Jornalismo e Humor Uma análise do programa CQC

8/9/2019 Jornalismo e Humor Uma análise do programa CQC

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Aor`khe Kl{orle Ohykp Peorkp

DERJOHFPAE K M[AER[ao ojïhfpk le ~recroao @_@

Bkhe Merftej|k

@kj|re [jfykrpf|ïrfe lk Bkhe Merftej|k -[JF!BM&2>>6



Aor`khe Kl{orle Ohykp Peorkp

DERJOHFPAE K M[AER

[ao ojïhfpk le ~recroao @_@

Aejecroifo o~rkpkj|olo oe `{rpe lk Derjohfpae le @kj|re [jfykrpf|ïrfe lk Bkhe Merftej|k-[JF!BM&( èae rkq{fpf|e ~or`foh î eb|kjãàe le cro{ lk Bo`morkh ka Derjohfpae

Erfkj|oler4 H{ft Mkjrfq{k

Bkhe Merftej|k

@kj|re [jfykrpf|ïrfe lk Bkhe Merftej|k -[JF!BM&2>>6



P[AÏRFE

? FJ\REL[ÃÀE********************************************************************************************************************<

2 DERJOHFPAE K \KHKYFPÀE******************************************************************************************;

2*? Derjohfpae4 ̀ oro`|kráp|fòp ~rfj`f~ofp***********************************************************************************;

2*2 E Derjohfpae E~fjo|fye********************************************************************************************************3

2*0 @rf|ærfep lk je|f`fobfhflolk***************************************************************************************************=

2*< O |khkyfpàe k o pe`fklolk****************************************************************************************************?>

2*; E derjohfpae lk \Y************************************************************************************************************??

2*;*? Hfjc{ocka {|fhftolo je |khkderjohfpae***************************************************************************?2

0 E M[AER K E RFPE*********************************************************************************************************?9

0*? O lkifjfãàe lk m{aer*********************************************************************************************************?9

0*2 \f~ep lk rfpe***********************************************************************************************************************2>

0*0 E m{aer k e derjohfpae******************************************************************************************************22

< OJÏHFPK LO RKHOÃÀE LE M[AER @EA E DERJOHFPAE JE ^RECROAO

@_@*****************************************************************************************************************************************2;

<*? Ak|elehecfo lk ~kpq{fpo****************************************************************************************************2;

<*2 E ~recroao*************************************************************************************************************************2;

<*2*? Kp|r{|{ro le ~recroao*****************************************************************************************************23

<*0 Lkp`rfãàe le èj|kôle lop ao|ærfop k}fbflop je ~recroao @_@ **************************************2=

; @EJ@H[PÀE**********************************************************************************************************************0;

RKIKRÄJ@FOP**********************************************************************************************************************03



Ocrolkãe o Lk{p ~er |kr |erjole kp|k pejme rkohflolk* O afjmo oaolo

aàk ~khe oaer lk~epf|ole oe hejce lo afjmo yflo* Oe ak{ erfkj|oler

H{ft Mkjrfq{k ~khe o~efe oe hejce le lkpkjyehyfakj|e lkp|k

|robohme* K o |elep ep ~reikpperkp k akp|rkp ~khep èjmk`fakj|ep

~oppolep oe hejce lk afjmo yflo oòläafò*



FJ\REL[ÃÀE

J{ao yfpàe aofp |rolf`fejoh( e derjohfpae( ~khe pk{ èa~reafppe èa o ykrlolk k ~khep pk{p

`rf|ærfep lk ~rel{ãàe( ~elk ~ork`kr ohce èa~hk|oakj|k fjèa~o|áykh èa {a ~recroao

m{aeráp|fè( je q{oh o frrkykräj`fo æ aofp fa~er|oj|k q{k fjieraor ep io|ep è|flfojep* Je

kj|oj|e( e m{aer k e derjohfpae jàe kp|àe jk`kpporfoakj|k |àe lfp|oj|kp {a le e{|re*

^rfj`f~ohakj|k jo aálfo fa~rkppo( kp|k æ kjèj|role lforfoakj|k jop `morckp k òrfò|{rop

q{k ckrohakj|k iotka rkikräj`fo oe èj|k}|e ~ehá|fè k pe`foh yfyfle ka {a lk|krafjole

aeakj|e*

E ~rkpkj|k |robohme æ ir{|e lk {ao ~kpq{fpo q{k |ka èae ~rebhkao ojohfpor o rkhoãàe kj|rk em{aer k op fjieraoãûkp derjoháp|fòp* B{pòaep jkp|o ~kpq{fpo kp|{lor èae io|ep

derjoháp|fèp pàe rk|ro|olep je @_@ k pk e {pe èjp|oj|k le m{aer ka p{op |rojpafppûkp

~rkd{lfò e èj|kôle lop fjieraoãûkp* E ~recroao @{p|k e _{k @{p|or ( aofp èjmk`fle

èae @_@ ( æ |rojpaf|fle ~kho Rklk Bojlkfroj|kp k èjpkc{k èheòr e m{aer lkj|re le

derjohfpae* E @_@ ( o òlo klfãàe( iot {ao yfpàe `rá|fò lep oèj|k`fakj|ep q{k cojmoroa

lkp|oq{k oe hejce lo pkaojo( jo aálfo fa~rkppo k khk|rüjfò( {|fhftojle rk`{rpep èae

derjohfpae lk rk~er|ocka k lkpkjmep crïifèp ~oro frejftor ep kj|rkyfp|olep èa e fj|{f|e lkaep|ror oe |khkp~k`|oler e q{k jàe ief lf|e*

Je ~rfakfre ò~á|{he le |robohme ieroa |k`flop èjpflkroãûkp |kðrfòp( èa bopk ka o{|erkp

èae B{``f -?663&( Aorèjlkp Ifhme -2>>>&( Relrfc{kp -?66>&( Pq{frro( Sehi -2>>0& kj|rk

e{|rep( pebrk e derjohfpae( `rf|ærfep lk je|f`fobfhflolk( |kerfop lo èa{jfòãàe( e ~o~kh lo

|khkyfpàe jo pe`fklolk( e |khkderjohfpae k o hfjc{ocka le derjohfpae lk \Y*

Dï e pkc{jle ò~á|{he |ro|o lop òro`|kráp|fòp le m{aer( lo èaf`flolk( lep |f~ep lk rfpe(

bopkole ka kp|{lfepep èae Bkrcpej -2>>?& k ^re~~ -?662&* O{|erkp |oabæa èae Dkp~krp

-?66=&( Aorèjlkp Ifhme -?669& k Pohfbo -2>>2& pkryfroa èae bopk jkp|k ò~á|{he ~oro

aep|ror e {pe le m{aer jo |khkyfpàe k je derjohfpae*

ôro e lkpkjyehyfakj|e lo ~kpq{fpo ief ikf|e {a rkèr|k q{k èa~rkkjlk {a aäp lk

croyoãàe le ~recroao( le ~kráele lk ; lk e{|{bre o 2 lk jeykabre lk 2>>6( |e|ohftojle

q{o|re k~fpðlfep*



2 DERJOHFPAE K \KHKYFPÀE

2*? Derjohfpae4 òro`|kráp|fòp ~rfj`f~ofp

E p{rcfakj|e k k}~ojpàe le derjohfpae oèj|k`k{ l{roj|k o Rkyeh{ãàe Iroj`kpo( q{k ~üp ifa

oep rkcfakp aejïrq{fèp k oe ~elkr orfp|e`rï|fè* \oh io|e oòbe{ èa e ~elkr fjp|f|{ále ~kho

Fcrkdo( q{k o|æ kj|àe |fjmo e pobkr k e èjmk`fakj|e ka p{op aàep* Op ~rfakfrop ~{bhfòãûkp

derjoháp|fòp iftkroa èa q{k e jôakre lk ~kppeop èa o`kppe î fji eraoãàe o{akj|oppk* ‘E

pobkr pk kp~ohmo k èakão o orr{fjor op bopkp lo {jflolk rkhfcfepo‑* -AOR@EJLKP IFHME(

2>>>( ~*?>&* Lkplk kj|àe( òbk oe derjohfp|o o~{ror |{le q{k ier lk fj|krkppoj|k ~oro o

èjp|r{ãàe lo je|á`fo( o ifa lk hkyor o fjieraoãàe ~oro |elo o pe`fklolk*

@fre Aorèjlkp Ifhme -2>>>& lfyflk e derjohfpae ka q{o|re iopkp* E ~rfakfre derjohfpae( dï

je pk{ jop`fakj|e ka ?3=6( ief `moaole lk ‘fh{afjoãàe‑( je pkj|fle lk k}~er fjieraoãûkp

o|æ kj|àe ebp`{rop {polop èae ierao lk ~elkr k |oabæa lk kp`hork`fakj|e ~ehá|fè k

flkehðcfè* Ief jkppo iopk q{k e derjohfpae pk ~reifppfejohfte{( èa e p{rcfakj|e lo rkloãàe

k yof pk |erjojle {ao ierão ~ehá|fò o{|üjeao* Pàe òro`|kráp|fòp lkp|o æ~eò o fa~rkjpo

hf|krïrfo( jo q{oh ep derjofp kroa kp`rf|ep pka ifjp kèjüafèp k o fa~rkjpo ~or|flïrfo( jo q{ohep derjohfp|op kroa ~ehá|fèp k {poyoa e derjoh ~oro èa{jfòr* O ~or|fr loá |{le jo pe`fklolk

lkyk pkr aep|role* E èj|rehk lo fjieraoãàe k le pobkr ~kho Fcrkdo kro {ao ierao lk aoj|kr

o o{|erflolk( e ~elkr k èjq{fp|or rkp~kf|e lo pe`fklolk7 kj|àe( kppk èj|rehk ~oppo o pkr

oakoãole*

E pkc{jle derjohfpae p{rcf{ o ~or|fr lo fjeyoãàe |k`jehðcfò( jep ~re`kppep lk ~rel{ãàe le

derjoh( eèrrflo jo ak|olk le pæ`{he ]F]( q{ojle e derjoh pk |erjo {ao crojlk ka~rkpoò~f|ohfp|o* O |rojpieraoãàe |k`jehðcfò ebrfco o ka~rkpo derjoháp|fò o |kr ò~o`flolk

ifjoj`kfro lk o{|e!p{p|kj|oãàe ~oro ~ocor ~krfelfòakj|k o aelkrjftoãàe lk p{op aïq{fjop*

O ~or|fr lkp|k aeakj|e( e derjoh ~krlk p{o hfbkrlolk lk ~kjpor k iotkr ~ehá|fò k |erjo!pk {ao

akròlerfo( ~efp |ka q{k ykjlkr ~oro èjpkc{fr pk aoj|kr* ‘W***Q frï |rojpieraor {ao o|fyflolk

hfyrk lk ~kjpor k iotkr ~ehá|fò ka {ao e~kroãàe q{k ~rk`fporï ykjlkr a{f|e ~oro pk

o{|eifjoj`for‑* -AOR@EJLKP IFHME( 2>>>( ~* ?0&*

@eae kppo jeyo iopk k}fck q{k ep ~rð~rfep derjofp pk o{|e!p{p|kj|ka k coroj|oa p{o

pebrkyfyäj`fo kèjüafò( khkp èakãoa o ykjlkr kp~oãep ~{bhf`f|ïrfep* P{rck oá o



~{bhf`flolk jep derjofp* Kppo ~oppo o |kr aofp fa~er|âj`fo le q{k o ~rð~rfo je|á`fo* E derjoh

yfro {a oaej|eole lk fjieraoãûkp ~{bhf`f|ïrfop* O hfbkrlolk lï h{cor oe kj|rk|kjfakj|e*

P{rck kj|àe o fa~rkjpo lk aoppo*

E `rkp`fakj|e k e lkpkjyehyfakj|e lop ka~rkpop derjoháp|fòp iot p{rcfr je pæ`{he ]] e

|kr`kfre derjohfpae( aoròle ~kho lkòläj`fo lep derjofp* @ea e ifa lo aelkrjflolk( e

derjohfpae ~krlk p{o òro`|kráp|fò lk b{pòr o ykrlolk( q{kp|fejor o ~ehá|fò k ep pk{p

ockj|kp* Jkppk ~kráele khk jàe æ èae medk* Pkc{jle Aorèjlkp Ifhme -2>>>& o ka~rkpo

derjoháp|fò kro èae e èrrkfe k e meaka q{k iotfo e derjoh e òr|kfre( ~efp fj|kraklfoyo e

hkf|er k oq{khk oe q{oh o fjieraoãàe fj|krkppoyo*

E q{or|e derjohfpae p{rcf{ je ifjoh le pæ`{he ]] k aorè{ o kro |k`jehðcfò* E derjoh( oj|kp

ikf|e pebrk e ~o~kh( ~oppo ocero o pkr ~rel{tfle èa |k`jehecfo( lfi{jlflo ~rfj`f~ohakj|k jep

akfep yfp{ofp* O q{ohflolk |æ`jfò |erjo!pk e aelkhe kp|æ|fè jop akjpockjp yfp{ofp( jo

|khkyfpàe( je `fjkao( jep ~ofjæfp ~{bhf`f|ïrfep( k|`*

Aorèjlkp Ifhme -2>>>& iot {ao rkihk}àe lop lfikrkjãop kj|rk èa{jfòãàe k fjieraoãàe je

derjohfpae* O ~rfakfro èjpfp|k ka `rfor io|ep( e{ pkdo( o ao|ærfo æ hkyolo oe derjohfp|ocro|{f|oakj|k ~oro q{k kp|k o ~{bhfq{k èjierak e fj|krkppk le fjieraoj|k*

‘Æ o ~rï|fò q{k lkpkjyehyka oppkpperfop lk fa~rkjpo( lk ka~rkpop( ~or|flep ~ehá|fèp(~kppeop fa~er|oj|kp( hálkrkp rkhfcfepep( k|`* Khkp pk yohka lk kp|ro|æcfop peifp|fòlop k lka{f|o ykrbo ~oro hkyor ao|krfoh lk fa~rkjpo o derjohfp|op( ~oro q{k kp|kp e ‘èa~rka‑( fp|eæ( e lkpkjyehyoa k ~{bhfq{ka*‑ -AOR@EJLKP IFHME( 2>>>( ~* ?>3&*

Dï o fjieraoãàe( èjierak Aorèjlkp Ifhme -2>>>&( æ oq{fhe q{k lï |robohme oep derjohfp|op(

~efp khkp |äa q{k ~kpq{fpor k b{pòr ep io|ep q{k yfroa je|á`fo ~kho p{o jo|{rkto* P{op iej|kp

pàe e ~ôbhfè ka ckroh( ~kppeop ojüjfaop ~rkd{lfòlop( k|`* E derjohfpae æ yfp|e oá èae {a

òjoh lk lkjôj`fo ~oro op ~kppeop*

Dï @hðyfp Reppf -?66<& lkifjk e derjohfpae èae {ao h{|o ~oro èjq{fp|or pk{p ~ôbhfèp! ohye

-hkf|erkp( e{yfj|kp k |khkp~k`|olerkp& k `{de fjp|r{akj|e ~rfj`f~oh æ o ~ohoyro k o faocka( je

òpe lo \Y* E af|e lo ebdk|fyflolk `krò e derjohfpae( èjierak lft e o{|er* Lk oèrle èa

kppk af|e( o fa~rkjpo lkyk pkr jk{|ro oe ~{bhfòr {a oèj|k`fakj|e k lkf}or q{k e ~ôbhfè



|frk p{op ~rð~rfop èj`h{pûkp( pka q{ohq{kr fj|krikräj`fo loq{kho* O ebdk|fyflolk æ lfiá`fh lk

pkr ~ro|fòlo jo aofer ~or|k lop èbkr|{rop( ~efp kj|rk e io|e k o ykrpàe mï o aklfoãàe lk {a

e{ aofp derjohfp|op q{k ~epp{ka e~fjfûkp ~kppeofp o rkp~kf|e le io|e q{k kp|ï pkjle èbkr|e*

O ebdk|fyflolk pð æ ~eppáykh ka èbkr|{rop lk oèj|k`fakj|ep pka io|er ~ehá|fè k pe`foh k

q{k o|fjdo o~kjop {a jôakre ~kq{kje lk ~kppeop* Jep lkaofp òpep( kho jàe ~oppo lk {a

af|e*

O kj|rolo lo |khkyfpàe je òa~e le derjohfpae ~elkrfo |erjor o ebdk|fyflolk èae {a òrï|kr

rkoh( ~efp op `âakrop k ep af`reiejkp jàe ~epp{ka kaeãûkp ~rð~rfop ~efp ò~|oa op faockjp

k ep pejp èjierak pàe kaf|flep* Oppfa( khkp ~elkrfoa |rojpaf|fr ep oèj|k`fakj|ep èae

eèrrka* E ~rebhkao jo \Y æ q{k( ~oro fr oe or( op faockjp k ep pejp eb|flep jo èbkr|{ro lk{a oèj|k`fakj|e ~oppoa ~er yïrfep ifh|rep q{k ep lk~{roa èjierak lkpkdo e yká`{he lk

èa{jfòãàe*

E o{|er `f|o lefp oèj|k`fakj|ep q{k o \Y èbrf{ pka o ebdk|fyflolk* E ~rfakfre `f|ole ief o

C{krro le Yfk|jà( ka q{k op faockjp rkofp lfïrfop lk pojc{k k peirfakj|e |rojpaf|flop ~kho

\Y èj|rfb{ároa ~oro ieraor {ao èrrkj|k pe`foh ioyerïykh oe ifa lo c{krro* E e{|re òpe

ieroa op khkfãûkp ~rkpflkj`fofp lk ?6=6( ~khe q{oh o Rklk Chebe ief o`{polo lk aojf~{hoãàeo|royæp lk klfãàe lk faockjp le lkbo|k kj|rk ep òjlflo|ep @ehher k H{ho( iotkjle èa q{k e

~rfakfre òjlflo|e pk lkp|oòppk lfoj|k le olykrpïrfe* ôro Reppf -?66<& o \Y jàe ~rk`fpo

fjykj|or jolo* Kho ~elk( o~kjop èa o pkhkãàe lk faockjp rkofp( `rfor {ao rkohflolk aofp

ier|k le q{k o q{k lk io|e oèj|k`k{*

2*2 E Derjohfpae E~fjo|fye

@ea e ifa lo `kjp{ro ~ræyfo jo Irojão k jo Fjcho|krro je pæ`{he ]YFFF( e derjohfpae |erjo!pk

{ao o|fyflolk hfcolo oe ~elkr ~ehá|fè( ~oppojle o lfi{jlfr flkfop( lkikjlkr ~ej|ep lk yfp|o k

e~fjor pebrk o rkohflolk* Khk æ òro`|krftole èae derjohfpae lk e~fjfàe* ‘Jo aklflo ka q{k

o hfbkrlolk lk fa~rkjpo bkjkif`foyo o |elep( op lfikrkj|kp èrrkj|kp lk ~kjpoakj|e e{ ep

lfp|fj|ep cr{~ep pe`fofp pk èjirej|oyoa o|royæp lop ~ïcfjop lep derjofp q{k klf|oyoa‑*

-AKHE( ?6=;( ~*?<&*

O o|fyflolk derjoháp|fò jkp|k ~kráele |erjo!pk aofp fj|kjpo( ~efp o ~rel{ãàe lk derjofp jàe

jk`kppf|oyo lk crojlkp fjykp|fakj|ep* ôro èj|kr kppo ~rehfikroãàe lo fa~rkjpo q{k



lkj{j`foyo k o|oòyo e ceykrje( ieroa fjp|f|{álep fa~ep|ep k hfaf|kp î hfbkrlolk lk

k}~rkppàe( e{ pkdo( ep k}`kppep ~opporoa o pkr ~{jflep ~kho hkcfphoãàe* Kjq{oj|e e derjohfpae

iroj`äp pk aep|royo e~fjo|fye( e fjchäp ̀ oro`|krftoyo!pk ̀ eae fjierao|fye*

W***Q Kjq{oj|e e derjohfpae iroj`äp o~rkpkj|o!pk èa |ele e yfcer e~fjo|fye( ~reaeykjlelkbo|kp( hkyoj|ojle ~rebhkaop( ~or|f`f~ojle o|fyoakj|k le `kjïrfe ~ehá|fè( e derjohfpaefjchäp opp{ak {ao |kjläj`fo fjierao|fyo( rk|rofjle!pk le èabo|k( ~rkikrfjle lfp|oj`for!pkle èjirej|e lfrk|e èa e `kj|re le ~elkr* -AKHE( ?6=;( ~*?;&*

E pæ`{he ]F] ~oppo kj|àe o pkr leafjole ~khe derjohfpae fjierao|fye( o ~or|fr le aeakj|e

ka q{k o fa~rkjpo jer|k!oakrfòjo o`khkro p{o ~rel{ãàe derjoháp|fò( |rojpieraojle ofjieraoãàe ka akròlerfo* E derjohfpae e~fjo|fye jàe lkpo~ork`k( o~kjop rkl{t e pk{

kp~oãe îp ~ïcfjop lkjeafjolop klf|erfofp*

O kp|r{|{ro le derjohfpae e~fjo|fye æ èa~ep|o ~khep pkc{fj|kp cäjkrep4 e èakj|ïrfe( e

or|fce( o rkpkjmo( e klf|erfoh( o èh{jo( o `rüjfò( o òrfò|{ro k o òr|o* Ep |räp ~rfakfrep

~epp{ka o{|erfo lkifjflo* Dï e klf|erfoh jàe |ka o{|erfo( khk æ o e~fjfàe le yká`{he pebrk {a

lk|krafjole opp{j|e* E èakj|ïrfe k e klf|erfoh pàe kp|r{|{rolep ka {ao ojc{hocka|ka~eroh k jk`kppf|oa lk {ao èj|fj{flolk k {a faklfo|fpae* O rkpkjmo æ irkqøkj|k k kp|ï

hfcolo oep yoherkp lk lfikrkj|kp bkjp `{h|{rofp* Dï e or|fce o~ork`k ohko|erfoakj|k( jàe æ

irkqøkj|k k( oppfa èae o rkpkjmo( kjyehyk ikjüakjep lfykrpep* Khkp pàe ~rð}faep ~khe io|e

lk oabep pkrka lk|krafjolep ~kho èa~k|äj`fo lep o{|erkp o rkp~kf|e lep io|ep q{k ojohfpoa*

O èh{jo k o òrfò|{ro pk òro`|krftoa ~er kaf|frka e~fjfûkp èj|áj{op q{k pk lkpkjyehyka

èa e p{rcfakj|e k o rk~kr`{ppàe lep oèj|k`fakj|ep* O `rüjfò k o òr|o rk~kr`{|ka ep

oèj|k`fakj|ep o|{ofp* O òr|o aep|ro o e~fjfàe le rk`k~|er rkikrkj|k o {ao je|á`fo* O `rüjfò

k o èh{jo iotka aklfoãàe èa o èa{jflolk e{ e cr{~e pe`foh oe q{oh e yká`{he lk

èa{jfòãàe pk lfrfck*

2*0 @rf|ærfep lk je|f`fobfhflolk

E ~ôbhfè pð |eao èjmk`fakj|e lep oèj|k`fakj|ep q{k pàe |rojpieraolep ka je|á`fo ~khep

akfep lk èa{jfòãàe lk aoppo* Lforfoakj|k( `mkcoa îp rkloãûkp yïrfep io|ep( aop o~kjop

{ao ~or|k lkhkp yfro je|á`fo* Ep lkaofp pàe k}`h{álep lo rkohflolk* ôro q{k {a



oèj|k`fakj|e olq{fro o k}fp|äj`fo ~ôbhfò lk je|á`fo( ohc{jp rkq{fpf|ep pàe kppkj`fofp k ep

`rf|ærfep lk je|f`fobfhflolk pàe lk|krafjolep ~khep ðrcàep lk fjieraoãàe*

@ejierak Ao{re Sehi -2>>0&( o ò~o`flolk lk ep io|ep pk |rojpieraorka ka je|á`fo e{ jàe æ

`moaolo lk je|f`fobfhflolk* _{oj|e aofer o je|f`fobfhflolk aofer æ o `moj`k lk e io|e yfror

je|á`fo* Ikhf~k ^kjo -2>>3& `f|o Sehi ~oro lftkr q{k o je|f`fobfhflolk æ aklflo ~khep yoherkp!

je|á`fo* Pàe `fjè ep yoherkp!je|á`fo4 ò|kcerfop p{bp|oj|fyop( ò|kcerfop rkho|fyop oe ~rel{|e(

ò|kcerfop rkho|fyop oep akfep lk fjieraoãàe( ò|kcerfop rkho|fyop oe ~ôbhfè k ò|kcerfop

rkho|fyop î èjèrräj`fo*

Op ò|kcerfop p{bp|oj|fyop kp|àe rkho`fejolop èa e cro{ lk fa~er|âj`fo lep kjyehyflep k ecro{ lk fj|krkppk le ~ôbhfè( e{ pkdo( ka {a oèj|k`fakj|e( q{oj|e aofer e cro{ lk p|o|{p

pe`foh le fjlfyál{e e{ e jôakre lk ~kppeop kjyehyflop e{ ofjlo {a aofer fa~o`|e pebrk o

joãàe( aoferkp pàe op `moj`kp lkppkp io|ep pk |rojpieraorka ka je|á`fo* K}ka~he4 {a

ihocroj|k le ^rkpflkj|k lo Rk~ôbhfò èjp{afjle bkbflo ohèðhfò |ka aofp yoher le q{k lk

{ao ~kppeo èa{a èak|kjle e akpae o|e*

Op ò|kcerfop rkho|fyop oe ~rel{|e rkikrka!pk oep èj`kf|ep derjoháp|fèp( èae ebdk|fyflolk(o|{ohflolk( q{ohflolk( brkyflolk k kq{fhábrfe( k kp|àe rkho`fejolop oe ~re`kppe lk ~rel{ãàe

q{k iorï èa q{k e oèj|k`fakj|e pk |erjk je|á`fo*

Op ò|kcerfop rkho|fyop oe akfe lk fjieraoãàe kp|àe rkho`fejolop oep yká`{hep lk

èa{jfòãàe* Pàe khkp q{k lkifjka op òro`|kráp|fòp lo fjieraoãàe q{k pkràe |rojpaf|flop oe

~ôbhfè* Lk|krafjoa e q{k pkrï e{ jàe je|f`fole* [a k}ka~he lole ~er Ikhf~k ^kjo -2>>3& æ

e òpe lo \Y( ~efp o faocka fjih{kj`fo a{f|e jo je|f`fobfhflolk*

Op ò|kcerfop rkho|fyop oe ~ôbhfè kp|àe hfcolop o pkryfãe k ~re|kãàe* Æ o rkhoãàe kj|rk

derjohfp|o k ~ôbhfè* [a k}ka~he æ e io|e lk pk kyf|or je|f`for p{f`álfep*

Dï op ò|kcerfop rkho|fyop î èjèrräj`fo kp|àe rkho`fejolop oe ‘i{re‑( `{de yoher kp|ï jo

k}`h{pfyflolk lo fjieraoãàe* Pebrk kp|k ôh|fae yoher!je|á`fo( Ikhf~k ^kjo -2>>3& lft q{k pàe

ep derjohfp|op q{k èjp|reka o o{lfäj`fo* Jo |khkyfpàe kp|k yoher kp|ï aofp k}~há`f|e( q{ojle

ep |khkderjofp ~rel{tka ao|ærfop èa opp{j|ep èjierak e merïrfe k e ~ôbhfè q{k

~eppfykhakj|k kp|ï joq{khk aeakj|e ka irkj|k î \Y*



2*< O |khkyfpàe k o pe`fklolk

O |khkyfpàe od{lo e meaka o èa~rkkjlkr e a{jle k o pk kj|rk|kr* Op |æ`jfòp {|fhftolop ~er

kho pàe lkrfyolop lk akfep lk èa{jfòãàe dï k}fp|kj|kp( èae o hf|kro|{ro( e |ko|re( o aôpfò

k( pebrk|{le( e `fjkao k o ie|ecroifo( èjierak oifrao Pkbop|fàe @orhep lk Aerofp Pq{frro

-?66>&* E ~rfakfre ~recroao lk |khkyfpàe |rojpaf|fle je a{jle ief ka Hejlrkp ka ?60>* Je

Bropfh( ief Oppfp @mo|ko{brfojl Bojlkfro lk Akhe q{ka |re{}k o |khkyfpàe ~oro e ~oáp*

@ejierak Pq{frro -?66>&( o aoferfo lep mfp|erfolerkp lft q{k o fjo{c{roãàe lop |rojpafppûkp

je Bropfh eèrrk{ ka ?= lk pk|kabre lk ?6;>7 dï ohc{jp lfpèrloa lkp|o lo|o*

Je Bropfh o |khkyfpàe lkhfaf|o e kp~oãe ~ôbhfè k |rojpaf|k o~kjop e q{k æ fj|kcrole o khk* E~oáp æ fjieraole o rkp~kf|e lk pf akpae k pf|{o!pk je a{jle k æ rkèjmk`fle èae {jflolk

lkj|re lep hfaf|kp fa~ep|ep ~kho \Y* O |khkyfpàe ~er akfe lk pk{p ~recroaop( je|f`fïrfep k

jeykhop èjpehflo o ierao lk ocfr lep |khkp~k`|olerkp jo pe`fklolk* êræa( kho jàe iot e q{k

q{kr èa o o{lfäj`fo k jka fa~ûk jolo îp ~kppeop* O |khkyfpàe {|fhfto `ðlfcep rkèjmk`áykfp

k {jfifòlerkp ~oro erlkjor mïbf|ep*

@ejierak B{``f -?663& o faocka le Bropfh |rojpaf|flo ~kho |khkyfpàe æ èjpflkrolo aofpfa~er|oj|k k ykrlolkfro le q{k oq{kho yfp|o iero lop |khop* E aele q{k o \Y fjykj|e{ lk ykr

e ~oáp æ e akpae èa q{k op ~kppeop ~opporoa o kj}krcï!he* [a k}ka~he lole ~khe o{|er æ

e òpe lep ~ehá|fèp( q{k rkèrrka î \Y q{ojle q{krka `moaor o o|kjãàe le ~ôbhfè* @ope

èj|rïrfe pàe fcjerolep* Kp|k yká`{he lk èa{jfòãàe æ i{jloakj|oh ~oro oq{khkp

fj|krkppolep ka èjmk`kr e `kjïrfe bropfhkfre*

O faocka æ {a khkakj|e a{f|e fa~er|oj|k jo èa{jfòãàe khk|rüjfò( ~efp kho |ka ierão(èjpkc{k èjykj`kr( k}~rkppor k lroao|ftor* Pkc{jle Pq{frro -?66>&( o faocka jàe |ka

irej|kfrop k( akpae èa op lfikrkjãop rkcfejofp( ~elk pkr èa~rkkjlflo ~er q{ohq{kr ~kppeo(

fjlk~kjlkj|k lo rkcfàe le ~hojk|o ejlk kp|kdo* Je òpe le fa~rkppe( o fjieraoãàe pð æ

lkèlfifòlo pk e hkf|er èjmk`kr e flfeao* Op faockjp |äa ~o~kh i{jloakj|oh je derjohfpae

lk |khkyfpàe( ~efp pkryka ~oro aoj|kr o q{ohflolk le yká`{he* O |ï|fò lo \Y æ aep|ror e

aofer jôakre ~eppáykh lk faockjp lep io|ep* ‘Jo |kj|o|fyo lk kyf|or krrep( aoh!kj|kjlflep(

fjk}o|flûkp e{ lfp`rfafjoãûkp( e derjohfpae |khkyfp{oh |kj|o pk {|fhftor lk |ele e ~elkr lk

èjykj`fakj|e k `rklfbfhflolk lop faockjp‑* -P_[FRRO( ?66>( ~*;3&*



2*; E derjohfpae lk \Y

@ejierak Ehco @{role -2>>2&( e |khkderjoh |ka èae i{jãàe fjieraor e ~ôbhfè pebrk ep

oèj|k`fakj|ep rkhkyoj|kp lo pe`fklolk* Æ e derjohfp|o q{ka oyohfo e cro{ lk fa~er|âj`fo lk

{a io|e ~oro ykr pk khk akrk`k pkr ykf`{hole( ~oro e q{k khk {|fhfto ep `rf|ærfep lk

je|f`fobfhflolk* ôro o o{|ero( o aoferfo lop ~kppeop ifòa fjieraolop pebrk op je|á`fop

o|royæp le |khkderjoh*

Pebrk o je|á`fo ykf`{holo jo |khkyfpàe( ^klre Ao`fkh -?66;& lft q{k o faocka æ e io|er aofp

fa~er|oj|k jo |rojpafppàe lo je|á`fo k q{k o ~ohoyro( o~kpor lk |kr p{o fa~er|âj`fo( lkyk pkr

{polo ~oro kjrfq{k`kr k lor pkj|fle î fjieraoãàe* E derjohfp|o |ka q{k |kr a{f|e `{flole ~orojàe rk~k|fr o fjieraoãàe q{k o faocka dï kp|ï aep|rojle* ‘E q{k e derjohfp|o |ka lk iotkr æ

b{pòr o rkhoãàe kj|rk e |k}|e k o faocka lk ierao ebdk|fyo( pka afp|{ror flæfop e{

fjieraoãûkp‑* -AO@FKH( ?66;( ~*<0&* O~kpor lo faocka pkr i{jloakj|oh je derjohfpae lk

\Y( e derjohfp|o jàe lkyk pk kpq{k`kr le |k}|e ~efp( pka khk( o aofer ~or|k lo faocka ifò

pka pkj|fle k pka fjieraoãàe rkhkyoj|k ~oro e |khkp~k`|oler*

_{oj|e îp òro`|kráp|fòp le èj|kôle lep |khkderjofp( èjierak B{``f -?663&( ~elk!pklkp|oòr e èjihf|e kj|rk e bka k e aoh( e{ pkdo( èae jàe pk ~elk lkf}or lk je|f`for op èfpop

r{fjp lo pe`fklolk( o~ðp o je|á`fo jkco|fyo( pka~rk æ lolo {ao ~epf|fyo*

O |khkyfpàe aep|ro e io|e ~er èa~hk|e( jàe o~kjop e rkho|o( k èjpkc{k o|fjcfr |elep ep

pkj|flep le ~ôbhfè( o|royæp lk faockjp( pea k lroao|f`flolk jo jorroãàe le io|e( jàe pkjle

jk`kppïrfe q{k e |khkp~k`|oler ioão kpierãe ~oro èa~rkkjlkr o je|á`fo* O faocka æ e

~rfj`f~oh khkakj|e ~oro kj|rk|kr e ~ôbhfè je |khkderjoh* Op ~kppeop kj}krcoa o pe`fklolkèjierak o |khkyfpàe aep|ro* O faocka jkho aep|rolo æ aofp fa~er|oj|k q{k o lo rkohflolk

èjierak B{``f -?663&*

^klre Ao`fkh -?66;& oifrao q{k o je|á`fo jo |khkyfpàe æ o~rkpkj|olo bopfòakj|k lk q{o|re

ieraop4 o je|o oe yfye7 o je|o èbkr|o7 e behk|fa e{ p|ojl!{~( croyole e{ oe yfye7 k o

rk~er|ocka* @ejierak e o{|er( òlo {aop lkppop ieraop |ka p{op òro`|kráp|fòp ~rð~rfop*

‘Khop pàe {|fhftolop èjierak o k}fp|äj`fo e{ jàe lk faockjp k iej|kp o pkrka kj|rkyfp|olop

e{ èjierak o jk`kppflolk le |khkderjoh‑* -^KLRE AO@FKH( ?66;( ~* <=&*



O je|o oe yfye æ èjpflkrolo o ierao aofp pfa~hkp lk o~rkpkj|oãàe lo je|á`fo jo \Y* Jkho e

o~rkpkj|oler pk hfaf|o o hkr {a |k}|e khoberole ~khe klf|er* Æ {polo jep |khkderjofp ~oro èbrfr

o ioh|o lk faockjp( pkdo ~erq{k khop jàe k}fp|ka e{ ~erq{k jàe `mkcoroa o |ka~e jo kafppero

k ~oro o{akj|or e rf|ae le derjoh( dï q{k o je|o oe yfye æ aofp `{r|o q{k o rk~er|ocka*

O je|o èbkr|o æ èjpflkrolo o ierao aofp pfa~hkp lk o~rkpkj|oãàe lk je|á`fop èa faockjp*

O faocka æ aep|rolo k jorrolo oe akpae |ka~e ~khe o~rkpkj|oler e{ rk~ðr|kr*

E behk|fa æ o je|á`fo o~rkpkj|olo ~khe rk~ðr|kr* E rk~ðr|kr ifò ka `kjo l{roj|k |ele e |ka~e

ka q{k o jorro|fyo æ |rojpaf|flo oe |khkp~k`|oler* Ckrohakj|k e rk~ðr|kr æ `moaole le

kp|ôlfe ~khe o~rkpkj|oler* Kp|o ierao lk o~rkpkj|oãàe lo je|á`fo æ a{f|e {polo jop|rojpafppûkp ~ehá|fòp lfrk|e lk Bropáhfo( q{ojle ckrohakj|k mï ~e{òp faockjp o pkrka

{|fhftolop* E behk|fa ~elk pkr croyole e{ oe yfye*

O rk~er|ocka æ èjpflkrolo o ierao aofp èa~hk|o k lk|ohmolo lk o~rkpkj|oãàe lo je|á`fo jo

\Y* Kho {|fhfto |k}|e( faockjp( ~rkpkjão le o~rkpkj|oler( le rk~ðr|kr k lep kj|rkyfp|olep* Æ

aofp hejco q{k op lkaofp ieraop lk o~rkpkj|oãàe lo je|á`fo*

2*;*? Hfjc{ocka {|fhftolo je |khkderjohfpae

@fre Aorèjlkp Ifhme -?669& oifrao q{k o hfjc{ocka lo |khkyfpàe æ lkrfyolo lk

èa{jfòãûkp ~e~{horkp èae e `frè k e rïlfe* Je fjá`fe lep ojep ?6;>( q{ojle o \Y

p{rcf{( kho jàe |fjmo ofjlo p{o ~rð~rfo hfjc{ocka k e q{k pk yfo kro {a rïlfe |khkyfpfejole*

@ea rkhoãàe oe `frè( o \Y pk o~re}fao lkhk ~kho ~rkpkjão lk ~ohmoãep( o{lf|ðrfep k e kp|fhe

`fr`kjpk lk o~rkpkj|olerkp èae Pfhyfe Poj|ep( Behfjmo k @mo`rfjmo* O \Y( q{ojle èakãe{je Bropfh( jàe |fjmo èrkp( ocfhflolk jka yálke!|kf~k* O ~recroaoãàe kro ikf|o oe yfye( jàe

k}fp|fo croyoãàe*

E |khkderjohfpae( je pk{ fjá`fe( kro o~kjop {ao hkf|{ro |khkyfpfejolo lk je|á`fop( {ao yorfoj|k

le derjoh fa~rkppe* E o~rkpkj|oler jorroyo op faockjp ykf`{holop* Jep ojep 9>( p{rck o

hfjc{ocka lk \Y -yflke|kf~kp( yfjmk|op( `kjïrfe& k e |khkderjohfpae ~oppo o pkr {a pmes

|khkyfpfye*

O|{ohakj|k( o hfjc{ocka lo |khkyfpàe æ ~olrejftolo( |robohmo èa kpq{kaop( e q{k



ka~ebrk`k o rk~rel{ãàe lo yflo k o rkl{t o {a cr{~e lk `kjop! ~olràe* ‘\kaep( ~er|oj|e(

joq{fhe q{k èjykj`fejohakj|k pk `moao hfjc{ocka lo |khkyfpàe( o rkl{ãàe lk |f~ep( lk

oèj|k`fakj|ep( lk pf|{oãûkp o kpq{kaop bïpfèp( èjp|r{álep lk ierao pfa~hkp k io`fhakj|k

flkj|fif`ïykfp‑* -AOR@EJLKP IFHME( ?669( ~* <<&* O \Y |oabæa lkf}o lk hole o kp|r{|{ro

æ~fò( q{k èjpfp|fo ka aep|ror |elo o kyeh{ãàe lk {ao mfp|ðrfo rkho`fejolo k fj|kròholo èa

`kjop q{k hkyoyoa o {a ifjoh k ~oppo o ~reaeykr o ykhe`flolk( ka q{k |{le æ |rojpaf|fle

j{a rf|ae o`khkrole*

ôro |rojpaf|fr ep io|ep lo rkohflolk( o |khkyfpàe {|fhfto ka p{o hfjc{ocka lefp pfp|kaop

bïpfèp lk èa{jfòãàe( q{k pàe ep pfcjep k ep `hf`mäp* E pfcje o|{o jo òbkão le rk`k~|er k

je ~rel{|e yfp|e ~khe rk`k~|er( q{k æ ~rel{tfle ~er oq{khkp q{k khoberoa |oabæa ep~kjpoakj|ep èae pfcjep* Pð o|royæp lkppo l{ohflolk æ q{k o ~rel{ãàe pácjfò |ka kikf|e* E

pfcje jo òbkão le rk`k~|er |erjo!pk {a kp`{le èj|ro op kaeãûkp ier|kp( fa~klfjle e

kjyehyfakj|e oik|fye k kae`fejoh*

Khk ock èae {a akòjfpae lk lkikpo le kce( ~efp bopkfo!pk jo jk`kppflolk q{k pk |ka lkjkcor o rkohflolk( lk rkòhòr op k}~krfäj`fop lkpocrolïykfp( kyf|ojle ep èjihf|ep èa op

jeraop pe`fofp e{ èa op pf|{oãûkp lk yflo* Pk{ i{j`fejoakj|e æ e pkc{fj|k4 e kce jàe pkkjyehyk èa e ebdk|e( e{ pkdo( èa o `kjo a{pfòh( èa o ler( èa o ohkcrfo |rojpaf|flopje yálke* \{le ifò le hole lk iero le p{dkf|e7 khk |eao èjmk`fakj|e le q{k yä( aop pkaoj|æa fjlfikrkj|k( lfp|oj|k* -AOR@EJLKP IFHME( ?669( ~* <;&*

Aorèjlkp Ifhme -?669& òro`|krfto e pfcje ofjlo èae {ao `kjo rk~rkpkj|olo lk ierao

~{rfifòlo( oppæ~|fò( hfyrk lk |ele e jkco|fyfpae* Khk rk~rkpkj|o oãûkp lk ierao jk{|rohftolo(

lk ierao q{k pkdo {a kjòf}k ~krikf|e ~oro o jk`kppflolk m{aojo lk pk oiop|or lkppop oãûkp*

Je òpe lo \Y( e |khkp~k`|oler khfafjo e{ rkbo|k oq{fhe q{k jàe hmk ocrolo k o|fjck pk{p~rebhkaop rkòhòlep* E pfcje ~{rfifò oèj|k`fakj|ep pe`fofp `meòj|kp* Khk æ {pole ~oro

rk~rkpkj|ï!hep lk ierao q{k jàe |ro{ao|ftk jfjc{æa*

Dï e `hf`mä( æ e èj|rïrfe le pfcje* Jkhk e |khkp~k`|oler pk kjyehyk èa o mfp|ðrfo( pkj|k

kaeãûkp èae |rfp|kto( ohkcrfo( po{lolk( kjifa( yfyk èjierak o ~krpejocka* Æ {a rk|ro|e le

kae`fejoh* Ep `hf`mäp pàe páabehep |rolf`fejofp lk oaer( lk ioaáhfo ikhft( lk ~rep~krflolk* E

o`kppe îp hkabrojãop eèrrk jo|{rohakj|k o|royæp lop rk~rkpkj|oãûkp lo \Y* ôro Aorèjlkp

Ifhme -?669& kppop kaeãûkp jàe pàe rkofp* ‘W***Q op |rfp|ktop( op lerkp( op hïcrfaop rkhkabroa

fjèjp`fkj|kakj|k oe |khkp~k`|oler aeakj|ep kae`fejohakj|k ier|kp lk p{o yflo* Kppop



kaeãûkp( kj|rk|oj|e( ~kraojk`ka akj|ofp( ~ho|üjfòp k jàe rk|erjoa î rkohflolk o|{oh7

i{j`fejoa ̀ eae pejmep pk`rk|ep‑* -AOR@EJLKP IFHME( ?669( ~*<=&*

O faocka æ {a rk`{rpe a{f|e fa~er|oj|k jo èa{jfòãàe khk|rüjfò( ~efp kho |ka ierão(

èjpkc{k èjykj`kr( k}~rkppor k lroao|ftor* ôro B{``f -?663&( kho æ e ~rfj`f~oh `rf|ærfe ~oro

kj|rk|kr e |khkp~k`|oler* Pk jàe me{ykr {ao faocka q{k ò{pk fa~o`|e( e io|e jàe cojmorï

{a bea |ka~e je je|f`fïrfe*

Pkc{jle Pq{frro -?66>&( mï lefp crojlkp cr{~ep lk `ðlfcep lo hfjc{ocka |khkyfp{oh* Pàe khkp4

ep aeyfakj|ep ð|fèp k ep aeyfakj|ep ak`âjfèp* E o{|er ioho ~rfakfroakj|k lep

aeyfakj|ep lk `âakro ak`âjfèp( o ~ojerâafò k e |roykhhfjc* E ~rfakfre |ro|o!pk lkaeyfakj|ep je kf}e lo `âakro pka |frï!ho le h{cor* Kho ò~|o faockjp lk {a hole ~oro e

e{|re( lk `fao ~oro bof}e k yf`k!ykrpo* êlka!pk |oabæa èabfjor kp|kp aeyfakj|ep* Kp|k

|f~e lk aeyfakj|e lkyk pkr {pole lk ierao lepolo( jàe {pole lk ierao èjp|oj|k* ‘W***Q je

aeyfakj|e ~ojerâafè( o oãàe ~elk l{ror fjkpce|ïykfp pkc{jlep( e q{k ~elk lkpfj|krkppor e

|khkp~k`|oler k lfif`{h|or o klfãàe‑* -P_[FRRO( ?66>( ~*?0=&*

E |roykhhfjc òro`|krfto!pk ~khe lkpheòakj|e lo `âakro lk {a ~ej|e o e{|re* E ebdk|elkpkdole jo croyoãàe æ o~re}faole èa e lkpheòakj|e lo `âakro ka p{o lfrkãàe( `mkcojle

e{ pk oiop|ojle lkhk* êlk!pk |oabæa èabfjï!he èa aeyfakj|ep merftej|ofp lo lfrkf|o

~oro o kpq{krlo k yf`k!ykrpo( k èa o ~ojerâafò* @ea rkhoãàe oep aeyfakj|ep ð|fèp( e

o{|er ioho le teea( q{k pkryk ~oro o~re}faor k oiop|or e ebdk|e je kjq{olroakj|e* E teea

lk o~re}faoãàe le ebdk|e æ `moaole lk teea!fj k e q{k e oiop|o æ `moaole lk teea!e{|*

Mkrðle|e Borbkfre -2>>;& oifrao q{k e |k}|e derjoháp|fè jo \Y lkyk pkr `hore( èj`fpe(lfrk|e( ~rk`fpe( pfa~hkp k ebdk|fye( oppfa èae ka e{|rep yká`{hep lk èa{jfòãàe* E q{k

a{lo pàe op rkcrop q{k òlo yká`{he lkyk pkc{fr ~oro èjq{fp|or e pk{ ~ôbhfè* ‘Jo \Y( bka

èae je rïlfe( e |k}|e lkyk pkr èheq{foh k e derjohfp|o ~rk`fpo |kr ka akj|k q{k kp|ï

èj|ojle {ao mfp|ðrfo ~oro ohc{æa‑* -BORBKFRE( 2>>;( ~*63&*

E o{|er rkihk|k pebrk ep ~oppep ~rfj`f~ofp ~oro rklfcfr {a |k}|e jo \Y* Pàe khkp4 èjmk`kr op

faockjp q{k pkràe {|fhftolop jo klfãàe( ~oro kyf|or q{k e |k}|e lkp`rkyo k}o|oakj|k e q{k o

faocka aep|ro( kyf|ojle {ao rkl{jlâj`fo* E |k}|e |ka q{k èakãor èa e hkol ( e{ pkdo(

obrfr o ao|ærfo èa o jeyflolk( |erjojle!o e aofp o|rokj|k ~eppáykh* Lkyk!pk kp̀ rkykr e |k}|e



jo erlka lfrk|o4 P{dkf|e pkc{fle le ykrbe k ~rklfòle* E {pe lep pfjofp er|ecrïifèp æ

fa~er|oj|k( ~efp khkp io`fhf|oa o kj|ejoãàe lo yet k o rkp~froãàe le o~rkpkj|oler* @moyûkp(

cárfop( h{corkp!èa{jp k k}~rkppûkp q{k òároa ka lkp{pe lkyka pkr kyf|olop je |k}|e lk

\Y*



0 E M[AER K E RFPE

0*? O lkifjfãàe lk m{aer

E m{aer ~elk pkr èa~rkkjlfle èae q{ohq{kr akjpocka q{k ~reyeq{k rfpe e{ perrfpe* E

rfpe? òro`|krfto!pk ~khe o|e lk èj|rofr ep aôp`{hep io`fofp ka èjpkqøäj`fo lk {ao

fa~rkppàe lk ohkcrfo e{ teaborfo* Dï e perrfpe2 æ e o|e lk rfr ka pfhäj`fe( aohf`fepoakj|k(

rkohftojle o~kjop {a hfckfre aeyfakj|e lep hïbfep k lo io`k* Kppo akjpocka ~elk pkr

|rojpaf|flo o|royæp lk ckp|ep( ~ohoyrop( |k}|ep( pejp e{ faockjp* Ief peakj|k ka ?9=2 q{k e

m{aer rk`kbk{ {ao lkifjfãàe kp`rf|o( ~efp o|æ kj|àe kro èjpflkrole {ao lfp~epfãàe akj|oh

e{ |ka~kroakj|e* Doj Brkaakr k Mkraoj Reelkjb{rc -2>>>& lkifjka e m{aer lk l{opaojkfrop* O ~rfakfro æ bopkolo je kjpofe pebrk o hfbkrlolk lo croão k le m{aer ‐ ?3>6 lk

Herlk Pmoi|kpb{rv( q{k lkifjk m{aer èae ‘èaf`flolk‑ k e èjpflkro aofp ocrolïykh k

akjep fj|khk`|{oh q{k e `mfp|k* O e{|ro lkifjfãàe æ bopkolo ka Yeh|ofrk( q{k `hoppfifò e

m{aer èae {ao ‘brfjòlkfro jo|{roh‑* Yholfafr ^re~~ -?662& lkifjk e m{aer èae ‘oq{kho

lfp~epfãàe lk kp~árf|e q{k ka jeppop rkhoãûkp èa ep e{|rep( ~kho aojfikp|oãàe k}|krfer lk

~kq{kjep lkikf|ep( jep lkf}o kj|rkykr {ao jo|{rkto fj|krjoakj|k ~epf|fyo* Kp|k |f~e lk m{aer

jop`k lk {ao fj`hfjoãàe bkjkyehkj|k‑* -^RE^^( ?662( ~*?;2&*

Ief jep ojep ~ræ!rkyeh{`fejïrfep( jo K{re~o( q{k e m{aer ~e~{hor èakãe{ o p{rcfr* O|royæp

le m{aer k lo pï|fro æ q{k e ~eye k}~{jmo p{op e~fjfûkp èj|ro ep rkcfakp rk~rkppfyep k

pebrk e `kjïrfe ~ehá|fè je q{oh yfyfoa* Aop e m{aer jàe kro o~kjop {ao orao ~ehá|fò*

‘W***Q J{ao æ~eò lk crojlk a{lojão pe`foh( kjq{oj|e {ao pe`fklolk |rolf`fejoh bopkoloka bkjp loyo h{cor o {a èji{pe a{jle jeye( aoròle ~kho fjl{p|rfohftoãàe( ~kho{rbojftoãàe k ~kho aebfhflolk pe`foh( e m{aer ~e~{hor ~rkkj`mfo {ao coao lkjk`kppflolkp* ^re~er`fejoyo pfa~hkp kj|rk|kjfakj|e( kjèrodoyo ep ohkaàkp o lkpe~fhor eiácole k hmkp ~kraf|fo k}~heror k jkce`for op fjp|ïykfp irej|kfrop le olafrïykh a{jle jeyeî yeh|o lkhkp‑* -BRKAAKR7 REELKJB[RC( 2>>>( ~*22;&*

Jo Ohkaojmo ef|e`kj|fp|o( e m{aer cojme{ aofp ierão( lkf}ojle lk pkr o~kjop {a

kj|rk|kjfakj|e k pk |rojpieraojle ka akròlerfo lk aoppo* E m{aer ~e~{hor pof lop r{op k

? Lfp~ejáykh ka4 m||~4%%sss*lf`fejorfeleo{rkhfe*èa%lf`fejorfe*~#m~5^#1Rfr* O`kppe ka >= jey* 2>>6* 2 Lfp~ejáykh ka4 m||~4%%sss*lf`fejorfeleo{rkhfe*èa%lf`fejorfe*~m~5^1Perrfr* O`kppe ka >= jey* 2>>6*

http://www.dicionariodoaurelio.com/dicionario.php?P=Sorrir

http://www.dicionariodoaurelio.com/dicionario.php?P=Sorrir



yof ~oro op pohop!lk!kp|or lo K{re~o( aofp ~rk`fpoakj|k je kp|ole ohkaàe lo ^rôppfo(

~rfj`f~ohakj|k ka Bkrhfa( ejlk ~oppo o pk aojfikp|or jo `kjo hf|krïrfo k or|áp|fò o|royæp le

lfohk|e( lo òrfò|{ro( lo or|k( lo `{h|{ro fjikrfer k lo oh|o `{h|{ro*

E m{aer jo Ohkaojmo jàe æ o~kjop {a ~rel{|e èakr`foh `rfole pka pkj|fle( q{k |ka èae

ebdk|fye o~kjop ~re~er`fejor lfykr|fakj|e* A{f|op ieroa op flæfop o rkp~kf|e lk p{o i{jãàe jo

pe`fklolk* Ohc{jp kp|{lfepep èjpflkroa q{k e m{aer kro o ierao èae ep `flolàep

k}~khfoa p{op rofyop k ir{p|roãûkp ̀ ej|ro o erlka kp|obkhk`flo*

E m{aer ~e~{hor `rfoyo {ao kp~æ`fk lk èa{jflolk kj|rk ep ~or|f`f~oj|kp( ~efp rfr kaèjd{j|e pfcjfifò èa{jfòr!pk kj|rk pf k ~or|f`f~or lk {ao akpao `{h|{ro* ‘Oppfa pkjle(e m{aer od{loyo o èjp|r{fr {a kp~oãe ~ôbhfè( {a òa~e e{ orkjo ejlk ~elkrfoa pkrlfp`{|flep |elep ep |f~ep lk flæfop( pkdoa khop ~ehá|fòp( pe`fofp e{ aerofp‑* -BRKAAKR7REELKJB[RC( 2>>>( ~*22=&*

O~kpor lk e m{aer |kr èae ebdk|fye ~reyeòr e rfpe( jka |ele rfpe æ ~reyeòle ~khe m{aer*

E rfpe ~elk pkr oakoãoler ka lk|krafjolop pf|{oãûkp* Brkaakr k Reelkjb{rc -2>>>&

èjpflkroa e m{aer k e rfpe èae hfbkr|olerkp( ~efp {ao oãàe m{aeráp|fò fjkp~krolo ~elk

~er ifa o {a `hfao |kjpe ~er ohc{a aeakj|e* W***Q ‘e òrjoyoh k op ikp|fyflolkp ojïhecop

~elka èrrea~kr |ka~erorfoakj|k op rkcrop pe`fofp rácflop o q{k |elep jðp ebklk`kaep(

kabero( irkq{kj|kakj|k( èa m{aer lk bof}e jáykh( ka ykt lk oh|e‑* -BRKAAKR7

REELKJB[RC( 2>>>( ~*?;&*

Brkaakr k Reelkjb{rc -2>>>& oifraoa q{k e rfpe æ {a ikjüakje `{h|{roh k pe`foh*

Ikjüakje `{h|{roh ~erq{k op o|f|{lkp ka rkhoãàe o khk( o ierao èae æ ~ro|fòle( ep ohyep k

ierao|ep pk |rojpieraoa èa e ~oppor le |ka~e* Ikjüakje pe`foh ~erq{k( pkc{jle e o{|er(

pàe jk`kppïrfop l{op e{ |räp ~kppeop rkofp e{ faocfjïrfop ~oro q{k khk eèrro( ~efp {ao ~kppeo

~reyeò e rfpe( {ao rf k e{|ro æ e ohye le rfpe*

ôro Mkjrf Bkrcpej -2>>?& o èaf`flolk kp|ï hfcolo oep pkrkp m{aojep* Jàe æ ~eppáykh |kr

èaf`flolk joq{fhe q{k jàe æ m{aoje* Doaofp frkaep rfr lk {ao ~ofpocka( ~er k}ka~he* Kho

~elk pkr bkho( ikfo( kjifa |kr q{ohq{kr oldk|fye( aop jàe ~reyeòrï rfpe* Pk rfraep lk {a

ojfaoh e{ lk ohc{a ebdk|e æ ~erq{k kp|oaep ~kr`kbkjle jkhkp ohc{ao pkakhmojão m{aojo*



O akpao e~fjfàe |ka ^re~~ -?662&* Pkc{jle khk( æ fa~eppáykh rfr lo jo|{rkto q{k jep `krò4

iherkp|op( aej|ojmop( rfep( aorkp( k|`* _{ojle rfaep lk ohc{a ojfaoh æ ~erq{k khk pk ~ork`k

èa ep meakjp* E aoòè( ~kho crojlk pkakhmojão m{aojo( æ èjpflkrole e aofp rflá`{he le

a{jle ojfaoh* [a k}ka~he ~oro fh{p|ror kp|o oifraoãàe æ e pkc{fj|k4 {a hkàe òãojle jo

iherkp|o jàe |ka jolo lk rflá`{he e{ kjcroãole( aop pk ykp|fraep jkhk re{~op m{aojop khk

~opporï o pkr `üafè*

Dï ka rkhoãàe î èaf`flolk( kho æ èj|ka~holo ka èa{jflolk* Jàe pkrfo ~eppáykh poberkï!ho

pk jðp jep pkj|áppkaep petfjmep* E rfpe ~rk`fpo lk {ao `{a~hf`flolk( lk {a kj|kjlfakj|e

èa ep lkaofp rflkj|kp( pkdoa rkofp e{ faocfjïrfep* K}ka~he4 l{roj|k {ao èjykrpo kj|rk

oafcep ka {ao akpo lk bor( |elep rfka pfa{h|ojkoakj|k( aop ~oro oq{khop e{|rop ~kppeopq{k kp|àe iero loq{khk cr{~e( o èjykrpo jàe |krï croão ohc{ao( ~efp jàe kp|àe ~er lkj|re le

opp{j|e*

O èaf`flolk æ ckrolo o ~or|fr lk {a oèj|k`fakj|e o`flkj|oh( e{ pkdo( q{k rea~k èa e

kp~krole* êlk pkr ~reyeòle jo|{roh e{ or|fif`fohakj|k* Bkrcpej -2>>?& `f|o èae k}ka~he e

lk {a meaka q{k( èrrkjle ~kho r{o( |re~kão( òf k ep |rojpk{j|kp rfka* Pkc{jle e o{|er(

khkp rfka æ le io|e lkp|k meaka |kr!pk pkj|ole fjyeh{j|orfoakj|k je `màe* O èaf`flolk kp|ï~rkpkj|k je ao{ dkf|e le meaka k jàe jo a{lojão rï~flo lk o|f|{lk* E{|re k}ka~he `f|ole æ

lk {a teabk|kfre q{k ak}k je ao|krfoh lk {ao ~kppeo k( q{ojle kp|o yof aehmor e ~fj`kh jo

|fj|o( kjèj|ro hoao ohf* Jep lefp òpep( op yá|faop kp|àe ka {ao akpao pf|{oãàe* Kp|àe

k}k`{|ojle o|fyflolkp re|fjkfrop k( lk rk~kj|k( ohce fj|krikrk k a{lo kp|o re|fjo* E q{k a{lo

ka {a k}ka~he k ka e{|re æ q{k e ~rfakfre eèrrk{ lk aele jo|{roh k e pkc{jle(

or|fif`fohakj|k* ‘E q{k mï lk rfpáykh j{a òpe k je{|re æ `kr|o rfcflkt ak`âjfò q{ojle pkrfo

lk pk kp~kror o aohkobfhflolk o|kj|o k o ihk}fbfhflolk yáyflo lk {ao ~kppeo‑* -BKRCPEJ(2>>?( ~*=&* Jkp|kp lefp òpep `f|olep o`fao( ief e io|er lfp|roãàe q{k ~rel{tf{ e kikf|e

`üafè*

E yá`fe `üafè |oabæa æ {a io|er q{k èj|rfb{f ~oro o èaf`flolk* Æ khk q{k lfikrk e lroao

lo èaælfo* Je òpe le ~rfakfre( ep yá`fep pàe fjpkrflep |àe bka jo ~krpejocka( q{k kp|o pk

pebrkppof pebrk khkp* Dï je òpe lo èaælfo( kp|kp yá`fep |äa aofp lkp|oq{k q{k o ~rð~rfo

~krpejocka*



‘W***Q e yá`fe `üafè ~elk {jfr !pk îp ~kppeop |àe fj|faoakj|k q{oj|e pk q{kfro( aop j{jòlkf}orï lk èjpkryor k}fp|äj`fo fjlk~kjlkj|k k pfa~hkp7 èj|fj{o pkjle ~krpejocka`kj|roh( fjyfpáykh k ~rkpkj|k( le q{oh op ~krpejockjp lk òrjk k eppe ifòa p{p~kjpop ka`kjo‑* -BKRCPEJ( 2>>?( ~?2&*

Jo aoferfo lep òpep( ep lkikf|ep iápfèp |äa aofp ~rebobfhflolk lk ~reyeòr e rfpe* O

k}~rkppàe rfpáykh le rep|e kp|ï ~rkpkj|k jep pk{p èj|erjep q{k rkihk|ka e pk{ kp|ole lk ohao*

O òrfò|{ro k}~hero d{p|oakj|k fp|e* P{o or|k æ rkohãor {a lkikf|e k ò~|or ohc{ao k}~rkppàe

kaf|flo ~khe rep|e*

E `üafè kp|ï ~rkpkj|k |oabæa jop o|f|{lkp( jep ckp|ep k jep aeyfakj|ep le èr~e m{aoje*

O èaf`flolk o~ork`k jo aklflo q{k faf|o o yflo* @kr|ep ckp|ep |erjoa!pk kjcroãolepq{ojle faf|olep* Pàe ep ckp|ep o{|eaï|fèp q{k ~eppfbfhf|oa pkr faf|olep* _{ojle ep ckp|ep

aofp èa{jp le è|flfoje( èae èr|or {ao aolkfro( pàe aelfifòlep ~reyeòa aofp rfpep*

[ao faocka pkrï rfpáykh pk jep p{ckrfr o flkfo lk ioj|opfo e{ lfpior`k* Rfaep ~er k}ka~he lk

{a òbkhe ot{hole( ~erq{k jàe æ ohce fjkrkj|k î èr mobf|{oh lk òbkhep* [a rep|e lk {a

meaka brojè ~fj|ole lk ~rk|e rkak|k o jeppo faocfjoãàe d{p|oakj|k oe io|e lk khk |kr pfle

~fj|ole* E rfpe æ ~reyeòle ~kho p{r~rkpo k ~khe èj|rop|k* ‘[a meaka q{k pk ioj|opfo æ`üafè* [a meaka q{k ~ork`k ioj|opfole æ `üafè |oabæa* êr k}|kjpàe( |ele lfpior`k pkrï

`üafè( jàe pð e le meaka( aop |oabæa e lo pe`fklolk( k o|æ e lo jo|{rkto‑* -BKRCPEJ(

2>>?( ~*0?&*

Rfaep ofjlo q{ojle {a fj`flkj|k iot jeppo o|kjãàe yeh|or ~oro e iápfè lo ~kppeo je

aeakj|e ka q{k e q{k kp|ï ka dece æ e aeroh* [a k}ka~he4 pk l{roj|k {a lfp`{rpe( e

^rkpflkj|k lo Rk~ôbhfò rk`hoaor lep po~o|ep o~kr|olep* Rk`kj|kakj|k( l{roj|k {aokj|rkyfp|o o {a ~recroao lk \Y oakrfòje( e ^rkpflkj|k Borog Eboao ao|e{ {ao aepò

q{k e relkoyo( e q{k ~reyeè{ rfpep lk q{ka kp|oyo oe pk{ rkler k lk q{ka oppfp|fo o

kj|rkyfp|o* E rfpe |oabæa æ ~reyeòle q{ojle oppfafhoaep ~kppeop o ebdk|ep* Rfaep ~er

k}ka~he oe ykr {ao ~krpejocka lk lkpkjme ojfaole pkjle hojãolo èj|ro ~fjep lk behf`mk(

~efp jo jeppo akj|k o ~krpejocka |rojpierae{!pk ka beho lk behf`mk*

O èaf`flolk æ kjèj|rolo io`fhakj|k jop oãûkp k pf|{oãûkp le è|flfoje* O èaælfo jolo

aofp æ le q{k {ao brfjòlkfro q{k faf|o o yflo* ‘êr |oj|e( jàe mï `kjo rkoh( pærfo( lroaï|fò

akpae( q{k o ioj|opfo jàe ~eppo |rojpieraor ka `üafò( kyeòjle o~kjop kppo



faocka*‑-BKRCPEJ( 2>>?( ~*;=&*

Aop mï ~kppeop q{k jàe rfka k æ fa~eppáykh ~reyeòr e rfpe jkhop* Fppe eèrrk lkyfle î erlka

mfp|ðrfò( pe`foh( jo`fejoh k ~kppeoh* @olo æ~eò k `{h|{ro |ka pk{ ~rð~rfe pkj|fle pebrk e

m{aer k e `üafè* E q{k æ kjcroãole ka {ao æ~eò k ~oro {a ~eye( jàe pkrï ~oro e{|rop

ckroãûkp e{ `{h|{rop lfikrkj|kp* ôro ^re~~ -?662& ep deykjp kp|àe aofp ~re~á`fep o rfr le q{k

ep aofp ykhmep* M{aerfp|op jo|ep kp|àe ~rkpkj|kp ka |elop op `hoppkp pe`fofp* O ykfo

m{aeráp|fò æ {a |ohkj|e jo|{roh* Fp|e æ {a ikjüakje ~epf|fye q{k kp|ï hfcole oe oaer î yflo

k î ohkcrfo lk yfykr* Oq{khop ~kppeop q{k jàe rfka pàe èjpflkrolop fjpkjpáykfp* Aop mï

lk|krafjolop ~kppeop q{k jàe rfka ~er e{|rep ae|fyep k jàe ~erq{k pàe fjpkjpáykfp* E rfpe

~elk pkr bheq{kole |oabæa ~erq{k p{o rkhfcfàe æ èj|ro e{ lkyfle o {a peirfakj|e*

O jo|{rkto iápfò le meaka |oabæa æ iej|k lk rfpe* [a k}ka~he lole ~er ^re~~ -?662& pàe

ep cerlfjmep* Khkp ckrohakj|k ~ork`ka pkr rflá`{hep* Aop fp|e jàe q{kr lftkr q{k |elop op

~kppeop cerlop pàe kjcroãolop* ôro moykr e rfpe( e op~k`|e kp~frf|{oh jàe ~elk ~rkyohk`kr

pebrk e iápfè k jka yf`k!ykrpo* O ebkpflolk æ {a k}ka~he `f|ole ~khe o{|er ~oro fh{p|ror fp|e*

‘[a cerle q{k peirk èa p{o lekjão jàe æ rflá`{he lk aele ohc{a* E rfpe( jkp|k òpe( æ

fa~eppáykh( ~efp e op~k`|e k}|krfer æ ~kr`kbfle iero lk q{ohq{kr rkhoãàe èa o jo|{rktokp~frf|{oh le lekj|k‑* -^RE^^( ?662( ~*<9&* @ej`h{f!pk kj|àe q{k o èaf`flolk kp|ï ~rkpkj|k

jo èrrkhoãàe le op~k`|e iápfè k kp~frf|{oh* O jo|{rkto iápfò q{k k}~ûk ep lkikf|ep lo

jo|{rkto kp~frf|{oh* [a cerle jo poho lk kp~kro le aælfè jàe |ka jolo lk kjcroãole( aop

{a cerle ifòr kj|ohole jo ~er|o lk {a bojè( dï æ ohce `üafè*

E{|re k}ka~he ~oro fh{p|ror o q{kp|àe lo jo|{rkto iápfò èae ierao lk ~reyeòr e rfpe æ e

òpe le èr~e m{aoje* Khk j{( jàe |ka jolo lk rflá`{he* Aop pk {ao ~kppeo lkpj{loòafjmor kj|rk ~kppeop èrrk|oakj|k ykp|flop( oá p{rck o ~eppfbfhflolk le rfpe( ~efp e op~k`|e

iápfè yof ebp`{rk`kr e op~k`|e kp~frf|{oh* I{jãûkp ifpfehðcfòp( èae oppeor e jorft lk ierao

bor{hmkj|o( e èj|erje le rep|e m{aoje( fj`h{fjle e ierao|e le jorft( ehmep k beò ~elka

|oabæa ~reyeòr e rfpe* @ejierak ^re~~ -?662& op òro`|kráp|fòp iápfòp lop ~kppeop

|oabæa pàe iej|k lk rfpe*

0*2*? \f~ep lk rfpe

Jo e~fjfàe lk ^re~~ -?662&( èa k}`kãàe lep òpep lk peirfakj|e( æ ~eppáykh rfr lk q{opk



|elop op pf|{oãûkp lo yflo le meaka* ‘W***Q |oj|e o yflo iápfò q{oj|e o yflo aeroh k

fj|khk`|{oh le meaka ~elka |erjor!pk ebdk|e lk rfpe‑* -^RE^^( ?662( ~*26&* Ohæa le rfpe lk

teaborfo( q{k æ e aofp èa{a( ~reyeòle ~er oq{fhe q{k o`moaep rflá`{he jop ~kppeop( khk

`hoppfifò e rfpe ka `fjè |f~ep4 e rfpe bea( e rfpe aohlepe e{ `ájfè( e rfpe ohkcrk( e rfpe

rf|{oh k e rfpe faelkrole*

E rfpe bea æ oèa~ojmole lk {ao oik|{epo èrlfohflolk* Oe èj|rïrfe le rfpe lk teaborfo(

kp|k jàe æ ~reyeòle o ~or|fr lep lkikf|ep ohmkfep( jàe æ por`ïp|fè e{ aohlepe( aop pfa( {a

|f~e lk m{aer fjeikjpfye* Khk æ fjyeh{j|ïrfe( pfa~ï|fè k lk o~reyoãàe* [a k}ka~he `hore

lfppe pàe op o|f|{lkp lop `rfojãop q{k èjpkc{ka orrojòr perrfpe lep ol{h|ep ~kho p{o ierao

lk ocfr*

Dï e rfpe aohlepe e{ rfpe `ájfè kp|ï ~rkpkj|k joq{khop ~kppeop q{k kj}krcoa o iohpflolk k o

mf~e`rfpfo ka |ele h{cor k jàe rkèjmk`ka q{k k}fp|ka meakjp ckjkrepep k pkjpáykfp* Kp|k

rfpe lfikrk lep lkaofp ~khe io|e lk jàe kp|or rkho`fejole jka lfrk|o k jka fjlfrk|oakj|k î

èaf`flolk( jàe æ jolo pfa~ï|fè*

Je rfpe bea( ep ~kq{kjep lkikf|ep loq{khkp q{k jðp oaoaep pð kaboãoa pk{p holep~epf|fyep k o|rokj|kp* Pk kppkp lkikf|ep k}fp|ka( jðp ep lkp`{h~oaep lk bea crole* Je rfpeao{ ep lkikf|ep( îp yktkp akpae pð o~orkj|kp( faocfjolep e{ fjykj|olep( pàe o{akj|olep(fjiholep( ohfakj|ojle oppfa ep pkj|fakj|ep aohlepep( r{fjp k o aohklf`äj`fo* -^RE^^(?662( ~*?;6&*

E rfpe ohkcrk æ oq{khk q{k eèrrk pka ae|fye( æ kp~ej|âjke k jo|{roh( k}~rfak o ikhf`flolk le

q{k kp|ï o jeppo yeh|o* Khk jàe kp|ï hfcole î èaf`flolk e{ o ohc{a lkikf|e ohmkfe* [a

k}ka~he ~eppáykh æ e lk {ao `rfojão q{k rf lfoj|k lk {ao ïryerk lk Jo|oh e{ lk q{ohq{kr

aojfikp|oãàe oe pk{ rkler q{k hmk ocrolk* [p{ir{ka lkppk rfpe( op ~kppeop q{k pàe ikhftkp ~er

jo|{rkto k bka lfp~ep|op oe m{aerfpae*

E{|re |f~e lk rfpe æ e rfpe rf|{oh* Dï |kyk æ~eò ka q{k e rfpe kro ebrfco|ðrfe k iotfo ~or|k lk

ohc{jp lk|krafjolep rf|ep* ‘L{roj|k `kr|e ~kráele oe rfpe ief o|rfb{álo o ò~o`flolk jàe

o~kjop lk khkyor op ‘ierãop yf|ofp‑( aop lk lkp~kr|ï!hop* O|rfb{f!pk oe rfpe o ò~o`flolk lk

p{p`f|or o yflo( je pkj|fle aofp hf|kroh lkp|o ~ohoyro W***Q‑ -^RE^^( ?662( ~*?9<&*



0*0 E m{aer k e derjohfpae

E m{aer k e derjohfpae kp|àe hole o hole mï a{f|e |ka~e je Bropfh* Pkc{jle Pohfbo -2>>2&( e

m{aer dï e`{~oyo ep relo~æp lep derjofp pkaojofp èa mfp|ðrfop `üafòp( oj|kp akpae lo

Rk~ôbhfò( q{k `rfe{ {a jeye aelkhe lk derjohfpae* L{roj|k o |rojpfãàe lo Aejorq{fo ~oro

o Rk~ôbhfò( ~kráele je q{oh me{yk h{|op k èjihf|ep ~ehá|fèp( eèrrk{ {a o{akj|e lo

~rel{ãàe lk pï|frop ~ehá|fòp( q{k kroa o ierao lk k}~hf`f|or ðlfe k rojèrkp lk aeakj|e

èj|ro ohce e{ ohc{æa*

O ~rel{ãàe `üafò je Bropfh ifè{ aofp fj|kjpo jkppk ~kráele ~er ò{po le o{akj|e lk

èjihf|ep k rf}op ~ehá|fòp q{k eèrrkroa jep lefp ~rfakfrep ceykrjep rk~{bhfòjep* Kroo|royæp lo pï|fro ~ehá|fò q{k kp|op brfcop ~ehá|fòp ieroa aep|rolop î pe`fklolk* Jkppk

~kráele( o ~rel{ãàe m{aeráp|fò kro bopkolo jep ðlfep k rojèrkp lo æ~eò*

Jo ôh|fao læòlo le Fa~ærfe( o ~rel{ãàe lep iehmk|fjp q{k |rotfoa {a ~kq{kje |ea

m{aeráp|fè o{akj|e{* Khkp k}~heroyoa ep oèj|k`fakj|ep eèrrflep èa akabrep lo

ioaáhfo fa~krfoh* Ep iehmk|fjp |rotfoa mfp|ðrfop lo èr|k( ~eræa ep ~krpejockjp kroa if`|á`fep*

@ea o kyeh{ãàe |k`jehðcfò q{k o|fjcf{ o fa~rkjpo jo ôh|fao læòlo le pæ`{he ]F]( o

rk~rkpkj|oãàe `üafò lo yflo jo`fejoh cojme{ aofp ierão èa e p{rcfakj|e lk {a jeye

aelkhe lk derjoh( aofp aelkrje k q{k rkihk|fo o ohao ~e~{hor( lojle kp~oãe ~oro op p{op

e~fjfûkp( èjq{fp|op k op~froãûkp* Jkp|o æ~eò |oabæa p{rcfroa op rkyfp|op m{aeráp|fòp(

kp|fa{holop ~khep oyojãep lop |æ`jfòp lk fa~rkppàe k rk~rel{ãàe( q{k pfa~hfifòyoa e

o{akj|e lop |frockjp k èjpkq{kj|kakj|k o{akj|oyo e ~ôbhfè!hkf|er* O~ðp pk pk~ororka lep

derjofp( op rkyfp|op ~opporoa o |kr {ao kp|r{|{ro pkaf!ka~rkporfoh( b{pòjle o|kjlkr epfj|krkppkp le pk{ ~ôbhfè!hkf|er*

Oppfa( e fj`rkakj|e lop ~ïcfjop m{aeráp|fòp oèa~ojmo( j{a ~rfakfre aeakj|e( elkpkjyehyfakj|e lo crojlk fa~rkjpo( k( lk~efp( ~rfj`f~ohakj|k je fjá`fe le pæ`{he( q{ojleep derjofp èakãoa o |eaor {a op~k`|e aofp ‘derjoháp|fè k akjep a{jloje‑( mï {aocrojlk ~rehfikroãàe lop rkyfp|op pkaojofp q{k( pebrk|{le ~khe oyojãe jop |æ`jfòp lop or|kpcrïifòp( èakãoa o pk pk~oror( |kraep ka~rkporfofp( lep derjofp* -POHFBO( 2>>2( ~*06&*

E m{aer |oabæa kp|ï ~rkpkj|k jo |kho lo |khkyfpàe* O fjieraoãàe lkf}e{ lk pkr e ieè



~rfj`f~oh jop |rojpafppûkp |khkyfpfyop* O aofer ~or|k le kp~oãe lo |khkyfpàe æ èa~ep|o ~er

~recroaop lk kj|rk|kjfakj|e*

Oppfa( jo |khkyfpàe o`|{oh e ~orolfcao le kp~k|ï`{he |kjlk o ~rkyohk`kr pebrk ep e{|rep jo~rk~oroãàe lop akjpockjp rkofp* O|æ ep |khkderjofp pk |erjoa pmesp( èa pk{p `kjïrfepi{|{rfp|op( kikf|ep kp~k`fofp( hfjc{ocka kjiï|fò k o~rkpkj|olerkp%o~rkpkj|olerop yklk|op*-DKOJ!DO@_[KP DKP^KRP( ?66=( ~* 3<&*

Dkp~krp -?66=& èjpflkro q{k( o|{ohakj|k( mï {ao kp~k|o`{horftoãàe je lfp`{rpe |khkyfpfye(

~efp e lfykr|fakj|e |ka ~rkleafjole kj|rk op i{jãûkp |rolf`fejohakj|k o|rfb{álop î |khkyfpàe

q{k æ fjieraor( ieraor k lfykr|fr* ôro e o{|er( kp|k ~krifh pk kjòf}o bka jo `moaolo|khkyfpàe èakr`foh q{k |ka èae ebdk|fye kj|rk|kr e ~ôbhfè o|royæp lep ~rel{|ep lk

èjp{ae* @ejierak e o{|er( ohc{jp kp|{lep aep|roa q{k jo b{pò ~kho fjieraoãàe( e

|khkp~k |̀oler |oabæa ~re`{ro pk lfykr|fr**

@ea rkhoãàe oe m{aer jo |khkyfpàe( @fre Aorèjlkp Ifhme -?669& oifrao q{k ep ~recroaop

m{aeráp|fèp yfyka lo rflf`{horftoãàe lk cr{~ep aorcfjohftolep -meaeppk}{ofp( ~ebrkp(

cerlep( ~rep|f|{|op( afjerfop kp|rojckfrop k|`*& k lo pï|fro ~ehá|fò( q{k æ e m{aer leplkpèj|kj|kp k o ierao lo ~e~{hoãàe lkpòrrkcor p{op kjkrcfop q{ojle pkj|k q{k jàe kp|ï

pkjle o|kjlflo ~khep ðrcàep ~ôbhfèp*

Kj|rk|oj|e( q{ojle o \Y o~rkpkj|o e ~ehá|fè bäbole e{ èrr{~|e( q{ojle lkpaerohfto epðrcàep le ceykrje( q{ojle rflf`{horfto ~redk|ep lo olafjfp|roãàe ~ôbhfò( q{ojlelkpo`rklf|o op fjf`fo|fyop( kho |oabæa kp|ï iotkjle kpèor kjkrcfop rk~rkpolop ~khoir{p|roãàe( rkyeh|o e{ lk`k~ãàe ~e~{hor* -AOR@EJLKP IFHME( ?669( ~* 93&*

O ~redkãàe( q{k èjpfp|k ka |rojpikrfr ~oro op afjerfop k ~oro ep fjikhftkp o pf|{oãàe lk

k}`h{pàe k pkcrkcoãàe( k e ~re|kp|e o~orkj|k( q{k lft pkr o yet loq{khkp q{k kp|àe peb op

fjd{p|fãop k ep lkpaojlep lo olafjfp|roãàe ~ôbhfò( kp|àe ~rkpkj|kp jep lefp |f~ep lk m{aer*

\oj|e jo ~redkãàe q{oj|e je ~re|kp|e i{j`fejoa ep pkc{fj|kp akòjfpaep4 hfbkroãàe lk

kjkrcfo rk~rkpolo( rkierãe lop ~epfãûkp k fj|kjãûkp lop ~kppeop k cr{~ep( q{kbro lo `kjp{ro k

èjpkryoãàe lo rkohflolk k}|krjo ~kho rflf`{horftoãàe aorcfjohftolero k ~kho jàe

|rojpieraoãàe lo rkohflolk o ~or|fr lo pï|fro ~ehá|fò*



Ka pk{ or|fce lk le{|erole fj|f|{hole E m{aer èae kp|ro|æcfo lk èa{jfòãàe( Aor`fe

O`pkhrol iot {ao rkihk}àe o rkp~kf|e le {pe le m{aer jo kp|ro|æcfo èa{jfò`fejoh* Pkc{jle

e o{|er( e m{aer æ {ao ierao lk hfbkr|oãàe k |ka èae ebdk|fye od{lor e meaka o hflor èa

op q{kp|ûkp aofp èa~hk}op k ~rei{jlop lk p{o yflo k o`kf|or p{op iroq{ktop( ~efp jep ~kraf|k

rfr le ~rð}fae k lk jðp akpaep* E m{aer oakjfto ep kikf|ep lo |rocælfo lk yflo k aer|k*

Jka akpae kp|o lkf}o lk pkr ~oppáykh lk m{aer* _{oj|e aofp pærfe( lroaï|fè k h{}{epe {a

oèj|k`fakj|e ier( aofp kjcroãole khk pkrï* [a k}ka~he q{k ~elkaep lor o ~or|fr lkppo

ebpkryoãàe lk O`pkhrol æ e òpe le ^rkpflkj|k lo Rk~ôbhfò( l{roj|k {a lfp`{rpe( peirkr {ao

q{klo* @ea `kr|kto( kp|o `kjo |krï aofp croão le q{k pk ieppk èa {ao ~kppeo èa{a* E

o{|er pk i{jloakj|o ka {ao oifraoãàe lk Goj| rkikrkj|k oe `üafè( q{k lftfo q{k( q{oj|e

aofp fjkp~krolo ier {ao oãàe( aofp m{aer frï èjp|or jkho*



< OJÏHFPK LO RKHOÃÀE LE M[AER @EA E DERJOHFPAE JE ^RECROAO

@_@

<*? Ak|elehecfo lk ~kpq{fpo

ôro e lkpkjyehyfakj|e le ~rkpkj|k |robohme ieroa croyolep q{o|re ~recroaop( je ~kráele

q{k yof le lfo ; lk e{|{bre oe lfo 2 lk jeykabre lk 2>>6( |e|ohftojle q{o|re lfop lk

k}fbfãàe* Jkppkp ~recroaop ieroa kpèhmflop ao|ærfop lk `{jme derjoháp|fè q{k cojmoroa

lkp|oq{k ka e{|rop aálfop jo akpao pkaojo7 ~rfj`f~ohakj|k ka derjofp k rkyfp|op fa~rkppop

k |khkderjofp* O ~re~ep|o fjf`foh kro ojohfpor l{op ao|ærfop derjoháp|fòp ~er pkaojo( ~eræa

lkj|rk ep ~recroaop croyolep( o~kjop ka {a ief ~eppáykh flkj|fifòr l{op ao|ærfop èa`{jme derjoháp|fè* Î h{t lep |kðrfèp kp|{lolep jep ò~á|{hep oj|krferkp ~rk|kjlk!pk

flkj|fifòr o rkhoãàe le m{aer èa e derjohfpae k èa~rkkjlkr o|æ q{k ~ej|e {a |ro|oakj|e

jàe èjykj`fejoh lk lk|krafjole opp{j|e jàe èa~reak|k e pk{ òrï|kr derjoháp|fè*

<*2 E ~recroao

E ~recroao ‘@{p|k e q{k `{p|or‑ e{ pfa~hkpakj|k @_@ ( èae æ aofp èjmk`fle( kp|rke{ je

Bropfh lfo ?3 lk aorãe lk 2>>= k yof oe or |elop op pkc{jlop!ikfrop( îp 22m?;( èa rk~rfpk lep

akhmerkp aeakj|ep oep pïbolep( îp 20m<;( jo Rklk Bojlkfroj|kp lk \khkyfpàe( k |ka o

l{roãàe lk l{op merop* Æ {ao ykrpàe le ~recroao orckj|fje @ofco _{fkj @ofco( `rfole ka

?66; k iot {a rkp{ae pkaojoh( bka m{aerole k po|árfè lk je|á`fop pebrk ~ehá|fò( kp~er|k k

kj|rk|kjfakj|e ‐ èae æ lf|e ka eii jo obkr|{ro le ~recroao* Ohæa lo Orckj|fjo( e

~recroao ~epp{f ykrpûkp jo F|ïhfo( @mfhk k Kp~ojmo* P{op iej|kp k ieèp ~rfj`f~ofp pàe ~kppeop

q{k kp|àe jo aálfo( èae ~ehá|fèp( or|fp|op k ~krpejockjp le i{|kbeh bropfhkfre* E ~recroao æ

o~rkpkj|ole ~er Aor`khe \op( Roifjmo Bop|ep k Aorè H{q{k* Fj|kcroa ofjlo o kq{f~k( eprk~ðr|krkp Lojfhe Ckj|fhf( Ikhf~k Ojlrkehf( Roiokh @er|kt( Epòr Ifhme k Aüjfò Fettf(

pkhk`fejolo rk`kj|kakj|k èae e ef|oye khkakj|e* Lkj|rk ep fj|kcroj|kp le ~recroao( q{o|re

pàe derjohfp|op4 ep o~rkpkj|olerkp Aor`khe \op k Roifjmo Bop|ep k ep rk~ðr|krkp Roiokh @er|kt

k Ikhf~k Ojlrkehf* Ep lkaofp pàe o|erkp k m{aerfp|op*

E |krje ~rk|e k ep ð`{hep kp`{rep( |rodkp |á~fèp lk ~krpejockjp lk ifhak lk kp~fejocka jer|k!

oakrfòje( pàe aoròp rkcfp|rolop lep fj|kcroj|kp le @_@ * Khkp |rojpaf|ka oe ~ôbhfè opkjpoãàe lk q{k pàe e q{or|e ~elkr( k kp|àe lk ehme ~rfj`f~ohakj|k je q{k pk ~oppo je `kjïrfe



~ehá|fè bropfhkfre* E or lk p{p~kjpk k afp|ærfe( |kao irkq{kj|k jep ifhakp jer|k!oakrfòjep(

|oabæa kp|ï ~rkpkj|k jop yfjmk|op lk obkr|{ro le ~recroao k jop q{k oj|k`klka ep q{olrep*

O yfjmk|o lk obkr|{ro fjpkrk ep o~rkpkj|olerkp ka {a `kjïrfe ofjlo èa ~e{ò h{t( lojle o

flkfo lk ohce yfr|{oh k afp|krfepe* Dï jop yfjmk|op q{k obrka e{ kj`krroa op ao|ærfop k ep

q{olrep le ~recroao( ep fj|kcroj|kp iotka èakr`foh ~oro ep oj{j`foj|kp( ~re|ocejftojle

ckrohakj|k `kjop `üafòp*

E ~recroao jàe obrk aàe le m{aer ~oro rk~kr`{|fr ep io|ep èbkr|ep ~kho crojlk fa~rkjpo k

q{k ieroa lkp|oq{k jo pkaojo je òa~e `{h|{roh( pe`foh k ~ehá|fè* E @_@ ( l{roj|k op

kj|rkyfp|op( {|fhfto kikf|ep yfp{ofp ~oro frejftor ep kj|rkyfp|olep( iotkjle èa q{k o ao|ærfo pk

|erjk aofp kjcroãolo* Kp|o òro`|kráp|fò le ~recroao kjòf}o!pk je q{k Aorèjlkp Ifhme-2>>>& lkjeafjo lk o{|e!rkikräj`fo( q{k æ e io|e le derjohfpae lk |khkyfpàe iohor lk pf

~rð~rfe* Op faockjp pàe kp~k|o`{horftolop o ~ej|e lk |erjï!hop aofp fa~er|oj|kp q{k o ~rð~rfo

je|á`fo* ‘Jkppo pf|{oãàe cojmoa rkhkye op aej|ockjp( op ioj|opfop yfp{ofp |erjolop ~eppáykfp o

~or|fr lo klf|eroãàe khk|rüjfò lk faockjp( lo `rfoãàe lk kikf|ep( lop af}ockjp èa `kjop lk

orq{fye* Mï {a fjykp|fakj|e jop èrkp( jo `kjecroifo( je aeyfakj|e( jop `{rfepflolkp k jo

~fre|k`jfo yfp{oh W***Q‑* -AOR@EJLKP IFHME( 2>>>( ~* <2&* Ep kikf|ep yfp{ofp ckrohakj|k

~re`{roa aep|ror( jo ð|fò le ~recroao( e q{k kp|orfo pk ~oppojle jo òbkão le kj|rkyfp|ole(l{roj|k {ao ~krc{j|o( k q{k jàe ief lf|e*

Ep o~rkpkj|olerkp k ep rk~ðr|krkp ob{poa lo frejfo( le poròpae k lk ~krc{j|op lk l{~he

pkj|fle l{roj|k ep èakj|ïrfep k op kj|rkyfp|op ~oro ae|fyor e ~ôbhfè o |kr {ao yfpàe `rá|fò

lep io|ep ohf ykf`{holep* Kp|kp rk`{rpep {polep ~khep fj|kcroj|kp le ~recroao( a{f|op yktkp(

lkpaopòroa `kr|op ~krpejohflolkp lfoj|k lop `âakrop( ~rfj`f~ohakj|k oq{khop lo ~ehá|fò*

E ieè ~rfj`f~oh le ~recroao æ o ~ehá|fò7 khk iot {a khe kj|rk ep ~ehá|fèp k ep `flolàep( èa

ao|ærfop ~rel{tflop irkq{kj|kakj|k lkj|re le @ejcrkppe Jo`fejoh* Pk{p rk~ðr|krkp( èa

a{f|e bea m{aer( iotka ~krc{j|op oep ~orhoakj|orkp q{k( ~reyoykhakj|k( ep |khkp~k`|olerkp

cep|orfoa lk iotkr( pebrk opp{j|ep ~ehá|fèp le aeakj|e( îp yktkp èheòjle!ep ka pofop

d{p|op* O frrkykräj`fo le @_@ fjèaele{ |oj|e jeppep ~ehá|fèp q{k( je oje ~oppole( o

kq{f~k ief ~refbflo lk rkohftor ifhaockjp je @ejcrkppe Jo`fejoh* Pð èjpkc{froa o{|erftoãàe

~oro rk|erjor o~ðp o `rfoãàe le aeyfakj|e jo fj|krjk| lkjeafjole ‘@_@ je @ejcrkppe‑(

q{k èjpfp|fo ka rkèhmkr oppfjo|{rop yfr|{ofp le ~ôbhfè o ioyer lo hfbkroãàe lo kj|rolo lkhkp

je @ejcrkppe ~oro iotkr ao|ærfop* Ohæa lfppe( pk{p fj|kcroj|kp o~khoroa |oabæa o ~ehá|fèp



k ~krpejohflolkp q{k lkroa o~efe oe rk|erje* Je pf|k ieroa rkèhmflop oe |ele 29>*>2?

oppfjo|{rop lk aojfikp|oãûkp o ioyer le @_@ je @ejcrkppe Jo`fejoh*

Ohæa lk k}fbfr ao|ærfop q{k ieroa lkp|oq{k jo pkaojo( èjierak dï ief lf|e( e @_@ ~epp{f

ohc{jp q{olrep if}ep èae e ‘\e~ Ifyk‑( ‘e @_\kp|k‑( ‘E ^re|kp|k Dï‑ k e ‘@ej|rehk lk

_{ohflolk‑*

E \e~ Ifyk aep|ro `fjè aeakj|ep aofp kjcroãolep eèrrflep jo |khkyfpàe( pkdo ka

~recroaop e{ l{roj|k op |rojpafppûkp lk |khkderjofp lk q{ohq{kr kafppero lk \Y* E @_\kp|k

|kp|o o òlo ~recroao e _F lk ~kppeop ioaepop( pkdo lo |khkyfpàe( lo aôpfò e{ le kp~er|k

èa ~krc{j|op pebrk lfykrpep opp{j|ep k èjmk`fakj|ep ckrofp* Dï e ^re|kp|k Dï( kj|rk epq{olrep e q{k aofp |ka rkhoãàe èa e derjohfpae( |ka èae ebdk|fye aep|ror lkjôj`fop lo

pe`fklolk èj|ro o aï oppfp|äj`fo rk`kbflo le êlkr ^ôbhfè k èbror lkhk {ao peh{ãàe* K ~er

ifa( e q{olre @ej|rehk lk _{ohflolk( q{k æ ikf|e je @ejcrkppe Jo`fejoh( |ka èae ebdk|fye

|kp|or e èjmk`fakj|e lep ~orhoakj|orkp pebrk opp{j|ep o|{ofp lo ~ehá|fò k e{|rep |kaop aofp

ckrofp*

<*2*? Kp|r{|{ro le ~recroao

E @_@ æ kp|r{|{role lo pkc{fj|k ierao4 e ~rfakfre bheè |ka o~kjop o kj|rolo lep

o~rkpkj|olerkp k op `moaolop lop ao|ærfop k l{ro ka aælfo lefp afj{|ep* Dï jo obkr|{ro le

pkc{jle bheè( e o~rkpkj|oler ~rfj`f~oh( Aor`khe \op( `{a~rfakj|o o ~ho|æfo k o~rkpkj|o ep

e{|rep lefp èa~ejkj|kp lo bojòlo* Ckrohakj|k kp|k bheè æ èa~ep|e lk `fjè ao|ærfop k

{a q{olre if}e k l{ro kj|rk ;> k 9> afj{|ep7 æ e aofp hejce le ~recroao* E |kr`kfre æ

èa~ep|e ckrohakj|k lk |räp ao|ærfop k lefp q{olrep if}ep k |ka l{roãàe lk <> afj{|epo~re}faoloakj|k* E q{or|e k ôh|fae bheè æ o~kjop ~oro kj`krror e ~recroao k |ka l{roãàe

aælfo lk q{o|re afj{|ep* Dï ep fj|kryohep le ~recroao |äa l{roãàe lk pk|k afj{|ep* Pkc{k

obof}e e kpbeãe lo kp|r{|{ro le ~recroao( bopkole je q{k ief ojohfpole je ~kráele lop

croyoãûkp4



<*0 Lkp`rfãàe le èj|kôle lop ao|ærfop k}fbflop je ~recroao @_@

Lfo ; lk e{|{bre

E ~recroao q{k ief oe or jkp|o lo|o èakãe{ èa {ao k}|kjpo èbkr|{ro o rkp~kf|e lo

kpèhmo le Rfe lk Dojkfre èae pklk lep Decep Eháa~fèp lk 2>?9* Kp|k opp{j|e ief lkp|oq{k

ka yïrfep yká`{hep lk fa~rkjpo ~kho p{o crojlk fa~er|âj`fo( ~efp oifjoh lk èj|op pkrï o

~rfakfro ykt q{k ep Decep Eháa~fèp pkràe lfp~{|olep je Bropfh k jo Oaærfò Ho|fjo* Kp|o

èjq{fp|o( èa `kr|kto( dï kj|re{ ~oro o mfp|ðrfo le kp~er|k a{jlfoh*

Yïrfep yká`{hep lk èa{jfòãàe kjyforoa kq{f~kp ~oro iotkr o èbkr|{ro le kykj|e ka@e~kjmoc{k( jo Lfjoaorò* @ea e @_@ jàe ief lfikrkj|k4 e ~recroao kjyfe{ e rk~ðr|kr

Ikhf~k Ojlrkehf ~oro oèa~ojmor lk ~kr|e o kpèhmo lo pklk lep Decep Eháa~fèp lk 2>?9

~oro o q{oh ̀ ejèrrfoa |oabæa op `flolkp lk Aolrfl( \ðq{fe k @mfòce*

Kjq{oj|e ep ~recroaop derjoháp|fèp |rolf`fejofp ~re`{royoa aep|ror o k}~k`|o|fyo lk èae

pkrfo o kpèhmo k ep ~ej|ep ier|kp lk òlo òjlflo|o( e @_@ lk{ aofp äjiopk oep bop|flerkp le

kykj|e* E rk~ðr|kr èjykrpe{ èa e ~ôbhfè ohf ~rkpkj|k( ~rfj`f~ohakj|k `flolàep lep ~oápkpèjèrrkj|kp le Bropfh( iotkjle a{f|op brfjòlkfrop k ~folfjmop* Ikhf~k Ojlrkehf aep|re{ e

ao~o lo Oaærfò le P{h k ~klf{ ~oro khkp flkj|fifòrka e Bropfh( ~oro ykrfifòr pk khkp pobfoa

ejlk e ~oáp kp|ï pf|{ole* \oabæa aep|re{ ie|ecroifop le ^rkpflkj|k H{ho( le ^khæ k le

A{pp{a( m{aerfp|o dï iohk`fle( q{k iotfo ~or|k le ~recroao Ep \ro~ohmûkp( lftkjle q{k kp|k

ôh|fae æ k}!~rkpflkj|k le Bropfh*

Aop( èae e ~ej|e ier|k le ~recroao æ frejftor ep ~ehá|fèp( jka jo Lfjoaorò khkpkpò~oroa* E rk~ðr|kr o~reykf|e{ e kjèj|re q{k |kyk èa e ^rkpflkj|k lo @âaoro lep

Lk~{|olep( Af`mkh \kakr( ~oro frejftor o rkp~kf|e lo pkc{rojão je Rfe( opp{j|e kp|k q{k |ka

pfle ohye lk `rá|fòp dï mï ohc{a |ka~e( ~er ò{po le |rïifè lk lrecop( q{k |ka leafjole o

`flolk* Ojlrkehf lfppk oe lk~{|ole q{k e ykj`kler lo aoro|ejo pkrï oq{khk q{k èjpkc{fr



o|roykppor o Hfjmo Ykrakhmo0( yfye* E ~orhoakj|or( pka croão( lfppk q{k moykrï pkc{rojão

obpeh{|o( q{ojle e rk~ðr|kr dï kakjlo lftkjle q{k e Bropfh( fj`h{pfyk( dï èa~re{ òãop

jeyep* Af`mkh \kakr ioho q{k o Ierão Jo`fejoh< rkierãorï o pkc{rojão k kj`krro o kj|rkyfp|o*

E rkf lo Kp~ojmo( D{oj @orhep( k e ~rfakfre afjfp|re kp~ojmeh( Depæ To~o|kre( |oabæa ieroa

ohye lk Ikhf~k Ojlrkehf( q{k dece{ poh jo lfrkãàe lkhkp( kjq{oj|e ep akpaep poáoa le me|kh(

ckp|e q{k ~elk pkr kj|kjlfle èae lkpkdojle aï per|k oep èjèrrkj|kp*

O~ðp o lfy{hcoãàe lk q{k e Rfe lk Dojkfre ief khkf|e èae o pklk lk 2>?9( o èaeãàe |eae{

èj|o lep q{k ohf kp|oyoa ~rkpkj|kp* E ^rkpflkj|k H{ho( e Ceykrjoler le Rfe( Pærcfe @obroh(

e ^rkikf|e( Kl{orle ôkp( ohæa lk ~krpejohflolkp le kp~er|k( pk kae`fejoroa a{f|e k`meroroa obroãolep èakaerojle o yf|ðrfo* Jo poálo le heòh ejlk ief ikf|e e ojôj`fe( e

rk~ðr|kr Ikhf~k Ojlrkehf kj|re{ je `hfao k( èa e o{}áhfe lk {a èhárfe( pfa{he{ {a `mere

|oabæa k ief obroãole òrfjmepoakj|k ~er H{ho* O `kjo( èa e o{}áhfe lk {ao |rfhmo pejero

oe i{jle( hkabre{ {a ifhak lk reaoj`k* Kp|ï oá o èaf`flolk lo `kjo pk bopkoraep ka

Bkrcpej -2>>?&* Pkc{jle khk( e rfpe ~elk pkr ~reyeòle |oabæa q{ojle oppfafhoaep ~kppeop

o ebdk|ep* Hece( oe èa~ororaep o `kjo le ^rkpflkj|k obroãojle e rk~ðr|kr èa {ao `kjo

reaâj|fò( rfaep* Jkp|k òpe e ifhak reaâj|fè ~elk pkr yfp|e èae e ebdk|e*

E{|re |kao q{k |kyk rk~kr`{ppàe jo pkaojo ka yïrfep derjofp( |oabæa kp|kyk ~rkpkj|k jkp|o

klfãàe le ~recroao* O `rfpk lk Mejl{rop* E ~rkpflkj|k le ~oáp( Aoj{kh Tkhovo( ief rk|frole

le òrce ~er {a ceh~k afhf|or je lfo 2= lk d{jme lk 2>>6( pkjle ebrfcole o lkf}or e ~oáp k pk

rki{cfor jo @ep|o Rfò* Ep ceh~fp|op ohkcoroa( jo eòpfàe( q{k khk ~rk|kjlfo a{lor o

@ejp|f|{fãàe le ~oáp ~oro pk rkkhkckr* Faklfo|oakj|k e ~rkpflkj|k lk~ep|e ief p{bp|f|{ále ~er

Rebkr|e Af`mkhk||f( ~rkpflkj|k le @ejcrkppe* Je lfo 2? lk pk|kabre( Tkhovo rk|erje{ oe ~oápk pk rki{cfe{ jo Kabof}olo Bropfhkfro( ka \kc{`fcoh~o( ò~f|oh mejl{rkjmo* Kp|k obrfce jo

Kabof}olo le Bropfh ~reyeè{ {ao `rfpk ka Mejl{rop èa aojfikp|oãûkp ~rð k èj|ro

0 Ioaepo Yfo K}~rkppo le Rfe lk Dojkfre q{k hfco o ò~f|oh oe a{jf`á~fe lk Pàe Deàe lk Akrf|f( o|roykppojle|oabæa e a{jf`á~fe lk L{q{k lk @o}fop* Æ o|{ohakj|k èjmk`flo ~khep irkq{kj|kp o|ep lk yfehäj`fo q{keèrrka ka pk{ kj|erje ~khe io|e lk pkr aorckolo ~er o~re}faoloakj|k ?= ioykhop( |elop leafjolop ~khe|rïifè lk lrecop* Lfp~ejáykh ka4 m||~4%%~|*sfgf~klfo*#erc%sfg#f%RD!>3?* O`kppe ka ?2 jey* 2>>6*

< @rfolo ~khe Ceykrje Iklkroh ka 2>>< ~oro o|kjlkr op jk`kppflolkp kakrckj`fofp lep ceykrjep kp|ol{ofp je

q{k pk rkikrk î pkc{rojão* Æ èa~ep|o ~khep akhmerkp ~ehf`fofp k beabkfrep lep cr{~ep lk khf|k lep Kp|olep*Lfp~ejáykh ka4m||~4%%sss*ad*cey*br%lo|o%ôckp%AD3@;;I?6;F\KAFL>0<29B293B6I<00@OB<K23O320096L=0^\BRFK*m|aO`kppe ka ?2 jey* 2>>6*



Tkhovo* \re~op le ceykrje fj|krfje lk Af`mkhk||f `kròroa e ~rælfe lo Kabof}olo( e q{k

`rfe{ {ao `rfpk lf~heaï|fò kj|rk e Bropfh k Mejl{rop;*

Kp|o ao|ærfo( oppfa èae o oj|krfer( |kyk `{jme derjoháp|fè( ~efp pk kjòf}o je q{k æ pk

kp~krole le derjohfpae4 fjieraor e ~ôbhfè* E rk~ðr|kr Roifjmo Bop|ep ‘fjyolf{‑ o kabof}olo

lk Mejl{rop je Bropfh( fjykr|kjle e q{k ikt Tkhovo* Aop( oj|kp lfppe( ikt {a |kp|k èa op

~kppeop jop r{op ~oro pobkr e jáykh lk èjmk`fakj|e lkhop èa rkhoãàe o Mejl{rop* Ieroa

ikf|op ~krc{j|op pebrk o heòhftoãàe le ~oáp( p{o ò~f|oh( e jeak le ~rkpflkj|k lk~ep|e( kj|rk

e{|rop*

Ka pkc{flo( ief ikf|e( èa e rk`{rpe lk or|kp crïifòp( {ao èj|k}|{ohftoãàe pebrk o `rfpk* Iefaep|role( o|royæp lk lkpkjmep k ie|ep( o heòhftoãàe le ~oáp( e mfp|ðrfè lk èjihf|ep eèrrflep

hï( q{ka æ Aoj{kh Tkhovo( e ceh~k q{k e |fre{ le ~elkr( o rk~kr`{ppàe lkp|k ceh~k ka e{|rep

ceykrjep( e rk|erje oe ~oáp le ~rkpflkj|k lk~ep|e k( ~er ifa( e obrfce `klfle o khk jo

Kabof}olo Bropfhkfro ka Mejl{rop*

O ao|ærfo( o~kpor lk |kr pfle a{f|e m{aeráp|fò( èjpkc{f{ ~oppor ~oro e |khkp~k`|oler {a

rkp{ae le q{k ~reyeè{ o `rfpk ka Mejl{rop* @ejierak Pq{frro -?66>&( o faocka jàe |kairej|kfrop k( akpae èa op lfikrkjãop rkcfejofp( ~elk pkr èa~rkkjlflo ~er q{ohq{kr ~kppeo(

fjlk~kjlkj|k lo rkcfàe le ~hojk|o ejlk kp|kdo* Akpae q{ka jàe oèa~ojmoyo e òpe lkplk

e pk{ fjá`fe( ~reyoykhakj|k kj|kjlk{ e q{k pk ~oppoyo ~er hï o~ðp oppfp|fr kp|o ao|ærfo*

Ka pkc{flo( o~reykf|ojle e opp{j|e( Roifjmo Bop|ep ief o|æ e Pkjole Bropfhkfre èhmkr op

e~fjfûkp lep pkjolerkp pebrk o `rfpk mejl{rkjmo* E ~rfakfre o pkr q{kp|fejole ief Ikrjojle

@ehher* Jo eòpfàe( e rk~ðr|kr ~krc{j|e{ pk khk lorfo opfhe oe Pkjoler ^klre Pfaej ka p{orkpfläj`fo( d{p|oakj|k ~oro rkhkabror oe |khkp~k`|oler q{k ep lefp pkjolerkp pk kp|rojmoroa

rk`kj|kakj|k ka {ao pkppàe le Pkjole9* @ehher lkp|o ykt aoj|kyk o ~epk k lfppk q{k ^klre

Pfaej pkrï pka~rk bka!yfjle*

Jo pkqøäj`fo( Roifjmo Bop|ep yof o|æ ^klre Pfaej k ~krc{j|o pk khk lorfo mep~klocka î

; Lfp~ejáykh ka4 m||~4%%c?*chebe*èa%Je|f`fop%A{jle%>((A[H?0?0?;;!;9>2(>>!

KJ\KJL#O'O#'@RFPK'ÊHF\F#@O'KA'MEJL[ROP*m|ah * O`kppe ka ?; jey* 2>>6*

9 Lfp~ejáykh ka4 m||~4%%sss*ve{|{bk*èa%so|`m5y1YbrPbeAeyoe* O`kppe ka ?0 jey* 2>>6*

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbrSboMovao

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbrSboMovao



@ehher ka p{o rkpfläj`fo* E akpae lfppk q{k pka ~rebhkaop( aop kp~kro q{k e Pkjoler jàe

~rk`fpk lfppe*

E{|ro ~or|k lkp|o ao|ærfo q{k akrk`k lkp|oq{k( ~efp ief `üafò( æ o e~fjfàe le Pkjoler

Ïhyore Lfop( q{k lfppk q{k e opfhe lole î Tkhovo jo Kabof}olo Bropfhkfro æ e p{`kppe le

^recroao Afjmo @opo( Afjmo Yflo 3* Jo e~fjfàe lkhk e ~rkpflkj|k lk~ep|e cojme{ o òpo(

jàe ~oce{ o kj|rolo k ief lfp~kjpole lop ~rkp|oãûkp* Kp|o `kjo |ka èaf`flolk ~khe io|e lk

rea~kr èa oq{fhe q{k kro kp~krole( èjierak o lkifjfãàe lk Bkrcpej -2>>?&( ~efp e jeraoh

æ q{k {a ~ehá|fè l{roj|k {ao kj|rkyfp|o pkdo ieraoh k jàe früjfè* _{ojle kp|k iot ohc{a

|f~e lk frejfo rea~k èa e q{k kro kp~krole( |erjojle e oèj|k`fakj|e `üafè*

Hece lk~efp e ohye lk Roifjmo ief e pkjoler Oheftfe Akròloj|k* Khk iohe{ oe pkjoler q{k

ka Mejl{rop e ‘bfcel{le‑ Tkhovo òf{ k ~krc{j|e{ pk e Pkjole Bropfhkfre jàe q{kr pkc{fr

kp|k k}ka~he k lkrr{bor Depæ Porjkv( ~fyü lk yïrfep kp`âjlohep kp|k oje* Oá e m{aer kp|ï

hfcole î èa~oroãàe ikf|o kj|rk Porjkv k Tkhovo( ~efp o pkakhmojão pk lï ~khe bfcelk* Jo

lkifjfãàe lk ̂ re~~ -?662& op ̀ oro`|kráp|fòp iápfòp lop ~kppeop |oabæa æ iej|k lk rfpe*

Lfo ?= lk e{|{bre

E ~recroao le lfo ?= lk e{|{bre lk{ aofp äjiopk oe kp~er|k (èa o èbkr|{ro le dece kj|rk

ôhakfrop k Ihoakjce( rkohftole je lfo ?3 lk e{|{bre k yïhfle ~kho |rfcæpfao relolo le

@oa~kejo|e Bropfhkfre lk 2>>6* O relolo le ifa!lk! pkaojo le Bropfhkfràe æ {a opp{j|e q{k

cojmo kp~oãe jo pkc{jlo!ikfro ka a{f|ep yká`{hep lk èa{jfòãàe( q{k aep|roa ep cehp( ep

akhmerkp hoj`kp k op k}~hfòãûkp lep decolerkp o~ðp e ifjoh lk òlo ~or|flo( èakj|ojle o

yf|ðrfo e{ o lkrre|o* êræa( e @_@ dï iot {ao e{|ro ojc{hoãàe lo ao|ærfo4 e rk~ðr|kr ieò

aofp ep bop|flerkp lep decep( ep derjohfp|op |robohmojle jop |rojpafppûkp k ~krpejohflolkp q{k

kp|àe ~rkpkj|kp je kp|ïlfe*

E ceykrjoler lk Pàe ô{he k ~ræ!òjlflo|e î ^rkpfläj`fo lo Rk~ôbhfò( Depæ Pkrro(

~ohakfrkjpk opp{afle( kp|oyo ~rkpkj|k je kp|ïlfe k jàe kpò~e{ lo afro le @_@* Jo poálo le

kp|ïlfe( e rk~ðr|kr lfppk o khk q{k e ~oáp kp|ï pkjle ceykrjole mï ?; ojep ~er èrfj|fojep(

iotkjle {ao frejfo oe io|e lk e k}!~rkpflkj|k Ikrjojle Mkjrfq{k @orlepe k e o|{oh( H{ho(

3 ^recroao le Ceykrje Iklkroh q{k yof yfobfhftor o èjp|r{ãàe lk {a afhmàe lk aerolfop ~oro ioaáhfopbropfhkfrop* Lfp~ejáykh ka4 m||~4%%sss*afjmoòpoafjmoyflo*cey*br *O`kppe ka ?; jey* 2>>6*

http://www.minhacasaminhavida.gov.br/

http://www.minhacasaminhavida.gov.br/



pkrka |er`klerkp le @erfj|mfojp( crojlk rfyoh le ôhakfrop* Lfppk |oabæa q{k e |á|{he le

@oa~kejo|e kp|ï jop aàep le Pàe ô{he mï |räp ojep( e{|re rfyoh* Ka pkc{flo( ~krc{j|e{ o

Pkrro q{oh |ob{( lep lefp o~rkpkj|olep( khk q{kr q{kbror* Pka croão( e Ceykrjoler lfppk q{k

q{kr æ q{k e ôhakfrop cojmk*

ôro ifjohftor( kjq{oj|e e ceykrjoler kj|royo je òrre( e rk~ðr|kr ~krc{j|e{ pk khk o`mo q{k

e @oa~kejo|e kp|ï lk`flfle k pk je ifjoh yof lor ôhakfrop( Fj|krjo`fejoh -hálkr le

òa~kejo|e jo eòpfàe&( Lfhao -|oabæa ~ræ!òjlflo|o î ~rkpfläj`fo&( e{ Pkrro( rkikrfjle!pk

î ~rð}fao khkfãàe ~rkpflkj`foh* Pkrro o~kjop lfppk q{k ~ehá|fò k kp~er|k pàe èfpop lfikrkj|kp*

E m{aer oá kp|ï ~rkpkj|k jo èa~oroãàe q{k e rk~ðr|kr iot kj|rk ôhakfrop k @erfj|mfojp èaPkrro( IM@ k H{ho7 Fj|krjo`fejoh k ôhakfrop èa Lfhao k Pkrro* E @erfj|mfojp je òpe æ e

|fak ~oro e q{oh |er`ka Ikrjojle Mkjrfq{k @orlepe k H{ho( rfyofp le |fak lk Depæ Pkrro( e

ôhakfrop* Dï e Fj|krjo`fejoh æ e |fak lk êr|e Ohkcrk( `flolk ejlk Lfhao( ~reyïykh

èjèrrkj|k lkhk jo ~rð}fao khkfãàe ~rkpflkj`foh( yfyk{* Pkc{jle Aorèjlkp Ifhme -?669&( o

pï|fro ~ehá|fò æ {ao ierao lk |oabæa pk iotkr m{aer* Æ `üafò o `kjo lk {a ~ehá|fè( pkdo

khk q{oh ier( pkjle frejftole lfoj|k lop `âakrop ( ~efp o ~e~{hoãàe pkj|k!pk èae pk kp|fykppk

rk~rkpojle p{o fjpo|fpioãàe ̀ ea e ~elkr ~ôbhfè*

Lfo 29 lk e{|{bre

E ~recroao lkp|k lfo ief aofp m{aeráp|fè le q{k derjoháp|fè( aop oberle{ {a opp{j|e q{k

|oabæa |kyk rk~kr`{ppàe ka e{|rep yká`{hep lk èa{jfòãàe* \ro|o!pk le oèrle lk

èe~kroãàe afhf|or ikf|e kj|rk ep Kp|olep [jflep k o @ehüabfo( q{k o{|erfto o ~rkpkjão lk

?*<>> afhf|orkp oakrfòjep ka bopkp èheabfojop ~oro o|{orka ka e~kroãûkp èj|ro ejorè|rïifè k e |krrerfpae* E oèrle æ ~ehäafè ~khe io|e lk ep K[O pkrka |kaflep ~er |ele

e a{jle ~er ò{po lop fjyopûkp je Oikcojfp|àe k je Froq{k* E ^rkpflkj|k lo Ykjkt{kho(

M{ce @mïykt( lfppk q{k kp|k æ {a ~hoje lep K[O ~oro fjyolfr e pk{ ~oáp*

Je lfo ?6 lk e{|{bre e ^rkpflkj|k H{ho pk kjèj|re{ ka Pàe ô{he èa e ^rkpflkj|k lo

@ehüabfo( Ïhyore [rfbk( l{roj|k {a kykj|e ka~rkporfoh rkohftole jo pklk lo Iklkroãàe lop

Fjlôp|rfop le Kp|ole lk Pàe ô{he -Ifkp~&* E @_@ o~reykf|e{ o e~er|{jflolk ~oro èheòr

kp|k ~ehäafè oèrle ka lfp`{ppàe* ^rfakfre( e rk~ðr|kr Lojfhe Ckj|fhf ief îp r{op èjykrpor

èa op ~kppeop ~oro pobkr pk khop kp|oyoa o ~or lo rkhoãàe lep K[O èa o @ehüabfo( pk



pobfoa q{ka pàe M{ce @mïykt k Ïhyore [rfbk* O|æ {a |ob{hkfre le ioaepe dece lk c{krro

‘SOR‑( e rk~ðr|kr hkye{ ~oro op r{op ~oro pfa{hor {ao ~eppáykh c{krro kj|rk @ehüabfo k

Ykjkt{kho*

Dï je heòh ejlk eèrrfo e kykj|e( Lojfhe Ckj|fhf ~krc{j|e{ o H{ho pk khk èjpkc{f{ {ao

coroj|fo lk q{k ep oakrfòjep jàe fràe fjyolfr e |krrf|ðrfe bropfhkfre( ~eræa jàe |kyk ä}f|e jo

rkp~ep|o* Jo poálo lk H{ho le heòh le kykj|e( e rk~ðr|kr ~klf{ ~oro khk |eaor `{flole èa

[rfbk( ~efp kp|k ocero æ ohfole lep K[O*

E aofp aoròj|k je ~recroao lkp|k lfo ief e @_@ hfcor( ~er yeh|o lo akfo!jef|k( ~oro lkpkdor

ikhft ojfykrpïrfe oe ^rkpflkj|k H{ho( q{k jop`k{ je lfo 23 lk e{|{bre* Jàe æ ohce èa{a ykr{a ~recroao lk \Y hfcor ~oro {a ^rkpflkj|k lo Rk~ôbhfò* E èa{a æ ykr ep yká`{hep lk

èa{jfòãàe lftkrka o~kjop q{k æ ojfykrpïrfe le ~rkpflkj|k k iohor( òpe eèrro( pebrk o ikp|o

lk èakaeroãàe k ep èjyflolep ~rkpkj|kp* Æ oá q{k kp|ï o èaf`flolk lo `kjo( je

oèj|k`fakj|e q{k rea~k èa oq{fhe q{k æ kp~krole( èjierak Bkrcpej -2>>?&* ^rfakfre

khkp hfcoroa jo rk`k~ãàe le ôhï`fe lo Ohyerolo7 o~ðp `moaor yïrfop yktkp( {ao a{hmkr

o|kjlk{( p{~ep|oakj|k o rk`k~`fejfp|o le heòh( q{k kj`krre{ o hfcoãàe ohkcojle jàe kp|or

e{yfjle q{ka kp|oyo iohojle le e{|re hole lo hfjmo* O~ðp e q{olre ‘@_\kp|k‑ khkp yeh|oroao hfcor* Jo q{or|o |kj|o|fyo( î akfo!jef|k k jeyk afj{|ep( o rk`k~`fejfp|o o|kjlk{ k ~oppe{ o

hfcoãàe ~oro o ~rfakfro!loao( Aorfpo Hk|á`fo( q{k lfppk q{k e ^rkpflkj|k dï kp|oyo lerafjle(

~efp kp|oyo a{f|e òjpole* Khkp ~krc{j|oroa pk kho dï moyfo ~rk~orole ohc{ao èfpo ~oro o

ikp|o lk ojfykrpïrfe* Kho lfppk q{k |ohykt iorfo {ao ikp|o p{r~rkpo ~oro khk* Faklfo|oakj|k( e

o~rkpkj|oler Aor`khe \op ~krc{j|e{ pk kho frfo èjyflor e @ehher k e Depæ Porjkv(

~krpejohflolkp ~ehäafòp lo mfp|ðrfo ~ehá|fò bropfhkfro* O ~rfakfro!loao o~kjop rkp~ejlk{

q{k jàe pobfo ofjlo q{ka pkrfo èjyflole( o~kjop |fjmo o `kr|kto lk q{k ep afjfp|rep pkrfoaèjyflolep*

Lfo 2 lk jeykabre

E q{k pk ~elk lkp|oòr jkp|o lo|o èae je|á`fo( ief o èbkr|{ro le pmes lo p|rf~~kr

fj|krjo`fejoh Lf|o Yej \kkpk* E rk~ðr|kr Ikhf~k Ojlrkehf ikt {ao kj|rkyfp|o èa kho* O

~oppocka lkp|o p|rf~~kr ~khe Bropfh |oabæa ief lfy{hcolo ka yïrfep yká`{hep lk

èa{jfòãàe( fj`h{pfyk je Derjoh lo Chebe( q{k o kj|rkyfp|e{ je lfo 23 lk e{|{bre* O

o~rkpkj|oãàe lk Lf|o ka Pàe ô{he |kyk rk~kr`{ppàe jo aálfo ~khe io|e lk kho pkr èjpflkrolo



{ao lop p|rf~~krp aofp òrop le a{jle* Pk|k afj{|ep lk p|rf~ lkho `{p|oa e kq{fyohkj|k o R,

?0>*>>>(>>( e{ pkdo( R, 0>>(>> ~er pkc{jle*

Ohæa lk kj|rkyfp|ï!ho( e @_@ aep|re{ |oabæa |rk`mep le pmes lkho k èjykrpe{ èa e

~ôbhfè ~rkpkj|k* O p|rf~~kr ~kce{ {a bejkè k kjpfje{ oe rk~ðr|kr ep pkcrklep ~oro pk iotkr

{a p|rf~* Kp|o ao|ærfo {|fhfte{ le ~rfj`f~oh fjp|r{akj|e q{k lkyk pkr k}~herole l{roj|k {ao

|rojpafppàe |khkyfpfyo4 o faocka* Oq{khkp |khkp~k`|olerkp q{k j{jò e{yfroa iohor ka Lf|o

Yej \kkpk( ~reyoykhakj|k èjpkc{froa èa~rkkjlkr e pk{ kp|fhe lk o~rkpkj|oãàe( lkyfle îp

yïrfop faockjp le kykj|e q{k ieroa aep|rolop* O |ï|fò lo \Y æ aep|ror e aofer jôakre

~eppáykh lk faockjp lep io|ep* ‘Jo |kj|o|fyo lk kyf|or krrep( aoh!kj|kjlflep( fjk}o|flûkp e{

lfp`rfafjoãûkp( e derjohfpae |khkyfp{oh |kj|o pk {|fhftor lk |ele e ~elkr lk èjykj`fakj|e k`rklfbfhflolk lop faockjp‑* -P_[FRRO( ?66>( ~*;3&*



@EJ@H[PÀE

@ea bopk jo ojïhfpk le ~recroao @_@ ( ~elk!pk oifraor q{k e akpae æ le cäjkre

m{aeráp|fè k jàe derjoháp|fè( ~efp e ieè lk p{op ao|ærfop æ e m{aer( æ ~reyeòr e rfpe je

~ôbhfè* Opp{j|ep q{k cojmoroa lkp|oq{k oe hejce lo pkaojo ka e{|rep yká`{hep lk

èa{jfòãàe( je @_@ o~ork`ka lk ierao aofp früjfò* Ep io|ep ohf lfy{hcolep jàe

~rke`{~oa ka fjieraor e ~ôbhfè( aop iotkr {ao hkf|{ro `rá|fò lep opp{j|ep q{k ieroa

je|á`fop jep ~rfj`f~ofp derjofp* Jo aoferfo lop yktkp æ jk`kppïrfe dï |kr {a èjmk`fakj|e le

opp{j|e ~oro q{k pkdo ~eppáykh èa~rkkjlkr op èbkr|{rop ikf|op ~khe @_@ *

Ao|ærfop èa {pe k}ockrole lk kikf|ep pejerep k yfp{ofp kjq{oj|e e rk~ðr|kr èjykrpo èa epkj|rkyfp|olep |ka e ebdk|fye lk |erjï!hop aofp m{aeráp|fò le q{k derjoháp|fò* Oe fjpkrfr

kikf|ep lk èa~{|oãàe crïifò je yálke( o o|kjãàe le |khkp~k`|oler æ lkpyfolo k o ~or|fr loá op

fh{p|roãûkp crïifòp pk pebrk~ûka oe q{k æ lf|e ~kho iej|k je aeakj|e* Kp|op kp|ro|æcfop

pkryka ~oro `rfor je |khkp~k`|oler {ao yfpàe `rá|fò lep io|ep ohf ykf`{holep*

Jàe ~elkaep èa~oror e @_@ èa ep |khkderjofp o|{ofp( ~efp o oberlocka lep io|ep

derjoháp|fèp ikf|op kj|rk {a k e{|rep pàe |e|ohakj|k èj|rïrfop* Je òpe le @_@ ifò kyflkj|kq{k æ ~eppáykh fjieraor e ~ôbhfè iotkjle m{aer7 ~eræa( èa bopk jo ojïhfpk le ao|krfoh

ka~árfè( ifè{ `hore q{k e q{k ~rkleafjo je ~recroao æ e m{aer* Aop lfikrkj|k lk e{|rep

~recroaop lkppk cäjkre( èae ^âjfè jo \Y k @oppk|o k ^hojk|o [rckj|k( e @_@ jàe pk

hfaf|o o~kjop o `rf|fòr ~er akfe lk frejfo k brfjòlkfrop* Khk ka ohc{jp aeakj|ep èjpkc{k

|rojpaf|fr oe ~ôbhfè ep ~rebhkaop ~ehá|fèp k ceykrjoakj|ofp le ~oáp k o|æ akpae le a{jle(

èae yfaep jo ao|ærfo ikf|o pebrk o `rfpk lk Mejl{rop( je ~recroao le lfo ; lk e{|{bre*

Jkppo èbkr|{ro e ~recroao `{a~rf{ èa e ~o~kh q{k pk kp~kro le derjohfpae( ~efpèj|k}|{ohfte{ ~oro e ~ôbhfè e `kjïrfe o|{oh lk Mejl{rop k o erfcka lo `rfpk fjp|oholo

joq{khk ~oáp*

@ea bopk jep |kðrfèp `f|olep jkp|k kp|{le k jo ojïhfpk le ao|krfoh ka~árfè( èjp|o|oaep

q{k je ~recroao @_@ ~rkleafjo o pï|fro ~ehá|fò( q{k æ {ao ierao lk m{aer q{k èjq{fp|o

òlo ykt aofp e |khkp~k`|oler( ~efp æ e m{aer lep lkpèj|kj|kp k {ao ierao lk o pe`fklolk

lkpòrrkcor p{op kjkrcfop rk~rkpolop ~kho lk`k~ãàe oe pkj|fr q{k jàe kp|ï pkjle o|kjlflo

~khep ~ehá|fèp k ~khep ðrcàep ~ôbhfèp* E rfpe lk teaborfo( q{k æ oq{khk por`ïp|fè( aohlepe(

~rel{tfle o|royæp lep lkikf|ep ohmkfep( æ e aofp irkq{kj|k je ~recroao*



@eae e ebdk|fye le kp|{le kro ojohfpor o rkhoãàe le m{aer èa e derjohfpae je ~recroao

@_@ ( èj`h{áaep q{k e òrï|kr derjoháp|fè le ~recroao æ akjer le q{k ~ork`k( ~khe jôakre

lk ao|ærfop èa `{jme derjoháp|fè kjèj|rolop oe hejce lep q{o|re ~recroaop ojohfpolep*

êræa e @_@ æ {a k}ka~he lk q{k æ ~eppáykh {a ~recroao m{aeráp|fè |kr |oabæa {ao

‘~f|olo‑ lk òrï|kr derjoháp|f̀ e* O afp|{ro lk m{aer k derjohfpae ~elk pkr {ao jeyo ierao lk

èa{jfòãàe k {ao kp|ro|æcfo ~oro o|rofr e ~ôbhfè( ~rfj`f~ohakj|k ep aofp deykjp( q{k jàe pk

fj|krkppoa ka oppfp|fr |khkderjofp k pk fjieraor lk opp{j|ep ~ehá|fèp* êræa lkyk!pk |kr

`{flole jo mero lk rkho`fejor e m{aer k e derjohfpae ~oro q{k oq{khk jàe pk pebrk~ejmo o

kp|k iotkjle èa q{k o ao|ærfo ~krò |e|ohakj|k e pk{ òrï|kr derjoháp|fè*



RKIKRÄJ@FOP

O@PKHROL( Aïr`fe* E m{aer èae kp|ro|æcfo lk èa{jfòãàe* Lfp~ejáykh ka48m||~4%%sss*èa~ep*erc*br%lo|o%bfbhfe|kòU??2*^LI:* O`kppe ka 2> e{|* 2>>6*

BORBKFRE( Mkrðle|e7 HFAO( ô{he Relehie lk* Aoj{oh lk |khkderjohfpae4 ep pkcrklep loje|á`fo jo |y* 2* kl* rky* o|{oh* Rfe lk Dojkfre4 @oa~{p( 2>>;*

BKRCPEJ( Mkjrf* E rfpe4 kjpofe pebrk o pfcjfifòãàe lo èaf`flolk* \rol{ãàe lk Fyejk@op|fhme Bkjklk||f* Pàe ô{he 4 Aor|fjp Iej|kp( 2>>?*

BRKAAKR( Doj7 REELKJB[RC( Mkraoj -erc*&* [ao Mfp|ðrfo @{h|{roh le M{aer *\rol{ãàe lk @vj|mfo Otkykle k ô{he Peorkp* Rfe lk Dojkfre4 Rkèrl( 2>>>*

B[@@F( K{cäjfe* Bropfh ka |ka~e lk \Y * 0*kl* Pàe ̂ o{he4 Bef|ka~e( ?663*

@[ROLE( Ehco* O je|á`fo jo \Y 4 e lfo!o!lfo lk q{ka iot |khkderjohfpae* Pàe ô{he4 Ohkcre(2>>2*

DKP^KRP( Dkoj! Do`q{kp* Derjohfpae |khkyfpfye* @efabro4 Afjkryo Klf|ero( ?66=*

AO@FKH( ^klre* Derjohfpae lk |khkyfpàe4 jeraop ~rï|fòp* êr|e Ohkcrk4 Pocro ! L*@*H{tto||e( ?66;*

AOR@EJLKP IFHME( @fre* @ea{jfòãàe k derjohfpae4 o poco lep `àkp ~krlflep * Pàeô{he4 Mo`gkr( 2>>>*

AOR@EJLKP IFHME( @fre* \khkyfpàe4 o yflo ~khe yálke* ?0* kl* Pàe ô{he4 Aelkrjo(?669*

AKHE( Depæ Aorq{kp lk* O e~fjfàe je derjohfpae bropfhkfre* ^k|rð~ehfp 4 Klf|ero Yetkp(?6=; *

^KJO( Ikhf~k* \kerfop le Derjohfpae* 2 kl* Pàe ô{he4 @ej|k}|e( 2>>3

^RE^^( Yholfafr* @eaf`flolk k rfpe* \rol{ãàe lk O{rero Ierjejf Bkrjorlfjf k MeakreIrkf|op lk Ojlrolk* Pàe ô{he4 Ï|fò( ?662*



REPPF( @hðyfp* E q{k æ derjohfpae* ?>* kl* Pàe ô{he4 Bropfhfkjpk( ?66<*

POHFBO( Khfop \meaæ* Roátkp le rfpe4 o rk~rkpkj|oãàe m{aeráp|fò* Pàe ô{he4 @ea~ojmfo

lop Hk|rop( 2>>2*

P_[FRRO( Pkbop|fàe @orhep lk A** O~rkjlkr |khkderjohfpae4 ~rel{ãàe k |æ`jfò* Pàe ô{he4Bropfhfkjpk( ?66>*

SEHI( Ao{re* \kerfop lo èa{jfòãàe* \rol{ãàe lk Aorfo Derck Yfhor lk Ifc{kfrkle* =* kl*Hfpbeo4 ^rkpkjão( 2>>0*

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Jornalismo e Humor Uma análise do programa CQC