Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
~t".J~LJ?'=b.Jt' . ",:"O(t.J-GyjlJ ,_;;,.;
vi~Ji ~.J. .Y
.JJftJ1jJ.JJ..r-18.7249218-7237430:c}J
fJt;1'.J~ (lAl
.JJftJl~,Jk,._{;{Ji J;{.JJftJ,;.r{~J" ;.r{.
V'V -l).J¥,2004 ~~I
-LJ.J140/- .:;...!_y -
, I"t.~~I•
5
7 ~~Jy.
9 O'..v..-?.JJ.J"~,,I,,;J~ -1
20 ~J.",;J, -2.32 (iY'Jv-,~ -3
37 JJcd'iY -4
43 ~.J~~lJv.J"'~J~,f -S
SI ~ -6
S6 ..v.i.J -7
63 O',t--, -8
69 ~l?J:'i -9·
78 ~~.Af.J"'~ -10
87 J;LC)'.J,'v...J;'J;> -11
94 _'L~"J;I:~r? -12
102 ~r? -13
-- ._-
6
109 _.JI(U;~J~J~ -14-115 UV~JJ~ -15
126 (;IJd'r.t J~ -16
132 (;Ij!~J..t. -17
136 J~IU~(~~j -18
143 _;(Jl)O'bA· -19. .147 JIJJILbJt",..t-JYlj-20
159 J,JZ;i (.:.<:~~ J! -21
166 \'JJ14'JJIU,[J;J''';'J! -22
178 _t¢I~j -23.187 ~A2....tL(jIJ..d1 -24
195 bJt"O'-O -25
7
~.I1r~t>z~~ (( ~ V)lf"r~.Ilf.Ju.'~JrJI)'44.I"'.¢.I;if.;~JI)'frO'.1 rtf r:,,~I,..-L~~v,L(-rv"VlLlf~J_'?f Vld_,~t")(,.I;/LV"~'lfr).,.. yy. - - ,
LlJ,u{~{cJ'J"'v.rLJ'~~.IJfu~)(,cJ'(~~~fiL t.f-r>.2-{cf.fv.r '::"~';Y ~4-"~ ":,,CJ.J?Y-r Jr~v~JO=-4'iv.r{(')i.O:rVJ~(cJ'~'rO'J~J~~j;jiL-4'i~L~fiLlfe"~~JcrLJ'lF-v!ft_,_Vlglfe~~b.lt"O'L""",-h- ..... \' ..
,,~~y,j,2004d.IlfJJ
9
f'f- J"J't'J ~uj JJj' L At.o; (.IJ 'J!.v!,-/trwi'r? v!~JJr' J ~Yt.lJ jJ J if' / uli Po Ok.At.l) t>r~c-vf i'Jzt'.1 '" '-/»-f1" .I} OJ.,- .1.,1 '" ..)t; ~cJ' -TLJ}?OJ.,-LUp.J~!I'). v!1:1-r.V!vfi "'.:..(o!.'v!4i.G1' t.fJJ .1.,1o-'!) ~ »JcJ'v! ~C IJY~' JV..1A! ~
). .1.,1J~!I's» 0'.. 'J k"V'rr' Po;l L ,":"i.G1,v!J!) -V!At.l)r ~'j.,- L 0;~ Jj rLi .1.,1"r r?JuP.J~!I'ttoj" / '-/» -f1/. /t ch»L ,":"i.G1'~ ',,/ J'I,i',.J"ttJ:/'{"~ v! ,":"i.G1'Lt)'JJ -liU'~ i',.J"(Cityon)c)J,,, rt ~cJ' J"(i~ J~~,lfUr' Po v!~ ~ 4 V'
-VI ~.Jj ~.Jl,$,L.:)j.,- 'tlv'JII! '.JJ~-liH~_,.A.-J,~'j.,- t>r- v!u~tr.j;l f 'f-C"ej'_.4," '" ~tY L ~C'JJJ~.:)j -T (j.l (JJ:d L J.Y(, J ~~ ok. At.l).IJ-T~.J C"J...; ,.f/ ~ ~uli J!'" J;tJ L r:1r.1.,1u?;lftJr'-V! 'f-.1 L.I:f '" J'y L J...;J!2#.J~y). .1.,1~!I'
10
J;; evC .sVI '1.11'&:- J'Y ,:fL Ok.~.JJ.JJ .:;.,1;"- L>~V~Hierarchy and egalitarianism ~ ~I L(Louise Marlou) ;;.J~
-rOJ&:- ~ v! in Islamic Thought (1997)
v! V~~ d- f T- Cf IJ~I~ .sVI tJ v! _;.J~ ';-,
J~ -v.r Llr,r t"~)JI.J,"I;~J T- J,r ~ .:..(.IJJ.s.:;.,1;"T- C! ,r I~ P.JIwY-&i v! v~,,~l:)I-r J! ~ ~I.s ~-r v.lf.J~1 Jt;rI.J"'J~.sJ?JI.J,"I;LlfL ~tLI y.f
.JJd.JJ ,1././ r ~ ~J' v! .:;.,~IJJ.s.:;.,1;"- ~ fJY ~/f u. .sl:)I.JJ'Iio:)~&:- rr.JJJ' ';-,fviiLlfLJ;lil
-IiCfi~ (!?IJ.:;.,7v!v;;J L vii 'L.J~ r .:;.,1;"- v! d- s:T- c:IJi rJ'Y l:)I_,J.J~fvl'L.J-r J!.Lok. ~.JJ>. .sV'.JI T- C! tJ: C,r r .:.-1; .:.-1;JY.JJ '..JI.) eliJor!OV O/J).JJ J: .J~ r .:;.,1;"
;:..-'i; ~f! v! vt.v v:.J.JJ v..); .:!-'~.J (i &:- ~J.s .:;.,~IJJ'».s V' -t/IJv!.J,~~;' JP .JJ I[,r r L,r L,r.Jy( ;:..-'i;
~ ,r ~ ,»tJI ~)' .JJ ~.J}.I L( V' v! OV v..) f T- ~1i1[,r~J?.J~ ~.JJ-c.I J/.JlJlr ok.~.JJJ'J!y.f c.Ifi_(L!~.s JI,J} i(,r...;f1&:- ~/ J) -&i c,C)1fi f} fli -='~v!~.fiLV'-JL!; ~it!,r4-&i"':'"".JJ j) it!J f ,r -&i c,C)1 "':'""fi 'T- v! .:;.,}J .sc,C)1j) .JJ
11
UlfJ~}~'t"rd;O:;,J~v.~}~ ~ V" JU:r ~-T-O'J~~L
=tt" JJJJJ(Ji ~ (" s» If~ =cJ)'.P L..::..~~'=.$1loj V.~ L tJ~ ;!L'y"i Yof tf- ,-:,?~ ~ J,.,JJ'0'/~ (/-'L(j;JLJ,., ~ .::Jj", 0"I0"s.tf- ~ If._t;,JJJ~v.~' J.JJ J"'J~ V.~ J ~ 'tf- v.v.ck.'JJ'~y '..::..:rJJ =f=JJtf-J~A.Jir ..::..f~~
IfIO'J,.-?JJ~ "'J""J'rv C~~j JtJ,r..::..JJ~tJ ~ -To.'t' (/- tt;fl'V.cJv?J.ly YoV....u-LO~~ I}k"~fJijlr.'J)i JJ'.::}JJ'~ J~'t"...fi~WUZ.JJJ~~ ~W
.$OJ~ t"p~ ./J}y
J ~ ~ 'L."W Ve' ':::;'JV'..::..fj;) ~ v.~}~ OfYIttiJ~"~} = 'L."{;J} t"c,LV JJ.»l L tJtJt' JJJ/L cJ l"j '-:'/',,,,~Jj"'J""~ V.ooJJv. tJ _£LIJ/~ JI?",~J~O~~'JJ'~Z£ ~'JJ/~v.~'f-~ t·,~ ~J V' tt'L(167 d;J).J:!' i)rv / JjV'~'-:'/J"::"J;'-:'/ JJ'~~ J,r ~ I.).k.jO'PJ"::"J;J!.j" fC" ~Jj L J.c O~ v.~}~ ~ ~~ JtJ.r..::..f;,. tt_~'1:- t.fO~v.~ / f~'i-' .,'tf- rE c:;.1"j ~ Yo ..f£'tfc:;.fV!J? IfJj' L~ rvv. ...u-V'~ -T-c.~.JJ:r
12
v!oP fi-~, JfoP c-~ L~'..t :;-'/ ~.J' JcJ.J,~fV .::J 'J f 7-J-:/11v! v! ~.JyI V' , ,r JjJ~'~j ',r.V.ujfJ~j f'" cfJ.) cf~j f.JJ &}I ~ -'-J
4V~ / ~.J' JI~~';.JJ.JJu.v.JIp. f 7- r,r U!C- UJd cJ .JlJl rJj J~L.3f dv! .4.JJL cJ if..-v! .r/ J_ L ~Y1'JU}/.::..rJ1'/If~~;.JILyIl~L~~?-~"W.::).J/jjlu/;~#.LV"JJ.::).J/jjl(f (JJ'GlPJJfU C-CJ 'OJcJ.J,~rc1- .r.LIJ ~ J "':"'" JI~ v.~ L J~ -Li~ r-!J~OJ>.v..J~.JJ/U/;;;~~ #.L V' _J) j~ J~y
.JJ~ J_ L Lf .::,,;~jlp. rJj~ iszs L..:lV;<,/ cJ)1L I"'; fti" 4tJ'.Jj-i_ 4:-Jf~} bJ JJJLc//v! ~ L~.J'i 'LIJLf ~Jt tI- 7-VI~v! u_;:fl7. .J;IL cJ -LIJ£~J L ~ .JJO.Jy' "J ,t 'J;~~J~.jL cJ 'vJ"';(JlJ j J~"J dfu/ cY IJvJJ; p..~
.. - y -
~?..(:!J1!~I / u;:A" -:..4' 'V] iJ'* vEl J~~I f-:~/.;C--V]'2:-JfJ C
cJ)1L I..,;fvuL,r Lf .:.>I;J cfJjV' ~ 0/JJ-fi"Jo.i'~" 'c)/ '",1'~Jt -7-Vr? v! u~JJ.J;I/-V!LJ~/~JJ, C-J~.j ';-, J;~.~LcJ -"r~J Jp}'t
, L" t!:_; v.l¥Lv.tV'Jti~ v.viv tlY'J.I)v:.1v. .I~'Jti -L" J~ J#. LJ/ .I)' t:I? Jq~ ~vi'T-'Jv.ft~r"~tt·Lvii'-f ~F~viJ'~}JJjfvi T-I~~J-i ,;:,}.Jv.Fvi _,~""'v~tJ.V J.rviI~JJI} L~}JJiILQlA -v.!zs cJ/.IJ'.Ir~J 'oJ.JiLFv./t'!"7.fJ";lLJfL~v~fT-'~~t/viv~ »1~;~ IJ~ J"i ')*.IJ L/t' ~.CJ 'T-'c"~~/J,_vi'V!;£.It' f)"}-r' .IJv·}:T-'tbfFv.J--?.IJ(J,_vi'V!L"t/-~~t ..(~r"'V!L".Ir»cJ}f"L.."J..{}L t:I? v.~ .J -v.!u):~ ~/'v.vl;r"lJv.cJ'~J"".I",df~J";I ~cJ~ L ft~v.v'}s:~ -v.!Lf J1:IvI; j ~J JI!.I) 'vf'v'.I'~;~ ~ L" Z-J; .r.V!~ r';J -v!~'~ ';)~~:i L J;~ -v.! ,fJ""'.I J";I V.ok. --?.IJJ~'v.J;Lr/'j.l/.Ij '(PJt 'cJI.'Jt 'q:i-~t/ vi~;J...Jl)f'''''; J~.Ifi'-LJ/:V!~JJJ:~t/ vi/~; J;
-v.!.I.J....j Lcf'-JlJ Lf ~ fA ~ c).I}~~~.1L W .IJ!j!J!c,j~ J'--,,~,;-' J;f~luJi", vi J,_L;£.1(r~ J (' v.bY~;lr~vi' i-CJ,-; ~ ~r '"~JIfi..(£'~ ~.I?' I
14
L;£.J (i,fr.r,.,t V~,JJ-rJ!.tfd,.,t ~ J~; cfIf~ ?L ~,j Lu/;I~t;-' t;-' f~~J.J.u " V'?
~
.::....::))'~J~p.Licfr .JJ~ ~f t=)~JJJtI.=j".Ji' o.J .JJJ!!L c:I? t..:'/~' 'v!iv!,-)~ OJJAlPf" =j.:tJ -ficfV'-"!~~ ..-o!J'~,fclf J}'yf ~JJ c../.JI ..:..!'JJ~'.JJ L.tfcA{:: '::"'/.Jtf.Lr .JJ~ 1'.,4."»U£.J~' Jtl. r.IJ}V'r .d.,.".tf ()' rcJ?V'~ /. I.:::;? '" ,.,t '-.4Lux.~{':'f-Ifc!:c..()' V'L.tf~.JJ.i...zC j ~'J~Lf.J J.Jj ".JYJL~' uf ~.I?, Iu?;L O.JIr 'OJt~'.::..n.J;Lu';' l1~.JJ '.Jr~JcJ,f ~.J,.,t Lf f tY .JJ01J.J," ~j cf~, ~, (j~-if~Y'J?V'_'" vfJ1i c..UarVcJ~'Lujf/ L
tt-v! L'JLf f'.i..L'J
_J.tf), Y"V~OJJA r.;;;G.JJt.:".J:; cfcJ" ~~ LV'J ":"YJJ~' L u,;. .A 'i!.tf ~ ,.,t ~J ( f=..J/ ~JII'L tt(;))~J vf J.~.::...'fbi ~ -firl'oJJA I.J .JJ.I'_';;'
11"; J J,.-t L JyLr .::...u~~ JII' f 'f- '" L~()'ifIJjV'fLf =.JJct-f-Jj*.J.JLr',f .JJ~!I"'~
~th(ifu£.JJ
15
(j!), -Ii ifr? V- Up. .If1,-/irL cJI'L '::':'J.lj
JJ1 J.~~ L'::;J V- JjI,cJ' -.1'(.::/J.I) 't;).,f'y.._6.'Lkl.l'oi ',t). (j!), V- cJ' _yJf3 JjI, y. L o!.fJ.lJ(: JII' -(j.lJIIUJ.l.L V- JjI, cJ'~.IIJ~; t;).,f.l) '.1'(.::/J 'o!.fJ.l.J!J
.IJi,,4cJ'1.1y'r '::".1"=J.I V- J,.l.-Lc) .A '" ~_y ~ ~IJji -~ tu V- '::"YJ.IJt_.t.o(;.I)~ :;-1/ )jl L.3f /l f~_y
cJ' ''( J J>1JDr,,)~ f:.~.:tJ J~I} .I) ('7 :;-,-J4J1('~('.IJ,f;r ('J,-/ir~
JvI j LJ1 (.I; L ,-:,)JtI' .»l L~;J Jc)1" J/ ~J~ JII' ~r JjI.= '(~ JtI' V- uJd Jj)(,J c,t.V ~.:tJ
.I~I J".I} J'~I.A 04.1~ J:.d .I) j ..;/~.h,3}- =1K.V J','~ 't/ifJIT ~ ~C p; Jc1,I jly. '(r? cJ'~if.::/J .I) 'o!.fJ.lJ(: ',t). 'uJ!j 1Vir Lif- s:Jj'(~~."p.Vi!4-JJ~JL lh).}f .I)). J.lI-li _y) r?V- uV.l) UJ.l'(
vI ~ ct'O.li*~ L,Jr (' J,-/ir1r? J~ y.f._6. ~ u.iI,1~I f7-~ifcJ~_;; '( c.ty" .I) u'v.jI J:. J,.l.OJ"~I cJ' t.l = ~I L c.ty"A.J.-fl.,f ~r t.l)'> ~ L1Jv.}f ''(4 _y) j'G" '-.Nt ~I L~f I? L cJ'f-flfu.l) OJ) ,jh 1.1IJLcJ' , ~ .:y '( ~.I) .::,.IjJcJ' ~uii L .3f ~I Yo J1j'G" '-.Nt cJ' IJf~lJ='(Lj L c.ty"
16
.Jt'~/ w&1" _';;'J c.Jf -~rV.I?' l.!;j:;"" ~ -T~ LL}~"=L~'
.:,Ijf c.) 'Ii~ l1.r.lJ J:i .I; t/I)v.}Ic.Jf v!~ .I; t/,J.~.I~L U/; 4JJ"(J,;~I tJ;=foJfo;;lv·Lc.Jf~~ IfU/j L J}I f U" ,;J:i c.Jf IJUt..IJ
,j'-fJ:t~.I'.:,I)' L l'Jlt' ~ OV tJ.."~f L c-OV tJ..;r,jJJ.I~JII' ~ f,J. <V .JIt."~,J. V~01Jr' f" '{J ()~ f ~LJ/ .I~\" Ji~ I ,wi o'Y L U,;t'Ii~ rp L cJt',J. JjL c.Jf '~Jf J1:v!.:)j Jc.Jf .:).I~'~AA.I~~/.::JJ/ .IJ.;/ :;"'ILU,;tf~ J t".=IF!/,jI.J,-I;L p;.IJc) f ~ 'IiJprU~.,t'" PJ.l~ .jt{ '~f ri.IrJJ~:t JII (",J. Ji t>Y L U~'t'-£~/ ,J.u"Jr.t 0> .IJ"';~"ra Ii'r.t ~.I~L d L cJrl ,;J;»v.!~.IJ..I~tt-v.!.I} ~.IJ J.,JJZC'V! L.:)j ~L'JLf.l~J.lr
_,fOJ.::Jj v!~ Iu!.fu~~ 41""Atil rU~,,,v!&I'#v!J.PJJr,J.~lftt~JJtJPI" )',;L1'J't'L;:£I.lIJ LJj ~ fli =1J~~.I.ti,,~~~V!cJ'JJtJv, - ~ ti, I .::)f} jI.J,-I; .IJcJf.J,-I;L c.Jf ~ c- ,..,..I~
17
J.'f-j OJ~'~/Ui!? ''f-V~.JJ.i,,~, Ju}./ u! -rJ' LlUi!? -'f-" t:J'.IV' ~J~J} J ~ ..1£',-1' ..:;);G;! J t:J'
~vLI.»~It:JJ-fiJ£ J.(~Go.-Liluf 'f-j J4-c:::.... t.tfulp., .
ut.J)J:1r' ~ Go.t:JI-~ oJ-'" t.f-'::'Jp.L f!l" .JJIfl)i 'd.?_;L)I.IJI0;J 'O.l():.i"Go.~"; u! U~J t:JI-'f-C.tfej'..t' ~..:;);G;! J uJ)yf.JJ''(.I" u.r) 'J~Lr ''f-lfJ (;)k: ~I J
lok. -?.IJJ c,1r' t.f-'::'J= u!;::--~ L ~1'l't:JI-'f-VIIJ_L-~J!r-?
~.IjLJtJJ(.)!J.Ir? J~ .JJIok. -?.IJvI J c,1r'L fl)i
j'l.lJI~A I,-/b-o f,f of'~~= ~.IjLJJJJd4~h' t.tfO.l.,,?Jj .IJIok. -?.IJJ:1r' J_ vI ''f-J.tf~.J.,,?J un LJ ,-/b-oL U";I f 'f- ~.JJ'j = ~ui!/ .JJIuy.!; -'f- L!~:/ 'f-r ud.s:'f-,f/ JI.» = -'f- L£ .19.1.1~ J~;
L~.JJI (~ c.fI;-fiIJj ALI.» -,-1' J-j 'f-rd. .IJI''-J'~1'.l~'1 ~(j-fi/ A ;J.tf~ r-=)i''f-VI~<f t:i -r'p. ~J'y vI ~ L t:JI-C.tfe1Go.~ p.1~ v' cr.(JI.lJI 'f-;.I.~ Jlu£A ; 'f-O.l.,,?J_ L ,-/b-o~A )i.IJIP ~JJ u£ -'f- J.tf ~ ~:/ Go..I.~ J -fi A u£ .IJ'';
~~ L.tf ~:/~.JJ~u,
18
v!~.J~ L Ok. -?.JJ J:1r- v!ttLft'tJtj;'"Loj c[.J/ts:t:;_tJ',
L -Li' .I 'f- O.J~ 4- L (.)~-fi ..vr Jc,'._;j;I Yov!(.)N' L.J't Lf'.Ji f (.),;~- y
v!d(/t' .If f &:- ~ if. L.J .Jy..! ~,
v!(.);Ir ~ .If &:- ~ 0' 'u.t ;£.1 (i cJj't-u.t ;£.1 .Jy ~ (fir r
J (~"':"'V -: ''f-JtJf JJ' &:- "'r"'"v!cJ''~ 'I)}k JAJ '_;"';" v! cJ' 'v.t _;.J1r
-v.t ~ /r::.J}JJ ~ ".Iv ,t '~J\ST
.If a: -=-)J -7 rF' ( ~J v' &:- Jj'.J L cJ'
~ Jf v!( 0/JJ-7JJ~~JcJ'v!/t',j j.J'( l5.Jp/ '.J(L,;.J'« -G. 'J)v! cJ' 'u.tLrf cJ' 'u.t 1L'1IL ~~.J JJ '.:AJ ..::;u, ~'l5.J~J.J(v!(' t.V£ -'f- f ~oJ..? &:- Jr~ OJ~ &:- 'J't f cJ' '.J(~J Jp/z ').t(J '.7.L~ .JJ' LtJ: J 'jt;,!('c)./v! ( !Yy -711Lf~'~ 4-L ~}Ir -:'u.t Lr L'J Li
~f cJ' -t:;_ LJ'tJ! tv o.tj ( Jj 15"~ L eJ' vr, -
19
J.:;;:I -: -T-' ':;;.ltPv! '-.l~ Lu/}~ v! JjI, ~ Jlt'L~I/.I~ JJf/ v.:' ",.lj JU;I.lJ1'v.t4~v.: JuL r?'J.5.1~-'-:~ u~-Y .lJ' 'T-'"y. ''-.;/. '1.5JV'J~v!u/} ~-". Ji,.,. tt·-" L!v»v!JPc/.) fJI~f cJ -.i.. LYl ~
C)}i -T-' ~~ J(,5; f l.5P v! c.Jf.J,-t; Lu.i~.IJ' 'UYllly.v!~h __;,j;I '-/ JJ IIJ~ L c)' -T tf'fv.!~ f c.Jf 4f v!.:;;;';.lJI~GI JuhC)IA. J .lIJr vI i!i..~4-JJ v! '-.l~ LJ,-/tr ,f..lJIs: L! Yl ; f ,f.T-'"y. -" LYl ~ ':;;.I¥'
-.i..L~<:f. ~ r" r":;".I¥'LlI ~ ';-,~ .lJ1~~ v!cJVJP; Yo fli JjI, ~ Jlt'-:
-1.1 J' '7. rv' v!J:!'i L.t~J,-/trJ~' v!cJVJPi .lJ'
.00••
20
0'~..v-~ J.fJ; ,;'~ J11 ,~ i ,;v! Jlk" ~~tf J}JY j.u.t' v!J' L a;:~"0'L..; ,IJ' 'J~ 'd'~= 'tf J'Jj ((;)' .JJ"~ 1-11tf';:'=" -tf ~,;, J~.JJ"~ J11
{.J}c!,f. f~C )i~v'-~;£.JJ71 ~..v,ff JJ'!v' i 'f-V')' AJV v!J!'i O'..:;~~..v,fLv' f L~ tJ.')=v!(j.J'V .JJ''(11t:.[, tf II)J';? .JJ'~~'JL'.J LYEJh) L
-v?(j.Jfr'(V v!2 0'v' J} JJ.I.t' f'( YEtf=J tfJ.J.ii (Wisconsin)c:rJ1.5:.- Jf Yo (Andre Wink) ~ '-.J.t;ttJ!i J~J .....(~, -J~' .JJ'.,,;j'" L I)"';''~~J{ L tuCv!(AI-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World-1990-1996)
~.LC1 L I)"';'v!V'-'f-~ ~ -f1v!I)~ JJ {t/y" LJ~' LUr.f 'f- ~81~(J'! (;)'~ ~ ..l 0'1)}tY v!.JJ'~';'J~'{~.LC1LI)"';'.»!Lv,-j JJ!? 0''-;~v' 'J/-'~..v-f1 'Yo C- ~ L I)}JJ(;),.JJ'/( .LC1Jr.y"L uk'r~'.JJ''}y'~.)~ ''-:t.JiiL~tJ.'J{.J} c!,f. -'f-V=J (
21
L (.)~ cJ'~ -fl)i -TV'J~ / '-/ JJ -fl l' JL (.);3 cJ',f-~'J'L '-/JJ -fl -3) 15/JJ i 'T (;,)JYif cJ~.lJ
'li (J.If.j~ r' ~,.."I( 'y"t.LL(.)~cJ'(p -v.t ~ t:{.J}-L; ",:",-j L '-/ JJ -fl ~.lj L ~.ltf '..1.CJ~' .lJ'~.li ~~ 'y".lt./ ~';! .lJ''1lzJJJ 1;;'"Pi/-L (.)i,! I}~.lj L ~.ltf
-1VV~J.I
v.! r" I}~p uk-- -3/ v! tV .lJ'~~.I'L ~..v J~'A .lJ''tl'(i,:r ~.lj L (.).t1!A~I(cJ'.lJ'(gL(.)~..4' 'v!tl''';-/ (.)j~ L ~J J~' ~.lj L.l1(., J r.lJ".li 15);5,J&(~, -1t.L~ '-/ JJ -fl r~/ (.)j~LJJJ uk--Lif.eli (.J r'J, I(~..v J'I,.I'L'J J,L(.)~(.)iJJJ'I' .lJ'~.)~"15v l/...t1)!.lJ'Iit/.t1t v!15v l/..N -:..fi?'.t1 V'Jbi '- v'~'J' J'I' v!.::/f .lJJUV .lJ'-::'"''- v' -Ii t/.t1 ~ -:-.f
'.I~.lJ,-j'J.lJ'# '~'~LJI LIJ}.,Y v!(.)~~; LdL'L.t1 i ~'J' L C)ti.IJ'~~" Vir J~' -L'l' 2'~t'i'.lJ'Lv' T.I JJA -.f ~tJ~ ~~~ .lJ''(1'J'1.1'~ '_;.J;-:.I
-1/J.,v!J., J'.t' (~, l'; v!cJ'I' ~/.t".. : t.f- "'..3 JJ ~ ~J / ,-/Ir J~' v!4·Lt cf ..:8J)'L ..:8J)' -e:L! LtJ ~ ~, ~~ (tJt -: ~.I} VlV -(tJt .lJ'.I} vI;/ cJ' " e"..L b.IJ' eliC! ~tJv!;'! .lJ'r l';f / (.)/i cJ'
22
L! tfi'J /I.)J,:p, t.M 'liC!~~ ':"'>Jj L~ v! I.)!J:.. ~l.k.:;~YJJ .e:~ J:J J_L c1fV/1.)".-JJi JJ ~ -f1L,r.f-,.JJ' 4'-LM ~j J; = 'IiAij u IiC~~JJf;( /1.)".-JJi ~
~~p.e ~ I.)jI{ ~ 'IiC~ IhJ_ L.::/( v!oe: ~~JJ!t...f? 'Lr vy v!~ jJ' ~ rJJi iV' =v!~~ J_LL~
. -(v!~~J~~.)~ jJ' 'T'.J! ~'J'L v' 'tJ, t,... j'./I.)I,! ~ ..:;IJ'~.J1j l.k~ -?JJJJL,...v!OV v.:k ..f£'L,r" ~.J1j
~ eJ',' L 1.).,)' ",r ~'.J ~ eJ' r I.)I,t ~.J'1i I/,r J'Ji ~~, v!~.J1j j f j'.f IJ, ~ L,...L ..lIJ' .JJ''o.J,"f'~J''''~ v' '':Jf.JJJ / JJL,...v!J'f" ~.)~ .JJ''T'.J! L v" J
.r .!: ., A ,-L,7. k"j./ v.JI{ v! ..lI';' jJ' ~, 'T'.I!
v! eJ' ;-vLv' 'L,r ~ J.J1j v! 'T'.I! .IJ'~J ,-,!Jr' t.ML U.,), 'v!J1!.tVv!1061Yos,vfo.# -'J1J!...u..- ~ufo.~ ,~,~ / ~')CJ" c.t 'y".J! c.t '-.J~ L (Ur-' .JJ' ~J OUr-',:f -LJ1.1? L'J Lft;" / J.~jJ' 'J..6" 'L"".".I)' ~
/ 'T'.I! L v' ,~,~ / uiJ tJ!.1, .IJ' J"J L Up.# t.M"~JJ~~'J'L ":,,..v lV.I) '~if_;.Jb:=-~.1L u;tY
-LJ1
23
.I}f.i1.l,,~, JvJLti O.:::/.~'~~'./'L~Lk~~,-}~ OIV' c.t;.. L~? Or.' JarJ -~ ~/ ~'./' ,-/"
J/ U.;t.Y A (LJlJ;~ pt LV' ".If .Ji'J rU,..-LJl J; c.t-t! cf.eJr r' r~u, lf~ 0eJ'.J,olJ.
~~ eli r'J!iJj r~)f _;t.. ~ L~L!:(lf~ Lui,t
~ ~.I~ =U£/ ui,t it-- -£ '(-.I J-"~~'P.U}JJ~ .IJ'UJ.?L '-:"/ L J.JUJj' fJ' = -?J0v' \'v.Ji / .vufJ;t!(j~ ~ cS /l)V .?L =-J' ~.I~ S -=--I.lUf. J;P cd-Lc.t 1'637 ~ fJ~, ~J VI / eJ' ".I} lf~ -i:Jft"'- c.t V.lGJ}0~)j .IJ'eli J.J .?L -f1= -t!.If CL~L eJtf.lJI V.lG
...f ft055~I 0VI c.t J~ VI -liLfr c.tU}~Ljl.lJ.lJJ ~
_I.IfJIJJ rV' pt LA; SU}.):' .I} U~): pt L vI -(j.l.IJ''v!Ju. ~.I.JY / Ur'.1 uf. I~y .I) ..kJ c.t ..IJ lfV":;".11{c.t..IJ L U~ -i:~ (J/v ~ Pif. 2::..1.1U.I.JY =Ii:c).r-I} .IJ'~I ~.) '~ '..:RJ)IJ~'r 'rt'.fy r' L-t! J~ 2::..'.1=L~.It( i' J.If (Ii(969-1171),,:.jV; JG ~ ~~)f~! S~.IJ' '1tJ.'~J;:' 'cPJPi 'eJ~ I.-'! c.t LLj L eJI
~ fJ;~J VI J...c? ~ -t! J~{p L Url.l J.l1f .lJI 'O'!/.2::..1.1J.l1fLLUJ.?L U.rU>Ii 'v!.If t,y. vfo:#~"",.It.
-t/.If ~ ( eJI" (J.If. (jk.IJI'~ ":;'1.1J
24
JC)' 'JJf 0J/ v! I.)t..v 9 ~ S 0$) J1.)1,1~ .~~~~J1L v' -z. (0; .IJ' ''if'LI..-- ~ -?JJ0$) J.l1{v-P. ,tJf J;jf v!1.)}'7L 1.)}!7f Yo -Jr O.tf .IJ't,... v-L " ':;".11{~ I.)t.v 11 ~ s -e.,J ~, LdGJ; ~ ~J
J'I' .IJ'o..r/ v!Ov 10-,;:J 'J(~ C)tf -t!JJf ~ I.)r'.1
v!,j' I v-ov o"'~ f>!"l.)r'.1 onY L Pll-LI.)J.7.C
-z.~ rv!ov 7~ v! .:;.,!f ,,?fi -T(j.:;.,)t:-JI.)b~rJc)'
'j,)'} ~ lk -Lr ~ o..r/ ~p. '':;''YjA> .7.Co..r/ v- ~~ ~p.
~L L Ji,_,.,j~ .Il'~ L! L~ ~ I.)ytL J~~'.IJ'~y-~L'J
L!VP~ I.)i.ll d!-ti l;tlu (PI)!I.)J.7.Co..r/ L .I~1.II,
I.)L {:- LIJ LJf I~ ~-C}I_'(Jf LJf ~ I.)iljJ!lY(C)I~~ 'Ii'Iy':(..I) -z.;£~(..I ~ '~L'~t.f-'I ~ -?J 0'" Z.LJf o..r? ~
-,-/.' L (f1'~0.1)1./. -fi.l}! ~V-ov u:.Jf~({.: ~
V- cJV JPi f t!J! ~ -?J -fi J JJ_j L 1.)}tY V-PlI-Jdl}~ ~ ,,?fi -vf'0) ~1.)1k.~"rL.I~ LI.);-r~
~ A L J1t ~ ov sf -t.f-' )j(I.)t.k.~J('vI V-1.)£1L Ok.~vI -ti ~f k. tfr ( .I~ L 1.)7~ ~.I} vI;~p.-u:.f':;".11{O.l~ 8Jf4-) t'y II.)K.I~.lJII.)b-'" 'I.)}LY
t.f-' 0$) ~ ':;".11{t.f-'I -z.v! .;.fl.lj eli/.Jt .IJI o;.r} v!Pl
25
-IJj~JC -'-'1;£(llippai) ((J~~'" fu)lY L'J LJ. Jt.",J (lY" .IJ'-'-'1L'J :LLL .s- J~J) L ~ "":"'/u!"OJ ''-'1L,r ~ c:....u~JPiJ} Yo -~ L'J;£.1 c.t.!'",~!;
~ .0' ~ "":"'/-'-'1L'J:LL f....tJ_... J> .IJ'''-'1?.1 u! u~(v.: .~0» u! lfii c:.... -?J v'.I) '7-Jj(,,{""'cJ~.IJLu~u~ u!.t1l}P--~ u! 1tJ,(lY" -?J ,Ju.v.C "":"'/cJ'-'-'1LfJ((Y{/ ,Ju~~Y4-Z-uy ~ L t..kL'J Lf (Y{/ ,J
-,JLcJ.lYjuyda~LJ tfIubr.. '~ L c,,~L (lY" c:....0-v u.:k(If'/..:..I....; L!J.! u! (.,; .lJ'~ '~.I1{L u~"~ e,y L.::./p .IJJj'~~}"rJ i»~~(uJtl/ oJr..u!.d <.fV -u.:J(J)f ~-~,r J>~J:,:; 'J.,r u~l/ J)( ..J) ,Jr u!
-if~ r~.It.L u~,:;",rf JJJ ( ui/c:.....IJ'ip.....f~ J,O'.I....f"::;Jv' ~J,J U.f.Jr..u! ~JPiJ'cJ'u!..u.-L uJtl/ J.l1{ v.:,.IJ''Z- J,":- ",.Ii uk-- ~G"
~JPi c? (cJ':; 'a.~ ~.It.oJr..~ ~ 'I ~IP (Y{/
-t/,rf c:....c:....l:)VJPi -'f- J!(UK'.I~~ r' -fi ( oJ~iJ~JPi
fu'.I~Iu~','u! "":"'J'~r-7- ~.1 c:....p.d cr (cJ','
26
JI ( cJI'" (.)J.J/I/ ~ ,yv! ..;~jL (.).t::VV-'f- ~tI{Parasikar>
,f ~y~ ,f-i:P"JPl,f (.)~.I~.I!i; 12 v!..::/f .I»L JJi ~'::'-.11{~J,f z.rL cJ' v! (.)j~ Jvv VI.IJI.::.-1/ -'f- If.::.-j)
L (.)1/ '" v.lGf!~ f1~=~J,f a.r v!.::.-t/.LcJI-I):i fi = vv.s» j~ J.l1{ ~ -fl = ~ L cJI; '~ f >!
-,f J'{/ ,f cJIL L)~I:-'.I~ L~ 'LYl
JJZ 'Li PoL cJlt' i,f (.)1/v! i:P"JPltf.l~f ..;~=cJI;.1;Jvv c..~J,f vI ftYl.lJ/ = JI -f1(cJ'I' i,f (.)1/-'f
,f ~~ ~..l (jJ.lj ; 'IYlr }~I ( vI ~ 'JYl r ..::/f J:::",1.1(j»~ L(.)}IJ:L~LvI; IYl.l/ a: LYl"; LJ'{/lJ: ,f-(.)JJ~ .I»a:}~IL~~.1 ~-LI:- ~f J...; ~ ...; ~:;;_c..vv.,:t.~ v! (.)iJ~ ,f (-J eJ ~J;t.I- ~ ...L (.)r. -LI:- ~I:
tJ~JJ / .::.-~IJ.Ijlt' L (.)';1.IJI~./.' =J.Ji v! ji L.Nf 01!-t/e_tj c..
l).IG-u.r v! J1J0' .IJ1..:;,t/.LIJ;L~L .:f!J.lju!~JPl-V,!' v! .I~~JI..-1L)J_,k-;LIJLJ.
vI Lr-' Jv.J V,!'J '~.1,..¥ ( cJ'I' J ~/ ~ v!Jf3 ,f.kll,f (.)1/ ( j~ vI ..f£''f- ~I\I ",.J'(il u!L./J...; .lJ1L~LV,!' ,;) L vI> j~ ( ~Ij c...Ii tfi -'f- ~.1JIt/~'"~C/ cJl;'1;01! './L ,..¥ (J/ u! ~1¢101!L vI (ctj J;-
27
cl,.~tS'V ~ -~.I; -::JA '~ '.I~ '~; r'LV' !dJ iti'-,-.I-' c).J,~c)/ O'A"'.I;JLVv!~' .lvJ"J1 t,.~ tJ1!{ J'J)V' ,.IIJ1.IJ~.I; c.I'".1)1 ,,~v'}~JJJJ J; v!O'vV:_J1.1t!
O';j-J.l'(i,_,c; '-t'Ll'..JI;~u;y .I;~!/'~c)"LcP~ n' -Jl'(i~; c.t,;j / J1~ ~ U~-u,..L C)'.J,~-i.:.L~LcP~ Jr.I; J'j".1)1 J.le -t!; v!!-1,..4zL,~/I:JJ(;.J ~ U;y~~ L (~L ut.}j ~ ~J c.I'
-t/'~":,,,; ~ 'O'Jt: .J~ -:J'Yy4ft / C)!f'v! ~712L Ui.,f
.IJ' t).J1;4 J e~LJ~J..? n' ~ lk Lc.I'~ .I':!.I';'J.I;~~v!L~c.I'A'~l' >}Lu}.r."t~-.?e O'Jj'! 'J~
-t!J1J'!i / C)!f'.IJ'L;\0
'~.1JJJ Jtt" lk -i.:. _.p ~cP~ v! .IJJP/bY.lJ' C)!f'~ /b~lk v! ,;I.j L J;., 1.1 -"-ti'~-:.Iy .::/.I~ .»!L c.I'ov 10~ /b~v! /bY -'J1 ~ ~ ~ ~ u! .IJJ.::/ ,j2 -~/b~.f'I) J~~;ryur~"'~.,"lk ~ ~ eJUi.,f 1.1 ...fc./- c)J.l1(0v!/bY -~ 7-.1~ .Jt.- foU)>>~ ~ .IJ'~
,;~ JcP~ ~ -/ ~(;! J~Lk L.lf L~~~'j _I)
L O1';.IJ' '/ J! J!{ JL(';.Ij,'I) C)J.I~..}(p.Jc.I# lk_l)c)J.I~Ll'J>~
28
'c),f'y. -6. 'Lh.l 1£1.v! cJ' Z- 2/!r' y.v! c,,~c;»/ ui/ Lu""J~L L.::/ III~f 'T- JJZ ~ =Z-.?oL.IJ''j(~)Lu}JJ L'J ~L L.::/ III~.IJ' U}"',.;: pt L t -0) .::-1') J...v
-~ '-1~~ ui/~ f!/'LA I) -v.r!.. f.l~i J.lC L ~ ~ (iJr'1v! lilY-Z- ~ .IJI ~~ tp,jy v!J~r' ~/ JJ Z- ~ .::-~I.I .I; ~
lilY 4~(JJl.l#.v.:' v! J!t 'T-L~u:J,j v! tY ~ / u~...f I.5v 16 ~ 11'ptL Li v! ",:"If" -7-.1 JJ~ ~I;.I#. = v!l;;: J '(/.IJ' ~ :C~-:~ l.k -~ yeJ? v! ~ L l.5.1e(Ju19 1.5f. flye -: )1 ~ (t JUi/.c v! U}~ J~L
-0'~l.5A.i tStJ¥ a:eJ tSif.J!yefU~ij_lyecJ!/ cJl.J,'I;e/y Lk" Lye '{ J'Ji L )_til L LJi/
v! I.5v 11-lil[(i~ ui/ ,:Y 1:;'f -Z- .::.-~I.I -: -:J..-J --?/I~YoY" tSU;U;Iv! lilY l[A.i ".I} L .::/jl.ll) / ,.;$ LU_,)I
L.k =-~ ~r~ ;1.1)~/ Lk=f 7- t)f LJd'~ '-.I~ L!/Y.IJI~"~'~ v! lilY I;J-~ Z..J v!.J...l.-L .::-).j
u?.1uk-- J~ L c,,~ .I)' Lye ~i -:-Z- JJ~ ~I; f YoJ~J~-:"..)1;LJJ~ ~I; .IJ'J9'~III.J,~~ '-/ JJ ~ v.:,L
_lyeJU,I v!J~J;. tSlilY ~ -?JJif.LL.lI.5.1( ~(
1.5:1J..1:'.1J~.I)L~) (]iJr'1 .IJ' t);-'JPi -: 'pt L t tSlilY
29
L,:? v' -ifJc:-fuiJJ", .J~rJ~.JJJ)? L ~'.Jv' '1/11~(;)~LJ i' l:f.' ()!~967.i.t' (v' '~~ ()!J;~ J/II?
-.i-,! ~;24l.kf ~L11
.J'(:.~-?JJ~v.! Jif .Po'J' j.'-J.f.JAPJ/II?Jr; ~ .do;u,~f.Po 'I/t/(1$ f.f.JA OAlJ >.Jv' ; 'j11.JjJr; ,J.;f .JJ'I.J"'" ()!(;),'t:{,~;Lul/ .Po,!!L-/ ~,
(v' P.LtJv' -v!'~ ctt v..»/ J/II? ~ ..::,jJ v' -'-'1o~~ l.k P.L tJv' f (1$ do.}_f£1£ tt~.AJ' (;)!I"" (t-i-.J,! ~J n' I;: ctt ~ OV 17 ~ 10 ~ fJ, O..t~J t,... ()!i;)
-.i- ~ 11UY Lv' J!'~'V- ~977()!~1216 ,_r.; ( v' _(.t; -~ .l;Lr' ....fi ....t t'; "' {,.,LJ/II?(f ~IP~' J..::,jJ v' V- v' ~ V' "11V- .dL -:!. cl..J~tC)JJ ( V' 't,I$' 'JJ1J?V-.JJJJk~~,= «(;),J),:}4 ''-'1()!JI'J.Jii{ f c/ tI'",.J~ L~ -'11 ()!.::/; .dL =1.J;fuA. t:J' ~J 1-.1~~ ( ...-t G ~ V' -Ii.JY'')( u}.P 't'r
-~ 0.1~ t;£ ()!cfj..;JP --?,fi ~ ~);~.J ~ ~u; V ()!.JJJifl!oj; /II?
n' I.J"'" ~ 1/11.1~ J}",.I}uk-- /II? ./'IiL~(p.~ ()!~.rt (~U;JG",l.k()!879~625-v!' jJ1(r;~; J'j; l)!c,CL
-~.IJ~()!v' fufl JrL tf'J~ J!'~'n' -'J1 J' r
30
J'j; '~./ 'U~.v ~ -?J J LJ1 .I»~ ~ L ..:lv;<fVcJ'. .( ~ JI:)f ~ '~ ~ ~ Ir-' .IJ•.,c,JJ, 'J..tj ''6A; v! c1-J~JG v!r f if~-?J cf~~ v! fSi .IJ..,,;cfU.t!'J~ Ir-' -t/"="" -t!J~~ L .:;;jl{ v! ~J OUr" ./.1lL LJ1 (i L ~v;Jtlr-f _,jJ1~' I/'I-.t.J V.lGr! -JLL MG">.Jl",.IJtift c.£l L OJj J,I v! f10tO ~ fiJ1.:iJJV' ..)I; ( ).z;f~ -?J J J...; v' -tf..)I; ( .::/f J cJf.J,"I;oA·, ~ •.I"YA
-~J1JIJJ~Ir-'.,'JJ1~./.1l L (~ L ~ oJj ~ J ul; v!~C oUr"~ ~v! .I~.IJ<fV .IJ'~ LJ1.1? L (JJZ.I#.J; ~ ~ V'JJ.,jt)~ L u.i','.IJ'oo-~~ L~,,,.I} L;;J JiY LIJP.J./ .I#.Jp .IJJ; v!..:lv;oUr" <9'./.1l c:» L
1~~'LJcPtp-f1Jul;v!~r f~',-/.'L.I) -f! J1cI;~v! O.lG f~'~;£J;,~j ~/ -tf(G""~ (J/ LcJfv! ..;I.jP-(Turuska) JJv v! .:;;,?'J' "cJf'~ LtJ/tt1J7' f y.ci,j J~~.IJ -tiC/'J1 ttc.tCuA!')./L u~ Lur. f~J;~ ~v! ~, .lvJ ~ L/
~.IJ' tJ10.7. '.I#.( cJfv! .:;;~~ ,J)J LuI; _JI/.2J, -~ ;£.I':;;.IV v! Jy. ...P..IJ' oj'.t''; 'o)"';/-cJ!A JG' JI~u.i"'.IJ'ul/JcJfjf!J1~ .I~'LJ1~; v!u~ ~~
31
E:" cJ;-'Jk; v!JJi/Joij J,IL U/; to.?--tJ't(Y ~.I
.lJI~.lI",_:,I t!:!J ~ f!~j ~ {) VI" U.J::~Jk;v.:" ~
.d1...- L V'J' chI",v!(;)JU/.ij~ L~~J~",-J/
.lJIt.l~";",Jt~ ~ v.: ,_;_p.J/~t~ LJIJ't J!(!VI c.J~~.d1...-
...s.lu"J~~ c,t:--Jk; oij -li '_;po (j~ rc.J' v!~ J.JP"1v!ufo....Jv;Lu}):' .I} U.J::l"I.lYcf'I .lJI~ L?L/ L..jlJJJL..:}JJ Jc,t:--Jk;?- L u/.ij ~ cJcJ;-'JP;-V
J!J..::.-!A'Po '-;.:l to.t~JL", ..:}JJv!i;)07. ~ IJ..c .JJ' ,~
t",( c.JJ".!.20 ~ ?' .IJ' '6j ...J/ f 7-"C! tf-~ J'tJP .;j v!-if~!Lo.t~
~,;i o.Ji-~J-L~I.I.?- L u/..JiL ..::"Ip,;iJu/.ij~ 1206~ rtL().~c.J';,-(; Po 'Jfl.J;.IJ.::/,'JU/;Lk L
-7-.lU!/ ...f1290sLJ!f3 c,!Y J.;;JI r c- C.n ,jl.tl ~ ~ lfiJ.lC VI. ,cr~t,...Ji~ ~J...fi(~C ~V'-V ~v!V'/ J'I'U-.v
-7-" (G, JAv!~ / J' J..l Po' 'f-
32
f-:;/~~fJ.JO~O~JJV-J/.JJf":'"'7LJLl{.JJ:~IP;;J'(JYfJ":"C.l{~.tv-t}-;J/.JJf(/Y)Jf./f/kJi~)~jfJ~'c6LVJ'UflL(.)~)Jftdo~VJ'j~Vf~V~.t_~Y!b?-'u.:7.J'.l(} jf!fU~ji~rv- ~f!f(JYf~ V-J..IPLv'_~~.t0-'..:..>~{)}(jr;)Jf UM.l{J:VJ} ji/~.lLVf_~JJ~/~ J'vfL U{/Uf.JJf~~f/~VU)GLlfL~V~.t-I(ij6>~ttfLU~f!f~ .JjL ~f!f(JYfv-~I;--J...cVJfP-fJvJ-=-~V'_~b;~) j (Jk>Alf
_uiL":'"'.t'LYi":"f./fL~'!f{U';b--~f{)}a~2_vf~r,,:,",C(ttf L (Francis Robinson) t.:f do')~fj { Cty:,yVf ~,(The Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in
South Asia. 2001.)
_.c...Jfj(JtV-~I.UJ~v-,.ltJJYfv-~r_.p..IJrf~LJJ), M •
fLi,{jfA.ilr-:::-foJjiL rduJ:JfJ;.....,;: V-~I;--J~M T •
),f-:;UZ::'fJf-=-~ J'if.,j'~~)J'.J~)J ~V U.lUV-4Vf_L r .LUP.ujJJI:f'/.)jf~(V-~I;--J~_I).hC:;f/~UVfLUJ)?fJ
MM'
O~!iJ'~fV-/f.h'f..:.J!lfJu_(Jf~IP~)Lth~VrV-Vfff-IfJU
33
~Lvl~rh.O'.ah ..Ll:)V_v.tJIrJLYv!l:)I,'if-c"r~crl:)1v!'-AL~J.JJI~~~"":,,JILl:)plf.,tt;~j(~f0~/~I~
~J:¥:t..jVI~Lv'-~J?Yv!"":,,JILl:)Vvl?f~O'J~~(JvJc:?(~Y;~v!I.);!'t..)I/-~._;j;I~I.);~L~ljX?f
_~;£'v.!(~I~'=_J/l:)~J~JleJ2_vl,li~l:)I/I.JJI~1" .. ..~~~~IJ":::;'U,ol".JJIJ:jLt'.JI~..c.!L<U;;·I.JJldt;_(~
l.)lf.fv!~~l:)I~-JJ.nv!I.)JJJi~.JJ'l:)I2_vl'~;£.J~1JoJ_~t'.nc.z.JviJ2_LJ..J;J""JJ.JYlcJUi':I~/.Jv.JI.~Ir/l:)1cJ.-tv! 1.).n'(~.JV~-?'J'I.).n'tJ?f~;f,/L l:)1if-~~.JJI
_lil.)~li-=-f.v!~~v'Jj(~l(.J.JJ~~J;~v'-~tlY'"eJl'O/~? v! l:)~J~itc.(cJPJ"A.JJ~ l:)Vlf.,tt;J'J..J;J""J_~ v! l:)VOlu'~£ eiJ.JJ',,-.l:;,b.Jt',~p
J/-/.v!....,L)Ll:)I/lf.l.~~v::crO'J,,"''-,..?JJ'L.nl:)U• • .. yo •• •
.JJI(~~v!l:)~J~_r'i.n:'.;·(v'-O'.JJJ...cfJ~~u:.l_;/cJVf~ v!..c.!tf ~.J}vr;,7- Jvf~lJ~f?,JJfI~j~'~JL.JJI,.l.~A>Y.J""re'.JjL.JL.JJ_li~.n»:.J}o(....cJ~J~• • y r- ~ -J:~.JJI,.:;t,..,,~A,,!TLIJ L r~ C)1,'f~ J'.~;{ <.f'''Y';{Jr2_vl-O'.JJ.n""r~I~J'c!.?LtJI"v!.JJJVli'..;f.l(){//.i-~~ cf.1/L~ IJr~.J}vr;.J~?.JJI..:...1k-v!..c.!vlfv.t_1.nJW,Iv!(~l:)I~-?'J"J.,J"(){~c!AJI,,~l:)IL/.l.)l,VJI
eJJ'..j.rPo1JLh""J'v1v!Vl,~t!j/O.JIJIJ.JJ.L~(~
34
j~2_LU}I/-v!I]l;J ('f-'»~ )J?~'~jp,?fv!viicf-!.",..:y 41):'U~,..c-ro,~Lu} lY'"v./t..f£,j I).,,},2_VI(;yJ"'.J,IJC)'(;yJ'"J/:),II))IJI,)o:J.z..Vl,,jj.f":y;{U~I'~L L..:Y
_~~rr'L..::,.;'~1)..c-r/1"er..tv"'.tf~)?''''';LIPLv'r..t)"L/.ul{.),,jIdI;!O:J.a):fU}lY'"fJ,?fL (J,ft-Vl jjJi.!;.;AfIi,;?.J,'
~jp''''';LIPL'?~'~jp,r..t~r'_~A!;I(G-~'J.'-/''v./t.f,-,-'f-.J(i(jj I(j(;"c/".f~J ~.J'('f-G-....;)JI»~ )_,,;1.
j"41"'-~)ut ur~)~J 1;)~1j'I'~~ L J,,;fjV.tf(i.lt.z;,I(~~I~Iu!J~u!J~,J,1760~,~j;:./r..tJ~u!O{/JuiV f1A-..t .J,f ,Lo:~/.'41,,1cI..zL; jIll
_'f-.J(i..;:.,1Ji;i1j"jG-~'I'L.J,,),".tft,j..::,.;'M;j'/lu~"Jjl)),.fIf~Ul{.lSi.J'Ir-LJ',;f..tI)V~' 18~..t~'-r.iJ1(.;,;v:fiJ,'?,),'l~/>':Jv')"'f.tf.J,;fJ'.JI(Vf~)"",)""J1if(G"1(..J"Lc1--Vl( 1762~G,)iJfO·~rfGj'/'.JJ,~,,jJ r5J~JiL,,;1";:"jp,~JJ?~I~.Je!l_V1:)'.:)/c,.',)f~VI)~)iLu,~)ir..t183S~-,jJtJ:(JLlPL~f./fJG"~)"'J)'~cr U;J.)",j~ JJ'f f~' JIfA;.::.-P!LVI'!,tf(#J'lSi.J'Ir-LvI''f-'J1.J~I(O)ij~-vlL~Llu!UiV
_JLLO{,~~/),,~tJ;:.-~J~')"~J1r(2)
~jj)",j,"";/'~jpv!if.,~tJ;:'-:'f-~J1",:"l)I((,Jv!""')'"
35
LJ'1(~~"~:;;u!..:;.,JJr~Lv'-'f-JJ'1~J'/-J'~;..:;.,1;')~..J'(UiiJJ.u!.AfL~;....(,"~~(..:;.,JJru!C)~,~_V!fl~'~J'!.VJv'_'f-t"lJ(-::,"Uii!.VJ~~'?c~~J~;L{1748j'(;{ U'.AfL 0" ,j'",tflru!.::/'P?~ Lf ~;J',~C)'~JJ.u!1692f'f-~b.lt"J'v'_~~J{v~(c!..J'(UiiJJ.2.LJ'11695L....c;....(,,'/v,_v";rJt..C.J(....u!JJ.-LJ'~Iv(d..J'J• .,... y _a _ •
v,_IJ,f dL J/-.!f? oJL.J~.JLfuu!,:Jfufj.l ..L C)'U!- y
C)';tr;-..fIL'.tL.I~ez:J'JtVJ'1.Jf J'J;C)J.tr;~c-~~J'_"..JA~J'J,J),~J? u! ,J..I;',!.VJ{.J~OJtjf~.J"~,jPcz:_"..JA'f-C)'.tt;~J'~J' v' 2_1.)'I'J'1u!~J'L..I'J'....{I?f1vi,~LJ'10!':;'v'L./,JtJ~LC)'.tr;LiI'o,u!~.I../.J4,vi
_'J'1(1r'~Uii..d~_"'.JA'U",flru!1905-_"'.JAN.!J~4l,;L.i.._fj,.;0!~o~/'o.6.,~LJ..J;,!.VJ,~LJ',J)UlJJ'19.J"18L,~LC)'.tr;vL~v.:Cl2_L~~U'..lLu!cll-l/.J(l{Y":'L'»U'..lO/'J.J,,~tflr.JA'u!ur~.JC)tJ.-'"u!~,~LJ'J;L, ~cf.-V! JiJIr~~.J~~ t~.J"cV'jA'.Jr:'.J~ V.ov 19L/ !.V'A u! uj~ 'i-'LU,(,'/ IfJ"r,p ~ .V,.J,'!J;;'ft~J'~JJrLv'.i,~VJ'1.J,,?v.J,p'(.::/'PoilJ,..(~ji~-..fIJ'V'-~J,?u!U}tJ.-'"v..fiJ'(JY"p,.J"..:;.,JJ~>.J'~,;!_ If''~ tt.J'1re,y"L or:JJ.u!.::/'P;!_L,~~'f / .);}I'cz: u,~}i.J"uJ,~fu}tJ.-'"~.IjL-(iJ'(JY"p'L U,(l
---------
36
-JtJ:(.J£.1tf-:'.I..JtJPL.::..c~..II!{.I_,1?t5JljIL,,~LJJ)v!-:?~~4~l;,)JI;)I~t tJy Jl}_~ tfJ}lu.J..fv! JrL,.:"tJlv£_i~g;1, Jl}~lo'~Lfvd~tJ.~u,~A,~..JtJPdL.::..c~..II!( 1889_~;£vd:/'ftffrv!4!_J: ..I_~LfvdtfJt;:rI(..J~.I"PJ.JfO;tJJ..fv!4!-/trfliJtJ..v1(~~ttJy~ L ellf~~v!u,~ Ji_'6-f~.Iz.....tJ.~LJrL.I,'..:::;,lu,;;2..VI'f.tfL~..t.ljL(IJJ~)lfl'v:!(:;.1v!VliJfJt;:rI(UAL
, _f-J.I!vL..:::;,tf~elVt5~A.I"'6-ftdf(-?ILJflS'A)I~ t tJy~ fJ~I v! ..:.rh--JelV-'~.::J,vIIJJ)t.I{y(vl/o.l~ttJyi~r(g(~,,~0~-k'/v!-fi..:)tJPL'~J~V (~~L,,~LJJ)~L,,~Lk.b(1919)VbboV
-V!)jJG"JJ)u~lzv! ell
O:~LJljILvlfVJfJ'/':::--?'Vlell;:~(JJ)v!.I'JDJ?y_f-k'hg;I/U~.I"~..II!f;J'(/~
•••••
37
:c/ -T-V'r"c...J:P (JrLC)},,~LI:P'~", cttJ,- .J" L JJJ -,.jJ -L""'l).JJi cJ.J,~!"el-tJ,-J; J'~L..if-T- tJ{k L~ "'C)if/ If Lc:r uv ,r ""'l:J.J,~~ .:t"J r..£.t~ JJ?~ J~'",~ rt'1L el-tJ,-,r~#IfIf"'lfi~ ~ "j "d;,L.lJJ v1uJj6 L v1-i"j 4,r ~ c....uJC)~ J'..l;I f,r Jr ~,,~=~ -cJ! ~C~,r~ tff"'~.,;~c1A j "4~ .:l!"JJC).ur-e:uitt "j uJ~IJf~C~1.1= ;;A" ~ ~ L C)? 'JJ-ic...r./ 0'=1r&'J! "vi'c...;; ;; e:&(c....uJC)~"j't!l'JI~'J~ ';"J-Lr J::...Vr,.J!.J~L~.J =frL/-i-C,r~ ~r.:tj~L""r'tfaN'r~ d~c...~
~C oJ"j ok- '{ JJ ct~ L(peter Jackson) c:I1:.h-i-~
The Delhi Sultanate : A Political and Military !&tory (1999)
/,JJ,~e!J.Jv1lJf ~Jj""IL'_;"'- ~
38
tJ'.vP'O/JJ~~Vi~f T-,,~J~JP tJ'.Vi'?--vf~ Jy -=jIf~ -T-~v1' l7J~ tJ'.Vi fT--=Ji -T-J~~Jfp~e..:J~rJy Vi tJ,..u£t Jvb tJ'.cP'JPlfT-Cir/ C)rJPlL(lSiL~ ~j V.cP'JPlr.-=~'V.!' ~J ~ vJ'IiJJ.4I...r ~j J1JY_r!5'..J/ ~ r...$.J~-li lh1'.1/tS.t rvI; L ~j ~ -v! (jI.I ~ ~ Vi ~Ij 0/JJ "-ViUNA JI~ vI; L ~j '" ~f "-Viii C,..J'f ~ vJ'/vbLvI;L~j~~;; JijiL~jl.JJ-! ~L~;c.tfLv~ fT-CIr~~!?f-={V'f-if~r J}...u.- -=rJ'f.l) 'tJ~~ / (lSiV'L~ ~j PlL L,.. (iJvJ' U'{vilr PlLtJ.v-LVi.! ~ -1.10:a:r/ U'{.;S~~v. vifj~".; -u! ~ ~ V' f~~ V~~
-(j.l ~ vJ'U'U~..:t.lJ~ ~ V" J,..":"'f'J J....;Jrv.Jdf L.li J~fT-Cir~ -="'::'!" ('. -firtJvb~ .I) &5)Y;l'_£ L,.. J,~ .I~ L cJ "-Vi 'v!~,~J ~j,f hJ ..t cP'JPl tJ'.J.;.LVi_£A'L -=..t &5J.......,J,..))' ); Jvb '''1Ji..t...$. J!L ~ J.I'; _£ ~Jv,!l v....$. cJ-+:_£ L; ~ .I'; cfv.~~hf~'ILc:I-~JJv.Pl.f -J,..J!~ r~ JcJ tf. tf.~~~
-if ~.I~.I;! / v,!l J!
39
J.) ...fi,JJ-V] LfrY~ c- p.1UP-I:) tI./~/~r~;J Jub= ~'JJ 'J';" Jjr J.)L5/JJ j £ rJJr' ct.#L.J '" D'- -.tr J.tr t,,/J14C-t/ VI j VILf ./;.trJ...c;u!u.y}oJJr' j} LuJrn: f tf-IJ{ L./.A} ~~ ...fi&f~.A -V! ~./J ~./.J, 'tJ..~ ~ >.JUuP L I:)-L.
lC-VI J.tr ",) u!rJJr' V')~./I J-!/jr./!RrJJr'LJ';)ut C-t/ V' ..f" -VI tJ! «f " ~ dl-:=
_J.trA--L!tr ~ J' r~.l J..c;..tr4~J}.~r}C-u}fj Lu}f/ 4(e;Iu.y}u!;. L~;J I:)
U,J.t 'ty.~ r}u!~ Ju}f./j;C-UuP./J 'I0 ~..:}JJ
U./~>'...fi..x ~.Po..:}JJ fi.tr _/'="./} ~ rVI 4(~Lif.'Irv.JJf.tr J.~v. ~ Juf IJ~ 'I v..::),J
_J~_/,./~ JcP'~ry y
4vii ~ ~ (J!.lv.ub s:tf- L.tr«f = .;'.t' ...fi~, u!.JL5)j -£L.tr «f 2:_) ~ u!c)JcJ ..f£'Z-~~ LVI_"./~ ~ ~ u!cJ cf- _.,Lir "lC~ ciA"LJ-=-IJ;"uJ.J c:f'L~, ...f ;;:( / Lc-~, ct...J./'£«fI ./J~L 'Je;; 'cJuA--L I:) ~ -£~ J;vii"u~JU:;....' v' rc/~u!.JVI _., f~./)rcJ "./} ~}-£4LIJLJ:! c-ut);~J;-.A./J'./I.f:'..li/ rJU ="L.tr
40
1'i-lJ[ V. '-.I~LcJL~= ~ l' i-= ~u,...JJi '-/» .,JiIfL ub"~.1'-/ ».IJ~ tJ. 'i-'=A j £L!,,~I' I'J!=fi£~,..~ v.'-4LuJhcJ./_£ Lf't! ,,;/ fA.:;... (UA =1'1)C"-e:~f J}(UA -i'/ -fl ~ J; v.~ L4"L \)',_f ~ 1,j~.IJ o» 'i-' IJAj~ J,...v.~ 4~li-<t' ..p ,f ub .s:fi" $1i.I,fV'i-C"~v.i./'IJJ~-,,fi~.:;...,-/-),-1V' IJ~ .I~-fl.:f- 'V!J"~IJ.lJ 'i-J! .x -=J. J.I; ,f V' j i-C!rv..Ii) ~ulL UPJ~~.J ,f rJ L U~~
lu,;t ~ /wI" ~ L;£.1 j,~ 1.I'1J''i-'J!LJ-.dP.L .:-OJ ,fV'./',f .:;/i a:O.l';;J j ,fV' L U,;t..J.frJLk ~L" ~ .IJ.:.:;u, I U~!L V'.IJ 'il rJ./~~=f ;i'W ~cJP.L4- ~~ 'I) -&1.:;... v. cJJ} Yo 1'L rr. l'L ~j ~ .IJu}t.V ~.t.C1 .IJ'I) ~"' ~ .::)-rr. fi -~l~yl.t.C1£LV'd L~.I~ ./'I)Cf ~.::)- .:;...U/;
',f (W.:;/; ~I fJj 1.,I1J1Lui; L u,f -4-J ,-.J J!
41
~.»tLV' J',['TVr""""~ ft~J9'!"L~ j d.
~ J -.::)jU/» '-.J L ~., JJ," " r OJ'J IIIr'JubJ' £u!-i. Lup LuJPu!J»! .LJ"J,_Lu,lfJJiJV L c:I...Al' ~LIfu!.»t-LJJi'ft ~ r f.p- tC. " ~r"""c).J,~(~Y'~J»! J2 _J"rv,J(c)~~JJL"~}u!Jj'vOJ~' v1i lujJ;£J,:f' ~..Y! u!cJ JJ1/"(;"J ~iJ). 'OJ~j IU~ /. u!J.~L ~Y'~.t.Cf L lP j _,f.JlP~ JJJ! -ifrr I,-A,' L oj};A J~-.fiLlP~~'v.P ,f Jt,:) JJ'I J.fJk#' ~ ~,Lu)'.J,~;; ~
-~J u!"'.ti,~ ~J JL" JI.J,~~ JJ.::kPJC)f -Jv.! ..::/;"rt L t.:AjLc:!-'Ur ~oUr' J,_ L ~J ~ tt' L u,;,.f 'I s« {;"j lf~ J!C"Jt},( v'~4UJL~'VJk#'J~ I~JJ~~'u)t,V JJ'1ftJL.f ,.)f; (wI:- J_,Ll' '1ftJL.f ..:.SlPJ c:l..J IJfli
.s: ;£tc)JJ,~, J~"-:Iufo.'-t,~ (.,(J.t.Cf-T~ (
;£J,:f' ~ ~J .t.Cf tt' -:.;; L ~'y~ JJ.I,...,01£:' J2p}'l JJ( ~J.t.Cf -.i:z_f~ l!_j v.:'k JJJ(,dr.t.Cf-£
,2 ~'JLtJ,_ L t,:) Jlr ~ -i:.. z_j'J{ I~~J~ ~ Jt,:)
~JLtJ'..&;'...4" T~ (C)f v!..::// J,,;1JJ.It: ~ -£z_.f'u!ujJ ~ '/[ u!U};J( ~ ~ J"J~J cJUJJlr.t.Cf-
42
c.t cJ;--~ -i;_ Lrtli-.Jr ~J ~ c.t cJ}JUL.tj J .::).Jt)
-:.J}'Lrt )(7.0 ~~.J.J}.1 LLk ,!/'.J} c.d'JJ,; 'Lrt?.J't,,»Ji ~ cJ~i 't.!U.J''''J"~4 £'rt J'J c.t t!;:J Jl:J
...).J t.!.J~ IcJ}./'.J}vVLLk.J}
~J./fl, frLcJ,Jt '-/»~'f'l) LIr ~ -:7. ~ cJiJ,Cf
J!"or~c..'.I} 'Jrl c.t ~~"-JJV'Lc:f' ;1)»LIr I[-cl v:!~~Jc.d'lY '-/»fy.'v"
Lk.»!L V' -If..Ji;reft.),~c:f'LcJP L.J.,! c.t 1399JV' ~ J} ',f~ ~ JJ ~.»! LV'f"rt c:J/ cJ.),~v."- VI -J.rt ri ~'y ~ c.t .Jq. .I} '~t/'.}.v:>.'1/v:! '{ JJJ Iv~~ LJJJL c.d'lY' LIr 1/-::1Jt" (j...f1~' L(~ LcJP;~,.-f'Jrt r ~ u~_;/
-UJ,Jic .I}
•••••
43
vi;~'.:.f.J/<.to:.}b.lt']4-'N!LLrv!Jr.,LcJ~~J'ji;i"r;...fi{LSJ,;r-ffi"cJ~~r~<.tb.lt'~..I!fLV'L'Y'c'.J1...fio'v'~~-~!Jf;'.t~J1~/b.lt'o'JJ.q;:~IJI.:.f.I':_';.::....I,'tt.t.I<.tcJr;,,~:fvL.::Y;.I~J~,'~<.tJJ.qfJ1~..:tJ1)/,.I.J1JJ..J/N!L•./r,JJ..(~Jrv1<.t~.I,b.lt'~2..Lu~~;O"4:;_~.I,dtJL.qV'_!r<.t~LcJt:J1".I"I).::...:J/':fkr/.ff.:.f.<.tub.s:!o'cJt:J1{.IJJV'ft.J1~.i"(v'_~~~LcJ~~(~c.J1.1J!{(f.IG/)r,.'f7-c5.1,)'4J!~2..L~o'.qV'-'.J1r(.::...N!Lv'cJ ~~CGf JJ r.<.t.lJJJf.&:,.::.....:tJV'~.Iv14J!c,',.1
_7-~c,.Ir;~I.::...~}b.lt'LS.lItVJJ~:.,:,bvc5~f·":"cro'ct!..I;r.j~<.tOIvU.i;v'o'O:'}b.lt'o''';;''.I,fj...ft~jJ.J1e~<.t#1990<.tct_t(/,.10'b.lt"c~AJJ,}r;r.f7-.Jt;.JP.'(cJ'~f7-~.-d'(V'~Jrz..v'-.IIa<.t.,:,.Iy'';:',V'cl)l[fJLS~)icJ~~<.tJ~JJ:1960.::...~~!.vLU,(fe~.::...~lro'cf.)i4cf.;t.lb'..?;'J.I'(V',,:,,'c~.I<.t~J.J""'~'::'"
_~'.J1.,
-V!I.)J(ijoh--~NtJ'.IJ'tJ'.t~(~.I~~bv!'';''''(~cJIJVlG:-k~~_*{c,J/L.I'.z;,u~ u!~ ..c{uirG:-.I;j;.J.'cl/~Jv1f~u!1/f.~J~U!~h--JJJ"';u!Vlff-~~1
-f-1/011r(b.lt'G:-Ji.Ji;iLtJI.t~'.IfJ':-I.)~JcT-J.JftJV"~~Jv'I.)lf.u!(WjL~~J~~u~'~'.I~'(Ii'~J~ff-v1~...E .. ...(t-f-t:ftJI.IIJr'~(-;u!I.),w.LcJI.t.ljLI.)'.I?;;-I,y'~LVlc(;D.lru!(F'(~f ~~""?~J(Wjo~L",;v'-~?-.ILffl.)iJl7!c(;~.J_.I,,(~Iv_;;.t.ljL~u,~j-(;t'.Jf{~u,.IJ,~}~j.Ibf~jVlL~lit'lrt,Gckf~~.I.1,'lit'Ir~d'-kt.l"lit'lrJJ(G:-k~~j?f!J.Jf~.I,)'Jl.)j'.t~.IJ'I.).Jf';;J'i'4-'G:-~Jv1t c! JIrJ ~7J tJ,dL~' J tJI_u.Jf.liu,.IJ'~J1,I~VI-~LIre::A~Ir.lJLtJ'.t.IjL~~UD.IJ'v?c3truJv.:..!IrL.JfAP7:-Lt/.f!J.Jfv1J,:),~7"JUJ?(~"'u!J...~L~j.=.b'f7- t'.Jf.lV;,(~jv'G:- v~,J .f,~~"'.:L~u!,-}lr {.I;~...tJ'2..vl-(;t'Ir~J/.y'Jf(!J.Jf~u,~1G:-ut/ufliu.lJ)'~2..L,Y'-~L.Jf~I/'JrlJ~;uJlyd'fv'ilit'f~JGo!G:-~"~J~/-,Jf);_v.:hl}'(U.lbG'(;t'Irt,GJl}(~~v'u!...;~G:-.I;V~.IJIu!c:JJJr"';}'_!c3trvl.,fLIr~J;?u!~rG:-v)cJI{.I;oh--.I,'~bJtr/,y'f.I"O:Jfliu.l,)'~2..LJIiIL,Y,-vf~.;J~h; .hr'~G:-
-L'f~v.~v!:f~~J.iV'''~.Ivt,Z;y~_,.f1J~;tJf.tt;v!/....&IJf..f.;;v.~tV ..ct~vLV'e-~Jj.f~v1-?/JJJV'.I,'u~.,fcJ,.tt;....&Io"2...I»H--T-.Iz...~tt-:Yle-J~V}'.tt;V!/-7-.I~U.lbG'~';e-.I,!;,?(.:V~u,'~-v?~Uj'~v_:zJcJ'.tt;~v.z: iv.cJ~L.ftJe-cJt:iL;j,p-lja, ..,v_:zJJ!/u,'.I,,£.LfJ;.D~e-tJf.tt;v'LcJ'L,y'J~?~vLcJ'2..v'-£'.I"£L.fr'/,(,Y'J~ cJ,.,fJ'~~~Jv}!/f-£..:-libiJ't'v..:f.lJt:.-PJ_£LA.JfJlrvitL./;'.t~".fvj,~J cJ'.JiLcJ,_£LJI"j&Lv.,:-~~UU;;'e-.I""vt;?£Li,y'.,!J! _£':-~'.I.1"#Y'O~~!.cf._;j;I~r::/.}J.:-r;t;Jv.'~J~.I,,#y,~..ctLv!'tV"..('~2;-"~J~..('~_~'"v1lrw~J'...Ecf'~('~J~v...ctLuj'JcJ'L",v.J,iJ!Jv!Ia-~c;C.:-libi";~JJ~vL#y'v.J',;,~'.fcfi"e- ~L-' u,;~£Lfu;.I,JJJVJ.:-L(>'Lv',y,..;L/.iJ2_~,v12..Lu.l'rJ}~'.A:!',;,f,,"?,~L(Lv!la{uw;"cJjLf(r(U.lb~.J.,,~~f'-.I"'L.:-r~,~J/L •.:.,~t.tt.fb:.Ib~fv"tj~ f ~v",_~,f....&lfJJ,fv}."LvJ/r~'.I"~~fv_,.:-~y6't.tt.v.(ji~V_~JfdL
_t!c,(~".I,v-",~.h:;...~v.J..\;:."7-.I..6",y',?,~L.:-G.c;'.I""V!..v.,J~..ctL",:,,;..L,'
46
-v?OJJ,j/'.?V-;'.JJ~(:)'L...6.,f~.::i,f'-:'C;...L".I'''.Ib~;;~~J~.I"'~? lf~V'LU,ffV: rUY:~Lf~r.~p.L",fJ.,ft"{'tf~:t'/'~ufo.,f~.::i~,,'~J~~(:)'u!'.Ib'((Iii~t'/'....aJ~:;-,.,~ ~fJ'''.::i.l''~'r.-U! .tivL.I"~'t'/'L""~~J'fJv.?t~~~JJ(if~':'~'/.I,'u£Ir'u,""".:,~~L~e".~tI'~L.-tO.lbG'~~.I~_~J'(;Lf~Jr-?"':'.I"'v'_~Jf~,}tfJ~'.I~.I~.l..~j 2._L Ii!It'-L~'~ojr~_~~''/''jlJ..;t;»if(c1~L~J~{.I;'~,V'.,~J''
:v.t~ut..ll)/i.l"'~~'-.I~LJ.~",~~"""~(_,i:_tt.fi{u'""""'J;J!.j,~j/»fir.~ (:),fLV'Jr.,~Jb.l;(.)'''':'1'''":'(:)(JI)..;t;(:)J:;-'~~~.I"O(t~OtJ;"I)-~Jr."'.::JG".I"JJ;"'{U,.jJLUi,...cu,ft~~_£f-.I.1':/2._L(((J}i/.'1Irt)~L.;4-fif~'~~l?.J,_t;,-"l1.1.i(("JIrOJ~ (~uY.!-)~L(:),~;iJ.I.J";;"'.I,,-£2._f2if,{U'£Ir.f.fLU,ff_~t'1r''-£tt.~~'~Jt;hrJ~~,.~J'.tt;(-;~~
--?.A-f-~..J~(bA·,f~.I~~bv~~cfiv'L~~..Iy,j:"/~;'-'~~~"""'f:I,/((:),f~lf~~JJr"""Jr.'((:)'.tt;,,,~...?Jv"£tt.~J~~",,.J'.I;'(J."'.I"dtJ~...?J,f;;_.I~(:)~'~• .. Y • I .
(:)~J~J",/,J'.l-:-lS'.IJ"t~lS"..&:'~,'/'J't'J~J'~(:)' .
47
,j2-~"L,)J;(e-'i-'vif",)}d~),',~;{)e-jJ,J~)(j:r/-?,,Jv' 1)~,t( ()'J/U'?',..:;,Pr;-'(),)J'vtif.t..J.ufoL ,..#'A~fJv~)fJ1"::;;,v,c,'.I(C),,j2_tik'f~~('/',~ ;/LC)I.t~v'e_;"--'I ~)" U~J~ JU! ,J=-s,,,,,Jv' t..J.,.f':::;,J/-~j L U,fl
_LJ1.1~e-(tLJ;:~J~t..J.b.lt'?~u~,ti1J)?t..J.UJ1,JJ1,v'J)...&IUlf.LUR.,:,~,J,.f.:::;OJV/UJ!j"::;;,L--t.J'i'-J',fJ1),f'Jt!lc?-){JL,Jo~J~U~'L--t..I",~)...;Jll:ivif2...LLf~~~l?,J,v"~JV!'1-~)Y#,J.-dLC)'),)L--t.?,J'JJ1':;"')'/,J?2...L~~,j'~_/'JL)1)~,J--t.C)~.IJL/-~j.l"0~)fJulf.~'))j-J'JJ1t.t1JY#,t..J.2...LL)()'.I{~.I,/,JUr.;-~t.t1Jv,JLv~Lu}'JjJ!J1J)()'/'J'v'-? }(jJ~)e-U''?'t'()'~..v',),'up.l;e"if~L /-~j,v..),}4 v..Z,JJ~' O'~L v"))j-tiJ~':'f:lv~Lo~ .IfJUlf.
_~J,-)0'1:J!/uJ! jJ,/.I,',jr: /.-~ff-""LJ1Lhi/ ~tr)Lu~Lu~.:;.,,)'A-?Ji"'.IrJvU; ")) Jtr/'y,..J.! .?'i-'ujti~f~~':::;DJ'.?p tc:f/'V'(.;LJ1L)()').I,JJP,Jv'L/-~j}iJ1J'jt..J."..c:'Lt1-1..1-J,)/,JJJJ,Jvf.J.1)fYJ/,:,tiJ~U~A;~I',jv!
:ff-""t..J.,-)~Lvk.l"LJ1JfJt..J.JJL/-~j/(0(('.1 IP",:",UJ )D~)'.tlf.(1713()'),jII))'Yu1...&1Lf~",J~~-f'y(v'-f~Y
48
{/J'~'-/'J?J(vl,.(~'k'~J~~~L/l,.)v'~ / J'~,-?-J!lJ' (.)~.I~',j,k'~~vk..(~:,_~(.),""r..J)J'f::./(vl..(jo.t~~cJ~v,~JJJJJ1'.I'JJ'L/.t,j":"JI}J',f.
':".nJb~L:»J..J/..;((.)'.I"~'J..?J'I)~~ ~".I:,~P. L V'
-v!L.nr.?~'!/'c1l?Lf¥v.J'~~J'cJtJ.''f-J~((.)}.I'_'J?2..v'-~~~(cJ'.IJ,~..y~~.::JJ'/.t,j(;}!~..I_e:..v~L(.)ilP!..y":"'.I~,y.f~,~( tL'~~~Af(-.Jp.L ~.::JJ'/.~j,,(,[,~~~'f ~,=-JY-J:,~Lv'L cJ,/'y'r,;-'(.)~.I~',jJif 'To- if(cJI_tt.~J~~ ""!/'
-,=-J!lJJ~~D~J~2..Lv'D,jit2JfL'.Y~cJ'Z:":"L'.Jf.y.2..LL~;~/~~,f..:/;LcJ'.IJ'~~_L"..(£v!~fL(r;.,:.,~~,~(.)ji~'.I.1"(.)}-vf~:,r'~~u!v'~(~~f~~Jf"::":l':,L":"!lf,pLp..I"~4L'-:-C;(.)~D,~Lv'-Lf,pIl~et;./Jt,jiLf--t.~(.)ju,'JcJ'f~.- ,LI.SA,G,~(.)'J,k,e:»Lf..Jt}~ .,:.,L'.J,J?L '-:-C;....£"L
-~Jl)'J-~{(.)t;~LJJ~.I,,~Jft.7. 2..LL.Ji~":"Pr.I"..::,..-'~.ILv"~~.n~,;;J.-?(..!.-~~.J~~~ ~.-t~-fJ,f ()I;~.I,'(.),?L ~ '_1Jf~.v th,/I(.),.Ib,L VI,;-1_c,ji~Jt.l~":"~I'.I,fcJ'.I"'-.Ibl~'JJ!-,fJ§..J)fiUut:·'
49
Py~I:)'!.J~u~...:b'~~,..tp-V!LfJJJ'-~'.ILj'Y.-t2...Lr(v!..:.-Luz,:.,c......;>:'Jif.VJ1r t.-tk.::.-f. c......;>:'J":'-?.J.lj'?.u,j~,
If. 1. :f-1.5~.I7.~":'-'.I~' ~ -'f- tJ1'~ (u?;v ~ !/JJ(0.1,;"JU,.I'J'.I~.I}!IJ;vLp'./'...;J~LI:),jf:[J1i/v!u~fpLI:)'.Ij'I:)'.IJ'..{J;v-VJ1~(I:)'(J'Lfl:)L4c...I:),&t,)IJ'I/~j;tfJ~'":'-'.I~'j~c...~.1 jL v,ft- V~~'J.---'JA'ht:-jv! tS'4L..
-J!~z:~1vl:)'OJ2...v'V!C)'.IJI/.J:('...;>:'~,.z;'LvtflivL-:>'&t,j.Ji;ujJJt::--...;>:'Jif.,I/J~'Lp'./,._Q)~LI:)'/...Jjv'lil:i.leJ:);c...1/.:tjLI:)I.lJ'/.~f~~-i"(if."J1~.vJ_.L,(U?;vc...~~I/~ht-'~l'::;cfliot:-J~~~oJ_~J'fJ.i'L...LdjL.hr;./LJv'd!1.1-~Jb:;:t:-J~/I:)'.IJ'/. ~L Jv'-VI/ JA.lj'V
:fU1'?!J:'-...IL- .J:!/r .?tS't:-Luj,j.-t ~1...Y······u~.IIJd.J~LJ'.Ij(r'/"'-..J{L..:.-{.(jt:-Lv"'J'fJIJJu'/ Lv' J: JtJ.-J/. t,) c... JI>~.::,dl-I/1/.:t,j~ 1./.Ju:'~'1(jt:-.:,,'.Ir.lj' J JtJ.-~fLv!.a?L :POJj~cf't~(v'fVJ1o;l.t',F- ", \" _
~f xk.::.-f.c..., I./..IL/uy,.?-"oI:)'v.:-.?Py.lj'fi{V,-V~~i.~{v,f£fl:)l:-./,.:;..;'JLv,_V
50
-,fUJf~~J'U£"UitJ~...J)C)'.JJ,..(~_~tJ,j'/Lf~/'(v'.p!Lu;PJ'k.,~eL'Jt./.jr-.G'Ul(-_~..!.-;IL'ie~e-LU~t./.e)r.J.'~v!'tr!(j{v'LA._fIc.P--~Lt./....J?i::y'LJJ'.J!tf.fui,/t,::,-'/~;J'(.?(j~fI,)!J?f~v:?~'e'/IJ,J/.P!LtJ'i~'/v:?('/'('::;'/"O~J~~o,/hJ'&f~~Jo~J~,":",LI::C~'/'}..(J(UZ;·'Af~'/"C)L"d'J't"C)",/i.l tf.:,.::AJ'Lf .::.J)~J'C)',/J'..(~ it./.tJ'2_.tJ",J,f~ '::;o~..I~.p!L.::.-~'/..J'cl ,/,/,I,J,..J'cl'/'v.!'/u,/~vt)vJ:~''~U";JJ'.J!~t./..P!'/""J'iJ(U,.;J~~~,/jLJ;v._fli'J'i
_LJ'iJ~v"I)'I[~vL/-~jJr?LC)''/J'..(~.J'7-..j'~(b,/t"
"_~~..!.-;/,":",y-',JLLC)uJ'i~vLC),JrJ(;l'OJVY?.J'7-C)t;;.-IJJ'J,,; '(:A.fL C),.t,,;._fItJt;;.-'JJ';A.::.-lJvL~~J~...J/..;LtJ',JJ'iv!~tfiL..!.-Y!..!.-}'/,'J',;L~J\,'7- t"J'i~J.,~ cz:~ (~~J~?_r;'/IJ'~~'.J.,~Jfrl'-'/IJ'Uh/~2..-tJ'-~J'i'-#'-.f~.-?'J'U?G"'/'/"U.!-;v,u_,f...;,.;
-1)~'/V:?Jt"tJ',Lft"lh(~fiu/.'.,iju.J'cz: .:.(.L b,/t" t./.if.-'7- :t ,t;;.-Jr f._fl ,":",cr~J'ct-~..IjIj
-V1J?yJlr-f- .
•••••
51
~J ~h!/' ,;-'vi v.,f J"('=-v.uit/ L -=--7.1J'J/fcJ.t1~J;I::.-~('=-ff-t'Irl(v.~AL";;.,,Jv'_~Lfuit/V.4(f1!·0~'v.~,Ju.t1~J~j"'I::.-'Luit/~tJ.--"v' ~I::.-.I}(~-j'oJf~J;jf 1b;~(~'.1}.1/'!/',;-'Lr=:...P.I..JJG"e:L ~'.tt;L V'.IJ'.ut/J/o..:-1fj'JlruJ~J~.I,,f~-~L.t1e,,,.u:.,J'L,=-J~(j~vLv'~liI(:J(tf'e'v.~ rut/JJ_v! JIrUJr(~'.1~/'~I{ e".L Jj'{Ar,J/-'-~Lf~<fru!JrIl:iI::.-Jj,JLf(G",::.,1~
_o/.Jo/.Jj'JlruJ~uJ?j.l}.lI::.-'o~J~_liLj.l(<f'~~J~=-Ji'~_;:"~L('vl,J,=-J~,J~~.IJ;'oJflU.l'J~j,Jv,=-,;.p.j'J.t1,J~ {/u!J~,JliJ j=-(~~.IJ~Lv,-L.lJ~<f (';;.IJ'v'tLC),_t..~f~~{~~.I~.IjL..:...L~"~J~V!2{Jr,;.p-f-.I.1'JIJJ~t,..L'~J~ufLJ,j'vt;.IJ',!/'_li.l~!tiJu!~L..:...L~'_~t'f(r/JJJ'i-'~-Z_LJI.t1 ~.IJ'~;./o1 •..:...!ti'?~)$1::.-~1r~~J~i..Lh,~t.5;;JI::.-{V,jit'lrfi~~O~J~_li..A.!)(..:...I)2_L('~f
52
SLII~&'i-'O~J~i.L,v-I~v)If,-j'JIf>Jlfr-?'~(I/.p./JIJJi.L(I/f ~_lit'LL(·~)i·~.lit"f~..i)A'(~IV~~_li t"fklf>Jtllvit~ Ul?f.e:.LJ1''L~}J'{u,Jy''L Jlr-
_lit"Jfi~/r-?'~o;lrJjJ~.~~ fr. tJ!J1'( 28",~I ~p.tJ! 1999", t.,,";y"L ~1:)1)/~)I~I vit .t:. L~ ..::,..VlP r. tJ! 1.1' .JJ1tJ! J~;Robes of Honour: Khilat in L(Stewart Gordon)
'[e~Lf~l:.ItJ!Pre-Colonial andColonialIndia(2003)-.:::...,
/UJ)(yJ!L~tJ!I:)I'V1 t:.Z::J~"::"'VlPr.tJ!-cr1.1'.,. - .j'I''/-''::'''kl')IfI:)/tJ!?..l:Ll)1ff-,fS6f.~)''''f-,fSc;!
_.e:.2;-ft.fJ'Iv.vlP~ I:)~.JjLl:)luJ/LU,ftiJ"tJ!VI',:::",l.JJlPr./.J.fL..J)\iJLI:)!)/~)I~I, ,.t"flbY~lr.luv~f'f-kJ.Jl.y'(E.W.Bucklar)A.dLJI~kJ~~._fI'((LuVIe..c1Jr',fli~~",).fIY~~~ili'(vl~",:"I)j'vJt:.J1(i"::"'~)")fI')'-/ v!u0,'t.)!v';j..-'fjlfSVILJ1zC~._fI'((Lvlh})'f,t-ft."GJ'(u~..r'f-Jj
_it..v.JjJ/~lft-.f\',.
'(1.1' VI,c.s» lf~~!)~....(i '(~....tJ-;L I:)!)/- - - -o.:::...L)L.....j'(..:J;lP7Svlo,J.....G.!/r.LLI,~)",.:::.....:,.;'.J';-1;/;", , r ' -, .,/d/Jilr-L,v-,UV Jt-J(tiJl)A'1~f 'f-cClf>L(lf~(jJilr-
53
.(1.{UiJJl..;:.u"'(L..:v~'I.J"'IJtt·'.kl:1~thl!II!-(.:.-~~L-~-[JL
Lt:.-JIP..::-.t;:., '~IJ'~)'.J".:.-L"".JJ:~.J)'~2{)rf~fJ'G-.J~.J)c,I'.J(~)~2..vl_~ L'vt,I!-v!.:.-IJ!t:.-/,)Lf1)JJ).J,b!/t:.-/')~o\VIL.{I.{_Iir.f,tfv!~L,vl
-z.2:.....),.i.,~/ ".J,b!//.t.::~~;:_ILZ.- _ y/ . /-. / r ~ y_
1jjW'i-'~/~,IiI!-v!u~L~r'J~I(jj1~U'J,.J,,)f:(~G-~)v'-Iit-IPl)L~IP.J,b!/vl,~ilil:2)vl).- . - .
-1it-.nJ~IG-~)Ui,)J'~)(~I.J,b!~G-~'vtJ'UiVv!cl-JY4v!~t:--'..qLt:.-J~fJ'G-.J~))..f?,(ji.J"')'vtv!.J,)~v!~?,tl,jJ1(t;(-'L(Angad)/~',JLu~{J;-'Iir.fJ1c,I'.J(vll!-v!UP.t:.-/')
_z.Lf?? v!u'~/'i-'--?/,)v!Jl,..-.,ff-V-t:.-Af-~ .:.-L,lvG-u,ZL (fit; v~ t:.-Anv! t:.-AL .J,)f';U.,JI",~.,~Lv'-Z.Lf~? v!'V'--?/,)v!Jl,..-D~)~(ji~2..L~v'-Iit-'vt1);I/I~v!A.J)I!-/u'.?---1'VIV(;V(;
-v!JJ1.JI;? v!.:.-IP~(;)(- .~U.i\,.JLJ-v!JJ1~U.i\,.JL.:.-l,..-.J";'~L,J ~
\' \' \' \' \' \' -.J,kkJJL,~ ,.v!~~~L_Iit-Jl.nk. ~"'~IP'O;(v! ~• ~/ ' y y ),J,.
,),L.J1rt:.-}?,),..f..,t~,I);(V!U.t;.J~.:.-l,..-,iJJlJ1D)V?-'(-v(;~LJ'U~_LLJlJ1JL'.Jb/1~).I~)"k./,)'t..tl
54
JfUJ~":'-V,,((YJ"L/(Y~-o"JLI(I.5JJt?l~l(..l~~(vl,l..:.-~J'll;tI,-y.=i~t"flbv(;v.r.L/o{~J~)i-v!
_.:::....Vd-~ (/-LVILJI,L LJI;tl,f~, - r ' y
=_~t"JiJII-';I~~~AJJLJI,?i,~t"fVIb~/~ ~J}!Ao,~Lvl, L j~AJJ./~~11;}~L? ~ f0".::-<),JLf~·,u'-..:.-L(.,iI'-/'Jj1,'dvL~_~t"JfJI~~L':'IP
-~LjiYl..::.-!tiI?'-f-i~"J'/'JIr'I:)if?-'JIJ~d-,~~u,JiJ'o~J~oJf~t"Yl=~ '(i,)'lio"d-vi~I/-I~)i().~L'-4,..;:/Lvl'~I;'_'r-JP.UJIJG,Svl~7'1Jj;~v,-lJJ1 J;ti:-J' vlv! u'/,J"AJJ,f-~ ild-vi ~'UbJLI:)I'JIJ./Lf'./I';-IO~J~~JjL~J'~iLfIJ.:J~I:)lviJi~t"IrYl~~I.5JIJG,J'l:)lo,~_~c£J,J'{~)J}.J"_~cd./.._f;v!u'JIJG'~OJ~'J./'-J~~,-:"f..,>L'-4L
~Jfi;'-fod.J~IJ"(Michelle Maskiell)J[vL~
~b:(~J?/_;')'"vl~!;)t,;-?IJ~J}vr;_'r-lPf~j{t,.,';'YLJ'1.11./~~lft"J1 ~J:.fi l£~IJ~I.5';{L '-:'C1-..L"ft/,f~bJt"~,)'"(~ J?'J,' 1.51/=iLf IJ.:J_LfJ1e"..::.-yl?1i:-?f v.r z..lj~J{..::.-~If~I:)II:)k--JJLui~IJJ"UJ1~J~~VIl.zy_ti~Jv.i~I{'-/'J....fI~~fU}'JJ"g_t:.J1o-+f(..::.-yJ( ,vi..::.-;t~~;j( ~'1~J~~fJ''-:'Cl~''v!;:--
55
J1~I~b\'~~.J~O'I.J"UJ?t[J,Jf'f-t-J1I1;'..t'G-V'-li,,;"{-'f-t-Ir~~G-;I..tl
~f.:::...JIJ~.J/ ~vlL..JIPIUilb..{~~ r;:;_'L?'J/.,.,. - y
JJ1J~ji,.;J'UV~,,:,,'''''t.A(L.V'.J''~''~~J1' {JI';.JIPI~,..f. (;}IO'.tivL..J1pllf~-"-,J,L--o,~O',,;.J"e:..J~{Lf r-??o)fk.d).J~!.~)~..J)~Lu';I2....v'-lik"J1I.:!:'7u;..{vI?I?~G-'~)~~lru/').J",j'..::Y~J'u.JIJG'G-~~J1".Jf
_j'JJ1..:r.~o;..{s.~)~G-vl_(J[:1)f~,;tfJt-~~V(J!/JI,;,~,/L..JIPI~ ~(;}t:--'kG-~vlJ ~
_.:::...cC,
•••••
56
c:/lrJ ~=t:f--f- J1.1J.YiJ~o: J.I"~blfh--v!U,/lr~~.I"v?lzO:JG-~~-f- J.Yiu:1o.e~2_L uP-rvL~~IJ~JG-~Jif-fv.r~v!u?JtJ~lfo"v!~Jt'.YiI~$.Iv!U.Yi,JO:JJV;LuJ~~II..zy_f-J~.Yi~,'J~;(J (.;JYIJ{,'v!~J~,~J(f-t';!Iv!YJ-::.J'7I'r.f-t;z.l(.e~"d..J~h>IHv.r-£f~'r.:G-(';)VI(i/~t'$·.I~I'v!...fit'.Yi=~(U'''_f-J~J~~J~.e.Af>v!~/lr.l''f-t'~~gjo)Lf...Jl.PJ1/J;_,IrvlI..zy'f-~J;;J,IrG-ui.Af>/~JL":::;,ff,jiu:riJIJ;;I2_L~v'_L~~!Jv!~J1,J?Jvl/~J~IvQ~(v!~'i-'~.Ilr'L":::;U,lfh--o,ff-J.Yi~/,Jd-'v.rL~~(J'if-ff-...fiJ' (1762~~').;'IJ,o~J~J'V'_v.:.f=_f~_t!J~/JL.f~Iv~17JU/}oJ.I,r'/'/.I,'~'./ILU,;I2_l.....Yi"":,,.l.,'/-.I,'J~oJfl} /t'=v!~AL(II.I",I)if./o.l~44G-~v'_f-c:C~~~()i~.IjL~},..:::;u,G-{"uill..zy,v.r
-~?-fJflrVlP'i-I~.IjL~'./I.I,"u)t/~LJJvl,Lf>!{..:;..;'~.Ift!J.YiJ~,~t:"~'~~U/'J,Jvl
57
",~L (tYI~/J ('I.}"_L~V~t/YJ1 J'-:"'lJ.C-J.J.JJ:d.l7rL (Calvin)l:),I(C-J~4'v.r J.n t/-v! '-:"'l'J.'-/JJl:)~Jh_liV~tJJ..(;/d,jO:J.u~JLf(G"~flt'v!'~~L(qL~~-"JtYlv!AP/Lur.~~._(iJ¥;I~J~Jvlv!
-0~(.:;;t;~.ljL':::;'IJ1.1,',J?/JJ~.I" ~r(;I~,I/~4. v!~Vl:)LY ~ t:-l)yv...n.lt)I,Jrv!c:r"/J(;I,,ft,lJ)J.::..c~.lfAvli'~d-'::'~J~r;f/I)JI;rr-?/.::..c~.lfJ/fti~i~_VI.~/.::,tlf'.I'Jv!II;lrl:)LYLvlJ~lr-f~v! .::,LJ,lrUZJ.L.nZ£n,j..(/~';~'.I"'L~V vi",~~Lv,-J:_~Ih/I.;lr"J~J#v'fl:"_L~J#ulf.l..zy'-r-t.lJ}/ J.tL,fi t;;~ It:-.::..c~.Iff Iit:/.;r.f tit/-."./cllif-/'-:"'lJ.dL.::,j}~u~"L~VJ}/uJ--'?Jlr'J.~.I"Lfk-.I?IJ~"'U~;I~/v! l:)~'h_L~J t:,~?-J.~LuJ--'?
-~Ji,j,r;~~J;L(JJr'Lur.f~~I;..fi :~Jfl.~ ~'Jv!,-;lrl:)LY L .::,tlf'.lJJl:)Iv!y,{J;/(tYlr. ,;J~~~.If'-/JJ.I"~;,,;L,~r.~,,.I~Iif.f.::..c~.If.lJI..r-"-'.lIj..(if-/,tGY~'",fl:"~pJ"I} L;{J
_..r-f(Barbara Daly ...J~~j I..(.I~)i'L.nZ£.lv!cfij/~,fiv'Islamic Revival ,kb:,k>' ((tYlv!..ifI);IJ1..(:~C(JMetcalf)
iL~k"~~( in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900(1982)
58
,_t.cJl'v../.Iv5fr.J'(JVI~~I,_t.cJIrJ-'t,_t;£f7-t'.If.;I.tIG-VI_7-~.J.Jbf~(""".I..4Lk.!J
f f ..->.,Jr,_t.c.S.v\L .I'l.ll)1J..tf...::-"'J.{;....(J,_t...".1L , ~. - - --_J,/vl'!Oi.lJ._:.jU,o~G-u;~LcJl.lJI'!Oi.l.lf,{JI';~LcJlft::.-o.l,?2_L£.I~JI...?1. ~lrcJLYfli.., ~ (,~/, ~ _~, 7
fl),_t.u~L'~~=J.I~-LIr1Jfr/..::.-GU:>I';I.lIJJj.lJI~cJl_t::.-cCf~,_t. u~ ~Y',:f._:.jJ-kJj...{lf c.S ~ -=<:',.1..,_'
, - - y - •
~Jfr/"::'-~;~';I.IIJJj.l"UJ?:?LJ,rfli~Oi~I(..::.-t~ ..1_LI".
.I1_t;1~".I"lf~J{ill.!..-:!l~fJ~tJ1;.IJI._:.jJVIJI"..::.-.I~
'.I(tLI.{/.~Afilf~"JJL....gj.lll~,_t.1803.1"'~
"J.lJI,,f.l'l rPoL~~ L 1857,f-.::/'(t LI.{= ,)2-1/.I~IJblf~?PoT.ljL 1857_I/.If~".I" tIJ.lJI(~~ (UJ~)'i
.I"'£~Y',_t.Vlf~J.hfJJG-~.v~I~I.;lrcJLYLvllivli'~;/.G- dfj7~_:;,-; r_:;,-;rJ-'_~.Iv1~r(Lhi"..::.-lll".IJIJrLLLur.fJ!.If~J;t/.lv?lz.lJI.,J4:I,_t. JIP..::.-.I~
_~~J;tf~(url.ldLJ:...tf
J'VI,_t...::.-llIPL_~r,_t.J(~(k.b""".I..4'PoJvVJL 1857
J' -=<:~",!ulr.,_t.~/vIL u.i~Lk.!J-J.If (lIJ.I/-,f-~
Lu,ft,_t. ~J'''''''.I..4~-~ ~~IG-I.lJI,f-~ G-VIU~JS..::.Jl~&U;;.'.lJI'.I(~)(cJl?I,,,:,,~,_t.~_~~I/JjLLJfl,_t;/
59
1..t1(ill./.l....IV,~...:,..r{/v!U'.I1~4L ........I..._~J~{.b,JJ-~..If'(UY'.I.....::-vlv!tI!;:--'~(gL..t1Lb:o.llJI(~~tlvl_.i:...LftI!;:--,~(li,JI..t1=J·(v',1b:~~.Ij/,JAf,.f=J...f.l,'~_~J~'U).I"U}~'i-''i-'f;':tlP'J.l'f~L''L I..::-U)JtJr''-/'J.I,'IP ;.. cz:........I....s;t:f....::/~ ~ iiIv!(;)I(;)U'J.I1..::-_.",.fif.,~ L IPu!.. .........I.....::--?',.fif.,L..t1(;JJ,u!U,.IIJ'~,'UY'.I ,U,..cr( ~fJ,fIY.« t.f.lJ.)u! (;)!;:--,~*..::-v,":f L!:L cr:J/t J)".I./.I ....IvL';Ji(=~I~_~Cl..::-~if-J)I,~~o;I>.;l)f....G'u"' ~J'.Af
vLvl''-f-Ui". (vlv~ L ~Ji .I"f- kI'J-fu! UJ(.I"~u!-J~..t18,904JI~,.fUY'.I"'~"::-Vlu! 1967/?.J'v
"(U},JJ?".I,'Jr,.,ftlI,/;JI? (.:"Lvlu!JJ.-L.....,1)_.. ... .(il(........1...2...vI, V1J.I,JoJ1J{~I,.f .!..c.loPu!":",,I)J?"_..t1~,?1~'vL (~t.f.lJ.t ~ f J..t1Y'I,.f.:,,~vt-?)i_~ t'Ji..t1.!..c..JIt'J!;:--Iu!~.I,'JiJ27'_;/.I",£..t1,_,dJJf=.tu: IrL~if-~~~'v~~-V1b:,_,d,_,Ji>(":",,I)J(~~..If'OJ~Lt.:/..I)vC)I_(j.l~J.I')'
_f;.J;..::J:~o,~Lvl_~...::/~~,.f.::.c~..If'if-(g(..;(;~v! ........I'"'..t1v!UPU}'J15;(fi"jp.:"tl?'_V~..::.-!'k.(J'~2...LJ'~.1
-~Lff~._;u;L vlo,-~LI'~LLp ;;;k.JJv!JJ.-L;;;.. ..,.fU,;h.'P-LIP I)L o;J(~ J.:I..::-..1I,_.-.~U'.I~/ L;...:".I,)'... Y .,,, y
60
_LIrJ'~J'(Wj~elr~fj'o='~J'l:)f2...L?=G-)~Vf_;;.J./U~~fJe,~J).-v'_~;£ 8LYi Z;_)~~~';:;~fUi)t'JIJ~~4,V!,j;r),/~,f~f?'~f(.::-~f,)~{l)_~;£)U,Jy"l:)flS'.:),f,.c..v./.::-),?J'UJ.!:/k.')'f'V/,J!fJtv.(2)t.5J~J', y
{LYifLl:)j;4'LIr~Jfr/'::-~y')t.5)'?).(3)_Llrk~?-{L(~._ff/u/,JfjJJJ'k!JJf~.::-j).lr~_,).,r?j'J~eJV{Lf)J'_;Y'~'~~J(Lf)ttf~~UJP-?-ftfJ;/uJP'~OJ?'y"f~,~(Jf,.t?rJ,~~v~J:iLl:)f_(£.~LhPf
-s- fJf ~(f_;Yf~-?,J'V'_v.r((,fJft~L(gL.::/;t.5~}j_(.t_f-~)rf)fJf(JVUf)fJ~k!JkJ),;{u)LYLl:)~,~LU_';f2...v,_~t£,J,,:df}Lu;Jf..A'""G-,} 91 l_t.LfCt?)G-Jvuf)fJLkh 2...L JI.,.; ;::_foJf- - -,..~ .=yG-,..,JI!vLu,Pl:)'_~LYir:.I)J~}-?),-p(Vf j',j;r.:.::f,)J'U')~''::-~'':,.::-fJV,J J,Ib,..:.ftf),,.::-~y'),.t~ ,-P ;'JVf f_~{JrfJ).JivLtJ~).)'ftJflLLj'-/'J,I;;~(J')J''::-)V
_f-V0f7fG-LYiG-df}LVI)JI..:..;'k)u!U'Pl:)1JG"t.fLVf~,i;_..JU;LUb!.{)'f'~..4PJf'U~k!JJf.e:Lfi(f'/.::/fi) ~}j-J!IrL).:.::-~J.~G- uJ,~fi;__LIrJ'.;;..J~J'Vff~;£i))'?)'f,i;__;J~Ldf}i)~}j.Jet.f/J~fLft.?fi)~)i_~..JU;L~J'u.tj~tJ~fft.5?;v~t.5~}j,J~f(v?L,~,J!fJJi)~}j'~4'~Lf
61
_o/.JJf./i })JfJ~.a?},JfJJ:,o/O~J~L~(::)Wf~_LI:-~Jf)t/.:/;15:t.Jif,JY/~_,Jv.iJ}~~,J,p,Jt,J.:/;L(,),ffil5'f~JJ ...,J~J)500oL
-,f,J "J2...L~,JvfiJYl)~~);r,jC~,...P(f(,)!UJ.}~LfJL.t1(,)!4vf~)}v~L,~Lk.t.J(;)'_e:.LYl..f;'~~~)Jf'J.~~)r,:t.?JIr1V-UJ.}~(;)'_~-J!~...f(fl/..::.-h}iJ"::'-U~::;-fOJfjJ.ey"~t~G--?,,fUP:iJ!J.V-~JfJ~,JU?;)Jf'(.)}lr-)'(')l.crLJl{-f,f";~yl{ v-4lffJJjJ"-}.;(,oJr'J~r,y,J~L~yl{~u!~~JPiJ~_~fJf)fJf(fc:/JJL (;)~JPi)Jfv!j.t1e~u!JJ)fU::criJ!J.Ulf.fLYl (~u!,:,~iJ!J.J/..;V-o;lr~~~)jLUl.cr~f-'/-jI:-Lfu!u}~
_1./1~t.f.fd 1;!iJ!J.LvU{, fJ{ f
JfJ;o;lr_(~f~~J U.,V'f (~f'v.:/.fv.f iJ!i,4f?u!4vfJ.;(V-o;lr~fv'_LI:-,f l;~f~jfT-15)J?2...vf''i-' {iJ!J.,fo;lr~-::r-fj.t1G- UJ'2)jj~J))JfiJ!J.l;!i,4f~-JL r
_(gl:-~.J.~G-l15ilb",,{J~VfiJLI:-.t1~dl;!..::.-hfJ)Lt'oJV-..fivl_f£.~...vL~JtJlV- ....fi,Jk.t.Jv-J).-L J;)'f(~L .......)...L U,fff)J.J_e:.'i-)[JbAl (UJ);)Jfurk)f)J.J_e:.LYlv.iLf(J~G-,:/;.,:;..I"f)of""UG-v'_kJoPyLfu!J~fL"""')"'_kJoPyu!.......)...LfL~;J).L':/;)'fcJ1fiLJJL~rJfJfUiJJk.t.J)'fJ21fJ'f)J.J_~G-~f;IJfIY(~Ie:.,~?
62
_i;.Lj'J~IiJjJL ~o
r.}:.cJ~'PiD'G-r.}:.J>.f,li(~u~JcJj.l'?((tY'L.k.b
Jc)'?.I,'/.r.}:.JJ~?.fi;.?-fl;J~/..::.-LY.lc)'G-.;lrc)~v1~J/li.l'JG-..::.-tJ~Lc)'?fG-:;jvVz.,-/,,fcJ'.,.,v(J.t;c)~. 'G- j;~v'-i'-..J tJVL..::.-liI"jJ: ~if-G-v~,Pi_i'-?- f t;J.;..::.-';'Lv}j~/').I"I':""PiltJ~Jj/cJlf~Lr.}:.J~Ie;lrL Po f_i;_ .I» if-G- ..:;,.;'~ D'r.}:..I,JJ1..c: 1_i'-?-f t;J.; j;;fG-,(;I(tYlcJ~ .1,1LYlJ7" .I}o~."tJ.-t/..::.-tJ~L cJ'L..::.-tJlv
V/(G- (.IG~LPi,~d-r.}:.19191f-.I( l/r.}:.vf..jJ.::)tJVJJ}7Lv}~LYl Lh~/(..::.-liI"j;f.G-V~'Pi.l,'J .:..cl?J,..,JG- ~)O,.,r.}:...::.-t.l.lrLf ..z.tJ rJ~~r.}:.c),°h.I}ol..--J..::.-~- .- " .. .
•••••
63
~/ J'.::"~v~~ L.::"JJlvo~totcJt:---JkL Uvt..!J1.1l),fr/'::"IJ~ILL)~L,,:!yI.I,,,/;jO:J.tot.;lrcJt,V f iJJ1;:~iuJt;;i'~L)lf.ftot.lJJ~,I/cf--LIr~JJ,r~v:?tfel~L,,~~~'fJ'~/J''::''LV'LL)jjLL);t,VL)L,cJ'UJ,;ro:J.
9· ,
LjJ"!tot..J_J.,VI_LIrJ'(i()JJJ~~'_;~Lf.~/L)jj'-/'JcJ'.i~ _L LU,j...r j(./""., t'f,jlr;~,Luyjlf e....r.Jlf 1.1'
9 • -~ ~, 9
cu'./ '(,,6L..:;,pl.?J:'!.U!..,i'fcub.t" o!.c.JIfJ'CU! k.t.J{'/.::"Ii,c;,LU';'.IJ'Cu!tJ1V,v..{t"u?l.?(Ii:,~;;_~2(JtotU!}..~./"cLt;~l{tot~ifJ~,/e'.I1~..A!(Iii...Lf~~"'::"JJ~';-'tf::J'A{V'.::" hIt;,..&L~J~.::"~~,./"c,-Pc./~c..A!~c""'",LcJ'ft'£'L'f~,~L...(,,-~J'u'_;;'i-'Ljj1ltotcJ'f'f-
_LIvJ1cJ;'totuM.J~(,.-~"{Vlc~ ;{..;,-J'..:;,Pl.?/'j./'(,.6L if-fjjui:.~Devotional Islam & Politics in British :c...lf"~O"L
I •
~tot 1900#f~u1~u~Li./..i',J~L~iVf/ndia(1996);r~Lv' .IJIcJ'JJ1t::-);IJ!',.I,';;" J'..:;,P1.?-" V~J.-?.IJ(J4' tot
64
LV'-V~J/(VI~.Ilt.-£.'fi.lL.I,,~J.;'.I{(I.I'vil.Jr·JJ~ v}~ ~If? v~ v?..JYIJ~.I"~'cJ""'~(vJLhI.lI~,{~~.I!l(i1..L(~J;'-'-~cJ~'~~Ir-L";:"£'15-.1,1.J""'.A~;/.~~.I,'.GJSV'.6-k"~~IP(~r'~L vPJ,...,~if....r:v~'~~.I,'.GJ_J~~IP~I~v~l/(i1..L,drt'J.~L,-;~.I"v~GJcJl_thJ~~vLJl'lvPL~""'L'-.IIJILc!!Jtr'.I~J~c1-.£'L~,f.:;,(j"~,j}S':;'_;;;.I,,-?'}SvJi~VJ1~~r;J.,-:"ljlvJi~':;'.I~;Sc1-fv! J~~~I.~J~I S.6.1,'vJI)f('J'~.I".v!J~J. ~JJ'~SLJI.I{/v';.1rJJI.:;,~I}SvJi_~if.fli t"~v/..;lllr-~'~~.JJI.ftJ_e:.Lf~JId.JI;?~~:c.JIP~.Af'(vJi·t~(JI}D,~LvLe:.L~~;d. ~/Lvl{ey"£;'.I,'o/~~.I:)rjr.JlY.,,~Lv'-v!v~J S..:.-LY.l,ft r~?fe:.~~u..Jt.fVL"(~J;,-,-vIS'-:"f..L-,fJfOJ~IIo.i,(cJl.V?,f"JiJ ..:.-Ly.lO.l,)'.i?~ (1YI.I"e:.?-f'~I ('-:"f..L
_£Or."L(IYI~~VIO.k.t.J_£:..~fiU:(IYI~~ft"'~ljlv,kJ'J..:.-LY.l:-v!if-...r:L(lJ,·y ~J.?v'·L)~(;..Ij"~LJ~.IJGlI~e~J_J.,L~""'-S ;S:-Svl_v!,fcf...p~(~_(Llit"f0~1(':;'?eJ~;~.6~J_J.,VI_(,[£'LI'LL-ftJP~Lvl''f-'':'-.I,)'Sg2..L£lv,;I.lL.,:;,/ f~ t"f(~,~.~I~",(f?f'f-':;'.I,)'S.6~I2...v'-'f-t~u1Jv.lf~::'IJY.l,.J(vl,£:"f~ttSv,~/~J~(Ii.,ft"J1r£r
65
_J1JIP~IJJO~.IJI'J1ClfjJ;Il).d,....tJ~LuJ.I(,.6LC)I/ .Il.z...vlJ.JU(;W,.IJIY .. y ..
~C( JC)I-~J~IIU~)~.Af(IiLu.,(Ii..L?J":"lJp~I,YIJIW,)IV:u}V.I_v! JJ1t~~,y.; ,.J-{tIJV: J...(~.I}(~JIP J?J ..:..lJL.>L C)IV:"l).Ifrw-1-/'V:UJ.lI?I_1A'JJJIrP. .. ....-,v! Jf ~J.lbjl L t.lI? 'V!~ w,.1~ .IJI(iJr'lJI.II,.zil_jLUJ?~ItJDJ~LC)'_~ J!(gl(_....I....(.P'!fi~L U.,(IV: 1904L d!L Lf~ ~J'I( J~L Ui~ ~ C)~J~ '-.I{ ~.Ij:,.{..:..lJlrL (VI n;.-U! ~ ~ v:..:..1$;Lo~t~L C)I..:..~I?
tf4'yPJ \'v1~~f tJ;J~ -::LluJJ/ \'vi~'f-:l1r ct; lJl(l(U)~..:..~J.~~u~/.rU!~":,,,lJrLA("rJ14'!-IJI[J';Ii\'~f
r,::"l).IJ/-:-f~J~II\'V-fL.::.. [ tJ;, ....,'f-~IP (~l);l/I J.J:JJIJr.lv! ,-.J:?.IJljJ U(;(,;..IJIi:JIJr.l,.{~V~dLif.'~IJ11~.I~I(·iJ..I.li"V!l)vv..;rl)vv..rJ~ VJ11~*~J.¥'J~J.li=,.IJIJJ11~~.IiLI..~..:..Ijc;_VllJ.;J.jJJ11~~-?JJ..:..IjJ:JJIJr.l~J=,f~"L~~v!
_IJ11~,:,l:>I(Jr)IJD.lJI..:..~~i:JIJr.lif..JIJ1CtJ;~ I(J! IJJJ::.Jr!{.I}L.lr,J IL..:...J:?~ :;"Jr.lL U~ ....p{..:..IJ~.IJI,..:..VIP,S;:;J:JJIJr.l.lJI'~ t'1r ~1;.-oc,.P.v!L -:-f~ JUit.Y-v:.IJz;i l),!..(_L L IrL ~J! IJJJ::LJ1efJJI;;jf'f-l)k.";>.IJu~LC)Iv!~V'_'f-I.5.1J/..:..ljJi:JIJr.l2_
66
v!,J.tjJu'L'r_,J~viJlrJI)'ILL'rjtf£',~l.,tfc,?J~qI .,
L/v)JU/}(~~..ff':::;-fJf,,::,,"/~v)ol,j!p!L"::"YJ"'v.! 'i::./U~~,,,::,,I?zI}JU/}J"v.!Z;_Jo.tj,j!v!u,j..1:v.!vi..f£''f-';J,?t.fIfL~ ~Jflr{U,j-'f-';J,?j~IJlLc,lI.:2_vl
-IAL~....fI~J,'...:bIJy'J..::"",,,,JU/}""- y .-
Uk.iJ}i-'f- J.t1U~J,'t.l'~f 'f-~Jl( C)1v!~J~L~.-tv!J~~_v.!r..?-.-tt.ll~.Jv.! ¥~.-t/"::"JVJ'u'J~J,Ij~'Jl
_v.!J~L~J~j~Jl?-f~v)OI,e:.Lj..::,,1}Iy'? ~J'J~~I)';Lk.iJJIV)if.v!~J~ L .::.c~~o,~L..;:.-Ly'J'''::''IJV't.fI)';L U~t;.J~I~v! d--IA J?'Y'v!,yJ ';'_~Ju,D"_I? Lc,l1-e:.Lr..::,,1}Iy'- _.~ U~) "'f- (1Y'1}IJIJ~",,:,,)IJI)c,lt:--,~~'c,lp U=cjj,..:)1}P? v!~A L .::.c~~-v.! t!~..::,,1}Iy'L..::.-!:?Jj,/J,II..::"llbiL~~"'f-CC:Ir~J~I(u};L~0v.!r'~v!C)I'v.!..::,,1}Iy'flr';Jil/;~JjLu}A.t.~"'f-fIrJr~JjL(IJJ::)J.tf
_o)''''f_g_..J1}PL..::,,1}fY'J;,..:)tJP...fiv!_l,IrL~~u~t;.J~f
~.l/U~,~_e:.v! JLJlf.()i';J"e:.~Lvit.f",,:,,)IJIJ/c,lt:--'~~l?~fu~J;~l)'fe:.Z;_f~~C)f..::"llbiL':;/';OIJ"g_;£
_e:.~JJ,j{~;J""JJC)lf/';J'J~..::,,~j~J,'u,f?J-~/c,lk/ J}tl,I"';;;Y';:;_lo,v!c,lI,e:...::,,~j~?J.tILuJ)c,lLY- ., .,
67
L~Ij'0"Vi~~.n.l.t'L..t("~Ij'fl)'J'Y{V,~{J>_.i..Lf~l?JvlLv~t,.;.I..J'Ii\'v.1L~Iv~(JJ,r'J'.IJ/":"IjJ"...:fJIJY.lp.
- I ., • ,
i./.~ V~ IJ.-'"~.:¥--: ftJJ IfJ!.J-:.I!I,r.';;;.,>.;JJ:~ 1L.n Lf::;....fQJ~(...-L/.~I~.JI.n'*;~~i./.'-.I~LjL'~Ijl_f-~I.ILlfi./...;)I~f~~V'-::;""fQJfi~fli~.Y'(v~t,.;.I..J'Ii'fiH
_I.n(.)!Cf'L v~t,.;.I..J'1j..t}~ ..;)I~Jvi'J:}; ~.I,'..y/{J>_li~,y.~.Y'(.;JlztJ}...(i./.'-.I~Lv}j'-/'J~~~,lf:fVik.b'~~'~..Ji. /. ~.JPJ'-.i..;;{ tJ,j.lv~IvL~'J~'(.)!'-.I~L;ri~ (.)!~,-~rt~,j~Jtrlvi..J"_.i.. L.I~~~'i~fliif(~'(.)!'-AL~.JPJ'_~j(.;"o';;,fr.lL'.1~'~'LIrIk-'..i(...-L~'~'LIr~J~'~tll(~'~'LIr£"J(JJ,r'-.I~Lv'/r';-I'LIrU~;I)..ivL~'~.I"'LIrJ,~tJJ!:-~J_;;'tu".,tJitt(trtu.Y',(j~'~.Itu.Y'_~~Jl?'-:'.I(~'(.)!
-Lj(J.IJ:vLtJ pL 1907L~',tJ,.J:'..J',J-!tu.Y'.I",tJi~IfJv'Lv~t,.;.I..J"i~r(.)!J(g(h'~~~(.)! 1919~v~f'-J.I'}"':")'.I'J/~I;--'hLf~£~(.)!1920_J~~~..,~.Y'(~'/ PL~v;-J~~Lv';'lfJv'iLJOP(":"fi- y -
-f-1J!.}_; rCf'-:_f£;f.nvi,;pJ;jr> f(j..iv;; li~-:J.I (~Ii./.,-.I~L V}jV.f/JJL vilJ.-'"-?JiJ...I.-v'~1vt.nb~.IJ';--/ .I"bjJ.I.t,/vilJ.-'"f.i..:> lv~oJ(.)!
, y y ~y -
t~vifL i./...;),~tJ)'Ji.,:.. L ..cP~'/v ilJ.-'"f li.., f.Jv (~I i./.. -,. -
68
t'J1..:>j./LU'.::.-L#.r.v!~I~,fb.lh} ~ r.::.-L# ,=-1,~1v"y ., -., ,.,
'-J:.jG-U,;l.t(J~~ ..J.I"'iJ1tJ:.j£;'IU;~_J1.:.1-JU'I'f-u~tV1C)~ P~,)UI(. ul(. -f-.Iv! C)~.I)Lu;~ ~ft'JU;~_J1D.t6IU;~(~G-C)lft'J./lUAL)Y~f~1v , .,-?i..J)JU'Iv.it-f-~I,tG-(Ld.)tJ.I,/tJy'G-~-::;'U'1
-f-'::'-j,?J:::-)~,.J.''~);;~G- u'jj,-/,)..J.I"',;lut):.~ L rlJ.trP,)tU'1,)t_LJ1I~D)V'-?.I".::.-~;~LlfL)IlIG--?'J~'.IL1.::.-.I:?'Ju/}(~f£j,j~/uJ,1(yJ.fL(tYlv!C)(;:.-'~L"'lzj"tJ;LlfLUfl(~.::.-tlr ..IL~(;~(tYltJk./.J,.I£-th.llj~G-~..LIU/}(~,1(yjLYjj,'LtI'.If ~'V1 ?-lv! Ufl;;~~
_c-r:£,-J.r.,"'lztJ.t~Jf ~L.::.-G,JC)"JJ1v! 1921.::.-G,JU(;~.I..i"
-f-tj.lJj)'jlJfr'{.I}tJ!..L~U;,)~t:f~,~(;:.-,~-::;,U"
•••••
69
;;;:;_l.5vv...Yl.A)'(j,.mLJ'J;J;'k.'J'(.)£iJ~'~cJI;;-J.hL (.)r.f'1- J' (1762)j, JJO~":"~ r';;;:;_-r"~ cJ"J.Yl~J;L cJ'_.Yl;;;:;_"J'(..;~'fJ'~/ L.YlL.Jtji.t'6J' (.)llJ/J:~'f.bPLcJ'.Il!'(V'_~~.Jtji}7-J.;.IJ,,~'(..;~'J''-;LY._(J;;...?'L (.)"f,k viL;;;:;_ cJ,_e{/(.))iz .n"~'L (.)";,?f'f- t".Yl;;;:;_
J Jo ~ _ L 1JJ..:.. If;;;:;_ JJJL (.).f",/uf t"I.5J":" /J J'L ro l(-Jl> '-1-' 0 ~
I.5J.lA'iJ/;;;:;_ (.)flL..:..,j&' (.)~L cJ'~ v' li;;;:;_,.jV'.f~~(j,s:2£j,.:i( Ur'6'J;::.f/"'1---: lr (":,,.1 tP;;;:;_ (..;)-fi,J. ''1- !.Ii
-~L.J~vl,.';.IJ'y
L(.)r.ft]J' (I831)¥"'?'~._(iI.5JIf..IJ'J~'r'I.5/JJ'J,j)~J'~JUr'-fi'~;£.I~;;;:;_,.jV'fr.;;;:;_) ..J',~~..IV/
_~J~((t/~".vLcJ'L~(.).l~L(.)~ f(.)J.lI)'J.h (Jl-L cJI;;-J.h'~L (qL ..:;/,'I.5:cJi~ (jl;;-J.h.IJ'J.h;;;:;_(.).tk~cJ'_~).J~yth,ft{~jQ'J.lLif.fJrJ..f~qJjjJ"'k.'J'.:;,P L?JYL~~,,~yPY(.)'LL.Yl )t:-(.)iJ)(jlJ.-'"(Origin and Development of the Tablighi Jamaat)(I 920-2000)
70
cJlJ.--'"~~,J ~ f 'f-l/of:; (~~ VIJ,Iv! vl_'f- ~-:-,cr{
~LrLU,f'.l"U: rU~..A(p.LLrL.lIZ;Io:t}iv!'-/lr-'f-~ l?JY....fI~v! cJ'-0~/u£iJ'l,LII""wu(f.f
cJlJ.--'"f'f- t-f15'~~L~ LfcJ~fJ:--,.fiL -.fivlfr.l~cJlJ.--'"oJv!.,:.,u~ ~1o ...hlf'-._hJr'.l"_;V' :lil~~ v! U;.!,Jo/lrU~LU/;I:)I2-.v'-~L~JIJv!(tJrl~~..t'k?f~J~LcJlf ~_li J~~v)u,.l""::'-~".I"fl~"J?,~LJ:...A(,J~..L.IJI.lIZ;I'..:)'Jv~LI:)'-tJ~~/.I"~'Jv'cJ't'~(.-:!V'v!.J.lP1:)'-~Lfv1.ki~~t:,I~_;tJrl~~~vl'! ~,J~..t
-!O.lJJJ'.bU;..tv!U;.!Ui,JJl((toJ";vLvljil~";(;(~~J~f ~v!.,:.,,~,J 1857
.IjV(;'-;lrcJlJ.--'".IJI~rJ!oJ'~o~J~f .,:.,.'"~,J~f.,:.,.'";
..jtJrlLU,fl';/J.;2-.V'-~~.I~(W(..A'.I"J.~,r;}L.-:!V'~v! vAJ.L.-:!IJI2...L~v'- ,J-?ji..j),JuilJ.--'"LI,L.I~ ~'-~ v! ..::.-LY'.I..;I,k?cJlJ.--'"j~'kft-'~J.I';{ "::'-.IJ?,J~ U:..L-:-?U,(g (,...I.J.k.bu! 1867_£Ir~~I:)IJ.--'"6:J'~uiI,u.tL~L~V'LfJ;..::.-LY'.I";~.IJ''';'''k''''';lJr'fli~~t.!Ij;f....fl,JV!..::.- JJ~L_(.r.(_v.h~'~,J J~~....fIf rv!'-/IJL~..tt~o.;?/UilJ.--'"2-.L.J.lP~ UJ,k.l"U,:t}if !"::'-.I,?,J..::.-~Vl
_tJJ;JJt~...(i~.IjU:;(cJI2...LJl?Iv'-~~.. , .,,:::;"v'/Ui~"UJJkv!'-AL..:..c;Jr.l"..::.!'v!cJ~'k
71
~~J'.,;r;L~J.J'.v,-JJ10.l~()/J;J'.1871~.JIJ1Vt,.;.IJ'.1,)/).:::....-?1,Jv'-~IJ.-'"~f-,~o,.JI~ttJ'.'-.I~L~J.~IIJly (~t"I.)?J LJ,~p. LvL ~fJ'/'I-?/~Vt,.;.1 (d b!(J!J.),pi~'I,);,)C)IJ.-'".I"'~",:,,'2..V'_k".IlP!'ldb!(J!J.if-'I.)~ji~fLIr~(p.~tlpif J!J1t.,.';~f:.I,'-tt.J1vt,.;.'-~J'.,-)~L
-~ wY,)J'..J.IPL ~Ifl:'~J,(I,)/)~.IjL~:t (lYlfli=JjJ'. ~J,'~.I"(lY'J1C)IJ.-'"{~,J"::'-~?'~Ipio~...fIJ'.~~,~Lvll~I:"IrVJ..J(II,)Jlhl.l'~I;,p-liviJ~I(~J,J..J(J'...:Y,~~Lv,-t.!j,J~Il,)t.l"U1~J'~IJ.-'"/I,)J,~~? ~ .IjLgrjiC)1J.-'".JIJ1Vt,.;.I=LV,(I2..L2.:::....JIP..::.-.I~vl-L:J(p.~Jlpi~ILJ'~Ipi,~~I,)~.I)I..(?J"':"I~-0~I/~)LHtJ'J1,~r;,.~'(f..t-,.......1f."I.k.I,JVILIP ~bo~LJ' Lf..t-.:::....o)~,)u;f,,1A'tt.J1~1J.-'". . ... . ..
-J'Lc,~=.1 f.:::........{I,/......>.,JIJ1oJI';:Iu;f,.:::....vlf..1/Lf..t-tjLI,),(IJ'.,I.k.I. . ..:::....~1.;:r;.I,'O.l)I..t.J:.I..J,t,;!.1(VIJ'.";;"Lvljit::...1:'1P~)J'Lf..t-tj. y ., ...
,.:.Y:,,'...fI L 1,),(12..vl'f-I:" IrJ1.1~ (JI..--hr lju.IJlf-1:'1r..!.Jl,)';Iv!.J).-Vl'LIrVLf..t-/o.lJ'..t.O.l{LlfLJj~DJ',.£PIJi'
.. I" ",,,..1" 1'1 ( • v:.~(v.~Itj C)I",:"L~J)l.),),r'it.).1 r 1,63,OOO.IJ'!L.{VI~')..;D.Iov $(.),"'-
;J'(II,)}IJ.-'"J/-f~=J'JiJ(~,-tl....;)J'l,)t.l)I,,(;:"~Ir~1J.-'"oA'J/C),,;,p,~,~~J,(Jt~IJ~jL~I_('£:LIr'dfLf..t-/~J'
72
J~JS 1920L~i~.,(fSc,~:,.1j_'f-~jJbJo;l~tbo~~-0~f.::..~..ir';I.JI.,jjv!
Jl?I~ ~ '.)'1,1'1):,(~lji'.)'(....?1~_I.tf"o;lrC)l.Y;' ('.)'1v!t.:fjLC)IJI"'YJJ_L~~';-~L/".:::-lIlwP''f-~.I.tf'-.f,-.f~J'::" ~I?._.iIv!J).-'.)'1"v.t 'f-.I.tfJ~ (,),[~l.Y_hJrlj ,,1'1':,'f- SI~.::..j,;! .IjL b.l~L(,)J~Afl) if(J,i..¥.(Vi iJ>,~~'.)'ujoJ:,JJ.lJI~-v.t L;£J;~lf(,)il.)/,~~-?JS,j.lfrfv!:'tJI~_(.tffuJ~Ao_t~(,j.,1'(L~.tf";(;(Jl?I(';~'f-.I~J~oJi..'.)'I,_t!...:JIJ~~6'S(LlrI~l.YL.::..ljXJ'~,1''.)'1-L ~~~~LY"~ ,;!.IjL .::..~ ULlrlv:1J ,1''f-:' vf'('.)'1_v.t~;! tV"'.IJIoUZi~~} -~_~ l/~J;f(,),;l/JYi.. L#
:J.~L"-.v:''f- thJJ'(f~joJ't:L tfL u}l.Y~Jv,...J'~j"".IJI,;(I,-i/J.;.IJIv.tL.tf--??..J)S'.)'1,":,,1rf 'f- ~I;;S Vr'o~#(. 1.I'~I?,1'I)~fJ:.~'.)'I';.IJ_.c...S_:,ji..J)S(,)ilP!C)LY"'-/'JJ
Y 'Y ,.
""J:.ft#-sr(LlrI,1'~~.f..IJJ(uJ(~J'-.I"'-.I"./;4Y Y
,/1,o..lL~.Iv! ,J!,o} JL;.S(,)ylzJY._.iI/.I}L~.1y - y
t#J/~ ,.k.iJ"'-;.I..4,(LlrIt#~ ,JJJ~I'~~ 'I'Q_rP(I..iP?L..:JlzJY~ v! C)I-v.tJjJG"..:Jlzj~JG".IJI,JYI(LlrI.I,'u,?Lvi'v?lzO/JJf~thJ~h?J,;-ILJ((~Jl?-~ rhv~((,);:G".1
73
.:....}tJl~/J::(u}~L,.:"Ij~...(i.t1~-i·(uJt~JY~1(~IJJ.J,;-ILfJ~/_;tJrlf~~~ (_;tJl~~VI".t1~
_v.fJ'r..~"!/eJV':"eJV2_';-I.IJIv.f~~,Q~J'I'~U:.l~-=--'fJ f:,J.k.r'~~~L~~JI.t'IJ/~~JifJ1':"UJIJe.ArIS~I~-=--'~~(j,JILY"::.r(1955~~')JIJij~..?}~~VIJ"L...A>v!~:,f,ftJJfJj{~~2_LL~~~':"DJ~'Jlu}~~~IJ,;~f~JJJ;{vILLLJI~J?JJI",:~U:.l~~I-~f,j.,J';'':''UJJI/.Ir~~IJ_hJft"~ft.t1I~'{(u,y.L~y":rft;;I.7.I('-"JIJ(J,r2_fc...~.,,?SLf~U!ui41~~JLr:k,olJ;,'-'.t1~L~1, -(VI'f-f':rfcd...A>/~~Ji~ ~iVIS ~LIr~~ ~~v1tJi(J"j'~~c...c:CIr~t;-~'OI.:..~.?Ir1YI_(.r.(.t1.:..~u"~
-Llti-/tJJIJ.....jvlJjeJ~)J,,~,vIJL!I"':~((.))~ flit{(tJ}IiJ_;/1 til".
~ S-j_.t1JJ(..::f';,l:)~'~lbS~'JYJ->.f(~;;~I~~., '-~:L(.).t1v.!-=--f/f'"}':"VI_("':rft~v.!~~J~L.:;,-;.h"JJ.t{~J'(IYI..tJjLUX-:rftfJ~llu'...(')"I.fjI.;,2_L-~ftVv!Jfq(Ufo.:..J)J',=-JJ-'xlu)~ '"="';'~f
(1969~~,) VY' t1J"'(((,=-JLfSDJIJI-fi/~JYcf-'.:..~.le,f~~~(JI,;Lu}~~~t;:.-'~4J:/L~IVLLt.f-IJIJ'~jU:.l~l:)lf'f-tJJJ?{J_,bJ,,2_vl,~i;(_.t1JJJ
74
tf-v! u~,if S:,~~r'~/JJL uJ(I-LIr~I.~"rv!'-A"JILIPS tf-v! uiLJ..-'"f ~ ~"J/L(I;L L~ cJLJ..-'"vdlLf. ,.,;J;/"":"'iJ.'Jf~ Lir 1~cJLJ..-'".~I~I"Lf.(r~ "":"'iJ.vdI
_v.f~liJ(VlL.t1?-,,(G"{Vl.J.v.ffz.J;!~UYl?t.f!J,l:)I'J'kI'1J~j,?~/..:-fl?$(..:-fl?$~ L l:)I_v! Jf J' ~S(LYI":,,LG11"JI(LYI,~I?LUYl?S(LYI,~'_litJJ J....A?v!'-/lr{,,) JV;I"JIJ:~~JljJ~S~1"L"i"rUl?fv.rJ~JjL/,J~;~.J,tJJIJy,,?~ul?f'T-,J~;Jt.JJIJy"JjL(..:-fl?~li~~v!~k--"JI!",j",hI?Iv!'-/lrl:)LJ..-'"_li1~l:)LJ..-'"ltJhJ~"jLt;L "i" r_v.r~J",;{.J:?LI{-LJl?-'''''v.r~L/l?J'u'''f:,2..L£".,2.. v',U.t12..L~)Ji?f v.r~)Q;Ir~cJI.,v!.J).-L~
_'T-v!~JVl•..tG(cJI..f£-v.rJ~L(~~-'rQ;IP0".::.&~~jVoJ2..Ltf.:'T-f~J'''''~,iu~LcJ'~()i,;,v.r z..~,,~IJ/()i';"Jlv.rJIiLJ+;~;;,;"-v.r~J~ (a~u::C(_(£'~j,;,1P7,;,~/ ,;·:r~tf(l:)'-IA'~lPr.,• ., -y., "Y -y", .. .,L l:)I_LIr~J-?;;{""jt.f!J,L.t1 ~,;~ j~/~JIJP-f- J"4-
_~vi~"J/J/,f-S~.J~....cJ~, ..~;S Vlv! J.fLL..:-fl?2..LL.t1l:)LJ..-'"....q",'h,-fl,jj,;Ii,J~''T-~1r1J.J';{~~~J~S(LYI~~;-:rfjf1u;;~J,:J"" ,LIr lh_;t."JJ; l.::.if 'T-~"'/ IMJ,if),..?v
•
75
J'~ J/;"(!..~li(J!bIJ~jLIr~vit~~'~Ufo)i5'?;'-(!..~li'(ur.97,OOO,OOOc::::-I~..J.-t'LJ'~Ai(&-f~li(":"'JvJJ~&-J{c::::-li(JtJWl(IJ/c::::-~Lvl~J...1.-L~~vl_(.n~I~Luy(~ ;,f 49~li (~~l/rf>'J"~'(.n_&-Ji~Jl(I~JI.tI'i-'.hr;~c::::-vll:)~("fli:,~(~17'~·U'J'W"~I7'J~./;t1JYc::::-,jjJLJi~Jr(J!.IJIJJ4j
_~~~/$c::::-.J;~,":"'7/ul.lL(jI£;fv.r..»!Lvl_~~JI;JJ~(-:';l?$.r.-V!JlruJ~v?l?_oC1~J...1.-L g!_t) t'1r'J~c::::-(tL~
-V1Jf~UJI.i(U If lviI,.. .,uYl? U/JJ;; J.nvi(J!;>c::::-uYl?0'/'J~;' -:,; l?$-V!-:';~~Jj,,~~ff-J1JVI(ub!~jJ>'uJf~J;~{I:)ILf-if(ur!}?f~-f-":"'J,/J..:,..;j(p'J2...L":,,,I(Jui~tlPf-~Y'uJ,r.~:'-f-vi":"'J,)'J JLhIJl)"c::::-II-lPf-tr.1:)~fifJY'J'V!J.~':,ff-,j171~(Ub!~f-viJJJ(LhIJl)"~,J.fJ/I'uilb~:"f-J;~~JU;L(JYIV! L.n?c::::- :::""JL~'
-V!41,"';v,I
"'JY~f?f-Jhf{(~~IJ-:-fl?J=_V.f~~"J~APJIvih~,.'~J,;/..:,..LY'JJ..I"'u'-LI:)If ~,jl"!f'I 1(",Llrl-:,;l?_~,., r,.r ,
uJ'JC::::-~~-V!LfviJ}.J!L":"'~~~J}!J(LlrIJ''_V!~L- V1~ 1Jvi-uP1I""c::::-"",J- . - .
76
J1C)~--?Ji.t:"-JJ1V!t.5))I..:.t:"~~(O)V~~/~l7.J:Yb)t--~I;J'(vil":"11J))JI":"Ly'),J.t;;)(-';;';-ILu';Ifz~LC)I2....vl,~!J~viJyL(Jh)ILC)I..f~_Z)?;,j~~~t.)!JrrJ'C)It.)!,).vv:.r:._J'JrviJ...J?JIJ!t.)! J.t; ;))JI~~
:J.~L~)-t)-fiJ'~/JJ1t;';tJ1fil..:J~~;ju~;;J_f-(j)J1",:"Ij~tj;Z..:J~J'.t:"t.5)~j,vr LJ1)~(Jv~'J~-vr v!..:J~J'- . -~)y'~)(J1v2....L":"1)J'?tj/J))JI~;.J.,~
-v1~fJ }.~I~,-h}'" ?~y'?{e"'vl'v1J":"JC)~))LuJ)(J1v)Jlu!h~j"u;~.t:" LJ~":")r'vltj))I..:.t:"~-?'J'(gL/J1fJ;Jlk.i)-0~/":"~1:LJ.;})JI":"JI~
~ -f-);;1~.i~L ~1)).,JIAIJ1,f-;;1~;;f V ~J'(-fi (~-?'J'Vlj,J''':''J~..J~L--?,)LUJ.t!L).,Jlt.)!,1934),1, 1932
v!ujJ~C)'LUJJ~..f~-'J1~U;~'-/J)LC)~J~..If')(C)'-!/.IV~I(dl;!uJ.l~C)I2....vl,J'~ ...J'C)I
t.)!tj))1..:.t:"L U';I)JI1l)I,..(u L ~l7.df~ J~":")r'Vl
q.u!Mfl)IP!IV~I~v!C)I)JI~~$.L/~)"')JI~
Lu;~/J.t;;))"V~~"..41'-~fJf(G"dl;!t.t'LC)~J~I'Jf J'..:.clj,IC)Ie:.L~2....Ltj~j!~L~ tJlP> jv!;I.tl, ,. '1'.,
.t:"JfJ1~/I(v'_v:.h)l!I(,...J;v!';)yJtf";;JIJ((~tjA ...(j
~l7. J:Yf~J'7'~ (tj)) I..:.t2-JrJ..k.{ )_,b~h uJ.lv! tj))1..:
77
?-.I...J,rv! Jlj~ v!1fir.l"e:L',LI..~ J:,....I,,;,;,,~.::.e.L;ffrt:J.'IJ~IL..(I., ..s:.)11.1,'~.IJ"'::'- J;~L c.,?-e:IJ,J/'::'-OJI;r,J.I.I,f 1:)1.1,1I),-:,,-¥/-I,j.::,,(. tJt; '(C)I(~..(I)J=!(J'ui~:tJ/,f I:)Iv!IJiLJ/L~...JIJI.::.--?'tJI,v!(j .::.-
- ~~lfl:)v.I,' ,-:,,-¥viI.J.'~~I:)LJ/~IviI...J/,; L.:;.,r lzth.llj..( IIJ?I,.1::;-I~,-:"ILo.lJI..(~/.J!L')'IJ h!~:,--?fiJ;f~L, 1947-~ )jJG"~~".I,fp..I"'D~OJI:-'~'.I'v! t:I-'i
-tr?v!C)~~ ,C)t:--,~.:;.,rlzI:)~ 'i-k"V-~lb..( .I,IJ.!J,.t.)j '(IJ~~,f.:;.,r lz~L.I.tJi
..;LLviI~,2_LL rl:)~~v.fI_(~.Ic..I(;2_tJI.::.-~~LI:)I
•••••
78
-:'7- t'.J!a: ()t,;~I~.J.'-CJ'{ ..:!.(;f'.J.J"..:!.(;~..Af1)!.I');; .}~
.J,',Lhi,~y'!vl. ~,~ t'f Pol)! (.);1.,,,,,;/.;/' '~if'J''t' '/
-:i7- j 'j)tf.:;.;:.~..Af~o..:->.-'7-t'hJ!~{vI...?ILJ:.,.t(J..:.-JJ~Lu,JI'~y'.J,'(.),Au'.J?b-:2._vL'7-I1J)i/~L,-;~c[viI,Vl L~I~J~"?J'.~"L~yf,~)vtf'7-t'~~--&l2..?,,--&I:V,1L~t::;..:.-t\{'.J'J{ ~/vff..lP'L'r~ J'~V)~"L~JiL.))iL~ ;£.J;i~ ifL~.Jf'-I.J"'v1'L~~/..:!.(;I,.J.. I 'Y.. •
.1,1Jtli.J..J1.!11)!I:)It!J~JPJ..:.-k'J.Jd-1)! ifL ._fJ'lL I:)Lv.!',cj!C)\{'.JY,JI)!.J.IPL Vl-v.!' Iff.J.IP (..:.-JJ~f_.,f '7-1:)'rJ~ tJ~~.ib1Ie_I)!..:.- tJ~.J,'J.YLL~ z_~?''7- t'~ (J:...A(.J,'..:.-..Af
" -v1'L)I.!";!..:.-.J,)' ....tJ,J ~r.4 -e,(- ..Jf '7-t'~~I:) \{•.JI/-._ffJiv L..:.- t \{'.J,J1:)1
_£'r~.J.IP~(..:.-JJ~e_.J"'7-.J(i~~ft'L'rkJ l
'v.!'L'r~'~'-~":'-tJ,~ i~JivL~..zo{)~..:.-.JY"-:o..:->.ZIG- uJ!CfJ!,.J,'..:.-~J (.),,J-Y?'7-J~{.tlVl:)b~J~f..L.J'{;
, ..'.5!
79
u~'JcJ'JJ,J-i'L.tr.v~'''~"..::..c'JJ~2..'''_~LJIlLJIle:.~J'JJ'~Lif~c...I:'JIlJ'L'J{~JJJcJ'i~ Lf..:..~J~f ->.-L ;...,fJl,f --("'ltJJ..fJ,;LhJ'it....,f,ft.tr.v,.../;:!. .,\' -":;'JJJ'JrL<./I;-fi..:..~~f f- JJIlJJ~"~ L tJ.t"I,L..::..c~.Af
-f-J1Jvi(G"~'JcJ'~..:..!JI,LJIl;!_~JJ'v!...,f~..:..!JI,~.AfJ..:..1'JJ(-_;;jjf~~JJJ~J;;'JJI,LJi7'fJ..t;..J' (..:..!JI,e....JJ,J~JJ'J~~..:..J,.,"'iLIrJn~
-J~L(;'~"/J/~JlJIl!.l":;'J"'(J~~cJ~JJL~.AfJJ'(-_;;tJJJ'J'J..:..1'JJJ"'JJ'~.l(J/tJ"'JJ' kIf(G"J';;''''~ tJjcJ~dfl),.J.?(~.l(J/~p.LLiJ'~"J}O~_1'f"~JJI..:..t'3·JtJi~tJ"'...JV;L"'2..",_~,,A)J-fiL.}lrcJ~
_LJIl'~~1JtJl{.f t.!Jf...,f~/,,'JJIlJJ:!~J'JJ'~~.l(J/LJ.t;,r;J.lrJ'":"1..ltJ~LcJ'_1)1Jf?~tJil;'.;}.JJI'":"1..lJJ',...~"'-I) 1:'1, !J~/d'}JJ,J''';~vL ":;'JJJ''':''JJ?~tJ~JL- .. .~..:..!JI,LJIl;!_~~U~"'~'f-JJA*';'J('":"1..lfl)(lj~"'i(LIr~J;;JA*~J.t;J~,jj2..""f-c:CfviJt.rr'J~;lrLI,JIloJJ}~"2-vLtJ~L..:..!JI,';JJ(£'JJL~~JA*. .
-(LI,.J'cJV.'(tJfl~/"'~)"'JJ'(• y
80
The Ulema in a Contemporary Islam (2002)
zff,.,t.'-AL I' ~'J,.,t. f~ '-r'"Lt./'-'f- ~.i}:. (tVl/1r1' ~"_(CustodiansofChange)v.rJ?LJ..;(:,f v.r
'f-if(cJILJ1zff{~I/IL..::.c:~..Itf)JI~~,.,t.I,)J}lrtJtVlL~t:J;)JI.~ ~L r~_£./~O)V.:..f.);;IJ~LY"a:t./lfL~I,'~~u!_£./~~)~IJ/'JV~~~tJtVll,)iJJ:,J~11'~_£.'f-)'-J,ytJtVl!(;I,Jyf'f-t'f,£,.,t.,-)~L(Y!.}JLJ:,;;~) u:I,)J;):::"'I.,.tJl,L ..::.c:).p~.I,)J1..::,.t"./..::.c:IJ)"~~.. • .. y .. ... ,. , yo
tJ1tlJ:, i'f- J'f S~~~l?-I~ t.:f2-v.r 'f-) LfJ.,lP (~tij'·)'v1J.?""~~I).t",.,t. .!.cJI,I)JI...JJ,/I.~ rj./ ~f./JL..--cJlf~~_ .. , .. 'I Y 4 .,
fJ~/I,)""LIL...JL..--~I,)J)~,.,t.t./II'v.;;-~cCJ1~l?-I./cJly , y
-'f- t"'fJ1J./IJ(.,l?-IP!Lt./II..zy-v.r~
1J1,-4Lt]V)JI,(j' ,.,t.)JJLuil.t(;I,)VcJLY",.,t.cJ~J~)1.;)1J~J~ri()iu.~I,)l(.~_£'Ltifr;tJ,J'~)J,J:,)JI,£'L.f),I.tfV)JI(f-i- L ~L#Ll,)iLY" J 18142:-1,),(1ilJ1(VdL,tlJ'{f~L#LcJl.jblh,.,t.I,);JI~/l,)jJ:;i.LI,)JJ~)Jll,)iLY")'1[t./?:, L<W::·'l)iu.~~ r~ rt.:f2_L'f I[~ScJli- t./1.vt,IJ-:;1J,.,t..,:.,tJ,IrLd,}l,;;1)UZ),:,LI,)J'~~)IJ~ Sif.~~(Digest)~,1.~ (, UJ'{L I,))LY"L<W::·,
u....) JJ ( ~"I _.1 ~:J rr» ( "" (.». )1,.f'1)1J ()~{ ...JlJtJw. -::>.y--Iv !r'",;-,1tI ()~{.JICtY, :,I{ ()
81
~,I.,:!'(d,j-J.J1.1fJ",v!1.1' If 'o;:p~o,r)·'L,,:P~4.,~L,~~ U;l'~o;lb..(~v.Lv'-'.J1rr"'~ rtL ·~LlcJ.:I~'"J~'.J1'~"~lvfiLIfJ/·jj'.,j,.IJd'}cJ'_'_tt.~J.f..:..--'~..(, Y • ..
- V' ., _, .. I I~-'h'~D~J~" cJv- L,.J1- -'(do_~rv! J'r!1 '(.......1'"k.bV. 1867V. ~.1 L 0" 'JPL.fJlh.lJU.hJ.·~fi~L u;lt~ oi~..(.,fl),:! (,(,(·~DLI'.I'/·I)""Jj-I.l)_'i! '(.:;.,LIIrJIr.I",ur..l,J'.~LcJ'~.IJLUJP,L.J1·- -. ...,~LJ.lI)'J~'v~LcJ,z..LL.f;;t/uJPL'~Ok.bf
-1v.1J.lI),J'~.1
u~f ~ JJ,":::'JV'..t.lj~ '(L 1!;(.:;.,LI~~Ii u.v.4 -t..A!
~.I"A;',Lv.l,v!Cf'~v.Lv'_LJ1t,,~t.J1;iL~L.lP?• '/ I y y
';-'eJf~Je".,:!/'~Ulf.L U'.IIJ'C{~'cJ';:LJ1~,;t.J1e~f.r.'-J"....,-:-',J',[_,.J1Pif-{J.lI)'JcJ'U~,v..f.,~'J.:;.,LI~.. ' ,,' .~'(cJ'v.LLy{e ~_"e:..~ ~J,~~.:J1JL.J1v!J'.;)JJ..6*. . .UJ!crcJlJ;.I"~.I~(:,~'~"~.:J1 (c/-,rfi;;;~U/;£L,:/, . ()( - ~... "L(.).iC(U1..lJ''''"'t;.lJ'J/.,J).Lv,_t!.J''lo(r~?LC)'h.}/
• y
-O-LL-:-,Cf'>'~t;:.-'-:-,"JP-~~~U/;tJ~;.I,'vifLu_';:;'J.I'4L,~J~'~~-:-,'JlJ1V~'If,:!v.L,,~'JuJ!Cf'J/v£'T-J~~,J? .f.aG-}Iv{cJ'~'u.:u{c/.JUI.Cf'JJJ'-7.v!~,(-.jLJJ4'':;''~''Jur..l~-?'Jc/-·'J1v.1r'(J!'
82
~/U{~".I.,,'U{..::/'';;f'-JS.t;(j...ft/u;;-(-';;/-~~-7-.1-Vl.l,Jf
.I"":'-~ U!),_;)~ Ul(.L ~~I,J I),J"'" '}Lit la(J_0,..fJ!'/JAi'J:~Lv'Vl,,~[,!cL j/..:.-L,lY
I,)!c.JC:--J~-7- J!'''o;.A.lJ',Li,..,...1.....:f/ (J.JLiI.JJ1...ft,J~~t:!-(,..,...I......k.iJ.J.1'!JvvJL 1857~fJ jJ:....f..::;,VI~J!'i,J,..,...I.....vr.!~..Po-!,0~'JjL.I}!IJf,uiU.~L,..,...I .....J',~j~J(g.IV'~ 1,}!-:;W;·I.I",(g(Ui/.iJ,J-~'Jt;...'~c.JI?I";iJv,¢Lc.J~.J.1'!L.:;~L.lI.z;IL..::/;L~~LkiJ_e.J.,~.Jv"I)'.J .....U,f'_~J..tp(u~L~~~2..L£..I.Jlj~/dl;!U!;,,J(jd'£..Ic.J;Iji~J;--.I,'J?'"j;vfuiu~t.fDJ~;~I,}!":,,,~--?J,L
_,J.Y'/,J,-/JJf ~,,J.Y'I((t...ft,J~tJ,L~~,(-';;L~t.P'li'.t
_iC-.I'-~ I,)!OiU!~1'.Iv.ll....., \"
?-u.I'VL U,f' '},~I,}!j,/tJ,I/~L..::/;uiU.~~L~;-JI~ ~ 18501,}!,,:,,,If., jp-J;{(~.JJI)kJt;.,Ju'.I'JILl)j((IiLI,}!":~e,vfu.l~":'-~'1?I,}!.J,J..-v'L;f/,j~Otp~-,j ~Jfe~C-U'}AjU!),.I"U,A(.,f7-~J(:lu~fl~11LI,}!'}'Vlui,.jAj U/'JJ.£".,~Ll;Jlfiti~Lu,iL1,}! L~~Jf.k.vitff-~J(-C-?-.ILu~f,J:.U'}Ajl;J'f,J~U..4'4':.L~~Jf.k.J~'(ul.cr U:),J:.u~flf7-~Jrlf'~L
83
~.I~.IJ'L(:- j.lJJ~1832~f~~'::;J",~JJ.-L~ ~-J'O{MAJ.r ..'.J'(~J/L.::.-"r'-"Lf~
~c-~~J'~!.I2_L(~)k~cJ~c-p.LVI2_L.:;..>tt(£J..IJ'(~(£J./(.)Y'.I..1.L~Lk..J.)U/D}iC.J/'-.Ib'&f~/J'LfJ_-Ij/_LJL(.)Y'.I..J'r".I,/,.,~_L.L..VLvJ~'- . --,.,.J:rfL~.IJ;/L~ja~L.:::;,,/(.)Y'.I..1.~.I;L..::..1r~'.I".Li'"- -- . - --vff t.JiJ_v..l.l;cJJtJ'/.i~jLcJ'L_LJL (.)Y'.I..1.,:,Ir~'
- • .. • y - •
J' 1962~-vf~£~JJ'..::..IrJj.l'~(.)n..l.L.::.-",'~cJt:J1LVl2- v,·! rC--?JJ'(IV'~r.'(cJt:J1~fl[l[~~.I~.I...fr..::..~r.~~.I~.IV'-ti'~u~":"~U'J.(.)",f7-~VI.,:;~J'w.Jt~!~{'((4U;.~jJ'~.I~L":,,l)L""".I..1...;vL..::.>u,J~LL;Ll}r~~_,,~~~c-(.)yi~L~~~.lfr.7-U.I'/cfr,jJ'..I.'OL/(.)Y'.IAc-~lrJ'~!.I~cJfJJ'':'IrJj.l'r.~1979..:"JJ,trL(.)Y'.I..1./~!.I.~!;c-VlJ-"-~th;>hl;..'J'cJ'.I".tf
_JJ,~Li'(2:...~~~- -Lt;J'~!.JJ'~trdJ'.:,~v'c-(j~'..c:'L~Lk~cJt:J1U'J..IJI(~L~'J'cJVu.~cJeJ(;j'-'-~~..::..tJ.tr.l"..::..LW;,iC.L~'..::..ul.r\t'-.I~L":,,LJL(.)Y'.I~cp.L~P_,J'u~I1'cL~~ Lt-lj/":,,LJL(.)Y'.I..1.f!.J.lJ;_{VlLJVQr.l,'..(/'}LJt;L~'J't;JVU.f~cV! Lfi~/u~t!,(£J. .......I..1.=..J'£rftL~J'J-Ij~":,,LJLcJ~L.(j.l~J'~J{(ISiL(.)Y'.IAP.
84
tJ,~",j~1b:~(,,:,,(.,oiIr~li'.l.i./VT-V~".It(..::,~v,t~vl{.f:::;/uJr'.J,v-tL"!.tfr~'li'.lJ_"'.I"".I,'t.tffJAi'JdLv~!J~!.I"v~,cT-IhLJ:JJ,J'i-'/vY.l ....L ~1.1 .2:-"-JoY;J.""LJ'/J"'T-r~'{!')if-eLfi;JI'cV!Z;.L.I(iu.I&J;.:;,f.u;_;J:J..lPLtJ'_tt;O't:-~~~:::;/uJrcV!
-V!Ll),LA('_;;'J/.JJFL~!J~1.1',J-!V!L.tf-.::J;,....J~1.1J:vY.I....~~L tJt:J!L.tf;£.1J'..../V}~tJ'
rtL,,!J»if .:;I~=JtJucC,,!l{~cf-'-V!.JJF~L
",c..J""Lrli'.l.J/v1tV'fT-~.I=J'Yr'~tJ~.IJL~~L.lr;;'fL~J:~(....v1tL~"'~.IJ?J:LJ!.{..::,~J- - , .,Lif-.lJ.tf~{ ~v'J: UJjr'dl7.!? rJf _q.'.A! JJ~~(.....,f Jj.£t;;'t..J:z...v'-=-dl7.LJJ1.I'cr\;/!'J:..i·- - .....f'-=-J:vYlzli'.ltJ'dl7.J:i!..::;,v".lJ'-.lJ:JL?~J:coJjr'dl7.-T-J1rtf~;J;J.}~.f..I.1'J~~k--r.fT(tJ'_V!O'.IL~.IV-J:~k--v?l7.u/'J.I,'~,'(Jjr'~~~(G-J/,o-!~cC-",jl;i(~ ~G~LLfJ,h~L.lf~,..,";;;~." FV " _ ,_
fr."U/JJ.I,'cV!J1rtb:li'.lI.}~-=-f=.?v?l7."....fi:T-JjJ:»/1cliV'~tJt:-it;;'LtJVu,f~c~.IjLp.l""::;u,-=-{"
-T-O'.Ij(f.~v'f )c,"-,{-,{-,"::;,v;v,jtfL~.JJ/.I_;;v'~~k--"c~~J:~~L,~c:1-
85
V1v!IJYL7.at..lOzoz2_v'-OJv:4j{~!~Jv''':''f'..lLv~ ~'/",=""..li!fVI1J'...v~~'~~:,-"--f- v1c[Jr~J/..::;,
-V!~.IfJ~,2_L- ,L y"I,;.......>.f Jj J:~v! JrL at..l"::;,V'v! cJ~L- . - ,.jLIr!t:OIJr'/~!.I.fV.Jf'~J'Y':'~V1-~t,vJ'(c?-;/LIJr'JlJi'J~LLjjtf"v!cJ~L)i\'(Jf./.::..v._biJjj~cJ/JjL(V1
y y
eVILjJ v!1Ji:'ArJ'LlroJ~~v!v,/jj~ jf-IJ!;J'~rJ'L~OJtJ;/J~v!cJ'
JJJ;LV1v! 1980j'Jf;I;i(ifjv!~'O:I.i.......>.~...?JU'_. .~v'v.irL~'~if. 0fi~~J..(';-fiv!J~ jrlJr'LIJK';;;...fi2_L£;iLJ'O:..l~'LlJdp.Lv'-!~J.I'i?JIJ~ft'!jv!J(g(,:,~.r-v!1985v!$.ILV'_J(i:,r--fi~J/IJ;JJv!uJv'J.::.c.lfJjj-LIrJ~J.JIf2_L~JJ~JAv!LlJ&fo~I:f'J.::..jL";:e'Jfe~J'''''~l?~JJJ;Lc:..../'JJGai'(.::..LY'.IL£f..l.lJ'et~/IJJ.I,";2_L.:.d?'-t'LlJjjlJ;JJ_oJo~I:f'v,-JJfo/ ':;'>'r,!tf"~v!IJ/i~~J";:e~t,';tf~tf;o!tf-c,w.JJf~'.&;'Jo.f'::".I~,J~....r"IJ;'Jv!;:-L. . .
. -~O.l"v!- ,.1J~d...J,~,tJJ,...{t,_";""V'e2T-ftJfJ'.I~(,~V!Ovv.rffJ'Y':,LIJ,jJv!v,e~bflh'.I(,~·:r-cJ,;i(";:f-r"zcJ/(JcJ'-~lvtfJ'Iv~;'_t,J~'.I,'e~lvtJf.l~If(..::;u,f~L~'I Y I y._ ,_
86
J~J~.IJI~c-I":,,,I.I"e7-~J..t.l~("::::;u.~.IUU.?'"f7-~JltIL~"Q?C-J"",Jcl-fV!~'JU!..f£.2T-ft[,,~.;:,.I'";£-t.ll(J';L..::::;u.f~~":,,,I~~~LV'-7-'I[(if(PJJ~=4·(V'-V!. ".I.Jf~V!.tft.Jf~IiJ?f V!},:-c- uJ..fcJ1.lJleV!.
-7-'''.1W~.IJIJ;VeJl)lt..J)fi£~f7-
tfiJ1.lbf",~..::.?-~"""f7-'t.JfI~=JIyt)JIr.;:,.I"'V'ftv.:f~2.dL.;:,JJIr~"!J'::>--JcJrj'Jf2T-f£~I[\"2T-f.;:,~IJ.lU'.l(-;~.IJI\"£Ir~..J;rrf.;:,~J(tVl..lvLu';Ii~"!~,,!cL.Jf£.I.1lj~fv?teV!O'.IJfJVrI.lJ,-;~~J'Lf?-V1J;.IJ£~brr.fV1.;:,JJI,....!J\"~Irt.fJ~~.IJcJlf.:..JJIr
- - _. y
•••••
87
~?~J?'''''JI.;;i';y'....(IJujjO!J..JJI......-flJ.v!C)~,~r-.{, - .L UJ(IJ?,LL ~1JJi>'.I"~'J(.;j:::_,. fi_vr 2(.I~L J;i.l,I..(1ZY• ,. cr-~ _ V-,
t{'v. JI.lJV!v'.l,'e}':::;"vlJ,71tfl~-:_IJ'.I.IIj.{/,fi'rv! .;Ir2....L.lI_Z;IL ~~".I.I"U'.I'J'';.I~v!4eJ?'''''.._...>.f~J1 ~,;
~J.fifJ;rt.,,;r.f:~.»!Lv,-l((v/~'J,,.;;i.l"~yi.....,~(v!J"¥L.I,_z;,If(.....,ft'L~LJJv!,yJ,Il,/UJ,,LLL.- -.-f~J.2....vl'7-~jfiJU)I'LLL,:;/'~v!C)~'~_(Yy_UJ1.J,~.I"~~PLJ~~.I"(lV'~'.2....LJ"¥L.l,.z;'If~.1,,·1u1,y-:J~J.'~v!~ f'-:r.JJ1~';~iJ'L~~J.£.I.1,j.{aJ?v!.;lr~.o?'J';.I'J".Itt't'b'';b~Ah'Lv'
-~LJ1'.I~IJU"r'.{v!.:;/,~.L;:JJJ/~IJ(.;jO!J.v!b.lt'JC)~,~,JJ'.~~J[/JUik.; J~;J~~J'.(lVI.I,ILf [Jlt!.I1J;;Jvuv.JI'L/.IV!';,4;Iv.Y~~·~~v!C)'-v./.lufi('!'.J,'I...JtJPLu'.IIJ'.I~'L~J.?fJ;"'JU;!?.I"?-:_7-
\.. iJt,tJJ.v!;!.IL,fi'r.l"..::..!/
88
r.f,f,J,~y'.,S,yfSLff/..:;;.:-S~1.Lif..fio/'Jvl~t:-Jl-~?-ft.frfJ.J"Jcf~,)~"e:.O.lf{LJr.,JI..:;;..w,1500_Jlj)~S·JtJ!lj~I..tA~·L..if.f~.t:-)~~(~)~Sllft"~~t~L~1.fiv!VI.l"~(G"";~":;;Jvv!o..£~tLvl~~;:·L.r.;J?'Jv,-£f~IP..:;;L,lP~'-.lLL-rI),~C)1. . .l5JL.---fU,JI,i....LL~),fiLYlLhg;lfud~SJ'tLvljfJy
_~J(IP,.-?.lJC)I)/,.-Vlxv!LJi~fJq'(UZ1..I't)'Jr.,~Lu£iC)1viPL Uh.v;,uilr1'uYl~J SUb){./JIu'.lfi,u,_q,~~y'ulf..I"~ I:)'.:!/(..:;;~Su/,1?if-"-v(~{ .I,',J'k".I~"'':;''~~LLfo.l{J. )'./~I.fYl;tJ~~8~,~),L 1,i....L.I,I.I(,_qLC)I
-u.!LYl)'IPUl(.)~:~~",:-"crJ'i~C)IYL'::"LlPv;P"LJ:.I..dj./~_';~VI, . .. .. .,
Sacred Spaces (penguin: India, 2003)
v;PC)'LtXu;:.I,'J!.J{k' ...,J!.J{V'.tr'C)~'~Q.r.~if.L..::..LIPC)'.I"v.!L,,:J,JL~I),fiUlf.f.»!LL.f..lJJ(..::..L~C)ILvlL)!l1~v-v.! ;£.I.llj~v.!t'LYlL.f r--'{.I~tf'~fv§J'v.!l1.1Ylv!JIP":;;.ly'lfk--'J?~SC)~,~?fif-~)jtf-(u.J..f
_v.!l1.1'-Jt,)fS,):>'S~Jrr..I"S..::/i:I'~L)!C)~,~f if-~8.1t:-I~":S..:;;~v'LJ:.I.i!t.c:r»e,fif-~ .I; VIL)!V'.I,I'v.!l1.1Yl.1?-'".I,10/.:;,f. ",-7.
89
J'V'-7'-I<:Jfrld ~J'C),Lf ~,'f r:J.t',;-'lu'~.JJ'''';-'f1..Z?,kJ:(IJJ'fl:;'I'::'~".JJ'O.J}O;:.J'IJPr~J'if.f7'-~41J:J,,"
-~Jfr ~C)t:--'klv,f~ot',,(,;-,2._LuJiL"';-'fI1.'-/'J~~J'/''-/v'L~cI"~~"J'"';-'f..lLf VtJb1='J'-..fI(v' 2..v'- Iir (~tf~"J' '":"'f..l
,~z_fJ.ht'::'~".J.J,'.::,I,~'J'~cI"~/"';-'f..l,;-'L"Lf;::_'.J,'L.J..;,,;;.;J!t(t'=-'LU?f~J'Uy.IJJ:HJI}JlJ'v'" '" ..;f.~'D;~jt:--'kft'J'LJ1?-.Jv!'/'JL~cI"~~"J',-~
-vf£.J~"f7'-oJv!,J),-L ~*"J'Lj...d,;{Jl}o/'JJ'v'L~.J~
i~J1 r (tv! L I;;JL-1v!C)t:--,k~P.IUfl?- JL-1Jl..c:,~cI"~h}.J,'~jC)t:--,k(Robertode Nobili)J:;,;,;)"",.Jv!1605V-D;~ ,;;.;L v,v!,.J)..-v,-J' ~~ ~L-1 LJ1 z_f J;{.J~Llu}1'.JLC)'fI;;JL-1luJiL'::'lJlf'.J"~.J,j""/JjL'::'L,::,'j
"J;JL.::,Ij&.J,'L'::'IJLhtfv!.;IrJL-1'.lP'~J~(~.::,'j&_1IJ;v!'-J()'k/~L-1v! C)t:--,kJp.Lv,-~- . - .
t'lrVJ~=,.J"7'-t'lrVr';>' (Ufl",~.J".J..&:Jr'v! C)t:--,~J}.J! "JJ'C)'~~J'if.f7'-/'.J"';:;'lbJI,'.Jv;LuJiC)'f7'J'J.t;J' C)'.J"U!Z_.t1~LJ'-ilr.J"~'JJJLJ;=,.J';;_U!J.t1,~LC)"U! z_f~v,DJ~;{~2._ v"U! J.t1(tf.::,~.J'/~C)'-4"U!z_J('/'(C)''_;/..;'-''~LJI;l'4-.J'''.J'~'''::'IJ''
90
-1J1,f-L)j_rj~c/.~(.:--?)(JHo;"'k'D(;JS(;)'p!LL/LcJ'Ulf.f ~D;~4'~fr~--?,Svl_lJ1 LrZ:L~U~.../,J)"v#'~U~".nW(J'~ J.t;'U.n,.;~J(S~~,~~,.nVu.;".:--;)LfJ1,}SJu"f ru~.../,JfIJ1L~c/.~(U/,J2..v"::'LlP,1J1L.t1e?'L(..H,~(d!Jy.'1J1Lf"JSJW';G:.-Ui )~-1J1- .- - ... - - -,u.n";ku.nJ){v.~'Su/,J-1J1~ f~(,:-,,;\}),'u,?L~ r.n0t£j>'(u/,Jfrj~J5)';;v'.:-;S.:-'?-Lu/,Jv#(;),fu~2.. v"IJ1,y;,y G:.-.:-t.L~J'~J;rt.:-~'} ~.J'~-r t"~..JrJ~"v!(;)V',~~p.n;.-rt".t1u1J"'~D')S(;)'D-?)"~J.:-)v S.:--;Lv' v! Ot{L (Lady of Vailan Kanni) j((;)~,v'y.;'j,'f- t"~.nU~~~(,6,-/-)i':.rifL.lI)~L.t1 Lfro.J~L.nL~c,~),k.Iv~LftjJjpJ.nJ£r~G:.Jl--1v#~~J/)ifrJI.,,~~v'2..v'''r~~J(v'f
':'L~rc,~JJ.{(lP.nJ){v.JyS(;)'frt".n~~J,'2...Ld...II)L~Jfi'..zy-rr;/;,fG:.-~Jv'(lPv#~frj.nu1J)G:.-v'v1J,J! ~
_IJ1Lt.Lr~{U~(;)'/u/,J?flJ1.:-IJu..)"VI,?'D'~'-AL U.t1{;JJ.nJ/cJ' ~ cJlr,~G:.-)}t.!t;L J)~Su/,JLu~,..x ..,:.,1?'lJ1e"~UA,'u,;Ly(?fr~~f_IJ1{;JS,~yI),'U',6(;)~G:.-)}r.lt;-u!t,j)f,){/.:-k)'?
91
..I....Lrl( ..~-c:--Q..I"..v.tr..l;lt~,t!'tJ.J:f~f..t.:..lllvuJ!'"frOi..lIrJJ>~Lf(r£t:;;tL~;tL;L ..~t~t./'»ftf'..I"J~J.JV'./"L~~~fr/.:..~tJ./JJt 7t'-cJ~'-;tLV'J!~.lv~~~..I.1f:,..t~~vlf._L~~~tJjkr;,Ltc»f,-:"t/v.lfG,JvJ~"..I"VJ.6cJtY"o~LV'+~t;'~"i- •..I1rII.J:J!Ib./t:Jv/;:( cJf..tJ'V'+rE"~,;J'(z/vJ./,?LcJt"i-•..I~~t(cJt~'»ffJt;,- b..lt:JcJt~'cJtY"cJf{VJjJcJt"r•./~~&l~..t~J..,P~,-:"tcz....t~J.'~.J/-t2_L.:.../L;JcJU~Oi./IvJJ>£Jtc~t[,L~r.,.::.r..L. - .. --V'-r..tl.:....IJ;;J£.Lv..~'fvlt!./v}tJ~t.l'-/»-L '»f-Q..t 1990drhJr .G~J~U..t cJ~QY...t;.J.,Lt d',-:"t ~/ J?V'cf J-./~ J,- ./"+~~ L~-;.If..tVJ(L(HagIi)~..I"(Jiroli>d~(HadagiI)Ji-t(Hunchi));"""/cJtv.t..t..>!Lvt,./(f;L ':;j-=c6,-:"tv.tG~Jvlt!.-v.tOi./
-v.tr./"~P,-:"tv.£..J'J"..t 1990':"&JJc/-crJuLa,..Lu.vJIv.:.../,,(j!rEhl?t,yJ"~P~l--Jl~t..l'?(cJt..l"rE~~tccr~,-cJtY"~
+t~.::.r..(cJt{./,?LcJtvlf-(~,-':;N"LtJLLLc1".1t:JfL"cr..t:U-¥(LL..tJ!.~{-.!".....t~~J 1930J!t~;:Ii'-.:..~tJ./cf.~(cJ~fiv.t z[./(ji
~Vl)tc»f_LIi.;L;(-=C..ltJ':;jr.f. - - .
92
,,(1vt.~L 1950.1£..6(/~t.:',».c!~(1~tJlr?l.Ivj"'.Jv~Gn~~L~U~V~..y~_!.J~/'::'>l:!utVIJtJff~'£LJJ.~tfor/v/}?f ~L~v_;;"'J...£t.:"eV!".I"~V~"~~-V! .z:-.I"c.I~2..LV""LLL"=""..t"~~L~~t.:'1;1.pL.J?"I~"'.I"If-?fJ.,:C.l,'J~.,f4f-JIr~.I~JtV';'"£Lfr((Ld.~tfor/l)/}f";JJ~~~~~I;Jjj,,,=",,..tu!J~J~t.:"eV! 4f-.I~~~vj,.~.~I.;~J~t.:"
~.I';f!~, "~JJlru?'"LJ.-~ eL.JfLff; (V.JfGJJ~'i~~/4f-"'...fiJ!~~~f.z:-~.Ia:.'JjJcP;L"L"J....;V.f~I;'Ll).Jf'.J~/.4f-JJ>/J2{/...fiVlLc,jJ~.I"L .:;,fL~~~.I"~!fJ.lJ;>""e.IJ;>Jj~~ JJlrtJlev.!'L"
~~..trLO"~~'.I'bJJ~Q~'~7-v.!'L~v1~~~~JJIrl(l!;JtJ'~';~t.:'lf4f-t'.Jfv,...l~e.z:-!.Jff/~~J~'i~"L
-4f-".Iv1J~~.I'/~"=""U"- /",.I"e!~J)L"=""..t"~fi>'JJ'J;>t.:"~I;'.:::...."-/",~L"=""..tfiLtJ~ li-V!Lhl1.(JPJJ~1r~v1r.:::....v)'u.lt/~~U'..tLtJb?'~LVI.f.4f-~Jjl"l),.Y~ rI-f 4f-rf..J",t,;tJl~"-.I'nf¥J.-di.~ ~e4f-1.I;e.lJI..t·:r4f-t'jJl,...~.:::....~n¥~I·'1r-~!"'RIfi,-Ll)jlJ.-'~t,fv",jr.l"tr-v1l)£,~"JfJ~tJfl)",jrf'tj~
93
~'~uhJ£.Jt:_U~.I"tr-~lhvYU£~b/-I:ft'LY-LLL.I"r!J,;;.,L;J¥tJ..fIIL".,c1-.I,J~Lu"¥G-c1-fV1.. .. ..,. ..~('::'!,J..¥""""=~'"7-JL\t~",;fuft\{cI~V!u""..i
fV!vYLu/}c1-~ b.lt'JtJ~-~.Jf"',,'~.».!L~~/o.:D'~tJ'-I[t.lt[,yJU/}.!.,;;f;rG-.::,!.::,fj.Jif'/JLlJ.lu/}j,ly (LfJ.,Ii-G-'::'.e-.I"JI,...eL~j.l".MI!'I'::'~..irL'::'JGo!
~V>~i=-l.lIr~(b.l~'...fi·JJ~G-b.lt'Iu/}tJ~~'_!"~ f~Lj ( J"; tJJ)-7- .:.c.l'J;;j.I"•.::,,,~.cI;•.::,jJ ~
~;.(L{j!ui'~'ul"~ ~~!,J.I.lk_.Ib'U.l~.I".;~~"~Jjf'::'!'vtJ'.:.c~~L!IJ.t.tV:rlu/)f,,;JI~G-'::'~U'.lL
j!f V1.::,t,..~'u"'~".I~L~U}r;.~.~/u/}.IJ'.tt:...".1- ..,. ,-V!LIrL~tf.lt'LIfLJ J.I.I"otLLlfL~,
•••••
94
cu~Lif-f7-..J"L:!'~I'b,t'JcJ~(l947)~?+~k"~ JiJi;iu~I';'.Jp{t,";~,,:,Lv.! ko.b,,(jr$c;j.l~.ILV7lzU~c.::,.I.z,~o.l~Lvi.l~.::JL;l)1ll1~,J tf'~o"L"cJ~.I,LcJl.I".::,.tlcLvJJ;Jc~JVJJ~1u~_(.{7-~..t.t.tIJuJ!icJLV!lf"u!cr~o'JJJu~jtJJIL~i:-.JfJ"V>..J"LJ'/JcJI{u/}.,A.I"V! L"~{"~JU/}~~J&)1c(Jv!~.::.-"~/~(~?fT-fit&J2-V!.::,.~il",fV/}~V.?l»~PycJl.;I.lI(&)1cc:_~'::"lf,,-J{V£.l;1t,,.;~,,,,Luj.l~£~~fi+JjI'? ~if-f7- t'~,,~kc:_p.J.IJILl)1...£tf-I.f-7-k"t,J;tf...Jtf-f.!A'~~.::.-"~Lrz..vJivL ..:;,>l,;,up~k"L &)1;::_vC:_.Ib-v.!.:>v/}Lif-.::,.ftynctf.,~.l,.t;lv£.l;Jv/}Lt/-.J.&ij~-v.!
_~.Jb:~lfV4-v1t.l"~J~/v,2J"'f7-JrL£.I,~tf-.::,.~!!~P,L&t.jb.lt'Jf~?.{'~I'?"'Lif-fJ"!J+l.lO~JiJi;i~.J~~C:_.I~L..JIJLtJ.~L",cT-.IJI~C:_.I~Ll)1LI.lJ,,'clJ.I:/~"l)1~cif'
95
.1J(~(,/~o'f-tp.~kf-l;.-~~AL...JI'(,/ILU?f ~JI,L r'f- t/Iwl..J/';;I,(,/1J!c-':? J~.,~L (,/1-V12{JC-.ltS'(LlJ~,i.:;,~J~I..fr.luJir"f~'.1.t".lJlcJIYk--,J-;;.IJ::~/,.f.:;,1(,/1,.?}i_~J~~~LI.I,.fcJl2..(,/I~Clv:1t,...I y , .y. ,
L cJl/L b.f'c- cJl.I"L/ ~ ':;'~C- uhJr"f f- J.tfJ!-V1J.tf(..:.-f.r.-/U:lvrf!L~1~..p(b.lt"/.:;,I;t"
.I~/ UI~;:~ (,..tf~e (.~J..:.-f._I..:>}i/ t",,;,...L ~y y ~ ,y /';"/ ..., y r-
.J.v:1o/..:;Jf.c-ILu~Ld-ff-)j~'-ALUI.Cl,.f(David Page) ~ jij ,,:-,crJ:;' ~ cJl_f-!J.:JL /,-,.1J~J,.f,t920C-.I)\/(;~ ,,:-,Cl(,/I_f-"Prelude to Partition"
-f-,fI.5J..;;;V(;{.:;,~I'LI'L.tf1)!,~f,J-?'tfjrff-,.f,fI,.fL:CfPJ,,:-,I?(JIY(,/IL~JiJ
'".tft;,?;L,-/'J._[ID"~f-.ID.lcfl{ .J'v._[lc-U{v? cJ~.I"",IMIS.:;,~?,C)'_tf'~ 1..::..c..II,:,jL Ujij.l"':;' ijIi> IcJl.I"'~[p- v!,.f t",;~ C)t:--,~L~;1.5;u,~?ff- t"/c-.:;,~~IC)I(,/lji'LYlt",;.:;,~~·IL~..t:'".I,'J,dd7J..;YJ)~l)!f1880,J.tfD)V),pjS(j.J',_r.fJ)ft',",u;')C)~.IJ,,~~,~,pjL;,._[I((,/lclic-Jf'IJ~~':?(.:;,I..~IJ, 1909_S;:;.~Jf'IDJ~_,f.tf.:0I,.f Ji,·....U~DJVC-J'l,....-U}2..L tJhJfl.tf~ji~J':;'I.I~I£;:'.I;,jt:--,~u~,LI/.:;,~~·11)!UI.~l)!f 1919~I/lJY~~'L, 1935~-~J~~~,.f.,:..;'k--,,:-,lji~
96
_~J(p.~jJff~f,J.::/~J~"'LI)'f;lk"L(e~~U?tzo ]ftJ~-w~~ jjLI)'f(..::/;13) U,-,_fJ1V";'YI)'f- .. - .f~fuJjld J~,.,L.::.-~t,LIfcJl_f'[_LIrI)ifl)'.I(~J_,I?vt;J,'fo~~--?J,JI)'I-JJ1f~1,JuJjld13if ~~(p.~f~l,JcJljJI~." .)'jJ;'_:'jJ),JcJ1jJltJiYJJ./I?(u)I.t~cJ~LI/ u! cJlrJ~or ., .. y
cJljj(LJ1rLiyjJ,/lj"LIr/L~jld~II.zy,j~;~J'I)'1(cJVjJf~..zi..L (FIL'::'-Jq ~fL U';I~--?JI)'f'k"~u!
f~jldLtlj,'/-ftJllfu)~("';"jjLu?iJwcJfft"~J~1_/-~(r;
I)'IJJI,J.Yl~~(fl)'.I(u!Jf'IL,1937~jlJ1-:-iYI)'I~
(""_~Jboju,fJ.!;{,JI)'.I(LI)'liof(J;..::/;Lt'u!Ui."'L
J~I~jJI1/JJ/LJ1zCfJ"""LcJlj,,~I,JU]iJwJ~r'J!L~LUi.r'LI)'I~JJ1~k'"(~JI)'fi..I)'ff~(""~..}IJy(Ui.r'",J~~r'?L.::/~iLlrtl.'Ji..I)'IJJ~I{J"""13ifJ"",.
-vi'r-u.tIJ,J~~cJlr,~j~LLlI,~gvljr;Jl/u}!.)dL..::/;o)u,-,ft::....o1j(f,jJ!/I)'IL8jjj.. ,., ..._!hu!J,p'i--lhl)I./I~J"U,jIK;','./ILcJlr,~,L.Yl Lf
s;v!jIrJJfufjLuJJIK;jJI'./lcJlu!~.61)'I~; JJ.,J..::/fiP
..J/u! cJl,e:;~~j 161u!~-iu!' 1896_e:JbG,L..::/f?u!U'A.J:.~]225_e:JI)j~I)'1J~,j'JAI)'~ L9e: I)'~;:115.
jJ'iJ;7tlZ- L (')'4J'f_j'JAI)'~ L --&f..J/JJ1e:I)'~;:I4
97
(v.l(~e--?'vlJ'J'fOJv.iQ;{Ui.lIJl;,/~JI.::dU_J'c.t~:J'~'~.J'lJ~;;1~(;J.I~:,c.tvli1 rc.tJ(gc.t, 1885
-J.J'lJ~(c.tlf-c.t.lJJJtC:I/V.l(Z_VI,J.'JUJI..~J'C)1.- ...IJIJ}fJ" e:Vll.&:lJ'..::.c.lIJJjJ.~L tvL ~ jijl.l;'c.t•./rL'1913_v.?Oi.lJrf/u;~L~-ic.t,ftIJ!~J'J.I,j..JJJPL-=--If·,,;(I~d~.IJ,r,.~c.tt:frL~~L'JL.J'l-~2L_pc.t,ftIJ!~r.fJ'~G-J'VILU/;C)t.f£~t.GVL
- y
f J'-?'c1-~I~", UJJ~O!;,/J..?J' .::.-!IJ.:.c;tlL ,ft,v'L~~L JL ..::,.t"~Lif- J.J'lI.&:IJ'..:.-lJt.Jc.tU;~JIUJJPl
-Jhh"..:.-~~v~v
, 1947cz:»1935LC!'(TheOrigin of the Partition of India)
jt:--JPl c.t .IJJVI r,.~J.~L ~ L Vl_'f- ~.,,?",•.IJJL...fp;;;;(UJLr;I.lLv.l~JIJPlf~~?-f~~J'J}7Lu;~iL'f.J'lJI;rJ~-L'fJ'~J~J',.;r;L..:/'$o~JjJJlf~:,(C)~~...£'1940J.~LLI.lJ'VI_(LIr~f"'/J~C)I"::;JVI
~ rU~..fr. c.t ..::,.t"k--...f,1939e-, 1937cP--Ii~~v.1,.J~uUG- r,.~f O:'JIv..:.-.I_,....;.lJ_LJ(p.~/..:.-GJi>IC)~JPlLU,{I- - -.IJlc.tJ~~?,c.t -=--1fY~?4'~;'~.IJ'.lilb;.I..;!J~_,..., 19372..vl-j'J?eJ1;e-~r":'-JgJ'#'j.l~~1Ji''-ta>Y
98
r.,_t._,/vl_l; ~v:1J.,'.I,,,.)r't..f...:;/~J'cJt:--,~L .::..t;.I1,j}...fcJ'..:;/~J~~-~~l)'v1J'YcJ~,,~tft..f.cJ'LJf~'J~r'P!L~~(t..f.,J12,L v/( t..f.,1937~ ,J2_t!..".,c-uiJL,/ .f.L.I'i{ L.h/.c-v/(~I>. tf':::;"Vli,,",b:J.lI;,~?{V"U1v?'lz,.,O'~f15;u,.t.l"V/(..J/t..f.cJt:--,.hJ.~1(~.I{VlLl,.l>.iJt,;(.J'~I.lC-U;~J~V/I(~Ji.tr:.:.-tJ"'cJI_L~r.f..,,/f.:.-.,gJ~rf'J=~I((.vl_(,[~lIi(...JtJVLUi.lfJ,JV'.l"V/(cJ(-C-It~~»J~~Ll,.I>.,_/.":.I",j'v1J'?t..f.u;LJ.-'"(liLcJt:--,~~~-..£,I939,J2_JIJ:, 1939_tiV'V~c-.:...?J '(jD~J:.fIfujLJ.-'"-"£':::;""'0'C-~)15.1~fey"vlL~1>.i~J~C- Ui.lIJ,Lv.l(~,_t..IYitJ,_t.,1940_J.I'Y;"..12...L~~.)b: '~lf(lJ.lJI~J~Iv1J?"t..f.L)Jlhl.l.l"L)itv~(J~~J;J:t.l=,J2_'JfV~J;,:t.lO''':.lJILv./,J>-C-V,,,'J (p.~ fJ;,:t.lviL Ur. ;j,~_.;.I~~.I#.~l>.fcJl;f~-..£),/vl2...v'-L t..f.JLVl.:.-I?.I~£Qj I(J '?LL);~ t..f.cJt:--J~D'{J~ J if.fL?- f t.)J~I,filL, 1945-46~fV';(.lJ;':::;'JVl..J~(cJl;f~-vf)'J'",'f-.IC1yt..f.'-AL cJl;f~if.~I>. .:.-?.I.,J:~~ ~I(f~~ ,_t.
."JJfr?c-~)if.JcJt:--,~_~J~J~.IJI":"''fy.~t..f.vl'L'~.,;....c2".I'''Yie}J~ILu';'2...vltiv./J.~L~?L~1>.
_t[
99
(3)
tJ'" J.I~ A~.J.o}~-,":,,,C(o/- V. '-.I~ L Pi r-?v:\,J r'::'?-=tJ"'-'f- IIDivide and QuilU (Penderel Moon)
L J-=-r?':,f .::/; JJ.V. ..::..r1.1.1~'l(. v..J r.~.1v. ":'"If.,L _?,-=-,1947r.c.v._'?'./..::.-Ll"'tJ,Lv'v......,C(v,-V...40~(..::.-Ll'",- .. . -,~'..::.-LlpLv,v.'-.I~Lr?'j''':'''~-=-.I'V~_LV.'':'''~~~~"l.t~._E~ 1945s;'f- ,f-it-,f Jpv' tf-L v'-VJ J",LJl."~lz O~.I#~~ J.I~~!U~.I"~ vi..i'~v. ":,,,1[.,,f l.t~-=---:?J,fif.~Jb:~lzr'~/~~LJ£iIL~I946U}LV Jt:--,Pil.t~0'P!L.:::..:5,v.Ui..J""_j,,;,'l'v. ":,,,If.,c:t-;~v.1.1'L.n..::.-I,W..;'.I"jjr. V!, 1946v......,li'y_t!:.c,( •...v"V..AP',L. ./..::.-Ii~'tJ~.IJLu}~J'U.,¥L..::.-'JWtJu.J{tJ~J(/U.,¥
"'J¥-(i1..leJf~jv:1..IfJ£".,~L v'2-L tJ'-=---:?Jv'~J"!cu.,¥"f,f J>£v.,f..::.-~""L tJ'"_v..f..J~(Lf r?'i":,,,~..;tf-"::'-bWv.":,,,If.,ft-''-J'..!.-tlr J/tJ~.IJL~~,,(u,.1(,)(if.-Jv:I~JJILl.t~{Pv'c:!--LIr...ttf-?,fvl.l"U.J{-=-":"'If.,f~~~JI((vl--?jj-t.nO;LI,.?j''':'''If.,fi.n:'-1-·IU}LV.I"":",If,,Q7luJ'PiL..::.-IJW.Ic~1r.f..::.-/.'tJLV,~J'pj£J'O./"::'-.I~JJv.-iL.if. LJh,f../Lf..::.-/.'-=-.....,liYJ/. -.. . .
_1~.t.J{/~(l)/,Iv.
100
~IJJ{.,~f.::...tJ'LcJ~L.JfL;;"?'./U~JO.tGJI{.,~, Y
V'...f~f~J...f":::;Jvl~v/(.,-.;J'(d'j)kJJI.::/"rj~~u;~Lo.t(~J2_~J;Ld'jJI;14J£/~u~IJrIJL
,~IJ~.lJ~c~lJ,~V: 1/.::/~JJI~.lLO.tGJlcJ I":"JyJvl
vljcl[~J}t.fJ~I/":"L~J~2-LL~?'Ir'fJ~cJ.,:..~J
p!L.:-:!l' ~ ~~-oJ;"; v/(~, 1928L{.,~f.Jfv!L&;....
':!7- ~(cJt:f~ ...fu\(.-J~J)(!JLb:r" J?/JJ~L VI.Aclv1.,:..~JJ'~~&;....VI';JJ_v!lcJ~JJL"1942&;....'1937
_I-"'!-J..I!Jt;,;LJ}?LU.h.l,·,aL.Jf?-J~ cJ~J~
o"f7-ejJvlp!Lr?'l[f7-I[J~Jl!IJ!"vILcJ~f.:,,(. .,:..t'(ALvlf 7- t{(vI rL. tllr .Jf~J UjJJ,:!"k./JyC~JIJ,~d'r,!.~JU}ujJJ~V~VLLJ:!":::;J,[cV1
2-vLLJ! Ir?L.JfI..l!~}lrujJJJ!{J;d~JJlcSLIr,f.,~LJ!lr.Jff&;....f.,:..t~ILJ(jILcJl
(4)
~ VI7-(StemReckoning)J;"',(oj~~O' ~"r:?...IV/c~r"CJl(..y,jc;6'r. .,:..IJl)LIJLyC~,1946-47L...;;uJJIOJJ~JCJ~)(yrl(~r?':7-0J~JcJl~L.Jf~JIIVJ"J,'ujLVcu~,~.,:..jr.{J~O:.l~-iL.cJl_V1":"IJl)';IJI,jj
&;....~LcJjL~/,J~L"'7-J~v&;....u{VJJIJ.Jf~U,¥
UYl7.lf~JJIO:.lr..tif-fct/.l(d'r,!O:.l-?'r,~JvlcLyC
101
_L.If.l~('";"'1..L.lJ.~~J!~f7 Cl1j.O'~G-b.lt"O.ltV'J~~~.lJ'7 t".If.l~(.,!.,~ .,!.,).}Irv!j·LtJ" (.If._"JJ.v!~ r2....L(.);JJcJt:fL.lJ.cJ~J~2....tJL~v.lht;;•.:;.,.ly'I~~/)v/\" ,- ,..I~'.:A~~vLL./,J~L.If;£.I.lfj~/J.):u,'f70.lJ/
-J.j,Z( ;...;)JcrfL.Jf?-.l.lJJG-...P..lJ'v.:.f
•••••
102
~ (~ (cJ~i v! jOL V'.l"~ J cJ~'kv! t;;.It-Jr.~1"::"~'J'LIr1JfcJ~dff-jl{~i..;=..f£f-~"'J'it).".~if-ff-"6,·~Jf:,0'..;_LIrk'f..iVlj::;"vl.lJILIr1J'-J~;.../,ILIJLJ'i.l~(~IJl)v!jL.kr?-'_;)~_LIrk'f~{"::".1"'0'.IJI~k?i.. L cJI,~~IJ~ f .::.,,)I.lJIJ.,&jL ur.f V!;£Jv!~v!:LJ:;J.::<I)I.lJI,J;,=-'J.,&jI?-J'f-t-;~t,..v!;£Je.....tJr?~t.Y".IJIJkfr??ff-Ji.J,;io.l~~lro/JJ_V!uL;J..::..Lvl2_vl-~~J~PlfI,....LV.LpjI)Ie....ILJ'i_. , _.-VI'-.IJe....v!vl?fLIri£.Je....JiJu/}cJlfr?"ff-"::".IJ)'
-f- ~ Ir..,uJ(v! '-A L JPLI, LJ'iv! jOL k r?-J.,L;-Lvl.Af- JJ.I.t./O'Ji.J,;iO.l~_;/v! 0:.;b.lt-JcJ~Jk.Jh.lr;v!cJl-/-J".r;~~.,1?,~ VUhlffuJJI,;Ju/;cJlv!. ,---J!J'i;~uVe....o.r"'v!..::..1Jl)?ff-lf~ J;J}JJ;)L l)i.l~e....u~JILcJ~iff-.I')'=-f-lft}!!:J.l.J1;f~yiY"vlv!cJ~~J.::<I)I.lJI;"'uVe....t;;.It-o.l~'J'V!£Ll)I?v!~V:VIL
-VI;IJ;
103
(Remembuing Partition: Vwlence, Nationalism and IIsitory in India)
J..;;" tfo"f:t "'f- ~~~? L ,-j~ t,./.~ L r?._fJ{)/'J~~ ~:t.J"'f-Jt.Jj;;f't,./.t:fj~v}J'::/IJJr'tf~r2._LJjv:.J~:t;fi.l"'f-J~~~{J~J'vl-'f-J~~-V1JIrL~I,fvIAA".f'f-l;zfl;J~~iLJ';-lfcJlfv.rJIrd.J'JIJ~:tJi.l"''f- CJ.cJ.ft,./.cJ,fcJl)liU~.IIP}v:.J~Jif'f-fiU;•.t;v:.J~:t;:'f-t:~pJ"I}(L~I.I~~cJlcJl)liu~Je.:.cjlv'ivrJIvJf~(b)t:,..,......>.c...JJftf~J'b.lt:~dl.l"'V1Jt)- . ... , -
.. -tJ1L 1r~-.f;tfJ,J,- /'Jt,./.h.JJ.J"t;Lun?fb.lt:I.5)~~''f-JJfJ' v}lfb.lt:~~;JJ~~.:;..r~?fb.Jt:.'I.5/'J''f-J.fJ~I2._L.vlPu~,;-'t,./.vli'f-J~~b.Jt:J'p;,.2'~-'f-J.fU(,J'.:-~~jl)l.fC)IJj,tJ1tfv:.jJ' C)1)".:-I)I?"tJ1tf.:-I~'~J,tJ1tfv:.J1J'Un
-'f-t: r~v Ji,.b;i tl,~JfiL~~b)t:.fJJ,/",:"",i':-~:t-'f-1t:t,./.'-.J~Lr?j"t,./. ":,,vvIL,-j~).t1[cp t,./.vl''f- J~u l?Ul?,.2'j'u)t,./.~J._f":"t..f'f- t I,{)),J)t:pdfcJltJ1 LJfJlI?Lr-?'::_-?'ul_'f-~)J~I(..:::;u..I"J..&ftJ1(;(jd:ltft,./.j:{_,.2'j'C)~'P;-'T-c.U~/J.}~t,./.L~JP(jrivLvli'f-JIrJ'.:-~J'~tf~-tJ1 'f-)Vl~I~._f":,,I?~'~(J/~ul.t;/cJ,~,~J;hljILJfiVlul?_'f-t:rfJ{ltf
104
'~'cJLJ..-'"~cJ'V,~frYl~~;:"LJPvlV1"V,..<j,-fl/}.J;-. - - .v'i,~~$U}LJ..-'"~..:..IJI)L~J,~_'Yl'~Jli'~X~~"L U.,f'.J""Yl'~~" J"~UXi..4(',;-I~U}LJ..-'"L ,,,:,,If''~_~~Ir"#.J"~-:l,ALcJ'?ft.JLfu~"UJ'~cJ,~(tj:,JYll)./ "':"f..4('~ $.JLJ..6"-JYlJ U~"UJ'~ JIP ":".Jylt$(}tJ!..4~C)lf~LjLvl.J"'~...f!~..:..~J..:..~",=,v?l?
)k';-IcJ'V'~-'f-J~....f",:"I?f'f-J~.,JO{(}-:_~I~fo{-'f-~(p.juifu'J~cJfJo{( h?,~L..:..t~'.J".JrJ
~"'f-jj~Ir?.J"..:..h/~...f!~~~LJP.J"..:..IJl)cJI.._j,/,.J~vl~ fJiL xh"UYl?~'~'J!~Jlr~.J",-J;f'-J'/"IP2...LLv.fuJujJcJ'.J,'.,:..J;~Jui.J;LU,ftfLYl. .,'!:JI,)!~~~'~'wt'f'~-:.J'"Yl'~I,)!-i"LJ..6"":,,,=,-:~cJ'-v.J
-f!.c:J.jlr JI;..J~A....f(;,j-:.J.,J!Yl ui((J...f! u~l{J ..:..IJI)cJIui.J;JcJ1(.;)Jf V1Lt:~ j."'~~¥.UYlcJLJ..-'""'f-f-V1'L.Jvd_lI,_lI,.,_LJh~I~Lhl.Y;;} ;;oJ,-JC)1P)~J..:..:tL, - --- .
_f!.YlJiL~f l)y'J4:--?,Jif-f~Yl joY ~2...LJ~.J....fI_'f-~~jJ!(v"LYl":"'JI)?~P!f.J;.J,'~c:::r?_(£~~uiJ,.f'{vl2...vl.J'"Yl2...vlJ~(":"-IJJj~-:i-:j, 1947.1,1,1945_~4-Yl.J,.fl('~'-.JIJ'Lv'.J"..::..-"~.J"::::;'v'fr}~;/U/;Lif.ft:;jji-?'...f!Jvl'LYl..:..IJI)?I,)!~~
105
J.fJJ?/J~":-)r'L-::"UC·,{(./,,~~,JUJ?(./V;')J'JY!_li~J-I.[
(~I)'iLIr l[;;(u'..J)'" J,'T- J iJi.::.c~~jl),?u!JP4:'{VlJ',J .::.c~~J~Ju~ 2_ (./"T-I;Ir;'L:)V.'~~I)I..:-lJ",...._~ v.l.)l.ft;,JC)Hf~u}~Q'LJ')t_( vrJ!..:-lJIJ
."y" "." ..
-Vl'i:::-Jffi)j/J ;~Pr?'0'k--..J)"',1947 r?'fT-I;.foA,~'J!~Ir,J (./1,-~~)~t/~(1)JI~~'-/J)-.fI/L:)'~~Lif.f,JJ!?J~~J(,JJ.f(j(./"~~..J)"'~-1)fr?'~L/L..:VfJj'I.)J)tiIrLif.f J'J!UJ)~iJ!).j)~(.//(iJ>,ktfi~J!/..:-IJ~L~~J'(.//(Lr?)J'J~~.f.li-)~ (~~f ~,,JJ1f t'fJ.fr?'i~I;/JPz{"';;;y (U~)~I.)}J)i~f tfr?'~~f~).?~f~ ;JI~(":"'f"~'J'i{UJ)~iJ!).r?'JI.)i.r'u}J)~'f ,JJ1fJ.f~,Y-t/JJ.J~_~f~)fr?'{)~,J.::.cy,'y---JPzvilfli-}~((.//((l~,,:",'_e:..o~~J~;LJ~ r?'L, 1950?f ~{( luL
-f[.t:f.O~L? ~{J!£ u!L y) GL r?'u-,';;~ eJ1;2:..v?l-~"-.fI(r?':r,OJu!L:)I;/'Pz)"f[.'I)u!"':""lf.,J/..:-LlP(./#L~',£f~~~e~/"':""lf.,Lif.fT-o'J(./~'OJ~-f[.e)LfL~~).~~.}!
-0)')lJfl:;,~~,J-..(i,J~I;.41~)J'L~,:,r'~ ;Lu}~JJPzfliv;,f~~,-)~Lr?':r~I;/'Pz--?)i
106
LU';IL~.:;:.,V""?»!Lr?'"jL J! lr.t1r,-?:"" L;JLji:,,.,t.j"Lr?vl.f,[_VI ,-.IoJ1;"'" 'Z,,:,,.,t.j"L vlf~.:;:.,;~""U~,~..J/v'l;:--,~ ",IJ! Ir~J~;,.,t.cJc:J;v'~(lifl.t1 v1t,jJ:G-,.,t.U,JI,:::i,.,t.cJl;:--,~..J'£_Llro"fd-J ("';"'1cz,-/'JG-r?'f~Y:,i..LcJl-t,j,,(..[J!.::.cY,f~t!.Lf.:;:.,/.'_O?-",.,t.cJl;:--,~,jj~.:;:.,~J'JLJ' ,-:-,l?~"'~~J },/'r.*vl,urjl;:--'~DJfl~tfv'u.,,.,,,,II~t~"'J?JG-Vllui~LI,
- ., - y
LLl(....fojJtJj ;(v'} ';-li..L t,.uJLv''''''VI'''JU,LJ_~b:J(ui~cJc:J;"",jJ'J.;Jf;~? L? ~-VI,,~i..G-v'lji~..J'£-kJJl;,.,t.":",I;.lui~LI,?-,,,.,t.cJt:--,~Lvlv'l.:;.:;?"Jfl)I;~ ~'- /'J_~~U~'(,,:",I~d-J I"Vf I} I;~~,.,_c-J~tJ"lJu,J' cJ'G-v't:--,~"",ur.tilr-LcJc:JlUlJ".J(iJ'- , "Y -
k,r;t,j".t1~v. uj.ui'J~f jjlr.t10~ ,f-...",;:"vIJ"".:;:.,,,~_I} l;~thl!1(tJ"lJu,J.:'''l''l/uiLYJt:--,~ v. ,:;:",,~vl,.t1~~.,. Y • •
J'?v)v'-'T-tJ"Ir...f,,:",IDJ'T-Jr;I~Jl?"~=,?v...iL.r?_c-LSi,,~t./rJllui~jl;:--,~~tJ.%....(f, ... -
G-le,,,jL cJc:Jlji,urLr;.:;:.,IJl),;I"I,jjv.cJt:--,~,f-._:>.... - .jijr;,;r?')jf'T-jlrtJJ,f-J!J:,f~-VI LfJJv..::.cl7J'r?
_jf~? (J}G-Up";I",,jjcJlJlpitJ.%J'Ui~VI ;{=,,,PIJLcJt:--,~jiLIrif..Jv.)~IfI;'bL/V-":"'lf...",'J~.f.Lv.:fv1r-P'I?u)!{uJJ~u:.lo,,,~--flf
107
"~(~LujLVLl:)tr~c.::.t;jlcf/~.JJIV1 ~~IJ
V''''~r~ Je-r,.)..r- (ujLV I)!.:..bl)..JIrL.:..~J-'-T&vLvl.JJIr-"LvLT-!Jf~~,:-/(I:;LuJ~l?IJP&L
_V10Jfi~?-IIJ!;.JJII)!'-.J~Ll:)I_'.Jf.J~(ur!.JdjDI)!.j:"LtJlfT-~k.J"~(p&r?~"iJtS,.~~·..uj.~12: ..Jfv. ~~LV'L urL.Jujuu~ u-v- .,..,. _v~" -Ub'L~Lv'_~rtf( I)!rj~~Lfr/d~cfu~Jfl)!ur!.IU'u2...tJI_!Jfi~.)J2...LJr.JLr.J~JfJiL,(.JJI.J~IG...Lfr-:'l:)Vdj/op&Lp&Q.i?~l:)trJp&J)}-I.Jf~.I(V1.Jli.ld~tt'''J~Jft' !J~~(~""~2... ;;-.lL u,.f:!Jf
+o.l,,:J!b ~U!cf!~~~(t.lJlrV r_vf~.i1Lr.cl.JfJf..1)!cI~LJV&fLb:l:)L;dj/u.l'· "l:)~L• Y .. • v- y
tr:f~JI~cf~~{'rtL";"'f..lLr.Jb''-/D.JJ'.v-I.Jf({'!~.l:)I_o;!'fcl-.JPU,IJ!;d~J&'.~$.Ld~J~~U!..IJ'~
_!Jw"~"::'b~JJ.J~'/r.Jr!.IujJJL,f~J&,te-llllJ.j.lJ'J,,?r--c.lpu,~fli~$.Iyv(ur!.Idj~b,j'JtrJP& I)!,1947.l.;ri~r.ljLr-"L VL?-r t.Jf.."f'~/l:)trJP&"bj.l?U,.IJ'J,~J/ f~ l:).'~L 1,o'£(-,-Ll:)'-?J~cfV1j~$lJ.o~(L..r-c,-jlr'.I,it-T-"b:rjr!'2...LZ;;.~!.I-!.A!'~/l:)trJP&flit{ (Lflc/~ ~J,..6r""cf
-,-hlP1fbj.lPU,.,f~O.lJ)'.,. I
108
LvlL C)r;..J~..f;;fl[e-~,'~ILC)t:f~e-..J)o/,.J_2:;.. Ivtft, lj.,'''.Ie-II:-"'~L-.I.JLLf.-?e-1.lJI~lfv1?h..l.JI Y ~~., y r ' ,_ (- J
.IJI,1965J ujJJf';; 4-(""t" t,,;e- ..J)ujv JvJ}1''=:- .::lu,J:.lujJJ._t~-L...J}cJ'~,£-j~ ~.IC)}.,._t,1971
-v.t?fe-~J'(J'~ fv.t .I?U,z..le-laltJ.A.Jjv.lJI
•••••
109
l)~fL.Jf.lIr»d-"-l).t!'JJ~~L~t:-J~v.b.lt'J~., -J'~JJJ/tp!L~£.L 1857._LJj.:..'/',-){l)£..&;J~'L~£."'fliJ~t.3.:"~L.rIV'U:t.)i..f£·~t.Jf.lf»~JL--.IJ'.{rr.U.I'';/~L:::_IrJI.-(VlJ/t'.lIc~~~.Ib~jJ1L., I., rul -
J~1".,v.;:·L if-c2:.L" .,:,L,j.Ll)';;vJJJVL ~1- .{.:..I/.O?:u!'.Jf~ J'.;~JYk=-v.~'-'-./ ,-:,?v.l)Jji.3.:"tJ';'~~,JI.Jf-::v...ctL£'.IbVl-JUJJ!'yJ jl{ J/tV.JIr':".I"'V'-~.Jf.l~tu~.t.lJ'O!L(Y"~~(~.IJ'V_,;t~~'-v!tJ;v;".I...;f:1JJ/l)j~Ll)r.fv!.l.lffif.'JJv.~t:-v:t~J.v.l)}~J~fli-:,~ t..r-cli.J".I....tk.b~~ v.LVI_L~0.1~'L.JfLjJ..t;.(~~.JIf.lJ'L~Ih.l.i.(/.,:,>1:!~~ fiJ~~IJJ~-:'I-:!u,.(~' fli-::; t..fi,f.IC/~"'c'.Jfv.J'l.J:r..IJ'C~.It:2._L~...;Jv"V1.1bGJ~~'- - -.,f~JI.I?Il)j~L l),(t'1I-v/( (j_,f~~cl)~ (',jl_Py v.V.~I.1J'v. ~.ft'v.:.£~' ~;JJ. J~,LfJ'~~~.JIfj.:,.,f LJ1.I?tf-~Il)j~ L l),{1v.,_.LJ.,v'--",o,J.lJ1.::.AlP- -
110
v.1885~ 2_V'-tJ.~v. ..::/~"~.I",,-f .::..JIrtcf~'.h~'c...L.JfJ~v.V'.Jj"';/~Lu~j! rv.J(~( J.I!v..I(~.J:;L cJ,_f£-V!.I..IJJ':::- .:.-'~.I"c...V'f(J.Jcf-/L)j~-" .!.Jvitc...~cft/-./.::..JIrtcfu~Lcf~'...,JV (~~v...::/I". ". - -.AVv"od!~cf~~J'L~.Jf"';JJVLL)j~v.$.I~'f~>-.-"
-7-1~.JL.:,JlIvL',L!J..l(VJ.JJl...E.AV~".lu(cJt:fL.I,'.'.JfI.l';;(J->..~ (~ ..?~1947;.JIr'.t'/Uy • & r-- C J --
c...cJtf-...[t/uj~LcJ~A.I~...[t",Jr/V1jtf;v.J'.w.,r~LcJt:f!_fL~v.L)tY"~.i!fcJ~.JC-.I;c.fI;_'~~vJ..IrP..t'&"·.Il1'(V1-!.J;,({rf,~L.::.c;fiJX/L)j~cJ'L;J»LuJ.Y"~.,f~l[v.VlJr'...[tL.I~(cf 1941Lt,~2_LLfcJt}{o.Jt;;cfL)j~;J.:,vLutY"UJII/L)j~·;_'j1oj,_,"-z..LL)j~J~cJfL~r-?'jL~a.(.J;;_V!.I~if.f(.JfCr.lv.JJJLcf'.I"'.,(vL.::.c;fiJXcf'~~L!.JfJr;(2_L~'cfvf(.i!f~J).,~-lcf~,~L L)~"';JJVLcfcJf·~ !,f,.2'~ L)';»/JL u~..f,[·~ .I,.;L cJ~~~'.~.'..c/L...[icfcJt:f!J)~.I".~.,(vL~r---u~.J.I.r.~vit.~&J1rYt~Lf':'fic...J2_L"':""'cJ,j~.!r.Jf.JC-dJ~tf~v(.:,,e....I,'J~cJ"L.Jf?-.I{ct~',,,,!':J~ ;
LL"L.Jf.l:J.J~Lr-?'cJfc...cJ'_?L ·tJ~ Jt;:-,~""L.j'.Ij-~-'-I./~";"'V1
"
111
LIJ L iAlJI,..:,..t)IPLp.L 1947 (f'(,,;/-ff-l/e-/..:,..I:t_J'VJtt~t~.fJ;JIl:)pJJjI'~U.(~, .....~(i~oL\,t,,;/-'f-G-..:,..t)(P
- v.tJ~..:,.. tJ.LrLJ.Jf~:,~r'G- "'r"'" (l)i~L l:)'VJ~P.1ljL1947
'LJ12;-ll)! (j 'VJ~- v.:f.,::..> w,JJ'..:.-?-tt'l)!..:,..t)IP2:!-G-r,,)LIP(jt:f'lL._;>l,...r"I>._~tfl.:.d'/Ulf)GJQIG-Jvl~-1
• Y • Y·
OJfJi ;"-IlY'JJJ£JI eJ~LVI2._ L (jlf ~ 1JOl?~,jG-l:)t:f'l'J~L(jt:f'l fvr 2:..,.IPoJ_,J';':vr))IJijJ..ivLl:)'VJ~
y ,. "''Y ...
-v.t ))f)ijJGlJI,(jlJi":"'l,?J':,~tJ }JJG-~f~L (jl,p' L r:?~J).JtJ1lbijJ/(jI..ivLI..fI,v.tl,f.{2:;-lo,I)!Jif./l)i~lJII..r'J~
( IiLIJL-'-ll)!(j'VJ..v.(jt:flllcvr;:!1..:,..t)lyJ!jv/Vl_~(p~ y" .. 'I , T
,,2._LUi~Lu}~lljl._j/1,t!...{iJ'L~2._Lui~Ui.r'~jl/~Ji1t!jJ'.,::..>L;.JSVI(jllJJL...{ivll/"i~L;I)iJ/~I)!J).-VI"(LIrJ~DJV~p.L?f~~l:)~L
_f-~JiG-~IrSI)Jl~L~~ .,::..>w,JfiJ~V-Ja;>-..fI/I)Ljf~U.!'J~,LUJl'f¥~{,..t:.--Vf1)i.r'llY,?ff-l/UzfJ....fI/Uil)./l:)ILl:)t:f~ff-J~~ ..J,J/~,v.t LI'2:;-lLI)i.r'(rft?ll)i~(jI,j2_~?-ll)!
J}J!;pitt'oJff-k'lJ;J'(f~l,f..I'ffllr'4-IUi~l:)I"':"''-lJJi/
':'J.' ~(j
112
G-Ui.r'~(;)I~(v?_(;.I~&,YoJ.JiJ1tf-:I)'Ji'vLvl.IJILhI.lu",;tlu)~jt:--J ..~1.IJI'Lj~ C)t:JLL..f~~oJ,liy y ....
-~J;J'[lfL.I~Lu)~jt:--J~L U,fl,,/ ~.I~J: J;tfr.,I.)!..::.-JJIPC)1.::/fjt:--J~fli-:....fIG-v!(;)I_~~~I ..IJJ2_L(JJ.iJlr
.IJIJIrLt',L..fJ;I.:;../k--fli-:yJJ.lJI'Lf0111(t5.1lJliJ~IGL~~ v!J:ij'v.i.t:'J'LJ1L..fJ{vl_Lf~~;f.I.:.::?J.~LJ1~J/JIP"::'-.Ir'S.iJIJ.;(tf..::.-UlPf~C)~I-:LJ1L..fJ!h}viPD"'(li2...Lu)~L(;)t:--J~oJ",:",lff-VJ1Vt,..?I(VI/J.i~hr.JLvlff-u!":,"",li-'2...vl'f-,,l7..;I.lIJ,.;j....fl-:J'J[:f-I)'.1
_Lf~J..fr,f-VJ1I.1~"':"'IJ'YyDJ,li~r.(Vlf~(;)~I-:tfL~,~~
{J~JvtVtfU)~jt:--J~""i~IL..frlu,;f;.rl)k--Lt'DJ2...VIflJ1,J"';:·(S.): G- ':;"/(.....i,f'.illIL U.iIJliJG-.::/f_S,-..f.. -.......>.fli.::J,u,JJ'f't[Jef~L ~~Iv!..::.-J)~ 2L.J:lu;~•• y
_,fui',,::,-}';I.iIJ";s» ....a.G-~,Jr?'-I.)!U)~ jt:--J~ Ji'vJi'vL .::J"f-.ivi4....f1..::.-UIP~tJ1rS.):G-.:;../k--tfC)l2...vl,Jjv!Jr.,,J-~.i~S.i,f,~j~p,
J.i~....fIG-rtL '::'.i,~J."L U';fv!J~J,J 1960_~t"J;I.)!frog ("j.ib UJ'{ ~~~IJ j"l.)! 1972P.LtJ',-J;J 'i- tf2_Lufir Ci.::JLif.f~fJ/:! 44J.iY'Jj t:--,~L if--~r
113
..::..-"~J'cJ'L.:-V~.I"(qLuYlzcJ'-7-k"if;;t/"j/J,,..·~~ cJ,?j~, c~J./J.7...t ..::..-"~c.- '.I~'Jv.!t cL./t' IJ.): cz:
t./~'.»2....LJ':::"""./Lc)J./...tU'.Ib'.I".:-Lf'.IU.l.t?J'cJt:--,..cr• y., y -
_;)u/'Jic'AI.'/':-~~';'.I"jj,..cr_;)~Ulr.Lv'-IJz't~.APLj~.t:-...t1985f~L.r-if,~/d7.1,',*,=-...tuj~1992_~J./~Pr'-flc.-.:-?-J:J.lJ"{~ ...tcJt:--,..cr'-.I{LcJt:--,..cr'-.I{.I,'c0~/.:-~~O:j...tuj~L':-Jt;J'..ru..(~...t~vLv'_..JIV!- i2....L~LJ,.I,',dl;!lt'...t uj~...tJfJi...fk~.I"·Jh~'~J'~~-flJ!L.:-J>J'cJV'J.I'U'o~/uj~J!LvliLIr~JJ~/ji;lL·~·c...~.it~.f
_LJ./J7t .IJ- y
f,?,:::.....ILuj~jt:--,..crJ?,LLujl(.I"cJ~tvcJlvRy .)r' f
;:7-~J./-¥'tltl'=-luj~L.:-bI)L.:-!f.J?".."?Ji.th.llj..(JJ':::.....IL.nz:.._.I...tcJt:--'kf~u1;..-I.lJt,II"..Lvl2....LcJl
y I ,
,~ {cJlc--?'J'.:-~~Lu.lbG,J'cJlc.- cJt:f~,,?Ji_v.../~,.A!uj~·:"v.rLIrL~.:-LljILuA;c.-J{cJIAA.I"7-t-lrif<L ~cJlJ2'7- v.iJir/J/J'?-.Iv! cJt:--,~2...L cJlJ:JiJ'·:'~I..If~'.»..(I..(2...L~Lvl.l'fJ.?':::""'I.C)l,Vjt:--'kcJ?'L., r· y •
7-~iff7-t-rV!c:fj=JI"..;rt...t'-ALuj~jt:--,~jt:--,..cru.I,'.LIr.n(..::,..>I;!J'cJldL~~JL.:-J.l"J: r fJ;:L,J.:cL.nLhi?,/J.):c.- ..:/~~·~Ir.nr k(J:~;rt
114
'~J!J'Y:t.lJ'rJ.h~'~J (j~,f....{I'L~ Lh~'~;J.IJ'ftll,)}~LcJt:--J~,..:.-libiL!'LcJ~L.lJ'cJt:--J~lff~t'~" - ,2;-'II,)}~ Jt:--J~fr..:::;}>...{I:t"?-u:v:.fr,jJrL.I',6;
-~JjO'J;-.$.JJ~J'~,
•••••
115
("1'~ -U;J J!~ ~ .wt.,J.tAf --f1bA ...r .;IJ ...g~ f~r U.::)J...gJl tlv!;v,f u}f""...cJ/ JJ.::k?'~
'-/»L '-/"'"JJ ~~ tfJJ)" V!'J ~'L..r L '" lbAJJ~JJI~r~c L",_,~~~.,,,'Lf~{tfl~
;5.,.u ~ Uc:)? .,,-J.,...g c.J
~ l:P'~ iP~~ ~ J» J'..C} L &$J bA ,f l:P'~'" -IiJ.tAf .::...{/ '" J!~.,rcJ, -e:2!~ '--4L "~..(.::...'" -Ii c" A ru~'uroJ JJrJ&.t.J'.::k? J.u .,~ ~.::....:tJ,fif-f"t£~ IJ'J£",f!~Jt/f l1%L..iJJ ',f.::/; ',f.:,,;( L.u~fr t.J,e.JJ«s~ l:P'~ ~i
-Jf';~1,-/","Ll:P'»:t
"~..(~~~iP~'T-~r ,,:,ttJ'~&$JbA f '-?-~JJ~' cJ-:s;v.tT-J~.::....1JiP '" IJ'J,f cJJJu~~L ~J JJ s: T-J./., ~ "(J/. .P- fv! J" .;~.::....:,,11s:T- cC!V.a:{/ '" I",.e:TJ JJ~' cPj~ '-/"'"
116
u'i!~. ,JJJflf ..::}JJ.lJa.r v!l:};-'JPlJt i'.v!.JJJJ'~J;~j '~rAti.J ~ cf~ ~ v!Plf .s: LJJ/ft~r~r i'.r...f~ .::..~} ';1i!c:J. ft~" f IJv!l:};-'JPl
JI v!l:};-'JPli'.fV!U!t~cf~ J tPjJ'T.JI.v!~ &fiLV'-v! (j.J" J'......,J' "' :",oij,...c
~ 'Lr.::..4,PJ ,f {.Jj1~J .JjO}j' '~)iv.l:};-'~J' rU-t..lf v!4,PJcJ 'tbt -t..lf / l:};-'~.Jj 'Ji'.('t\{ ..dJ2 -of.J~ ~iJ ~ cf~LU,;t Lk~ f'ftW ~" J,?v! 'T.J/.i'.f i;_ _/v- .::.. ~1)iiJ .J~'cJU(jfr LV'
.e«,,r~ ~ j 'v!Lf ~ r'T.J1.LOV v.:JJIJIr~ ~~j ~J, Vt,..__".JJJ rif'{.::..pv! 'T.JI.v!.JJJV' f ~ C"AL~ L~ JJJJ(.I)~.Jf N?.J..IfJ2!..::..u? J.JJ_/,{UYJ i'.rU~.Jj U~ JtlV ...f~ __.,lh f _/v- / ~
.Jb1'f~tfrJJJ·~~fwtfff / c1L~ ?V~'~(j i'.v!.JV" v.tL" ~ tl,~'v.tL" ,~v!~.LdJ.J~ LJ\ u 'I)~.J~ J1V/ UJJ-AY'v! (j.J" .:J~.IJJ.~J
JJ~'7-J;' ~f V!'-.J\L"J~J~7-.If(f / dr-v! (j.lr ~~~/ ~ Ldr J!'JJ\_I)~~VU_;';~.IJcJ'" t/ .a.U (Chronology) pJJV' .Ij J!'Jdr
117
~ V/.I/ / c:r~,f to:"JL~JI.lJ~it..t~· Lc:J.lJ'v!~~ ~Jit..t ty'.I1.J)0/»"="" 'V'~ / ~.Ar LO.l'JJ.I~J.lJ et' L V' 'v!~U_yr''f- ~ r ('i' O.JL--it ~ ~ -ifl:)! (Father) ft~" 'i r ~uji J'rO fAJLc,V'..tdr ~ LJJl./~.f~V'?,;-'(Clock)d ....fi ~ (/ if-fl) tfrV' -V/J;r ~J;f ~'",",,/bidrL'i~(/ V''f-U' fd-~ PeL
-cr-J' ..J~ {.IJ ,;-' -:!.IJ''f-vJ~ft/V.lj {V' _,~ " {UJ.I'JOX'..IlJb.- J ,,~ :;, rV'L,-}~ttl'~J;r u~ f'f- cC~ J;f ~J V'_,j.JJvtJ..,-;{ f.::;u, o~-~, bJ:!Pd L ~_y~ tP' f UJ.I'J,fJlJ.JJJiP f,-}~'~,:,,~-=c:--cJ' ~ ..It~,tf ,-#' .
-~tfr{J~~:t j ..t '-.J~Lc;t: ..t UJ.lJ J'tJL ty'.I!.'U!?'- ~ V'JI"..t ,-}~' 4..~ W r cUJ ,-:,";;;U~J.I £'1)(!/' JJJA ~,f c:J..t'-~ Lif-fv~r~JJ;ff'4.. L~J,.fI
..t '-.J~L V'~ O.J~ ~ J,.fIJt .JJ"";-; ~ "~Y'~obJ~J L Lk.JJLV LV".:)>>L V' 'z_~t¥Ok-:! ~ L'p L~ -u!.I? &)!J'J t:i.u!'-4L uibu!1498 -R -J'fff ,f ~ /r LkL~ ~ fl) .J?
118
1il!)crV',~&.tJP~L"""JJ'~r ..!fur"oj~J~-T~=f
tr r('i' ~Ji 0/.u_A JJ'Lr,,/. "~"""v.1498 ~
,£Uj" L l}r~,.r-% ~ &.t'-~ L cP'JPl",rW.:fJ Jk:.'Ju~#'=JJ '(..J,.t4;;...'L l}JZC~JJ1J~ JLfIJ l}.uY'"(' "='"-JJJ &.t";'Ji '-J{ ~J,j£~~.A L '-;~ = .A '~J&.tOJ', IJ~ Jl}JJJ J'tJ.5!-'&!f"~ =4-L l}t; ~Ji rJJ"='" J2 -if(j'. .::..:f.4-V' ~ ~ r.)OJ{ / dJ{J JJ' l}JJ; 'l}JJ'}l:_'-;~J.:JJJ,fj'.'~~ (j'Jl'!.J'.(tt~ f'/.'~ ={J}O~
~J 4-V" T C/? f ,:;.h? tt ,y' JJ"'~ 'T n, fJ'N'lrcP'JPl&.t.J L~ '"f j'.'c,.~u-''i~ 'T~-cJ' ~~ J~ r}j."': JJ.cP'JPl.J'.(f'lIJ":"J)JV' LV' 'IiV'" J} Jt,..V~ 'T -.Ar.:;.)J~ rO1)/ """4-V' 'T~ J;J/v. .:;..IfJJ~ .:t.J cfL.Jf ,; cJJJJ'jf i-u.1. ~ ~
-r-J,r
,y' JJl}}f/ """ f Lf~ '"j V' tt cP'~ j'.? ~
"""4-L~ V'Ll},;t'"'~ f~J J J';;",' / ~ ~ /cf~/ f /~;,LcP'JPl fJ~ /JJ'~ v!~jJl},;t~ ',r ~ (p. ,;(I.Jf~;' = fl}t; f"'./~r.)V' ri
119
J~/Juc-u~LJ~/uibJobLlfi.LCfL-.).J '~lI~,...~rJr/ i'4
,; u f~rc- tl}V'~ 0}J,~...f1u!if.fIJ~ &fiu -:''-J':/ J_.t; Joj{-J,I es JJ &.foIJ)'1{.::}JJC-LkJ/"J/ L lk i'-~..It ~ / .::,~'J.JOJ J " LcJ;--.LCf_p.. .
-ct -v!J -ii:ii'- (-J/ ~ -:-vf )'.:/, "J} 6u'v!L-V' u!OAII lLJ 18L V' u!V' 'i'- / ..Jl'"V' L of~~ JV' 'I}Y-' u! .JJ V' i'- 'i'- J1j (/ J.J " " c:J!J O}J,~
~fe(Sir William Jones: A study in Eighteenth
Century British Attitude to India (1968).
V' -ii Dol ~J u!r~J> cJ~ C- z.r u!cJ;--.LCf:ii'-(-J(fJ&J,I4(.:JtY ~U~;J> 'N!LLfOJ~~ u!JJP,L~JJ L ryJ/.J,I ~, IJf" -:4cfl J:ir. -/ J,fJcJ:;u!u~ u}JJcJ IJt/~LV' ..A -ii c(,~ rj,) ~u~J~ JJZ -: u! '-J~L ~, fr,.,Ji J,ii -:LV' 'JJ -ii C~.Jvif-s:i'-J'~"r'_;; (-' "L~'+~~~ ~J s:i',-),'ft- L~' f i'-6tI'-:..A 'i'- .!-Jr JJ i'-~J i.J; u!/ u~ ~~"L'" J~; .1,1 JYL -V!J! .JJ cl]J v1iC-u~V! 1....1'"ur!JI,I": fl} tI'~V' ~ OJ ...£.t.JJ -:,.Ar v1i .::..(
120
vt L &:JI' J/ ft-v.!z.J ~ rU;a ~r U/..u.lJ UJJ~
rv"JI"vt.J -.{.~ f ~ L 'T.I/. '-...I{r. J,V!.{.,~ .I;J ~ r. fi"~ l:i,),~(Medici) tX..!!JIc.t&:Jt' f rCf.ll},
s;&fcjJ cJ:i&f-:L vt -I.""f'~~ ~J ~.Ij L (J'{/ &f~JVyj .IJL'" IJ ';.IJ-J !..t; (j/¢ ~.Ii 4::- -iJ &f¢ J~'r iOA~, '-t(.Ii~.Ij L b.t J~ -clJ"J' c.t ~,J,..J'tf"'T.liL.:),'jcfv"'Jj~.I1f-:~lr~ /. 4::-~.)
~'?.IJY_"-OJJ~J....f~jC"V/.;J;r IcJI'LvtfirJJlj';.I/' / cJ,),~f .IJJ"J,I.;..::)..u &fcP'J.J!1 L vt "" 173')_A
-" ~ trc.t"'~'ru~ ~J j C" tf~ rl).yl,~)i&:Jc.t ""- ':::;J vt _~rc);'JP6c.t 1783:/r.~ V".If c.t &:J'Z_;£.1 cJJJ c.t (~~JP6 r. fl) Jy_"-J.I} ck (Nathaniel Bathed).i.r JJ! t (Charles Wilkans)J'vt _£ y!J (Francis Gladwins) cJ~ "'~ .IJ (John Shore)
&fU/)&:J.IJ (~ J;- L vt 'li~ dI'J J;t ) .I/r':::;JIJ 4::- ~ &f J,? ).1/ -cltJiJ c.t &:J~ f &f J9' ~&f lk .A 'I) LfItv~..:/,4::- ~ &f .ft'~ " c);'~/ U/) ILf (J'{/ &f (~L lk.lJ f hri /UJJ'J.lJ ~!,JJrft~ ",..I.i"c,/.:trL V'~ Jj V' 'I)LfItvJ~ " .I} (}1j
Y.J'£'-" ..JIY r(~L &:J.lJU.t\; O.liJ tY ~J.JL tf (~
121
" cJ '( 4~v:!IVJ1jL cJ "J -.:..~IJJcfvlJ ->? ...r-i-(/ 'f cfv:!J!.::/f
J~ cf(jVY J~I v! 1784Ljp. '- L J? cf~ V'cfv'-.I1l.i'"'-:""I';',,J 'C)}; '~L cfcl:-"JP;~"j Lif- fJIJ~~,-L~ -.:..~~v!~ fv! J.I1r ,,'J';'
VIIV~"'V-'JP;v!p';;.' -t)~ J.? ...fi ( (jVyv!~ -£4?./.((j'vyli)'-' ~JP;f'f V!.»! ~ -t)L'f~ v:!./. (..
-J.l.t,y(
LvI v! J...L- v"JIJ J~ cfOJJj:1Ljp. (-J r tf- L'f"L if6JI_.I"JPL~ -cf l.i'"v}t,J ~JiJ~'JJr(jVyJ~I....tJ( Itc.."r"'" rV',.:f-~ J '~If ~ JJIvlN.!'(~'f v! '-J~L cl:-"JP;v! 'T"i '-"{ c.. ~J cfif-'.z:- (~"J J.l.(;y r.::fJ v! (j'vyJ!Iv~"t;;JP; v!1829_'.I1I~,j},4~fi -1t), ..ta c.. ~ J ..lI)' ~JiLV';I ~ V'cf~ L(j'vy p. f J.I1c.. ~ cJ ,';;.' cfif'" (j ~.s.C1
J~J'~v!,-,,~L,.,I'_;,,'tr'J! ~JtOt;,;L v!cJ-v!,-,,~L ,J J ,;-' v!~ JP;JlfJL"r"'" c) I~~ L '-:""I';'
-:v! ,-,,~L tft.;;"1 v!~JP; JI fi -~I~~.Ar L) v!-L'f .tCJ'> f)iJ c..vPJ(~ J,_L cJ' \j.l1v:!~cf jp. v!Jr cf ":;I-tJ"",-t '-J UJ"J LI" cfiy (IJ ~IJ
122
if.f~.I~ U/ UJ(."'V-'~L:/r. ~.lJ -L" -'~Co. .::Ji!I"'-t(.lt.JtLV' cI- -iff)iJ ~C).}J 'T""..v '-t'LU';ICo.JAJf.::A -" ~v' J!"u~ 1.5J-J.I L"'r.lt.t/ V' -lJ'J-', f .::A
-'"'- VI 'ii/.' ~~lJ~ L rjl JC}/.lJ .lbilL.d ';-,'';ufii t;zf / ~ ~I J:. cP~.f'ii ~ ~~ Jd u 'J:. .J.';-,fT =~ -fi ~~lJ~ J .lb11LV' cI- '"" ~~I ~ r..I}u~ Po 'T J".:.11.1 J:.c) 'T C" ~ rJ.,) J:.u~
-TJtJ,J:..fir / uvir/. J;d.lt~ 0/JJ".lbilJ ~lJ~ L V'.I} J.tJ J :/r.(-JThe life and Mind T J (Garland Cannan)
r.fTI/I)[ Co.JAJ),,.V' / ~ VI of an Oriental (1990)
JUJd J vl.l} ~ J:/r.J:. vl-V.t!.. Co.t'.lj,f / ~'ii.lIJI~J.lJJJ~r):/r. ~ fTV..:,.~=L~ J:. t1J.IJ~r) ~/ JJ.I'iiJi ~1.5;..( J'-:'? cfij~vI Co. j;lj vl.l}L ~k- / t fii ~ r:l- ,,4V' u "'..( L UJ.I?IJL.lJJJ"=~",,; o~Co....,.. J.I?IJ-fi-~, tf~ ~I '-
-L(,~cJJ{~lf,:,'J.lJJ/ .::JitC>luf~,
Ld'i~I / uJiL cP~ fii ~ r:l-" vlu '- vI-~, ~I:/ J.tJ J:. t1J.IJ ~I.I} ~,tf J'/~tJ,Ir J.1Jy'
123
LJ! 4~~1lJ»'J.lJ .:,1'.11cf c:J fV J>1~J_ &J';s...1&J'-.r~6 Ji ~c4"'J~.jv~/,-;t;&J' l-bJC " cf.l~ ~ cf ,:i.liL r};'»:tL &J' L,,;£.1
_"Jvr~LfJ'~~(/.11J.lJ uN cfu/}cJfi"f"~~~("U/JJcfJ cf&J'ufT &5.J~ ~ cIJ_L Uh.)i --LIr I/.;uJ 1.:,1'.11J( cf-&J' ,.I£cu".j;I.J c:....:,1'.11cfc:J.IJr-d~cfu/J L Lk~ u/)Lr};'»:t-V!;ff ~ .::/, c:.....lI)'6"c:J ~ L•.$.IJ 1~.I.JJ..I Lc:Jfr&5.J~ J_ L Lf'~.Ir J..I
-LIr I.JI .). .ff- J-• _ vr'.J VI"
Cr".N .::/, ~ ~ r};'»:tfl/.JL$IcI~&J'L&J'frLu/JUG-IuP.ll/ J_ &J'C.z:..~ c:...Lk tb...g c:,..I
-~tfJ.J.--rv if-fTtJ{L" z..J~ "u~~L~jt L /.
tL~L~.itVut~!Jji..trc:...~/~vLtI;"'j.IJ" ~ L&J' -!J iii~v ~ c:,..ILf ~ c:...~ ...I4Jr;,.1 d'iJL"';'.II.JlLV'-J;:i? .it".:,? c:...~,;uf(i cf&J' c:...~"; -!J ~1J,'- .IJ~rLJ' &J'L &J'~ ~ L r};'~ 1u/}L "';'.11.L .::JJ]I cf (iVI' J~r};'»:t c:....:t.Jcf&J'C!Jt~~~L ~ cfc:J .IJCUJ cit
124
-L" '~4.ArLf'/'Lt.:'.J)JrP'JPi f'" r tI_,c ':!V. .i.L~ J:/its:T-~f.::.).t ,:!L1)tJLJJJIJ~~~-T-.d JJJ",y)
JJJ..;~ v.bi J rP'JPi ..I£c,;~ ".:.t;~J.U _,C ':!
_fJL" LJ J7 f(,JC J~it'T- CLjiv.1m it~ t).I'J J;.IJ,I;;JJ(1'J! .IJv.rP'JPi;tf Lu.r\1~JPiLtf'-J"v...;UL~'~r L;J/ ~"t/~~ -OJ.u V. (~ L tit;.", J~ v.1784 'UJ~j "
~ UJ.k'(1' J!JJJ.,l' L.(David Kopf) "';;/1/)V.v.l969(British Orientalism and the Bengal R.enaaance) ft~
J!'''JrP'JPiL (1' J!JJJ~J.~L ~J J~~'":,,,.lv.rP'JPi-if'~/(1' J!&okL.f,~ r(J.JJvA;it)1".::... ~J J~ ~Jr JJvV'rl:)~ J ("'.1bi'vlt1V. ";;J(1'J!,:!,ir av v. .i.L ~ J;)tJU»~~J) LI.Id'~('.I~.I-JfJ?, J'01--L'"v!~.., J(-~.Ifj ..;Uy"rcP'JPi IJJJ LVS~r"v.tM.~' L (1830
.::,,;j'.I'J r.::,,;f u»~;8 ..I£b41/r~ c. ~J ~ ~
~ ~.It~"&ok,i,,w wij~J" c.&oktUc,;~Jt,:!..4'c,;~Jc.~y~J VIJ..a~J.I" .;itf!l-'..i..J';.t~
~#clc.l'~~JJbiJ
125•JtP'~ LJ)r:J.lJ uJJ'Jd}J,.,(~ L v1 L ~/
{#.Jif.-~~cfr.rt:J/ tP'~Jf'Lf.2 }/J'/f:;£. 4J'L,/~ojL&),;t
vtv!0978)ft(J'J! .Ir ~~, L.J::' L4!/..( LV'JV"'-J.J'(.::JJ'~JlL(J'J! .IJ~ f 'f-I/u/vi/vos:'f-tl'rV' -v.rL" .::JJ'?,LV' JIY L~"f <,_L '-~ L ~~" ~.IJ ~ t"~ te.:"J L ~~~ -~ J,r~" c...Vl,.,. ~".I'; J'/J)'iJ -~, tf
-TcC J".I';liyu"
/ (J'J! .IJ~ LUJJP'" ~~ s:T-~ ~ J!':!.IJ ~ .t..V' IC;-.1L./J!, cJ .A \( ~ J}" .I'; tYr~)".IJJP-V!"V' -C;-.IZ;...iL--..(~d!1.1 &)}JJ-=q.Af
-cf (;,J j """ ~Halhed).!r ~ ~..( ~ ~ r'.IJ ~ J~ ~~JJJ " f .IJJ~J Jvt -c;- 0830) ~,,) (Nathaniel Brassaey
-r-·_'·o.JJclof~(J'J!.IrL(RosaneRocher)/JJL .!r ~ -cf t;:(Orientalism, Poetry and Millennium) (1983)
..;(;~ .t..L~J uA.J~~~ -'v! v!J;J~J ~/
-~L..j /~Ut.c/V'.IJV(i
126
v! tJ~r--l (ConununaJism) (;. Jd'v"" JU':(.Jiu~)i~v!L)P--tJ.+Jh"/~.A".I,'JiLL)}~"L)'JoCrfr.'7-J.lfJ~'vJJJ..-.J~'.I"jiZ_L"'v!J1I,+~v!.::..;JL,tf'A..,j(.~Z_L.::,bL:;1'.::,bLJtJv.J.JLL)}~"~.J/".;- -, -
+JIrJJ~.J!Z_~GJC;f;'.I',':;i'-.rvL( lfI1.lf1~v!j-L(;I~V'~:V!'::'JJI,.,rv!~.I~L(;.Jd'=~f7-=Jlryv~tr--:..ir(U{~ V!?,-~LlJ'I~"'7-.I"~'" L tJ~~ fli,z".=J!¥w c,...lJ'I~7-.I1"~J.lJJ~)/v!.J~Jtr.l,I,dtS,U'.J'U~{if-7-Pr'JI1I:,Z_LL),.IPt,.I,'JoCrL)l'=.I"V!,::,~.?'V'JV'f7- 'IV'=I=J"7- 'II,/J(
tr-~~I''::'bLJ.lk.....I!tJ~.nLL)jlY'::'JJ"J"L)J...rt£,,~};r.(;IJ,£r7-:,JJJVI(L)jJ"'yt~tJt:-J~¥Wc-.:Y~u~JiL~-,-'-uZ_~".lfI~c,...~Jc,...kC-J,,~}£"f"..,;(if-,Jd'JtJeiJ'::'bLJ~I.lI,':;iv!
'Y --
'-t'L'-.}~JPrf-~?JL;lIv!~J'::'bLJ.?~.::,~..ir,z"..I1,'~J.AfUjU,-l/V1v!'~J(;IJ.Jv!tJ~O~·~?
127
..:.-1Jl)(,£1.JcJ~.JJLU)tJ.-'".J,'uJ,k"j'.?~f 7-6.:-7- ~J.J,j'~"j'..J'JI))u,~-:,.Ar(~..z"j'. (f~".::/. )1J''r-StJ';;~~.J LJ'lL i'"fu)'J"j'.();~J.~tJ',Jh~'~SJ.~~Lif.f'J'lJIJPL~/'J~L;;/,f-~Sd~~'.J"~~{U'J~O!..zh}
()" '"-v.J'l~'.J,~"j'.J~L (pradip Kumar Datta) ::J.JII'.....cJ/./ ~,;".tJl
\' \' \'
7-~",:"O{~S(;'J"f"j'.()vv.:~Carving Blocks: Communal Ideology in Early Twentieth
Century Bengal (1999)
2..,jt],.J{.JU!'LtJ'.J",'..c-~S(;'J"f"j'.J~L::J.Jlf~J{~.J~'~IrStJ"~LJ'l$.Jr.~~IrSu;tJ.-'".J"UJ'kLJ'lt;/"j'.U)tJ.-'"flf;'J)I(f"f,kLJ./_d..'-t.lh'.J'k~jJ>'T"j'.J.~L tJ"T-~.JJ'l.J~'"j'.I)J~jS cJ'~..:>JSif.f-oJvJ'i~
, .~-uJ'kLtJ'-T-'u--'JJ'lJ/"~~f~tf(cJ'"j'.~ALuJ'k":'-Jlf'SJ!.J~'LJ...f..~,~/":'-~.Ar"j'.~AL..:.t:.Y"~,,,j'.J..;J~StJ"J'JJ'l()A~('/?"j'. ui~JJ: 1890fL~, 1880"j'.=--"0IJj~,-?Lt5J~ rJ.t1I]'!(J'I))tJ.-'"..J/.;L I),('-S
C}uulf.fV!A!~ScJ'..:>JJ'.,l?'tJ'.J"'V!(}~~~tJ.-'" fl{ ot-T-rJ'l'~J,j,J? (,£1..z"j'.cJ'~tJ"V! 2:."~'?.JJ"V!LJ'l
'k,~J!.JI)/'JScJ'"j'.~LLhl.~'./":'-~.ArLuJ'kJ'("j'.JIrLu)tJ.-'"~jvj~'~=-,V!Lfut()J~SuJ'~~'
128
~J')',J v~I~IIJ~~flit((cJI{J~,JJ-JVIl.zy_v.t JircJlcJ~ft'~ tJ:~i~JJ.-LJJI:-,JUJ,~.,fT~J')':,J"''f-
-vfhJ~I?-(,J~~~Ij-T ~Ill~ J.J~(},~f !:-J-JJ/'J,J cJI,JV~I,JuJiL ~Ij Xfi 2_V'-T Ih;ihlFIL cJIL J..?cJI2._L£Jv!()"J,~v:1I'(.nvlJ'P~LI1~~cJI'LIr-J~~L~ lr.ncJ~i~J,J:,";J"T~'J)',JLAp'v..:)lv,Jv',.i:..~ _;,r~ v)JJ{ v!JJ.-L r;.O'-J?J~,,:;;,vl..(~Ui'JJ~J"cJ~~";'"LJ-Jv'_liJj~cJ'eJU~UiLY2._. .
0\
_L j~v{J}L~J,'~~L()"J'~~'..lJj,JLJl.J:YJIl'v!cJ'J",2._L2~~!?cJ'LJ~k,J(}'kLu';'~if.-£~.f~:,Ji('ik;;,v~}'J"~~._,I{ J. '(vl,J.,~C)'V,~_;/_;J,r,kdL vl,f,J,/.'" .....e J. , /
f L.n '-:'11).!/- uiJJ.:;..J~j,I(IYId L .....elv'-'f-C)'V,kU,;,2._LJIlIL (},~.,~L vl_'f- v.lv! C)'V,~"I(,J clZJ/<t'J".,~LJ;--&I':r-~JJ';{~j,)',JLJ1L~--&lL
':''-J~,J~~jlr };,I,( }--&lluJifvi,f~J,)',J~~Vl",:",I,f'-JJ~'(~~v!'-ALuiLYC)LYf~~!fiJAAIJ-JVl~JJ.-v'-LIrV~jlJ.f?,(C)(f:,v:f:v.tJ.n~'~'kJ~'(C)Ii.Vl'v.t L.n~{~~{J}?-1r~t;-~uiLYv:1I..J/_;~~i,JJJI:-,JuJI~I.zy-V1L.f",:",,;
129
-Wt.;'\t~~rJ'IJ~~~~V'_(a:_LIJ'I-V! ~.Jl;'llJu~eJ~ tt..::..bvf~J!.1O/V--JjH.~(, cd.Lv'~J/,..iL;~';:'ti' 1()JpJ_£...)~£. ..::....,1)- ....,{!-L t:J1~pte tL~J:J:'":"f'.l(I.:)t }~ iv!rJv1L vjlY
_LJ! fr"LlJjlY..:..J:"'JIJ;}.I.1<.t'~f~h;rl,~fl)':f;(.jJONV'..::..U~t=)ic,JLZ~~J'IJ}JIO"~;;'_(.{.L"~fo.1~ ~~f1J}t;.Yu·t(.v!...{iV'-SL~"rr lv:t v! JV~'J}tC.Lv1.:;_'JJILbc.;t</r./'JJI(;~, J',Jd'v:tV!,er..::..j.lJ'~; ~,,£.J'cf,.{,_t;JrLIJ}J/~#vr;_V!~~,tjJ'L~~~~'..4"Jb~_f-H.;'JOJ~TcJ.'U,.{r,f" J'i r.Jf( lJ~pJ_ £'0.11),Lf~J!'-IJ/)L..::..t; X.,v!J..L-r.Jl-LfrOJ,-J~..;~.:.::b,
-v.:fOJt:J'IJ~'~cJ.'u\~v.!1J:;\(..1.:;_~vr;_'''/~(rJ'Jd'tfv!1J;t;.Y(;)J'IJ~v:t.~JLJi~.w'JJlJI?',_t1J;jt;.Y-J;~r~yiJ'lJ}lYlJlf.f~JfJ"(,~/IJ}L,.VfV~.1JJJ{"::"~r./IJJIv!r./IJ:",{fr.,-J'j.d·ktJ.J~.f1)~,,"':'u!1J}t.,Y_f£.J~~,}f t;-"-/,Je~~J'c?-J-1..::..Lr./I2-r./,-£Lf'GjuLJ.:;_..::.. iJl I t- './..::..Ly..,o. ""-'., • - '-',. v >
reJfJU')J.lv!..:ftIJ'.J."eJr;(('J'1!-v!I.fJ~'~rt.,rv~.)vfj.r.t...:J(,~J"~Ir'J'uj~ ~ft.f=~(...{ivl_;;-rb;.),..p
-Sy;t~,fir~.;LrJlY'J"'(.'d~(LVIG..V'iJ'.n
130
_LIr~Jf.LJf~~l),/JJ~'_.rI)t.).lJ_?2-L&!f...ftJ'.lP;,JL~tJ'.I"V:IrL.I.;.::.-r;J,;j~l)~u:rfJ:...{hlllJVJ'L((~~J.I,jO;lI=2-L;£.I.I,j~..JJC;~l)~u:r_LIt~tJ'cV!..,tl.tivL~itJ'?fJ;d:'v.J.,[tJt.V_LIr&LJ/
+C(.lrl[~/J_,fv.'::'-.lyltJI..IL:r,cJfJ3d'lf~li'~~.i!f J'''rlid: ul)t.).lJ_?2-LJlifLJ.,[&:jt.V~1~.;tWt.)/~J'r1Y1I'.I:tv.~ tJ".Jt'cLIr0.1..,tlI.C)"Lf.::..\cl..:ei2-tJl&f.::.-'j,JvLlf-j,J.::.-~~';'J?~o/a:J'if~
-!,Jt.)J~~'::'-.l.lu:r...ftLvU'''./'.I'l)jt/~.I",vr;.I''l)iLYLJ~(~~~''''''''''V'"v. elf.l"cLJI~~~~;, v.&!L C)i?fI~Jf.~g.J.lJ'~JL C)J.J(,.6LtJ'_L e~~~ ~jJ...(iJ t,dA
C)/}.I,'LJi~4~~;,-~~uJ(l)J(Ir~LtJf~.lJLC)~Jif,J~';(-'...{IotC~'iJ~'''Ll)';'~,jjJLfrJ->'...ftJ'LVlr!-12.L,j~Jf~r}J;2_L.::.-Hc)/)u/~lf~,lj2-L t,J1.I,t$L---,JtJ'.I"~J.I';(JLitv.C)it.V?- cJiA-l).iL!JtrJ~(.&f..JJJ;Lo{.6v....(j,JIJh,LLLfJ;
-,J.::.-~,JJ,Luilh,'J~~iJ!JtJPLo_,;.,,···L.;:.,JJ'l,J';'c!.t(./.J.:.<:1Ji,JtJ'LMJv.LL;L...(i':;;'JJ;v.l)it.V J",.UJ'O';ft"L(iJr'J.I&f~C)ilJ..-'j~r~C)J;-J
-",~~
131
Lvt}f}ff{UDJj.~.JfJL;6[dIY~~~IfU,Y..IPLsfi"'_L.JfJ~k,_~cf-w::..SDtJr~- - - . -L~JNu~..IP~.f' .q-df~.f.:,w-!;'LuJl1Ifv~~....£i~.!dA....£iJ';4tu!..I9'SJrJf.~~- .. .... -;1.,.4, :;}v...19Z1~ ...19241_ t';.::,W.J,::U,3}c...JIv.lfiu:rv.J'vL"''}tfiNuY»:rL~~.::M)LIf4v:rfiJ:..rL.f' _jcf~'::;'#Iz~LLt;;iL~1J~..u;"'4:L&;-l~f~LIr~~1L.1'LJIr
.JJb,adit7'-cJI'Nb.t.t~.ru-{.,r~.nIv:rJ/~Lw::..S~~~~~J~~Lu~L_~J~~L~;'("'cJ.'~u!u}uc...L)'~v.~4:.... -.::Q.,:;.At.IDJUc'l4S~~~~&J~L-P
-W.1:>~,.cf-'!?b;'L
•••••
132
S.,:.,b}ilfk--.IJI~";"'f'..L 'eJV:- -~ j.11v?IfSrJ1 J!/UJ?'/.I)'jL,1,?~jJt'.l;LJJ()~>.!Z,J~I r. r1_~t 1,./· IJJI.-i,. .., \II ~ ~. , ~ .,\.1 _
c.,:.,L .,:.,u-hJ./ .I)'if,f ~ t-Jt'l,"-';)(./1/1(.,:.,' ,1,iJ 1_~j)'/l;-o¥ y ,'/t~ f • ,
J!~.~LI(Jt.t,,:,,~'-&f.fJJ'!/JjL(;)~hJIJ.)i~.,:.,~£JJU,f i~~ ifL(}u!t.fIit~JI(SJ:!VS b.l~;";£r;'~"''':''ftft'£JJ....(.It'~.I''LJi~.::..~~L}~t.fIf~Jl",j,}Ir.l" ,:f'vY'~ .t...Sr;JJ!~ ,f-_L!-%~·Ir,JLr.lJl,,-J~.I,,~~J~h;.}\rih.l!ZtC:JJLvfi~v.1.f~Iv~~(L.fJVl2_L":"b~Z::...I~Ij'~Ja!It.!!UI ~./~ J:jLr11,f!" • 'r" "'.,__r4.IJI.;,f:J""tv::r./,.)i.lI.lJ'L)J.lJJ?cu}vif- JIr r""=,,,jl}~(~-U.rt'1(~J tf{ (J;.L(;)1~IJ·~~,~t!VJ~I;2_ L --G.St.5JIJrCf-.lJf_~ t"1vLJh'J~ IIJ.lt-virLJ1l.tl IDfL)J2I;S(;)h~, . _ v , /' y ,
f~....u V"L~Ju?-J\}JV'-'f-t"I(J1D.tK.fJ1'{JI';'}~_i:.J1.1I(ft(J;rljIL~LLJ1~;;fJljr~r;I"j)k
u}\J1~.IL....cIIJ1JUr.lLl'~;~?lJf?~,f-J!.J;t. ~ ul-£. (;)1. ... ,
137
tfd-f Ji.,f ~-V! Lv!(;IVJILI,_;.I,JJc.tJJ.-LJJ.lIt:::->L(;IPJI"irvdc-JJ~.;J~((;II.lr'J.lli(;lpu.lJL,JIJ((;IVv)vl-r J1.1v1u.l~(;Ivtf (;II,IJI,V!LIr~c,.I~nlc-v'luy'J,Lf(uU.I'J'.IIr'tt,,,v'.Jl'~.I"rt'Ir~J'~
_~~J.f,(-';;~ 'O'.I? J~c.t .}lr" J~ tf(;IVc.t (;It:--,,,,,r-~cI"~..J/LI'':::''IrL VI): o"(;IV~JI'j, (.ifj~?,c.t (;It:--v;rV)V'_.i...L~£.I(uU.lIJ'.IIr'tt'''J~tfV'''(.I?c.tV'.l''.i...U/).::Jjl,u;;,tf vl.f;,frr(;I VtJ/~(;IV~? PlLL.lfJufJ;"J}cf.',.i...z._l.v!.V.l?Ji(~-rJJ'ij.:~c,rc.tu;;jLArtfuiLY" ~v!Pl-V! .IJ'A...f~L;bi~bJIA'.I(."vffv1.I,JC-~tfu/)( ~L (;It:--,~J!'Ji~(;IV~~.IJ(;IVlVG~vLLv'.l",fC)'.(;IvJ ~I.Jl'.I?fJJ'iJ(;IVu:cJiJ(,~.I~U!--".I
_~JfV.JV.lJllr2'J~tf'-}lr.I?,V;(;ILr.lJAJ,jljLI,Lflj?.(~~YL (;IVc.t(;I~L
- y... y
(Languageand Politicsin Pakistan).,:..;'~JJI(;IVc.t(;It:J:.IJI:,Ji,(;IV"":",C0JI~LU,fl,,:,,,'-V!~J":,,,cr~,,~,.iYL
_c-~U~'(~L;v!UiLY"L(;It:--J""J~.I,'(;I~L:"::::;U,,f y
(Language, Ideology and Power: Language learningamongtheMuslimsofPakistanandNorthIndia)L.}lr(;lpfr JJJJ--?i..J)tf;(vlL (;ILr.lJ.lU,jijc.t"':"'O'VI
138
Svll.)!'-J~Lvl~JJ"'f-J!.~I.)!;I.tI/~,,)JI.)!~S~j2... LvII.)! cJU0"//1-~ Lf 2.::,.,JJI,,> ~ILJljl./ Jl,.;. .. - - ,,- .,-_Vl.J;WIL(Weltanschauning)1.)! cJVc('?'J,'(World View)
IJIJIJfrII.)!Lf~/u'J~S'-;Ir,f-tffJui'J'-:"'I),J"cJVJljJ~S(}c(.?{ J~JcJP~ U'J?IJJ"U~c(.1. ~ -Vl Lfl?lfk--vILUPJLcJp./_,jJ~&l.)!ur~J~J"'lfk--f?_~( I.)!O.?.~fJJ-~JJI f~L r,"~Jf~vdtLfr
'";"/,L~LfJ~11.)! J~JS,1960LUI./IJ;Lc(.?lflli:';I(cJp_S~/SLf~/UI./{J~ScJ~)J"lJt.,jlrjlJ!
_!c. cf.(}...fIfJ,J~'";"/J,lcJlJ..-'"'";"/ fV'~J~{VI ,~IJIJIJfI[L '-:"'I),J,IcJPI.)!cJlr,~ r.~'~ cJlr,~ J~~k-- J,I '-:"'I), cJV"L (P a u I Bra s s )
cJlf~ (Language, Religion and Politics in North India)
J/LcJl?JJJIb_vful!..4(III.)!~(...JcJlr,~J~fJLui'J- - -~{ :,J'J,' ~k-- ScJt:f~L vlf f-~:' i.L~ Lf J}{ cJV
...fI1.)!~l?J~ ';..JL cJl?JJJIbIijl.)!~ ~ L '";"17'v?ff-J~.jj(uJtl/dttJ'-;lrcJVff-~J~,(-j.J3,,1t'1r~~JjL cJVJ~1(cJl.JJI,VlL~ r7.::,.,JJ't!oJ,t]JU/,JI.)!{VIA""JIJ(.::,.,~~J.t;ScJV~f-J~~~.::,.,~=,{J"'JJt'-f,AJ?IJLvl,Vl ~J);I~;J I.)!u,JI,LI.L vlf f- t'~
Vf14~"" • .E..,Jc..t"~.2;-'ft:t~$..lI.I;I1IIJ~1rrtf-"JiI:Ji:JL..::,JIp~.lpfr
~
~1'..J)"«LJrr£~f~~f~JLrN~~k~~*!~-c.R: I"~~~~;.~~..,efJo~.a~f~'?; _. ~__,
- .. II jJ ~.JIflC: t:.»:~..r.:Je''=''' oM ,,, .. ,. ..~-... .... _ -c~UiItdI
~{"'L~.I~dt:id'~fi~)i~~~f2!. t:~~.aJrRfLEcf~L-""~-cJJJ!-J4-.Ez_.~d?h~4L.JIlJF-t~~?Af-M!'""A:....~LU,...c~.a~ ~=- f-tH'~.a.f~{~~
4?-t/Mif~.:d't'~~U~~tw·.z.i~J'.rJti.t..,sr~L.JAV~"'+~)f~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~N"~w- ~-+~I{~~J.~~i).d".i.itI(d'6c...z!!_"L~~J"...sI.fJ1,L.JI.v~rl~iI..ftiJI;'i~.1ik.I~LiJlJYil...A~ ....~,J.~
140
~~JJ...(J;_L?-.JLic:Jt=--J~~,jj,s(f{/~~jJ.tr:-J~JIJ!...tLLYlcJpJI6!JYlJ-Ji./Jlj;,scJl2...vI6!OjVcJP\(;lj/~UJ4irl~~U;;·'J.J~.JJviJjJI!JIr,s JI11-::..:/,scJ'fi-oA;LU/;L-::..lj()~"r(~cJ~j~,",~IJI_Iit"1r'-4"'~tf'r:-Jif ..JJ"''';'-jlr'Lvl.lJIJf~I,':-.Il(~vl,scJlL U~lt'J}f~~17' ,s~~~I til{/lhJI.::.)JAc~Iv
_~fr-:'/~Ir~JVI~I,JJ'.IGf7-~jr:-l__;),J-::"~~jJL 1;)l2.iJjlJ,.t.,JD.lG":"'t-~Jt:cJ~;L5.1o/1cJ~L5=t../tL~~I~I~fJYl~ 15:t_)i()'TjiL u~J~ ~ -::..JJIvz..~cJl_,fI:)'.~ jj (~k'"(~(u;LY"~Lvlrl-_vff~Iv~;J).~~lJf)lft"I5Jft.;;J;2...v',·1i t-fcJP,J uJj(2... LcJ1 t;..fI;)P,sU,=t.)i,Ii_;C-I~Jjv,-v.l~7-:}Jr tkrvl~ J.I,J~;I/fl/t.;;r..i~ ~""L U,(Iv.lKdLI5.1"f.I5~)ift/L'''''£''YlI~cJJ'!...ft~l-·L~i..;I5:t..f,ft/L£-~'fLfv.lr;;IJ..).I'';:t.)i.!c~'flr~gj-"'.t....f!~~vt~f~-::..~L(/,",cJltf''';jJI~ffJLi";J).~i..;io-fv.lcJP~Ll),(IJjftYlv~'lu;LY"fLUJJPt"f !-?,($._V!;f.zL i{.I.hJ.hJlrtJtf''';.IJ''V!
_i!'J •.tK~.J.~~4.L u#':fL.,....f!:,f ~ ~ ui1"Jrfd'cJLY".f"flL rcJl_L.LYl~{' r~~.t.l"If.JG,,,jlfr..,'- pJ',j,J J'1v ~
141
d~L t..)At-I) .~ .~ 4&:....-?J,Jt..)}vJ1JiJJ IiI(t..)Pot..)},~;1.tILJfJ..t!·,,'v~,J./~t..)}'J(j~vLv'~'.A(''''!~t\! •..t='.J,II.,tfI)fJ'", I.)rl.J..J;/JJ I)! t..)n:c)' .;\rC)lJ..-'"IJt'_£....P.
-i-...fc,.iJ)I)!, 1947 ~ flYlI~ -::;,V'~r' Y,JI)!JJ.-L c)vjYlYC)VI}},JJvIJYltt,;~=,~,-~r~.ut,J'.t;I'"C)t:f;J./f'f-u.J,/i.L£.J.?fC)t:f;J;-.J,'O/liJ~I(£-?-ff~?-ftJ1(jVI} }fl).JlJf~JD.J?L£-LIr~J~C)VI}}fC)ViJ!,J~~VI_t..)J1.Jlrl~libilt j.J,I,../-'%¥I,.J4&:....r~'Jv,.J,'C)I:{1_LIrtJ'I)!JJI(;If.JIJ.J,,<J/4&:....I.fJ~/JJI~LJ~fJJ1t7f='jn~.J"~·()~~I~I~I(C)VI)!J~4&:....-?JJJ'~"'V,,J~j
-~"y~I(S~
~,L..t!ft..)}L;J;! fc:~.JJJ-J,.,,Je)l7.JJ.J1b1)!_0"vI- . , - .t:1--'f- ,_;.iJi,Ji)J '---&I Jf I)!o;lr '-.lin4&:....-?J,JL.fJ~' .1,1
~) Jf.1(4&:....~.JjLC)I.,-V!ji ,""V~.Jil5/'J~I5~)iIt..)j}0)11-=-~--'!LU.JIJI'.J.J,',J~J,.JI)!C)'4&:....-?Jv',V!L.f J"I,g.4&:....
-I./.!~J4&:....D~,Ji)J)..I,,~J;--&lf~JDJ,1./.!LYl
'f-,_;.i~,Jtjil)!t..)}vJlt~U/'J.J,',J.J,_(~I)!J..~LC)1J"'1,("JI'Lf,z:...IrLvl2....vl,'f-5J=L~,''T'')'I(C)J(j,.;.J,'
-VfLL.f.. y
lufl.f/'.;J:)VtJ }/,J)I.J"J:)VI5.J~fu~)'iL~",JJ:)t:f;
1CZ
a.,~~~Z!...W?k.~.MJaJ'4-"'Jf:V.~-.E"I"~~Lt.Llrd"~_ ......f~-..t~LJirvdd4i-......"A-L6l:AfTd~uJI~?~6...,2it~.;t.-.f~}I'~~~~~~~~ ~.sJi~fJ. .£:~LJ,~~i~~;.,..xuf
t:"'/rJJjL
143
O.lJ/2_Lvl..f,[.'i--(('~'OJI~--&le.I-?~l)Jb.lt"J}:J'~~vl~I..t.,.t1~~Jlt~eJ~~I...J/..:~f.c...• Y'
J(~I].'r-''-/JJJ'eJ~(b.lt"-f-(j.l.t1~eJ~Lvl?f.t1~I'~~_.c...I:1Jt".t12~;I.tIL""",~(f,.lJ.I(;I'~1.I~L.PL, -f-t'Ir~JJ:.jLu/;eJl(((~-?~l)Jb.lt'ff-~.lt'.t1:,...E,,:,",1
'J")"~ -i"VI 'V! L.t1~IJt a:uJ.JfJ vl.lJIeJ~vl?f-V!?-.l~ v.:o;,dL&-Y.lJI~J)ii
U,fI,V!J.t1~~d? ~ tf_}b.lt"JeJIrJ-'t/-"'"~.I"'Vr;~ eJl1.IIJ~Ji,,:,",I_f-~J~fJ..A: If" j LI{ JJIr-;'L b.lt"L:,~~Jylvlif-t'l4v.1,.p(U.t!cr~l)J;I/~I~eJl.,~,v.I~I'
-tJ1J;;.tLV:tJLhJI.I.lMlu~ ...Ju,v.:cr- - y •
(-;;~ C)lff-:,~ljo~~ ~J-?~L.-iJ' bJt"~C)~;'(I.l"~~J.lj? J,...if-t" ';;.:.f.I;'; Ji'f- ~Jf c,.lr;J\/eJIrJ-'t1:1.J·ff.4-r~u,~b.Jt'Jlr.JJll].bl.f~JeJlr,-'tr-;,,,j2,f-t'1rLU}I.tr;ut/C)~~if.I,J;""~eJIrJ-'t~Lvl_f:,J"(vl'f-t'Ir~Jel/~IJvlf,..f.:/~JJ(U,.§/.~I,J.:/~
144
~~f~(j.l.fu:;ld'j4-I~~~r,.;J'b.lt'~uf.u;'JfT-_T-,f.f..::..cy.tl'vL~~tJ~,?'.I"~~U:~
rf~J.f.~/uf.u;'J..t.ljL 0:;b.lt'~,J'~ JI,~.I~""JJAf.l"cJ~,~(-;?fT-~.I,)'~IJ'Ui.CJ~r,.;~I~j;~""'Tf4-.fJJlb.lt'~I~L.fJ~/~~~.AfJf,Lnv!4-.I~L-~J'vr~£/~C:L"'I.I"J'J:.It"Ll(-LtJ~,?I'~ jv!if.
~f?~L{~I.II.I,IJi..lv!.J).-""South Asia: A Historical Narrative (2003)
Jl.---(licJ'~"''-T--=-,cr~r,.;r'~~j;~LbJt'J'cJlr'~(-;~;C;cJ'-~J?".~O:;b.lt'J'cJ~,~(-;?fT-,fJ'(jJcJ~J'~ cJ'?.1,1c.J1e_.f~ ~~". / ,:/-flt:-.Jj ~ 4-JIL ~ ".,.;"._ .,. .. y, r
f~T-.I..r/~~",'i.l""~~,?11'i~-=-,I~_~.!>~'.:.5.Y~(cJ'-T-JJlt(":'Cj(~.IrJL~I,J'J'uJ1.1jJ1.1J~l(J'/l1vtJJI'L..R~LcJ~~~.i,e:_L rv1~fi~~.1 jfT-.If/I~-=-,fJ.lIJiJJLcJILre:_ tt.~ uY¥c:/,JL ~J~ ul(..I",e:_.I"'liv.1JJlUf~uJ1Jj(":'Cj(J'/l1vtJJI,fT-~~e-L.tfLf~,.,fJ' u~,f...;J':l v j~.i L.tf v.1.1,jj;'/ cJlr,~LJj,J',.,
y --
orJt..ai~u,.R~J\PLul(.(cJl~4'L""''f-JL j~cJlr'~_I.tf J!'T' IJ,.tl'vL cJ'i, l.tf
,J~~/l1vtJJ"f'k.IJ-,'J":'Cj(J'cJlr,~J.~L~JJ'cJl_~J..-i~c;:,e'tJJI,/~L":'C..4(~jj.., jLAjJ'UJ~Jjv!~
145
c.t_rL (/(jJIU::_IIvoJIJl/f'i- ~Jtf,-:"Ir. (JIY'vlL (.),(J
J.r.J~L(.)~.l(c,,,J'lt.l(:,1,Jj"!"J~J/c.tJ'L,,,,,.l(ScJ~J~I~c.tIlVOJIJ.lJ:JJI...c:IJ.~LJ-JScJ'-~.I(G".J'vLJ-DJ-DvlLvli'f-Vc.t(/OJ'J~(.)'-':,~".tf,{J;U4(.)'-'.lJII.tf(.)If.Jjflru!(/oJIJft.lJI,iJj,J;S.lJ:Jcf--'i-'fJ.llj~/JLI.lI;.p_l)flG"/JJJ'=-I/-r..LLf~"'~~IL":"Ijcf~L- I • .,.
'f-j/.lfcf.JJL~2...L(.)i.l/~u!vl''f-.lt.;I(.lJ:Jif.c.t"c.t.J.ia~J'oJI)jScJ~J~fJ'~u!_VrI.l.lJI(.)~.I'C;'JI}~(I.I.lJI~.lJJJ~L vl.lJI(.)r/Jl}vlJ('/LcJ~J~f~,) ('~I)(I.I
-v0~2...L~J~J'oJl)jv1lfifvI:!J.II)~AA~/~J'(I.lLIJ~LLli~u!)'Jur.Y~JVl
-v.!'?-rCz.lli!G"{'.l1.z;1~.ljLvILfJ"':"'I2...LvlP~II~ .lJI~~J tJPLJJJL( ;lcf'..('l.S'.lif~b)t'J'cJ~'~L(.)r~.I"''f-V1).1';{'..:,.lf~ju!..:,.~J'cJl'~1)1v.:;I,jL..;~J'~II.-tLJ;'_c-IIlf.,~'~":"LY'.I.I,'t.Y'.I'/IL.tf~~, ....LVlf tfi?-tfu! (.)f.Lfi~C- cJ~J~-4'J'u!cJ~,~J/0.1""'.10;..z.IJI,S~"J'JV-'O z~Lv~ Ji_0JI"'Jfr'~ i,jJ;1...(J:/LcJl'~cf.viJjL...fi,,2...L(.)r{'(},~;:I/(G"/~;t;: (OJ'!((I.I.I".Af'"O~~{'(tL lfl(;.-t,I,b:,/-'i(cJl(I.lLlfL
_c-I.nV, ..vl-l/.l.rJvL Jtli)"~U.O)1J:I(;I'~ u!~$.I'Jdy y y
146
J-J~.1~o~rltl~I.I",li~f~.tI2;-I/~.~L"'-..f"::;,,"JJ'fJfiv!.I'J.::/r.f'f-.,J'I.lJ,",'Jr.".J(;I,~_li~.eJJJ~~ltl/';~~.:-LY.llt'Lf(u/JJ}2;-ILU~~~'.I~JJv!'"
_li~Lv!tJ'v.l.:-~(jJ/v!v,..I£Cf-v.lr'.I';;v'~ y" (~cr
-'T-~0t/t{~~l)JI{'Jyjv!,iJ",-'T-
•••••
147
~.JJ'(.);;I:-J~f f-1:'J1v,...l~'LJ1Lf...,J~ (b..ll:'d'J./..IJ"L?-..IJ"'~LJ1~c-..J}..IJ'..IjJ,l~~cJ'..IjJL(.)?'cJr,J,ru;jrf-,,(.)!f~'fv.rL~1,;,J-..II:'f_L*2;;-JfL,pL,~;;jLJ1v.1.J/":"'~...irL..:;;7,?u!(.)/;'J1,,;~j..lJ''';'.('r..l;'u''~'r.u!JJ1v?lz.JJ'~JI4:'_L?-..IL;!'u! ~U:;o{J.J..s:=-J'(f:i..Il:'-£?..ILftr~';"~b(.if.l..lJ'~;rIliL"::;J;;""..IJ'(.)Jt~cJ'b..ll:"rl:'J1(.)!fu!~bf~("j'~(.)7lzcJ'~fr
-V!L(r~u!ot1;2..V"T-dJ/;u~~'J\.:.,JI~LcJ'..IJ'v~''4'u!b..ll:'fv.tf-..IfJ>I,.f..:,..~v'i..l'"u!.J'Jur.'''..IJ'.::J,?t.J. cJl),fJ1,11."fl:'L(r ~JI{r~ ~/(.)~~,.f (.)7lz.~hfrl:'.tf.;'.t'~c-v'_T-(j.JJr."'(jc->.5Jf,},.fJ~~'..fi..lJ'V! f-..ILftJl(.)J..I'J'.J"(.)J..I;'~J'J,";-JjLJ1
_gA;fJ.t.iJG"J~cJl)'r~U!if.fV!r..lLf~cJ.tJ(~;~L ~J./',.f(ChristopherHill)J jr f T'CIr'~,.f;J.-V'~Clv'-r(The WorldTurnedUpsideDownf!,r4~'r...IJ'":,,,w'JL'JLJ1u!~Lovv..J17u!cJetJ'LJjrfu!
148
Jy. tot'-AL .:;,'-~"'d-tot4vl_f-lJ'tot,-.I~ L utiL~J_(~-f- jJIJLJ'f":'(:r";l: (~JfL:,.,k"~JI"J1!>~1.AP_(LfJf2...L .:;,llJ uli2...vl-lA ...;Mt.lJI_,}.:;,jJl,. - . .J;4: 1tot(J'Jiv' ,JL.lyJUJ1tfL C)lfuli.lJI'(,-J'fr; "..H)1fLJr;L'-~VI?fLtf'J.lJI,~<{LJ'fL(-#-fLtf
-f- J?''''tot...,..,..(iI.AP
totC)'-LJ1I~LjLLtotvlf~~~(iI ....&IJ4vlJ~'f-J?J(.:;,)J_;/fL;{:'.IJI'LPL':;'ljJI.AP?fLI!'J
{VI.lJI,~tf'10.l1J'.I'fIJrJuli~J.L£&:-totC)I_f-v.!£-?i,f{(~'-/,J,J.':rf~v.!LhJA....f.:;,~I.J/frf~J.lJ;;!_ f uli...,..,..eI".L ~ f ~...;;,,,.(C)I(J'JivL vl-:r f u.JUi.lltot~vU""JI' Jy. tf/.:;,libiL':;'.IIJJ/LU,f'-~'"y .,
_~f;}:_J'~I~Lu'J/f
-=,L_ LJ1L(.IJI,Pj1'.1(..;:/JtotU,JIJ~....Ptot~~C)I_t!JJ1tf..:;"i'~IS.:;,jJ~(;)I,J.,~t"J1(~jV.J/";!>~Jy.
(1)
((~ILuJ.lIJI.lJI.:;,~IJ.lC)I'J'f-t"J'f;;~.:;,'-v?f:;f'J(.}lr
J .. -' "_,II" I" .~~t' -~ •..:.J\J7.1JI'.Ilpl'~Y'.Iulv-,-/lr&:-l~.u: i,;! •..If-t"J'fPv'I?~1L-JL..i I.L.:;,lIJ.lC)I?flALJ1':;'~'J~Lv'-.c....JJ1y. • _.. ,
.IIPIJ,_;)-.&IUlf.2...vl-V1LJ'fLnL,(/(I/'J':;' /,,J,
149
J;(,/.'.V!L~v#v1tL.tfZ£..:V!JfJJr.l,'J~t/..:,,~',.IcJ'J~J~'-fI.f 4~1/I,)'_JlJ'.I"":"~I'.IcJ'~t'.IJJJII,)Je)....P
-LIr~;~"Jj=-v!if-f V!?-f~Ll;-o.l,,f~'I.t'-;'Jt.LJJ4f'T-~JJ~...&'Jv,.Jj~f
_~L JJ/cJJL1,);'b.l",I,)?,I,)/~fr.~LIrFeast of Fools. All Fool Day
cJ'-li t"1r ~J~f 4~'/";'(vJ,-;~v! ;tvl{I,),JI,fcJlL ~ljr.f 4-,.I(vu.I",li ~Jfr/":"Ir.lJ~~(Li rf" I,)~'Y..:,,:;?.IJf~LJfit£/":"~VI.lI,f=-_~LIr.tf(.'~Ltl.t,-JIJV";P''T-OJ.JI~~L'':''IJ~.Ic'T-~I~(""I",,/I,);t;,IL..:,,)JV!JiD,J1JJ,JiJ~.I'IJJ.t:fli~)IJII=-({:,?'J~Lr?-V!Lf {:,?'J ~L?O;-vVI.l"'V! ~jtJ~;L..:")Jr.f
LIrJ~/O'/~I2#.('/".I}iJ,flit".tf=- •..(~--!I(I,)'.II,fcJl~JjLcJlll,)1}cJll'~Lfvhl""LI,)1}"'~~lhj.l"~• y
_~~fJ~v!,;-lfJ~fi~f,J'J.tfv:lot..:"J,~U,V~LcJl'~L.tft:/.J;(~,,?;'f'T-t".tf~VID)ttl(V'-~2;-.IOJ)Jj~cJl2#.I,)~r.,~Lv',L J"~Iv,jiJ.tf f.";~cJ~JJL~.IL .I"'~JI I.tcJt;.lil->.., - .,' .10JI)t"":,,I,~J;=-f,.1j~ 1,)1}(~,fl( L.tf~ J";:.II,ld.l~=-~"'v..J/.;r/J;LJliIrJJ;=-~"'v..J/.;(U,.;{
-11J~,,;~lo::::...Jjr.cJl~.IJLI,);'.t~_ , Jr.
150
cJ'L(Drummoud)V""J.JJ/~L~~~'~.J~'(~...z.v'
~'''-y.cJt.f~J'.4Sol ,p.'.JJ'JI, ~.J"'J~ s:I)V'J'. .J;W'LJ'l,L .f/jlvJ?..J!;.J"',/'~V1 £!,., t:fp. J,JL ~'j
.)J.lJ"I)t"~tfJ/.J'.~jfvJ?(".::JL~.J')"cJ'.J'JL--6..J''[~J~'..JJj;L.J,p'J'v.rl.,~i£! t~v~ LC)'-:,/~flit'iJiOJI,~v)o.J{{v;!vr/J'.4v"A.J,'..J}-:_v!:-f
__ -.::....,~1.J'.vJ?("f7-J!:,~~v~~J'V!vv.,.,7.JJ'V.,tY'.l;ff£~~i.LcJ'J',{_£7-.JJ'f'~~~J~"J'."-AL2...v'-V! z;....I(J/~..Jl,J,J,J~}c7-(jv.lryIV)rt.JJIVJ.J(jrfrV1~".::/.JJ.trpO:1..JJ'~1.V'fLj~JJ'r"-:J'.vnjLC)'.JJ',..J'7',....rt-L"'z~J'., 1491f7-~ L,.,~JJl}Sv,J'ySV.JfI;fLv'/cJl)'fl{L"'L)'..J';'~~LY'.JO/JJS cs,{
_,sLv.!;-J:"~(Judas)v'li..J""-4L cs,{fl)J! ~ (v/;J;L)'.J"~4cJff~.li~Jf.:..>,jJ'.~Li"/J1.,:,;a>Lif.fv.tvJ.J'~4L&{ J,J(~J'.4v'-~J~J'. ~o, r/~Lr".JO:1.L,ce:,.,v.!(icfl....f~Jv'J'.~JfI)J~(C)'fLvJJt.J_;;v,~~'..¥I/~J'.1606_J.IrL'j~(~ /LVJAt4(vf....f~~'/.{.J;;~IJ~;~o.JJ~J'.fl)l{Lv'fl/t.fJ;J'.(Zv'J'.
_(VJ)'
151
J;fl)~.11"~ "".Ill' (.:;,l""~ u,At4L "".J"~",u!c1--£Lf")y!)jJ'u'ZJ/'J.I,~J'':;'JVu~,flr~~"'
_£L.11~"'-?LC)'.I",.cL'k'J'JIrJ:'.J;;••;Irv./.,Z-L.11~}v. U.t:"ijS~v,?of_t,I:-~",1,.>,(JtiI v.C)'e:"',,£L.11'-/- J;:- J';;_I) I;{J.I..J'J;.JJ'_1)(J.J;;..J/·?,I)v.1.?(,:;,'Go!~~IrSC)"..zr',I)~.Jr(.:;,jJ'C)'f~'~~(I/'{(vtJ.I'L~",.J,'..:Y"i..LL.f,":""~~(",,IJ?r,S ~~i..LC)'f,fJJ-?i{""~.J,bvr;,_~Ir(,.J/u~l/
-~lrtJJ:/uiJ~J'C)'~.IjL":"'1'..lft'V~Jfo;tJ1..:r.;.JJ'~J'C)'ft'~~J.I,;{.:;,Jj,.Jv~.;Ir..J}J/JJ.J,.fPL""~-?JJ.,I.....,S ~",,,v.':;'.Iy1""_~Ir~'J~~.Jj""
-Z-Lr,.11•~;s./;J.JtJ."J;v.C)t:JiJLJv"-.117J.'JvLJ)rfu!.:;,lai.J,'.L}lJJlru_£Lf",yI/.:;"J,Lu}1JC)Uz;.JJIl.»u!Lu~i.,fl).J;'--J:-~u'.J.t;fJ'u",_i;_L.11'-/~v}o~!J'.11j~v./I~(.7.LJlj!o.J.t;fi;_~{Jr,(~~C)'flr"'~C)'r.£z4.t.J?~u'/'JIr!u~i~JLup;~ut..J'(;J;_vi()Yd-Sui.,j_t,I_z- Jrr,Jr;u~;~ u}(,.JJ'U'_jij~J~L
_Z-~~JGi..L~r,v!'-.If Lr '-'.JJ'.£1-/• r ,.
~~cr-~'d~(Jf~,,d!.JJ'L ;v..JI)~c?-~'~LJf~~J.Jt'JIJf~i..LC)'-!J/t,J;t/J~'LJdJ.J}!~'Lu/,Ji
152
(J"(J~LcJ'~if..J'I~CJJ"U';'.I.I!I"~....fl:,.J.ltf:,~CJG{-~J~'..JIJVLU'.Il.e4Lv'.l"G{IJf~Lu,('-"'~{-J'~L'~Jf~~~J'vll"v.!/-~Ifi(j ...rJ'cJI~U/,Jr.J'VIU~,," ~.1f J~I 2_ L v~ ';-,1Jf~ cr,,{..J)....flUlf.L(.;y.l,'/'Lcr"{~'V.La;...E?Lv,J'U/,J.I,,,v.L~~'~J(;,.L.,:..~..J7.?.J'jJ'~~l;)v'J'v'.l,'V~J~'..J!JV
-I)y,.f_"""Z:,'.1 ~~(.i1""v!';_-J~LtJ.lIJI,.I(.i1'"i)!JJ4.::-(.....fltJ.lIJI,.I(.i1"'J.~Lvl.J''f-tJ'~LI.YL;j.l,~IifeLJLvllU! LJ1I.~":"l/.,~~ cJl)I~~.-?JSvtj',[-'f-~ IZ
~(Vlji,l/lhl'.IltJ.lIJI'.I(.i1"';'_'f-I:"IrJ1JL..J)S~fiJoJV.- (L If~f r-?J'dtL UJ1I.~.,:..G~'?'~ "":""j,.J'(J1:,
~_c::...-t..lJt;.J,~~"'r'""'~';V',"::;U..J'"t;((J,'~1,y ,. - y
J...J',- /'J....fll ~~.I.1" cr,,{J.~L (Bishop Goodman)<;J!;(
~u.'~'~~JV'.l"''_'l:"fJlJ;'.I-!IrS~~)cr,,{-~rjfIo;~fJu},JG{ .IJ'.I,;V,J,..J)....fl2..VI_,_,t'~tJ.lIJ..(ULj,L"":"",,,.I,'cr,,{~ u/,J(~J.?'~L JJ)vlr:f-_~ ;£.I~ JJ)';-,
"ji~LIf2..L":"J~~cr,,{J;~_~'f-.IJ11~":"JJlY~'-.J~~{J;-~?-rtf J'~{J~(.i1"'.J. ,~?r~v.l~,'/-: f.,:..JJlyJ;~ L ~,.J'1j~ ~I,.J:,~ cr,,{L :J)(Baptists)1~I'.J. I~ Lf.,:..JJly..J/,,:,J,J.J'IJ1~;:·(vl_!.lf ~.J"- . -
153
LfJ3(~Ov'J~'.IJ',.i.LI)'tfJtl(~',.i.tf;£.;'_/.C}~.IJ,1.;J_LJt.'.III.5;';:'~v,Ju;;-V1 L'tf(" fLvP.r.f~(7.wfl/u;';:'~u!J;J-,--t.ljLcJ)G"wflLd.l~u!LL;Lu/LcJ)G"J,'wfI,1656'..4P,JJ1LJ!f(~"J:,Jr.,~Lv';:liV~JJ,j
- r.f '(,.11v'--t .IjL v"lf/~/,-;~L C}c:Jj,L J!_;.;u! J~,J, 1640~lz ~'u! .::,..O~~"~'~J;:H';"I?'+-u!';;';;)J"Jf:t,uJ(;'#LuP';;~.::,..~vJ",v!(J1f'::"'I''v-u!,-;~r.f vf,uft"G-u!tjl'v!r'l.5y.dj,JG-J}v';u!tj"v!~Jftr'1'::""J~1r.li"i",JI.5J~wfI;J,d-(Diggers);)j'-/'JJ"(Levers);J,d--9(G"..::/fL(Cromwell)J.,(,f",:".v",~Iu!Jr.'cJ'J'JLJ._;';f-::r-ft;.l.lY(~"II.5;fif~.::,..~~LcJlliJ/Jy'":;;,,vl:,iJUZJJJI,:::_ "'tJ1_.(';(;jJv....J IvJI.,z_",jJ1 ;G"..::/fJ;).._f!.,,_.1
I Y r ~y I .7
;J_vl'li~fJ(tfu!c,jJJ.,(,f(cJl_(L::r-ftJ1(II.5J"".1-u{'tfJ"'Go!AJu!~L?J'::"'~~'; ..ILUJt1
fI~;J_V'(t:,(cJ"li(;)1"i",J!/"V"LJ1'~ u! 4U"1J,'JIr:,-,JJJ1I.5~J,;r.fUJf(.;,}jf.,:j({r.:t-jU"'LUJt1Jli't J L uJlhlJL Vl--tJjL u"itJ,'_.i. tJ",L .::,..1,'v-lJ~(uzjj~L'-;lreJfJ..::/JJU'A~4LOt",J"~JJ,j{_.(';LUY.'~tJ,ILU,(I-V1 LfJr',vP.UZ..ltfG-U~)J"'V1tJ~L{U",-t!u~J~L.,:j(,d!r.fJ.::,..~J~{r.:t-;(Li~I.I"~,,y.I
154
J'cJ1v!,1650.JJI'~~LI;I~J~LcJIL;j.JJJJjJL,'~;t.t'(Winstantley)L~'.J~(cJl-V~J.f.~viIL/~"uiJ~rvlJ.UvLv"iJ'v'-~.J~/5':7f(;i~L(J'..t.'~.JjLv"i'-;lr~'._fiJ'v;(,.J"J..y..1'Vl(v!v"~JcJ',r.('-;lrL'(LIrJ1rU'~)(~.J"Ll:.jtt;l"v'-f=.1'SJ1v.l~.J,?J/v!IlSy(~._fi~.1'Sr.Jv.l~.J,?,:::;,v'J!J'U'.J1l:.4L~~,Sr.J~.J,?I(J'vit;J3,f-'JJ:.1'IJJ;((v"'(L'fJ:J(;{~'v.lr~L'-/'J._fiJ,!~,.r;J'L"{,,j~.J"L.JL,-;llvhJ·'rf,'yJ''-'('-/lS.Jr.Ji{~J'if..1'SJ1&JJ,,(zJ/-LIJ!.J.,.1'r/i~J/:J=''(Lvf,J'''J1';v,[ v!U'(zL L.JL/t/
':'rcCL~"S.t;U',I}·,p'r~JS.t;/Jv!~J'J~._fiJ,!J!~'-f=":.1'r~L~'.t..J"._fi-IJ!LjI/J1...£12._Lt,.\bL~.J'';-'''v!~.Jr'v'-lJ!t£.J1fIJ!LIrJ1r2'::.hJv~"J1JlPJIj.J"J'-iIrJu'-f=fv!~.Jr'lS/'Jcf-'JJ1lS~.JV}'IJ!JJ1~c-~J'IJLIJ!L'f~v!VYlz~.J"{I;/-J/vl!I,-?/._fi,j2.·····rJIr~J?,jlJ.J~I..J)fi .J,I'rcrJ';r.cJly:.JJLvhJi'rtJ1j1\H.'LIrJ1(i~(.:;,f.J'~';.J"LlzJJ}~I"'-/'J.,.1'SJ1v.l~I.1.=J'';;''''(LIrJ1..Jt;(vlJ'..>!"I:!-;'JVC-~.J'?U'';.J",,-/JI'-/'J.1'SJ1.::.A=/t/(j
':,SJ1,J'iI}cJI0".l..~II'IJ,,\'IJI(~IrJVJ1~'.J(vhJv!Jv,4
155
c-~fl4fT-rJ{Jiy,.fL,.i.'J(fu"v'f/cF...fJ~L.z_?.IC-cJL',tftJ,l~~JVJ~fli~L;~fi-.I"":'(";""f1..lli.lJJ!.i"'~:,..4'.1..::r.r.l..JJJiL'-/JJ~~./J,.....6.J/u"'~-'::;'.IJJO?JJ-t~J:,f~r..:l,~cf--T-t'It~2.c-':>'dfrOLL~':>'/~JVJfi,.JJ>.v.'~u,.t;(cJlJ'.IJ"~"(.AlIr-Lo/».~Ldt;"'.:>.f~""LcJlJ,,,:,",,2_""~".IJ;ts;":'""}
-T-~~JUIf.'''''~'.IhlPi(dt;JuJJulf.f~'-;lr4'~2_v'J.~u"U~.I~UIf.'LlJht.We-~J"\t/.t.tc-,~rJ)J~~~lIlrcJ'-T-JIt"'~~'=-~!.t;U~J'J. rfLJ.'(l!;/cJ,].V!.t;(LcJ'.IbJjLu~J'U7rcJULIr~lIJc?1:,/uJJJ .~t;(..J'7'lI~".~~,.j'Gc-JIr~.I.r1v'L&""_lit'ltrc?1"c.fJ.t;(_£~"..J~JJ!c-u,.l;I;,LfiJt;L.7./ G""fJ t,.v~'1'c-~I(.c.fJft'~$f,;..(rIiLa.""L"L~,.j'G-l:?C-"J.L..Jlr.t;(LcJ..V!~f,;..(rli?/UJJcJ'a.""fLljJ""'4C-UJJ/~L? c.fJLG""f:,-I:?_('-J,f"'J~':>' vitL,f~~ cf--~L~'.I~C-U,.tf J,lhj~f!J/~¥tf~,ju~.f£.',.$.I~J"(;~U'.I(~.I"U'.7.t'..J"L~Lc.fJJ
\>
J'L..r_T-O-l:J~~'.7.t'~/";""f.lc-J'c.fJ~'L a.""ftJ.:JL-J~~}"..JJJiLa."" LuJ.7.t'O'C),f
;;fl/~ &.i'7',,"'~f(J~J.::fJ!-'::;Jc.fJhP'La.""
156
~J~iLjvi~~Jvl./L.tf.J'v'i-'~L~'::"'~(Jj,,::..?,vYlJ'"::..j,..:J,J,..:J,J";.I,,,JYlJI;1rJ ,.;c.Jl{.fJt.l""''::>'.I#.I)/'J .1,1,,_,.},.,::;!.J,& tlv!~,V'&:.- -if J'~ L .::>.L (Jf,,::..?"if v! c.JYlrvtL cJt)I_JYl J"v!"::' /J' cJt)I.I,1Ii! rc.J~I.tJlilr J't)~"::".I,}'J'"::".ILt;I.t1r2_L L./J ,plvl&:.--ifJ'LJ"l
-i-J»~(.tf UIJ!(~(cilj~2._Lc.J,/(,tfL(Calvin)cJi(LJ"l;£.I;;.J.lvlI,d!JjL~(.,:.;'~.IJ'vLc£lr(,.If(I.z,/~~Jc,.I'.I(c.J~ly~JI'L~~,/tl:J!.JJ'VI~;I?L otJLIi~ ;;t/ci IjcJILv1c.Jl{.,lij(
_i-11r2._vl'i-1-·(c.JYltfLcJt)lJ!
J~.IJI,~j~ (cilj~~'-.I~L.tfL (S,~ J)~c.Jl{.';-, cJt)If,~L v!':;;'/a: r,,)O.l( -t.ljL "::"LY".Ilt,r.;lr~J'JIr.!,,~.!,,)~t).I{J'tJ1'/lir~h#;.I;'VI{c.JYltf~.Ij,-""J(,,::..tfJ'vl,Ii~,~.IIP!~((s'~.IJI'.Ilf..:.'U,llvIL,tfVI(,,::..tfJ'vl,.i_.IjL,,::..LY".I.1JIc.JJ~Jt£f..L?'£..I1-t4L V'.lJI(s,~
_~~Yl"~
(Ranters);?-.I?'~jv!J?J::,j~~4VI{.I;LJ',.I2_vl1).I{v!'-ALcJ'-~JtJVLciljLvl.l'IG~?J"'£'LJJ/,~...Jf,.lJ:.~~U',.;,Ii~k'Jf(cJl,/V!(fvi2_vl"::"L~J:.'-ALcJI2._tJ1,J'...ffoYIJ.~~..f~_Ii.lfrJf(cJlU''';.IJILJjr;;V!J"::"L~?J:.'-AL,,::..tl~LcJ'-v?V!I}II).t
157
:T-ifcJ~"'v),,'v:?tv!J~,J,'cv!u',J}lrcv!uJJ,cT-v!Z):.J'T-I.i6)i -1
_~JL ·~):jc~JL~JcJl),)i -2, y"'Y. , y
!V!U£(~,JJ'U~'..('v!~JAjT-'_uL(':"'.I~'(IiI..~)i -3
~~""'L'''';v!':'',J~v'M,,)icT-J.lfv1zJ/J(t.1I -4
-cJr(-T-~'/lJc:fjjl)'~I,.>(t -5
T-~.lfJiVI,.>'J/(J}J~,Jv!}-JiJ.t;J/~LL/ -6
.If~/cJl)l",if.fT-"JI..(' -7
JI.~Irv!if.h~""~-~f t.lfJ,jl",UJ.I~Jf../cJl)l-8_.lf~7tJ~j",~OJ~'.lfr'tJ~;~J.tj
-T-Ji~crJIJ~4~cJ~..:;;"J..('jJ!{~~Lj?-.1LU/}f.lf ~~ L J'!.:"JP-T-Jr.Y v,,JJ~v!Jj): L ~J
~"JO''';,JJ'ctt.LIJ'v.4cJ~lk~~'J-if~JI-.II{(L)J'i1l~ JP~, ,,-10:10% ~{J~JcJ,_L J.Iv! ~J V' -A'Jv!~JjiT-,J..;J~)i-T-7.Jui'..('(Ii~~.I"c.l.~~cr JU.il[dL':".I,?jl)lcJivL.::::;,~,jT-.IJ~)i_(LIr.lfcJL"cf'
_~Ivt-z,Ji.~I .,
(dGcJ}u...[J~LcJ',!~J!{UJ,JIJILv'.I"'..:;;"~.IJcJlL"VI~(V'-LIrJ.::/;~V)v'{~~,Jt.tf,.(f-~J1~tcJ~'
-f- t".fJ~1(U-!')=.I"f- ~J'i~J~
158
e£...J1JiLJ'~IrJe£Lhti'cf"~J!1Ji'~{;?-.J_~JrLUJf;r~J'c~2:...J.JJ;..I~J'JJJ..v'LII:L-r..l-" . .
~Jf i- JJf~t;.JJ'kr'v'Lb.Jt'" ,-:,Cf'""J'J j;"f_i-t'Jf$.J...J1JiLv'-"cT-iJl.JLJlc./.JJ)L.JI.";'J~!'J.I~...J/rc./.V'j.J~'J~JJk>LtI'L""i-JJf~vL.,h?U,..f.(b.Jt'cf.::h/J'Lb.Jt'f_ifLJI~J/c./.V'/VJ~J'vJ~f.V! Lit.JJ'cV!?.JLf~..c'..c£';;'J~!'J.JZV!LJfJJli-L'J~.J
_V!~J}"/LL;.JrL..Jlab.Jt'U.J~'2...V'ctJJJv1c./.,ib.JtJ~rtl'"
.se: rc./.r.JrJ-"t'.:t.ijJV'A{JfYb,~~+~~(
•••••
159
cf c.J' r.,I. ~J "J 'J; cf c.J' '(:;~ L 'T"/. c,...»l L ~JJ; -:cf'T,,/.;r f V!~ I~ ~JJI".. { L~~L "':"_;;;cf~ c,..c.J'"J/tp lkcv!J; cf"':"_;;;c.J'~\'JJf {bi cf4YoJJ1'"J' ~~,-; OJ?' cf'T"/. JI-:~T- ,.;11>JIJ!r/tp It;;L JV"J .::,?Jo~;1\"J 'JJf '{ ~"I'0/.1 c,..~J cf l)Y!Ji,#Ji L.1»(jl)}JJ{J,/ c.J' -~ L r.,I. ~ ~I /~JO"~~f T- ~ YoT-J ..;.(IJ ~ -V! 2;;-J JJJJ ';-, ';-, LIJ;£"~ cfc.J' 'v!JfJ; .;"JV!Jr r.,I. J.PJ j .;v!J~~_.! 1,.;{;;".LJ ..;.('-/ JJ.k. -VI L./('fJ/t' ~..t."J~A r.,I.
.y.~ /J; It;;cf'T"/.,,J).J OJ}1L r'j'~"t.c,..1? .IJ-Tc~(Eurocentrism) ~ ~.J/.~ Ji»-:-VIu
o:t)ic,..u-'Ij Yo'T- ~ ~ --fiL c:J.f/-{t/". c.J'c.J'L~ ~"/.-T JJf ~ c,..~~ r.,I.l989f JfJ.; r.,I./i LJf Lf-::I r l)~ cf~JL c.J' 'LJf L./tj7 cfJi »f T- J-J cfV' -T- ~ -::1 r).JLV'.JJ.::.<'-; cf "':"_;;;
160
LC).v). .IJ C).vV. cJI 'J!,r I~ ~ R. V. .IJJJI,.&.:IJ.I} u~I J/.' ",:",...v R. v..Jv/ '-/JJ -ti ~ JjJ/ C)~.IJ.f'L,r , .::J,j ~V", .Jv/ VI -r- t1' (Tributary) ",:",...vcI~J fi!~'~tJly -:~ ,tt c:J'. ~ ~v vJ'-;~~ ~.IJ O..v. --?.IJR.V. '-;~ 'il,rI~4c,VI'iJr V. Jy.J'Li ':'.I~ v. '-.I~ L tV .IJ J:...; -¥~f.l~ 0):1~I 'J,r (Y~ c)O'.IJ L,r I~ e:c)0'LIJJr.l Lvl.lJ ~J f -:..A
-Lv.!'.1
.f1 '....fl/t ~ v. cJ' 'J!,r I~ ~ y. V. .IJJvI ,J2V"~.I~r J~joJ:IL",:",...v,sr ~-1J1,,s~~ lfiLL/~ vI'! ~.IJ/ ,sJ)t J~I J_L oJ<,sJ~joJ}JGrLv' 'J,r ;; ({ ,sJ.tl JL.i1f -:.IJ '.I,) (~ J '7. ~
.I,) ( ~I.JIfJ,s,.»L",:",...v vI -4--JJI ,-jIJJJJ_L ~tJI
-fi", cJ!Jfir.!~~~I.rJ~,svI r~tr(~~)~y.~r t,r I.»cP" ~ rt)Jv' if-"'ck'r,' ~ ~~.lJ ~
('-Jfr /uiVov L..-: '-/ JJ
'J'~I~~t'tfl~/vL4 ~vv.~J~1..I~ L L,r v..::h~ L.:Jt,( L (iw L.;.Ji .IJV-\/j~' ~I L l)~ JJ .1,1~JPi '~{r. ~ c) 0" -tf'~/-tf'~/JJ.I} fJL/~ ~ C)I-tf'~/ ~tllj> J .I~IE....>.
161
~ '-;~..(~~r".;I"'J="/ s:T -::tY-JJctV.;I.I'J="/f~~..J,jO~ (power).II~1 I.k -e: z..,f.J' LJ~ &51'OJ.}r.T- t1'.., tu -v!Lf J.J' .J'L~ '-;~1Jig J&r f" j:? J~ V' v. if.f'" JJ(.I .,:;~I~y y -~
LfJ.lI.l(,"J.,:;II~J~~1' .;I.I'J="/ f~-LIt-~ JW---::LlfLJrJui .Ij~.IjTCf ';;;'~J"-'iL~'LJ(--To:r-:'IJr(-
LV'..{I,r -::JI '% ~,..,.. r~yt &5.1~J.T- tJ'rctV-LL)?',}/ 'L-,cJJ{ ¥J./ J!v.L)} '~frIJ~JtJ}J')'.Ij ":;~.I~ifJ.lj JJA '.:iJJ ( ..:;kyt....f ":,,,,'-'J(PI~~.JJ'!/il~JPl.Jj'cJ,''r~L.J~ cP.-v! JJ(~Lf 'I!~ .:iJJ V' J' If.-~ tJ, ~ IL).rJ} J~Ih~cJ L V'
~.Jj (tJA4Jr,rI('i'J~ ":",,.r 'LJr' OJ./ ~~fL,r~ .:iJJV'":",,.r.JjJ>-~':"')JLj (Jet.tJ}JJ
L (J./j. "=",,,.-2- L 'T.lt.-~fl.Af I~'.J L 'T.Jt.L~
4.1v.! ;; I~u!~;>.1'''1.1J>. ":""/'T~.1..,PrtJ~1t.u!J!3Jt.:'..v oiJr'1'''1. J:'''u ~ .1(Hellesized)J1t~ ~.::.J?.IJOJ£.;£J J,:L L).,;t ~ e: "';;;'J ~ ~) .I) 'cJ}u;, '.J,!J" v.~ i:I./" J:''' '-/ JJu .JLkLcJ -Ii I("' _.t.lj L (palotinus)
162
".tf'~":;j )-7v!,-}~ oJJAJ,,j L .I~'Jtt -L~ .s;''f-CtJ: / ~( ..t.ljL d,j L.:;.,}J '.,,;f" C./.if{(4V'~~ .tf~~J c..J-Jd,j L .:;.,}J ~ lQv!' --?i",q7.u.1,1~.) L~.1 cf)~ v!' (;,; v! '-.J:!' .1,1J-J J_ V' 'lft.ftf L.tfz.rJ rf .:;.,tJ~ c) L Jlj '~.I~ rJ~rf ~~-'f-~ M(J/(l)ijJ"'f-if"'!J~v!' J~JGrc..J'l)jJJi~?Ll),;"Jr v!Jy.jJr-'~v!..i. L~PtJJJAif- ftf rv~c;',V.' -fi.lJ 'k' -'" J: ~ otJA .1,1l)t // ('tI.lJ "iiju)J ~ cJL l),;t -!.:::G.li'":,,,.l '~; -fi Jc..~~.1 J.'J) -OJ.u v!U~~J.,J Lif. f~ (",j~~J/ )iJ;> ;:'j v! if-f 'f-c..~j 4-'~ ,1/ c:IJ/J!3 «''f-J!3 rf ~~ ....t.l( 1%c.."r"'" ( ~.J) oJJA<v.r ~_,~tJlj~t.fo/ l)},AoJJAL.I.vJ'k.' v!if- fJ.tf jJa,J V'y y
JcJLr .I~,Jtt ~v!G¥J,-}~.Ii v!Jf1V'J~~l)p. J/ ~ -JJ;v!~t,.. L l);tV ,f'.tf? =c...:t'" .I'j~ Jl)i';jcJJ;=-Jv!' J9'~ u1i JI rf ~ vIL-fifi.tf? =c..--?,rfc),.I-'~.I.v.lj..): c..l)}/ ~f
.f'~ ~ ,JJ .1,1~ JV ..Ije:; '" cl'j tJIvv.f .tfI~JV.'4ftftf~r J;.v!" ..A '~t/~'J.( ..J/ ,:,I.I~' c)
if-f'" tfJJ.:;.,~pf.,J(r,All v! e.:'..v V' ,.I-.._.
163
"JJA"':'/V' J2!r-JLJ ~~J 1Jr ,.rJJL ,:""dv!I(J ~ ~ ~JJo.J .I} It';;;V' fa; '" ~ .I; V' JI.,I r,-:".J).»lL zJ~ ~~,,.rJj L 1.)J.t1.1JttL"':'?-J"Jt>.P-v!2 J,-:".J) ~ -L"J.k'-~ A1t Jtt tk"IJ(1455),...,...1'~ c;e: ~ ~ ~ ~ r./ V' J'J Jr/1cJ1~TC~I.(,JI.»lL V' ~1JJ,L ,-:".J) <Jtt> j)'~.b.1"':'? .I} ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ cJ .I} ~'"~J' r ,-:".J) "JJAA~u~ ~-J,,~
v!';:.L if.~J"~~ ~';:JJrt' .;#.J'J:'o/v!~Jt~ .1'VI:'.:,~~ r'JV' -ifrli/rt' J~r}LvP~~JtJ}':'~) k~.J(j:J;rLf~.::J! ~~.d. L,-:".J)_..4V' ':'J~ -iff II(J Lrt'cfo ..;IJ'J:'o/ -~ t,i 1~vJI.)j..I} ~o~rtf I.)/),.rJj LV' .I} ~";J 6rI(J .1'J" tfJi ;V'-oJ!I~~J!{#-tft V'-,,~r~J~j?:'0/ JJ~....v ~I.)¥»bi J~Jtfl/~(r~~:'~v!~ /.:Y"C- .-?'v' -" c;e: ,-r v!" 'y'.J1...J/ .y.rO.l'~
-~;J.'~.:,j O.J~41r Lcf'{~ .I}VI.(,V'~VI~~':'~ J}cJ)'ft! tfri tfV'{J}';P_J'/. ~'J} ~L~6{.:,}J IJ.1'~:' ~~ o~JcJ)' ~Vt,..{ .J} ~ ~OJ J;1J.}.;P .Il' v=:vL -:1rLtJ.:.-}J
164
oi .IJ1/1/r$L .:,!J~ Cif ~J ~.IjL J!.IIJ},J-'" ,p.IJ .::).1'" Jd.b ~J ~ 4~1J, r.f. ~j / ~J J ~!J
-{"Jjr c-.:,~~...--'.I:f c- Jy J':I L" Lf.l~ / (lSi ..;I.I'J="/ 'T.lt.~ L .:1~,u-''i .IJs: 'JJf J:...; ~.IjL?-.I~ ~JPf .;~~ ~-4J:...; f .;~.IJ~!J {.I} O~.IJ
4,,6'{v'~J.lJ-J Lf
Jv'.IJ' VIr.f.tJ.1.Lt.7. tfblJv' f i-Cf(j/J -:'T.l1._({'I/~<,_ v' Ji S;-:'i-L" £.1 .Itj~J-"--fi / ",:"..v~ £c-~Lv'f-:.IJ'Lff (?/U;~~''T.lt.c-v'eLf c- &)¢ c?- j .IJr LtJ.t.f i--:.::.:;;.~.R- -i-Lf-~ A -i- elf LpJ ~ a:&)}»J!. j .IJ~ c,\j "I.4'J-"e-f <,_ v' 'i-t!J&)t.v15cY..IJL tJ.t.tkJi.IJv' 'i-c.'tj f:)r r' Y»'{~ ~.It.~ L ~C ti-cC ~ 1/<,_V" VI; fd.~jov..f~'i-JtifA,! L ~ c.'tj JIJy'LL0{~ L v' VI Jbt / ~ iY'.IJ'V!;~ d.~j~.It.-J~''v!J"JtrJ.I,J.I,;{{.I} U)J~ £f -:.IJ~~j / --:~V'"" J ,,:,r J'T.lt.fJ" -:~ fu?- -V!~}J~' £.IJL&),;t~ Lv' -f-Jf'~J."J c/.7- r.f..I,J~ f i-J(.IJ~-~..pjr.f..! L,,:,r /~~J~.IJ'~~ / ~
165
~ »1 ,;y ,,)~I.cktt~ L £" (r j;) *"JL ,-:,r-~fr-v.L)P~,,)~_(,['TJjL I(J;"-L ~J 'y""1.&;_Ji J,1L~ ~"I.OJ;.. j;r ,,) ,) oj;f '.::J~ ~ 0» t.V' 'c.f"v .~,..': ~
;;'" J/,,) '''''L V' "- L...dv ~"U-v.r~"'J,,)':'YJJIf'J'(f I~ ~"I..Po-v.!"ui ~ ~llf"gvt &;_I j ~r.~~"I.fT -:;..I(.J V' ~ ~ Jf'L" "L.,J./J &;_I
,,~ &;_~ &;_L)~ LV» L,,;£ ~ ,,)~ IJ} ~Yo'V!L" ,~4.-tr L.::Jj ,,)0; ~v.V' &;_-iJV' -r-Jf~J'JP-'v.f JJ LV' &;_'{/ if.-v.!Lt:i.JiJ I&:!'jf~ &;_L)y»f ~J~I ~J( It',,J'o{(i ('i'lfJ~ IJ}Lf 4 If.::ell')If~ ~"I.&;_c)If''V! J""Jyt-:jTC!~ ..J~I(~C&;_JiJiJV'~-r-J!.f..tJVlfV''')'TC~~~ 1L);'-JIf~ -:'TC"J~
-r-Cj&;_Lir
•••••
166
":'JJI,J'.I.tf~fL";,,4.l[ff-=~~~o:.}b.lt'J',,;,,.I!=Jfry'Jff-~J!(Jf.fJ'A~ J;J'Vf~J'J;dLu~I;i.l'fO/JJLU~ft:=-~Jd-fV!...dLJUy!J.(.IVt;(f}f~.I!l[ff(cJfL":'JJI,.I(;t,...IV1v)J'O'(f}fO/,J.,~JfJ'l,o;~{U"'}l[ff-=Jfrt/-ftC..zL it:=-U",}o/'J.,t:=--iJJ'~~J~t,..(":,~?,,,,:",yILJ;J'V'J'.f-vt.7-= l'f-'7- ~ J;J'";,,.I!.::.c1/J',,;,,4.1D.lt'Lf,Lf r-P/o;~ J'";,,.It.fT- cC Ir t[=it:=-~cJf(J.M.Blaut)~t!-(-,-;-_V!::£dL(Eurcentrism)
_~~~'1vfL·?f~, _ ~1 ~ ~ ,
'~~~{b.lt'.I'f .::.c1/~.I!.I'f(;f..t;"1492u,,:",Cf'J'V'1492: The Debate on Colonalism,Eurocentrism and History. (1992)
d~vf-.E,,:",f./.f-~.If...,/(Jt,..r&,~~JjP!L~~.IJJ'_(/f~~.IJJ'_(/'-f-~~~v.1.;f.tf.l'fc?'t:=-v)o.li~'-AL~I;i.lf";".It.(tsi";f.lfJ=L/U,[~.I'f7-t'Irl[.d::_Ct,/L'T.lt.t:=-.I;r'-lU,[j i(ISi";f.lb=L/~.I'ff~"'u:?(i~uf.,-/,J=U,[.,'ft/.f~~I,.I,f(Centre)1/~/~J L 1492 ff",f~...tOvv.."'/'
167
_~J.GLfr-"~(Periphery)...AI.J',~'~fli.lJJ":-.lJ'li~.lJf~J/;t$.I,d~G-1492:-L/L(o_,f'-.fi..t.ljL(;'J;~_~LJf?-- ~ ;('/,],-;,4..lJ'J(ut.f~Jv'....6vLu}~u;!cJ'_£u'JJu'J.I..J)J(u;j';'.I'J~:-.lJ'li~~J(O'-.fiJ'(u;jo.l'J'~(cJ'.lJ'£~J''/LJ;o"~.lI_~..JJ~ I.f.~lft(u;j';'.I'J....L....r";( '/ .lJ'UJ/IJ,=-' ,=-', _ '/ I _ '/V- " y
,-/trLv'(j';.lJ,liL r~e'.lJ'J;G-...AI.)'~'i,;I.f...:-.lr'J'-../'-J.:;J}{UyJJG-'?fu!":-~?JU:'1.f.
14921.f.;:--~Lc,J/v"'Jfc,J/('-;'.I!I.f.~JG-.»!L1492'-;'.I!G-~Jc:l.fI[l~/J'IJ..lt'4'Lvl..f£f-I[IJ'.llJfr'L,,;~((;'Jj~G-'-;'.I!LUr.fJ.::.<:;Jf/~cJ'L(u;j';'.lIJ:-L/1h~~J'Y~£ /"'~';'.lIJ:-L/jLut(.f G-U}~'-/JJcJ'.lJ'~.p!Jlr-Y'JJL1492{.J~Lov 17JlJf:--1-'_~Jfli/.:;J}L.t,LLV'.lJ'~f~IvJJ)Jblf~I.f.Uj.~L'-;'.I!L(u;j';'.I'J~L/G-)l7/V'-VJft,J/;J.-(L~":-~J~r;luj.L~'.lJ'...AI.)'O'JiIrLfJI.h'.lJ ~Jz...LqJj.lJ'J;Lfli.lI.Z;''''{~JL,-;,.lt.~G-.p!Lv"J;roJt,./- J;.lJ,k"JfJ....;-.Jt;:--(~,.»!Lv'_~
-'f-O.llr~c,rJ;J',t,. /.1'-;'.lt.I.f.-1-"LJ~'Lv'.I"~~.lJJ'_[/'f J./.;/o"l.f.v'
-'f- !<:JJ!,J.If 1.f...:-,tLJi;;;i';-'-.!" t!_'JfC,J/.lJ'...AI.)'G-j;~J'o1'-;'.I!~G-1492f'f-.lb1'G-":-~V'~-1
168
C),jl.::J j{ LfJ;~IrJ~-t.Af'.I"";'."J:,L/{...uvL~Ic:C1r~()''';.I,',''v.!::)1J;~~J..~L''''.)I'~I'';''.It(JJJ/(~()i";.I,II~jJ,I.I"~}J"::;U,,,,~J/v~Lvtff-
-!~~~.~JJ?'(()''';.I,'ti~'''_,J .l.Ylt~~;t:...J.,Jj,J-.It"Vl.l,'!,IfI{.I}LJ',J-.It"...fI(;I.j}/ -2~ J (lSi ..;i.h:L/ -Vl.~Ir lSi..;1.lIJ:,L/.1,,/";,,.It.Lc/-.1'f;t"J1~uj.,fJiv~vt:. ~,~t:f-1-ti/IJ;JJ...fIJl,ffi~r'-fi(~Jvlv!";".It,JJ10.liJ'A~,,,v'/~.It..J/2...L(~IL(ISi";'.I'J:,L/~~Lvl_ti__:.,!{(i~J>'(1Si..;1.lIJ:,L/~~L1492iLIrti.'JI..LP_~J10.1')'(;I.j;/
-'f-J?Y'._f~Iv!~~~'f-(;,.j;Vr'...fl(J.'VJW--ILU5.1i~~)cf.r/-~>'~U{,Ail17.1'116 -3~v.!~{.I}J'1~vl._f~I_tJ,..pIZ(:,L/vit~..?JJ
_~rf~ -
~I; 1l',.1.1'?'f- t"f..JO:;I~;;Ji)L u,v;LU:I,.I~~ -4
Lvi/(ISiLo.lIJ:,L/~.It.1' v.r ;£.I~{VlPLJur{)i_~ J7!.1-c:}IrL vl.1'?::r-r tf JlP~/~ JJ.I.tl!.I-~J 1.S.lIJ:,L/~(;1Jj~"l.I)lf~!.I- ";".IijLIr I.(JthC),j.1'?,~t.IPtIJJ'i~J..~LVl_Ljv.!v!J?JJ'J/,- -~ 1492/'t.lPv'_~C)~.IJL_u;iIlJ'.IiL_.IJ.IJI_.IJL,-. ,,~ ,,~'v.t2{J/UJ,Jj~u;iIJ"f'~~Lvl_'f-c:Clrll.'J¥.'.lJ
169
LfJ.lt'v!'-/'J..::...>/...fi~.IiiLIrL[J4:=-Ji..J,jivll..tpv!'-;lrL~.It.~..::...1492ff-~_IJ1viJIJv!;'·v!('i~'-.I{J.-¥::,j2,J'(j.lr.l,}'J.-¥v!rUiiJ.I','~Jj~J'(Uii";I.lIJ::L/v!"f:;.It'J'~.I[.~I..tp-J'(j.lJllv!Jf'I~--&IL "T'.I[.~ -v!z: r2..v}jLdL.J;I if- t'1rL[J/";;_',j2,oj.,t/'I '(tJ,J'v! ~.It..I,'J',) '(()IJj~,.j:tJ}l}wJ~JJ'..:J.Y'i-'LJIl ?-.Iv!,-/IJJ,.AI::ff-::I).I,/J' l:)I~J
-f-~.I,}'J'~Jv!)~ ~/J.-¥f~,v.t LJ'..::->I;,)I~IJ:.I'.ILtJr.f V1LJIl,-/...::...l)l.crJjt'l:)ILr,;~"::"'.I}c./r,;-f-t'hJ;J'Ji,.J;;ivl~t!-f-~';/Ir'(,J(yvlL"f:;.It'v!,M('J_I)r/;I);~./ ..#J.)I'~I........IJ' ~..::...1492_r:J,'- J:jL~;J- ... y .. 'Y _ /'
'(vl,~v.1~·JvJ/v! J;J.l~L 1492L~JJ'Ji~"::'"~.It.f~L 14922...vll)frV- --&I'(b.lt'J'~J()I~,J/,.(IJIl::~L ~ L 1492:: ~ -t:;- f ~J v.ilj (Cause).o?J/vl....f.o;..,1..::...
.:»'(~JJIP,J'(;)I'f- J:.Jv.1~I'J1)J//~,Vil:)I~J' "f:;.It'tJI..Y,j2~v!?i{.I}J1'"::,,,V)I).I{'(J!f'f-Jr..::...~~j.l,'JVJl:)I~17J r"j'...:;JI.I'....fLL)JI..Y"j'.'-'J'~I;'~c)II) ;~J' ........1[._~ t)., ,-L:: i ~..::...I.I"I)I/I[ vitr'1l) ;~J'vl..::...~Ir J!,j'~f f-
-I/~J'r-?~.r.'(J.-¥vl~ .IjL J!f f-Jr..Yv!JI.J;J!/.JI.YL.:!'v!b.lt'
170
~Yv..YJ-I(j)Yll)!,- }trL 'y")!.l)! t!JI:)Jjr.f'T- t'Yl,;f.tfYl/{)~l)! ty')!.r.f'T-cClrtJ.:J/~t\r.)l:)fL~~..t(.:;.....»!L
_ (" ~ . ~ _0; r; )' ,( ""~ a 'A -,t£_&:-)/v "'I:I-;I)T U,...,.4.f'J)Jf(,)U')41.%VJ1f UJt'~-t£_&:-), T _ J 'I' ,
)JJ'v! ..::/JJw,fJfJ;LrJffr.v!(j) ru\,tijJ).tfl)! Yl.---yJ1,!-~)D)~l)!vf,I(j)Ylc-t.)rf)~Jf~ffr.~)Ijc-t.)l~L;f)J~,ft.).J..&?l:Jf~_'i-~~I;,I)!C?-,J.)t'I:JlP(Lil:Jf_I(j.lYlJ;.:;....u.J..&?~ffli~(vf\'li~~(vf)Jf\'li~)Yl~I)!,t$)fLl.:;....fir J:....r:,_LIr1Jk.lfJf~(1Jijl)!,-}trL 'y".I!.c-~,fJf/)'fJ.!)Yll)! 'Y')!...J/~ u~...rJt$)f:,fcClrt/ vi:, ~ JYl.iI.---L'Y')!...J/~f 'f-cClrt/{ J~,fd-f v.rJ"Jt;lf-fl)! D)t'\'v!-'f-cClr tJ.:J~I;f'Jl)!J="~LJ:. ...rvfl)!ty')!-~~)YlviL5il)!vf'i:..'f-)Ylfi~.:;....vfr.fi:..~\Jf"~1J""'~~(J:....r,fty')!.Ir~J!JfY:,~v! vi~~r.,,f J:....r{);'j,).tfl)! D.lt',fty'.I!.2-fi:..~f./flf./u}~fLl:)fii:..&:-)Yl11a:_.II ~\Jf,r.f&:- cC- " ' /. Y ,,- ,
\'L'f-)Yl:,{u~
~/JI)!D)t',f'Y')!.fLIr~~~:,ff-((~~:,J"'ffi\'1)!.»!~~c-1492'fYl;"i(d ..&?Jt$)f./
- 'Y - y
:"'f-~)L rc-~l)!)'JfiLD)t'~c-1492ty'.I!fji,.J;;i:,~~f')~.Illitr.t? c-D)t')'f'f-~d-""""..fi(j,~YJ~tJ~'-)~'f- t'1rt/ji..Jzji(~~~)!..:;....f''f-Jr.Y.iI.---L Jif:, l)! l:Jf-J.!''f- JYl,j. fJ!b)t',f rJf),f'f-J;~~ (DifTusionism)J ~
171
fJ"~()vl)'_ri,,}.!PJ()"~VI-V!t,,,j~.=A/'LVlJ2tJ!;4::-V,,jlk"~~u,,.(,t$,,'L(ISi";'''b=L/~'T4...t.ljLif-V!"-j~"JJh/I:LfI:JV1-J~~J'Lr;'..ft;ILv~
_LIrtJ.'J'''t'.fJ4t'T''i/'ti,,'L.1fT-"J'lF~= -I
V1fr.fT-..?!.:,,}J'''.t'''''':'!''r'(J;~.lLv'.I'''T''i. -2
':"b~'Lif-f'i-"?.,cJ.""'i-~(tf.t;J",,,,ciJ,/tre.:;,JIP~':"b~'~'(&.;~U"&>l--T-r':"b~'=)~~~
-z.Jt:J'~""..:;,,?JYJYc:/tr~ "i..i..f.{cJ'fIrJv1~'J J;J.l V~~4::-'T"i. -3
-Z..I~(U.t~',,,,,,by."
4::-cf.4::-.-?-'J':"'/t'~"i~,j'i-J"J;J/~..Jv~"i.i)i-4~~U;'~'.,J."~'T"i':"b~'r.!.L";I.tI/I..JV=
-JJ.~,- /trLU,(l",'4::--?JJ~'"t.f'~"L"':"I/'r.~~"JLu;'~.li/.""'T"i-5J2_L" /e.-~"i..i4::-UJ"";;"JI.:"jJ~L4::-~ Jif-L"L,,/e.-4::-~Itf-'T"iJI.2...':"I/I~"i.LU}~"i.iUlf.I)'_zJ(jJf,,,j""~"("(·JJlrjJ(~v'~£r.~L.t4::-~'''J'-ti4::-UJ/trL"'-~JI!.t;~~.i.!.tLlfi':fk,;}v!f~'i-(Ji.l(Core)()~.:.::?J'T"tfT-"~~~=4::-VI
-V!'i-"L.Jf'-;t,',.tK4::-(j,;;.,..JV'-/JJ~r;-JV''-/,JeT- t'h~1'T"i.f'i- cCIrjJ~;-=4::-Vlll;
172
~{.t/""-V! ~{r ~L"",- /,hf-I>%~ T";".Itev.rLf~PfJ~v(:.I"7-U:~~~.:;Jj{...JV~4./.f";".Itu.l~J~~JJfJ;v!(')';~~4./-~~c£l;'IJJJ;I.I,'tfL";".Itf7-U:~'7-t'1r~..JIlvv!(/,.IJ/'l; J'.I.tILVI/b.lt'J";".It~J2+L iJi~IJL:-iv!vl.if- t'1rLl~fJ" ,ci'LLv'.l"~ ;~L VIf/.l.lrJ-.It'JJI,"'(/J~dL~.JiL~~L~';'~4.f_V!f7-~(vl.iLIr~fr-"IJi,J;;iL',..t/vILb.lt'fi+t'r~J~-7-.IJJ~J'LJ .J(.I"Jrzu/v! (,)'.,,(.I"(,))~~Jfi~L""olfb.lt'JJJcJ,jJ"i".It_V!{<"L1/.i!ff-J~v~.It/'L (,),fl,c...~ VIL (,)}.I".d-fJ:! a:vLc...t'1-LlJ~ l:i,J;;i, ., ,." 'r r'.I}.:,~.J.~..JV~/JJ(";".It.l,'LlJv?£fi~L"i".It.~J.J:?-.,.iVlLf~b.lt'JJJcJ,ji.l"'~.It~J!(:.,r_f-~J..~{.I"£.~JL(,)}.I".L.I'J,_j;£fr.VlL JJJ!JJv!(/,.IJ~JJ~v1tdL&/-Lrz;~~ /,JC-c!.f VIL!liJ'='JiL',~~L'{",!Jb.lt' .iLIrLlJ1lJ'VlLf~~J~.(.(J...,j'.I,,·j,r.L~"~,f VlLf~~~tf-i.l"'IJ.i!".L(:.,iJ"rJ~tf-":,,,,'~;OI,..t/.I".1"7-JrzJ;(,)~,(,)rzJ~r.,tf-v1Ul(.-f-{(,)/,I~.It.lI.."'.IIJ(J;
-f-l>zLr.;~(,)~"Vl Lrz-fAtJ'J-.It'uv1Ul(.1ft[v!~JiLJ~f~'f-J;t.,~;J!~v'u.l~u/uJ;J ~Jd L ~,;, ,;-'L J~L~';' J",.I,tf J"i".It.f7-(,){V'J-JrzJ;J~.It~~Jd-fu!Jf!'Jj.I.,t1-.I".Ji,.;V!
173
,"""=~LJ~~,"",,IJI'7-'rt( J;~~(vl.lJ".w.1'li.l"';=~LJf{f"l!/4::.-I'J'i-t"f';:'JVuJ~I"';(Vlfi-=JiJ}Ji4::.-C!)vl.l"';='V:,,!cL r/~;;ufT-,.)!,i (Vi~='JI'(1d-.1'~ jJ.!f~I~cJl.1'LLfcJ?-=Q.I!fl";I~1/I{V;Z;=J~4::.-LrL~L_J-V~~V~'i-'Lv,flfJJJ(L'~dl-7-''Y'.I!to? (V'I7-'J"J:.~J!r.~~ JQ.I!/-f lit"1r~J~J,,:,,"'r.,~LvlT-l{~'~"~~rcl.z·£r. L.AI.I"~L-7-'t"Irtt'r-?~v?,-!cIJJJLcJl.I,'.;:,I/IJ~I.I,'~L"i'.I!
c1{u~';:'~.I,'~J"i'.I!J~Ju.l'?J'~Y.Q4:·':::;'V'LJ';cJJj L ~f cl~JJ-I.;1J1j:.1J "i'.I!=.1'T- t"1r~J~-T~LfJ.~/'-;lrL"i'.I!L~"tfvl.l"~JiJir~"tf~"i'.I!JcJ'~~_uJJ!3(jL'Y'.I!JIJ!I':;'>'v~~4::.-v)v,-uJJ.J,
_li~(v?t.V~J'u~,;:,~t/1£Jt:;JL=JiL"J~/"i'.I!~~.I"J",cJJjJ",:"I_(.(~-7-' t/~fr-?t(j'4::.-'~",vtu.I~,'J/v!..!~Lvl'T.I"'T-fIrJ~j.;':::;,VI{U.I'?o'icJ!"L'rc/..fiLLr~~~fJ('vl?)i-",;o.l'?JJyJ£(...f~'T-cClr~i.v)O.l{O'';U.lb=L#~.I"~4::.-1492v!"i'.I!L v?f vtlJ:t. .I~JJ~.I,'O.lIJ=L/T-I[l{v!O.l'?,"""iPT-~..J~v!'-AL'CI,/L,:::;,v'J:.~,clJ'~{.I"'vL..(v!""'vLY-I.I,'j..iI'''i'.I!'~.e-'!~~jL.",,~f.::)~.lJr..{/ILv~.I!~fJr{,..J,/vl.l"
174
-OJJt,j.l"~ Jd....{i/",;,.ItJ'LVlJJf"..e:,Jr;,~,JIJh~'~·~;f'~.Il7.fVI"':(..I~,'o/,J.,IJfLVlJ2J'~ .::.-f.1"';'.ItJI~ Ovv..Jf/ f'f- tf(;)",dL£ d:---VIr.f£.Jv'·':,£.;£IrL~IrJO.lb:,L/~'r.f£.J1,Jv,:,j'Jf(iJJ,i"i.l.J!~"';'.It~J~~c:f-.£.J'l,otl.....uv'-/JJ0;Z~ rlSi";'.Ib:,L/~~Jv"Jfv1~u},- /,Jr.fliJ'v.'~
_li~Jf~';~~~U;;,~ ~.I"JJfJ;..;vLJV'·~Jf.Jt;(r;'Jj~~ u~,;-JL"';'.ItdLo.l~o/'J~Jvl.li~J,G{~I,/"';'.Il.fb:.•.tK/'-;~Lr;IJj~f~~(.Jt;vILh,jl'-.IIJILr;IJj~L~~r.'cJllirg."r .J'u~~
-v..~v..J~JrlSi";'.I'J:-L/lS'..;vLV'.I"'~JfcJlJf'~~~lr,JJ;.I"",:,,=.li.l"..:.c-t..lf~l'~.It~O.l.t1o.dJ/f->.-t!JI,J..:.c-!-!.I"";I,.I",.,~J:t;.LvtA.v?v1. ...~{cJ,tfJ:!{u},- /JJ("';'.II.J";;_£.v1J'I:,~l'L.....uv~,r.v1tLV"IJfI~l'(cJ'{J~Jc!~£JlI,,:,(),JlcJ'.I"tf
-'Jfc".I(cJ'/J!;.JcJ,e:~\' .. ..'Jf.l~I~o;-!J.lt'J"';'.Il.df(Jfv.')"'''J/(ovv..,..i,~/"';'.It Lu.,fLVI ",:,,=j":"CjLJ~VlJ!}b.l"~Lf..xU'"Jv?·~J~lrlSio.l,,'~J~~~'-r"Lv?fiJ.llj":"C;.;o:.,{rISiLJ~i/u/,JLI?-I2_vlli~I?-LliJrLo)J(VI~r'L?J Jlr.flit'}tf......,)!>upu,cJ1v1tLvLlit'}tf......,j!roo I 'I' 'I' 'I' \'
175
.r.fli(1W(..:.-I.I~I.IJI-::lU.~I--&,=,_~j;j fJLJ~u:j~.1,1Ct.l'"tJ'-~;£.IJi,y~~,J'I)!~vl.le(-~...;C1~~~.IJlP!.r.f'T-~ (i'e'=,,~Ji,-f;. ~..:.-I)~JlP!Jfl)!U';lrcJl~-?,~ I.!JJ;I)!ufi~.I{l- ~ j;~vl_'T-t'(p.}:L;fJ;1)! o.l,1if;L'~.III)!(IW";IJI)=,L/~(;IJJ~(.Si";.I,I,'.t1v:iIliJIJfl)!k./JJ~,JJ;=,f'T-,I..;l.t.lI,'~~j,ljl.l';;VI..:.-)Jv!...dll~'}-'.t1J.YLO)J(vlfJ.t12..v,~~(,J-y'.Ii-7-t'Ir.t1..v~(··!·,,~~e'.1I~ V-~.I" b.lt'r!';;,J-y'.IiV-vlf 'T-=,O.l,/,JoJ,1vu;...;C1~~v-)~vl(~j~.Ii";.I"'T-~i JfcJk".I)LJ;fiJ',L.t1
_~lfV, --,J-y'JiJlf~J~vl.~~Lu""d' ~LLI,L ;v!~,J-y'.Iie,~-?'v"LIrtJ.:')..;~',J;;iL":;'~.YL~Jhfi,Jlfo;.t.f'T-,J(.Si;:'6,JvIL;;v!eJ,-vf,-,,,;,":",'.r.el})~(PLJ;
_'f-cClrl£{t--&,f...dlI;;L~jl.l"~I'-y'.Iil)!ovv..t1L(;IJh:!e}lr(v?f~JiL.J/~'f'T-J!.),J;)(,ldLJ?v! -y'.IiL JJeJ'}~-?,vl.l"i:. ;£.I~; J~i.,~{;:?,j'L.I"..J/V--y'.IiJ/J~f'f-,J(.Si;:'6L;;v!eJl_J.t1J;,J(.~_'.Yi~(JI,;L( ;IJ j':!=,.I,,~)lIfo)~;L....t.JlP!eJ~.I)LjJ~).t1~ a:vl_t[ cf.JIK;L/YJ"L.t1,":",~(eJt/v! ....t.vl\;;IL;jJvJj,:!v!;:!JI..J/-o)v.!-?iJf..J),J ..:.-bl{..IL U,(,4-OJ-h))r!'iui!/Lv'-f-J(.;J,/L eJleJth"lhJI}.t.JJ)
176
It} t.:!-J"~"'~ Ll.:I-fc,.I,?".I'I£~~~.II"~fr. cJLft.:!-JjAf£I'I~.I,It.:!-JfL.t'U,f."",I-:2_""'lil:"J1'C:.J_;'lrv!M_(~t.:!-t.~J.:!'II.lPv:.Jt,jIO.lIJ-:L/.I,'v:.f ':;"IJIt:.'~J.,lrf."f ~'(.;)""1,,,,-£ ~ ~ (.),,:~LO.lIJ-:L/(YoumenTenant)~~~,~JlPh:JLf(~I_(J{'J1'r:,;'.III).IIJ-:L/:ff-~IrL(~:J!_6vt~J.:/Jlff-~~0.1~'(.;)",I/I).I'!""tJ'/rf~LJ.h.lIL cJl~"~ (.)'f(Wi";I.I"~L/_£vd...t LL t.:!-JdLf15.1"14.:;.,"tr-IJ'J.,lIf'(.;)",,-~LtJw~Jf";f-I/.I~J?L
-v.?JJ1'~p!LI{-L(.)t.vff:oJJ!J-:L(M. Weber)~'~ ~'-.I~LI) ;~J''T'.It.~'T'.It.'-/JJ,vdJ:.(I}IO/JJ?'f--:,~(~v!(I}I~.Jf.jiJ,'oJcJ1.lJJL..:YJt.L/.Ir~...tv~ .I{).f ~ ,tJ{Jlflr J(WiJ J,1
-JJ1.::Jj"(.),/JJJ:.LfJ;/'T'.It.~~tJlt}JIr"i".I!.I,'...tv£L~jl,~I¥.~ 1492ff-J~..vI(~~tJ~IrL(~2.."'I,tJ~.I/.I(Wi";I.II)~L/.I,'tJ,~Jr"(JIJJ~~r:,;,.1L"i".I! ff- if (~~_'..t1 ",:",k-"(J:.'T'.I!J/(lJij";I.lIJ~L/ff.tJ;"'rleJ~-f-J(...J'-I(e'.ljL"".I"~{,,,'.,:.j~.IJJ'-&>'~
-f-.I(,/...t vL~jl'~I~if.~,-:"}L",,~,, .I}J~0_(J{ ~":;'~.IJ2_",,~j'L (.)5.11.
"ij,,,,'.:;.,~~~ji~ Jly (J?(.~J.,l(f,~?"iJ,IOJ....fU(f. ";.1'roj.~J:. JJcJ,}JJ.I,'J..j"jt:--,..cz'",:",.I-u?J!~(,}'tJ/'J
177
_~LIr~(.)}L;I~J~'J2...L,:;,~~"~Lf/.:;,~.,~JvIL ..,.~iJI~~J..:.!{V'~"~1~JJ_(/1~J(.),.R~O\i.-J"~(.)}(J.:;,~.,(.),,,_~J~I/cJILfJ'''(.)r"".e.r_Jlf~~cJIJiJ(iJZ~..lJ.)I~Lv'~J~I/u~'J.r'J;L ..,.~if~1•.tIi~vl_~fr:r.t!,,'Lf~/uJ~r~IL~~!
_J,IJ;:IJ'(;I~"/2...LJ;J'V'~,'~~J(ISi";I~b=L~J'
•••••
178
.Jc',rJ;r.v! (I789)":"'t¢'LJ,j~ .::..d~,J"b.lt'~j\j?(f,~C1(f..c'..c.;v'~~J'if.f-~";"'~JJlt'2...Luj,J'"J}v!~J~,JJ~'''(}~''...flfJ,j_V!t.S',JIr'/~vLf;/(j,J''_(£'f-..pI%'f-~-4....f1715~ 1643~f 4(if.(XIV)rJ,J~,,?)i-y!.v!~,JY"J'(}~ ...fl';,J}rjrJ.lJ,JIrJIf'r-J'jv!4v',-}Ir,J,'!I5J'v-/- r-J'v'j' f- ~,JJ=~'-ALJ;JIrJ'v'~LY,Jc!-v!.I~,JJ~'LrJ,J~J,I-~Jj~cJk",JJLt-r'CjJ/-'v!'-/JJL~4.~v"I5J.::.::??!.~J~~1/Lv',JJ,,~tfvI;!J,JfL,r Lf ~J (Versailles)Jv,JJLu,f',J,'L.J1 /~4fUt/
_~J~Jllf'fu',J~.JJ~I,-"J,j..J/..;Lif.f'T-(,,:",~,~j";;IJrtyJJ.»!Lv'(u~,l(.'JcJ'LJ,j'-'.I",~2...v'_~Ji'.JLfJ.J(/-r'4.'-..I{Lf;?(f~vL v,f'T- t'/ L.:,~ J'I.J1Lb,Jt'uk;- t'f~u".L ~ ~ _t¢,"::':;?,JJ-V1LI, ~ 2!~.»!t:.~,-j",JJ I,,.. _. 'I' .. ..
v!ovv..,rA)'..('['f-O.lJ?Jl?,2...L;£f'-r'Ifii"b,Jt"JJ'j(~\l.-&f J;JIrJ vl'IijJ}.I"~';-r',J!(J,j.; J}J'ij,JJ'rjrJ
179
-tJJd ~J j..{lfJI) fJL JI/C)I_!(f;-?.lJL Vl->.2-Vi ,VIhJJA .u-c.r. ...f.:,L;...(Ifb.lt'. - - -~""~A"'J~Jt~r,J..Jt't:::-~J'vlitf~I..&!Jifu~~~/JJj,_.;.( (AnnaIe)Jtr~Jljfi.Jf~$.I~(JJ)Lb.lt'uk---V:rf,.f (EventsHistory)"b.Jt'J'~r.;;I,,·,ffb.lt'uk--Lu/;L~bJI":;'~'~hJL~I'~I.I~lfb.Jt'fJ'J-JJ'C)I_I.[Jt:::-~.ltPuh!..fr.~J',J..Jt'flit(~(C)LT-~.lJAf~~(JJ.JJ'~I.I,;"J~l:.]'-trrI:[J~)~L(LongDuration)';;I.lJJJ.",..vdtv.rJrul'-trr ~J.JJ; JJ~;{(Structure)dv~J..~LC)~..tb.lt'fu:.}b.lt'vl-trrj.Jf~ltJ~;fc.~~~;~~J..~L..:v~{.,.)LIJL,:L,_r.,tf"'-J~)~ 5JtJ~;f":,,tJ;1I~}.JJIJAt"4~
_~JJ.-t...f...,o%f~JJ~~~J.~L~IJJ'J,j...f,j.,; t:::-A/LxvJ;L (Collins Jones):.i.KJlf
A.J~~ LVI_T- tI' (TheGreatNation1~rj~'c:Jt~ b.lt'J,j":,, tJ;1lr.ftfC)~f~r.;;IJU~tJl.JJI,~~t:::-..,~,.,tb.lt'u~Lvl..f'[ T-tf~';t:::-('J.l1(yJ;~,'.&:ILvl_L ~ ~J,LjI~~.J~LJ;_lilJ1I:)]'({;/'I.lLd;JI:)t:-.lJIJ;Jlj~..ifvlJ.~L~f,fl'tJ.Jf..::,.rf.JJ;~·:rlil(J.T-.'LvlfT-t'''tL{,tJJtJ.I,,1r.J'..::..rt:-J~LvtfT-!..~}i-T--V~Y'?JJZ..v.~t::::f0Lr'I(vl~j;WIC)'Lvtt.....fi.JJI''.Ilf~C)V'I~u~vlJJ1JJ1(;JIL.t:-J~~-"'T-v1~JIt:::-.~~IS('i..tJlj"
180
"-~,{,,:,",fJi.l'I~L"".IJ'VI.l".I~.IJfrt".1fJ.I,)'2....L~J"~J~J"~J~~ VI~J~JJLif.£~.IJL J,I2....vl'L~JJ-?jvt;_Z-Lf}{L.1f(;tJ,Lvl,,/I,-x,-x,J'if'.lJle.lIJx..:.J?~A.lJ.,fli~Jfo;fJ::,{cJILvl~JjJ'L.I~JJJ;;-I/',/1JVJ'vl.»!L J!blJ'~LY'.I',,:,",bi.l"~ ~?Y'J"~J~ulf.'v.t.l
.s:?-A':/LlC..IJI.:="fJ~L./ ;,.1 ;;-IL 1.)1/0"tf-~,.{r ~it".1f::,~ D.lt"Lu,:;JIrLI,L I.»!LV' j,V';;tJilrL ft~vlf~L"".I,.£~.IJD.lt"J'cJ~'hJ~~J'vL/-~.Ilj~£~vl",.{~.1f,p-::,2....Oi,lISo~J~2....LLf~f..:.J?.I,"i,,,J.~J~Lif.-rJ'~~Lf~I:1.f~_-,fvl:!'.I~lyi,cf.I}.::.-f'4-I~.I~.IJ.1JI~(G"f~;{f~;{~I.I'Iv.fv_,..J'(..:.J?r:,';f~J..IPL'~J~;;;''/IL.1f(vlP!L J.:~ cf-'-v.ht;I(J.lIJt;,~ '~J~2....LL.I.Ilj~LV"~"!'}(J~-i"j'.I{".I,',"~ui,j~fv"Ji~iJW~1r-~JfrfcJttt;LJ.:Lf-..;t;.I"".1f,~,J~JI.I~'lf~~..t·
h.l,L XIVJ,I2....LV' j,l.1f~Ir (1.1'XVJ,I.,.->.2... 1.1'~~,J:!;"-+fi;:(,-f~l(bIJ;;-I.,fliO.f.,(VI_li~tJ~2...~.I"Llrth.llj~~V)Vlf':="L"".I.I"U'.IIJIJjJ',[_'T-t".1fJj_v.t~ J.I'-=<:Jt;f~''-.Ib'::,icL Ir~dJ.~~~.:=" fJl.,L.1f
J~~1~::,.1,Z-~4L xvJ,I,.{4Z- d4-'~fJl.,J''[
181
./J~" ~lJI.>L Lu,f'_liJ;r.),,/"/._r, '(u~-~ a:»y - -,
(~.fI":f~L(Diderot)JJ.~J~'-J~Lv'_",Jt~H~~,!;U,,,~J~,J(uzj...fl~"~'Jfvf.~~Jr.f~tfe~...ft/(v'~v,..,ft"'f-~nJ'(2_Lu,J)J"Lr~"L r((Lu/,l..,ft"~.;tt,;,oJ_~J~;?J(Lv'r.~/,JJ'Lft"uJf~~J"~/./._r,~i!..Lv'J,,,vf:L.:;,.,.;./J~J(.f:_'-J'ttft",J!~y.... .,-"., -./..::/.JP~~}oJ~,J~()'~~r2_v"~':/!.t;,Jo;V~
':'::;-fC,J·.t;v:'~JV,J'-J,;(l{'~"~0~Jrr.~('''IJf~)JJ¥>J'JL/(;'Lu~LXIVJ}r.J'O'Ju!f.J~cJV"~ J.~J~~'-;~ v.Lv'Jv,,,,~',£.v.i~{Lf~ •..c-'v'('.JPI.~J~J,J~,,J'~-4_;/.;J..f~J~lJ¥>2_v'_£.u!f.JLr2_L;LLtf{c:t-;~J,y.-::;-~b).J:,f/r:A;~'f"pJ",j,Jvf~1:'''O'JlJ~u;i'~urij..v....fI~v'2_v,,~~t,,;J''(J..fflivL.>'(v'/xvJiJv'..v.~f 'f-if'(~/,?-"(Jf~~ v.c:~':r~ t"1rV~?
_£'?L(Pampadouer)Jdy~(-~vYv'i''f-t"Jf()t,./cJ~J)L~~''J~-#:~j,'(-.J~.;~,f~v'oJ'f-t"JfJ,.z;"~}J~u,v~Lc1-fo~L~~'JJ(-.J~4-£_(-.J~ -~ JJf.::.1'l/OZ~cJf~Lhkif~)r. 2_Lb;lL'cJ~JJ'LJ"~t"IrVJ~f(bJt"2_Lb;lLu'JIJ'Lv'J"(uzj/...J.J"(}~ J'LL~ ~"JcJV~t"Jf~~'(if.'rt"1r'Jl'.,/d;
182
vlJ!,-:,I=f7-..::;u,.IJIJtlj.l,.jvl~cJl2..vl,~,,~r..r'~JJ;-Vlf JlJfhlJfLJ'L
;f.r.(Vfj\'vt~7-J"I,.:J}{~.I;f.t:-J~~f~iJf""=~j7-~c,.I""~.IJI'7-O'.I~)J'c,.I,...~S.t:-J~f~kJ.::;_b.lt"uj}JI.lJfcJl)lf~~J~{.I)1,J...It"2..Vf'7-jlr{'PL(f,.IJ'UJ.lr;..
_~ft.r.l~.IIr/~VfJ'Vf'7-~.I....6L((-,.jf.r.Lir kJvtL/.lhgl,.,:..tl~4'f 7-t".t1=.I(-i)~'J~ 1757_Tt"Ir~~f/~?2..L~v'-Vl LffJ"''':''~f'.1
.I,I,-f fJ/":"~I'.IJ'.;~.I""':"'l;",,:...o'~.1J/J,f ~ Lbc d.1}4'
.I".I;;bfl)=~(v,-S.t1":""'Lly2..Lvli,-fY'lj/cJLI'c(1_LrJ.?{(UiioJ.r."'.::;_v?~~l(';~.I'fLv.l,~cr~!r*
ifl.lIPI~J.~/-":fl[~'-ALct-;{~ILxvJ;VI'7-":,,ljJ"~J~~8/(~cJl,JtI,J.I"cJ}G"fl)=~(vl'f
_T_h~L":"J~=.IJI'7-tffJ"''':''fjJ'VI,tftr*Uii2..Y",,:...o'~~J~JJ'1760.lJf_ti~J.-tJrLO~cJf.lJJVIcf-'_:>/~f?lf~ ->.2..v,-tf,f i....fU/;,J.,tfI}Jv.i),A""£LJJ.. .~1777~_J.t1cJ(t,j1u!Vlj,fJ',y/J'£.I.1I}~{(tL,j;1
_1)u!cJif-LJ.~Jljj7-J.t1.,:..G,J' xvJ;V,.J.::;_~)~J{LU~vLV'.I",XVIJ"/cJlr ..ILJ.~VI _'h~(-:;.I"u:'JJL..:..rt;J~ftl~~(L;i.G"{~':-O~.I,f~vt~J" ~O';, J"~J~J,ftiJ~ (cJ,.J',[,LI, ~ •.t;.::;_ ·A'J
183
L';'L;rI-(~Ir~~J!U{v}if...tJjLv'i(LIrk''/~/~V'''~J~J,I":""6L4;;)IrJ,v",,f~ilL~cJ,jlJ~'vLd_.J:6~;:?:Lt;Iyl{~J~)J' 1780_L,f./;'i{;£J~~V'1,J'J)fi~~.}IrA"~Y'(j._ftL4fi,JLv'J;;bJ",CtJ)~oj
-J'PJ"'}J'J...A(~~J,'JIr'o~":,,,'r.~v"~~J~Lif-f~j":,,,t.G1'~1789~J,j~~J)lvcJ'Ji'v,;-'v)J'":",t.G1I;i,,f,,:,,,t.G1':,-~J./.Jt;(.}IrJ~vJ,'1tL6~J,fJrJLLIJ,Lv'vR,~j./Lo~~,J"0:t.Jvj
_oJ~Jf":""i),./'-J.:tJJ)k/~~JJ"'~J<~'(J}f7JI),....;.:;;;,'v,.}1r2_v"'f- t';il(.)'J'J'J"~~"J(-..J":,,,t.G1,..(_;;v,-J.,;,,t.J'v''-J'J''~~'JJ(jJJf.lf'';~:,'''';~fT-t'Jf~~,./lJ,•.tG~v'LJ,;,"J'J~JJ'Jrp'o~f~'~~.J,oJ~JJ''f-J(u~'/'Lv'-li~ j./LJ...A(r.":,,,t¢'vR-J./(u~/rt.t'
-'JfJ...Aj~j"Lv'~Ji'J~-" J)):IJ')..J/..;Lv,ft
(2)
vi{ J_?":,,,cro/JJ J" Lir ~ ~ ~ 4fiL "r'tGi, ~j(The Fall of the 'U'J;(~~J~~j"J' (Munro Price)
V'J"XVIJ;Lv'~..::;.:.'~~V'-T-J' French Monarchy)
":,,,t.G1,~~JJ' vJJ,,'/L(Marie Antoinette)dP'o/---"J'
&Jt'o~Lv'LJf ~/":"'C(_'f-J'cJ~&Jt'J'J,jLp!J"~~
184
(f,.JI'::"~'J.JJ'J,j'cJ,.,f7-0.J~''';IrJ'::''~V'.JJ''f-~b:.J/~'1~'cJ'.JJJL~JfJ'f l:~Jv'_tt,Yl (v! t;;.Jt"?ff-tfr tJJv!.JJ"~J~fJ~~Ll)r..JJf'£;£.JtJJ.J.JII'-cJf..t~O'~?h,jf]ctt,Yl((tv!l)~/~'''~'LIr~I}('-~~.JjLJ,J"J/.f.1,~~.,/ e(.;'::"'~(.J"'::"'~J~Ji~'-,J}.JJ'.J1L l)~JfJ'L l),(r
_~_'JJJ,-'JU}.J"'L'JL r.,f~J.hp"V)V'v1tLr.- JJ., If~~.JJ;";; ~L~ v! JJ.- 1.11 L J,{cJ'.JJJL 1822,- 1780L vl'v' 'f- v51j J' (de Bombelle)
~;7v!;i(.JrLcJ'..t~Lv'tJ./,j=-l)lffJl.JIJ/r'V!tJ.J(~I·~:'"_7-t1.Jv!~~L~;-rJJJ~H.,O'.J
.::,,~v,jC.JJf'~J~lff7-~l)'/J'Y'v'Lv'{J~JUjJl/(jcJl/.::"l:JiL.::"f~J~J~'J.J(-;'J~'LIr~h/.'-'::"JJI,£.f£.J~{J.~LcJ"U! it.lP,&v?Lv,\'.e:.,;-rt/~ v1tLh~1;/.G-'::"JJI,£..JJ'L}";f.:;.J?J~Y~'v!'::".J~J!~.JJ"~J~v'.JJ".e:..;-rt;J.;.J') '"l(UiiL'{v! '::".J~fl..4' ,£_ui~{L/
-Lf( rtfi'J'-'.J~JJ4(XIVJ)f£v!~/JLtf~I,J~JJ,jfT-Jf(tJJ=JdJ....fiv!JJ.-L~JfJ'~ 4/.f1.1'J,{ .e:LYlI;-JJ:;. J.L uA J,J(~.JJ'I~,jLcJc:Ji';'J.(uAtJvG-J,jfT-~JJ-J=.JJIf-~J.J,j..r....fi
_I){('I
O'I(/-u,jJv!d.J~'~J~ff-t"/JtfJ.::,,~Y"J,{
185
..:..>u"J~.,fI.,-I.Ji'vL,,/I,IJIZi-~';)J.JI1J"'JJlli..JV;Lu,pl)f)J/.:;.,"~fS.~)~LuJPI)L,,/I.IJI~~~fi=-I;{L.tfLf~ ", i'L~ dJ; Y{'u?uEff.tfJ,f..,~~J if.JJf,~)·_,i_.:;.,G~IJ!C)~J)LuJPIiL,,/IJJI'Zi-~JJI.~)~fi=-t".tf.;I.t1C)I(o~)~f0~I"J~IL.:;.,J)"cf-!Iiv1..JV;LuJPI)JI.f.~)~
_' ~~tLi.IV~, .,.,v:!JJJ/uJlJjflil(vi:,f.L1.fi=-t"h..J;J!J"f"l,{'r~~4.t;L.U.tff}fC)f""'=....[J:/L"f_J~( ..q;J;;'f-(j
-v! v.rJ~J~.2~fJJIv!I)lJJ5..JV;L1.r.fJ.! r,I v1-::;u,,JLf ~ 4.t"f;;li~ j~ ;"~J~J.IlvLJ{'~'?--/J.tfI);~k4.tuML"t/./J.tfJt4.tu'JIJIL1."f~I)J)l(.JJf.:;.,f.1.Lu.t(I;;';),:;"YLfY/U;J)C)IL~;J.v;j1
_I)fJ }./':;"Y.Ji'vL.:;.,IJlVf ,-I~ J,",1,-ZIJIt;..£L.}- .,.;t;~XVIJj,(Y'(C)f,~)f.Jt;'(C)f.tt;I)l~rli~jL",:"v;jl
{'l.J".~)~_I)lJ'.t;~}';/-,JY,J~,H..J/'k'/~~,J ';J~I)l4.t~#{"~J~_v.rJIrJ4.t.:;.,f~J~)",:"fJ!.:;.,~J"f'k"~~~#r.
rj).J~'("'f~);;Y/~.i."fLJi;(k"~~{'';J'';~..::,..-''~JC)1,i_.?""::;J"fcl-iJI721;;J.tfJ,,4.t,J.,J.rLly~_.tf~JjL'-ALJ;tJr~~L286'~J~"4.t;YL,:;,,YLlyL361~4.tJ.!$.{',fylfL,,'f{' J,/",.f,4.t'-A L.:;.,YLfyL 46,4.t....fiJ.a!'(.:;.,YLfy,;.,,}~"':"~"'_,JJ.;~.i.,J~LfyL2,LIr
186
_'If/.,!;''y
v1~}t;I),iJ/..JJJiLvlil/~lJf,.,.jp~{~PII).4LJ;v..JJJiL~~J{VILt.J?-I/I(JJ/t.JlfI/41 r:f-,c/.{vlv!'-ALt.J~VJ,,!;:;J,.fvltJJi'vLvl_t£..t~~Lljl_,fI)}~YLlytf&:.-I;:0}t,.liJ"'Lvl~;'_I!L~~Lljl"fLv'_l/~tlLlhIYV!O;(Y&:.-I,!o..}ly&:.-It.Jl(.f...fJI
_r..fJ}JivL~'.7./~Y...fi>',.fvIJ,'(~}f(lruzju.I'JLJljL;;~vIL~~AJt'IL~J,r.J"'~~J~,~/ffJ'LfLif."lft,.'}J'J~1¢1v1lruzju.I'J&:'-'A'JLvl(JfJ...fr.I)!1-"L~tPil;:~}Jtp,~
-kJLf
•••••
187
J/.;{tJ,.~tc(.I/u"'LJ'u},JJ/c-~'.LU?U,uzr../.~Jv1t,JJ,.e;~JL,J~/Jl"JJLLtJ,.l/>!{t)i~LtJf-'J..::/'2:--J.I'i~Jf:/Ir'..:..-'.IJ/..:"V';;'tJf~,. thr../.JJJ'i-f~.I;LJ.&iJj!f~~J=;'r.(JJ,1V'tJff_'df.l~(.If"';'J~'L(;IJ_.c:I.L"J~'~UJI; rJtJ'i.v~u tltJ7.IiC-tJ'('t;,J,z.~1rJ(ICtJJ/L...,j',~'~LUPU,Of-!J(lfyL.:)U,J_.c:Ir..Ii~jif.fctic?ltl(~(;'J_.c:'i.LtJ'V-(r":"~J~r}~Ir../.u}1r;'J_.c:fr../..IJJJf..&;'i.vLZ.?rtl-c":,,lr4('}'tJ'''~.I;LJ.::c!I),r.ftit'lrv.J'v.'~C-'{.Ij1Jjj;'.IJ,.tit'Ir~{.Ij1~.I"J).r../.,;",Jtr../.ui~JJ, 1930.lJ'"1920'JI'i-i. LJ~'l.IJJi~fJrJ.J(.:),v'r../.(,rLV'_LLf~lrJv'J!~"...I,'(;'J_.c:'Lu£io~tJ,j·""~J;u!-iJuJ'j;r../.":"!J~;;-t~$,JJ~Lv'r../. ~JJ, 1940'l/c,~'J~LJL41LV'
-!ril'",Jj1uJVr'.Io~LtJlj'''''J,;r'':''~J~;}.AiL(-'.....t.U/JJ~tfC,GJ",LUPU,J_.c:,,"".,?JJif..l//1r'/U.t:,jJ(;,J_C:,L
188
.1)cf./!5i~ ((;IJ~IO}U,.t.f ~JJJbL (' "".I"~Jft,,;,fL rU~,;-I~u..tJ}LU}L':-~J~r;.I".I)~LJ~,~tJJ-"[P_L~}l'j;I?~~J,'L(;IJ__C:ILv}J~u}U..t-OJ.:-/JL".fI/~tJ,·0~rflrv:1tL~u,.tJI~"".£C)I,v;/l,-:"jJI7.h}J}'.L ur~J,f ~tJ,J"ciJ~,~LlrL~u,.t L C)uJ...o~
- •.i'~J~~lP,f~u,.tLC)1'''YlU~IY..tuk-?u~LvJ.JlJr},.P!LUJlJr,j2C)t>/I,jvJJIuie/ rJ,j.~J~I ((I' ';-, ~ ),-",f.LU}I/';~JIrAJ~~(;IJ~I~~,fJI'C)I,thLJJ/..::..t:.JJ?LU?;
_~L.f /1r'/uJkcfJJ';-'JJI.t" r~IJ~;l.tl~J (FrnnkFuredi)J~JU~ALJI.JV'Lr;IJ...c:1(TheNewIdeologyofImperialism)·jJ.}t.Jir~~J(;IJ...c:I"
-i-,-:"I)(il-&l
J...c:IJ>I~JVlf7jYl'J~hJI~J:~VI~IJ,-:,,1) ViJ..1..-V'-7~J.f?lnJJ,,'{u}L~Ju~,.fJJi'vL~u..tJI'(;1e~l)!,1994f?(1)! ,-:,,1)Vll5'JC)ei,fvl,v.tl5'JIrOJ':-~?J?1)!
-~jJ,~JYl, ,
LJJ)J).~fcIYl~r;Ij!L':-~J~r;J.~~((;IJ...c:1
~J.f.;?/U~j,f':-~J~r;Lr;lj!vl-"Yl(;J;~JJUJI;r...JU;UJJ?IJ~Jj._~fJ~;I.tIJV-/~U.,fvIJJI(;IJ~ILv.ilJJI
189
/..;:.,jJ'r;'~,f(j.J,f"/J'C)'t.tV',tJ.:J~;'.t'if.IrJt.,;iI.l'LJ''Y'.JI.=Ji(r;'~-fI/t{2_I.I'_v.:f.::.r.~.J,I(;,J...c:'J..~.J,'J).J!r;,cf=(V'2_I.I",.....JJ,;;~J;....&'".II.J'~,,......J"'~.I", Jlir;' f-(C)'2_ v' V!•.tLv:";:"~J~ur:~ ',.....J~J,.Jrj,,;:,,'Go!JtJVLu?'.J,J£fI/~J=JjJ..v'~I.I'_T-.I~(u~'J''Y'.JI.{.J'''J~~.J'''u~~J'~;~J'v,.J.',J.rrv1~..:''J'u{t.tUf. •.tLV:='f-=.f (.;~C)v....&'r;' ft_,..... (j.l~G-Lr;'J..6'J-'L'Y'.JI.J'~.J;L~JI.I'-"""~.rrv1~~(
_~Jfr/~'J'v'f~',,~J'cP j~,',rf,,f/..;:.,~~(~G-~ ~Ir .1,'....&'/(;'J..6'~.J1. t.tJ, /~ /,J....&',)2U;:'.Ir~ J'u pu,J''Y'.JI.L ...$.1.1'jJ,,-j' (-' -$.~:' _,_t1(;.tlr-
. : ( '"t.t";:"~J~r;~'f'.rrA=u:1I~v'-~U;"r'IL";:"~J~ r;/tf"',.I,'o.r.J,'oJr~~..:"J'if.fJLIr.rr,:;;,'J'u£itJ}JtJVLC)'~"J r~..:"J'...$.V'r. J..4(":I,'....&'-(Lir _t1_.(~ ( JJ lJ~J',"=",.l(.Jilr-LC)'r.,1[J;!/uJ! j~";:"~J~oe:LJALt'L uPu,~.J1.u~~r.'OJ r~JI.rr-:j=vilC)'.I'JV,-~j{u';IIJ;1L-$.t.tu.t;.J"'.J,,~C),~.,,~t'f~t'..t ~ C)'t.t";:"~J~ri,L IiI.JJ"LJ;.J".JJ(..;:.,"'L~L~~u"'t.tC)'-L.rr.::.r.~Lv)J'(jC)'......>.JI.rr.lJ/U?,.J,J/2_v'-LJ;j.l~(t.5;..tJ'tJJr~LI.I'-1). - -J'C)'t.tuf.LC)t.fLL..v.:f..;:."Go!JiPLC),jL..,f.IrIfi',J:)=.;~LL~J;=~..:"V'-(.rrv1~,J!t",Lf~,,,,,,,,'J'/
190
L;.IJ'cL~v1~~.:..-".I,.:,~"';:,LcJ'cf--t:.Llfj~lruV'L~~ ..$.u/,'.IJ'~fi~.IJ.?:,cf--vfv1~J~JILvr.! iL".:;,.!?J.lJ'~.IJC~L(.cJ}(,-/,,~cLl;~~r{t)~u?u,~4.:,
-u~~,;;.::$'{~'LL~cJY.lJ'~.¥LcJ~v'~)i~(.IJ'c('v./...fi..ft;I,J-'Lv;"Lf~GJL V'.IJ'r;,J.k'~~4.~_~Jf ~cJG;~(J1J,~~LLf~~~.;:.X.IfIJL~~'~&:.-r;'u;t&:.-'L(Walter Crocker)fJj'JJ 07.u;t~ &:.-..$.L ~/c:t¥J ul~.IJ'''1,cf''.tt(i~''''~~~{J(u'.IJ'c£'-)i~Lv/,lL( V1v"'-t.(,~.:,.1~JJlv/,l&:.-{t)u'c&;.;J..f~("":'.IJ'~J/'~~f l~~r.llali.c~r(((./I;c~{~i(-L-b{c ~cL.I~J"Lf.JL i{':'.ltf
':,,-;L~;-.l"Jv/,lL.:,~,~r}~NLr;'J...c:,,J-ILv}lJ.:,pi£.IJ'.I~'~IJ.",,"LJIJYILcJLJ"'cJeiJvdIJpi.lJ'U.l\:cj;J(J/&:.-~t,J.I.lJ'.If..~'u~v?tL~«.A(dff!:...iJr,Jd!4-(~~ i.;?_~,J..t~(MarginalMan)Jj~.ILTef&:'-'.IJ'~'
,J-"J{.I;L$.Ic,f~~~JV'~J'J"V',J,cu~j.lJ'~.1t:~'''~.IjLV'cv1u~'f--:,~Jpi~-:,~:,(v,_~~..ft;1
-T-tfrt~r.<I"•..:icJ.~J,;r':'~J~r;~cp!L~ ..$.u/V.lJ,LL;L..$.yJJ,~r;.II.f~S~.r.lJ'V'J.lcL~Llil•.tG&:.-Jt,':;:'J~dLv,(l
191
t/L~('t';'Oj~..(LJ1;£JJ.J,/V,-~r),.,tU'J{,~{&:-1;~ /Y--&fu;~ L I.)f.(if/. &:-.:;,f.L..lIjf, ~f&:--iJJV":!v.1o;~.J.~J,'..:,.;:rJ:,(,:,I~.JJL~JJIj;.J'fV'.J)j_~;;r~"'{?(~
''-LfJY',~;I)'I.::J.. J~l1~I.fLJ1v.1Jrv,:,j,JJ1,.:;.,PJtJJ;~LVf_~J?-.Jv.1'f:tCf(~~/I.)f.Jt;;iLv,.J...JvL ~JO.?-'~.JL~ ~(i'--&fI)'J.J-f~-~~ (,:,1"";.:;,$'/.:;.,7LI.)~t..t~"LJJ)l)'ff'f-.JLf~{(;fJ..d'~uf~.J_.L,y/JC,UJ(;fJ..dfJ/{),/v'_V!.JL.f.f;; (1)'"Lr)f.:;.,t"";.r.~~(,j'Lu~D>_li~.Juf)l'l}l'jJ1,Jt..tc,UJ'r'J",lit..t..:J1,Juli.:;.,y(f.J,f'(,.,fv.1(/.:;.,~.:;.,'hP.'~L L,fJfj; (,:,It:---,pzf(Sir Alan Bumes):i..( ,J.,,/ ).J/J...."L..!//JJ/'(,.,~v.1J(-..:J1,JLJLLu';lf.oj~..(~f V!LhlJ'(,.,.),({I)',J;r.':!t/Lj~{~vl.,~~.J.~(I.)'.J'Wt..t(,:,l~.J'f'L"",..((.{u;rL/uli34 Lf J.7{J:iO,r);L u';lf. jt:f~~fLf v.ttJf (
_~JfJ;/ 16.J,fJlf1.JL£.::." 1)IY:,t..t(,:,II'~Lr)I.:;.,1)ly?LJ1Lfc, UJ((jIJ..df~JU?--iJJ'cJl~\''f-(jIJ..dI-iJJ'J~JIr,u~L~Ju?-~.fI)'~L~~J'(I)'I~i'P~I)i\''f-JI,I.).oJ~I.J,'J'.tL~~IJfr)I"fJIY:,\'L~J(-&:-J}/..:JI,~I.,f'f-Jr-I)'I~JO.?-~''f_f;,JJ,J!.;r;,oJJ~J''f-~tilt..tJ~L~Jo_d/~~J'f.JJ/~~ .J.~JO/-:";J".;Lu?f~jJ'f~/"JL;J"J.?jl)l'Jv
192
(G.R.Elton)~_.I r_J.~J"'--flL:,IJ,""-TklLt.,I.~'-t'Jfjf'''v1r;,~j~Su~,j.l,'ui'""Su';lrL..v',~I.fLalLcJf~.lY.l"--fI-"~t)~~--flehl;r/~~J~r;'Tt)J,;rScJ'{'~Jt)/-(.J~LJ~'t);IJ,""fLalL(JohnCharm Ley)L(Jf
t.,I.JJJt);IJ,",,~~f'£v!.I'JL..:),v'/J~~_LJ1~'./'J'.n:L~t.t!JJ.I;v'v!.I'J~j/v!:JJ_j,-,£'-r"P.Lt)J'; t""
e -~ LJ1'-r"~;'.tI.~IvJIfLv,jf~.lt.t!v!t,.IiJ'i-'J-'(;'J..LY",p.L,1980(o(e~j;~fi-..dV'L~Jt)/-p.Lt)Jl;rfl-iJSv'_~h~''U~';;.-tS-rtU;;·, ,j.",'..;yr,JIv.-t Jlr,(rr' (~U~'LJ1 J~.I"'('?',~;(jtJ ,t).I~,t).I(;,_,a~-iJ Sif.f ~J( ~)S.;lr~J1~-iJV'u~,j~f~JeY~fr;'J..LY"'Lv'_'.rrJI,.;'v!..::)~_"thL'.I/u~,j.l,'uil""cJILv,-,/~).,IiJJ)~4.r.{'cJlft))f';-'~'A'J~J Yv!:JJ_j,iL.rrJI;r.....£(~.I,',l.rr (JJJ~"4tJi}lYv! ~ r/uJi L U,p.";~"J1(" j'( uJiv!4"L if.JJ1
-~J.dV!t)~.1L u;'L ~JtJ/-.l"'-r'/'"L.J~L~ "/.I"J,,;L VJ.I"j]'i-'v!;'.tl..;Iv.lf'-r'/,",,J ..:)IJ,SVJ.I-.f~ _~JJ.;fJ.-t/d,'JbjJ~JJ"1970.~,{'(vlJ!JPL~Jt)/---?;'_"~f~f(j/JaLJ,~"/~ uJiJr'.lL~JtJ/-"f£..I,f.~-?,SV'J"JZ"t).I'r~'f-<f/,scJ''-r'""(jJt.t!~.I'.?,sv,v./I'-r',,,j]_Lr~~ ('?'
193
VJ.I":,,,I,JlJ"l=)'yJJ_v.fJ!_~tJ,~L(,))C)'~f·J~v)J>.ffr4·(l;)"jv'=-Y~.?-fl2...L":,,,?L(,),('/~JtJ?->',f~if.l!'T".l(J.r~tJ.I'J=L/":,,,l.f~J=)i(I:;~(~.It'''LLt.li'(J~((,)~.l(·~,/t,f'-r,f rk":,,,~t<.trJ~".IJI'f-j..ILrJ~oJ2...vl'r ..::;u,~J:,IWJJ""v; L":,,,)'"..fLf-=)iJJIJ1(,)/;L~JtJ?-L I;)"jL~J~v"lJl-~JI;"r cJ;d!.{fJ.~~'1Jr~.IJJ..:.JrJ·1(,)r~.ILv'.»!Lv"~boJ..:.JrJ~~~.I.IIJ""Y'/- (Rogue State)'~~.IJ~.ot"vdi/-L~/(,)r~.I£.IJ"~{J~J~ltlU:..lJ<J'(Weapon State)
LC)I.lJ'~i-\.I=fk"~'~J{ -~J.;J.llj(Aixes of evil)Jt.'J rJ.l1;,,fv'.IJ',,,=,,,.l(Jf~--?J,fC)I.lJ,,v.tJt?"V~(,)Pd(I~
-~<.t'-?~~IJ.I
fJ.r{_JlIJt?C)"Jf~JJ=I..(/'.IJI_JlI~Lv"lJlLC)~'_f-.Ij;;f~('"/Jt?LC)'":,,,)"ft'J.f>!{C)I,L~ /.IJ"~ t:-.fi~JtJ.?-":f~L .I~~t-.fiL ...JIJJ:J.j.l~1~v)t,f'/v'_rcClrl(v.!'::':-IJ",,~/u~;IJ>.ff-~J?Y'.I{J!
:1il(lt(L(,).t:'J.lfl,:r:r~t:.JJfjJ.I.tIL C)'.IJ'('))L ~JtJ.?-<.t'-'.;Inlr 4.1' ,fr;1J~IC),Vr'}IJ.r..f£'~LIr rf."~.I} JtJPl,tftJ;I.t'~<.t ~tJ,~
L~JtJ?-f~'~(i{.I~~'{.I}JtJP'~--?J,fLJ"l":"'#.IJ'(-lv.iI~'k"~JLJ"lvd~(,)J.I~v.iljj2...v'-~.I'J~j/._JlI
194
~72_L,;£'-,.fv"..zy,(.tfJ'Jt? ..~n~,jitJ~J~JIrIJL~(.)i.JJI,v.:fjl/J l;)1,~/~1J,IrL uf.l;)lf'1-J':rl..{/I.JJI...J/,;It.!-~JJJI.tI~I..zy-J-f~~ {l;)ILfY{l;)1 ji.tf"r""'~..t.ljLvlf.~~}jI'jJ!JI?JtJPl(vU('~~J.llj11r~Ji,J;;iok..y~2_L l;)lfL}JI.I~cz: J(....o j'.I.tIL l;)l/uf.L ~JJ?-.,
-Lt.).tf~'iJ~(lvL~U.'(.lJI..{/lf'f-JJI/v!.lJJeJ?''''J~Jvl(LlhIJr~l;)I/Jl/f~';l(.(t.)J.lv.~yLvl.l"JPJf..,..::.(;/r
-J';"J{Jlldl}tJl}vI~(Liv!.J.J.-vl.lJI'~U!J-..fIJr ''1-v.fj ~.lJI..:/I.t~Iv!if...r:~~.,J( JIJ..6'I:,J?-2_LdlP~I;'~~IJ.lJ7'~(tL,,;TJtJPIJltl("AAJ...6'v!A-..fI~I/~Ju/£f'f-:,~(JI''f-~JJ(~{...tvL~J
- (J1!;z.l{ 11VJ(;I
•••••
195
LIr~J!~jt"J:~''';-''~OJjJ'f-'J1,,,Uw,,~~,j..i~jt"jJ"v.rt]';S.t;'(.;),JuiL)'~~'ff-~fi,J;;i(~~_(£-f-J~jt"J,~';'2..v,-~L)'f4v.rjJ1;'.t'/'G-'(.;)If'~'-;1r~'-j~ L ~~J'~ L ~L)'jJ'L cJ''''';/'';G- v' iLIr ~'Jt"",Lv"S.t;,J~L)'G-'(.;)~~'J:.J.~t"J1v\"'?,(~J~j'.. - ,
-v.!' jJ1;'t'/'/~y'jJ"""'Jj.. Y"
Ljo~{~Jt·~j.t''i-'f?f-,J._(;~r'~~'~'v!M~S.t;,J~L)'J'_(;f v.!'~jf~~II',J~jt"v'~~_'~LJ1.. , - y • ,
lfk--jJ'\'f-I/7.'(.;)JG-~Ly'Aj:bJ'U:..L,y(J'\'f-U"j~'V-f-VJ~'G-'(.;)J 2..L~IJu..JL'i-'LUP.UV/vl.'j}(-;~J~'('_(;f v.rIf.a'{';·v'~~jJ'-I.;/~ jfiL,,;-,'~ ..::,..k'J'j"'~G-lSi"k.'-f-(jG-..;L;LA"::"'J~J' v,(j!.'fu~Lu~(-;jl!'(if.~,j;,,%~~,,Jv'G--?J,JLJ1J~'L~}U;'-f-i;{ (DivineSubstance)oJLJ!'G-I/!:-jtt.~'f-Cl_,f.,%.::J..'j;,Jv'G--?Jv'-f-~o.t~~~ ..f>;L'JoP.:,...fJ~~jjp,JJ:!Jj,J._(;~ /j}!;",iiJ t"r~L(->.~~J. LI;:-J,. . -.
196
J,-j?';J~f';.IrJ-:r../.";~L(Pyrenees)X' .."_Lr4:-I,,ft"LC)~Y_,-f~fpJJiJ/'Jft"J'JIr';Ji:JJjJ~r../.~J!~(Dream Porradge) f~J J)IJIJI.I}'11J.{jfl).IrJ*r../.IJ}~;;..(~..(lft"J'JIrY"~ j;_;!A'.I,''; t"~~,-:,,;r../.v-!'; t"1r~LJf4:-r../.,-:"IJr;, r../.'Y'.I!_Lt,f.lv~Jv'.l"L Tr../.,-:,,'}/I}(r~A'.I"I)t"Ir~"JlJ'}f4:-J~4:-'_LIr,J'(4:-IJ~,I._t;fl).I"..:J,JJC)I4:-vlft"i:.. ;£.I~"J(J Lrf,~I_1) t"1rJ)Ijr../.
-J1AU:~.ILI~/IJ~':;;',L ~LY.I;; ~"IJJ.I'-'f f- (l':f r../.C)1r,-'1~~
-~.Ij;;f4:-IJ;it!..I,'!..~v!Mft"'L.t"~L~, • T ...
'4:- .I;'t../r; r../.I:l- 'V! ~ Ir ,/ I./!Cl,f" ~";y"VI --?;,S.A.M.Adshead: Sail and '~.l(.I" -..0"J1:!~I (-I_,-I_vdl,-:"ClJtfJJf ~L ,,~";y"vlf,f-f;J~ Civilizalion (1992)L(J4:-LlrLD.lt"J ~J/._t;r../.v-!ff-,-:"Cld"b.lt"J~J:._t;"._t;Mark Kurcansky: Sail: A World History (2002)-r I(r../.Jf'J-..O--9'r../.J~JJ:1920ff-c-A'LJ1Lf)J(J~IL(-;";L;~_V! ~L~..(Ii-..flY-..fILvlr../.v-!fk"e~~J;;fl.::.,;t,IJ!4:- .I}t../r;r../.I:l--i:..~I'4:-..(I icvlJ},f-r../.J'.ILIJr.fi:..J}k".i'i:..;£.IJ;;f/~/..J/..;tJ ~_';ef
'" 'F .
ur!li'IJ?'.I'IJ~'(Celt)IJ#~J~I-:(._t;_~J~Ilvlr../.-i:..LfJ~I,f-r../.IJ?JJ •..t-.J,?~tfl._t;,;r-f-C'L,f-IJ~L
197
,_[1,1'1) " (pliny) tf-;~(]J.I LJ1 zt.lJ'..I~II./I,J 1./1cJfJ1j(ill./t1'7-'~ (i'.l;;I./I-::-7-'f..lv.!L ~ ~J.t;-:-,~
r;f~I-,/~/...{I!.I.Jvv:.{~-4A L./J""::'-I~,Ja!2,_L..;:..>I.I.I"L~~Jlf7-'Jit-::~,~J::,JjJ.-,JLY'J/ff-cCJ1-::fl)
_~.I •.t;,"'7-' o,v.!:;JIj (1./1 iJ,'f v?J~(il-::!.I.~ ~~,J ~I~_7-'t-t;-~LJ1-:-,ljJ,'L /t~I-::~r"7-'I:1Jv...{l~-:)lPfi1-"..(-7-'t-Irl,fJ?IJ.lI,t;,.I"~!.I. Ur-:..4lIf..::..(.J' ~'~.-?'I./I.I"7-'.I.I"G'~l./leJfl)t-IrJ1J')-::{I./I-:-,li~tI~(~L,_r-~(~IP~'J"(I.?~.I,'J~~"v!;z..~I./I_L~';cJ~~1~I./If tI~(.J LLif.fJ1.1v.!~ ;tJ'J'I./Iv!.}~_IJ1~I'.I
01~{I./I.f7-'-::~~AL~~.::..r..litj!~ut,r.(._J1J'J.lI';_~ t-J1'.J.Ir~1.»,IJ1, ,
_1)t-1r1,elt:,Ja!~I!.I.uf.,f~.-?'J'J""::'-I.I"~II./IJJ'~'t)v"v! cJP~!J-~L; v! ~J'~,.P...{I (.,t-tj!J.J(]u-k'cf.)Y-::~I./I.I,'k'n(Solde)~LJY'v!cJpoil)~~(Sal)~I./IJ.")G,tj!2...vl,I)t-J1..PJJ(.,t:~U}lJi,ftj!~cJt:--,~.. -
-l,fri),,/'4A{1./1(tLu,;~..::..(.f7-'t-n.;I.tltj!~I./I(~IJ'~
. J~-J"._g..!)v,(SaltCoats)JI..!)v'(Salzburg)~JI)4o-iallein)J!J~(Halle)L~2...I./If-~~~j.7.(-;;((Hal)
198
Ly(D,tlwLdl-v1 jr ~,..l)..-L __o (Hall Stadt)j~IJ~./JIv1LJ12....(t(__OuJ~,,~Ly(
u?'fJ;!,J tt)LJ1;{)IJLj"'':;''j,?,JI./I,J~IL_C;
Ujl)Dj~I,J~;{_C;~~(-;Jl}_~lPo}./j .. ;~lf~~I./ILJc']Jf'-j{.:;.,~ljlJ.}D'G-I./I,] JJ1j..;?G-1G-1./1,,]JJ1J:.}S~G- j..;St.f1,_/.4L u;,.t~C)1/(Han)C)~j"(Qi)(_J44G--?'t.f"li,_..}J!~,_/.('/..JJJPL~__O~-JJ1~lb?G--?'S.:;.,v.J.},_/.~~~-t.5)frt.5jIJDj'f'~IL~f,_/.~fv1;{)rG-p!LI./L~~)f;.it/~G-'A')iLJ1.:;.,~ljlJJ1(lrj,'rt.5jl)Dj~I{_C;~v~vL JlPo{jt"IL ~ ~ bjt",J':;"j~,Jui,~ jL! I(.:;.,J~lj"'f-j..JJJPL 1./1J,JG-j,J'("-l5'j
f~{;(Xi'an)dVLJ1Lf,:;,,'~L(I/v-880_'T-h!_f~D,fC-(J~(.,,::...-'~j,,((iJ1;~;(.:.5.1./1/j}t.f(,.,~ J(P':;"j~I./Ll)
, - .. .. yo.. ..
.;I"",~1./10",,-fJ~'~'jG- tjILh,f.luHG- .:;.,jj,I.:)U,~J(l/j'I.,,::...-'~j:,j,IJL~J%'u:1J:!4-j"j~I~D;LYG-J~,
-J,-)~u:1~('-/'J
Ir'/?f v1;{)~ ~ftJ'jr{f,,J;)I./I~'-j~ L .,,::...-'~jG-I~ ~ .:;.,tJ(PtJ~'-/'Jj"...$.~,,]Jfr,j_C;uy"IJ~~ J:,-,] Jf ,-j{ .:;.,~Ijlf~~{I./I01',] JJ1':;"j,?,J4~t.5/')j"t!3G-.:;,f.LI./'-~t"~~~_C;J!~~;,Ju'.?t"_V'lj{/.:;.,lrljldIL,J.flJ~J'«U;;·'S_c;~2SUiAI
199
J;,J{t 1789G- -?1U" I)J? .d(GabeJle) vP.(._t;1.)!Jlj~'u!C)I~lf~I;-o~G-':;;.It{J._t;L(.))~_~J/~?G-IL- ~l)Ie..tt;G-':;;.It{VIt.fLL~.I'''P.tJi;:'vL C)'_~ JJJ G".7.t-L
l/r}._t;~ J~d>'G- .:.-(of'T-tf (~u!,J.J.- L.J.> I
C)Ie:L/e-._t;L~?_j'J.rr~v~..-fi2._LC)I~ie:L/J'lv._t;.,fl)vyoal2._L(.)'J/..J/~.I",I)t-/Lh'.iL£1..zJLh'.l,f.I,'L.rr'-.?: JljI{._t;C)~.IJLC)Ii,L.rrJ~;~ .Ii(.)~~-v./~.I.IIJ/rI(vi t.fu! UJI); ._t. ,f_(/' -J.'Jjlu! ,J.J.-vivf?,f:::""1L jii(G- ~ iJ..t'* U.k.L./ .:;;A;J/I L _;u,~........>._~,. ",.. -.,~L,y:r,.fJ./(u! 1777 .1,11776_~J/t",;t14._t;2._LJ~I._t;J}2._';-'.I"L~l/~Vr{(.)Y}J/'J2._L....ofv.J':;;~I..~vll(.)r~.I~p._~.I~ (....ot.fu! J..;I;,.f_(/I/~L. ;_L~~~
-j't.rrJ,.f""O(.)~Lr,:)VJ.rr~t.f2.__,.f J'lv ~ (.)~Liu! ..:Yk-- L ....0 t.f u! r,:)~,~U)u,~G-I2._vi, 1)t-.rreJVG-':;;.I,?....ouI,L.rrJ'lvG-(.))(u! C)f;1ilL ._t;U) u,~....o(..-:1;It.:!--j'':;;.I,?,.f(.)i~ 2._L v~ ~G-J~ t.:!--I) ~ t/J'lv U~ 2._L vi (.)~,2._Vi, I) l:=-v!.J.. (;..uJH'*J.k.L./Lb:""OL-::/'f i' ~;G".I1;11(_;U,4./..-:1;f.l,'J~
yy ~~I - y
~u! 1817 ..Jv;L Vi-J/!G"U.ilJo.i~IYo..I{Vl{ 1804.1,1I~I,.f S_i,j;J~U.lIJo.l~I..J/.; L -::/'ft.:!--J.rr .:;;,I,;t
~~vl,.f-::/'fv!1888_U{2v1~..f..fv!J~2._LZ:,.1
200
J'~V:JJ.-vl-k"~J.Ilj..;~.;:fI,_JL~.I'I_I.If~?'-J~L.I,I~-fU.tljLv,fIr.Ii~.IL.,(J:O.t(V:1930J~Lu.IIJII.lIr'
_1;ji/~iIrL~flrv~'.1,1UJrjl0.1In~ t,,)J,~lf 7- t".t1.;I.tI~b.lt"VIJ'~.~~ILb.lt"-~(J!.~v:J'J.lt".I",~J.t1;I.tI/I./vl.t;o~1.. ..,J.lt".J.,~ ~.IlPry.I,-JIJLb.lt"-J/..;~Yf l)11IJ./~V~~.. , ,
-~ ~.I'-JJAv:£IJ'.. ,
•••••
![OmnikSol 17.0K TL - 20.0K TL - Globo Brasil€¦ · . . surpreenda-se@paineisglobobrasil.com.br OmnikSol 17.0K TL - 20.0K TL 19 3517-8110 ENTRADA (DC) Potência Máxima PV [W] 20400](https://img.document.onl/doc/110x75/600448d44db9202f3826464a/omniksol-170k-tl-200k-tl-globo-brasil-surpreenda-se-omniksol-170k-tl.jpg)
![lsjLkmn v]tL k|ljlw k'l:tsf](https://img.document.onl/doc/110x75/618c4e352b9dce71b846f8e0/lsjlkmn-vtl-kljlw-kltsf.jpg)
