i tl-,tiji I /AIl l f aI lltIlL' l ( i t l

I ffit l^I;a l.:

JOURNALINSIITUIT OI MUSLIM MI\ORITY AFF{IRS

Jul! 1984 No.2

CONTENTS

A WORD AAOTTT OURSELVES

RECIONAL STUDTFJMudim Enounrer{ith rhe Mongolfor Mudins ii wdt Asia and chinr

The lslami. Republic ol Ea{c'n Td*elan : a commenorativo

Rssirn Policy rowads lslam ind MuJift: An Oveniev

The Inhrli knd Dnpul! and rha Sralus ol th. Turks in

chrkii$-Mudin Relitions in Tamoni! : The Socio Pol ical Din.nsion

Muslinrin Zinbas*., odgins, composirion andCurcn!Stength

fd"r,ionsd FmpojrenrAmons he(ri L l',Vu{i.Yourh

'nre situarion of Philippin. Muslins

RESEARCH IN PROCRESSA' Acrdeny for Translaring .he Exegesis or rhe Holy OunnHB$nMahwryikl,n and the swahili Speak ing Comnu nity of Naisbi. c. 13s5 1963Y6|JA. Nrbo 446Muslim in L.rin Ahcn.a I A sud.y Pad I

456Mclins in Latjn America : A sudey Pan II

The Intrddi Ifld Dbp e ud tn€ Status oflhe Turks

ftis anicle is a esssudyolrhc land lroblcns .r .hc Mudins in weeemusrothcTu*ishfion er.ThisdGputefi 6t

be$ninls53rouowingrcovennenhl*prcpiatio.dknpt Itrstrhrcuchsevegl 1.grl phaes unril rhe coun ol de FiN Ii"m.e in kkea (xadh,nled tha!lhe Muslinjarmerwcru"unl!*luLi dfepisonslt propddy'substruedly.ahjsn{ouno€.ru

It sh.uld bc n.!cd rhlr rh. \relern llr&e villag.6 rereiied to ii rhis eudy,aparrfrcmbeins ordinary Grekcidzens,aEmenbe6ola.omnuDilywithninodtylafos.leognizdrodpro

tha!rhisonmuiiry. bsidesns disriidrcligiotrslies. hsds ncial ridhhtorseondly, ibe wenen ftn.e Tu ts' sho had

!lr.!dy been omplriiing ror quirerhem or rccounr ofrhenheing a ninoii), believe tha! in rhis land dispulo id

akeady preariousTurco.Greek ElalionsThe pupose of this sudy n b .utdne the $ages through which rhc rnhali

lrnd dispure hs pased, strdy the relevanr do.umenb onsistins ofintena-tionil trealies- ndional las. Egulationssid.ou{ruiins,si deterine thelegalpositon, rod then , ihnugh a .ompan$n ol thh vnh r h. i.ga | 4sults obrdned$us rar, tenpr to arnain wheths rhe picrure emeqirg on be reoEbdwith lhe tule of la*. Fudhermore, toaminonrycanbedeax*nhbgalinprtialiryorwh4hcrnn$bjed!oth.ebb

l!6khThneR.giongndiblrjsb.ielFs!r land with an area ol 3573 sq. kiomeres

snuated oi the GEek border vnh Tu;!cr in lhe v.{ In the nonh. lhe rc8iond in the :ourh i! ends alhe Aegean Se,

Thc iamc or rhc rccion is derived rrothe rs arolnd zfixjB.C rh. onorcgion*hichvasihe. panof $eEas.mRofr an(Byanlinc)Empircin 1l6li

n:oveEienrY ovcr lhc rcgioi Emiddd

hyrhc Rusian aimi*, ap.To counrencr rhe R$i&

ap.ovhionlLRho ope GorB.ninir 1373 came to an.i

ThmceroButsrrir'r'heres

&cck ane'npt ro o-upy wnarP rh i chsc rod rheb :bli Munarr Keml Pshr pwenebThn.c rlrisho{e'

Lrusnncsisned on2J JulyunderaproloQlsisned0

a .onpurs.ry exchance ot ICreek ndronaliry livi.g in

rkd kdu^)in r$mbur.D(

bn on ihe Turkhh ho.d.roliihenoryof arc,ofkndiryatthcriLLase of lnhanti (l

Thus bcrreen 187s rnd l!tud Fnod fulrof ldilny a

I]o*evel' iel its an'ex,li\offe oIroyarry xrd r,bitir)

pa{ivny of a ruiir .onnunilin nare,andrl$roirsretarrishc brotrghl ?bour by i.re'

Hoq€ver. noNnhvrndint

r92l$d r950, rhecompciricrship berween Ttrrls.nd G

lcl{, ro lhe policy oletporptrlchase proFly in rhe Esirhe excrusion ot rhe i.dieeno

kgdsbgcorfuhhdiDnsince ns orisii in ihe 195{x igone rhrotrgh rhe fono*tnsr

1. on l.lune l95rrhr cd

un.hrllcng.JrilLrR?3 l"rharyerr.rohl rhcRusLaD a'mie!, r p{iod ol u

r p'ovisionrlRhodopc GoYcmheir

rhc Ono'nai Empke underrhe 191ThnftroBuLgln!Dnrilthe po$-wond wr lAllicn(Ecupdtun In Mrj- r'rririnrhctucuolrhcGrcsk dr.mptn)o..upy wes-f Adrd{hich*,odrbchxsi.objddbr Muqfa Ken*r rasha providcd for rhc hording or poJrtrkr rcGrcndum jnsc{crnThia.. Thish.*cvd..oul

lry.r s.vr.s rhe I drksh w' or L[namr. Errcrn Tlrraca. bu{ rhc Trcrry ol

Underr|lrotosLsiededor l0 Jarulr mmrulsoq qchang! ol rlLCrc!

cislounB. as lroh I Mat r9l3 There

rled (./rrh) ; ldanNl,rndt[cruu

lchoirh!TnrLnhhordcrolaircce:T hcdispurbb!s:!mindinthis?rriclc

nyxr rhe village ofrnhdri(Evr,roD) mLkee (xfrhy)DMdThus hd$can r37N 3nd lel3 wdncn' Tbr&c w.

rlr.ugh ! nrl'd iurbudemonlding ns Trknh idlnriry. Four

g.vcfrnenr wne etublisbed. oreHowerer. after i$ annexalion by Ctuo.c. wdrcrd'rhn..I'a mln,lcldd !

tr ryith$ood rhc rc$ otlanou: pcrtuds ot

civil {tr p{iod Thn@uld b! anipasiviry or r runlcommuriry !hich hlsrccon.jlcd o irs scprixtioi ton is

ishs 5rcughr abour by i crmti.ml t.arics.Hosever. nor{ithsandng ih i.. rh! Iurks maiihii rhd Grck poli.y hlr

19l3and t950. theomposnionolrhcpopuLdlioi *ako thcidio.ll!idowi

hr l,rge{al.\ethnd

drdnisrc cicy olr6hined harirsnenrofTu*ish ldmN Lcding rorhd.vidlon. sina

purr[asc prdp$iy itrrl'c rceion rh'orhe.xclusioi or rhg iidigciousTurk\.

sin.c irs origi,, ii d,c rsr0srhc rxiJ pr.bhndrrhc hhari

773s)$diie rhar 2100dociuns olland (r Joenun n approxinaiely 10m sq.md{tinrnhanli(Evralon)viuasearea{rsrobeexpr.pnalsdford nbudonio landle$ hrde6. The lR00 doeiuns of Turkirh minonty land. {hich hasbeenrhENbje(of rhepresdodrcveByandresar adiotr. was indudcdh lhc

2. ri 1956 folowii8 abjcdioN n8dc, lhc Expropndion comnision ofXrnrhy Provin.e, ro *hicb rnhanri

alid (No 403,27 Scprenber le56). rheCommi$lons dccision ndkd rhar lhe expropnard land had beronsed toH*iDoslu Hu*yn and rdrn Aercslu Mo[a Muiafa for oldr 35 yoa^; rh.r rhGwas indic ed in rhe Tnrkish rmper,ar o*neahiD cdnificde, No. 103 of 1373 rthdt the 27 h.lr ol rhe vid rwo mrrrsdy b*n frasmeded rhmucn i.heirance. and rhar c!.h rrasn.nr h rhe

.thclrndiiqu$lion.{hichw6sho{nastm do.nlms ii rhc acquisnioi dc.hion.id ns 21rr doenunsrn rbeosnc.ship Reginq, ouehl nd b bc *prc

e (No 269S9.20Nolemb{ 1974)beanngrh. signarure or xenthyl covehorandmeadows in InhinLi mea, permnd'ssme wsrrnThraceft rkssenredn

3.nle crtekTEduryni*dobjedions.orho lqs6deckion of rheExproprhtlon Connissioi Henceoi 12-run

se(nol75)andrca.hedrhefollo$insdc.i.

A@rding !o Aricrc 24 ol Grlck rior Anrck 73 or ihe onomrn Lrw or 7 tunadsn. 1274 tMunim ye,r .ofc!ponding to 1353). in art5s whi.h bad esnier beei undff nNereignry ofrheOronan Enlnc, any penoi, *ho rilrsSralcland ror penod of 10 yeatr wrhoLr in 'b ' ed rd rd^ i ' ho . . : nJob ied ,on \ rh4 . ' o . s ' - he : s ' o rpo \ r \ i o r

rcperyunrtt 2(rMr), 19l7cven ithe nnorin Dos*$ion of a.cnificarc ofrsistrarion onernins such propnry.'rI. rhemaner urder dispute, the p{son.oncemed wtre is5ued a rt gistarion ..iilicare (No. 103) in February r372

Ahhough offici.ls ol rhE Creek TredaccodingrotheLrror1353.Hdipogl!

and Idns Mun.la had. at lear for l0 y.irs, o(upied and pos*sed the said

imponanrhrharrhesrarelandsw.reoftDpi.drndrilkdbythepr.s. ovn.ror fien !ne$o6 pith ihe inleilion of posesins them. for r0 yeas wnhourriy objcdon md brerk bdore 20 M

.n'o cffc. q\ norc of rhe p'c1n' uhne6 F\.{ o.fl 500 doenlT...he

panmenb conened *ef to ptrt rofl8rd.m,i c. rha(hcpreisnroryne^. or rhgn

r.sndcd, r hd rhotandindnpure, eirhs

trithou'objecrions. rhena B

'1. This.pinion or rhe c.u

lod rascomnuni$ted ro rh

J Ho*ever. after rh. pasirsrf." on 2,r odobcr.19rrhbotrgh lhe her6 or Haripovncfhip Resisterarion riicraimrng posesi.i nd6,Depanndnr leftr, (No.2 oljed nan.r or rhn case. co6i

ikr o{md ir Co$equdd

rhE MinNry oI Finan@ (No.inforD rhe Fnles oncemei

d'en. h,vg had ihen p9!cd?. onr Apnrlc32w.sen

rlriig.Axarrhyounon$knds, mn by.i|insrhemfor

riic *ft h rhe Pre{dm'iar Dei

non phcs lr is pDbable rhdos or bsfue, ptace of d10r or r32 The tand is ref.ndoubb dise a ro lhc rcgatit o

nicd forcs and of hmsi b.irhiscaDnorhaveabsrnnsonin 1372 Therefore, rhe l,.il

Ir the lighr orwhar hs b€en I

' Be.ruse ol rhe fad rhr( Ied8emc of occuparioi, irxson (refeftd 6intu | ab*

r*no*rcdse oMflshiP Fun

6arboleo.n' f.rg'nci(.lnh (hclnrcnlionandpulpos orpoisesinSrandlnhoul objedions, drci ! ruonsiderarion of rhe mar;.bcforc rhr coun.il Ril

I This opin'on of rh. c.uncit {a! a.slic!of ihenin *lorFiDin.!lDeosion\o D.866e[06s. lrodohq te6e).

i'scrI. onllodober. r'r7{(No.103)nr mnimous dd!on I irated rhdarrhouer, rlic hlns of Hdipqtu d rdnr Munafr. retrill3 oD rhc tmperirlohc(hipResiste'arioi(ri'rcD!!J\No. 10rof t312)drrhenmc$L!r\.{o

Depaindtr dhr. (No r or r0 rarury D7r). thd ihe h.d, Gmi,Ls ft $u

rhe Nlinistry ofFifrrr (\.. D.6f6r/r9{. rrraimq te-). md truoow rc

i ' D ! , r , o F r . r ' . . , " . " p , i q

I Oo L Apir r932Wsrin1h cirme^fitedl2Tciscsofobiccronrom"rdhs Axanrhycouncon$ jddcdallrhc(cr-:ndrutcdrhar:rLrhoushfirknds. *oD br rilljng rhcm forl0)ea

ihe crol,lircre drcoi.rhndsr.e. dtr.thlnf plaes. squrics andorhc..on

frdn plira lt is prcbrblc rhn rhe cdegoric! ofrhese laidr in 1372$rr ti[o

- . i . ' b . r e o r - e . , r ' , n o i . o ' . e h . p , efd condiioi of o.cupied nnrpcrd$ is difffte

lrcm rhar a dr ou\cr.becaur a! r iqulr o1'hc dlec60f.aruhllocs md (heinrencilion otk.h

this.annorhrve, bcrliigoi rhecrse.be.au!crltdricitpoimrrtr.arcso!-

Ii rh. rrghr.r*hd hasbeer narcdrbole, rhefollowi'rgp.in$needcorsidcr,

i Be.au!c.Irhefsd rhar an explopr.dc.n.nr or occupario., il Na\ admitcd. atbeir rndirecrty, in rhc intrnt decirion (refered toi"ro I ab.vc)d"hcMmisrryof Alilulrurerhlrhe\aidlanror l30rdoetrufrs r!5 in lad i' rhe

'k. runher refercn.c ro d \ ddr6n rnd.t. rs. orherdo.unenG subrairiare lh.

donnenE is i roposnphic mrpiJs,!d Nnh rhe l'prrrrrL.lrhc Ctrl Nrlinq

hdong iog b rhc ru .s lNo r /6 rL r o r i l u r 1q6 r )

i i . Ud i l r 97 { . l hc \nud i r r i , cmr i 'cnoni lrmc tu ric lrlucd du dr rihril

d c m . ! ^ m i { l o o I \ c , u l o ! | l h o \

diin5.r'hc rnhtrnli villrger jd'r{hi.hsiLi'hq \{tu mj'(rrir. i\c

Fplr (No. .17296. le Jrnurr Lc82) |

dddirL rli. r'r7r odiion. tmflnioned i" No.6 rbole) 'tr?* 'oir b) irring

ll .'rhc.! rc runf{ sro^. in!tr

D t rhdaJml ld rn !Ymi ,1 l !K i I | nvrllrld o'Ouxird: l"chrllu llr|[ilii

vruo: :lo.irrr0 (ssh 1Pltr{d\l

Or5unuP$ttr!.rh!nVuImu Sprln! !n!L1li.B!lrorb.fdcrndrl'ei

olner: Hd poe u H$en Agr rn(i ldri! ,\!{rlu NIo i Nl$r!tu

flre counciL opini.' ol l1)1 (\c( no (rrhD\c)nrcrhrrhd rNrn)d.efu'ns

inNo ?a|l)r rhi:ltrndeci

or rdg\trritr. rnd I goes

(dtrd kJ 'he errecr or $iotr\Th! nib*risndro!rn)

Thc sf mc souLre rrn, rcn(

prDiagA d bi!c. d' I chkk i ( . t ! , 1dne

F,o,n rr,e rbPnirt c.nirLcoroi'ii Lrnd codc \rlNb i

rEhLpruh i l h i s resuLardb lp.scsor orore ormo(r

Lriff&nlc d0r br r! ir*-.rjP

'rsrfte or lands in rhe scnicc.rrh! puhlic "

Fn(of ill-rho.d ific eorreqrtraiiontr|soI'KkhhkbeLonergrorheF{n and ror or .uh,eble land. w

I is delintrell i. contrdidrion {r! I hed itrdt xanthy Coundsllslon rdorcd to

inNo 7.bove Thisla$decnionin(corrcgrrdionas"psrurd hysrvin-qtrnprobrblelh!1 rh..rleeondofuhtre

1 l (o rhc rhand . r cco .d ing ro thecom'nL i i go r r93 l ,$eemc land i \ j u !d !lionii ir ()mfrotr|[n$c .andpre$nny

(duc 'o rhc.lrrd,rrui.ut rado6lldicrior bclv!cn rhc rvo drfi cirl docu

fleft, ne rm Kkhlak . $hi!h rons rhe cuciil poini orthn bsal pr.b!rn.hi:booiu\ddb! rheaurhonries.qirms. whd nedds ro be done bcrorc .nyrhing cL$ rlici. n ro dere.mlne thenernins. or mc.ninss, thn Orb'na

Gcorse You4 m hr rulhonbave 31!dy , cory: d? Dtoit dtanan, dcint:

L!skich aks.Fruragesd'hNer,sonr'resrcrainiquiprrsriredd

l hcrb. cr de leirL. onylcnic

p, ictrlieren$tr rrne rFmer

The !a:me \oue also rcpredrcr Annle 21 or rbe Otoman I-rnJ Codc D.nrn,nlig r[]\ tn,. d rh! rop ol the \

(kichlak) ei les Paluascs dcrc

- f , ' . r r - - l o _ edi$o\niors ipFlicrhL6 .dx rer6 nn' t sonr cgxr.nd

, ftr

'kichlakr l! c{ adncc.ux dcs ommuia d d( Fni.ulier) $rr\oun,isauxdroi(itr16nuurr-96drs l rkiccr'kj.hl,kie proponi.ireLlei'enr a htr iitrrn

rofr thc Im|lerial.enifi cdA.lrcgoromrn L.ndc.de whicl, isrh.source ofthes ceilli.itss. borb resgiizedbycrcc.c.{eund{ftnd$rt LnhLtrki'ard yarlaks rcorrvokin'ls rhe

ion *niri.xG strd subFcno pnrte o*nefiip (\si!h n rllultcd by An.21) ' The scond klnd. rdho( Lert in thepork\sion of onc, ormoarhri dncyillseeas jorrpropedy lresulatdn An

differcDcc dear by i's irescrio,ioi ( Kishrak beLoncing b the Fam )mdndir

Io!/,,rp:Thetrm_ktrhrt u\crlioGturl.rri.ir rtnl{nhoddclinni.l

c of tqo k,ndi The hur. (lor !i .xpLlllr $icdrnr oI rhn \ee Arr Bey.hlt'pihtdlilLtnt L^' pl0r)isth.k'ndplrcdrpnlrt.hltr{cbr'irlc

Tlr rcond trrh! kml rcssvd itr

me^.judsingbr rh. &ijkre oli.lrnd.aD onlr b!drihcdr Lhc In\nnmP.n!\rblcd'oprnft o\o.E

Mlod s'aiid rr,! nrc!iii\.r rl'd a.d.

cntnh dd Pn{.!,] or]{)rlnud! 1923.on.id Gc.k Popdariois (Annh 16/l). rhe

ArlrN As,emdr ol le:6 (Anidc !rr). rh! AnLtrL ao'lrnd,i or r0 rui.

. r " J p ' f '

. Th.\ orsrntrcd fhr on:{tr!h 17.l|'cir g rD .nNJar .h l l and rb rL ro t rA l l r i L l . l e3 l \ c !d r sn i r h rhen tadoc .

l-ahr Ther allobidEu$erorh3Coun

. therrE.Jins\!rlcdoi Jutc 15bur

$heD 1tu dclirld ri'rll!crm.on lsNlmh 1$rNd r3eindrj/rssrln

sard krirons frd rhs(nro lr slii\p c . cD'scqucnrl] \rnce thc coune olthc!s! n.oiftiied. rl'e.oun con:

\ r l l be {u r l r rdn j J r r l hcNee t rd 'ep rhes .

(un Lctrd! oF ro rlukrhrirbe rbq.

nonrLpolicrro hellenize rhe rc!on utrdd

pofedbvelPli.i' L!\rur gro

becn proushar iod loved b

xrir$c\ q. 1l( cfua rnrer

(xr n qqcfrsr br 'rr

rr.d lri( ju4! h furt eR

To Iob rd i v t . \ { \ L | '

roop rrndi,,s\ oD (rPru r

poned bJ_ erplici. irwtul srounds. s

as, ho{ever, nol closed td oi 20Norember 1933.nine furk\ lron t

rlier Rer[rngrhd thet ptup.nicl hadbeen plousned m'l ${.d hy 6i.ek villagrts duiine the prviousnighi. rhe}

onlcisiiD c.nd{dly Tl'c gd'damene

bdoneed ro rhe \illrgcr\ fnd rhd thc ndo hdl oo pnpstr .iehG on them\hi'eNd, rl'c com rd$cd (br r votes ro l) the eighi rurks 1o . oi. ydrpne. rerm md 150.000d$hrAlir

Acsi.. otr 14 Noreober Lesr. fi'c furrs nom lhc tosn ol Muna|ova(x,mhr_)wne ane(edbrrhe geDdarmcsror'\illinsrhcidclind !hihwismtur'rryoNncdbr*rodrfi . dccdli. prosecuror. lin[ine rhn in!]d!dr\r

bkod 'hcjudg. 'o dk. exeDplr4Fnced b!2 rcf llrnon 'e!ntrid a

The Inhanli hnd .ase nstd in 'hc rrr5$ Ii 'h. .rlr ndri.d sovei,tmenrie inhrnh lrnds because duc rolr.gmcis'

rioncau$dbyidhfriran.c.hcLo4*rsumenrof urli$fulinur{oi.. . Dn

ncsrrils thc fad thd rlt nn!.nr occushnh lere preliouil) rc&3!i,ed by Gieek law The coDn or thc Fns

seEhs€Ern'redo byahieher.oun Bu r th. adblerca {od'n-q or the r.r

trpavenues of n'nherlegd.omplildli.isii the iuiu(To r obrdtir ober-ds thse m c{[,. dnturbin! paI!]rch hctwcln rhc

rnorbff rever or Turko-Gcek rerarionJhip

cidrd {i.h rh! n,i or Clcek xgirriotr incyp r trired n unnins rhe lrlandched irs clima: in ic& {hen ths lurknh

binoity$hookw*eloppedaftlrc'c{irh.onfrui,l cle.rionl ft k oor wirhou jnterc(rl*td'c opi"ioi givenm l.rour orrhe Treasuq by rhe Grcek Sure Ptupslies C.uicil in .onplde

trdot landiigs otr cyp r\d'i'nporl959 bok pl!.c inJuLy Augus 1971

T hc f3d fid in tbe Inhanl, dnpure car. ofticiil dccisiois pnor ro 197.1brhndalc thcorfi.ialpositiotrtookonxped thd rhc.bh aid aor! orTu(o-Greck

Rc.e ly rhes hr o(nrcd r funher derrlorarioi ii Tur[..Gr!!k rdrhrisue.ove^su.b!r.!epmbtensrofflq,nrinlnrrr srr.rf and rcnroritrl *aie^

thc crpansion or Gree* in spae, ihe milirariz otr or rhc i\land\. arLof

Oic $ious.onrquen.e or rhe wene.n Thn.e quenioi !.c\ brynd rh!

, . i d . A . " , . r f

nlP;D!irLs ThcBiLt hc.ameYoidwi

of coure. rhe applicarion of rl'e r.inrc.irypnn!iptc inrhe caseof vioLariotrsa) 6c consdcrcd r rcDrdy ror rhe sufrer

n3r ot pcopre who. on eilhqsideofrhe bordeG rile rs pca.cfurrndr.y! !i1i.ldpioblenlirsin.onsiddnngdr.nresrs

ahD,,6/ds.roiniit nrhfr rrhsdparoring thcr$!courriArndDtorn datin-a i arional policies a(ording L!

.ttur v,i44,)lh. t a \.attu.r,: F,^r s;$. u r.4 r:f rh!aNr

r6{4rh}Ga,{ !d, hFrh\r {$kr^n. ator s4 ctt aILbr ctdr 1

b;i Rldsr bd cdar& dirdq. &d n tuhr qra, !o. fdo.

c L I ridc diffddr rr i! on3idr c( i'

drrtu.h rE.,ne&! (ar.4kd rTd). h,{ddrrcn a.d.@r 6.r.!hd). Fqrd. $o AdiEq rr@iro@&ri(ft hr4rcudon dkbv). rfuhr, r30 llq41, !. r@. r,odd R! b enr tucs oqdq or@q 6 hdqr rtr

e!tsd'rc1@en.om'tdfubhP+dr'oE,TJelatB

&s r;E!4&$d;+kE{!. !enllE 6e.FG rD.+.tu;qu!o

rs b Eb6 & tu depld d. r*h@,go&nib!6|hlE'n'+ldl*,166Fd r&hni<oqi.dd!pEa .tqd."

Ln.'c.isru-& 4El;.o!o.re.i

sq.ru6&Ntu|hq53dlcrg'i d ! 1 6 ' t d d l & ! r c F f u & ' d d | t M u

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