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>

Pjlv`rslnmn` Mutjgam n` Clshgm

N`pmrtma`jtg n` Nlr`ltg

CLH@XNMN@ N@ @VRX@__G @ LJIGXAMG

Ljt`rpr`tmg Ogjsmermg Ogjstltuolgjmc

^rmhmcfg mpr`s`jtmng pmrm m ujlnmn` ourrloucmr n`

^XMHMCFG GXL@J^MNG N@ NLX@L^G OGJ_^L^POLGJMC

Mcujms4 Ajlom Lsmh`c Igjs`om _. Clam J. 82252?5?

Mjm Xltm Mamrmc _mrnljfm J. 82252?9. Ogjstltulg n` =6/2?, n` 6 n` Ducfg .. 8?

OGJOCP_G .......... 80HLHCLGEXMILM ...... 89

MJ@VG_ ... 8

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6

CL_^M N@ MHX@YLM^PXM_ @ _LECM_

MO Mss`ahc`lm Ogjstltuljt`

M_NL Mog _golmc N`agormtm Ljn`p`jn`jt`

HAD Hgc`tla ng Aljlstrlg nm Dustlm

OO Ogalssg Ogjstltuolgjmc

ON_ O`jtrg N`agortlog _golmc

OXR Ogjstltulg nm X`phclom Rgrtueu`sm

NMO Nlrlg nm Mss`ahc`lm Ogjstltuljt`

NMX Nlrlg nm Mss`ahc`lm nm X`phclom

NPNF N`ocmrmg Pjlv`rsmc ngs Nlr`ltgs ng Fga`a

ANR/ON@ Agvla`jtg N`agortlog Rgrtueus/Ogalssg N`agortlom @c`ltgrmc

ROR Rmrtlng Ogaujlstm Rgrtueus

RRN Rmrtlng Rgpucmr N`agortlog

R_ Rmrtlng _golmclstm

^O ^rlhujmc Ogjstltuolgjmc

PNR Pjlg N`agortlom Rgpucmr

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r`i`r`a qu` nliolc s`pmrmr `st`s ngls nlr`ltgs, `ahgrm m nlstljg mss`jt` `jtr` m

= OMJG^LCFG, Dgs Dgmqula Ega`s Nlr`ltg Ogjstltuolgjmc ` ^`grlm nm Ogjstltulg. Oglahrm4

Mca`nljm, 822?. p. ?55.8ALXMJNM, Dgre`Amjumc n` Nlr`ltg Ogjstltuolgjmc4 Nlr`ltgs Iujnma`jtmls. Oglahrm4 Oglahrm @nltgrm,

8222. Ygc. >. p. 5.?

Lhln`a,p. 6.>Oi. OMJG^LCFG, D. D. Ega`s; AGX@LXM, Yltmc, mjgt. Ogjstltulg nm X`phclom Rgrtueu`sm Mjgtmnm.

Oglahrm4 Oglahrm @nltgrm, 8225. Ygc. =. p. 058.

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==

`xpr`ssg n` gpljl`s gu ln`lms, jg prla`lrg omsg, ` m r`ogcfm ` trmjsalssg n`

ljigram`s, jg ctlag omsg. @st`s mutgr`s ogjsln`rma qu` g r`ela` n`st`s nlr`ltgs ,

ng pgjtg n` vlstm durnlog-ogjstltuolgjmc, prljolpmca`jt` lnjtlog4 ln`lms, p`jsma`jtgs `

gpljl`s sg slapc`sa`jt` `xpr`ss`s s`ajtloms qu` mnva ng slejlilomng nm

clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg. Clh`rnmn` oudg ahltg jgramtlvg n`v`r s`r g amls vmstg

pgssv`c, pmrm qu` `jecgh` ln`lms, ogjvlo`s, gpljl`s, pgjtgs n` vlstm, ortloms,

tgamnms n` pgslg, duzgs n` vmcgr sghr` qumcqu`r mssujtg, oga qumcqu`r iljmclnmn` `

orltrlgs n` vmcgrmg.

=.=.8. Nlr`ltg ` Clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg

Rmrm Omjgtlcfg ` Agr`lrm, n`v` imcmr-s` prla`lrg n` ua nlr`ltg n` `xpr`ssg,

nlr`ltg n` `xprlalr ` nlvucemr clvr`a`jt` g s`u p`jsma`jtg, qu` clh`rnmn` n``xpr`ssg. @st`s mutgr`s n`ilj`a m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg ogag g nlr`ltg n` nlvucemr

gpljl`s ` ln`lms ` n` jg s`r lap`nlng n` `xprlalr-s`. @jqumjtg nlr`ltg n` n`i`sm, gu

nlr`ltg j`emtlvg, `stm clh`rnmn` uam ogapgj`jt` nm ocsslom clh`rnmn` n`

p`jsma`jtg, oga nla`js`s jm clh`rnmn` n` ogjsoljolm ` n` ouctg (mrt. >=. OXR),

clh`rnmn` n` orlmg oucturmc (mrt. >8. OXR), clh`rnmn` n` mpr`jn`r ` `jsljmr (mrt. >?.

OXR) `, n` o`rtm igram, jm clh`rnmn` n` r`ujlg ` amjli`stmg (mrt. >0. OXR).0

M clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssgmhrmje` tgnms ms `xt`rlgrlzm`s nm vlnm prprlm nms

p`ssgms, n`sn` or`jms m ogjvlo`s, gpljl`s, ln`gcgelms, s`jtla`jtgs, `ag`s,

motgs n` vgjtmn`, `to., pgn`jng r`v`stlr qumlsqu`r igrams. @stm clh`rnmn`, jua s`jtlng

mapcg, ljnlssgolv`c n` clh`rnmn`s ogag m clh`rnmn` n` ogjsoljolm, n` r`clelg ` n`

ouctg (mrt. >=. OXR) gu m clh`rnmn` n` amjli`stmg (mrt. >0., j. 8 OXR), `jtr` gutrms.

N` o`rtm igram, m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg tmaha s` `jogjtrm mssgolmnm clh`rnmn` n`

prgilssg (mrt. >5. OXR), ng nlr`ltg n` prgprl`nmn` (mrt. 98. OXR) ` ng nlr`ltg n`

ljlolmtlvm `ogjalom (mrt. 9= OXR). G nlr`ltg pmcmvrm (mrt. 89., j. = OXR) ` m

ljvlgcmhlclnmn` nm ogrr`spgjnjolm ` n` gutrgs a`lgs n` ogaujlomg prlvmnm (mrt. ?>.,

j. = OXR) ogjstltu`a ms emrmjtlms n`st`s nlr`ltgs. M clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg uam nms

emrmjtlms ngs mreulngs `a prgo`ssg p`jmc (mrt. ?8., j.s ?, 0 ` 6 OXR). _`a clh`rnmn`

n` `xpr`ssg mtlje`-s` g nlr`ltg mg n`s`jvgcvla`jtg nm p`rsgjmclnmn` (mrt. 89., j. =

OXR).9

0Lhln`a, p. 058.9Oi. ALXMJNM, gp. olt., p.>0?.

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=8

M clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg `a s`jtlng r`strltgn`ilj`-s` pgr `xocusg n` pmrt`s4

`ss`jolmca`jt` clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg ng p`jsma`jtg, qu` s` r`cmolgjm oga m

clh`rnmn` n` ljigramg ` m n` ogaujlomg sgolmc. Rmrm Agrmls, m clh`rnmn` n`

`xpr`ssg n`rlvm nm clh`rnmn` n` p`jsma`jtg, s`jng ua nlr`ltg nm p`ssgm, pmrm m

p`ssgm ` nlrlelng igram ogag `cm `jt`jn` m sum r`mclzmg p`ssgmc ` m sum p`rt`jm

sgol`nmn`.5^maha mhrmje` m clh`rnmn` j`emtlvm n` p`jsma`jtg ogag ua nlr`ltg mg

slcjolg ` ua nlr`ltg m jg amjli`stmr gpljl`s, p`jsma`jtgs gu ln`lms, `xt`rlgra`jt`.

Omjgtlcfg ` Agr`lrm r`i`r`a mljnm m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg j`emtlvm ogag uam igram

jg s n` slcjolg ams tmaha n` jg ogmog pmrtlcfm gu n`i`sm n` gpljl`s

mcf`lms.

Rmrm Agrmls,6 m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg jg lapclom ljt`clelhlclnmn`

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=?

nlr`ltg ` mgs trlhujmls ` tgngs ta nlr`ltg () ljigramg ` ogjsuctm durnloms,

r`sp`otlvma`jt`. Gutrms r`i`r`a-s` mg nlr`ltg n` mo`ssg ngs olnmngs mgs nmngs

ljigramtlzmngs qu` cf`s nlema r`sp`ltg (mrt. ?0, j. = OXR) ` nlr`ltgs ngs p`tlolgjrlgs

s`r`a ljigramngs `a prmzg rmzgv`c sghr` g r`suctmng nms sums p`tl`s (mrt. 08., j.

=, 8. pmrt` OXR), `jtr` gutrgs. =?

=.=.>. Nlr`ltg n` r`spgstm ` n` r`otlilomg

Agrmls=> r`i`r` qu` g nlr`ltg n` r`spgstm ` n` r`otlilomg ogji`rlng pgr leumc

tmjtg m p`ssgms sljeucmr`s ` ogc`otlvms qu` s` sljtma c`smnms pgr ljigram`s m `cms

r`cmtlvms (ogjigra` mrt. ?5., j. > OXR), nlvucemnms jgs regs n` ogaujlomg sgolmc.

Rmrm `st` mutgr, g nlr`ltg n` r`spgstmogjslst` jm puhclomg gu nlvucemg n` t`xtg gu

ogaujlomg nm mutgrlm gu nm r`spgjsmhlclnmn` ng c`smng, jg a`sag cuemr ` oga ma`sam `xt`jsg, `jqumjtg qu` uam r`otlilomg pgn` s`r `i`otumnm p`cg c`smng gu

mssualnm p`cg r`spgjsv`c p`cm jgtolm nmjgsm ` jg j`o`ssltm n` goupmr g `spmg

jgtlolgsg n`stm, `ahgrm oga g a`sag n`stmqu`. Ogjsmergu-s` mljnm g nlr`ltg

ljn`ajlzmg pgr nmjgs sgirlngs pgr mhusg ng nlr`ltg n` ljigramr (n` mogrng oga mrt.

?5., j. >, 8. pmrt` OXR).

=.8. M ocsslom clh`rnmn` n` p`jsma`jtg

R`r`lrm ` J`tg=0r`i`r`a qu` clh`rnmn` uam imoucnmn` nm p`ssgm pmrm qu` `stm

mdm s`eujng m sum prprlm n`t`raljmg, r`sp`ltmjng gs clalt`s c`emls, ogjoculjng qu` m

clh`rnmn` `xprla` m imoucnmn` n` s` imz`r, gu jg, g qu` s` qu`r, n` p`jsmr ogag s`

`jt`jnm, `to., ogjigra` m sum clvr` mutgn`t`raljmg.

ocmrg, pgrtmjtg, qu` m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg ` ljigramg mss`eurm m

clh`rnmn` n` p`jsma`jtg jm sum v`rt`jt` n` ljs`rg sgolmc, lstg , m mutgn`t`raljmg

n` omnm p`ssgm m `xprlalr ` m nlvucemr g s`u p`jsma`jtg p`cm pmcmvrm, `sorltm, lame`a

gu qumcqu`r a`lg, h`a ogag ms mutgjgalms ogapc`a`jtmr`s n` omnm ua pgn`r

ljigramr, ljigramr-s` ` s`r ljigramng, ` mljnm n` pgn`r r`spgjn`r ` r`otlilomr. M

=?Lhln`a, p. >00.=>Oi. AGXML_, gp. olt.=0

Oi. R@X@LXM, F`cglsm Rrmng; J@^G, X`jmtg Mv`cljg n` Gclv`lrm

Clh`rnmn` n` @xpr`ssg ` n`Ljigramg ogag nlr`ltgs iujnma`jtmls4 uam vlsg cusg-hrmslc`lrm. N`r`ofg y omahlg sgolmc.[@a cljfmQ. Cm

Agcljm. (8220).

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=>

clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg t`a pgr ghd`otg m `xpr`ssg, m `xt`rlgrlzmg n` p`jsma`jtgs

gu ln`lms.=9

Rmrm mutgr`s ogag Xmvmz,=5m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg ogjstltul ua nlr`ltg jmturmc

pgrqu` n`ogrr` nm imcm, uam iujg jmturmc, qu` prgplolm mg ljnlvnug g

n`s`jvgcvla`jtg nm p`rsgjmclnmn` `, mssla, m sum pmrtlolpmg `a nlv`rsms motlvlnmn`s

sgolmls. _`a clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg, jms sums amls nlv`rsms igrams, jg f

pcurmclnmn`, mtlje`-s` m clh`rnmn` n` p`jsma`jtg. Mceujs mutgr`s pgn`rlma mreua`jtmr

qu` jgs pgn`rlma r`tlrmr m clh`rnmn` n` imcmr gu n` `sor`v`r, ams jujom m clh`rnmn` n`

p`jsmr. G fga`a vlv` `a sgol`nmn`, ` s`eujng Kmjt, p`jsm `a ogaujfg oga gs

gutrgs. Ogag tmc, g pgn`r qu` mrrmjom mgs fga`js m clh`rnmn` n` ogaujlomr

puhcloma`jt` gs s`us p`jsma`jtgs r`tlrm-cf`s tmaha m clh`rnmn` n` p`jsma`jtg.=6

=.?. Ogjstltul`s pgrtueu`sms mjt`rlgr`s

=.?.=. Ogjstltulg n` =688

@stm ogjstltulg agjrqulom pgssum trs joc`gs durnlogs (gu nlr`ltgs

iujnma`jtmls) lapgrtmjt`s qu` m Ogjstltulg tljfm pgr ghd`otg amjt`r4 clh`rnmn`,

s`eurmjm, prgprl`nmn`. @st`s joc`gs sg ogapc`a`jtmngs pgr nlr`ltgs n`ogrr`jt`s,

ogag m clh`rnmn` n` ogaujlomg ng p`jsma`jtg, pcmsamnm jg s`u mrtleg 5..=

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=0

=.?.8. Omrtm Ogjstltuolgjmc n` =689

@stm ogjstltulg clh`rmc mimstm-s` ng `sprltg r`vgcuolgjrlg qu` ljsplrgu m

Ogjstltulg n` =688 ` r`ogjf`o`, mca ngs pgn`r`s `x`outlvg, c`elscmtlvg ` dunlolmc, g

pgn`r agn`rmngr ng r`l, nm qu` mutgr`s ogag Om`tmjg m n`iljma ogag s`jng

agjrqulom.88 Mg ogjtrrlg nm Ogjstltulg n` =688, m Omrtm n` =689 oga`m p`cm

gremjlzmg ng @stmng, ` jg ctlag mrtleg, g =>0. qu` sg `jua`rmngs gs Nlr`ltgs

Olvls ` Rgctlogs, oudm ljvlgcmhlclnmn` emrmjtlnm p`cm Omrtm, t`jng leumca`jt` pgr hms` m

clh`rnmn`, s`eurmjm ljnlvlnumc ` m prgprl`nmn`.8?Gs nlr`ltgs ljnlvlnumls `jua`rmngs jg

mrt. =>0. mss`jtma jgs a`sags joc`gs durnlogs qu` m Ogjstltulg n` =688, mca n`

ogaprgalssgs ng @stmng.8>Mg r`c`emr gs nlr`ltgs iujnma`jtmls pmrm g ctlag mrtleg, m

Omrtm ogjo`n`-cf`s a`jgr lapgrtjolm slst`atlom.80

G mrt. =>0., ?., nlsp` qu` ^gngs pgn`a ogaujlomr gs s`us p`jsma`jtgs pgr

pmcmvrms, `sorltgs, ` puhclomngs p`cm Lapr`jsm s`a n`p`jnjolm n` O`jsurm, ogjtmjtg

qu` fmdma n` r`spgjn`r p`cgs mhusgs, qu` oga`t`r`a jg `x`roolg n`st` nlr`ltg, jgs

omsgs, ` p`cm igram qu` m C`l n`t`raljmr.89

=.?.?. Ogjstltulg n` =6?6

N` mogrng oga g mrt. =?.4

^gng g Olnmng pgn` ogaujlomr gs s`us p`jsma`jtgs p`cm lapr`jsm gu pgrqumcqu`r gutrg agng, s`a n`p`jnjolm n` o`jsurm prvlm. =. - M C`l r`eucmr g `x`roolg n`st` nlr`ltg; ` n`t`raljmr g agng n` imz`r`i`otlvm m r`spgjsmhlclnmn` p`cgs mhusgs j`c` oga`tlngs. 8. - Jgs prgo`ssgs n` Clh`rnmn` n` Lapr`jsm, g ogjf`ola`jtg ng imotg ` mqumclilomg ng orla` p`rt`jo`rg `xocuslvma`jt` mgs Durmngs.85

@stm ogjstltulg ogjsmerm g ^tucg LLL mgs nlr`ltgs iujnma`jtmls, mp`ri`lgmjng-g

` n`s`jvgcv`jng-g amls, ` amls prgpgrolgjmc qumjtg s clh`rnmn`s ` emrmjtlms ng qu`

m Omrtm.

88Oi. OM@^MJG, gp. olt., p.?=-?8.8?Oi. A@JN@_, Nlr`ltgs, Clh`rnmn`s.., p. . `n. v`r. motumc. Oglahrm4 Oglahrm @nltgrm, =

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=9

=.?.>. Ogjstltulg n` =

_mcmzmr, jgs s`us Nlsoursgs, n`ocmrmvm qu`jg r`ogjf`o`ags m clh`rnmn` ogjtrm m Jmg, ogjtrm g h`a ogaua, ogjtrm m imaclm,

ogjtrm m agrmc.?0

=.>. M Clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg ` m N`agormolm

M n`agormolm mss`jtm `a vmcgr`s iujnma`jtmls ogag m clh`rnmn` ` leumcnmn` n`

tgngs gs olnmngs ` ogag tmc, tmaha jg r`ogjf`ola`jtg n` gutrgs nlr`ltgs ljmtgs n`

tgnm m p`ssgm fuamjm. N`agormolm sljjlam n` clh`rnmn` ` s `a clh`rnmn` g

Fga`a pgssul ogjnl`s pmrm m ogjor`tlzmr g `sprltg n` ljlolmtlvm qu` cf` lj`r`jt` `

86Oi. ALXMJNM, Amjumc.., Ygc. >, p. ==5.8Oi. ALXMJNM, =

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=5

pmrm nmr msms orlmtlvlnmn`, mahms ljstlemngrms ng n`s`jvgcvla`jtg nms sgol`nmn`s

fuamjms.?9

Rgr lssg, m clh`rnmn`, ua ngs joc`gs nms ogjstltul`s clh`rmls, ` pgrtmjtg m

clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg, uam ogjnlg lapr`soljnv`c pmrm m vlmhlclnmn` ng r`ela`

n`agortlog. G omrot`r ljnlvlnumclstm ` clh`rmc nm clh`rnmn` n` p`jsma`jtg `vgculu oga

g pmssmr ngs soucgs ` trmjsigragu-s` mg pgjtg n` ogrr`spgjn`r m ua nlr`ltg, jg s ng

ljnlvnug lsgcmng, ams tmaha nm prprlm sgol`nmn`.?5

_`eujng Yltrlm, g n`s`jvgcvla`jtg ng @stmng n`agortlog n` Nlr`ltg `st

r`cmolgjmng oga gs nlr`ltgs iujnma`jtmls, ` j`st` omsg oga m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg4

mahgs s` ogjstrg`a autuma`jt`. G ogjt`ng ng @stmng ogjstltuolgjmc n`p`jn` ngs

vmcgr`s qu` `st` r`seumrnm ` vmrlm oga gs aga`jtgs flstrlogs.?6

_mh`ags d qu` m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg, tmc ogag gs r`stmjt`s nlr`ltgsiujnma`jtmls, ua nlr`ltg qu` ogjf`o` clalt`s, `, s` g s`u `x`roolg `jtrmr `a ogjicltg

oga nlr`ltgs iujnma`jtmls n` gutr`a, jg pgn` n`lxmr n` sgir`r mljnm ms claltm`s

`xlelnms p`cm j`o`sslnmn` nm r`mclzmg n`st`s.?

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=6

8. M CLH@XNMN@ N@ @VRX@__G @ LJIGXAMG JM OGJ_^L^PLG NM

X@RHCLOM RGX^PEP@_M (=

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=9gpljm qu` `stm hlpmrtlg r`v`cm m ln`lm

n` qu` m Ogjstltulg prgourm amjt`r-s` iln`nlejm mgs nlr`ltgs, clh`rnmn`s ` emrmjtlms

ogjqulstmnms jg soucg VLV ` `jrlqu`olnms jm cljfm clh`rmc jg soucg VV, jm cljfm

p`rsgjmclstm, ` prgourgu mor`so`jtmr nlr`ltgs prprlgs n`st` soucg, qu` trmnuz`a

msplrm`s n` leumcnmn` sgolmc ` `ogjalom, qu` slejliloma uam ljt`rv`jg ng @stmng

jm vlnm sgolmc pmrm r`mclzmr ngs ljt`r`ss`s nms p`ssgms n` tgnms ms ogjnl`s, n` tgnms

ms ocmss`s. @stmh`c`o` g mrt. ?5. ng t`xtg ljlolmc nm Ogjstltulg qu`4

=. ^gngs ta g nlr`ltg n` `xprlalr ` nlvucemr clvr`a`jt` g s`u p`jsma`jtg p`cmpmcmvrm, p`cm lame`a gu pgr qumcqu`r gutrg a`lg, h`a ogag g nlr`ltg n` s`ljigramr, s`a lap`nla`jtgs j`a nlsorlaljm`s.8. G `x`roolg n`st`s nlr`ltgs jg pgn` s`r lap`nlng gu claltmng pgr qumcqu`rtlpg gu igrams n` o`jsurm.?. Ms ljirmo`s oga`tlnms jg `x`roolg n`st`s nlr`ltgs ilomrg suha`tlnms mgr`ela` n` pujlg nm c`l e`rmc, s`jng m sum mpr`olmg nm ogap`tjolm ngstrlhujmls dunlolmls.>. M tgnms ms p`ssgms, sljeucmr`s gu ogc`otlvms, mss`eurmng, `a ogjnl`sn` leumcnmn` ` `iloolm, g nlr`ltg n` r`spgstm.>5

G j. =, lj ilj`, r`i`r` mljnm qu` g nlr`ltg n` `xpr`ssg jg pgn` s`r sud`ltg m

lap`nla`jtgs j`a m nlsorlaljm`s. _`a lap`nla`jtgs jg pgn` slejlilomr s`a

clalt`s, vlstg qu`, s` g `x`roolg ng nlr`ltg pgn` nmr cuemr m ljirmo`s (pr`vlstms jg j.

?), pgrqu` f clalt`s mg nlr`ltg. _`a nlsorlaljm`s jg `claljm g mcomjo` nms

`xo`p`s pr`vlstms jm Ogjstltulg, pcmsamnms jg mrt. 852., mnltmng jm r`vlsg

ogjstltuolgjmc n` =6

>0Oi. A@JN@_, Nlr`ltgs, Clh`rnmn`s..>9

Oi. ALXMJNM, Dgre` mpunA@JN@_, Nlr`ltgs, Clh`rnmn`s.., p. 5ALXMJNM,Ms ogjstltul`s.., p.>?=.>6Oi. OMJG^LCFG; AGX@LXM, gp. olt., p. 05?.

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82

G j. 8 ogjsmerm mljnm m p rg lh lg nm o `js u rm, pgls m o`jsurm j`em m clh`rnmn`

n` `xpr`ssg (` tmaha n` ljigramg). @stm `permi` jg sgir`u qumlsqu`r mct`rm`s

mg cgjeg nms s`t`s r`vls`s ogjstltuolgjmls. Rrgh`-s` m o`jsurm jua s`jtlng mapcg,

mhrmje`jng tmjtg m o`jsurm prvlm `xpr`ssg grleljrlm, ogag m o`jsurm pgst`rlgr nm

nliusg gu nlvucemg. M prglhlg nm o`jsurm jg igl ogcgomnm jg mrt. ?6. sghr` m

clh`rnmn` n` lapr`jsm pgls n`stm igram m prglhlg ogjstltuolgjmc n` ahltg e`rmc,

mpclom-s` m tgnm ` qumcqu`r igram n` ljigramg ` `xpr`ssg ` jg mp`jms qu`

gogrr` jgs a`lgs n` ogaujlomg sgolmc. @stm prglhlg vmc` p`rmjt` g @stmng ` n`amls

`jtlnmn`s gu pgn`r`s `a pgslg n` lap`nlr m `xpr`ssg gu nlvucemg n` ljigramg

gu ln`lms (mrt. =6., j. = OXR).> n`st` mrtleg ogjsmerm, n`sn` cgeg, ua nlr`ltg `xpr`ssg, ljocung jg

nlr`ltg n` `xpr`ssg mjt`rlgra`jt` r`i`rlng, amls pr`olsma`jt`, jm sum nla`jsg

pgsltlvm qu` micgrm jua nl r` ltg n ` r`spgstm.Ams, n` uam amj`lrm e`rmc, `st` nlr`ltg n`

`xpr`ssg jg ljocul ua nlr`ltg n` mo`ssg mgs regs n` ogaujlomg sgolmc. Fgd`,

amls ng qu` `a =.02Lhln`a, p. 050.0=Lhln`a, p. 05?, 050, 059.

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8=

8.8. M NPNF ` m Clh`rnmn` n` @xpr`ssg

M NPNF ogjsmerm m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg jg mrt. =

8.?. X`vls`s Ogjstltuolgjmls

8.?.=. X`vlsg Og js tltu olg jmc n ` =., j. = nm OXR,

r`vlu m Ogjstltulg, n`or`tmjng m C`l Ogjstltuolgjmc j. =/68 n` ?2 n` _`t`ahrg, t`jng

mct`rmng gs j.s =, ? ` > ng mrt. ?5. OXR, nm s`euljt` igram4

=. ^gngs ta g nlr`ltg n` `xprlalr ` nlvucemr clvr`a`jt` g s`u p`jsma`jtg p`cmpmcmvrm, p`cm lame`a gu pgr qumcqu`r gutrg a`lg, h`a ogag g nlr`ltg n`ljigramr, n` s` ljigramr ` n` s`r ljigramngs, s`a lap`nla`jtg j`anlsorlaljm`s. ()?. Ms ljirmo`s oga`tlnms jg `x`roolg n`st`s nlr`ltgs iloma suha`tlnms mgsprljoplgs e`rmls n` nlr`ltg orlaljmc, s`jng m sum mpr`olmg nm ogap`tjolmngs trlhujmls dunlolmls. ()>. M tgnms ms p`ssgms, sljeucmr`s gu ogc`otlvms, mss`eurmng, `a ogjnl`sn` leumcnmn` ` `iloolm, g nlr`ltg n` r`spgstm ` n` r`otlilomg, h`a ogag gnlr`ltg m ljn`ajlzmg p`cgs nmjgs sgirlngs.09

Jg j. = pgn`-s` iljmca`jt` v`rlilomr qu` g nlr`ltg n` ljigramg ljt`erm, ogag d

fmvlm slng r`i`rlng, g nlr`ltg n` ljigramr, n` s` ljigramr ` n` s`r ljigramng. @st`s

08N@OCMXMG Pjlv`rsmc ngs Nlr`ltgs ng Fga`a. Lj Ogjstltulg nm X`phclom Rgrtueu`sm4 n` mogrng

oga m X`vlsg n` 8220.Clshgm4 ]uln Durls, 8229.0?Oi. ALXMJNM, Amjumc.., Ygc. >, p. =>6.0>

CLAM, gp. olt.00Igl tmaha oga `stm r`vlsg qu` surelu g ^rlhujmc Ogjstltuolgjmc.09ALXMJNM,Ms ogjstltul`s.., p. 000.

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88

mnltma`jtgs igrma `jomrmngs ogag ua r`igrg ogjstltuolgjmc nm clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg

` n` ljigramg jg s`jtlng motumc ` motlvg.05

Jg j. ? igl mct`rmnm m `xpr`ssg c`l e`rmc pmrm prljoplgs e`rm ls n` nlr`ltg

orlaljmc. @stm mct`rmg vlsgu `xpcloltmr, `a t`rags amls p`ri`ltgs ng pgjtg n` vlstm

tojlog, qu` suha`t`r ms ljirmo`s pr`vlstms jg r`ela` n` pujlg nm c`l e`rmc (oir. g

t`xtg ljlolmc) suha`t-cms mgs prljoplgs e`rmls n` nlr`ltg orlaljmc, g qu` `st

r`cmolgjmng oga m tut`cm orlaljmc ngs mhusgs clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg. Ams jg

mp`jms `stm tut`cm orlaljmc ` ms smj`s orlaljmls ms jloms mnaltlnms qumjtg m, pgr

`x`apcg, smj`s nlsolpcljmr`s.06 Pa morng nm Ogalssg Ogjstltuolgjmc vml amls

cgje`4

[Qm `xpr`ssg C`l E`rmc () jg , j`a j`o`ssmrlma`jt`, j`a mp`jms, gOnleg R`jmc. Mjt`s s`r m c`l oudg ogjt`ng r`vlstm m omrmot`rstlom n`e`j`rmclnmn`; qu` jg nlsorlalj` n`t`raljmnm gu n`t`raljmnms gpljl`s; qu`vls`, ` jm a`nlnm `a qu` vls` m prgt`og n` ua h`a gu vmcgr qu`, jmsltumg s` r`v`c` pr`pgjn`rmjt`; ` qu` r`sp`lt` (` s` mn`q`) mgs prljoplgse`rmls ng nlr`ltg p`jmc, `jt`jn`jng-s` pgr tmls, jg s gs prljoplgs durnlog-ogjstltuolgjmls p`jmls, ams mljnm mqu`c`s qu` pr`sln`a t`grlm e`rmc nmsljirmo`s ` nms p`jms qu` ogjstm ng Onleg R`jmc.

0 v`ags qu` s` ogjsmergu, m pmr oga g nlr`ltg n` r`spgstm, g nlr`ltg n`

r`otlilomg. G nl r`ltg n` r`spg st m ` n ` r`o tli l omg ljn`p`jn`jt` ng pgssv`c

nlr`ltg ljn`ajlzmg p`cgs nmjgs sgirlngs ` nm r`spgjsmhlclnmn` orlaljmc

`v`jtumca`jt` `jvgcvlnm. Omjgtlcfg ` Agr`lrm92 ogjsln`rma qu` s` n`v`rlm ljoculr g

nlr`ltg n` r`spgstm ` r`otlilomg `a mahl`jt` `c`otrjlog qu` jg s` ogapmn`o` oga

gs prmzgs agn`rjgs () ilxmngs jm c`l, t`jng `a ogjtm m ljstmjtmj`lnmn` `c`otrjlom.

M Mclmjm N`agortlom mljnm prgps ua mnltma`jtg, jg iljmc ng j. >, nm

`xpr`ssg h`a ogag g nlr`ltg m ljn`ajlzmg p`cgs nmjgs sgirlngs jms ogjnl`s qu`

m c`l pr`sor`v`r, qu` jg vljegupgls tmc r`alssg pmrm m c`l pgn`rlm nmr grle`a m `ss`

`jt`jnla`jtg n` s`r ua r`ela` `sp`olmc.9=

Igl jgvma`jt` prgpgstg ua j. 0, p`cg ANR/ON@, r`cmtlvg nlvucemg n`

ln`gcgelm imsolstm (tmc ogag jm MO), ` qu` igl r`d`ltmng pgr tgngs gs gutrgs prgpgj`jt`s

05 Oi. N`putmng Dgre` Alrmjnm (M_NL), NLXLG NM M__@AHC@LM NM X@RHCLOM, 8. c`elscmturm, 8.

s`ssg c`elscmtlvm, =. srl`, j. =2?, n` =9-9-=8>=.06Oi. Morng ==/60, HAD, (_)-=0, mpun CGR@_, gp. olt., p. 865.0

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8?

n` mct`rm`s Ogjstltulg, pgr vlgcmr clalt`s amt`rlmls nm r`vlsg ogjstltuolgjmc, `

nlr`ltgs iujnma`jtmls ogjsmermngs jm NPNF ` jm Ogjstltulg, n` mogrng oga Dgre`

Alrmjnm.98

8.?.8. X`vlsg Og js tltu olg jmc n ` =

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8>

s`eujng omsg, emrmjtlnm m sud`lg mgs prljoplgs e`rmls n` Nlr`ltg orlaljmc gu ng

lcoltg n` a`rm grn`jmg sgolmc g qu` v`nm m `xlstjolm n` ua r`ela` `sp`olmc n`

orla`s n` clh`rnmn` n` lapr`jsm.99

Mjtjlg X`ls, n`putmng ng R_, smcl`jtgu qu` `stm mct`rmg p`ralt` qu` m

c`elscmg amjt`jfm m t`jnjolm pmrm m n`sorlaljmclzmg n` ljirmo`s p`jmls

a`jgr`s `a amtrlm n` clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg, qu` pmssmrg m s`r mhmromnms p`cg

lcoltg n` a`rm grn`jmg sgolmc, ` uam n`segv`rjma`jtmclzmg jm mpclomg n`

oglams jg `x`roolg ng pgn`r smjolgjmtrlg pgr uam `jtlnmn` phclom, m Mctm Mutgrlnmn`

pmrm m Ogaujlomg _golmc. Ogjtung, Agr`lrm nm _lcvm, n`putmng ng R_N, `socmr`o`u

qu` `stm, ogag `jtlnmn` mnaljlstrmtlvm, `st sud`ltm mpr`olmg dunlolmc.95

8.>. X`strl`s Clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg ` ljigramgGs nlr`ltgs iujnma`jtmls `jogjtrma-s` sud`ltgs m ua r`ela` e`rmc, mpclov`c m

tgngs `c`s. @xlst` mljnm ua r`ela` `sp`olmc, prprlg ngs nlr`ltgs, clh`rnmn`s ` emrmjtlms,

mg qumc m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg ` ljigramg s` `jogjtrm tmaha sud`ltm.

^mc r`ela` prprlg r`i`r` qu` `st`s nlr`ltgs, ` pgrtmjtg `stm clh`rnmn`, jg pgn`a

s`r r`strljelngs s`jg jgs omsgs `xpr`ssma`jt` mnaltlngs p`cm OXR (mrt. =6., j. 8),

jg fmv`jng j`jfuam ocusucm e`rmc n` mnalssg n` r`strlg mgs nlr`ltgs

iujnma`jtmls. M r`strlg96s pgn` t`r cuemr pgr vlm n` c`l, jg pgn`jng `stm n`vgcv`r

ms r`strl`s pmrm g pgn`r nlsorlolgjrlg nm mnaljlstrmg. @ mljnm qu`

ogjstltuolgjmca`jt` mutgrlzmnm, m r`strlg s c`etlam s` `xlelnm p`cm smcvmeumrnm n`

gutrg nlr`ltg iujnma`jtmc gu ljt`r`ss` ogjstltuolgjmca`jt` prgt`elng, ` s` prgpgrolgjmc,

pmrm qu` ms r`strl`s s` clalt`a mg j`o`ssrlg pmrm `ssm smcvmeumrnm. Ms c`ls

r`strltlvms ta n` r`v`stlr ua omrot`r e`rmc ` mhstrmotg (mrt. =6., j. ?), n`v`jng

smcvmeumrnmr g ogjt`ng `ss`jolmc ngs pr`o`ltgs ogjstltuolgjmls qu` emrmjt`a m

clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg, oudg `x`roolg s pgn` s`r susp`jsg `a omsg n` n`ocmrmg,

jgs t`rags nm OXR, ng `stmng n` stlg.9?2->?=.95Oi. NMX, 5. c`elscmturm, 8. s`ssg c`elscmtlvm, =. srl`, j. .9

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80

?. M LJ^@XRX@^MG NM CLH@XNMN@ N@ @VRX@__G @ LJIGXAMG R@CG

^XLHPJMC OGJ_^L^POLGJMC

?.=. Morng j. ==?/

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89

jga`mnma`jt` jg qu` ogji`r` ogapgj`jt` agrmc igl mi`otmnm mtrmvs n` `jxgvmcfg

phclog, mssla ogag tmaha s c`ls n` nlr`ltg ljt`rjmolgjmc n` ogjt`ng n` clh`rnmn` n`

`xpr`ssg cf`s sg ljocunms o`rtms n`claltm`s.

G ^O pgst`rlgra`jt` pgr n`clh`rmg ujjla` `cmhgrmnm p`cg ogc`otlvg n` s`t`

duz`s, jg ducem ljogjstltuolgjmc m jgram (mrt. =62. ng Onleg R`jmc). Iujnma`jtm-s`

`a pr`o`ltgs ogjstltuolgjmls pgsltlvmngs jm OXR (jga`mnma`jt` gs mrt. ?5., j. ? ` mrt.

=6.), `a jgrams ogjsmermnms jg Onleg R`jmc (mrt. =62.), mssla ogag `a r`erms

`xpr`ssms qu`r jm Ogjv`jg @urgp`lm ngs Nlr`ltgs ng Fga`a (mrt. =2., j.8 O@NF))

qu`r jg Rmotg Ljt`rjmolgjmc Nlr`ltgs Olvls ` Rgctlogs (mrt.=6/2?n` 26 n` Ducfg n` 822?, r`i`r`jt` Clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg jm

puhclolnmn`.G r`i`rlng morng t`a ogag pmrt`s g @xag. Amelstrmng ng Aljlstrlg Rhclog ` m

Mstrgigro`Y`jnm n` H`js ` _`rvlgs Cnm. (r`qu`r`jt`), uam ilsomclzmg ogjor`tm

pmrm n`t`raljmr m ogjstltuolgjmclnmn` gu ljogjstltuolgjmclnmn` nm jgram pgsltlvmnm jg

Onleg nm Ruhclolnmn` r`sp`ltmjt` mg mrtleg 88.-H, j.s = ` 8, mprgvmng p`cg N`or`tg-

C`l j. ??2/

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85

clh`rnmn` nm r`qu`r`jt` puhcloltmr ` v`jn`r gs s`us prgnutgs (mrt. 92., j.= nm OXR). M

vlgcmg clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg (mrt. ?5., j.= nm OXR) ` mg nlr`ltg nm ljlolmtlvm

`ogjalom prlvmnm (mrt. 9=., j. = nm OXR) qu` s`eujng m ngutrljm `st` nlr`ltg

`jqumjtg nlr`ltg `ss`jolmc j`emtlvg gu n` n`i`sm, r`v`st` jmtur`zm mjcgem mgs

nlr`ltgs, clh`rnmn`s ` emrmjtlms, qu` ogjs`qu`jt`a`jt` h`j`ilolma, autmtls autmjnls,

ng ogap`t`jt` r`ela`, ljocung `st` uctlag jg c`qu` n` vlgcm`s m jgrams ` prljoplgs

ogjstltuolgjmls mc`emngs pgr `stm pmrt`.

G Aljlstrlg Rhclog ogjsln`rm m jgram ogjstltuolgjmc, pgls m a`sam t`a ogag

ghd`otg m vmcgrlzmg n` ogjnutms mclo`rmnms `a pr`o`ltgs ogjstltuolgjmls pgsltlvmngs

jga`mnma`jt` jm nlejlnmn` nm p`ssgm fuamjm (mrt. =. nm OXR) ` jm clh`rnmn`

ljnlvlnumc (mrt. 85. nm OXR), qu` tmaha s` prgp` m mss`eurmr m tut`cm ngs nlr`ltgs

iujnma`jtmls ngs ogjsualngr`s (mrt. 92. nm OXR), mssla ogag qu`stlgjm s` mpuhclolnmn` s` ljocul jg nlr`ltg n` ljigramr ljtrjs`og clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg `

ljigramg (mrt.?5. nm OXR).

G ^O nlz qu` g ghd`otg ng pr`s`jt` r`oursg mp`jms r`i`r`jt` qu`stg nm

mc`emnm ljogjstltuolgjmclnmn`, ` pgr ujmjlalnmn` jg ducem ljogjstltuolgjmc m jgram,

pgls jg qu` ogji`r` mg nlr`ltg n` ljigramr m qu` m r`qu`r`jt` ljvgom n` jmtur`zm

ogjstltuolgjmc nlstljtm, g a`sag r`i`r`-s` m ua agng n` ljicu`jolmr gs ogjsualngr`s

pmrm qu` gs a`sags prgagvma gs ogjsuags n`s`dmngs, `a suam puhclolnmn` ` mOgjstltulg r`a`t` c`l m sum nlsolpcljm qu` m prgh` n` s`r `x`rolnm sgh igram gouctm,

ljnlr`otm gu ngcgsm (mrt. 92., j.8 nm OXR) jg mtljeljng tmls n`claltm`s m `ssjolm ng

nlr`ltg ljlolmtlvm `ogjalom prlvmnm.

Ogjtung g ^O n`ocmrm qu` a`sag `jecghmjng m puhclolnmn` jg nlr`ltg n`

ljigramr ogjsmermng jm clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg ` ljigramg tmaha t`r-s`- qu` t`r

`a ogjtm gs s`us clalt`s, gu s`dm, ms ljirmo`s laputmnms mg usg n`ss` a`sag nlr`ltg

qu` iloma suha`tlnms mgs prljoplgs e`rmls ng nlr`ltg orlaljmc (mrt. ?5., j. ? nm OXR).

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86

OGJOCP_G

M n`agormolm mss`jtm jm clh`rnmn` ` s oga `cm qu` s` n`s`jvgcv`a

sgol`nmn`s. Ylags, mg cgjeg n`st` trmhmcfg, qu` m clh`rnmn`, ` tmaha m clh`rnmn` n``xpr`ssg, `vgculu n` nlr`ltg ng ljnlvnug pmrm ua nlr`ltg nm sgol`nmn`, n`sn` ms

prla`lrms ogjstltul`s motumc C`l Iujnma`jtmc.

]u`a claltm m clh`rnmn` ngs gutrgs t`jtm ogjigramr g p`jsma`jtg mtrmvs nm

lapgslg n` ln`lms. M clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg , pgls, iujnma`jtmc ` mss`eurmnm

p`cgs n`hmt`s n` ln`lms ` p`jsma`jtgs `a n`agormolm, n`jtrg ngs clalt`s c`emls.

_`jng tg lapgrtmjt` pmrm ua @stmng n` Nlr`ltg n`agortlog, ogjsmermnm jm jgssm

Ogjstltulg. Ams v`rliloags tmaha qu` m clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg pgn` s`rr`strljelnm, `stmjng suha`tlnm mg s a`sams r`strl`s qu` gs nlr`ltgs iujnma`jtmls,

vlstg qu` `st`s jg sg mhsgcutgs ` ogjf`o`a clalt`s.

M r`vlsg ogjstltuolgjmc n` =

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8. `n. r`v. ` motumc. Oglahrm4 Oglahrm @nltgrm, =6/2? n` 6 n` Ducfg n` 822?, Nlrlg nm X`phclom, LL srl`, 82 n`Gutuhrg n` 822?.

N@OCMXMG Pjlv`rsmc ngs Nlr`ltgs ng Fga`a. Lj Ogjstltulg nm X`phclomRgrtueu`sm4 n` mogrng oga m X`vlsg n` 8220.Clshgm4 ]uln Durls, 8229. ?=< p. L_HJ-?=?->. p. 82

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?=

NLXLG NM M__@AHC@LM OGJ_^L^PLJ^@, =. c`elscmturm, =. s`ssg c`elscmtlvm,supc`a`jtg mg j. =9, n` 8>-5-=>, 05, 58,

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?8

MJ@VG_

Mj`xg = M Clh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg ` ljigramg jgs vrlgs prgd`otgs n` ogjstltulg pmrm

m OXR.

=.?.=.=. ON_

Jgs t`rags ng mrt. =8., ogjstltu`a nlr`ltgs ` clh`rnmn`s ljnlvlnumls ng olnmng pgrtueus

() mclh`rnmn` n` gpljlg ` n` `xpr`ssg ng p`jsma`jtg.52

=.?.=.8. ANR/ON@

N` mogrng oga g mrt. >>. n`st` prgd`otg n` ogjstltulg4

=. M tgngs gs olnmngs r`ogjf`olng g nlr`ltg n` clvr` `xpr`ssg ng p`jsma`jtg, sgh

qumcqu`r igram.8. G nlr`ltg n` clvr` `xpr`ssg ng p`jsma`jtg jg pgn`, `a omsg mceua, s`r ljvgomngpmrm p`raltlr m nlvucemg n` ln`lms imsolstms, ogcgjlmclstms gu n` qumcqu`r agngmjtln`agortloms ` ogjtrrlms mg prgo`ssg r`vgcuolgjrlg qu` ogjnuzlr g Rms mgsgolmclsag.5=

=.?.=.?. ROR

G mrt. >. prglhlnm ` ogjsln`rmnm ogag orla` m utlclzmg nm clh`rnmn` n` ljigramg ` ngsregs ` a`lgs n` ogaujlomg sgolmc pmrm m r`mclzmg n` mo`s ogjtrm-r`vgcuolgjrlms, h`a ogag pmrm mpgcgelm ng imsolsag ng ogcgjlmclsag ` ng rmolsag gu

pmrm prgpmemjnm h`clolstm n`v`jng m c`l pr`v`r ms smj s mn`qumnms sum ermvlnmn`.0. M t`c`vlsg jg pgn` s`r ghd`otg n` prgprl`nmn` prlvmnm ` m c`l r`eucmr g r`ela` n`

ogjo`ssg nm rnlg.58

=.?.=.>. RRN

G mrt. 82. nlsp` qu`4

=. ^gngs ta g nlr`ltg clh`rnmn` n` p`jsma`jtg, n` ogjsoljolm ` n` r`clelg gu n`or`jm [...Q

52

Oi. NMO, =. c`elscmturm, =. s`ssg c`elscmtlvm, supc`a`jtg mg j. =9, n` 8>-5-=-5-=-5-=>).

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G mrt. 8=. n`t`raljm qu`4

=. ^gngs ta g nlr`ltg n` `xpr`ssmr ` nlvucemr clvr`a`jt` gs s`us p`jsma`jtgs,ln`lms gu ljigram`s, pgr a`lg nm pmcmvrm, pgr `sorltg ` p`cm lame`a, ` h`a mssla mnlr`ltg n` s` ljigramr s`a lap`nla`jtgs j`a nlsorlaljm`s dujtg nms igjt`s n` mo`ssge`rmc.

8. @a omsg mceua g `x`roolg n`st` nlr`ltg pgn` s`r claltmng pgr qumcqu`r igram n`o`jsurm.?. Ms ljirmo`s n`ogrr`jt`s ng `x`roolg n`st` nlr`ltg sg mp`jms ms pr`vlstms jm c`l

p`jmc e`rmc.5?

=.?.=.0. R_

G mrt. 82. milram qu`4

=. emrmjtlnm m clh`rnmn` n` mssgolmg [Q8. M c`l r`eucmngrm n`st` nlr`ltg mp`jms pgn`r imz`r n`p`jn`r m ogjstltulg guiujolgjma`jtg nm mssgolmg nm ghrlemtgrl`nmn` n` imz`r ljsor`v`r jua r`elstg n`mssgolm`s m n`jgaljmg, g cgomc nm s`n` ` m ln`jtlilomg ngs ogrpgs sgolmls qu` m

nlrldma ` n` n`pgsltmr ua `x`apcmr ngs r`sp`otlvgs `stmtutgs, gs qumls n`v`rg s`rmprgvmngs `a mss`ahc`lm e`rmc gu ogjer`ssg ngs mssgolmngs, emrmjtljng, jm vlnm ljt`rjm,mclh`rnmn` n` `xpr`ssg` n` ortlom ` mljnm m `c`lg, pgr suirelg nlr`ltg ` s`or`tg n`tgngs gs mssgolmngs, ngs ogrpgs gu qumnrgs sgolmls.[Q5>

=.?.=.9. PNR

G mrt. 82. n`st` prgd`otg n` ogjstltulg nlsp` qu` gs olnmngs egzma n` clh`rnmn` n`

mssgolmg, n` `xpr`ssg, n` r`ujlg, n` ogjo`jtrmg ` n` amjli`stmg phcloms.50

5?

Oi. NMO, =. c`elscmturm, =. s`ssg c`elscmtlvm, supc`a`jtg mg j. =9, n` 8>-5-=Oi. NMO, =. c`elscmturm, =. s`ssg c`elscmtlvm, supc`a`jtg mg j. =9, n` 8>-5-=