Gnero e Previdncia Social no Brasil

Simone Wajnman Cedeplar/UFMG

Abril de 2007

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

A Origem do Problema: Desigualdade de Gnero no Mercado de Trabalho Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Desigualdade entre homens e mulheres: condies no mercado de trabalho reduzem capacidade contributiva das mulheres

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

Nvel de Atividade: populao economicamente ativa feminina menor Remunerao: rendimentos mdios das mulheres so menores Transies: permanncia das mulheres no mercado de trabalho menor

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Nvel de atividade econmica das mulheres menor, embora diferena esteja reduzindo-se gradativamenteFonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: PNADs 1985, 1995, 2005

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

O grau de informalidade entre ocupados do sexo masculino e feminino est convergindoFonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: PNADs 1985, 1995, 2005

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Apesar de crescente, a razo entre os rendimentos mdios de mulheres e homens ocupados ainda bem inferior a 1Fonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: PNADs 1985, 1995, 2005

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Mulheres fazem mais transies entre atividade e inatividade ao longo da vida: tempo no mercado de trabalho menorFonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: Wajnman 1997

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

...em funo do maior comprometimento com as atividades domsticas

Fonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: Marri e Wajnman 2006

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Mas h tambm fortes disparidades entre mulheres, j que os rendimentos (capacidade de contribuir) dependem de:

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

Tipo de ocupao Raa Situao de domiclio (rural x urbano) Educao Outros fatores scio-econmicos

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Ocupaes mais vulnerveis tm renda mais baixa e proporo maior de mulheres Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: PNAD 2005

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Grf1

1854.8005

1453.0192

782.93848

647.87426

322.91343

426.24264

266.41748

373.78653

1521.8993

Dirigentes

Foras Armadas

Servios

Trab. Agrcolas

Vendedoras

Profissionais das Cincias e das Artes

Produtoras de Bens e Servios

Tcnicas de nivel mdio

Servios Administrativos

Proporo de mulheres

R$ mdia

renda sexos

Anlise da renda (dados obtidos das Pnads)

198519952005

* No h observaes com renda do trabalho igual a zero.* 61% das observaes de renda do trabalho so iguais a zero.*21% das observaes de renda do trabalho so iguais a zero

*No h alocao de renda do trabalho para menores de 10 anosSo consideradas as pessoas com menos de 10 anos, o que no ocorre em 2005No so consideradas as pessoas com menos de 10 anos

* Destes 61% , 82% se refere a inativos*Destes 21%, 50% se refere a inativos

*renda trabalho principal com todos os zeros*renda trabalho principal com todos os zeros*renda trabalho principal com todos os zeros

tab sexo [fweight=pesop]if v600 idade>0) , sum (rtrabp) nost nofreq noobs

Means of rend mensal do trab princ para pessoas de 10 anos ou mais

dummy sexo

dummy cor(feminino)

(branca)masculinofemininoTotal

-----------+----------------------+----------

no-branc586.29972421.26755523.80309

branca1142.7989778.73982991.54562

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total869.65685616.96714769.09238

.

. *anos de estudo e sexo

. tab granest sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabp0 & gr

> idade>0), sum (rtrabp) nost nofreq noobs

Means of rend mensal do trab princ para pessoas de 10 anos ou mais

dummy sexo

grupo anos(feminino)

de estudomasculinofemininoTotal

-----------+----------------------+----------

0_3387.54042249.95752348.85744

4_7585.29745328.46484496.61453

8_11857.73783520.29007710.98948

12_141584.3204880.45761210.2034

15 mais3239.83741773.75522452.9369

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total871.27675618.59216770.79904

. tab granest2 sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabp0 & g

> ridade>0), sum (rtrabp) nost nofreq noobs

Means of rend mensal do trab princ para pessoas de 10 anos ou mais

grupo anosdummy sexo

de estudo(feminino)

2 gruposmasculinofemininoTotal

-----------+----------------------+----------

0_8536.09129323.63925466.18389

9 mais1381.3979858.291981130.9662

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total871.27675618.59216770.79904

.

.

. *grupamento ocupacional e sexo

. tab v4810 sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabp0 & grid

> ade>0), col

+-------------------+

Key

-------------------

frequency

column percentage

+-------------------+

grupamento

s

ocupaciona

is do trab

princ da

semana ref

para

pessoas dedummy sexo (feminino)

10 anos oumasculinofemininoTotal

-----------+----------------------+----------

12,798,9251,500,4284,299,353

6.114.965.65

-----------+----------------------+----------

22,074,8043,061,7495,136,553

4.5310.126.76

-----------+----------------------+----------

33,261,4892,818,1156,079,604

7.139.318

-----------+----------------------+----------

42,832,7924,040,6766,873,468

6.1913.359.04

-----------+----------------------+----------

55,622,19410,836,64816,458,842

12.2835.8121.65

-----------+----------------------+----------

63,997,1163,747,0737,744,189

8.7312.3810.19

-----------+----------------------+----------

78,524,9301,046,7759,571,705

18.623.4612.59

-----------+----------------------+----------

816,059,5633,163,30019,222,863

35.0910.4525.28

-----------+----------------------+----------

9587,67331,120618,793

1.280.10.81

-----------+----------------------+----------

1012,33512,21824,553

0.030.040.03

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total45,771,82130,258,10276,029,923

100100100

. tab v4810 sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabp0 & grid

> ade>0), row

+----------------+

Key

----------------

frequency

row percentage

+----------------+

grupamento

s

ocupaciona

is do trab

princ da

semana ref

para

pessoas dedummy sexo (feminino)

10 anos oumasculinofemininoTotal

-----------+----------------------+----------

12,798,9251,500,4284,299,353

65.134.9100

-----------+----------------------+----------

22,074,8043,061,7495,136,553

40.3959.61100

-----------+----------------------+----------

33,261,4892,818,1156,079,604

53.6546.35100

-----------+----------------------+----------

42,832,7924,040,6766,873,468

41.2158.79100

-----------+----------------------+----------

55,622,19410,836,64816,458,842

34.1665.84100

-----------+----------------------+----------

63,997,1163,747,0737,744,189

51.6148.39100

-----------+----------------------+----------

78,524,9301,046,7759,571,705

89.0610.94100

-----------+----------------------+----------

816,059,5633,163,30019,222,863

83.5416.46100

-----------+----------------------+----------

9587,67331,120618,793

94.975.03100

-----------+----------------------+----------

1012,33512,21824,553

50.2449.76100

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total45,771,82130,258,10276,029,923

60.239.8100

. tab v4810 sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabp0 & grid

> ade>0), sum (rtrabp) nost nofreq noobs

Means of rend mensal do trab princ para pessoas de 10 anos ou mais

grupamento

s

ocupaciona

is do trab

princ da

semana ref

paradummy sexo

pessoas de(feminino)

10 anos oumasculinofemininoTotal

-----------+----------------------+----------

12610.73171854.80052346.9199

22621.17391453.01921924.871

31300.4956782.938481060.5893

4800.009647.87426710.57421

5500.15667322.91343383.45815

6671.61675426.24264552.89099

7456.09465266.41748435.35129

8644.01931373.78653599.55001

91377.01741521.89931384.3037

101140.2432572.37396857.66159

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total869.62082616.963769.06901

.

.

tab v4810 sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabp0 & gridade>0)

> , col nofreq

grupamento |

s |

ocupaciona |

is do trab |

princ da |

semana ref |

para |

pessoas de | dummy sexo (feminino)

10 anos ou |masculinofeminino|Total

-----------+----------------------+----------

1 |0.06110.0496|0.0565

2 |0.04530.1012|0.0676

3 |0.07130.0931|0.08

4 |0.06190.1335|0.0904

5 |0.12280.3581|0.2165

6 |0.08730.1238|0.1019

7 |0.18620.0346|0.1259

8 |0.35090.1045|0.2528

9 |0.01280.001|0.0081

10 |0.00030.0004|0.0003

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total |11|1

tab cor sexo [fweight = pesopes] if (rtrabp0 & gridade>0) , c

> ol nofreq

100

dummy cor | dummy sexo (feminino)

(branca)|masculinofeminino|Total

-----------+----------------------+----------

no-branca|0.49080.4525|0.4756

branca|0.50920.5475|0.5244

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total|100100|100

. tab granest2 sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabp0 & gridade>0), c

> ol nofreq

grupo anos |

de estudo | dummy sexo (feminino)

2 grupos |masculinofeminino|Total

-----------+----------------------+----------100

0_8 |0.60350.4483|0.5418

9 mais |0.39650.5517|0.4582

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total |100100|100

tab v9906 sexo [fweight=pesop] if v9906==5121 &(rtrabp0 & gridade>0), sum (rtrabp) nost nofreq noobs

>

Means of rend mensal do trab princ para pessoas de 10 anos ou mais

cod ocup |

trab princ | dummy sexo

semana de | (feminino)

ref|masculinofeminino|Total

-----------+----------------------+----------

5121|318.16834265.24097|268.51695

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total|318.16834265.24097|268.51695

. tab v4706 sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabp0 & gridade>0), s

> um (rtrabp) nost nofreq noobs

Means of rend mensal do trab princ para pessoas de 10 anos ou mais

posicao na |

ocup no |

trab princ |

da semana |

ref para |

pessoas de | dummy sexo

10 anos ou | (feminino)

mais|masculinofemininoTotal

-----------+--------------------------------

1|891.98135723.1028831.72101

2|1274.80782372.94811299.9469

3|1658.6761109.37251332.8546

4|473.32503457.31829468.38568

6|470.3556389.753398.12071

7|281.22166223.59915226.70316

9|687.68585457.28967614.58625

10|2583.66912007.84762433.0139

-----------+--------------------------------

Total|869.62082616.963769.06901

tab v4706 sexo [fweight=pesop] if v4706==06 | v4706==7 & (rtrabp trabp>0 & gridade>0), col

+-------------------+

| Key |

|-------------------|

| frequency |

| column percentage |

+-------------------+

posicao na |

ocup no |

trab princ |

da semana |

ref para |

pessoas de |

10 anos ou | dummy sexo (feminino)

mais|masculinofemininoTotal100

-----------+--------------------------------

6|181,8311,565,0251,746,856

|0.41030.25420.2647358.823315582265.83545867

-----------+--------------------------------

7|261,3794,590,8334,852,212

|0.58970.74580.7353

-----------+--------------------------------

Total|443,2106,155,8586,599,068

|100100100

. tab v4706 sexo [fweight=pesop] if (v4706==06 | v4706==7) & (rtrabp rtrabp>0 & gridade>0), sum (rtrabp) nost nofreq noobs

Means of rend mensal do trab princ para pessoas de 10 anos ou mais

posicao na |

ocup no |

trab princ |

da semana |

ref para |

pessoas de | dummy sexo

10 anos ou | (feminino)

mais|masculinofemininoTotal

-----------+--------------------------------

6|470.3556389.753398.12071

7|281.22166223.59915226.70316

-----------+--------------------------------

Total|358.38664265.63911271.85544

tab v4810 sexo [fweight=pesop] if v4810==1 &(rtrabp

> 0 & gridade>0), sum (rtrabp)

Means, Standard Deviations, Frequencies and Number of Observations

of rend mensal do trab princ para pessoas de 10 anos ou mais

grupamento |

s |

ocupaciona |

is do trab |

princ da |

semana ref |

para | dummy sexo

pessoas de | (feminino)

10 anos ou | masculino feminino | Total

-----------+----------------------+----------

1 | 2610,7317 1854,8005 | 2346,9199

| 3840,6646 2674,686 | 3497,0476

| 2798925 1500428 | 4299353

| 2798925 1500428 | 4299353

-----------+----------------------+----------

Total | 2610,7317 1854,8005 | 2346,9199

| 3840,6646 2674,686 | 3497,0476

| 2798925 1500428 | 4299353

| 2798925 1500428 | 4299353

tab gridade sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabpPop eq noobs

Means of renda mdia trabprinc pop total

grupo | dummy sexo

idade | (feminino)

quinquenal | masculino feminino | Total

-----------+----------------------+----------

0-10000

10_143.88897721.88938922.9114275VERIFICAR SE A RENDA MDIA TEM COMO DENOMINADOR A POP TOTAL DE CADA IDADE

15_19108.5513561.19074885.113722OU SE A POP TOTAL , OU SEJA A DISTRIBUIO DA RENDA TOTAL POR GRUPOS ETRIOS

20_24367.92978211.07345289.53724

25-29606.36496319.5945458.89948

30-34766.0166368.10812561.11079

35-39872.57616413.59409630.75005

40-44989.19567421.86794693.95113

45-491032.4017420.42512707.63666

50-54969.98978343.07571638.27028

55-59832.34358227.77234510.84059

60-64551.34403143.44676331.15113

65-69305.1023455.272617167.75058

70-74214.2084123.073919105.21265

75-79166.7309852.799033100.86684

80+91.0985974.699747237.783634

-------------------------------------------

Total445.91228198.15454318.69338

.

end of do-file

label var rtrabtotalPop "renda mdia todos os trabalhos poptotal"

. tab gridade sexo [fweight=pesop] if (rtrabtotalPop talPop) nost nofreq noobs

Means of renda mdia todos os trabalhos poptotal

grupo | dummy sexo

idade | (feminino)

quinquenal | masculino feminino | Total

-----------+----------------------+----------

0-10000|

10_143.92416511.90656622.9378103|

15_19109.492361.77436485.877171|

20_24373.37757216.10307294.75883|

25-29628.41094331.16434475.50159|

30-34798.83766385.56551585.97536|

35-39912.84502435.94415661.55507|

40-441038.7178448.12573731.17615|

45-491081.3294441.90309741.8429|

50-541018.3365357.10438668.29335|

55-59873.73881234.77936533.87382|

60-64571.15278147.10414342.14893|

65-69316.9908858.137668174.66576|

70-74225.5842623.255174110.18749|

75-79171.4393653.882604103.47972|

80+93.3570574.699747238.648445|

-------------------------------------------+

Total464.42663206.85459332.1432|

Renda do trabalho maior para mulheres brancas, que vivem na zona urbana, tm alta escolaridade, e trabalham como dirigentesFonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia CorBrancas / No Brancas= 1,8Fonte: PNAD 2005Situao de domiclioUrbano /Rural= 2,2Escolaridade9+ anos / 0-8 anos= 2,5OcupaoDirigentes / Servios Domsticos = 7,0Homens / Mulheres= 1,4

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Os Efeitos na Previdncia Social: Diferenciais dos Benefcios por Sexo Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

H uma grande proporo de mulheres beneficirias. S a partir dos 60 anos de idade que a proporo de homens cobertos torna-se mais elevada do que a de mulheresFonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: PNAD 2005Idade

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Entretanto, a maior parte dos benefcios das mulheres no tem claro vnculo contributivoFonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: MPAS 2005

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Como tm menor poder de contribuio e dependem da sua idade ou da morte do cnjuge para obter o benefcio, as mulheres recebem um benefcio mdio menor Fonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia* No h valores por sexoFonte: MPAS 2005

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Assim, a previdncia social ameniza muito pouco a desigualdade de rendimentos por sexo gerada no mercado de trabalho Fonte: Pnad 1985, 1995 e 2005 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: PNAD 2005

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Por outro lado, como os homens idosos compem famlias mais numerosas e com maior nmero de dependentes, a distribuio da renda familiar per-capita de idosos homens e mulheres similar Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

As mulheres participam menos do que os homens do mercado de trabalho e seus rendimentos so sensivelmente inferiores.

A previdncia social reproduz essas diferenas, pagando benefcios maiores aos homens.

A redistribuio das rendas no interior das famlias tende a compensar as mulheres, j que os homens idosos formam famlias com um maior nmero de dependentes.

Vale notar que o benefcio previdencirio faz com que as famlias com idosos estejam entre os estratos menos pobres da distribuio da renda no Brasil. Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaResumo da estria:

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

A questo principal sobre gnero e reforma da previdncia(a ser discutida pela sociedade):

Em que medida e com base em quais critrios a Previdncia Social deve compensar as relaes de gnero na diviso social do trabalho que refletem-se nas diferentes capacidades contributivas de homens e mulheres? Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Questes pertinentes a este debate

Os diferenciais de gnero podem ser vistos sob a tica do ciclo de vida ou da equidade nos perodos

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Questes pertinentes a este debate

Ciclo de vida O argumento de que as mulheres so beneficiadas pela previdncia social, baseia-se na noo atuarial de ciclo de vida.De fato, no h justia atuarial entre gneros. Mulheres, em mdia, contribuem menos e vivem mais e portanto sua taxa de retorno maior do que a dos homens.No ciclo de vida, os homens transferem recursos para as mulheres.

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Questes pertinentes a este debate

Perodo O bem-estar dos indivduos usualmente medido em cada perodo, e o que relevante para os diferenciais de perodo so os valores correntes dos benefcios de homens e mulheres.Na perspectiva de perodo, a previdncia reproduz o quadro de desigualdades gerado no mercado de trabalho.

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Questes pertinentes a este debate

Esperana de Vida: devemos considerar, no fator previdencirio e na definio da idade mnima da aposentadoria, que as mulheres vivem mais? De que forma?

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Questes pertinentes a este debate:

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaEsperana de vida Segundo o IBGE, a vantagem feminina, medida pela esperana de vida ao nascer, aumentou de 6,4 anos em 1980 para 7,8 anos em 2001A vantagem feminina resultado da combinao de fatores biolgicos (estrognio/progesterona vs. testosterona) e fatores sociais (ocupao, comportamentos de risco)

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Questes pertinentes a este debate:

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaEsperana de vida A vantagem feminina est sendo reduzida em vrios pases desenvolvidos, induzida por mudanas em comportamentos de risco das mulheres; principalmente o aumento do consumo de tabaco.O Brasil caracterizado por baixa qualidade dos dados, ausncia de estimativas histricas e escassez de informaes sobre determinantes da mortalidade Qual ser o comportamento futuro de diferenciais de mortalidade por sexo no Brasil?

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Questes pertinentes a este debate:

Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaEsperana de vida Nas idades avanadas, mulheres vivem mais do que homens, mas com maiores taxas de morbidade Proporo de anos vividos com incapacidade funcional maior entre mulheres (Machado et al. 2005): 26% vs. 17% Morbidade reduz relativamente mais a capacidade de trabalhar das idosas do que a de idosos Devemos considerar, alm da esperana de vida, diferenas nas condies de sade entre homens e mulheres?

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Questes pertinentes a este debate Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaEsperana de vida As regras da previdncia nos outros pases refletem objetivamente as diferenas na longevidade?

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

De uma maneira geral, no h correlao entre as regras de aposentadoria por idade e as diferenas na longevidade de homens e mulheres Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e PrevidnciaFonte: OMS e SSA, 2007

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Grf3

0

5

0

0

0

5

5

0

0

0

0

2.5

0

0

2.5

5

0

1

0

1.5

5

0

5

0

5

3.5

0

0

5.25

0

0

2.67

0

5

5

5

5

5

5

0

4

0

2

0

5

0

2.83

0

1

0

4.5

0

0

5

0

0

5

0

0

5

5

0

5

0

0

0

0

0

5

0

5

5

0

5

0

0

0

2

5

1

0

5

0

0

0

0

0

5

0

0

0

5

0

5

2

0

0

0

5

5

5

5

5

Diferena na esperana de vida ao nascer (M-H)

Diferena na idade aposentadoria (H-M)

Plan1

Esperanca de Vida

GENDER GAP INDEX: Economic Participation and opportunityao nasceraos 60 anosidade de aposentadoria

CountryScoreMHdiferencaMHdiferencaMHdiferencanotas

Tanzania0.808780.870049.147.51.615.513.52.060.060.00.0Early pension: From age55 with at least 180months of contributions.

Moldova0.760476.040071.063.77.317.013.83.257.062.05.0Age54 with 30years of insurance coverage, including at least 10years in hazardous or arduous conditions (men) or age49 with 30years of insurance coverage, including at least 7years and 6months in hazardous or arduous conditions (women).Age54 with 30years of insurance coverage for women who have given birth and reared five or more children.Civil servants who satisfy the coverage qualifying period (30years of insurance coverage, but including at least 15years as a civil servant) may receive the pension 5years before the normal retirement age (age57 for men and age52 for women).

United States0.758775.870080.175.15.023.620.53.165.065.00.0Early pension: A reduced pension is payable from age62.

Philippines0.757375.730071.664.96.718.816.12.760.060.00.0Old-age pension: Age60 with at least 120months of contributions before the 6-month period (JanuaryJune or JulyDecember) in which the pension is first paid. Employment or self-employment must cease. Age65, regardless of employment, with 120months ofAge55 for mine workers who worked underground for at least 5years and who are involuntarily unemployed or have ceased self-employment.The pension is suspended if an old-age pensioner resumes employment or self-employment before age65. There is no employment test after age65.

Ghana**0.753575.350057.753.64.116.514.61.960.060.00.0Old-age pension: Age60 (ages55 to 59 for underground mine workers, steel mill workers, and employees working in other types of hazardous employment) with at least 240months of contributions.Early pension: A reduced pension is payable from ages55 to 59.

Uzbekistan**0.740274.020069.063.35.717.515.22.355.060.05.0

Jamaica0.737773.770074.470.04.420.017.92.160.065.05.0

Finland0.734173.410082.175.36.824.820.34.565.065.00.0Early pension (universal): Aged62 to 64. The pension is reduced.

Sweden0.731373.130082.778.44.324.921.53.465.065.00.0Early pension: A reduced pension may be paid between ages61 and 64.Deferred pension: The pension may be deferred until age70.

Canada0.729672.960082.677.84.825.221.53.765.065.00.0Low-income supplement (income-tested): Age65, receiving the old-age pension, and low annual income. Income is based on individual income or family income if the pensioner has a spouse or common-law (same sex or opposite sex) partner.Low-income allowance (income-tested): Aged60 to 64, with 10years of residence in Canada after age18, and the claimant's spouse or common-law partner (same sex or opposite sex) is entitled to the old-age pension and the low-income supplement. At age65,Earnings-related retirement pension (Canada Pension Plan/Quebec Pension Plan): Age60 with at least 1 valid contribution. If the pension is awarded before age65, the insured must have fully or substantially ceased employment. If the pension is awarded atEarly pension: A reduced pension is payable from age60.

Norway0.728672.860082.277.15.124.720.74.067.067.00.0Universal old-age pension: Age67 with 3years' residence between ages16 and 66.Earnings test: If the insured continues to work at age67, an earnings test is applied to the old-age pension until the insured ceases to work or reaches age70. The value of the pension is reduced by 40% of the wages exceeding twice the base amount. The

Australia0.725972.590083.278.34.925.622.03.662.565.02.5women, as of July1, 2000, and rising gradually to age65 by July1, 2013

Thailand0.722172.210073.367.55.820.719.11.655.055.00.0

New Zealand0.713971.390081.977.44.524.721.43.365.065.00.0

Lithuania0.713371.330077.766.311.421.916.25.760.062.52.5Early pension: Retirement is possible up to 5years before the normal retirement age for persons with at least 30years of contributions and for persons registered as unemployed for the last 12months and not receiving other benefits.Deferred pension: If the insured has 30years of contributions at the normal retirement age, the pension may be deferred for at least 1year and up to 5years.

Kazakhstan0.713371.330066.655.710.916.811.85.058.063.05.0Mandatory individual account: Age63 (men) or age58 (women) with at least 35years of contributions. Age50 (men) or age45 (women) and lived in ecologically damaged zones or in zones with a maximum radiation risk for at least 10years between August29,Early pension: Age55 (men and women) if the accumulated capital is sufficient to finance a benefit at least equal to the minimum pension. Also paid if unemployed, aged55 or older, and with at least 35years of contributions.Old-age solidarity pension: Age63 with 25years of contributions (men) or age58 with 20years of contributions (women). Age50 with 25years of contributions (men) or age45 with 20years of contributions (women) and lived in ecologically damaged zones

Iceland0.710771.070082.678.73.924.821.73.167.067.00.0Age60 for some categories of seamen, subject to conditions.Mandatory occupational pension: Age67 for private-sector employees or age65 for public-sector employees.Early pension: Normally from age65.

Switzerland0.709170.910083.378.35.025.621.83.864.065.01.0

Denmark0.708170.810079.975.44.522.719.53.265.065.00.0

Latvia0.705170.510076.366.010.321.015.45.660.562.01.5Early pension: Age60 (men) or age58 (women) with 30years of insurance coverage. The early pension is a transitional benefit in force until June1, 2008.

Russian Federation0.696369.630071.758.713.018.615.43.255.060.05.0Unemployed workers aged58 or 59 (men) or aged53 or 54 (women) with no possibility of finding work, subject to the approval of the Employment Agency.Age50 with 20years of work (men) or age45 with 15years of work (women), including 10years (men) or 7.5years (women) working in an unhealthy environment, underground, or in hot workshops.Age55 with 25years of work (men) or age50 with 20years of work (women), including 12.5years (men) or 10years (women) in an unhealthy working environment, in geological work, in the railway service, as a driver in a mine, as a dock worker, as a sailo

Botswana0.692669.260039.739.70.017.314.62.765.065.00.0

Ukraine0.690969.090073.261.911.319.014.24.855.060.05.0Partial pension: Payable if the insured has less than 25years (men) or 20years (women) of covered employment.The pension is paid to unemployed older workers between ages 58and 6months and 60 for men or ages53 and 6months and 55 for women who meet the requirements for covered employment and who were working for an enterprise that was liquidated or reorganizedEarly pension: Payable from age55 with at least 30years of contributions.

Gambia**0.687668.760059.255.24.016.414.51.955.055.00.0Early pension (pension scheme): From age45 with at least 10years of contributions; if the insured retires before age45 with at least 5years of contributions, the pension is withheld until age45 (except in cases when the insured is laid-off).Old-age settlement (pension scheme): Payable with a minimum of 5years but less than 10years of contributions.Old-age benefit (provident fund): Age55; voluntary retirement from age45 with at least 5years of contributions and after 2years of unemployment. Benefits are payable to women who leave employment to marry.Deferred retirement (provident fund): If agreed by the Social Security and Housing Finance Corporation and the employer, contributions can be paid to age60.

Kyrgys Republic0.686568.650067.559.48.116.813.23.657.062.05.0The retirement age will be gradually increased to age63 (men) and age58 (women) by 2007.

Estonia0.682468.240077.666.611.021.715.66.159.563.03.5Early pension: Retirement is possible up to 3years before the normal retirement age with 15years of service (men or women).

Uganda*0.677367.730051.048.03.016.014.02.055.055.00.0Old-age benefit: Age55; age50 if retired from full-time employment.

Cambodia0.675467.540057.750.67.116.114.12.055.055.00.0Old-age benefit: Age55; age50 if retired from full-time employment.

Romania0.672567.250075.568.27.320.216.53.757.863.05.3Age63 with at least 11years of contributions (men) and age57 and 9months with at least 10years and 9months of contributions (women). The full pension is paid with 31years of contributions (men) and 25years and 9months of contributions (women).Early pension: Payable from up to 5years before the normal retirement age if the insured's paid contribution record exceeds the number of contributions required for the full pension by at least 10years.

Germany0.669466.940081.976.35.624.320.43.965.065.00.0Age60 with an assessed degree of disability of at least 50% and a minimum of 35years of coverage; age60 with 15years of contributions and unemployed for at least 52weeks after age58 and 6months; age60 with 15years of contributions for employees iEarly pension: Retirement is possible from age63 with 35years of coverage, subject to conditions.

Portugal0.669166.910080.974.26.723.619.54.165.065.00.0Age50 for miners; age55 for longshoremen, fishermen, and merchant seamen; age55 for air traffic controllers; age55 for dancers or age45 with a reduced pension; and age60 for aircraft flight crew.The pension is paid to unemployed persons at age60 if the unemployment benefit is exhausted, at age58 (under a special scheme), or at age55 with a reduced pension.

Slovenia0.666866.680080.972.98.023.518.15.455.358.02.7Men: Age58 with 40years of contributions; age63 with 20years of contributions; or age65 with 15years of contributions.Women: Age55 and 4months (age55 and 8months in 2007) with 36years and 3months of contributions (36years and 6months in 2007); age60 and 4months (age60 and 8months in 2007) with 20years of contributions; or age62 and 4months (age62 and 8moAge58 with 35 of insurance coverage (men) or age53 with 30years of insurance coverage (women), subject to conditions.The full pensionable age in 2006 is age61 and 6months (men) or age55 and 4months (women). The full pensionable age will increase gradually to age63 (men) in 2009 and to age61 (women) in 2023, with the contribution period increasing to 40years and 3

Mali*0.665566.550046.944.12.815.013.31.758.058.00.0Old-age pension: Age58 (age53 if prematurely aged) with 13years of contributions; age60 with 15years of contributions if voluntarily insured. Retirement from all gainful activity is necessary.Early pension: Age53 with 13years of contributions; age55 with 15years of contributions if voluntarily insured. Retirement from all gainful activity is necessary.

United Kingdom0.664366.430080.976.44.523.620.33.360.065.05.0Basic state retirement pension (flat-rate): Age65 (men) or age60 (women, rising gradually to age65 from 2010 to 2020) with contributions paid or credited for 90% of the years in the working life (generally 44years for men or 39years for women).

Albania**0.661366.130074.568.85.719.315.63.760.065.05.0Age50 with 30years of contributions for a mother with six or more children older than age8.

Colombia0.660566.050077.268.29.022.119.13.055.060.05.0Note: Insured persons who were aged40 (men) or aged35 (women) and workers with 15years of contributions when the mandatory individual account system was implemented receive social insurance benefits.Special pension: Aged50 to 55 with 1,050weeks of contributions for certain hazardous forms of employment, according to specified qualifying conditions.Guaranteed minimum pension: Age62 (men) or age57 (women) with 1,150weeks of contributions and the pension (based on the value of the accumulated capital plus accrued interest) is less than the minimum pension set by law.

Georgia0.656565.650077.269.77.522.318.63.760.065.05.0

Croatia0.650765.070078.871.96.921.517.24.359.064.05.0Social insurance: Age64 with 16years of insurance coverage (men) or age59 with 16years of insurance coverage (women). Age59 with 40years of coverage (men) or age54 with 35years of insurance coverage (women).Early pension: Age59 with 35years of insurance coverage (men) or age54 with 30years of insurance coverage (women); the early retirement age will increase by 6months each year until it reaches age60 (men) or age55 (women) in 2008.

Panama0.647264.720078.373.44.923.320.82.557.062.05.0

Singapore0.645964.590081.877.44.424.020.83.255.055.00.0

Israel0.641064.100082.277.94.324.521.62.966.070.04.0Social insurance: The retirement age for the earnings-tested pension is age66 (men) or age61 (women); the pensionable age (absolute age for receiving the pension, without an earnings test) is age70 (men) or age66 (women).The retirement age for the earnings-tested pension is rising gradually to age67 (men) or age62 (women), and the pensionable age (absolute age for receiving the pension, without an earnings test) is rising gradually to age70 (men and women).Reduced pension: The pension is reduced until age70 (men) or age65 (women) if income from work exceeds between 57% and 76% of the national average wage (according to the number of dependents). The national average wage is NS7,383 (July2006).

Ireland0.640464.040080.575.45.123.119.43.765.065.00.0Retirement pension: Age65 with social insurance coverage beginning before age55. The insured must have at least 260weeks of paid contributions, with an annual average of at least 24weeks of paid or credited contributions (beginning as of 1953 or the dOld-age contributory pension: Age66 with social insurance coverage beginning before age56. To qualify for the maximum pension, the insured must have at least 260weeks of paid contributions, with an annual average of at least 48weeks of paid or crediteOld-age noncontributory pension (means-tested): Payable to residents aged66 or older with limited means.

Hungary0.640264.020076.968.78.220.916.04.960.062.02.0Old-age pension (social insurance): Age62 with 20years of service for men. Age60 (rising to age61 by 2007 and age62 by 2009) with 20years of service for women.Partial pension: Age62 with at least 15years of service (men and women).Age60 for insured persons who worked in arduous or unhealthy activities for at least 10years (men) or at least 8years (women); the retirement age is reduced by 1 additional year for each additional 5-year period (men) or 4-year period (women) of arduouOld-age pension (individual account): Age62 (men and women).

Burkina Faso0.638763.870048.446.81.615.213.61.60.0Old-age pension: Age56 (blue-collar workers), age58 (white-collar workers), age60 (managers), or age63 (doctors and teachers in private higher education), with 180months of insurance coverage. The pension is payable from age50 if prematurely aged. RFor a transitional period until 2009, the old-age pension is payable from age55.

Poland0.635263.520079.070.88.222.217.25.060.065.05.0

Netherlands0.635163.510081.576.94.624.120.23.965.065.00.0Partial pension: A reduced pension is paid if the qualifying conditions are not met in full (no reduction is made for the pre-1957 period if the insured is a Dutch citizen residing in the Netherlands with 6years of residence after age59).

Czech Republic0.627062.700079.272.66.621.817.64.258.6761.502.83Old-age pension: Age61 and 6months with 25years of insurance for men. Age55 and 8months to age59 and 8months with 25years of insurance for women, according to the number of children reared.Age65 (men and women) with 15years of insurance.The retirement age is to be gradually increased by 2months for men and 4months for women each year until it reaches age63 for men (2015) and women without children (2028) and from ages59 to 62 for women with children.Early pension: Retirement is possible up to 3years before the normal retirement age. All employment must cease.

China0.620662.060073.670.43.219.717.42.360.060.00.0Age60 (men); age60 (professional women), age55 (nonprofessional salaried women), or age50 (other categories of women). The insured must have a minimum of 15years of coverage.Age55 (men) or age45 (women) with at least 15years of coverage, if employed in arduous or unhealthy work.Early pension: Age50 (men) or age45 (women) with 10years of coverage and if totally disabled.

Belgium0.619961.990081.475.55.921.419.91.564.065.01.0Early pension: Age60 with 35years of covered employment (men and women).

Benin*0.617561.750053.252.21.015.714.21.555.055.00.0

Bulgaria0.613261.320076.169.07.120.216.24.058.563.04.5Social insurance: Age63 (men) or age58 and 6months (women). The insured's age plus the length of the insured's insurance coverage period must be equal to at least 100points for men and 92points for women (individuals are awarded one point for each yeIf the insured has an insufficient number of points, a pension is payable with 15years of insurance coverage (including 12years of actual service) at age65 (men and women).Mandatory individual account: Age63 (men) or age58 and 6months (women). The retirement age for women is increasing gradually by 6months each year up to age60 in 2009.

Nigeria**0.611661.160045.745.30.415.113.51.650.050.00.0Old-age pension: Age50 or older; employees in certain categories of employment may retire before age50. Employment must cease.

Uruguay0.610861.080079.371.38.023.417.95.560.060.00.0

Lesotho**0.606960.690043.538.94.618.315.62.7N/AN/AN/A

Brazil0.604460.440073.667.06.620.217.62.660.065.05.0Age pension (social insurance): Age65 (men) or age60 (women) for employees and the urban self-employed; age60 (men) or age55 (women) for the rural self-employed.Contributory pension (social insurance): The insured must have at least 35years of contributions (men) or 30years of contributions (women). For arduous employment, the coverage period is between 15years and 25years.Proportional pension (social insurance): Age53 with 30years of contributions (men) or age45 with 25years of contributions (women); for persons first insured before December16, 1998, the insured must also contribute 40% of the difference between the r

Zambia0.602360.230040.340.10.215.413.42.055.055.00.0Early pension: From age50 with at least 180 paid contributions and if the resulting reduced pension is at least equal to the minimum pension. Retirement from regular employment is necessary.

Chad*0.601160.110048.144.93.215.313.51.855.055.00.0Old-age pension: Age55 (age50 if prematurely aged), registered with the National Social Insurance Fund for at least 15years, and with 180months of insurance coverage or with 60months of contributions in the last 10years. Retirement from gainful empl

Venezuela0.599959.990077.671.85.822.720.62.155.060.05.0

Indonesia0.598259.820068.365.52.817.615.71.955.055.00.0

Malaysia0.592459.240074.269.34.918.416.51.955.055.00.0

Greece0.585558.550081.776.75.023.820.92.960.065.05.0Old-age pension: Age65 (men) or age60 (women) with 4,500days of contributions. Age62 (men) or age57 (women) with 10,000days of contributions. Age58 (men and women) with 10,500days of contributions. The full pension is also payable at any age to inAge60 (men) or age55 (women) with 4,500days of contributions of which at least 3,600days were in arduous or unhealthy employment, including at least 1,000days in the last 10years. Age58 (men) or age53 (women) with 4,500days of contributions of whEarly pension: Must be first insured before January1, 1993. Age60 (men) or age55 (women) with 4,500days of contributions, including 100days' work in the last 5years; age60 (men) or age55 (women) with 10,000days of contributions, including 100day

Madagascar*0.577657.760058.855.53.316.414.51.955.060.05.0Old-age pension: Age60 (men) or age55 (women) with 15years of insurance coverage (unless working before 1969) including 28quarters of contributions in the last 10calendar years (some periods of prior service are credited). The pensionable age is reduPartial pension: A proportionally reduced pension is payable if the insured has less than 28quarters of contributions in the last 10calendar years but has at least 100quarters (men) or 80quarters (women) of coverage during the full working career.If the insured has insufficient quarters of contributions, he or she can continue working up to 5years after the legal retirement age in order to meet the contribution conditions.

Kuwait**0.577357.730078.376.32.021.019.91.150.050.00.0Age40 with 15years of contributions for married women and women with children. (The pensionable age will increase gradually to age50 by 2020.)Early pension: Ages46 to 49 with 20years of contributions for men or unmarried women with no children. (The minimum age is to increase gradually to age55 (men) or age50 (women) by 2017.)At any age with 20years of contributions for those in arduous work.

El Salvador0.570157.010074.067.86.220.918.82.155.060.05.0

Ethiopia0.568356.830051.448.72.715.713.91.860.060.00.0Early pension: Age55 with at least 25years of contributions (civilian personnel); aged45 to 54 (depending on rank) with at least 10years of contributions (military personnel).

Cyprus0.561856.180081.576.74.823.720.33.465.065.00.0Early pension: Age63 if the weekly average of paid and credited earnings is at least equal to 70% of weekly basic insurable earnings. (Miners aged58 or older with a minimum of 5years of employment may receive a pension 1month earlier for every 5monthOld-age pension (social insurance): Age65 (age63 for miners) with at least 3years of contributions, covered earnings at least equal to 156times the weekly basic insurable earnings, and weekly average earnings (paid and credited) since 1964 or since ag

Luxembourg*0.560256.020081.275.85.423.820.23.665.065.00.0Early pension: Age60 with 480months of paid or deemed coverage, including at least 120months of mandatory coverage; age57 with 480months of paid coverage. Retirement is necessary.

Bolivia0.559455.940066.362.93.417.515.52.065.065.00.0The sole qualifying condition for armed forces personnel is 35years of continuous service.

Dominican Republic0.559055.900070.263.96.318.015.03.060.060.00.0Old-age pension (mandatory individual account): Age60 with at least 30years of contributions; age55 if the individual account balance is sufficient to finance a pension equal to the minimum pension.Early pension: Aged57 or older, unemployed, and with at least 300months of contributions; with less than 300months, the insured can receive a pension based on the accumulated funds or continue contributing until reaching 300months.Old-age pension (subsidized mandatory individual account): Age65 with at least 25years of contributions.

South Africa0.555755.570049.246.92.316.313.62.760.065.05.0

Paraguay0.554255.420074.269.84.420.217.32.960.060.00.0Early pension: Age55 (men and women) with 30years of contributions.

Austria0.552655.260082.276.45.824.620.73.960.065.05.0Early pension: Age62 and 3months (men) or age57 and 3months (women) with between 420months and 450months of insurance coverage and with monthly earnings no greater than 333.16, subject to conditions. The early pensionable age is increasing graduallEarly pension for workers in physically demanding jobs (beginning January1, 2007): Age60 with 45years of insurance coverage, of which at least 120months are based on employment in physically demanding jobs in the last 240months and with monthly earniEarly pension for the long-term insured: The pensionable age varies according to the year of birth: from age60 (men born before July1, 1950) to age64 (men born in 1954) with 45years of contributions or from age55 (women born before July1, 1955) to aCorridor pension (new early old-age pension): Age62 (men and women) with 450months of insurance coverage and with monthly earnings (including the pension) no greater than 333.16, subject to conditions. (The corridor pension for women will come into eff

Argentina0.551355.130078.470.87.623.017.65.460.065.05.0Early pension (social insurance): Age60 (men) or age55 (women) with at least 30years of contributions and service and unemployed since November30, 2004. Persons receiving the early pension must cease all gainful activity. (No new claims for an early p

Japan0.545354.530085.678.86.827.822.35.565.065.00.0Early pension: An early pension is payable between ages60 and 64. There is no requirement to cease employment, and the pension is not earnings tested.

Sri Lanka0.544754.470075.167.87.319.915.94.050.055.05.0

Spain0.539153.910083.576.76.825.620.94.765.065.00.0Early pension for unemployed persons: Age61 with 30years of contributions. The insured must be involuntarily unemployed and registered as a job seeker for at least 6months before applying for the pension. The pension is paid at a reduced rate.Partial pension: Age60 with 15years of contributions, including 2years of contributions in the last 15years, with working time reduced to between 25% and 85% of full working time. The hours of reduced working time must be filled by a person registered

Peru0.530553.050073.169.14.020.017.72.365.065.00.0Old-age pension: Men born up to December18, 1932, and women born up to December18, 1937, with 15years and 13years of contributions, respectively. Men and women born after these respective dates with at least 20years of contributions and aged65.Early pension: Age55 with 30years of contributions (men) or age50 with 25years of contributions (women).

France0.524752.470083.376.17.226.021.05.060.060.00.0

Costa Rica0.522352.230079.675.34.323.120.82.359.861.82.0Old-age pension (social insurance): Age61 and 11months with 462months of contributions (men) or age59 and 11months (women) with 450months of contributions.Age62 with 456 monthly contributions (men) or age60 with 450 monthly contributions (women) for insured persons younger than age44 on November1, 2005.Deferred pension: A deferred pension is possible. The total number of required contributions decreases the longer the pension is deferred, down to 300 monthly contributions at age65 for insured persons younger than age44 on November1, 2005.Old-age pension (mandatory individual account): Age61 and 11months (men) or age59 and 11months (women). The insured must also submit proof of eligibility for benefits under the social insurance program.Age62 (men) or age60 (women) for insured persons younger than age44 on November1, 2005.

Chile0.513851.380080.674.06.623.619.04.660.065.05.0If aged55 or older (men) or aged50 or older (women) on August19, 2004, retirement before the normal retirement age is possible for insured persons with a pension equal to at least 50% of the insured's average wage in the last 10years and at least equaIf younger than age55 (men) or age50 (women) on August19, 2004, retirement before the normal retirement age is possible for insured persons with a pension equal to 55% of the insured's average wage in the last 10years (rising to 70% by August19, 2010Guaranteed minimum pension: Age65 (men) or age60 (women) with 20years of contributions if the sum of the insured's pensions, income, and taxable earnings is less than the minimum pension.

Malta0.509950.990081.276.44.823.219.63.660.061.01.0

Ecuador0.499449.940075.269.85.422.019.92.155.055.00.0Old-age pension: Age55 with at least 360months of contributions if born before November30, 1946, or age65 with at least 180months of contributions. (To be phased in gradually beginning February2006, age60 with at least 360months of contributions.)Early pension: Aged45 or older before November30, 2001, with at least 300months of contributions or unemployed for 6months.

Mauritania0.499249.920059.955.54.416.414.42.055.060.05.0

Cameroon0.495149.510050.949.91.015.814.01.860.060.00.0Early pension: Age50 with 20years of insurance coverage and 180months of contributions, including 60months in the last 10years.

Mauritius0.483048.300075.168.66.519.815.93.960.060.00.0Basic old-age pension (universal): Age60 with at least 12years of residence after age18 for Mauritian nationals. There is no residence requirement if aged70 or older. Noncitizens must have lived in the country for at least 15years since age40, inclu

Korea, Rep.0.480548.050080.273.36.922.918.24.760.060.00.0Old-age pension: Age60 (to be raised gradually to age65 by 2033) with at least 20years of coverage. If younger than age65, taxable monthly income or earnings from gainful activity must not exceed 1,566,567won.Reduced old-age pension: Aged60 or older with between 10 and 19years of coverage and monthly income or earnings from gainful activity not exceeding 1,566,567won. There is no retirement test if aged65 or older.Active old-age pension: Age60 with at least 10years of coverage and in gainful activity with monthly taxable income exceeding 1,566,567won.Early pension: Age55 with at least 10years of coverage and taxable monthly income or earnings from gainful activity not exceeding 1,566,567won.

Tunisia*0.480348.030074.369.84.519.817.12.760.060.00.0Old-age pension: Age60 with 120months of contributions (age50 with at least 180months of contributions if the insured is prematurely aged because of arduous work, involuntarily unemployed for 6months, or the mother of three children). Retirement fromEarly pension: From age50 with at least 360months of contributionsPartial pension: For an insured person with between 60 and 119months of contributions, the pension is proportionately reduced.

Mexico0.480148.010076.971.95.022.219.82.465.065.00.0Early pension: Aged60 to 64 (men and women), retired from covered employment, and with at least 1,250 weekly contributions; with less than 1,250 weekly contributions, a lump sum is paid.

Honduras0.477747.770070.164.95.218.516.12.460.065.05.0

Nepal*0.465446.540061.060.70.316.214.91.355.055.00.0The legal retirement age is 55years; retirement may be deferred in certain instances until age60.

Nicaragua**0.462646.260071.467.44.019.017.41.660.060.00.0Old-age pension: Age60 (age55 for persons with a certified physical or mental disability) with 750weeks of contributions. Qualifying conditions are reduced for those who joined the social insurance system after age45, with contributions required onlyAge 60years with 15years of contributions for the self-employed. Age55 for miners and teachers with 30years of service (men) or 15years of service (women).

Morocco0.461246.120073.168.64.519.517.12.460.060.00.0Old-age pension: Age60 (age55 for miners with 5 or more years of underground work) and 3,240days of insurance coverage. Retirement from employment is necessary.Early pension: An early pension is possible at age55 with 3,240days of insurance coverage if the employer agrees to pay the National Social Security Fund an amount equivalent to the value of the pension.

Algeria0.442844.280071.869.42.419.017.41.655.060.05.0Persons employed in arduous or unhealthy work can retire before the normal retirement age. The normal retirement age for insured women (age55) who have raised at least one child for at least 9years is reduced by a year for each child, up to a maximum ofPartial pension: Age50 (men) or age45 (women) with 20years (men) or 15years (women) of actual contributions.Early pension: Age50 (men) or age45 (women) with at least 20years of employment, including 10years of contributions of which 3years were immediately before employment ceased. The insured must not receive income from any professional activity. The ear

Guatemala**0.442544.250071.165.16.020.018.51.560.060.00.0

Jordan*0.442144.210073.468.84.619.416.72.755.060.05.0Early pension: A reduced old-age pension is possible from age45 with at least 18years (men) or 15years (women) of contributions.

Turkey0.434443.440073.368.74.619.516.82.758.060.02.0Aged50 or older and prematurely aged (and therefore unable to work until the full pensionable age), subject to other conditions.

Bangladesh0.423042.300062.661.90.716.515.31.257.057.00.0

Egypt0.415741.570069.665.73.917.014.82.260.060.00.0Early pension (base and variable): At any age with 240months of contributions.

India0.396739.670063.461.12.316.815.31.565.065.00.0Early pension: Age50 with a minimum of 10years' coverage

Bahrain0.382938.290074.872.72.118.016.91.155.060.05.0Early pension: Regardless of age with 20years of coverage (men) or 15years of coverage (women).

Pakistan0.368736.870063.061.51.516.915.61.355.060.05.0Early pension: A reduced pension is payable from ages55 to 59 (men) or ages50 to 54 (women).

Iran*0.358635.860072.467.74.719.216.52.760.065.05.0Old-age pension: Men and women with at least 10years of contributions; at any age (men and women) with 30years of work.Age50 (men) or age45 (women) with between 20 and 25years of work in an unhealthy working environment or in a physically demanding natural environment.Early pension: Age60 (men) or age55 (women) with at least 10years of contributions.

Yemen*0.252825.280061.557.54.016.614.71.955.060.05.0Early pension: Aged50 to 59 (men) with more than 25years of contributions or aged46 to 54 (women) with 20years of contributions; at any age with 30years of contributions (men) or 25years of contributions (women).

Saudi Arabia*0.240124.010073.568.35.219.416.52.955.060.05.0Age55 (men) with 120months of contributions for those in arduous or unhealthy work.Early pension: Before age60 with 300months of contributions.

*One missing value within the subindex

**Two missing value within the subindex

Plan2

Plan2

0

5

0

0

0

5

5

0

0

0

0

2.5

0

0

2.5

5

0

1

0

1.5

5

0

5

0

5

3.5

0

0

5.25

0

0

2.67

0

5

5

5

5

5

5

0

4

0

2

0

5

0

2.83

0

1

0

4.5

0

0

5

0

0

5

0

0

5

5

0

5

0

0

0

0

0

5

0

5

5

0

5

0

0

0

2

5

1

0

5

0

0

0

0

0

5

0

0

0

5

0

5

2

0

0

0

5

5

5

5

5

Diferena na esperana de vida ao nascer (M-H)

Diferena na idade aposentadoria (H-M)

Plan3

Plan3

0

5

0

0

0

5

5

0

0

0

0

2.5

0

0

2.5

5

0

1

0

1.5

5

0

5

0

5

3.5

0

0

5.25

0

0

2.67

0

5

5

5

5

5

5

0

4

0

2

0

5

0

2.83

0

1

0

4.5

0

0

5

0

0

5

0

0

5

5

0

5

0

0

0

0

0

5

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5

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0

0

0

0

5

0

0

0

5

0

5

2

0

0

0

5

5

5

5

5

Gender Gap Index - Economic Opportunities

Diferena na idade aposentadoria (H-M)

Questes pertinentes a este debate Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia E as regras da previdncia nos outros pases refletem objetivamente as diferenas das condies de homens e mulheres no mercado de trabalho?

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Tambm no h correlao entre as regras de aposentadoria por idade e as diferenas nas condies de mercado de trabalho para homens e mulheresFonte: SSA e WEF, 2007 Cedeplar/UFMG Gnero e Previdncia

BID & Cedeplar/UFMG

Grf4

0

5

0

0

0

5

5

0

0

0

0

2.5

0

0

2.5

5

0

1

0

1.5

5

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5

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3.5

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0

5.25

0

0

2.67

0

5

5

5

5

5

5

0

4

0

2

0

5

0

2.83

0

1

0

4.5

0

0

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5

Gender Gap Index - Economic Opportunities

Diferena na idade aposentadoria (H-M)

Plan1

Esperanca de Vida

GENDER GAP INDEX: Economic Participation and opportunityao nasceraos 60 anosidade de aposentadoria

CountryScoreMHdiferencaMHdiferencaMHdiferencanotas

Tanzania0.808780.870049.147.51.615.513.52.060.060.00.0Early pension: From age55 with at least 180months of contributions.

Moldova0.760476.040071.063.77.317.013.83.257.062.05.0Age54 with 30years of insurance coverage, including at least 10years in hazardous or arduous conditions (men) or age49 with 30years of insurance coverage, including at least 7years and 6months in hazardous or arduous conditions (women).Age54 with 30years of insurance coverage for women who have given birth and reared five or more children.Civil servants who satisfy the coverage qualifying period (30years of insurance coverage, but including at least 15years as a civil servant) may receive the pension 5years before the normal retirement age (age57 for men and age52 for women).

United States0.758775.870080.175.15.023.620.53.165.065.00.0Early pension: A reduced pension is payable from age62.

Philippines0.757375.730071.664.96.718.816.12.760.060.00.0Old-age pension: Age60 with at least 120months of contributions before the 6-month period (JanuaryJune or JulyDecember) in which the pension is first paid. Employment or self-employment must cease. Age65, regardless of employment, with 120months ofAge55 for mine workers who worked underground for at least 5years and who are involuntarily unemployed or have ceased self-employment.The pension is suspended if an old-age pensioner resumes employment or self-employment before age65. There is no employment test after age65.

Ghana**0.753575.350057.753.64.116.514.61.960.060.00.0Old-age pension: Age60 (ages55 to 59 for underground mine workers, steel mill workers, and employees working in other types of hazardous employment) with at least 240months of contributions.Early pension: A reduced pension is payable from ages55 to 59.

Uzbekistan**0.740274.020069.063.35.717.515.22.355.060.05.0

Jamaica0.737773.770074.470.04.420.017.92.160.065.05.0

Finland0.734173.410082.175.36.824.820.34.565.065.00.0Early pension (universal): Aged62 to 64. The pension is reduced.

Sweden0.731373.130082.778.44.324.921.53.465.065.00.0Early pension: A reduced pension may be paid between ages61 and 64.Deferred pension: The pension may be deferred until age70.

Canada0.729672.960082.677.84.825.221.53.765.065.00.0Low-income supplement (income-tested): Age65, receiving the old-age pension, and low annual income. Income is based on individual income or family income if the pensioner has a spouse or common-law (same sex or opposite sex) partner.Low-income allowance (income-tested): Aged60 to 64, with 10years of residence in Canada after age18, and the claimant's spouse or common-law partner (same sex or opposite sex) is entitled to the old-age pension and the low-income supplement. At age65,Earnings-related retirement pension (Canada Pension Plan/Quebec Pension Plan): Age60 with at least 1 valid contribution. If the pension is awarded before age65, the insured must have fully or substantially ceased employment. If the pension is awarded atEarly pension: A reduced pension is payable from age60.

Norway0.728672.860082.277.15.124.720.74.067.067.00.0Universal old-age pension: Age67 with 3years' residence between ages16 and 66.Earnings test: If the insured continues to work at age67, an earnings test is applied to the old-age pension until the insured ceases to work or reaches age70. The value of the pension is reduced by 40% of the wages exceeding twice the base amount. The

Australia0.725972.590083.278.34.925.622.03.662.565.02.5women, as of July1, 2000, and rising gradually to age65 by July1, 2013

Thailand0.722172.210073.367.55.820.719.11.655.055.00.0

New Zealand0.713971.390081.977.44.524.721.43.365.065.00.0

Lithuania0.713371.330077.766.311.421.916.25.760.062.52.5Early pension: Retirement is possible up to 5years before the normal retirement age for persons with at least 30years of contributions and for persons registered as unemployed for the last 12months and not receiving other benefits.Deferred pension: If the insured has 30years of contributions at the normal retirement age, the pension may be deferred for at least 1year and up to 5years.

Kazakhstan0.713371.330066.655.710.916.811.85.058.063.05.0Mandatory individual account: Age63 (men) or age58 (women) with at least 35years of contributions. Age50 (men) or age45 (women) and lived in ecologically damaged zones or in zones with a maximum radiation risk for at least 10years between August29,Early pension: Age55 (men and women) if the accumulated capital is sufficient to finance a benefit at least equal to the minimum pension. Also paid if unemployed, aged55 or older, and with at least 35years of contributions.Old-age solidarity pension: Age63 with 25years of contributions (men) or age58 with 20years of contributions (women). Age50 with 25years of contributions (men) or age45 with 20years of contributions (women) and lived in ecologically damaged zones

Iceland0.710771.070082.678.73.924.821.73.167.067.00.0Age60 for some categories of seamen, subject to conditions.Mandatory occupational pension: Age67 for private-sector employees or age65 for public-sector employees.Early pension: Normally from age65.

Switzerland0.709170.910083.378.35.025.621.83.864.065.01.0

Denmark0.708170.810079.975.44.522.719.53.265.065.00.0

Latvia0.705170.510076.366.010.321.015.45.660.562.01.5Early pension: Age60 (men) or age58 (women) with 30years of insurance coverage. The early pension is a transitional benefit in force until June1, 2008.

Russian Federation0.696369.630071.758.713.018.615.43.255.060.05.0Unemployed workers aged58 or 59 (men) or aged53 or 54 (women) with no possibility of finding work, subject to the approval of the Employment Agency.Age50 with 20years of work (men) or age45 with 15years of work (women), including 10years (men) or 7.5years (women) working in an unhealthy environment, underground, or in hot workshops.Age55 with 25years of work (men) or age50 with 20years of work (women), including 12.5years (men) or 10years (women) in an unhealthy working environment, in geological work, in the railway service, as a driver in a mine, as a dock worker, as a sailo

Botswana0.692669.260039.739.70.017.314.62.765.065.00.0

Ukraine0.690969.090073.261.911.319.014.24.855.060.05.0Partial pension: Payable if the insured has less than 25years (men) or 20years (women) of covered employment.The pension is paid to unemployed older workers between ages 58and 6months and 60 for men or ages53 and 6months and 55 for women who meet the requirements for covered employment and who were working for an enterprise that was liquidated or reorganizedEarly pension: Payable from age55 with at least 30years of contributions.

Gambia**0.687668.760059.255.24.016.414.51.955.055.00.0Early pension (pension scheme): From age45 with at least 10years of contributions; if the insured retires before age45 with at least 5years of contributions, the pension is withheld until age45 (except in cases when the insured is laid-off).Old-age settlement (pension scheme): Payable with a minimum of 5years but less than 10years of contributions.Old-age benefit (provident fund): Age55; voluntary retirement from age45 with at least 5years of contributions and after 2years of unemployment. Benefits are payable to women who leave employment to marry.Deferred retirement (provident fund): If agreed by the Social Security and Housing Finance Corporation and the employer, contributions can be paid to age60.

Kyrgys Republic0.686568.650067.559.48.116.813.23.657.062.05.0The retirement age will be gradually increased to age63 (men) and age58 (women) by 2007.

Estonia0.682468.240077.666.611.021.715.66.159.563.03.5Early pension: Retirement is possible up to 3years before the normal retirement age with 15years of service (men or women).

Uganda*0.677367.730051.048.03.016.014.02.055.055.00.0Old-age benefit: Age55; age50 if retired from full-time employment.

Cambodia0.675467.540057.750.67.116.114.12.055.055.00.0Old-age benefit: Age55; age50 if retired from full-time employment.

Romania0.672567.250075.568.27.320.216.53.757.863.05.3Age63 with at least 11years of contributions (men) and age57 and 9months with at least 10years and 9months of contributions (women). The full pension is paid with 31years of contributions (men) and 25years and 9months of contributions (women).Early pension: Payable from up to 5years before the normal retirement age if the insured's paid contribution record exceeds the number of contributions required for the full pension by at least 10years.

Germany0.669466.940081.976.35.624.320.43.965.065.00.0Age60 with an assessed degree of disability of at least 50% and a minimum of 35years of coverage; age60 with 15years of contributions and unemployed for at least 52weeks after age58 and 6months; age60 with 15years of contributions for employees iEarly pension: Retirement is possible from age63 with 35years of coverage, subject to conditions.

Portugal0.669166.910080.974.26.723.619.54.165.065.00.0Age50 for miners; age55 for longshoremen, fishermen, and merchant seamen; age55 for air traffic controllers; age55 for dancers or age45 with a reduced pension; and age60 for aircraft flight crew.The pension is paid to unemployed persons at age60 if the unemployment benefit is exhausted, at age58 (under a special scheme), or at age55 with a reduced pension.

Slovenia0.666866.680080.972.98.023.518.15.455.358.02.7Men: Age58 with 40years of contributions; age63 with 20years of contributions; or age65 with 15years of contributions.Women: Age55 and 4months (age55 and 8months in 2007) with 36years and 3months of contributions (36years and 6months in 2007); age60 and 4months (age60 and 8months in 2007) with 20years of contributions; or age62 and 4months (age62 and 8moAge58 with 35 of insurance coverage (men) or age53 with 30years of insurance coverage (women), subject to conditions.The full pensionable age in 2006 is age61 and 6months (men) or age55 and 4months (women). The full pensionable age will increase gradually to age63 (men) in 2009 and to age61 (women) in 2023, with the contribution period increasing to 40years and 3

Mali*0.665566.550046.944.12.815.013.31.758.058.00.0Old-age pension: Age58 (age53 if prematurely aged) with 13years of contributions; age60 with 15years of contributions if voluntarily insured. Retirement from all gainful activity is necessary.Early pension: Age53 with 13years of contributions; age55 with 15years of contributions if voluntarily insured. Retirement from all gainful activity is necessary.

United Kingdom0.664366.430080.976.44.523.620.33.360.065.05.0Basic state retirement pension (flat-rate): Age65 (men) or age60 (women, rising gradually to age65 from 2010 to 2020) with contributions paid or credited for 90% of the years in the working life (generally 44years for men or 39years for women).

Albania**0.661366.130074.568.85.719.315.63.760.065.05.0Age50 with 30years of contributions for a mother with six or more children older than age8.

Colombia0.660566.050077.268.29.022.119.13.055.060.05.0Note: Insured persons who were aged40 (men) or aged35 (women) and workers with 15years of contributions when the mandatory individual account system was implemented receive social insurance benefits.Special pension: Aged50 to 55 with 1,050weeks of contributions for certain hazardous forms of employment, according to specified qualifying conditions.Guaranteed minimum pension: Age62 (men) or age57 (women) with 1,150weeks of contributions and the pension (based on the value of the accumulated capital plus accrued interest) is less than the minimum pension set by law.

Georgia0.656565.650077.269.77.522.318.63.760.065.05.0

Croatia0.650765.070078.871.96.921.517.24.359.064.05.0Social insurance: Age64 with 16years of insurance coverage (men) or age59 with 16years of insurance coverage (women). Age59 with 40years of coverage (men) or age54 with 35years of insurance coverage (women).Early pension: Age59 with 35years of insurance coverage (men) or age54 with 30years of insurance coverage (women); the early retirement age will increase by 6months each year until it reaches age60 (men) or age55 (women) in 2008.

Panama0.647264.720078.373.44.923.320.82.557.062.05.0

Singapore0.645964.590081.877.44.424.020.83.255.055.00.0

Israel0.641064.100082.277.94.324.521.62.966.070.04.0Social insurance: The retirement age for the earnings-tested pension is age66 (men) or age61 (women); the pensionable age (absolute age for receiving the pension, without an earnings test) is age70 (men) or age66 (women).The retirement age for the earnings-tested pension is rising gradually to age67 (men) or age62 (women), and the pensionable age (absolute age for receiving the pension, without an earnings test) is rising gradually to age70 (men and women).Reduced pension: The pension is reduced until age70 (men) or age65 (women) if income from work exceeds between 57% and 76% of the national average wage (according to the number of dependents). The national average wage is NS7,383 (July2006).

Ireland0.640464.040080.575.45.123.119.43.765.065.00.0Retirement pension: Age65 with social insurance coverage beginning before age55. The insured must have at least 260weeks of paid contributions, with an annual average of at least 24weeks of paid or credited contributions (beginning as of 1953 or the dOld-age contributory pension: Age66 with social insurance coverage beginning before age56. To qualify for the maximum pension, the insured must have at least 260weeks of paid contributions, with an annual average of at least 48weeks of paid or crediteOld-age noncontributory pension (means-tested): Payable to residents aged66 or older with limited means.

Hungary0.640264.020076.968.78.220.916.04.960.062.02.0Old-age pension (social insurance): Age62 with 20years of service for men. Age60 (rising to age61 by 2007 and age62 by 2009) with 20years of service for women.Partial pension: Age62 with at least 15years of service (men and women).Age60 for insured persons who worked in arduous or unhealthy activities for at least 10years (men) or at least 8years (women); the retirement age is reduced by 1 additional year for each additional 5-year period (men) or 4-year period (women) of arduouOld-age pension (individual account): Age62 (men and women).

Burkina Faso0.638763.870048.446.81.615.213.61.60.0Old-age pension: Age56 (blue-collar workers), age58 (white-collar workers), age60 (managers), or age63 (doctors and teachers in private higher education), with 180months of insurance coverage. The pension is payable from age50 if prematurely aged. RFor a transitional period until 2009, the old-age pension is payable from age55.

Poland0.635263.520079.070.88.222.217.25.060.065.05.0

Netherlands0.635163.510081.576.94.624.120.23.965.065.00.0Partial pension: A reduced pension is paid if the qualifying conditions are not met in full (no reduction is made for the pre-1957 period if the insured is a Dutch citizen residing in the Netherlands with 6years of residence after age59).

Czech Republic0.627062.700079.272.66.621.817.64.258.6761.502.83Old-age pension: Age61 and 6months with 25years of insurance for men. Age55 and 8months to age59 and 8months with 25years of insurance for women, according to the number of children reared.Age65 (men and women) with 15years of insurance.The retirement age is to be gradually increased by 2months for men and 4months for women each year until it reaches age63 for men (2015) and women without children (2028) and from ages59 to 62 for women with children.Early pension: Retirement is possible up to 3years before the normal retirement age. All employment must cease.

China0.620662.060073.670.43.219.717.42.360.060.00.0Age60 (men); age60 (professional women), age55 (nonprofessional salaried women), or age50 (other categories of women). The insured must have a minimum of 15years of coverage.Age55 (men) or age45 (women) with at least 15years of coverage, if employed in arduous or unhealthy work.Early pension: Age50 (men) or age45 (women) with 10years of coverage and if totally disabled.

Belgium0.619961.990081.475.55.921.419.91.564.065.01.0Early pension: Age60 with 35years of covered employment (men and women).

Benin*0.617561.750053.252.21.015.714.21.555.055.00.0

Bulgaria0.613261.320076.169.07.120.216.24.058.563.04.5Social insurance: Age63 (men) or age58 and 6months (women). The insured's age plus the length of the insured's insurance coverage period must be equal to at least 100points for men and 92points for women (individuals are awarded one point for each yeIf the insured has an insufficient number of points, a pension is payable with 15years of insurance coverage (including 12years of actual service) at age65 (men and women).Mandatory individual account: Age63 (men) or age58 and 6months (women). The retirement age for women is increasing gradually by 6months each year up to age60 in 2009.

Nigeria**0.611661.160045.745.30.415.113.51.650.050.00.0Old-age pension: Age50 or older; employees in certain categories of employment may retire before age50. Employment must cease.

Uruguay0.610861.080079.371.38.023.417.95.560.060.00.0

Lesotho**0.606960.690043.538.94.618.315.62.7N/AN/AN/A

Brazil0.604460.440073.667.06.620.217.62.660.065.05.0Age pension (social insurance): Age65 (men) or age60 (women) for employees and the urban self-employed; age60 (men) or age55 (women) for the rural self-employed.Contributory pension (social insurance): The insured must have at least 35years of contributions (men) or 30years of contributions (women). For arduous employment, the coverage period is between 15years and 25years.Proportional pension (social insurance): Age53 with 30years of contributions (men) or age45 with 25years of contributions (women); for persons first insured before December16, 1998, the insured must also contribute 40% of the difference between the r

Zambia0.602360.230040.340.10.215.413.42.055.055.00.0Early pension: From age50 with at least 180 paid contributions and if the resulting reduced pension is at least equal to the minimum pension. Retirement from regular employment is necessary.

Chad*0.601160.110048.144.93.215.313.51.855.055.00.0Old-age pension: Age55 (age50 if prematurely aged), registered with the National Social Insurance Fund for at least 15years, and with 180months of insurance coverage or with 60months of contributions in the last 10years. Retirement from gainful empl

Venezuela0.599959.990077.671.85.822.720.62.155.060.05.0

Indonesia0.598259.820068.365.52.817.615.71.955.055.00.0

Malaysia0.592459.240074.269.34.918.416.51.955.055.00.0

Greece0.585558.550081.776.75.023.820.92.960.065.05.0Old-age pension: Age65 (men) or age60 (women) with 4,500days of contributions. Age62 (men) or age57 (women) with 10,000days of contributions. Age58 (men and women) with 10,500days of contributions. The full pension is also payable at any age to inAge60 (men) or age55 (women) with 4,500days of contributions of which at least 3,600days were in arduous or unhealthy employment, including at least 1,000days in the last 10years. Age58 (men) or age53 (women) with 4,500days of contributions of whEarly pension: Must be first insured before January1, 1993. Age60 (men) or age55 (women) with 4,500days of contributions, including 100days' work in the last 5years; age60 (men) or age55 (women) with 10,000days of contributions, including 100day

Madagascar*0.577657.760058.855.53.316.414.51.955.060.05.0Old-age pension: Age60 (men) or age55 (women) with 15years of insurance coverage (unless working before 1969) including 28quarters of contributions in the last 10calendar years (some periods of prior service are credited). The pensionable age is reduPartial pension: A proportionally reduced pension is payable if the insured has less than 28quarters of contributions in the last 10calendar years but has at least 100quarters (men) or 80quarters (women) of coverage during the full working career.If the insured has insufficient quarters of contributions, he or she can continue working up to 5years after the legal retirement age in order to meet the contribution conditions.

Kuwait**0.577357.730078.376.32.021.019.91.150.050.00.0Age40 with 15years of contributions for married women and women with children. (The pensionable age will increase gradually to age50 by 2020.)Early pension: Ages46 to 49 with 20years of contributions for men or unmarried women with no children. (The minimum age is to increase gradually to age55 (men) or age50 (women) by 2017.)At any age with 20years of contributions for those in arduous work.

El Salvador0.570157.010074.067.86.220.918.82.155.060.05.0

Ethiopia0.568356.830051.448.72.715.713.91.860.060.00.0Early pension: Age55 with at least 25years of contributions (civilian personnel); aged45 to 54 (depending on rank) with at least 10years of contributions (military personnel).

Cyprus0.561856.180081.576.74.823.720.33.465.065.00.0Early pension: Age63 if the weekly average of paid and credited earnings is at least equal to 70% of weekly basic insurable earnings. (Miners aged58 or older with a minimum of 5years of employment may receive a pension 1month earlier for every 5monthOld-age pension (social insurance): Age65 (age63 for miners) with at least 3years of contributions, covered earnings at least equal to 156times the weekly basic insurable earnings, and weekly average earnings (paid and credited) since 1964 or since ag

Luxembourg*0.560256.020081.275.85.423.820.23.665.065.00.0Early pension: Age60 with 480months of paid or deemed coverage, including at least 120months of mandatory coverage; age57 with 480months of paid coverage. Retirement is necessary.

Bolivia0.559455.940066.362.93.417.515.52.065.065.00.0The sole qualifying condition for armed forces personnel is 35years of continuous service.

Dominican Republic0.559055.900070.263.96.318.015.03.060.060.00.0Old-age pension (mandatory individual account): Age60 with at least 30years of contributions; age55 if the individual account balance is sufficient to finance a pension equal to the minimum pension.Early pension: Aged57 or older, unemployed, and with at least 300months of contributions; with less than 300months, the insured can receive a pension based on the accumulated funds or continue contributing until reaching 300months.Old-age pension (subsidized mandatory individual account): Age65 with at least 25years of contributions.

South Africa0.555755.570049.246.92.316.313.62.760.065.05.0

Paraguay0.554255.420074.269.84.420.217.32.960.060.00.0Early pension: Age55 (men and women) with 30years of contributions.

Austria0.552655.260082.276.45.824.620.73.960.065.05.0Early pension: Age62 and 3months (men) or age57 and 3months (women) with between 420months and 450months of insurance coverage and with monthly earnings no greater than 333.16, subject to conditions. The early pensionable age is increasing graduallEarly pension for workers in physically demanding jobs (beginning January1, 2007): Age60 with 45years of insurance coverage, of which at least 120months are based on employment in physically demanding jobs in the last 240months and with monthly earniEarly pension for the long-term insured: The pensionable age varies according to the year of birth: from age60 (men born before July1, 1950) to age64 (men born in 1954) with 45years of contributions or from age55 (women born before July1, 1955) to aCorridor pension (new early old-age pension): Age62 (men and women) with 450months of insurance coverage and with monthly earnings (including the pension) no greater than 333.16, subject to conditions. (The corridor pension for women will come into eff

Argentina0.551355.130078.470.87.623.017.65.460.065.05.0Early pension (social insurance): Age60 (men) or age55 (women) with at least 30years of contributions and service and unemployed since November30, 2004. Persons receiving the early pension must cease all gainful activity. (No new claims for an early p

Japan0.545354.530085.678.86.827.822.35.565.065.00.0Early pension: An early pension is payable between ages60 and 64. There is no requirement to cease employment, and the pension is not earnings tested.

Sri Lanka0.544754.470075.167.87.319.915.94.050.055.05.0

Spain0.539153.910083.576.76.825.620.94.765.065.00.0Early pension for unemployed persons: Age61 with 30years of contributions. The insured must be involuntarily unemployed and registered as a job seeker for at least 6months before applying for the pension. The pension is paid at a reduced rate.Partial pension: Age60 with 15years of contributions, including 2years of contributions in the last 15years, with working time reduced to between 25% and 85% of full working time. The hours of reduced working time must be filled by a person registered

Peru0.530553.050073.169.14.020.017.72.365.065.00.0Old-age pension: Men born up to December18, 1932, and women born up to December18, 1937, with 15years and 13years of contributions, respectively. Men and women born after these respective dates with at least 20years of contributions and aged65.Early pension: Age55 with 30years of contributions (men) or age50 with 25years of contributions (women).

France0.524752.470083.376.17.226.021.05.060.060.00.0

Costa Rica0.522352.230079.675.34.323.120.82.359.861.82.0Old-age pension (social insurance): Age61 and 11months with 462months of contributions (men) or age59 and 11months (women) with 450months of contributions.Age62 with 456 monthly contributions (men) or age60 with 450 monthly contributions (women) for insured persons younger than age44 on November1, 2005.Deferred pension: A deferred pension is possible. The total number of required contributions decreases the longer the pension is deferred, down to 300 monthly contributions at age65 for insured persons younger than age44 on November1, 2005.Old-age pension (mandatory individual account): Age61 and 11months (men) or age59 and 11months (women). The insured must also submit proof of eligibility for benefits under the social insurance program.Age62 (men) or age60 (women) for insured persons younger than age44 on November1, 2005.

Chile0.513851.380080.674.06.623.619.04.660.065.05.0If aged55 or older (men) or aged50 or older (women) on August19, 2004, retirement before the normal retirement age is possible for insured persons with a pension equal to at least 50% of the insured's average wage in the last 10years and at least equaIf younger than age55 (men) or age50 (women) on August19, 2004, retirement before the normal retirement age is possible for insured persons with a pension equal to 55% of the insured's average wage in the last 10years (rising to 70% by August19, 2010Guaranteed minimum pension: Age65 (men) or age60 (women) with 20years of contributions if the sum of the insured's pensions, income, and taxable earnings is less than the minimum pension.

Malta0.509950.990081.276.44.823.219.63.660.061.01.0

Ecuador0.499449.940075.269.85.422.019.92.155.055.00.0Old-age pension: Age55 with at least 360months of contributions if born before November30, 1946, or age65 with at lea