using as ... as. The negative is not so/as ... as

e.g. The Deck Department is as important as the Engine Department. The Atlantic Ocean is not

as big as the Pacific Ocean. A Scotch boiler does not work so efficiently as a water-tube boiler.

With nouns this structure needs care. Study these examples:

(singular countable noun) e.g. Steel is not as good a conductor as copper.

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( plural countable noun) A cargo ship does not have as many lifeboats as a passenger liner.

(uncountable noun ) A plane does not carry as much cargo as a ship.

Exercise 2. Rewrite these sentences using not so/as ... as, but without changing the meaning.

(a) A nautical mile is longer than a statute mile.

(b) Manila rope is more expensive than sisal rope.

(c) A diesel engine is more economical than a petrol engine.(d) 100C is hotter than 100F.(e) High carbon steel is harder than low carbon steel.(f) Fewer tankers will be built this year than last year.(g) Mercury has a lower freezing point than water.(h) A 'tween deck vessel has more decks than a single deck vessel, (i) Nowadays British ships

carry more tonnage than before, (j) A nuclear submarine has a higher underwater speed than

a conventional submarine.

Unit 8 Safety on Board

8.1 Briefing crew and passengers1.This is your Captain speaking.

.2.1 We have grounded / a minor flooding / a minor fire in ... .

.2.2 There is no immediate danger to crew, passengers or vessel - and there is no reason to be alarmed.

.2.3 For safety reasons I request all crew members to go to their assembly stations.

.2.3.1 All officers to report to the bridge.

.2.3.2 Watchkeepers remain at stations until further order.

.2.4 As soon as I have further information I will make another announcement - there is no danger at thistime.

.2.5 Fire parties / damage control teams are fighting the fire / flooding. We also have radio contact with

other vessels / coast radio stations.

.2.6 The fire / flooding is under control.

.3 This is your Captain speaking. I have another announcement:

.3.1 The fire/ flooding is not under control yet.

.3.2 Leave the engine room/superstructure/your stations/your cabins/... immediately - close all openings.

.3.3 Take lifejackets with you.

.3.3.1 Take your emergency equipment with you according to muster list.

.3.4 Stand by fire fighting stations / damage control stations.

.3.4.1 Fire fighting stations/damage control stations standing by.

.3.5 All crew members to assembly stations.

3.6 Follow escape routes shown.

.3.6.1 Route to assembly station ... not clear.

.3.6.2 Route to assembly station will be via ... .

.3.7 Assemble on deck.

.3.8 Do not go to lifeboat / liferaft stations before ordered.

.3.9 Do not enter lifeboats/liferafts - the order to enter will be given from the bridge/ by officers.

Checking status of escape routes

.1 Check escape routes and report.

.1.1 All escape routes clear.

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.1.2 Escape route(s) from ... (to ...) / via ... not clear (yet).

.1.2.1 Escape route(s) from ... (to ...) / via ... blocked.

8.2 Ordering evacuation1.Evacuate all rooms / spaces / decks / ... and report.

2. Evacuate engine room and report.

3. Evacuate no. ... hold(s) / tank(s)and report.

4. Evacuate superstructure and report.

5. Evacuate accommodations and report.

6. Evacuate ... deck / space / area and report.7. Do not enter ... deck / space / area.

8. Report missing persons.

9.1 No person missing.

9.2 Number of missing persons: ... (in... deck / space / area).

10. Report injured persons.

11. Provide first aid (in vessel's hospital).

12. All persons outside danger area.

13. Roll call

14. Report number of all persons / passengers / crew members at assembly stations.

15. Search for missing passenger(s) / crew member(s) and report.

16. Watchkeepers to assembly stations.

17. Lifeboatmen ! Check equipment of crew at assembly stations and report.

18.. Go for blanket / stretcher / ... and report.

19. Lifeboatmen! Check outfit of passengers at assembly stations and report.

20. .4.2.1.1 Put on warm clothing / long sleeved shirt / long trousers / strong shoes / head covering/

21. ... and report.

22. Ordering abandon vessel

23. Swing out no. ... lifeboat(s) and report.

24. No. ... lifeboat(s) swung out.

25. Lower no. ... lifeboat(s) alongside embarkation deck and report.

26. No. ... lifeboat(s) alongside embarkation deck.

27. Enter lifeboat(s) (no. ...) and report.

28. Jump into water and enter lifeboat(s) / liferaft(s).

29. Jump onto liferaft(s) alongside vessel.

30. Do not push each other when entering.

31. Assist injured / helpless persons.

32. Clear entrance of lifeboat / liferaft.

33. Sit down in lifeboat / liferaft immediately.

34. Hold on to ropes or to your seat when launching.

35. No. ... lifeboat(s) / liferaft(s) entered.36. Let go no. ... lifeboat(s) / liferaft(s) and report.

37. No. ... lifeboat(s) / liveraft(s) is let go.

38. Throw over board no. ... liferaft and report.

39. No. ... liferaft thrown over board.

40. Stand clear of vessel and report.

41. No. ... lifeboat(s) / liferaft(s) standing clear.

8.3 Lifesaving Equipment on ShipsHowever good the systems for preventing shipwrecks and other accidents, human errors and the power

of the sea ensure that disasters will still happen. So, as well as improving safety, efforts have been put

into saving lives when things go wrong at sea.

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Lifeboats. The ship`s best-known piece of equipment for saving life is the lifeboat, although it was

not until as late as 1929 that regulations made it compulsory for a ship to have enough for everyone on

board. It was argued that, if the ship took a heavy list, it would be impossible to launch all the boats

anyway. This now sounds like an argument to have more boats rather than less!

Like other equipment, lifeboats have evolved greatly. Even 1950, many

cargo ships would have boats that could only be propelled by rowing

(difficult when it was crowded with survivors) or sails. Nevertheless,

there were many epic voyages made in such boats, particularly in

wartime when ships had been sunk by enemy submarines far from land.

Perhaps the most extraordinary story is that of Poon Lim, a Chinese

steward on the British shipBenlomond, which was torpedoed in the

South Atlantic in November 1942. Poon Lim survived for an incredible

133 days on a liferaft, using a hook he found to catch fish. When

eventually rescued by a Brazilian fisherman, he could not walk, but soon

recovered and expressed a desire to go back to sea! Motor lifeboats were first provided for big

passenger ships and these were often fitted with wireless radios.

The biggest difficulty with lifeboats has always been launching them, especially if the sea is rough, or

the ship has heeled over. Passengers or crew need to get into the boats, which then need to be swung

out over the ship`s side and then lowered carefully into the sea. All this can be difficult and dangerous

for those in the boat if the ship is listing or the sea is rough. Along with lifeboats themselves, the

devices for lowering them, called davits, have evolved to make launching safer.

Today, ships are often fitted with lifeboats that are totally enclosed. This protects those inside from the

weather, but also means that the crew have a better chance of escaping if their ship has a dangerous

cargo which is leaking. Imagine trying to escape from a tanker whose cargo is leaking on to the sea

and is ablaze. Where possible, the lifeboat is mounted on a steep ramp fitted above the stern of the

ship.

This means that it can be launched even if the ship has a heavy list and it can safely move away from aburning ship.

Liferafts and other buoyant apparatus. As well as lifeboats, ships carry other sorts of buoyant

apparatus. On ferries and other craft which are never too far from land, the seats on deck are designed

to float, and have lifelines attached. The hope is that rescuers will soon come along if the vessel sinks.

Liferafts have also become very popular. They can be stored on deck easily and quickly inflated when

needed. Unlike a lifeboat, they cannot be steered, and rely on rescuers finding them. High-sided

passenger ships have marine evacuation systems, where chutes lead down to huge liferafts.

Radio transmitter

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The most effective piece of lifesaving equipment on a ship, however, does not float at all: the

radio transmitter. It can be used to summon help unless the disaster happens very quickly, in which

case there is little chance of the boats or rafts getting away.

Now, there is even an automatic way of sending distress messages, the Global Maritime

Distress and Safety System. Ships carry an EPIRB, a radio set in a container designed to float off if the

ship sinks. It then automatically sends out an alarm signal that is picked up by navigation satellites that

can monitor its position very accurately. Of course, this can send out false alarms. A distress signal

was once picked up whose position was found to be in the middle of England. The equipment off a

ship was being driven to an inland depot for maintenance when it was accidentally set off!

What is the captains message? Use the SMCP. Situation:- the ship is making water, but not much;

- damage control teams are fighting the incoming flow;

- the people should not worry;

(after a while)

- the flow of water cannot be stopped;- passengers should have lifejackets;

- all officers are requested to come to the bridge.

Unit 9 Man overboard

9.1 Prevention

A man overboard is an emergency situation. In the open ocean the casualty can quickly disappear from sight.In many seas the water is so cold they will quickly die from the cold. The casualty may be injured in falling

overboard. In some cases the casualty may not even be seen to fall. Whatever the circumstances of the fall,

the casualty's chances of survival depend on the speed and efficiency of the action by the remainder of the

crew. This means every crew member must know what is expected of them, and be able to put into

practice the emergency procedures without delay.

Prevention saves many more lives than rescue. Make sure you do not fall overboard yourself.

Follow company procedures at all times. Work safely, without taking unnecessary risks. There are

some simple things you can do to protect yourself:

When working on deck, make sure you are wearing the right protectiveequipment and safety harnesses, whatever job you are doing.

Always wear the correct footwear.

Beware when you are working near the side of the ship.

If there is any risk of falling over the side, it is essential to wear a lifejacket anda safety harness. It is also necessary for someone to be present, such as an officer

or the bosun, to supervise the safety of the work. As an additional precaution,

the bridge must be informed when the work starts and when the work ends.

Try and be aware of the state of other members of the crew, passengers or

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anyone else on board. People are more at risk if they drink too much, suffer from

seasickness, or even become depressed. In any of these cases, if there is time,

inform an officer of the potential danger. If the person can be escorted to a safe

area, then do so first.

Generally speaking, shipboard life is regular. So if someone is missing from theirusual post or routine, make an effort to check where they are.

Remember the maxim: "One hand for the ship and one hand for yourself".

9.2 What to do if you see someone fall overboard

This is an emergency; a life is at stake. It is important you think clearly and act quickly.

Keep the casualty in sight and attract as much attention as possible. This means

going to the rail and moving aft along the rail as the ship moves forward.

Do as much as you can to attract attention. This includes shouting "man overboard"

loudly and repeatedly. You should also shout "port side" or "starboard side",

whichever is appropriate, to indicate where the emergency is.

Keep shouting until someone hears you. If there is a life-buoy nearby, throw it

over the side.

Once someone has heard you and taken in what has happened, they should

immediately inform the bridge, whether by walkie-talkie, ship's telephone or by

any other means. The officer of the watch must be informed as quickly aspossible, and told which side of the ship the casualty went overboard, port or

starboard.

It may happen that for some reason no-one hears you. In these circumstances, as

soon as you lose sight of the person in the water you must contact the bridge

yourself. It is important to keep calm. The officer must be told how long the

casualty has been in the water. Remember, this is an emergency, so move quickly.

This is the first stage in the rescue. These first minutes can be crucial to the

survival of the casualty. Keep them in sight, raise the alarm, throw a life -buoy ifpossible and inform the bridge as quickly as possible. Every second is vital.

9.3 What to do if you fall overboard yourself

How you should react depends on the sea temperature and general conditions but you should

always:

Keep your eyes open for a life-buoy thrown from the ship. If you believe you can

reach it, swim towards the life-buoy and get into it by inverting it over an

upraised arm. Once you have it over your head - that is, you are in the life-buoy

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- and are as secure as you can make yourself, keep as still as possible. It is

important to retain as much strength and stamina as you can to have the best

chance of surviving.

In cold water your body will get a shock from the temperature. It will make you

breathe rapidly for several minutes and your heart rate will increase. You mustswim as little as possible until the effect of the shock has passed.

It is important to keep as warm as you can. Tighten up any wrist, neck and ankle

fastenings on your clothing to keep as much warmth close to your body as you

can. Do not tire yourself out. Swim as little as possible while you wait to be

rescued. The longer you can stay warm the longer you will remain conscious, and

the greater will be your chances of survival.

If you are wearing a lifejacket, remember to use your whistle to attract attention

when the rescue boat is nearby.

In rough weather conditions, there is one more thing you must do. Whether you

have a life-buoy or not, turn your back to the wind and the waves to keep your

mouth and nose clear of spray. This will require action with your hands; when

doing so try and keep your elbows to your sides to minimize heat loss.

Movement uses up energy and also increases heat loss by moving water in and

out through your clothing. It is also best to keep your legs together. Try and keep

calm. You will need to be patient, as there is litt le else you can do to help

yourself. Keep in mind that the ship will return, and that your job is to survive as

long as possible.

If no-one saw the person fall overboard, the following actions should be taken. Give the right order.

Someone is reported missing.

It is possible he could be lying injured somewhere on board ship, or even be asleep in an emptycabin.

The crew is mustered and a search is organised as quickly as possible.

The officer of the watch alerts the master.

It is important to exclude these possibilities before proceeding to the next step.

Friends and colleagues of the missing person are questioned to see when and where he was lastseen.

The aim is to work out where he might be if he is still on board.