MENSURAÇÃO DE RESULTADOS EM ASSESSORIAS DE IMPRENSA: uma proposta metodológica

7/31/2019 MENSURAÇÃO DE RESULTADOS EM ASSESSORIAS DE IMPRENSA: uma proposta metodológica

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Fwkl{ Ylhlgf Ymkcl [mwum Hgyygoyl

JGB[WYLÁËM EG YG[WFULEM[ GJ L[[G[[MYOL[ EGOJ^YGB[L4 wjl ~ym~m{ul jgumemfûaokl

Igfm Cmyotmbug

Kgbuym Wboxgy{ouìyom eg Igfm Cmyotmbug #WBO*IC/9><9



9

Fwkl{ Ylhlgf Ymkcl [mwum Hgyygoyl

JGB[WYLÁËM EG YG[WFULEM[ GJ L[[G[[MYOL[ EGOJ^YGB[L4 wjl ~ym~m{ul jgumemfûaokl

Jmbmaylhol hoblf eg kwy{m l~yg{gbulem lm kwy{m eg Dmyblfo{jm emKgbuym Wboxgy{ouìyom eg Igfm Cmyotmbug #WBO*IC/ kmjm yg|wo{oum~lykolf ~lyl miugbáëm em uêuwfm eg ilkclygf gj Kmjwbokláëm [mkolfkmj cliofouláëm gj Dmyblfo{jm"

Myogbulemyl4 ^ymh" Fmygbl Uìykol"

Igfm Cmyotmbug

Kgbuym Wboxgy{ouìyom eg Igfm Cmyotmbug #WBO*IC/9><9



;

Î jobcl jëg& gsgj~fm eg ~gy{gxgylbál g ljmy"

Î jobcl oyjë& ~gfl ugybwyl g klyobcm"



5

[obkgym{ laylegkojgbum{ î ~ymhg{{myl g myogbulemyl Fmygbl Uìykol& {gj~yg lugbkom{l& ~lkogbug g gsoagbug"



7

‖[g xmkä bëm ~meg jgeoy& bëm ~meg agygbkoly)"^gugy Eywk`gy

‖Ï jwoum eohêkof kmb{~oyly kmbuyl |wgj ugj aylbeg yg~wuláëm‚

Jl|wolxgf& gj M ^yêbko~g

)[g xmkä ~gyeg eobcgoym& gw ~megygo {gy jwoum kmj~yggb{oxm" [g xmkä jlbkcl l yg~wuláëm

el bm{{l gj~yg{l& {gygo oj~flkìxgf"‚

Qlyygb Iwhhgu



8

YG[WJM

^my jgom eg ygxo{ëm ioifomayìhokl& g{ug uylilfcm gxoegbkol l oj~myuébkol em ~flbgdljgbum& eljgb{wyláëm eg yg{wfulem{ gj kmjwbokláëm g el kmb{uywáëm el yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl& lfïj eg

lblfo{ly eg |wg jlbgoyl m{ ugjl{ amxgyblbál& foegylbál& koelelbol& ~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{&eg{gj~gbcm g ljiogbug eg uylilfcm& eghoboem{ ~gfm Yg~wuluomb Ob{uouwug kmjm gfgjgbum{kmb{uywumyg{ eg wjl yg~wuláëm ~m{ouoxl& {ëm limyelem{ ~gfl jêeol blkomblf" M g{uwem uljiïjl~yg{gbul g{uluê{uokl{ el ~ymewáëm em ygflkombljgbum el gj~yg{l kmj dmyblo{ g ygxo{ul{&~ym~÷g wjl bmxl hmyjl eg jgeoy m eg{gj~gbcm el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l g eo{kwug kmjmwjl gj~yg{l eg gkmbmjol jo{ul ~meg wuofotly m kfo~~oba eg hmyjl g{uyluïaokl"

^lflxyl{*kclxg4 Yg~wuláëm Kmy~myluoxl0 L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l0 Jgb{wyláëm gjKmjwbokláëm0 Kfo~~oba0



1

FO[UL EG HOAWYL[

Hoawyl <4 Bgaûkom{ em Ayw~m Kgjoa bm Iyl{of """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 59 Hoawyl 94 Myalbmayljl el Eoygumyol eg Ygflá÷g{ Ob{uouwkomblo{ g Kmjwbokláëm el Kgjoa """ 5; Hoawyl ;4 Jmegfm Yg~Uylk` g [gw{ Luyoiwum{" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 53 Hoawyl 54 Oj~myuébkol em Xgêkwfm" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 5? Hoawyl 74 Kmbugôem el Jgb{lagj" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7> Hoawyl 84 Gsgj~fm eg Jluyot eg Lxlfoláëm" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7<



3

FO[UL EG ULIGFL[

Uligfl <4 M{ Jlomyg{ Yo{km{ Afmilo{ Gbhygbulem{ ^gfl{ Gj~yg{l{" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 98

Uligfl 94 Hgyyljgbul{ eg L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;5 Uligfl ;4 Bôjgym eg Lugbeojgbum{ Lbwlo{ î Oj~ygb{l" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 57 Uligfl 54 ^ymewum{ eg Kmjwbokláëm Gsugybl el Kgjoa" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 51 Uligfl 74 Gsgj~fm{ eg Ugjl{" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7> Uligfl 84 Luyoiwum{ Lxlfolem{ ~gfm Jmegfm Yg~Uylk` """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7> Uligfl 14 Ygkmyug el Ljm{uyl ‛ [gjlbl Kmj~m{ul """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7; Uligfl 34 Klugamyotláëm el Oj~myuébkol em{ Dmyblo{ eg Lkmyem kmj l Uoylagj """""""""""""""""""" 7; Uligfl ?4 Uoylagj em{ Dmyblo{ s Bmul{ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 75 Uligfl <>4 Luyoiwum{ s Bmul{ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 78 Uligfl <<4 Hlxmyliofoeleg Jïeol em{ Dmyblo{ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7?



?

FO[UL EG AYÌHOKM[

Ayìhokm <4 Bôjgym{ eg Egjlbel{ Jgb{lo{ el L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""57 Ayìhokm 94 Egjlbel{ Ygkmyygbug{ el L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l gj 9><<" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 57 Ayìhokm ;4 \wlbuoeleg eg Bmuêkol{ ~my Luyoiwum """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 77 Ayìhokm 54 Jluyot eg Lxlfoláëm """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 78 Ayìhokm 74 Hlxmyliofoeleg el{ Bmuêkol{ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73 Ayìhokm 84 Hlxmyliofoeleg Jïeol em{ Dmyblo{ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7?



<>

[WJÌYOM

OBUYMEWÁËM """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" << < MYALBOTLÁ×G[ G OJLAGJ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" <; <"< Myalbotlá÷g{ bl kmbugj~mylbgoeleg """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" <; <"9 L Lejobo{uyláëm ~ôifokl g l{ {mkogeleg{ eg gkmbmjol jo{ul"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" <8 <"; Oegbuoeleg& ojlagj g yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 9> 9 KMJWBOKLÁËM G[UYLUÏAOKL G YG[WFULEM[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 93 9"< ̂ flbgdljgbum g ag{uëm el kmjwbokláëm"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 93

9"9 L{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l4 ymuobl{ g yg{wfulem{ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;9 9"; Jgb{wyláëm g lxlfoláëm eg yg{wfulem{ gj kmjwbokláëm """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;8 ; LBÌFO[G EL YG^WULÁËM EL KGJOA ^MY JGOM EM KFO^ÔBA """"""""""""""""""""" 5< ;"< L~yg{gbuláëm em midgum4 Kmj~lbcol Gbgyaïuokl eg Jobl{ Agylo{ ‛ Kgjoa """""""""""""""""""""" 5< ;"9 Jgumemfmaol{ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 51 ;"9"< M Jmegfm Yg~Uylk` """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 51 ;"9"9 L Lbìfo{g eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 5? ;"9"; L~fokláëm em{ luyoiwum{ Yg~Uylk` bl Lbìfo{g eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7< ;"; Yg{wfulem{ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 75 ;"5 Lbìfo{g eg yg{wfulem{ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 71 KMBKFW[ËM""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 8<



<<

OBUYMEWÁËM

\wg yg{wfulem{ wjl gj~yg{l miuïj lm obxg{uoy gj wjl l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l= Eg |wg hmyjl

ï ~m{{êxgf lxlfoly l oj~myuébkol el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l ~lyl l kmb{uywáëm el yg~wuláëm egwjl myalbotláëm= Kmjm xgyohokly {g l{ g{uyluïaol{ el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l g{uëm

hmyulfgkgbem wjl ~gykg~áëm ~m{ouoxl em{ ~ôifokm{ eg obugyg{{g gj ygfláëm î gj~yg{l= G&

lhoblf& |wg ygumybm{ l kmb{uywáëm eg wjl iml yg~wuláëm uylt ~lyl wjl myalbotláëm= Kmjm

~megjm{ xlfmyly wj luoxm obulbaêxgf=

L hmyjwfláëm eg{ug kmbdwbum eg |wg{u÷g{ yghfgug m ~yobko~lf klyìugy eg{ul ~g{|wo{l& |wlf {gdl&

m eg obxg{uoaly l ugjìuokl {miyg lxlfoláëm g jgb{wyláëm eg yg{wfulem{ el{ g{uyluïaol{ gjkmjwbokláëm myalbotlkomblf& jlo{ g{~gkohokljgbug gj hlxmy el kmb{uywáëm el yg~wuláëm

kmy~myluoxl" L{{oj& m midguoxm eg{ug uylilfcm kmb{o{ug& ~yojgoyljgbug& gj ~ymifgjluotly l

~yg{gbug ugjìuokl l ~lyuoy el {o{ugjluotláëm el{ eo{kw{{÷g{ fgxlbulel{ ~gfl fougyluwyl g& gj

{gawoel& ~ym~my wj jïumem kw{umjotlem ~lyl wuofotly m{ yg{wfulem{ em kfo~~oba eg hmyjl

g{uyluïaokl g ghguoxl"

Bwj kmbugsum gj |wg l{ gj~yg{l{& hliyoklbug{ eg ~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{& klel xgt jlo{

{gjgfclbug{& gbhygbulj eohokwfeleg{ ~lyl {g eg{ulkly el kmbkmyyäbkol& hlt*{g bgkg{{ìyol l

eo{kw{{ëm eg wj gfgjgbum kmj~guouoxm hwbeljgbulf bl kmbugj~mylbgoeleg4 l yg~wuláëm

kmy~myluoxl" Jl{ bëm {g kmb{uyûo wjl yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl hlxmyìxgf {gj wj ~flbgdljgbum

g{uyluïaokm eg kmjwbokláëm g {gj m lkmj~lbcljgbum g l l~yg{gbuláëm eg yg{wfulem{" Jwoum{

~ymho{{omblo{ el{ l{{g{{myol{ eg oj~ygb{l lobel bëm {ligj kmjm l~yg{gbuly yg{wfulem{ ~lyl

kmj~ymxly l oj~myuébkol eg {wl{ lá÷g{ kmjwboklkomblo{ g& |wlbem {ligj& lemulj jïumem{

lyklokm{ g yghwulem{ ~my lwumyg{ ygkgbug{"

Kmjm midgum eg g{uwem ugj*{g l Kmj~lbcol Gbgyaïuokl eg Jobl{ Agylo{ ‛ Kgjoa" L gj~yg{l&

l jlomy em {gumy bl Ljïyokl Fluobl& ï kmbuymflel ~gfm Amxgybm eg Jobl{ Agylo{ g ~my <<5&8

jof lkombo{ul{ eg 55 ~lê{g{" L gj~yg{l lugbeg l kgykl eg <3 jofc÷g{ eg ~g{{ml{ gj 115

jwbokê~om{ g ugxg kmjm ygkgoul m~gylkomblf fê|woel m yg{wfulem eg Y% <9&38; iofc÷g{ gj 9><>"

Lm l~yg{gbuly kmbkgoum{ el {mkomfmaol el{ myalbotlá÷g{ g el lejobo{uyláëm& m ~yojgoym

kl~êuwfm eg{ug uylilfcm limyel l gxmfwáëm el{ myalbotlá÷g{ eg{eg m {ïkwfm SS luï l

kmbugj~mylbgoeleg& kmbhmyjg Kl{ugff{ #9>>>/ g Kcolxgblum #9><>/& g l~mbul |wg l{



<9

myalbotlá÷g{ jmegybl{ bgkg{{oulj& klel xgt jlo{& ygewtoy yo{km{ obugybm{ g gsugybm{ obgygbug{

lm bgaûkom& agygbkoly obugyg{{g{ eoxgy{m{& eojobwoy l xmfluofoeleg em{ yg{wfulem{ g kmb|wo{uly l

kygeoiofoeleg em{ obxg{uoemyg{ g el {mkogeleg gj agylf" Gj {gawoel& l eo{kw{{ëm& {gawbem

[ymwy #9>>7/ g [fmj{ò gu lf #9>>3/& ~l{{l ~gfl iw{kl el ghokoäbkol bl{ ob{uouwoá÷g{ el

lejobo{uyláëm ~ôifokl" M yghgyoem kl~êuwfm ï hoblfotlem kmj l eghoboáëm em{ kmbkgoum{ eg

oegbuoeleg& ojlagj g yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl g lyawjgbul |wg l yg~wuláëm {g umybmw wj

eohgygbkolf kmj~guouoxm miyoaluûyom el{ myalbotlá÷g{& eg lkmyem kmj Lfjgoel #9>>7/ g Iwgbm

#9>>7/"

Dì m {gawbem kl~êuwfm g{uwel m ~flbgdljgbum g l kmjwbokláëm g{uyluïaokl& l~mbulem{ ~my

@wb{kc #9>>;/ kmjm gfgjgbum{ g{{gbkolo{ ~lyl m {wkg{{m el{ myalbotlá÷g{& eo{kwug l{ ymuobl{~ymewuoxl{ eg wjl l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l& ugmyotlel{ ~my Ewlyug #9>>;/ g Wukcougf #9>>5/ g&

~my hoj& limyel l oj~myuébkol g l bgkg{{oeleg eg {g jgeoy g lxlfoly m{ yg{wfulem{ el{

obokoluoxl{ el{ ìygl{ eg kmjwbokláëm& {gawbem _lbltg& [gbotg g Hygoyg #9>>;/"

Bm ugykgoym kl~êuwfm& kmb{ulj l jgumemfmaol em uylilfcm g l ~ym~m{ul eg wjl bmxl

jgumemfmaol ~lyl lxlfoly m eg{gj~gbcm el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l el Kgjoa& l ~lyuoy el

lbìfo{g el{ bmuêkol{ ~wifoklel{ {miyg l gj~yg{l bl jêeol blkomblf"

Bëm mi{ulbug g{ul ~g{|wo{l {gy wj g{uwem eg kl{m ôbokm& lfawb{ l{~gkum{ yghgygbug{ î{ {wl{

fojoulá÷g{ {ëm oj~myulbug{ eg {gygj l~yg{gbulem{" L ljm{uyl liylbag wj ~gyêmem g{~gkohokm&

~lyl ghgoum{ eg lbìfo{g lkleäjokl& ~megbem m{ yg{wfulem{ el jgumemfmaol {gygj eo{uobum{

|wlbem l~foklem{ ~gfl myalbotláëm gj ~gyêmem{ xlyolem{" Lfïj eo{{m& l ljm{uyl hmo

g{~gkolfjgbug ~gkwfoly& wjl xgt |wg bëm ï ~m{{êxgf {ligy {g l kfl{{ohokláëm |wlfouluoxl el{

bmuêkol{ g em{ xgêkwfm{& l~g{ly eg {gawoygj kyouïyom{ g ~lyéjguym{ eghoboem{ ~my g{ug g{uwem&obhfwgbkolylj m{ yg{wfulem{"



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< MYALBOTLÁ×G[ G OJLAGJ

<"< Myalbotlá÷g{ bl kmbugj~mylbgoeleg

M{ g{uwem{ lkgykl el{ myalbotlá÷g{ yg{wfulylj el kmbxgyaäbkol kmbkgouwlf gbuyg l{ eo{ko~fobl{

eg [mkomfmaol& ^{okmfmaol& Lbuym~mfmaol& Gkmbmjol& Koäbkol ^mfêuokl& Eoygoum g

Lejobo{uyláëm"

Eg lkmyem kmj Eol{ #9>>3/& l ~lflxyl myalbotláëm egyoxl em aygam myalbmb g {oabohokl

hgyyljgbul mw ob{uywjgbum" Mw {gdl& uylul*{g eg hgyyljgbul ~lyl yglfotly gj ayw~m m |wg m

cmjgj bëm ~meg yglfotly {mtobcm" Kl{ugff{ #9>>>/ eghobg myalbotláëm kmjm wj {o{ugjl eg

jgom{ g{uywuwylem{ kmj m ~ym~û{oum eg lfklbály midguoxm{ g{~gkêhokm{" ^lyl [ymwy #9>>7/& l{myalbotlá÷g{ ~megj {gy eghoboel{ kmjm kmfguoxoeleg{ g{~gkolfotlel{ bl ~ymewáëm eg wj

egugyjoblem igj mw {gyxoám& kmjioblbem lagbug{ {mkolo{ g ygkwy{m{& eg hmyjl l gkmbmjotly

g{hmyám{ g umybly {gw w{m ghokogbug" [ëm uljiïj wboeleg{ eg láëm g eg egko{ëm& ~myulbem

bgkg{{oeleg{ g obugyg{{g{ kmy~myluoxm{" Dì Clff #9>>5/ eghobg l{ myalbotlá÷g{ kmjm ‖wj

kmj~mbgbug ~ygemjoblbug bl {mkogeleg kmbugj~myébgl" Kmjm ghgoum& umybljm*bm{ wjl

{mkogeleg eg myalbotlá÷g{" Gfl{ g{uëm î bm{{l xmful" Bl{kgjm{ bgfl{ g& bmyjlfjgbug&

jmyygjm{ bgfl{" P"""Z L{ myalbotlá÷g{ {ëm uëm obgxouìxgo{ |wlbum l jmyug g m{ oj~m{um{‚"#CLFF& 9>>5& ~"</"

L{ myalbotlá÷g{ obhfwgbkolj eoyguljgbug m{ ywjm{ el {mkogeleg" Clff #9>>5/ oegbuohokl |wg l{

myalbotlá÷g{ gsgykgj oj~lkum{ {miyg l{ ~g{{ml{& kfl{{g{ eg obeoxêewm{& kmjwboeleg&

{mkogeleg g myegj obugyblkomblf" Kmj ygfláëm lm {wdgoum& l{ myalbotlá÷g{ gsgykgj obhfwäbkol

eoygul {miyg m uylilfcm& ygbel g& kmb{g|wgbugjgbug& bm kmj~myuljgbum& ~mo{ l myalbotláëm

uygobl& emwuyobl g ~gy{wleg {gw{ jgjiym{ l yglaoy kmj il{g bl{ ~m{oá÷g{ |wg mkw~lj"

Gj ayw~m{ eg obeoxêewm{& kmjm aäbgym& oeleg& ylál& ygfoaoëm g ayw~m ïubokm& ~my jwoum{ lbm{

l{ myalbotlá÷g{ uoxgylj foxyg kljobcm ~lyl l ygkw{l eg kgyum{ ayw~m{ gj {gw{ |wleym{ eg

hwbkombìyom{& igbghokolbem l|wgfg{ |wg fcg obugyg{{lxlj" Bl kmjwboeleg& l{ luoxoeleg{ eg

wjl gj~yg{l& ~my gsgj~fm& ~megj ulbum lwjgbuly l |wlbuoeleg eg gj~ygam{ eo{~mbêxgf&

|wlbum kmbuyoiwoy ~lyl l gfgxláëm el obhfláëm fmklf g em{ ~ygám{ em{ ojûxgo{ bl ygaoëm"

Clff #9>>5/ kmb{ulul |wg& {g l{ myalbotlá÷g{ lklyygulj oj~lkum{ oj~myulbug{ ~lyl obeoxêewm{

g kmjwboeleg{& ï mixom |wg uljiïj agylj oj~lkum{ oj~myulbug{ ~lyl l {mkogeleg& lugbegbem



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lm{ obugyg{{g{ eg obeoxêewm{ mw ayw~m{" Wj gsgj~fm ï l obhfwäbkol eg myalbotlá÷g{ bl{

umjlel{ eg egko{÷g{ ~mfêuokl{" Bm klj~m el ~mfêuokl obugyblkomblf& l{ kmy~mylá÷g{

jwfuoblkomblo{ lj~folj {gw{ jgyklem{ gj ~lê{g{ gj eg{gbxmfxojgbum& gsgykgbem ~megyg{

{miyg blá÷g{ jlo{ hylkl{ g klw{lbem eg~gbeäbkol" L{ gj~yg{l{ {ëm yg{~mb{ìxgo{ ~gfl{

luoxoeleg{ |wg m{ obeoxêewm{ gsgykgj umem{ m{ eol{ g obhfwgbkolj eoyguljgbug l xoel jmegybl&

eg{eg m kmb{wjm& ~l{{lbem ~gfl gewkláëm& ygfoaoëm& gbuygugbojgbum g uylilfcm"

^lyl Kcolxgblum #9><>/& l{ myalbotlá÷g{ ~l{{lylj ~my uyä{ gul~l{ bm egkmyygy em {ïkwfm SS4

l Gyl el Obew{uyolfotláëm Kfì{{okl& l Gyl Obew{uyolf Bgmkfì{{okl g l Gyl el Obhmyjláëm"

L Gyl el Obew{uyolfotláëm Kfì{{okl& |wg {g obokomw bm hoj em {ïkwfm SOS g {g g{ugbegw luï<?7>& hmo wjl ï~mkl gj |wg m kl~oulf hoblbkgoym ~l{{mw l kmb{uouwoy l ~yobko~lf hmbug eg

yo|wgtl g m {wyum eg eg{gbxmfxojgbum obew{uyolf ~ymxmkmw m ayleluoxm lhl{uljgbum gbuyg ~lê{g{

eg{gbxmfxoem{ g {wieg{gbxmfxoem{" Hmo wjl gyl g{uìxgf& eg ~mwkl kmbkmyyäbkol gj~yg{lyolf g

êbhojl ~ygmkw~láëm kmj m{ yglo{ lb{gom{ em{ kmb{wjoemyg{ g gj~ygalem{ el{ myalbotlá÷g{"

L Gyl Obew{uyolf Bgmkfì{{okl& eg <?7> l <??>& hmo wjl gul~l eg hmyug uylb{oáëm bm jwbem

gj~yg{lyolf" [gawbem Kcolxgblum #9><>/& kmj m hoj el [gawbel Awgyyl Jwbeolf& l{myalbotlá÷g{ ygumjlylj l ~ymewáëm eg ~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{ g m eg{gbxmfxojgbum el

ugkbmfmaol& kmjm ugfghmbg{ g kmj~wulemyg{& kyomw kmbeoá÷g{ iì{okl{ ~lyl |wg l{ myalbotlá÷g{

el ï~mkl kyol{{gj ~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{ jlo{ obmxlemyg{" M ljiogbug eg bgaûkom{ ~l{{mw l {gy

jwuìxgf g& kmjm kmb{g|wäbkol& jlo{ ob{uìxgf& gsoaobem bmxm{ eg{lhom{" M lwjgbum el

kmj~guouoxoeleg& l afmilfotláëm el gkmbmjol g l eojobwoáëm el{ eo{uébkol{ uymwsgylj bmxm{

kmbkgoum{& kmjm |wlfoeleg umulf g ~ymewuoxoeleg& |wg {g umyblylj hwbeljgbulo{ ~lyl

{miygxoxäbkol gj~yg{lyolf" G{ul hmo l Gyl gj |wg m jwbem xow {wyaoy bmxl{ ~muäbkol{gjgyagbug{ kmjm m Dl~ëm g m{ Uoayg{ L{oìuokm{" Kl{ugff{ #9>>>/ lyawjgbul |wg l

kmj~guouoxoeleg kcgamw lm um~m el lagbel eg gj~yg{l{& amxgybm& jêeol& kogbuo{ul{ ~mfêuokm{ g

gkmbmjo{ul{ l{{oj |wg l{ ~mfêuokl{ blkomblfo{ul{ el ygaoëm em ^lkêhokm eg{lholylj m

obkmbug{ulem ~ygemjêbom el{ gj~yg{l{ bmyug*ljgyoklbl{ bl lygbl obugyblkomblf"

Eg lkmyem kmj Kcolxgblum #9><>/& m obêkom el eïklel eg <??> jlykl l ugykgoyl gul~l em

jwbem myalbotlkomblf4 l Gyl el Obhmyjláëm& |wg {wyag kmj m oj~lkum ~ymxmklem ~gfl

Ugkbmfmaol el Obhmyjláëm #UO/" Gj wj ugj~m eg obhmyjláëm ob{ulbuébgl& m jwbem {g

jmeohokl yl~oeljgbug g obkg{{lbugjgbug" L bmxl yo|wgtl ~l{{l l {gy m kl~oulf obugfgkuwlf& m



<7

ygkwy{m jlo{ xlfom{m g oj~myulbug& {wi{uouwobem m kl~oulf hoblbkgoym" Kcolxgblum #9><>/

eghgbeg |wg ‖l obhmyjláëm umybl*{g l ~yobko~lf hmbug eg gbgyaol el myalbotláëm& {gw ~yobko~lf

kmjiw{uêxgf& {gw jlo{ oj~myulbug ob{wjm‚ #KCOLXGBLUM& 9><>& ~" ;5/"

Kl{ugff{ #9>>>/ lblfo{l l gkmbmjol el{ ewl{ ôfuojl{ eïklel{ em {ïkwfm SS g m obêkom em

{ïkwfm SSO eg Gkmbmjol Obhmyjlkomblf g Afmilf"

Ï obhmyjlkomblf ~my|wg l ~ymewuoxoeleg g l kmj~guouoxoeleg eg wboeleg{ mw lagbug{ bg{{lgkmbmjol #{gdlj gj~yg{l{& ygao÷g{ mw blá÷g{/ eg~gbegj il{okljgbug eg {wl kl~lkoelegeg agyly& ~ymkg{{ly g l~fokly eg hmyjl ghokogbug l obhmyjláëm il{glel gj kmbcgkojgbum{" Ïafmilf ~my|wg l{ ~yobko~lo{ luoxoeleg{ ~ymewuoxl{& m kmb{wjm g l koykwfláëm& l{{oj kmjm{gw{ kmj~mbgbug{ #kl~oulf& uylilfcm& jluïyol*~yojl& lejobo{uyláëm& obhmyjláëm& ugkbmfmaolg jgyklem{/ g{uëm myalbotlem{ gj g{klfl afmilf& eoyguljgbug mw jgeolbug wjl ygeg afmilfeg obugyláëm" G gfl {wyaow bm ôfuojm |wlyugf em {ïkwfm SS ~my|wg l Ygxmfwáëm el

Ugkbmfmaol el Obhmyjláëm hmybgkg l il{g jlugyolf obeo{~gb{ìxgf ~lyl g{{l bmxl gkmbmjol#KL[UGFF[& 9>>>& ~" 31/"

Bm hoblf em {ïkwfm SS& {miyguwem bl eïklel eg <?3>& l{{o{uow*{g lm

hfmyg{kojgbum el kmbholbál em{ koeleëm{ bwjl ob{uouwoáëm gj~yg{lyolf kl~lt

eg yg~yg{gbuly l{ bgkg{{oeleg{ eg lj~fm{ {gumyg{ el ~m~wfláëm" L{ myalbotlá÷g{ ~l{{lylj l

{gy g{uwelel{ g l{ ugmyol{ el lejobo{uyláëm albclylj bmxl{ oegol{" Gbuyg l{ jlo{ xgbeoel{

~wifoklá÷g{ ljgyoklbl{ em{ lbm{ 3> gbkmbuyl*{g Ob [glykc mh Gskgffgbkg& eg ^gugy{ lbe

Qlugyjlb" ^gugy{ lbe Qlugyjlb #<?39/ eghgbegylj moum klylkugyê{uokl{<

yg{~mb{ìxgo{ ~gflgskgfäbkol gj~yg{lyolf4

• L ~yû*luoxoeleg& kmj obkgbuoxm î{ ~g{{ml{ ~lyl jgfcmyly m |wg {g g{uì hltgbem luylxï{ eg

wjl hûyjwfl eg gb{lom g gyym4 hltgy& kmb{gyuly g ugbuly hltgy lobel jgfcmy0

• L~ygbegy kmj m{ kfogbug{" Gj~yg{l{ gskgfgbug{ l~ygbegj kmj l{ ~g{{ml{ |wg l g{uëm

{gyxobem0

• G{uojwfly l obeg~gbeäbkol& ~ymjmxgbem m gj~yggbegemyo{jm g l lwumbmjol em{

kmflimylemyg{0

• Ag{uëm {g l~ygbeg hltgbem" [û agyobem ï ~m{{êxgf l~ygbegy lfam bmxm g kl~lt eg

eoygkombly l gj~yg{l bm kljobcm el gskgfäbkol0

• ^ymewuoxoeleg {û {g lfklbál kmj uylilfclemyg{ jmuoxlem{ g eg lful ~ymewuoxoeleg&

~myulbum gfg{ {ëm lxlfolem{ kmjm ~gál{*kclxg ~lyl m {wkg{{m0

• Hmkm" Gj~yg{l{ gskgfgbug{ {g luäj î{ {wl{ kmj~guäbkol{ g bëm {lgj luoylbem {gj

eoygáëm0

• [oj~fokoeleg" Jlbugy l hmyjl {oj~fg{ g l g|wo~g il{ulbug gbswul0

< Gj uylewáëm bm{{l"



<8

• Jmiofoeleg" L{ gj~yg{l{ gskgfgbug{ ~megj {loy eg wj hmyjlum kmj~lkum ~lyl l gs~lb{ëm

yl~oeljgbug& leg|wlbem*{g î{ bgkg{{oeleg{ em jgyklem g em{ kfogbug{0

Gj g{uwem{ jlo{ ygkgbug{ g eg hmyjl {obuïuokl& Kl{ugff{ #9>>>/ eghobg m kmbkgoum egmyalbotlá÷g{ igj {wkgeoel{4

P"""Z {ëm l|wgfl{ kl~ltg{ eg agyly kmbcgkojgbum{ g ~ymkg{{ly obhmyjlá÷g{ kmj ghokoäbkol0lel~uly*{g î agmjguyol xlyoìxgf el gkmbmjol afmilf0 {gy hfgsêxgf m {whokogbug ~lyluylb{hmyjly {gw{ jgom{ uëm yl~oeljgbug |wlbum jwelj m{ midguoxm{ {mi m oj~lkum elyì~oel uylb{hmyjláëm kwfuwylf& ugkbmfûaokl g ob{uouwkomblf" #KL[UGFF[& 9>>>& ~"<?9/"

[fmj{ò gu lf #9>>3/ kmb{ululj |wg m kyg{kojgbum g m eg{gbxmfxojgbum el{ myalbotlá÷g{& l

~lyuoy el {gawbel jguleg em {ïkwfm SS& jmeohoklylj m{ jmegfm{ eg ag{uëm& lamyl

hwbeljgbulem{ gj hgyyljgbul{ jlo{ ghokogbug{& gj ~ymf el yg{~mb{liofoeleg {mkolf g el

~ym{~gyoeleg em bgaûkom" Bg{{g kmbugsum& l lemáëm el amxgyblbál kmy~myluoxl kmjm hmyjl eg

ag{uëm {g umybl klel xgt jlo{ hmyug g bgkg{{ìyol" Kmbhmyjg [fmj{ò gu lf #9>>3/& l amxgyblbál

kmy~myluoxl

ï wj {o{ugjl eg egko{÷g{ g ~yìuokl{ eg ag{uëm xmfulel{ ~lyl l egugyjobláëm g kmbuymfg emeg{gj~gbcm g el eoygáëm g{uyluïaokl el{ kmy~mylá÷g{" ^my o{{m& l iw{kl el ygewáëm eg yo{km{obugybm{ g gsugybm{ obgygbug{ lm bgaûkom& m agygbkoljgbum eg obugyg{{g{& l ygewáëm elxmfluofoeleg em{ yg{wfulem{ g l kmb|wo{ul el kygeoiofoeleg em{ obxg{uoemyg{ g el {mkogeleg

gj agylf {ëm l{~gkum{ ~yû~yom{ el amxgyblbál kmy~myluoxl ~lyl lj~foláëm el{ il{g{g{uyluïaokl{ el kyoláëm eg xlfmy el gj~yg{l" L afmilfotláëm em{ jgyklem{ hoblbkgoym{ g egkl~oulo{ g l emjobláëm eg{{g{ jgyklem{ ~gfm{ aylbeg{ obxg{uoemyg{ ob{uouwkomblo{ #hwbem{&hwbelá÷g{& gbuoeleg{ eg ~ygxoeäbkol ~yoxlel& guk"/& |wg cmdg kmbeokomblj m{ {gw{ l~myug{ egkl~oulo{ î mi{gyxébkol el{ ~yìuokl{ eg amxgyblbál kmy~myluoxl& {ëm kmb{oegylel{ l{~yobko~lo{ ylt÷g{ ~lyl l eo{{gjobláëm g kmb{layláëm eg{{l{ ~yìuokl{ #[FMJ[@O gu lf& 9>>3&~"7/

@wb{kc #9>>;/ lhoyjl |wg l{ myalbotlá÷g{ jmegybl{ {ëm {o{ugjl{ ligyum{& {miyguwem& ~gfm

hlum eg {g obugaylygj lm ljiogbug& ugbem {gb{oiofoeleg l ~yg{{÷g{ gsugybl{ g uljiïj ~my

yg{~mbegygj l g{{l{ ~yg{{÷g{" Bg{{g kgbìyom eobéjokm& l{ myalbotlá÷g{ jmegybl{ ~ygko{ljl~ygbegy l foely kmj obkmbuìxgo{ obhmyjlá÷g{& obugylaobem kmj |wg{u÷g{ ~mfêuokl{&

gkmbõjokl{& kwfuwylo{ g agmayìhokl{ |wg lbug{ ~mwkm obugyhgyolj gj {wl{ m~gylá÷g{"

<"9 L Lejobo{uyláëm ~ôifokl g l{ {mkogeleg{ eg gkmbmjol jo{ul

Eol{ #9>>3/ eo{uobawg m{ ~yobko~lo{ uo~m{ eg myalbotlá÷g{ eg lkmyem kmj {wl{ g{~gkohokoeleg{

jlkym{{gumyolo{" L{ eoxgy{l{ hmyjl{ el myalbotláëm ~ôifokl {g klylkugyotlj ~my iw{klygj m

igj kmjwj kmjm xlfmy g{{gbkolf0 l gj~yg{l ~yoxlel iw{kl& lbug{ eg uwem& m obugyg{{g ~yoxlem

gj {wl gs~lb{ëm gkmbõjokl0 l{ myalbotlá÷g{ {mkolo{ ~ygugbegj yglfotly obugyg{{g{ ~yoxlem{&



<1

eg kmbugôem bëm gkmbõjokm& mw obugyg{{g{ kmjwb{ l kgyum{ {gumyg{ el ~m~wfláëm |wg bëm

gbkmbuylj yg{~m{ul bl lejobo{uyláëm ~ôifokl"

L{ gj~yg{l{ ~yoxlel{& uljiïj kcljlel{ eg gkmbmjol{ kmbkmyyäbkol{ eg jgyklem& ~lyl [ymwy

#9>>7/& {ëm ygaoel{ ~gfm jmem eg ~ymewáëm kl~oulfo{ul gskfwegbug& gj |wg ~ygxlfgkg l

jlsojotláëm em{ fwkym{" G{{l{ gj~yg{l{ uäj kmjm klylkugyê{uokl{ l ~ym~yogeleg gkmbõjokl

~yoxlel& l foxyg kmj~guoáëm g l hoblfoeleg eg agyláëm eg gskgegbug{ gkmbõjokm{"

Lm kmbuyìyom el lejobo{uyláëm eg bgaûkom{ ~yoxlem{& l Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl& eg lkmyem kmj

Jlegoyl #9>>3/& kmb{uouwo*{g bwj kmj~fgsm eg ûyaëm{ kmbewtoem{ ~my wj kmy~m eg lagbug{&

kwdl hoblfoeleg ï lugbegy lm{ obugyg{{g{ el ~m~wfláëm" Bl Kmb{uouwoáëm eg <?33& gbkmbuyl*{g m~yobkê~om el {w~ygjlkol em obugyg{{g ~ôifokm" L{{oj& bm{ kl{m{ kmbhfouwm{m{ gbuyg obugyg{{g{

~lyuokwflyg{ g ~ôifokm{ m obugyg{{g ~ôifokm {gj~yg egxg ~ygxlfgkgy" Kmj ghgoum& lm umjly

~m{{g bm klyam ~ôifokm& m{ hwbkombìyom{ eg{{g{ ûyaëm{ ~l{{lj l agyoy igb{ g obugyg{{g{ el

kmfguoxoeleg"

Cligyjl{ #<?35/ lhoyjl |wg ‖m G{ulem ï m ~megy ~ôifokm" Gfg egxg m luyoiwum eg {gy ~ôifokm î

{wl ulyghl eg ~ymjmxgy m igj ~ôifokm& m igj kmjwj eg umem{ m{ koeleëm{‚" #CLIGYJL[&<?35& ~"<5/" ^myulbum& ~meg*{g obhgyoy |wg umel{ l{ myalbotlá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ hltgj ~lyug em

g{ulem g |wg& ~my {wl xgt& uäj l ulyghl eg ~ymjmxgy m igj ~ôifokm l umem{ m{ koeleëm{"

L{ [mkogeleg{ eg Gkmbmjol Jo{ul #[GJ/& kmbcgkoel{& {miyguwem& l ~lyuoy em {ïkwfm SS& {ëm

gj~yg{l{ eg kl~oulf ~ôifokm g ~yoxlem" ^myulbum& l ag{uëm g l kwfuwyl myalbotlkomblf eg{{l{

{mkogeleg{ klyygalj klylkugyê{uokl{ ulbum el Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl |wlbum el{ myalbotlá÷g{

~yoxlel{" Ï m kl{m el Kgjoa& midgum eg{ug g{uwem"

^lyl Jgffm #9>>1/& m Eoygoum Lejobo{uyluoxm kmbkgouwl l {mkogeleg eg gkmbmjol jo{ul kmjm4

l ~g{{ml dwyêeokl kwdl kyoláëm ï lwumyotlel ~my fgo& kmjm wj ob{uywjgbum eg láëm em G{ulem&emulel eg ~gy{mblfoeleg eg Eoygoum ^yoxlem& jl{ {wijguoel l kgyul{ ygayl{ g{~gkolo{egkmyygbug{ eg{ul {wl bluwygtl lwsofoly el luwláëm amxgybljgbulf& kmb{uouwêel {mi l hmyjleg {mkogeleg lbõbojl& kwdl{ lá÷g{ kmj eoygoum l xmum ~gyugbálj gj {wl jlomyol î Wboëm mwgbuoeleg eg {wl lejobo{uyláëm obeoygul& {miyg ygjlbg{kgbug lkombìyom eg ~ym~yogeleg~lyuokwfly #JGFFM& 9>>1& ~"<?</"

Dì |wg m{ ygkwy{m{ obxg{uoem{ ~gfm Amxgybm #Wboëm mw G{ulem{ el Hgegyláëm/ bl{ [mkogeleg{

eg Gkmbmjol Jo{ul {ëm ~ôifokm{& m lkombo{ul jldmyouìyom eg{{l{ gj~yg{l{ ï l ~m~wfláëm"



<3

Kmjm l ~m~wfláëm gj agylf bëm ~meg agyoy m ^lê{& gbuygal*{g m ~megy lm{ amxgyblbug{ |wg

uljiïj bëm ~megj gsgykgy eoyguljgbug l ag{uëm g m kmbuymfg el{ [GJ" Gj kmb{g|wäbkol& l

ag{uëm ï egfgalel lm{ kmb{gfcm{ eg lejobo{uyláëm g m kmbuymfg ï gbuygawg lm{ ûyaëm{ el

Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl& kmjm l [gkygulyol em Ug{mwym Blkomblf& m Eg~lyuljgbum eg

Kmmyegbláëm g Amxgyblbál el{ Gj~yg{l{ G{ululo{ g m{ Jobo{uïyom{& bm kl{m el{ gj~yg{l{

kmbuymflel{ ~gfl Wboëm& mw l{ [gkygulyol{ eg G{ulem g-mw Eg~lyuljgbum{ [gumyolo{& bm kl{m em{

G{ulem{ el Hgegyláëm"

Lfïj eg iw{kly m{ obugyg{{g{ em jgyklem& ~lyl [ymwy #9>>7/& l{ gkmbmjol{ jo{ul{ uljiïj

g{uëm {wdgoul{ î{ obugyxgbá÷g{ em G{ulem& gj egkmyyäbkol eg lfawjl{ obdwbá÷g{4

yglfotly obxg{uojgbum{ ~ôifokm{ bl obhylg{uywuwyl0 hoblbkoly g {wi{oeoly m {gumy ~yoxlem gj{gumyg{ yg~wulem{ g{uyluïaokm{0 ~ymewtoy m{ ~yobko~lo{ ob{wjm{ luylxï{ eg gj~yg{l{ g{ululo{#g{ulem*gj~yg{ìyom/0 ~ymxgy igb{ g {gyxoám{ ~ôifokm{0 alylbuoy wj ~leyëm jêbojm eg xoel~lyl umem{& kmbuymflbem m eg{gj~ygam g l obhfláëm0 {wijgugy m jgyklem l wj ~flbgdljgbumhfgsêxgf mw fojoulem& gj |wg l láëm em G{ulem {gdl& l wj {û ugj~m& eoygul g obeoygul0kmbuymfly m{ ~ygám{ g{uyluïaokm{ g egosly m{ egjlo{ ygfluoxljgbug foxyg{0 {w{ugbuly wj{o{ugjl eg ~ymugáëm {mkolf luylxï{ eg wj yoamym{m ho{klfo{jm #G{ulem*~ygxoegbkoìyom/0fgxlbuly ygkwy{m{ ~lyl m{ ~ymayljl{ g lá÷g{ amxgybljgbulo{ luylxï{ em ‖al{um eghokouìyom‚em Ug{mwym #eghokou {~gbeoba/0 alylbuoy m jêbojm fgalf ~lyl mhgygkgy {gawylbál dwyêeokl î{m~gylá÷g{ em jgyklem0 l{{gawyly l yg~ymewáëm lj~folel em kl~oulf luylxï{ eg lfawj uo~m egkmbuymfg {miyg l{ lá÷g{ el kfl{{g uylilfclemyl #[YMWY& 9>>7& ~"<91/"

Kmj l obugyblkomblfotláëm eg jgyklem{ g ugmyol{ el lejobo{uyláëm& l lemáëm el{ ~yìuokl{ eg

amxgyblbál kmy~myluoxl joaymw ~lyl l Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl g ~lyl l{ [mkogeleg{ eg

Gkmbmjol Jo{ul" G{{g ~ymkg{{m eg uylb{~m{oáëm eg kmbkgoum{ el lejobo{uyláëm eg bgaûkom{

~lyl l Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl ï kmbcgkoem kmjm l Bmxl Ag{uëm ^ôifokl #BA^/9" [fmj{ò gu lf

#9>>3/ g{kflygkgj |wg m jmxojgbum el BA^ ugxg obêkom bl eïklel eg <?1> g m{ ~yojgoym{

~lyuoko~lbug{ hmylj m Ygobm Wboem& ewylbug l lejobo{uyláëm el ~yojgoyl jobo{uyl Jlyalygu

Uclukcgy& g m{ G{ulem{ Wboem{& kmj m amxgybm jwboko~lf eg [wbbxlfg& bl Klfohûybol"

^lyl ^gygoyl #9>>7/& l jmegybotláëm el ag{uëm ~ôifokl gjgyaow gj yg{~m{ul î kyo{g em G{ulem&

kmjm jmem eg gbhygbuly l kyo{g ho{klf g kmjilugy l kmyyw~áëm" ‖M midguoxm ï kmb{uywoy wj

G{ulem |wg yg{~mbel î{ bgkg{{oeleg{ eg {gw{ koeleëm{0 wj G{ulem egjmkyìuokm& bm |wlf {gdl

~m{{êxgf lm{ ~mfêuokm{ ho{klfotly m eg{gj~gbcm em{ iwymkylul{ g g{ug{ {gdlj miyoalem{ ~my fgo l

fcg{ ~yg{uly kmbul{‚ #^GYGOYL& 9>>7& ~";8/"

9 Bgq ^wifok Jlblagjgbu ‛ B^J"



<?

M {gumy ~ôifokm uljiïj lemumw l amxgyblbál kmy~myluoxl& |wg bg{{g {gumy ~meg {gy gbugbeoel

kmjm m {o{ugjl eg ~ymugáëm em{ obugyg{{g{ em{ koeleëm{ kmbuyl m{ lum{ fg{oxm{ |wg m{ lagbug{

~ôifokm{ ~megj klw{ly lm ~luyojõbom ~ôifokm g wjl hgyyljgbul eg kmjilug î obghokoäbkol el

ag{uëm ~ôifokl" G{ul amxgyblbál ï il{glel bm{ ~ley÷g{ g xlfmyg{ em{ {gumyg{ ~yoxlem g ~ôifokm

ulo{ kmjm4 ghguoxoeleg& ~lykojõbol& ghokoäbkol& cmbg{uoeleg& dw{uoál& fgaouojoeleg&

kwj~yojgbum em egxgy guk"

Gbuygulbum& eg lkmyem kmj [fmj{ò gu lf #9>>3/& amxgyblbál ~ôifokl bëm ï {mjgbug wjl

|wg{uëm em lwjgbum eg ghokoäbkol g agyláëm eg xlfmy& jl{ uljiïj eg awlyely l fgalfoeleg g

fgaouojoeleg& xo{lbem ygflkombly ghokltjgbug m{ midguoxm{ ~mfêuokm{ kmj l ~yg{uláëm eg kmbul{

~lyl l {mkogeleg g gj igbghokom egfl"

Jlegoyl #9>>3/ egjmb{uyl |wg l kmb{uouwoáëm g{uligfgkg ~yobkê~om{ iì{okm{ ~lyl l

Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl gj |wlf|wgy em{ ^megyg{ #Gsgkwuoxm& Fgao{fluoxm mw Dweokoìyom/ eg

|wlf|wgy em{ gbug{ hgegylem{ #Wboëm& G{ulem Hgegylem& Eo{uyoum Hgegylf mw Jwbokê~om/" M{

~yobkê~om{*egxgyg{ kmb{uouwkomblo{ {ëm m{ el fgalfoeleg& oj~g{{mlfoeleg& jmylfoeleg&

~wifokoeleg g ghokoäbkol" Lfïj eo{{m& kmbhmyjg m lyu" 1> el Kmb{uouwoáëm Hgegylf& m lagbug

~ôifokm uljiïj g{uì miyoalem l kwj~yoy m ~yobkê~om*egxgy el gkmbmjol em{ ygkwy{m{hoblbkgoym{ ~ôifokm{"

Bg{ug g{uwem lkgykl el kmjwbokláëm& ï hwbeljgbulf m eg{ulkly m ~yobkê~om*egxgy

kmb{uouwkomblf el ^wifokoeleg bl Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl" ^lyl Jlegoyl #9>>3/& g{{g ~yobkê~om

g{uligfgkg |wg

l Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl g{uì miyoalel l ely kmbcgkojgbum lm ~ôifokm& ~gfm{ jlo{ xlyolem{

jgom{ eg kmjwbokláëm ~ygxo{um{ gj fgo& eg umem{ m{ {gw{ lum{& egko{÷g{ g luoxoeleg{& l hojeg ~gyjouoy bëm {û m kmbuymfg obugybm& igj kmjm m gsugybm& eg {wl migeoäbkol lm{ egjlo{~yobkê~om{ el lejobo{uyláëmP"""Z& yg{{lfxlel{ l{ co~ûug{g{ eg {oaofm fgalf& |wlbem l ~yû~yol~wifokoeleg ~meg klw{ly fg{ëm î hoblfoeleg eg obugyg{{g ~ôifokm l {gy lugbeoem #JLEGOYL&9>>3& ~" 97/"

Kmbkfwo*{g |wg& gj egkmyyäbkol el fgo g em{ ~yobkê~om{*egxgyg{& l{ lá÷g{ g g{uyluïaol{ em{

~ymho{{omblo{ g ìygl{ eg kmjwbokláëm el Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl& {gbem g{ul{ ~wifoklá÷g{

~ygxo{ul{ ~my fgo mw eoxwfalá÷g{ ~wifokouìyol{& egxgj {g myogbuly bm {gbuoem el xgyeleg& el

iml*hï& em yg{~goum lm {gy cwjlbm& el ghokoäbkol& el o{mbmjol g el ~ymugáëm lm ~luyojõbom

~ôifokm"



9>

^lyl Aolkmjobo Hofcm #9>>5/& jwoum{ lkygeoulj |wg m{ obxg{uojgbum{ ~wifokouìyom{ g eg

kmjwbokláëm em{ ûyaëm{ ~ôifokm{ bëm {gyolj fgaêuojm{& ~mo{ cì mwuyl{ ~yomyoeleg{& kmjm

al{um{ kmj gewkláëm& {gawylbál g {lôeg& g |wg l ~wifokoeleg {gyol wjl hmyjl eg

lwum~ymjmáëm el{ ~g{{ml{ gj klyam{ ~ôifokm{" ^my mwuym flem& ulbum m g{ulem kmjm m {gumy

~wifokouìyom gbwjgylj eoxgy{l{ ylt÷g{ ~lyl m w{m fgaouojlem el ~wifokoeleg bm {gumy ~ôifokm&

egbuyg gfl{4

obhmyjláëm lm koeleëm {miyg {gw{ eoygoum{& jwoul{ xgtg{ ~mwkm gxoegbkolem{ ~gflfgao{fláëm0 ~gy{wl{ëm ~lyl lfugyly kmj~myuljgbum{ {mkolo{& kmjm gj klj~lbcl{ eg {lôeg~ôifokl0 jgfcmy kmbcgkojgbum em{ {gyxoám{ ~ôifokm{& ~mo{ jwoum{ koeleëm{ eg{kmbcgkgj m|wg ulo{ gbuoeleg{ ~megj mhgygkgy0 jlomy kmj~guouoxoeleg& ~my|wg jwoul{ ob{uouwoá÷g{~ôifokl{ kmj~gugj kmj mwuyl{ eg kwbcm ~yoxlem& jl{ l{ ~yojgoyl{ laygalyolj xlfmyg{{mkolo{ |wg ~ygko{lj {gy kmbcgkoem{0 jlomy xo{oiofoeleg el{ yglfotlá÷g{ hgoul{ ~my gbuoeleg{g myaëm{ ~ôifokm{ hlkg lm bmuokoìyom bgaluoxm #kmbuyl~ym~lalbel/ ~ym~mykomblem ~my mwuyl{

gbuoeleg{ kmjm oj~ygb{l& obugfgkuwlo{& l{{mkolá÷g{ g ~lyuoem{ ~mfêuokm{ #AOLKMJOBOHOFCM& 9>>5& ~"<;9/"

Km{ul #9>>8/ eghgbeg |wg wj ygfgxlbug g{hmyám eg kmjwbokláëm eg obugyg{{g ~ôifokm bl îygl

amxgybljgbulf hmo mkw~lem kmj jwoul fgaouojoeleg ~gfl Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl hgegylf&

obeg~gbegbug em{ ~lyuoem{ ~mfêuokm{ |wg mkw~lylj m ~megy& g koul l{ klj~lbcl{ eg ~ygxgbáëm

g kmjilug î ~mfomjogfoug g lm COX"

Kljlyam{ #9>>8/ lblfo{l |wg m obugyg{{g ~mfêuokm em{ koeleëm{ iyl{ofgoym{ ugj lwjgbulem bm{ôfuojm{ lbm{ g |wg o{{m lwjgbul l yg{~mb{liofoeleg em{ ag{umyg{ el kmjwbokláëm

amxgybljgbulf" Wjl kmjwbokláëm ghokogbug ï hwbeljgbulf ~lyl l kmbuobwoeleg g

{miygxoxäbkol eg amxgybm{& jl{ m{ kmjwboklemyg{ egxgj ugy ïuokl g imj {gb{m ~lyl

gbkmbuylygj m ~mbum eg g|wofêiyom gbuyg l hmyjláëm el ojlagj el ob{uouwoáëm gj |wg

uylilfclj g m eoygoum kmb{uouwkomblf el {mkogeleg î obhmyjláëm"

<"; Oegbuoeleg& ojlagj g yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl

Eg wj jmem agylf& l{ myalbotlá÷g{ ~ygko{lj {g lel~uly lm ljiogbug g î{ gsoaäbkol{ em{

jgom{ kwfuwylo{& {mkolo{ g gkmbõjokm{ eg |wg hltgj ~lyug" ^my mwuym flem& l{ myalbotlá÷g{

uljiïj obhfwgbkolj m{ ljiogbug{ î {wl xmful& kmjm eoum lbugyomyjgbug" Bg{{g{ ljiogbug{

gbkmbuylj*{g ~g{{ml{ mw ayw~m{ |wg ~m{{wgj lfawj obugyg{{g bl ygfláëm kmj l myalbotláëm&

|wg {ëm hwbeljgbulo{ ~lyl luobaoy {gw{ midguoxm{& kmbcgkoem{ kmjm {ul`gcmfegy{"

[gj gbuyly gj egulfcg{& ï oj~myulbug kouly& bg{ug g{uwem& |wg l{ myalbotlá÷g{ kmbugj~myébgl{

~m{{wgj wjl bmxl {gajgbuláëm el{ ~lyug{ obugyg{{lel{& m{ kcljlem{ jmxgcmfegy{" [gawbem

Bl{{ly #9><>/& m{ jmxgcmfegy{ {ëm l{ ~lyug{ obugyg{{lel{ |wg {g layw~lj gj ygeg{ {mkolo{&



9<

ifma{& hfl{c jmi{;& gbuyg hmyjl{ eg kmjwbokláëm eoaoulf g cêiyoel{ #eoaoulo{ g lblfûaokl{/ g

|wg bëm {ëm l~yggbeoel{ ~gfl{ xgfcl{ {gajgbulá÷g{ eg ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{& kmjm l{ em{

{ul`gcmfegy{"

Bg{{g {gbuoem& Obclgt #9>>3/ lhoyjl |wg klel xgt |wg l myalbotláëm g{uligfgkg bmxl{

ygflá÷g{& gj |wlf|wgy klj~m eg {wl luwláëm& m bôjgym eg ~g{{ml{ |wg obayg{{lj gj {wl

g{uywuwyl eg kmjwbokláëm ï lj~folem g& |wgoyl gfl mw bëm& lklilj {g obugyg{{lbem ~my {gw{

lum{ g yg~gykwuobem*m{ bgaluoxl mw ~m{ouoxljgbug" ^lyl Kcolxgblum #9><>/& m ~ym~û{oum eg umel

myalbotláëm ï {luo{hltgy l{ bgkg{{oeleg{ em{ kfogbug{& l{{mkolem{& kmbuyoiwobug{ mw w{wìyom{"

L kmb|wo{ul eg bmxm{ jgyklem{ g m ~ymkg{{m eg afmilfotláëm gsoagj |wg l{ myalbotlá÷g{{loilj kmjm ~yluokly l kmjwbokláëm {gj ~ymhwbel{ eoxgyaäbkol{ kwfuwylo{ g eg

ygflkombljgbum" Oj~wf{omblel ~gfl ugkbmfmaol& g{ul yglfoeleg hlt kmj |wg |wlf|wgy uyg~oeláëm

bm{ jgyklem{ mw bmuokol{ ~wifoklel{ bl oj~ygb{l umybg l{ gj~yg{l{& g {wl{ eoygumyol{& jlo{

xwfbgyìxgo{" Luwlfjgbug& m{ bgaûkom{ eg~gbegj em{ hlum{ g el{ xgy{÷g{ {miyg ulo{ hlum{&

jmuoxlbem l{ gj~yg{l{ l obxg{uoygj gj kmjwbokláëm" Iwgbm #9>>;/ lhoyjl |wg l jlbgoyl

kmjm m{ ~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{ el{ gj~yg{l{ {ëm lxlfolem{ ~gfm{ {ul`gcmfegy{ uljiïj jwemw4

Cì wjl ugbeäbkol kyg{kgbug& jl{ uljiïj oyygxgy{êxgf& eg |wg l{ myalbotlá÷g{ {gdljlejoylel{ jlo{ ~gfl hmyjl kmjm obugylagj kmj l {mkogeleg em |wg ~gfl |wlfoeleg em{{gw{ ~ymewum{ mw {gyxoám{& luï ~my|wg ugj {oem jwoum eohêkof ~lyl m{ koeleëm{ eo{uobawoy m{~ymewum{ gj {wl g{{äbkol& dì |wg l ugkbmfmaol g l gskgfäbkol bl ~ymewáëm hmyljil{okljgbug l~ym~yolel{ ~gfl jlomyol em{ hliyoklbug{" P"""Z Cì wjl {ïyog eg luyoiwum{ |wgoj~÷gj î myalbotláëm jmegybl g |wg gsuyl~mflj l {wl kmbeoáëm eg hliyoklbug4 kmbeoá÷g{eg uylilfcm leg|wlel{& ygjwbgyláëm dw{ul& ~yg{gyxláëm em jgom ljiogbug& xlfmyotláëm eleoxgy{oeleg& m~myuwboeleg eg yglfotláëm ~g{{mlf g ~ymho{{omblf g ~lykgyol{ kmj m{ ayw~m{{mkolo{ g l kmjwboeleg kmj |wgj {g obugylag #IWGBM& 9>>;& ~"97/"

G{{l{ jwelbál{ lfugylylj m ~l~gf el Kmjwbokláëm Gj~yg{lyolf& dì |wg l{ gj~yg{l{

kmb{oegylel{ koeleë{ {ëm l|wgfl{ ghguoxljgbug ~gykgioel{ kmjm ulf g g{{l ~gykg~áëm eg~gbeg

eg wjl kwfuwyl eohwbeoel ~my umel l myalbotláëm" Lobel {gawbem Iwgbm #9>>7/& l {mkogeleg

el obhmyjláëm ‖uymwsg l ~l{{lagj el ~ymewáëm obew{uyolf ~lyl m kl~oulfo{jm kwfuwylf&

uo~ohoklem ~gfl uylb{hmyjláëm el kwfuwyl gj kmjmeou& kmj l co~gyxlfmyotláëm em{ kcljlem{

luoxm{ obulbaêxgo{ g {gw{ kmbkgoum{ |wg lhgulj eoyguljgbug m uylilfcm em{ kmjwboklemyg{

gj~yg{lyolo{4 jlykl& ojlagj ~ôifokl& {ul`gcmfegy{ g ag{uëm em kmbcgkojgbum" M xlfmy eg wjl

gj~yg{l cmdg eg~gbeg jlo{ eg{ug{ luoxm{ em |wg eg {wl{ hìiyokl{ g g|wo~ljgbum{

; Hfl{c Jmi ï l liygxoláëm eg ‖ hfl{c jmiofotluomb‚& |wg {oabohokl jmiofotláëm yì~oel& ygféj~lam" Uylul*{g eglafmjgyláëm ob{ulbuébgl eg ~g{{ml{ gj wj fmklf ~ôifokm ~lyl yglfotly láëm ~ygxoljgbug myalbotlel"



99

Eol{ #9>>3/ g{kflygkg |wg m ugyjm {ul`gcmfegy& flyaljgbug wuofotlem bm{ g{uwem{ jmegybm{ eg

Ygflá÷g{ ^ôifokl{& {wyaow ~gfl ~yojgoyl xgt gj wj emkwjgbum obugybm em Ob{uouwum eg

^g{|wo{l eg [ulbhmye gj <?8;" M ugyjm {oabohokl ‖l bgkg{{oeleg eg luwly kmj

yg{~mb{liofoeleg eolbug eg umel ~g{{ml mw ayw~m lu {ul`g #|wg ~lyuoko~l em dmam/‚ #EOL[&

9>>3& ~"95>/"

Bg{ug obêkom eg {ïkwfm& ~lyl {g umyblygj kmj~guouoxl{& l{ myalbotlá÷g{& lfïj eg kyoly yo|wgtl

~lyl m{ ~lyuoko~lbug{ el {wl ag{uëm& egxgj yg{~mbegy î{ egjlbel{ em{ {ul`gcmfegy{" Eol{

#9>>3/ yg{{lful |wg l fgaouojláëm {mkolf el{ myalbotlá÷g{ ï klel xgt jlo{ bgkg{{ìyol4

M gbhm|wg em{ {ul`gcmfegy{ {g kmb{mfoemw bm{ lbm{ ?> kmjm l xo{ëm emjoblbug bl

yg{~mb{liofoeleg {mkolf gj~yg{lyolf" Eolbug em{ gbhm|wg{ uyleokomblo{ eg ag{uëmgj~yg{lyolf& kgbuylem{ {miyg m{ obugyg{{g{ g gs~gkuluoxl{ em{ lkombo{ul{& m gbhm|wg em{{ul`gcmfegy{ ~ym~÷g wjl xo{ëm el gj~yg{l jwoum jlo{ kmj~fgsl |wg l g{uligfgkoel ~gflugmyol gkmbõjokl bgmkfì{{okl& luyoiwobem î eoygáëm l miyoaláëm eg lejobo{uyly gj hwbáëmel{ bgkg{{oeleg{& gs~gkuluoxl{ g obugyg{{g{ eg umem{ m{ ayw~m{ g obeoxêewm{ lhgulem{ ~my{wl{ luoxoeleg{ #EOL[& 9>>3& ~"9;?/"

Bm ljiogbug kmj~guouoxm kmbugj~myébgm& l{ myalbotlá÷g{ {ëm klel xgt jlo{ xo{êxgo{ g

~yg{{omblel{ ~gfl {mkogeleg" ^lylfgfljgbug l o{{m& m{ ygkwy{m{ obulbaêxgo{ el{ myalbotlá÷g{&

kmjm m xlfmy el jlykl& lamyl g{uëm obkmy~mylem{ lm ~luyojõbom el{ gj~yg{l{& miyoalbem*l{ l

kwoelygj eg {wl yg~wuláëm g ojlagj ~lyl {g umyblygj {w{ugbuìxgo{" Eg lkmyem kmj [ymwy#9>>7/& lfïj eg kmj~guoy ~lyl li{myxgy jlo{ xlfmy em ljiogbug gsugybm g lejobo{uyly ~yg{{÷g{

g l~mom{& l{ myalbotlá÷g{ eg~gbegj el kygeoiofoeleg ~ôifokl |wg kmb{uywêylj& mw {gdl& el

yg~wuláëm |wg ~m{{wgj" ^lyl Fwkl{ #9>>5/& l hmyál el{ jlykl{ bëm jlo{ {g {w{ugbul {mtobcl&

~my jlomyg{ |wg {gdlj m{ obxg{uojgbum{ gj ~wifokoeleg" L jlykl el myalbotláëm ~ygko{l g{uly

lj~lylel ~my ~m{uwyl{ gj~yg{lyolo{ kmuoeolbl{ |wg l ~mugbkolfotlj& kwoelbem ~lyl |wg kyo{g{

obugybl{ mw gsugybl{ bëm elboho|wgj {gw xlfmy" Ï lê |wg gbuyl l ag{uëm el ojlagj& oegbuoeleg

g yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl"

Ojlagj& oegbuoeleg g yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl {ëm kmbkgoum{ obgygbugjgbug ygflkomblem{" Bëm cì

kmjm g{uwely g kmj~yggbegy l hmyjláëm eg{{g{ hgbõjgbm{ {g~lyleljgbug" Mw {gdl& l

ojlagj obugyhgyg bl oegbuoeleg g bl yg~wuláëm g& ~my {wl xgt& ojlagj g yg~wuláëm

obhfwgbkolj bl kmb{uywáëm g jlbwugbáëm el oegbuoeleg" L fougyluwyl wuofotl obeo{uobuljgbug m{

ugyjm{ ‖ojlagj‚ g ‖oegbuoeleg kmy~myluoxl‚ kmjm {obõbojm{& jl{ @wb{kc #9>>;/ lhoyjl |wg

ojlagj ï m |wg {g ~l{{l bl jgbug em{ ~ôifokm{& bl {wl ojlaobláëm0 g oegbuoeleg ï m |wg l

myalbotláëm hlt g eot" Lfjgoel #9>>3/ uljiïj eohgygbkol m{ emo{ ugyjm{ lm eghoboy |wg l

oegbuoeleg ï kmb{uywêel obugybljgbug& yg~yg{gbulem l xo{ëm kmj~lyuofclel ~gfm{ jgjiym{ el



9;

myalbotláëm& g l ojlagj g l yg~wuláëm {ëm kmb{uywêel{ ugbem kmjm hmkm m{ eoxgy{m{

{ul`gcmfegy{"

^lyl Lfjgoel #9>>3/& l yg{~m{ul î |wg{uëm ‖|wgj {mjm{ gb|wlbum myalbotláëm‚ kmb{o{ug bl

eghoboáëm kflyl el oegbuoeleg myalbotlkomblf" L{{oj& l oegbuoeleg kmy~myluoxl ~meg {gy

eghoboel kmjm m |wg l myalbotláëm ghguoxljgbug ï #{wl g{uywuwyl& ~luyojõbom& co{uûyol& kwfuwyl&

gj~ygalem{/& m |wg gfl hlt #~ymewum{& {gyxoám{& ~ygám{& yg{wfulem{/ g kmjm eg{gdl {gy

~gykgioel" [gawbem Iwgbm #9>>7/& l oegbuoeleg kmy~myluoxl ~meg {gy gbugbeoel kmjm l

~gy{mblfoeleg el myalbotláëm g g{uì foalel î kwfuwyl g lm ~ymkg{{m eg ag{uëm el myalbotláëm

#hofm{mhol agygbkolf& kmj~guäbkol uïkbokl& obmxláëm guk"/" Gbugbegy m ~ymkg{{m eg kmb{uywáëm

eg oegbuoeleg ~meg kmbuyoiwoy ~lyl |wg l myalbotláëm agygbkog l{~gkum{ {mi m{ |wlo{ ~m{{lkmbuymfly& ~my gsgj~fm& luylxï{ el {wl kmjwbokláëm g ag{uëm& m |wg ~meg uyltgy xlbulagj

kmj~guouoxl g eohgygbkoláëm bm jgyklem"

Dì l ojlagj kmy~myluoxl& ~lyl @wb{kc #9>>;/& yg~yg{gbul m |wg g{uì bl jgbug em{

{ul`gcmfegy{& ~megbem {oabohokly4

xo{ëm {widguoxl el yglfoeleg midguoxl #myalbotláëm/& ob{uywjgbum obulbaêxgf eg ag{uëm&kmbcgkojgbum {widguoxm& {mjl eg gs~gyoäbkol{ |wg lfawïj ugj eg wjl myalbotláëm&yg~yg{gbuláëm eg elel yglfoeleg g eg |wg jmem l myalbotláëm ï xo{ul ~gfm{ ~ôifokm{#@WB[KC& 9>>;& ~"<1</"

Eg lkmyem kmj Lfjgoel #9>>3/& ojlagj myalbotlkomblf ï l yg{~m{ul î ~gyawbul ‖kmjm l

myalbotláëm ï xo{ul=‚" L{{oj& l ojlagj ï wjl ‖hmumaylhol‚ el myalbotláëm& kmjm wjl

~gykg~áëm uylb{ouûyol |wg m obeoxêewm ugj el myalbotláëm& jl{ |wg lfawjl{ xgtg{ ~meg {gy

kmj~lyuofclel kmj wj ayw~m eg ~g{{ml{" ^myulbum& l ojlagj kmb{uouwo*{g l ~lyuoy el

obugy~yguláëm el oegbuoeleg kmy~myluoxl ~gfm{ {gw{ eo{uobum{ ~ôifokm{& kmjm kmb{g|wäbkol egobhmyjlá÷g{ g obugylá÷g{ |wg ygkgigj"

Lfjgoel #9>>3/ lhoyjl& lobel& |wg l kmjwbokláëm ï egugyjoblbug bl kmb{uywáëm el ojlagj

eg wjl myalbotláëm& ~gfl {wl kl~lkoeleg eg kmb{uywoy {oabohoklem{ î{ eoxgy{l{ lweoäbkol{&

xo{lbem kcljly l lugbáëm ~lyl m{ ~mbum{ hmyug{ el kmy~myláëm g gxoulbem l gsoioáëm eg {gw{

~mbum{ hylkm{ g bgaluoxm{" Jl{ Lfjgoel #9>>3/ yg{{lful |wg

lfïj el{ obhmyjlá÷g{ uylb{jouoel{ ~gfl myalbotláëm luylxï{ eg {gw ~ymkg{{m egkmjwbokláëm& m ~ymkg{{m eg kmb{uywáëm el ojlagj gbxmfxg uljiïj l ygfláëm eoygul emobeoxêewm kmj {gw{ ~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{0 m{ kmbulum{ kmj m{ jgjiym{ el myalbotláëm0



95

yghgyäbkol{ eg mwuyl{ gs~gyoäbkol{0 obhfwäbkol eg m~obo÷g{ eg ugykgoym{0 jgb{lagb{ em{jgom{ eg kmjwbokláëm0 obhgyäbkol{ mw {gb{lá÷g{ ~m{ouoxl{ mw bgaluoxl{ |wg {ëm laygalel{luylxï{ el ygflá÷g{ gbuyg m{ eoxgy{m{ lumyg{ {mkolo{" Hlumyg{ kmjm kygbál{& xlfmyg{&oegmfmaol{ ~ygemjoblbug{ gj egugyjoblem{ {gajgbum{ uljiïj gsgykgj wj ~l~gf~yg~mbegylbug bg{{g ~ymkg{{m #LFJGOEL& 9>>3& ~"5>/"

Lm kmbuyìyom el ojlagj kmy~myluoxl& |wg ~meg {gy eghoboel kmjm wjl hmumaylhol uylb{ouûyol el

myalbotláëm& m kmbkgoum eg yg~wuláëm& ~my {wl xgt& limyel l kmb{mfoeláëm el{ eoxgy{l{

ojlagb{ lm fmbam em{ lbm{" [gawbem Lfjgoel #9>>7/& l yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl ~meg {gy

gbugbeoel kmjm wjl yg~yg{gbuláëm kmfguoxl el{ lá÷g{ g yg{wfulem{ el myalbotláëm luylxï{ el

|wlf {g egjmb{uyl {wl cliofoeleg gj agyly xlfmyg{ ~lyl m{ eoxgy{m{ ~ôifokm{ eg obugyg{{g"

Iwgbm #9>>7/ lhoyjl |wg l yg~wuláëm xlo lfïj el ojlagj"

^megyêljm{ eotgy |wg l yg~wuláëm ï wjl fgouwyl jlo{ l~ymhwbelel& jlo{ bêuoel& jlo{ obugb{leg wjl myalbotláëm g |wg& bl ~yìuokl& l~gbl{ wj bôjgym ygewtoem eg gj~yg{l{ kcgal l {gykmbugj~flel kmj g{ug bêxgf eg yg~yg{gbuláëm"P""Z" Lfawb{ lwumyg{ uylewtgj yg~wuláëm kmjm{obõbojm eg hljl g& bl xgyeleg& {gjlbuokljgbug m{ kmbkgoum{ g{uëm jwoum ~yûsojm{" Lojlagj ~meg {gy hmyjlel l ~lyuoy eg wj ôbokm mw ~mwkm{ g hwaoem{ ‖jmjgbum{ egxgyeleg‚& jl{ l yg~wuláëm ï l {êbug{g eg xìyom{ kmbulum{ g fgouwyl{ ghguwlem{ lm fmbam eg wjugj~m" [oj~fohokleljgbug& |wlbem ugbcm wjl ojlagj eg wjl myalbotláëm& gw lkcm |wggfl& gw {obum |wg gfl ï mw yg~yg{gbul lfawjl kmo{l0 |wlbem kmj~lyuofcm l yg~wuláëm eg wjlgj~yg{l gw {go& gw ugbcm kgyugtl {miyg m |wg gfl ï mw yg~yg{gbul" #IWGBM& 9>>7&~"9>/"

L yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl bgj {gj~yg hmo xlfmyotlel ~gfl{ myalbotlá÷g{" M{ ag{umyg{ el{

myalbotlá÷g{ lkygeoulxlj |wg m{ gj~ygalem{ {û g{ulxlj ~ygmkw~lem{ gj albcly igj& m{

amxgybm{ {û eg{gdlxlj m{ oj~m{um{ g m{ kmb{wjoemyg{ lb{olxlj ~my ~ygám{ jlo{ ilylum{"

Jl{ g{{g ~gb{ljgbum eg{kygbug gj ygfláëm î bgkg{{oeleg eg jlbwugbáëm eg wjl yg~wuláëm

~m{ouoxl jwemw" L yg~wuláëm ~l{{mw l {gy kyouïyom eg eohgygbkoláëm eg jlykl{& ~mo{ m |wg {g xä

cmdg {ëm ~ymewum{ uëm {ojoflyg{ gbuyg {o |wg l egko{ëm em kmb{wjoemy ~my wjl jlykl mw mwuyl

~megyì mkmyygy fgxlbem*{g gj kmbul l yg~wuláëm" Bg{{g {gbuoem& [ofxl #9>>3/ lhoyjl |wg cì

lfawjl{ eïklel{ ~lygkol g{uylbcm ~gb{ly |wg m kmb{wjoemy fgxlyol gj kmbul& bl cmyl el

kmj~yl& bëm l~gbl{ m ~ygám g l |wlfoeleg em ~ymewum& jl{ uljiïj l hmyjl kmjm ï

~ymewtoem& l yg{~mb{liofoeleg {mkolf g ljiogbulf g l yg~wuláëm em hmybgkgemy" Jwoum{

kmb{wjoemyg{& obkfw{oxg& g{uëm eo{~m{um{ l ~laly jlo{ ~lyl fgxly ~ymewum{ eg jlykl{ jlo{

hmyug{"

Bm |wg eot yg{~goum lm{ ygkwy{m{ cwjlbm{& wjl yg~wuláëm ~m{ouoxl jmuoxl m{ gj~ygalem{ l

xlfmyotlygj {gw{ gj~ygam{ g& uljiïj& yguïj g luylo m{ jgfcmyg{ hwbkombìyom{" M jgyklem

hoblbkgoym& klel xgt jlo{ xlfmyotlemy el{ iml{ ~yìuokl{ eg amxgyblbál kmy~myluoxl& ugj l



97

yg~wuláëm kmjm wj em{ kyouïyom{ iì{okm{ ~lyl egko{ëm eg obxg{uojgbum{ g lbìfo{g hoblbkgoyl&

l{{mkolem{ l wjl jlomy uylb{~lyäbkol el{ lá÷g{ em{ gsgkwuoxm{ el{ myalbotlá÷g{"

Jg{jm {g uylulbem eg wj ygkwy{m obulbaêxgf& l yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl ï wj em{ luoxm{ jlo{

xlfom{m{ el{ gj~yg{l{ g wj em{ jlo{ eohêkgo{ eg ~ymugagy" L kyo{g hoblbkgoyl jwbeolf bm{

ôfuojm{ lbm{& l aylbeg |wlbuoeleg eg lkoegbug{ bl obeô{uyol g m{ kmb{ulbug{ ygklff{ el{

jmbulemyl{ hotgylj kmj |wg l{ gj~yg{l{ ~gykgig{{gj l oj~myuébkol eg ~ymugagygj {wl

yg~wuláëm& |wg egjmyl lbm{ ~lyl {gy kmb{uywêel g ~meg {gy ~gyeoel eg wj eol ~lyl mwuym mw

~my wj fl~{m jmjgbum eg dwfaljgbum" Cmdg gj eol& ~my gsgj~fm& l obugybgu lfojgbulel ~gfl{

ygeg{ {mkolo{& 95 cmyl{ ~my eol& ugj lwjgbulem m{ eg{lhom{ el{ gj~yg{l{ bl ag{uëm eg yo{km{

ygflkomblem{ î jlykl g î yg~wuláëm"

Gj 9><<& wjl ~g{|wo{l afmilf5 {miyg m{ 5? jlomyg{ yo{km{ gj bgaûkom{& hgoul l klel emo{ lbm{

~gfl gj~yg{l eg lbìfo{g eg yo{km{ g {gawym{ LMB Kmy~myluomb& ygxgfmw |wg m{ ~ymifgjl{ bl

jlykl g yg~wuláëm g{uëm gbuyg m{ egt jlomyg{ yo{km{ î{ gj~yg{l{& {ouwlbem*{g gj |wlyum fwaly

bm ylbòba hoblf" Gbuyg l{ gj~yg{l{ el obeô{uyol eg lfojgbum{ g uljiïj bl{ gj~yg{l{ em

Ygobm Wboem& m jgem eg elbm{ î yg~wuláëm kcgamw lm ~yojgoym fwaly bm{ yg{wfulem{" L

~g{|wo{l hmo yglfotlel gj <> oeomjl{& kmj ?8> gj~yg{l{ eg 73 ~lê{g{& liylbagbem umem{ m{kmbuobgbug{" El{ myalbotlá÷g{ gbuygxo{ulel{& 55' {ëm ~yoxlel{& 5>' lejobo{uylel{ ~gfm

amxgybm g m yg{ulbug kmj~m{um ~my myalbotlá÷g{ bëm fwkyluoxl{"

M{ jlomyg{ yo{km{ afmilo{ gbhygbulem{ ~gfl{ gj~yg{l{& eg lkmyem kmj l ~g{|wo{l el LMB4

5 9><< LMB Afmilf Yo{` Jlblagjgbu [wyxg" Eo{~mbêxgf gj4 6 cuu~4--qqq"lmb"kmj-yo{`*{gyxokg{-ucmwacu*fglegy{co~-yg~myu{*~wi{]9><<]ayj{"d{~2



98

<" Eojobwoáëm em kyg{kojgbum gkmbõjokm0

9" Jwelbál{ ygawfluûyol{ g fg{ao{fluoxl{0

;" Lwjgbum el kmj~guoáëm0

5" Elbm{ î yg~wuláëm-jlykl0

7" Obugyyw~áëm eg bgaûkom{0

8" Hlfcly gj obmxláëm-gbkmbuyly bgkg{{oeleg{ em{ kfogbug{0

1" Hlfcly gj gbkmbuyly g ygugy aylbeg{ ulfgbum{0"

3" Yo{km em ~ygám eg kmjjmeou0

?" Hlfcl{ gj ugkbmfmaol-{o{ugjl0"

<>" Hfwsm eg klosl-yo{km eg fo|woegt"

Uligfl <4 M{ jlomyg{ yo{km{ afmilo{ gbhygbulem{ ~gfl{ gj~yg{l{" Hmbug4 LMB

Hmjiywj g Yogf7 #9>>5 l~we LFJGOEL& 9>>7& ~" ??/ l~yg{gbulj l{ kobkm eojgb{÷g{ |wg

yghmyálj l oj~myuébkol el kmjwbokláëm bm ~ymkg{{m eg kyoláëm& jlbwugbáëm g {w{ugbuláëm el

yg~wuláëm4 xo{oiofoeleg& uylb{~lyäbkol& eo{uobuoxoeleg8 & kmb{o{uäbkol g lwugbuokoeleg"

Bëm cì yg~wuláëm {gj xo{oiofoeleg" [g l gj~yg{l ~m{{woy klylkugyê{uokl{ g{{gbkolo{ ~lyl

kmb{uywoy wjl yg~wuláëm hlxmyìxgf& jl{ bëm uoxgy ygkmbcgkojgbum ~my o{{m& gfl bëm ugyì wjl

iml yg~wuláëm" Jlo{ wjl ~ymxl eg |wg l lá÷g{ obugaylel{ eg kmjwbokláëm& bëm {mjgbug eg

~wifokoeleg& {ëm hlumyg{ g{{gbkolo{ ~lyl l ojlagj kmy~myluoxl"

Eg lkmyem kmj Lfjgoel #9>>7/& l yg~wuláëm {gj~yg ï jlo{ hlxmyìxgf |wlbem l{ myalbotlá÷g{

mkw~lj ~m{oá÷g{ eg eo{uobuoxoeleg bl ~gykg~áëm em{ ~ôifokm{ eg obugyg{{g4

Egbuym eg wj ~ymkg{{m eg kmjwbokláëm& l kmb{uywáëm el co{uûyol gj~yg{lyolf kmbuyoiwo ~lyl~gy{mblfotly l myalbotláëm& elbem*fcg wjl hgoáëm ôbokl& l{{gawylbem*fcg jlomyeo{uobuoxoeleg" M kljobcm ~gykmyyoem& {gw ~l{{lem& m kmbcgkojgbum lkwjwflem& {gw{~yobkê~om{ g xlfmyg{ hmyjlj m fgalem |wg {w{ugbul {wl oegbuoeleg kmy~myluoxl"P"""Z Mwuyml{~gkum |wg kmflimyl ~lyl wjl jlomy eo{uobuoxoeleg ï l kmb{uywáëm eg wjl jlyklkmy~myluoxl hmyug" Luylxï{ el jlykl kmy~myluoxl& m{ obeoxêewm{ g{uligfgkgj l{{mkolá÷g{ |wg~megj fgxì*fm{ l obhgyäbkol{ bm ~ymkg{{m eg egko{ëm eg kmj~yl mw eg leg{ëm g-mw l~mom îmyalbotláëm" #LFJGOEL& 9>>7& ~" <>;/"

7 HMJIYWB& K"D"0 XLB YOGF& K"I"J" Hljg ( Hmyuwbg4 cmq {wkkg{{hwf kmj~lbog{ iwofe qobboba yg~wuluomb{"W~~gy [leefg Yoxgy4 Hoblbkolf Uojg{ ^ygbuokg Clff& 9>>5"8 L ~lflxyl eo{uobuoxoeleg bëm l~lygkg bm{ eokombìyom{ Lwyïfom g Cmwlo{{& jl{ hmo lemulel ~my Lfjgoel #9>>7/kmjm uylewáëm el ~lflxyl eo{uobkuoxgbg{{"



91

Dì l lwugbuokoeleg agyl l~gfm gjmkomblf g& {gj g{{g l~gfm& bëm cì yg~wuláëm" Bëm il{ul

~ym~laly lbôbkom{ mw miugy bmuêkol{ hlxmyìxgo{ bl oj~ygb{l {gj {g {w{ugbuly bm{ xlfmyg{ g

kygbál{ el myalbotláëm"

[gawbem Lfjgoel #9>>7/& l uylb{~lyäbkol ï mwuyl eojgb{ëm |wg klw{l oj~lkum bl yg~wuláëm&

kmbuyoiwobem ~lyl ely kygeoiofoeleg lm{ ~ym~û{oum{ g lá÷g{ el myalbotláëm& ygewtobem l

bgkg{{oeleg eg xoaofébkol g eg{kmbholbál" L uylb{~lyäbkol bëm {g yg{wjg l obhmyjlá÷g{

lkg{{êxgo{ g ~ygko{l{& jl{ uljiïj î kl~lkoeleg el myalbotláëm gj g{kwuly g gbugbegy

eohgygbug{ g eoxgyagbug{ ~mbum{ eg xo{ul{"

Hoblfotlbem l{ kobkm eojgb{÷g{& ugj*{g l kmb{o{uäbkol" Lfjgoel #9>>7/ yg{{lful |wgjgb{lagb{ |wg {g kmbuyleotgj& eo{kwy{m{ eohgygbug{ el{ ~yìuokl{& hylajgbuláëm el

kmjwbokláëm g lá÷g{ o{mflel{ gs~yg{{lj obkmb{o{uäbkol{ |wg& bl jlomyol el{ xgtg{& {ëm

~gykgioel{" L kmb{uywáëm el ojlagj g el yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl bëm egxg {g eg{umly el

oegbuoeleg kmy~myluoxl& mw {gdl& l ygfláëm gbuyg l ~gykg~áëm eg {gw{ ayw~m{ eg ygflkombljgbum{

g m |wg l myalbotláëm yglfjgbug ï" ^lyl @wb{kc #9>>;/& gbalblj*{g l{ myalbotlá÷g{ |wg

lkygeoulj |wg {wl oegbuoeleg g ojlagj yg{wjgj*{g î {wl l~yg{gbuláëm xo{wlf& ~ym~lalbel{ g

fmam{" Gfl{ {ëm jwoum jlo{ kmj~fgsl{& egkmyygbem el dwbáëm eg xìyom{ hlumyg{ g obugylá÷g{ geoxgy{l{ ~gykg~á÷g{ ~lyl hmyjluláëm eg wjl ~gy{mblfoeleg eohgygbkolel g |wg {gdl

ygkmbcgkoel kmjm xgyelegoyl ~lyl m{ ~ôifokm{" M{ hwbkombìyom{& ~my gsgj~fm& {ëm m{

~yojgoym{ l ~gykgigygj l{ obkmb{o{uäbkol{ gbuyg m |wg ï eoum g m |wg ï hgoum& lhgulbem

eoyguljgbug l oegbuohokláëm eg{ug{ kmj l myalbotláëm"

Eg lkmyem kmj @wb{kc #9>>8/& l afmilfotláëm& l{ xmfluofoeleg{ em jgyklem hoblbkgoym& l{

bmxl{ ugkbmfmaol{ eg obhmyjláëm g kmjwbokláëm g m hmyulfgkojgbum el{ gj~yg{l{ uäj eoulem

ygayl{ g ldw{ug{ lm{ G{ulem{ Blkomblo{& lwjgbulbem l obhfwäbkol g l kl~lkoeleg eg egko{ëm

~mfêuokl el{ myalbotlá÷g{" Mw {gdl& l{ gj~yg{l{ gjgyaoylj kmjm lumyg{ {mkolo{ gs~yg{{oxm{&

jlo{ kmbcgkoel{ g luoxl{ ~mfouokljgbug" ^my o{{m& l kmjwbokláëm ~l{{mw l ugy bmxl{

kmj~guäbkol{ g ~ymifgjìuokl{& {gbem bgkg{{ìyol {wl ag{uëm eg hmyjl g{uyluïaokl g myogbulel

~lyl yg{wfulem{"



93

9 KMJWBOKLÁËM G[UYLUÏAOKL G YG[WFULEM[

[lig*{g |wg umem{ m{ {ul`gcmfegy{ {ëm oj~lkulem{ ~my jlo{ eg wjl jlbohg{uláëm eg

kmjwbokláëm eg wjl jlykl mw gj~yg{l" Klel wj eg{{g{ oj~lkum{ kmbuyoiwoyì ~lyl lkmb{uywáëm el ~gykg~áëm eg{{l gj~yg{l bl jgbug em ~ôifokm" Ilfeo{{gyl #9>>>/ kmj~fgjgbul

g{{l oegol& lm lhoyjly |wg l kmjwbokláëm ï ‖gbugbeoel kmjm ~ymkg{{m eg kmb{uywáëm eg

{gbuoem{& ~ymkg{{m g{{g |wg ~gyjoug |wg m{ gjo{{myg{-ygkg~umyg{& ~lyuoko~lbug{ eg wj

kmj~fgsm dmam eg ygflá÷g{ obugyluoxl{& yglfotgj m obugykéjiom eg jgb{lagb{& kmj eohgygbug{

aylw{ eg obhmyjlá÷g{& jgeolbug m w{m eg fobawlagb{‚ #ILFEO[[GYL& 9>>>& ~" 9>/"

^my o{{m& Lfjgoel #9>>7/ yg{{lful |wg l jêeol bëm kmb{uouwo l ôbokl hmbug eg obhmyjláëm ~lylm{ ~ôifokm{ eg obugyg{{g el myalbotláëm" L{ gj~yg{l{ uljiïj eo{~÷gj eg mwuym{ klblo{&

kmjm hmfcguob{ ob{uouwkomblo{& {gyxoám{ eg lugbeojgbum& klj~lbcl{ ~wifokouìyol{ g mwuyl{

obhmyjlá÷g{ xgokwflel{" Hylbál #9>>8/ uljiïj lhoyjl |wg l{ ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ bëm {g

ygewtgj l ~ymayljl{ eg kmjwbokláëm ~lyl w{m el jêeol" [wl hmyál yg{oeg bl xo{ëm

kmy~myluoxl el myalbotláëm g bl eghoboáëm eg ~mfêuokl{ ~gyjlbgbug{ eg ygflkombljgbum{ kmj

{gw{ ~ôifokm{ eg obugyg{{g" ^my o{{m& l kmjwbokláëm gj~yg{lyolf egxg {gy ~gb{lel kmjm wj

umem& eg hmyjl ~flbgdlel g g{uyluïaokl"

Bm ~l{{lem& l{ luoxoeleg{ eg kmjwbokláëm gylj eg{gbxmfxoel{ o{mfleljgbug4 l l{{g{{myol eg

oj~ygb{l& l ~wifokoeleg& m jly`guoba g l geoumyláëm gylj hgoum{ ~my ~ymho{{omblo{ g

eg~lyuljgbum{ {gj |wlf|wgy xobkwfláëm& m |wg yg{wfulxl gj wjl kmjwbokláëm eohw{l g&

jwoul{ xgtg{& kmbuyleouûyol"

Bm{ lbm{ <??>& m kmbkgoum eg kmjwbokláëm gj~yg{lyolf {g yghobmw& l ìygl ~l{{mw l {gy

g{uyluïaokl ~lyl l{ myalbotlá÷g{ g agyoel ~my ~ymho{{omblo{ kmj wjl xo{ëm liylbagbug& ulbum

el kmjwbokláëm |wlbum em jgyklem gj |wg l gj~yg{l mw gbuoeleg {g ob{gyg"

9"< ^flbgdljgbum g ag{uëm el kmjwbokláëm

Lbug{ eg limyely m{ kmbkgoum{ eg ‖~flbgdljgbum g{uyluïaokm‚ g ‖~flbgdljgbum g{uyluïaokm el

kmjwbokláëm‚& ï ~ygko{m eghoboy m |wg {gdl ~flbgdljgbum" ^lyl Kcolxgblum #9><>/& m

~flbgdljgbumï wj ~ymkg{{m eg g{uligfgkojgbum eg midguoxm{ g eghoboáëm eg jlbgoyl{ eg kmjm lfklbáì*fm{" M{ ~flbm{ oegbuohoklj m{ ygkwy{m{ bgkg{{ìyom{& l{ ulyghl{ l {gygj gsgkwulel{& l{ lá÷g{ l



9?

{gygj umjlel{ g m{ ugj~m{ l {gygj {gawoem{" P"""Z [gj ~flbm{& l láëm myalbotlkomblf {gumyblyol jgyljgbug ylbeõjokl& lfgluûyol g {gj ywjm& kmbewtobem {oj~fg{jgbug lm klm{"#KCOLXGBLUM& 9><>& ~"<?;/

Bg{{g {gbuoem& Obclgt #9>>3/ lhoyjl |wg l luoxoeleg eoìyol el myalbotláëm hlt kmj |wg {gw{fêegyg{ g m{ hwbkombìyom{ ~gyklj m hmkm" ^my o{{m& m g{uligfgkojgbum eg eoygkombljgbum{ ~lyl

l myalbotláëm hlt kmj |wg cldl wjl jlomy kmj~yggb{ëm em ~l~gf l {gy gsgykoem ~gfm{

kmflimylemyg{ g kmj |wg umem{ m{ ~ôifokm{ gbugbelj jgfcmy {wl{ lá÷g{ g {gw ~m{okombljgbum

~gylbug l {mkogeleg"

Dì m ~flbgdljgbum g{uyluïaokm& {gawbem Kcolxgblum #9><>/& ï wj ~ymkg{{m myalbotlkomblf eg

lel~uláëm& ~ymkwylbem yg{~mbegy l |wg{u÷g{ iì{okl{& kmjm4 ~my |wg l myalbotláëm gso{ug& m|wg hlt g eg |wg jlbgoyl gsgkwul" @wb{kc #9>>8/ eghgbeg m ~flbgdljgbum g{uyluïaokm el{

myalbotlá÷g{ kmjm l jgfcmy hmbug g ~mbum eg ~lyuoel ~lyl wj ~flbgdljgbum gskgfgbug eg

ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{& ~mo{ g{{g ob{uywjgbum eg ag{uëm ~gyjoug gbsgyaly l yglf {ouwláëm el

myalbotláëm eolbug em ljiogbug g em jgyklem& bm kmbugsum el {mkogeleg gj |wg g{uì ob{gyoel"

^my o{{m& lbug{ el kyoláëm eg wj ~flbgdljgbum eg kmjwbokláëm& m ~flbgdljgbum g{uyluïaokm

egxg g{uly l~foklem bl myalbotláëm& kmj xo{ul{ gj yg{wfulem{ ghokltg{ |wg kmyyg{~mbelj î{

egjlbel{ g bgkg{{oeleg{ em{ ljiogbug{"

L ag{uëm el kmjwbokláëm& kmjm ~lyug em ~flbgdljgbum g{uyluïaokm el gj~yg{l& egxgyì

lwsofoly l myalbotláëm l hltgy fgouwyl em{ kgbìyom{& ljglál{ g m~myuwboeleg{ ~yg{gbug{ bm

jwbem kmbugj~myébgm" ^myulbum& m ~flbm eg kmjwbokláëm egxg g{uly lfobclbem î jo{{ëm& lm{

xlfmyg{& lm{ midguoxm{& î{ jgul{ g î{ ~mfêuokl{ myalbotlkomblo{ uylálel{"

^lyl @wb{kc #9>>;/& {g l kmjwbokláëm hmy l~gbl{ wjl ìygl eg {w~myug& gsgkwulbem ulyghl{ g

xgêkwfm{ kmjwboklkomblo{& eohokofjgbug kmb{gawoyì ~flbgdly& ~gb{ly g lejobo{uyly

g{uylugaokljgbug l kmjwbokláëm bwjl ~gy{~gkuoxl jlkym" ^myulbum& l{ lá÷g{ eg kmjwbokláëm

ugyëm jlo{ {wkg{{m {g hmygj fgaouojlel{& luylxï{ eg lá÷g{ kmgygbug{& ~gfl lful eoygáëm el

gj~yg{l& ~gfl{ ~yìuokl{ el myalbotláëm lm fmbam em{ lbm{ g& kflym& ~my wjl kmjwbokláëm

~flbgdlel& igj eghoboel g ghokogbug" Eg lkmyem kmj Bl{{ly #9>>3/& l kmj~yggb{ëm igj

{wkgeoel em oegìyom g el jo{{ëm myalbotlkomblf ~gfm{ obôjgym{ ~ôifokm{ g ~gfl {mkogeleg ï

wj ~ymkg{{m |wg eg~gbeg el xo{ëm |wg l lejobo{uyláëm& eoygumyg{ g agygbug{ uäj em ~ymkg{{m

kmjwboklkomblf"



;>

Bl{{ly #9>>3/& lhoyjl |wg m gbugbeojgbum el kmjwbokláëm myalbotlkomblf kmjm wj xlfmy

g{uyluïaokm ï wj ~ymkg{{m |wg {g obokol l ~lyuoy eg <?8>" L ~yobko~lf yghgyäbkol eg{ug

lkmbugkojgbum ï l hwbeláëm& gj 3 eg mwuwiym eg <?81& el L{{mkoláëm Iyl{ofgoyl eg

Kmjwbokláëm Gj~yg{lyolf #Ligydg/& bl ï~mkl& L{{mkoláëm Iyl{ofgoyl eg Geoumyg{ eg Ygxo{ul{ g

Dmyblo{ eg Gj~yg{l" L hwbeláëm el Ligydg hmo miyl eg wj ayw~m eg dmyblfo{ul{ g ygflá÷g{

~ôifokl{& gsgkwuoxm{ eg oj~myulbug{ gj~yg{l{ jwfuoblkomblo{ g iyl{ofgoyl{& {geolel{

il{okljgbug gj [ëm ^lwfm" Jl{ hmo l ~lyuoy eg <??>& kmj m jmxojgbum eg ygg{uywuwyláëm

~ymewuoxl& g umem{ m{ eg{lhom{ |wg gfg yg~yg{gbumw ~lyl l{ gj~yg{l{ em Iyl{of& |wg l

kmjwbokláëm myalbotlkomblf {g obkmy~mymw lm{ ~ymkg{{m{ kmuoeolbm{"

Iwgbm #9>>;/ lhoyjl |wg l kmjwbokláëm gj~yg{lyolf l{kgbegw l wj bmxm ~luljly& hltgbemw{m el{ ~mugbkolfoeleg{ ugkbmfûaokl{& gs~fmylbem l gjgyaäbkol el{ bmxl{ jêeol{ g {g

obkmy~mylbem lm kcljlem ‖kl~oulf obugfgkuwlf‚ el{ myalbotlá÷g{" L kmjwbokláëm agyoel eg

hmyjl g{uyluïaokl uylt yg{wfulem{ g lfobcl l{ bgkg{{oeleg{ el myalbotláëm kmj l em{ ~yobko~lo{

~ôifokm{& jgeolbug wjl kmjwbokláëm {ojïuyokl eg ewl{ jëm{& mw {gdl& wjl kmjwbokláëm |wg

iw{kl m g|wofêiyom gbuyg m{ obugyg{{g{ el myalbotláëm g em{ ~ôifokm{ gbxmfxoem{"

L ~lyuoy el xmbuleg g egko{ëm el lejobo{uyláëm {w~gyomy& @wb{kc #9>>;/ lhoyjl |wg l kyoláëmem ~flbgdljgbum g{uyluïaokm eg kmjwbokláëm egxg fgxly gj kmbul uyä{ gul~l{ hwbeljgbulo{4

<"^g{|wo{l g kmb{uywáëm eg eolabû{uokm g{uyluïaokm el kmjwbokláëm0 9"^flbgdljgbum

g{uyluïaokm el kmjwbokláëm myalbotlkomblf0 ;"Ag{uëm g{uyluïaokl el kmjwbokláëm

myalbotlkomblf"

L ~yojgoyl gul~l xo{l kmbcgkgy l myalbotláëm #{gw yljm eg bgaûkom& kmj~m{oáëm lkombìyol&

yljm eg luwláëm& {wl jo{{ëm& xlfmyg{ g xo{ëm guk"/ g lbìfo{g eg {gw{ ljiogbug{ obugybm{ ggsugybm{& ygflkomblbem m kmbdwbum eg hlumyg{ g xlyoìxgo{ {mkolo{& ~mfêuokm{& egjmayìhokm{&

ugkbmfûaokm{& kwfuwylo{& fgalo{& gkmfûaokm{ g ~ôifokm{ eg obugyg{{g |wg obhfwgbkolj eoyguljgbug

l xoel el{ myalbotlá÷g{" Lfïj eo{{m& ï ~ygko{m hltgy wj eolabû{uokm g{uyluïaokm el

kmjwbokláëm myalbotlkomblf& gfgbklbem l{ hylaofoeleg{ g l{ ~mugbkolfoeleg{ el kmjwbokláëm

el myalbotláëm"

Lobel eg lkmyem kmj @wb{kc #9>>;/& l {gawbel ~lyug em ~flbgdljgbum eg kmjwbokláëm&

kmb{o{ug bl eghoboáëm el jo{{ëm& xo{ëm g em{ xlfmyg{ el kmjwbokláëm& g{uligfgkojgbum eg



;<

hofm{mhol{ g ~mfêuokl{ eg kmjwbokláëm& midguoxm{ g jgul{& jmbulagj em myáljgbum g g{imám

el{ g{uyluïaol{ agylo{"

L ugykgoyl gul~l ï l oj~fgjgbuláëm em ~flbm eg kmjwbokláëm& luylxï{ el ag{uëm el

kmjwbokláëm" Ï ~ygko{m gbxmfxgy l{ ~g{{ml{ ~lyl |wg gfl{ ~gykgilj |wg l myalbotláëm |wgy

jwely& {gbem l kmjwbokláëm hwbeljgbulf bg{{g ~ymkg{{m" @wb{kc #9>>;/ kmb{oegyl

hwbeljgbulo{ |wluym ~l{{m{ ~lyl l l~fokláëm eg{ul gul~l4

l/ Eoxwfaláëm em ~flbm4 umybly ~ôifokm m ~flbm g{uyluïaokm& gbxmfxgbem m ~ôifokm obugybm&

xgbegbem l oegol g kmb{gawobem m gbaldljgbum eg umem{"

i/ Oj~fgjgbuláëm4 kmbxgyugy m ~flbm gj yglfoeleg"k/ Kmbuymfg el{ lá÷g{4 g{uligfgkojgbum eg ~lyéjguym{ g obeoklemyg{& ~lyl kmbuymfg el{ lá÷g{

luylxï{ eg kymbmayljl{& kcgk`*fo{u{& hfwsmayljl{& |wleym{ eg kmbuymfg guk"

e/ Lxlfoláëm em{ yg{wfulem{4 eghoboy m{ ~lyéjguym{ eg lxlfoláëm eg yg{wfulem{ hlt ~lyug eg

umem m ~ymkg{{m" Lblfo{ly g xgyohokly {g l{ g{uyluïaol{ w{lel{ hmylj kmyygul{ g ghokltg{ g

fo{uly |wlo{ m{ ~mbum{ bgaluoxm{ g ~m{ouoxm{ em ~flbm eg kmjwbokláëm"

Egbuym el kmjwbokláëm gj~yg{lyolf& l{ ìygl{ eg ~wifokoeleg& l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l&jly`guoba g ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ egxgj uylilfcly eg hmyjl lfobclel ~lyl |wg bëm cldl

eoxgyaäbkol{ bl{ jgb{lagb{ uylb{jouoel{ lm{ {ul`gcmfegy{" ^my o{{m& l{ gj~yg{l{ |wg

uylilfclj l kmjwbokláëm eg hmyjl g{uyluïaokl lemulylj l kmjwbokláëm obugaylel"

L kmjwbokláëm obugaylel ï kmj~m{ul ~my kmjwbokláëm lejobo{uyluoxl& kmjwbokláëm

jgyklemfûaokl g kmjwbokláëm ob{uouwkomblf" ^lyl _lbltg& [gbo{g g Hygoyg #9><>/& l

kmjwbokláëm lejobo{uyluoxl ï yg{~mb{ìxgf ~gfl eobéjokl el ag{uëm gj~yg{lyolf& gbxmfxgbeml{ luoxoeleg{ eg ~flbgdljgbum& myalbotláëm& kmmyegbláëm g kmbuymfg" L kmjwbokláëm

jgyklemfûaokl kwoel el kmjwbokláëm kmj hmybgkgemyg{ g kfogbug{& eg hmyjl jgyklemfûaokl"

Dì l kmjwbokláëm ob{uouwkomblf mw ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ ï yg{~mb{ìxgf ~gfl ag{uëm g{uyluïaokl el

kmjwbokláëm kmj m{ {ul`gcmfegy{ g ~gfl kmb{uywáëm el ojlagj g oegbuoeleg ~m{ouoxl{ egbuym

g hmyl el myalbotláëm" @wb{kc #9>>8/ lkygeoul |wg l{ ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ {g ~ygmkw~lj kmj m{

l{~gkum{ obulbaêxgo{ em kmbcgkojgbum& eoxwfalbem obhmyjlá÷g{ |wg ~m{{lj kmbuyoiwoy ~lyl

kmb{uywáëm eg wj kmbkgoum ~m{ouoxm {miyg l myalbotláëm& kmb{mfoelbem l{{oj {wl jlykl&

yg~wuláëm g ojlagj kmy~myluoxl"



;9

M lfobcljgbum gbuyg l kmjwbokláëm ob{uouwkomblf g l kmjwbokláëm jgyklemfûaokl ~m{{wo xlfmy

hwbeljgbulf ~lyl l kmb{uywáëm eg jlykl{" ^my o{{m& Lbeyleg #9>>8/ lhoyjl |wg ï ~ygko{m

|wgiyly l{ ilyygoyl{ |wg {g~lylj m{ ~ymho{{omblo{ eg jly`guoba em{ ~ymho{{omblo{ el

kmjwbokláëm ob{uouwkomblf" L{ jlykl{ {ëm m{ ~yobko~lo{ luoxm{ el{ myalbotlá÷g{

kmbugj~myébgl{ g& ~myulbum& egxgj {gy ~ymugaoel{& kwoelel{ g hmyulfgkoel{&

obeg~gbegbugjgbug el hwbáëm eg klel ~ymho{{omblf eg kmjwbokláëm"

Bl luwlfoeleg& m ~ymho{{omblf eg kmjwbokláëm egxg g{uly lugbum ~lyl l{ uylb{hmyjlá÷g{

gkmbõjokl{& {mkolo{& ~mfêuokl{ g ugkbmfûaokl{ g ~m{{woy ~ymhwbem kmbcgkojgbum {miyg l

myalbotláëm gj |wg luwl" L ag{uëm el kmjwbokláëm eg jlbgoyl obugaylel jm{uyl |wg m{

kmjwboklemyg{ ~ygko{lj g{uly kl~lkoulem{ ~lyl jmxojgbulygj*{g kmj eg{gbxmfuwyl ~gfmjly`guoba& ~gfl ~wifokoeleg& ~gfl l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l g {ligygj kmjm l kmjwbokláëm

lhgul m{ yg{wfulem{ em{ midgum{ gj~yg{lyolo{"

9"9 L{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l4 ymuobl{ g yg{wfulem{

Kmj m hmyulfgkojgbum el egjmkylkol g el afmilfotláëm& l{ gj~yg{l{ ~l{{lylj l wuofotly l

ghokìkol eohw{myl em dmyblfo{jm ~lyl {g ygflkombly kmj {gw{ ~ôifokm{ eg obugyg{{g g ~ymewtoy

{oabohoklbug{ ~lyl uylb{jouoygj {gw{ eo{kwy{m{ g obugyhgyoygj bl yglfoeleg" Kcl~lyym #9>>;/

lkygeoul |wg m dmyblfo{jm umybmw*{g wj g{~lám ~ôifokm eg {mkolfotláëm eg eo{kwy{m{ gj umem{

m{ klj~m{ el luoxoeleg cwjlbl g& ~my o{{m& uylb{hmyjly wj hlum gj bmuêkol {g umybmw l hmyjl

jlo{ ghoklt eg laoy bm jwbem"

Kmjm kmb{g|wäbkol& l{ ygflá÷g{ kmj l oj~ygb{l

~l{{lylj l kmb{uouwoy ~ygmkw~láëm ~yomyouìyol bl g{uyluïaol el{ ob{uouwoá÷g{& ulbum l{

gj~yg{lyolo{ |wlbum l{ amxgybljgbulo{& ~lyl obugylaoy kmj l {mkogeleg ‛ î |wlf {g foalj&cmdg& jlo{ ~my ugol{ kmjwbokluoxl{ em |wg ~my luoxoeleg{ mw lá÷g{ eg jlugyolfoeleg midguoxl#KCL^LYYM& 9>>;& ~"9?/"

L{ ylêtg{ el luoxoeleg eg l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l1 g ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ uoxgylj kmjm il{g l{

jwelbál{ {mkolo{ g gkmbõjokl{ lexobel{ el Ygxmfwáëm Obew{uyolf bl{ ôfuojl{ eïklel{ em

{ïkwfm SOS g kmjm yg{wfulem eg uyä{ hlumyg{4 m g{~lám kmb|wo{ulem ~gfm{ lagbug{ eg oj~ygb{l&

l obugb{ohokláëm el{ klj~lbcl{ ~mfêuokl{ g l wuofotláëm eg ygelumyg{ eg ~wifokoeleg ~gfl{

myalbotlá÷g{"

1 Bg{ug g{uwem& ~yghgyow*{g limyely l{ hwbá÷g{ g l oj~myuébkol el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l l l~yg{gbuly egulfcg{ el{wl uyldguûyol g kmb{mfoeláëm lm fmbam em{ lbm{"



;;

^lyl Kcl~lyym #9>>;/& hmo m dmyblfo{ul ljgyoklbm Ox Fgg |wgj obxgbumw l luoxoeleg

g{~gkolfotlel |wg cmdg kcljljm{ eg L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l mw L{{g{{myol eg Kmjwbokláëm"

Gj <?>8& Ox Fgg lilbembmw m dmyblfo{jm ~lyl kyoly m ~yojgoym g{kyouûyom eg Ygflá÷g{

^ôifokl{ bm jwbem& gj Bmxl _my`" Ljlylf #9>>;/ lhoyjl |wg Fgg gyl wj dmyblfo{ul kcgom eg

oegol{& |wg kgem {g obugyg{{mw gj kmbcgkgy m kmj~myuljgbum em ~ôifokm g g{uwely jlbgoyl{ eg

w{ì*fm g liyow wj g{kyouûyom eg ~wifokoeleg gj <?>5& jl{ ~yghgyow lugbegy gj~yg{l{ g

obeô{uyol{ kmj eohokwfeleg{" Kmbuylulem ~gfl ^gbb{ofxlbol Ylofymle & gj <?>8& ~lyl l{{g{{myì*

fl bm kl{m em aylxg lkoegbug eg Al~& Fgg lbwbkomw |wg {g gj~gbclyol gj ldwely m{

yg~ûyugyg{" Kmj m uylilfcm eg Fgg& l ^gbb{ofxlbol Ylofymle {wjow el{ jlbkcgug{

g{klbelfm{l{" L uylb{~lyäbkol kyolel ~gfm dmyblfo{ul eojobwow m êj~gum {gb{lkomblfo{ul em{ dmyblo{& |wg ~l{{lylj l uyluly m{ lkoegbug{ kmj jlo{ yg{~goum g kmj~yggb{ëm"

Gbuygulbum& Ljlylf #9>>;/& lyawjgbul |wg l{ obokoluoxl{ eg ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ yg~gykwugj eg

jmem bgaluoxm bm{ jgom{ ~wifokouìyom{"

M Dmyblf Geoumy lbe ^wifo{cgy ugjg |wg gfl{ ldwegj m{ cmjgb{ eg bgaûkom l ~ymjmxgykmjm bmuêkol& eg aylál& m |wg& eg mwuyl hmyjl& {gyol ~wifoklem kmjm lbôbkom ~lam" Geqlye

F" Igybl{& gskgfgbug ~wifok ygfluomb{& kmj~lbcgoym eg Fgg& cmjgj eg fgouwyl{ gkmbcgkgemy el{ oegol{ em Hylbkg{ Aw{ulxg Fg Imb {miyg l ~{okmfmaol el{ jl{{l{& xgy{lemgj Gxgyguu Eglb Jlyuob #Ucg Igclxomy mh Kymqe{/ g Qlfugy Fo~~jlbb #^wifok M~obomb/& ïeg{kyoum kmjm wjl ljglál" Lfoì{& hmo Igybl{ #{miyobcm eg [oajwbe Hygwe/ |wgj~m~wflyotmw m ugyjm l{{g{{my eg ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{& bm obokom el eïklel eg <?9>& ~lyl hyo{ly|wg {g uylulxl eg wj bmxm ~ymho{{omblf& wj bmxm ~l~gf& g bëm m lbuoam g gsgkylem lagbug egoj~ygb{l em hoblf em {ïkwfm SOS #LJLYLF& 9>>;& ~"75/

Kmj m ~l{{ly em ugj~m& m lwjgbum em ~megy g el uoylagj em{ dmyblo{ g ygxo{ul{ gj koykwfláëm&

lfolem l wjl gbswyylel eg lul|wg{ el oj~ygb{l î{ myalbotlá÷g{& hmyulfgkgw l kyoláëm el{

l{{g{{myol{ eg oj~ygb{l" L luoxoeleg eg ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ uylb{imyemw em{ G{ulem{ Wboem{~lyl m Klbleì& gj <?5>" [go{ lbm{ eg~mo{& gbuymw bl Gwym~l& ~gfl Hylbál& ~my obokoluoxl el

G{{m [ulbelye g el [cgff" ^lyl Kcl~lyym #9>>;/& l{ ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ kyg{kgylj jlo{ yì~oem

bm{ ~lê{g{ |wg km~olylj m jmegfm bmyug*ljgyoklbm& gbuyg gfg{ m Iyl{of" Eg~mo{ el [gawbel

Awgyyl Jwbeolf g l~û{ l gfgoáëm eg Dw{kgfobm @wiou{kcg`& ~lyl l|wo xogylj m{ obxg{uojgbum{

eg gj~yg{l{ jwfuoblkomblo{& |wg ~my {wl xgt uymwsgylj l{ ~yìuokl{ eg ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ g

l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l"

Eg lkmyem kmj Ewlyug #9>>;/& m kmbkgoum bmyjluoxm eg l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l ~meg {gy

eghoboem kmjm ‖l lejobo{uyláëm em{ hfwsm{ eg obhmyjláëm g ygflkombljgbum gbuyg hmbug{ g



;5

dmyblfo{ul{‚ #EWLYUG& 9>>;& ~" ?8/" Jl{& lm kmbuyìyom em |wg jwoum{ ~gb{lj& m uylilfcm el

l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l bëm {g yg{wjg l wj g{hmyám wboflugylf ~lyl |wg m{ dmyblo{ g ygxo{ulj

~wifo|wgj g eoxwfawgj bmuêkol{ ~m{ouoxl{ {miyg l myalbotláëm" M l{{g{{my eg oj~ygb{l ygeoag

ugsum{& kyol wj ygflkombljgbum ~ymho{{omblf g ~gyjlbgbug kmj m{ dmyblfo{ul{ |wg hltgj l

kmigyuwyl em{ l{{wbum{ eg obugyg{{g el myalbotláëm& lblfo{l g{uylugaokljgbug uwem |wg ï

~wifoklem g yg{~mbeg lm{ |wg{uombljgbum{ el oj~ygb{l" Wukcougf #9>>5/ l~yg{gbul g eghobg

lfawjl{ hgyyljgbul{ wuofotlel{ ~gfl{ l{{g{{myol{ eg oj~ygb{l4

Lxo{m eg ~lwul

Kmbxoug-kmbxmkláëm ~lyl gbuygxo{ul{ g gxgbum{& kmjm

lbôbkom{ eg egko{÷g{ ygfgxlbug{& oblwawylá÷g{& xo{oul{&

flbáljgbum{ eg ~ymewum{& kmfguoxl{ guk"

Kmfguoxl eg oj~ygb{l

Ï l gbuygxo{ul ~lyl |wlf {ëm kmbxmklem{ dmyblfo{ul{ eg

xìyom{ xgêkwfm{ eg kmjwbokláëm" Bmyjlfjgbug ï wuofotlem

|wlbem l gj~yg{l ugj wj l{{wbum eg gsuygjl oj~myuébkol

~lyl lbwbkoly |wg obugyg{{g î aylbeg oj~ygb{l"

Obhmyjg ~wifokouìyomUgsum ~wifoklem bl êbugayl& gj g{~lám ~lam& kflyljgbug

oegbuohoklem"

Bmul ^g|wgbl bmuêkol mw kmjgbuìyom gbxolem l wjl kmfwbl eg dmyblf"

Bmul mhokolf

Emkwjgbum eg ugsum kwyum& midguoxm g kflym& |wg l~yg{gbul

wjl egkflyláëm mhokolf el gj~yg{l {miyg {gw

~m{okombljgbum gj ygfláëm l lfawj hlum mkmyyoem"

^yg{{*òu

Jlugyolf {miyg l gj~yg{l& ~yg~lylem ~gfl l{{g{{myol eg

oj~ygb{l& ~lyl kmb{wful em dmyblfo{ul" Gj agylf ï jmbulem

gj wjl ~l{ul g obkfwo ~yg{{*ygfgl{g& hmum{ dmyblfê{uokl{&ljm{uyl{ eg ~ymewum{& hmfegy{ guk

^yg{{*ygfgl{gUgsum ~yg~lylem ~gfl l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l& kmj il{g gj

obhmyjlá÷g{ miuoel{ el{ hmbug{ kygegbkolel{ el gj~yg{l"

[wag{uëm eg ~lwul

[wag{uëm eg wjl ~lwul #l{{wbum lm xgêkwfm/& ~my jgom el

obeokláëm eg wjl {ïyog eg obhmyjlá÷g{ |wg ~m{{lj {ouwly m

yg~ûyugy {miyg m ugjl mw {miyg m{ ébawfm{ l {gygj

limyelem{ bl bmuêkol"

Uligfl 94 Hgyyljgbul{ eg L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l * Lel~ulem eg Wukcougf& 9>>5& ~"<>8*<>3"



;7

Iwgbm #9>>;/ yg{{lful |wg jwoul{ gj~yg{l{ {g ygflkomblj kmj l jêeol l~gbl{ gbxolbem

ygfgl{g{ ~lyl ~ymho{{omblo{ |wg bwbkl xoylj mw |wg dljlo{ uoxgylj ygflkombljgbum" Bëm

kmb{gawgj eghoboy l{ eohgygbál{ gbuyg m{ dmyblo{ g ygfgalj l {gawbem ~flbm m{ xgêkwfm{

jgbmyg{" Lfïj eo{{m& wjl aylbeg |wlbuoeleg eg myalbotlá÷g{ bëm ~m{{wo hgyyljgbul{ ~lyl

lxlfoly m ygumybm el{ l{{g{{myol{ eg oj~ygb{l" Gbhoj& ~ygalj l kmjwbokláëm g{uyluïaokl g

luoylj bm g{kwym"

L oj~ygb{l ~meg ulbum eoxwfaly hlum{ ygfgxlbug{& |wg yg~gykwugj ~m{ouoxljgbug& |wlbum

laylxly kyo{g{& ~wifokly eg{fotg{ lejobo{uyluoxm{ g gs~my {ouwlá÷g{ eg{hlxmyìxgo{" L jêeol& lm

flem el obugybgu g em gbuygugbojgbum& ï cmdg wj em{ jgyklem{ jlo{ fwkyluoxm{ el gkmbmjol"

^my o{{m& l{ gj~yg{l{ |wg emjoblj m jgyklem& g{uëm il{ulbug hmklel{ kmj {gw ~yû~yom fwkym gobhfwgbkolj egko{oxljgbug l m~oboëm ~ôifokl"

Kmj m kyg{kojgbum em ~megy em{ dmyblo{ g lm ~gykgigygj l obhfwäbkol el jêeol bm{ bgaûkom{&

l{ myalbotlá÷g{ ~l{{lylj l lkmj~lbcly eg ~gyum l{ ~wifoklá÷g{ el oj~ygb{l& lemulbem m

kfo~~oba mw Yg{wjm eg Oj~ygb{l" M kfo~~oba& {gawbem Wukcougf #9>>5/& ï wjl {gfgáëm eg umem

m bmuokoìyom {miyg l gj~yg{l mw l{{wbum eg {gw obugyg{{g& xgokwflem bl jêeol oj~yg{{l&

gfguyõbokl mw eoaoulf" ^lyl Iwgbm #9>>7/& egbmjobl*{g kfo~~oba l luoxoeleg |wg kmb{o{ug blfgouwyl #mw lweoäbkol/ em{ xgêkwfm{ eg kmjwbokláëm g bl oegbuohokláëm em{ g{~lám{ eg

eoxwfaláëm eg wjl gj~yg{l& gbuoeleg mw ~g{{ml"

M uylilfcm eg kfo~~oba ~meg {gy hgoum ~gfl ~yû~yol gj~yg{l mw luylxï{ eg laäbkol ugykgoyotlel"

Agylfjgbug {g l~wylj uljiïj l{ l~lyoá÷g{ mw jgbá÷g{ gj ~ymayljl{ eg UX& yìeom{ g gj

~myulo{ bl obugybgu" M{ kw{um{ {ëm gfgxlem{ g& ~my o{{m& bl ~yìuokl& umybl*{g eohêkof liylbagy umem

m wboxgy{m eg jgbá÷g{" Bm{ ôfuojm{ lbm{& m kfo~~oba egosmw eg {gy wj ifmkm eg kû~ol{ eg dmyblo{ g ~l{{mw l {gy eo{~mboiofotlem bl obuylbgu el{ gj~yg{l{" M midguoxm hmo lkgfgyly g

lj~foly l koykwfláëm el{ obhmyjlá÷g{& hlxmygkgbem m {gw w{m ~lyl hob{ g{uyluïaokm{" Jlum{

#9>>8/ lhoyjl |wg m kfo~~oba egxg {gy jlo{ |wg wj ob{uywjgbum ~lyl jgeoy m eg{gj~gbcm em

uylilfcm em l{{g{{my g m ~ymho{{omblf eg kmjwbokláëm ~ygko{l g{uly cliofoulem ~lyl lxlfoly

|wlfouluoxl g kyouokljgbug l bmuêkol |wg hmo ~wifoklel g l |wg bëm hmo ~wifoklel" Bg{{g {gbuoem&

Iwgbm #9>>;/ lhoyjl |wg m kfo~~oba& gjimyl hgyyljgbul oj~myulbug& bëm laygal xlfmy î

lweoumyol el ~yg{gbál bl jêeol& l bëm {gy |wg obkmy~myg kyouïyom{ eg lbìfo{g& fgxlbem gj kmbul



;8

P"""Z {g l gj~yg{l ï {oj~fg{jgbug koulel& {g l jluïyol hlt jgbáëm eg hmyjl {gkwbeìyol g {g mbmjg el myalbotláëm kmj~lyuofcl m g{~lám kmj mwuyl{ gj~yg{l{ mw kmbkmyygbug{"Mixoljgbug& klel jmelfoeleg eg ob{gyáëm ugj {gw ~g{m eo{uobum" L lweoumyol uljiïj egxgfgxly gj kmbul m jgom g m ~wifokm l |wg {g eg{uoblj l{ bmuokol{& obeg~gbegbug el uoylagj"O{{m ~my|wg wj aylbeg dmyblf ~meg bëm luobaoy m ~wifokm |wg {g eg{gdl& kmjm m eg wj

bokcm& m eg jwfcgyg{ eoxmykolel{& ~my gsgj~fm" L jlomyol el{ gj~yg{l{ lobel bëm {g egwkmbul el ygfgxébkol em uylilfcm eg lweoumyol eg jêeol g kmbuobwl laobem eg hmyjl ~mwkmg{uyluïaokl g& kmjm kmb{g|wäbkol& ~gyegyëm g{~lám bm jgyklem #IWGBM& 9>>;& ~a"81/"

Wukcougf #9>>5/ lkygeoul |wg& {g igj wuofotlem& m kfo~~oba& lfïj eg |wlbuohokly l ~yg{gbál el

myalbotláëm bl jêeol& hlkofoul m jmboumyljgbum el{ lá÷g{ el kmbkmyyäbkol& ~meg {gy wuofotlem

~lyl l agyláëm eg bgaûkom{& hwbkombl kmjm hgyyljgbul ~lyl lxlfoláëm em eg{gj~gbcm em{

~myul*xmtg{ el gj~yg{l& obeokl bmxl{ ~m{{oiofoeleg{ eg eoxwfaláëm& ugbeäbkol{ g ~mbum{

eg{hlxmyìxgo{ el{ lá÷g{ kmjwboklkomblo{"

Iwgbm #9>>7/ ygkmjgbel |wg m{ ~ymho{{omblo{ eg kmjwbokláëm lweougj kmb{ulbugjgbug l{

kmfwbl{ em{ xgêkwfm{& eg jmem l oegbuohokly uyìhokm{ eg obhfwäbkol& {miyguwem m{ |wg ~megj

hlxmygkgy m{ kmbkmyygbug{" L lweoumyol em kfo~~oba uljiïj egxg fgxly gj kmbul m jgom g m

~ôifokm l |wg {g eg{uoblj l{ bmuêkol{& obeg~gbegbug el uoylagj" O{{m ~my|wg wj aylbeg dmyblf

~meg bëm luobaoy m ~ôifokm |wg {g eg{gdl& kmjm m eg wj bokcm& m eg jwfcgyg{ eoxmykolel{& ~my

gsgj~fm" L jlomyol el{ gj~yg{l{ lobel bëm {g egw kmbul el ygfgxébkol em uylilfcm eg

lweoumyol eg jêeol g kmbuobwl laobem eg hmyjl ~mwkm g{uyluïaokl g& kmjm kmb{g|wäbkol& ~gyeg

m~myuwboeleg{ eg hmyulfgkojgbum eg {wl ojlagj g yg~wuláëm"

9"; Jgb{wyláëm g lxlfoláëm eg yg{wfulem{ gj kmjwbokláëm

Lfïj eg bëm ~m{{wêygj wj ~flbm eg kmjwbokláëm kmb{o{ugbug ~lyl m{ jmjgbum{ eg kyo{g&

aylbeg |wlbuoeleg eg myalbotlá÷g{ bëm wuofotl hgyyljgbul{ ~lyl lxlfoly m yg{wfulem el{

l{{g{{myol{ eg oj~ygb{l" M{ gsgkwuoxm{ eg kmjwbokláëm lamyl foelj kmj l eojobwoáëm el{

fobcl{ |wg {g~lylj l{ kcljlel{ kmjwbokláëm ob{uouwkomblf mw kmy~myluoxl g l kmjwbokláëm

eoul jgyklemfûaokl" Mw {gdl& bëm cì g{~lám ~lyl l kmjwbokláëm |wg bëm g{ugdl hmklel bm{

bgaûkom{ g gj yg{wfulem{" ^lyl @wb{kc #9>>;/& l{ luoxoeleg{ eg ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ ~ygko{lj

l~yg{gbuly yg{wfulem{ g ldwely l{ myalbotlá÷g{ l luobaoy {gw{ midguoxm{" ^my o{{m& le|woyoy

cliofoeleg{ ~lyl jgb{wyly& lxlfoly g xlfmyly yg{wfulem{ umybmw*{g miyoaluûyom lm{ ag{umyg{ eg

kmjwbokláëm"

Aylbeg ~lyug el{ miyl{ blkomblo{ kmb{wfulel{ bg{ug g{uwem kmb{oegyl l lxlfoláëm kmjm wjl

gul~l em ~flbgdljgbum& jl{ bëm egoslj kflym m |wg ï ‖jgb{wyly‚& ‖lxlfoly‚ g ‖xlfmyly‚ mw



;1

bëm kcgalj l wj lkmyem {miyg l{ eghoboá÷g{ eg ‖jgb{wyly‚ g ‖lxlfoly‚" Eg lkmyem kmj Fm~g{

#9>>7/ 3" M ugyjm lxlfoláëm ï l

P"""Z gul~l em ~ymkg{{m eg ~flbgdljgbum |wg xgyohokl m eg{gj~gbcm eg wj ~flbm~ygxoljgbug g{uligfgkoem g |wg {g eì lm fmbam eg {gw ~ymkg{{m eg oj~fgjgbuláëm gj iw{kleg ~m{{êxgo{ ldw{ug{" Dì l jgb{wyláëm hmo kmb{oegylem kmjm ~ymkg{{m kmbewtoem kmj mobuwoum eg egjmb{uyly m{ yg{wfulem{ miuoem{ ~my wj ~ymayljl& mw {gdl& egjmb{uyly |wg m{midguoxm{ obokolfjgbug ~ym~m{um{ hmylj lfklbálem{ eg hlum& gb|wlbum egbmjobmw*{g lxlfmyláëm l kmbuyoiwoáëm gkmbõjokl |wg wj egugyjoblem {gumy mw ~ymayljl uylt îmyalbotláëm& {gw ygumybm hoblbkgoym ~my jgom el ygfláëm kw{um*igbghêkom #FM^G[& 9>>7&~"3</"

Gj wjl eghoboáëm kmbxgyagbug g jlo{ lj~fl em kmbkgoum eg jgb{wyláëm& _lbltg gu lf #9><>/

lhoyjlj |wg jgb{wyly ï w{ly l{ obhmyjlá÷g{ eo{~mboiofotlel{ ~my eoxgy{m{ jgom{ eg ~g{|wo{l

~lyl fgxlbuly elem{ |wlbuouluoxm{ #agylfjgbug ygflkomblel{ î{ jgul{/ |wg {gdlj ôugo{ ~lyl l

lxlfoláëm& ~ymkg{{m eg klyìugy jlo{ {widguoxm |wg kmb{oegyl mwuym{ hlumyg{ ~lyl kcgaly l

kmbkfw{÷g{ |wg fgxgj î umjlel eg egko{ëm"

_lbltg gu lf #9><>/ lhoyjlj |wg& obeg~gbegbugjgbug em uo~m& l{ obokoluoxl{ eg kmjwbokláëm

g jly`guoba uäj kmb{g|wäbkol{ gkmbõjokl{ eoygul{ g obeoygul{ ~lyl l gj~yg{l g ~ygko{lj {gy

lxlfolel{ g jgb{wylel{ ~lyl {gygj xlfmylel{" Gbuygulbum& m{ ag{umyg{ eg kmjwbokláëm lobel

~m{{wgj ~mwkl obuojoeleg kmj l fobawlagj hoblbkgoyl g bëm {g gbaldlj bl xlfmyláëm mw

kmj~ymxláëm em{ yg{wfulem{ el{ lá÷g{ kmjwboklkomblo{" Aylbeg ~lyug egfg{ lobel lkygeoul

|wg ï oj~m{{êxgf ~ygxgy mw jgb{wyly m{ yg{wfulem{ myowbem{ eg {wl{ g{uyluïaol{ eg

kmjwbokláëm" Fweoqoa #9>>7/ lhoyjl |wg l eohokwfeleg eg jgb{wyly ï klw{lel ~gfl jì

hmyjláëm em{ ~ymho{{omblo{ eg kmjwbokláëm& ~myulbum& m jgom lkleäjokm egxgyol

P"""Z gb{obly m lfwbm l wuofotly l g{uluê{uokl& l ~g{|wo{l0 {ligy uylilfcly kmj ~flbofcl{ gayìhokm{0 ugy kmbcgkojgbum{ {miyg hoblbál{& ygkwy{m{ cwjlbm{& lejobo{uyláëm& gbuyg mwuym{&~lyl |wg ~m{{l {gy jlo{ g{uyluïaokm g& l{{oj& jlo{ xlfmyotlem ~gfm jgyklem" Wjlobugayláëm em kwy{m eg kmjwbokláëm kmj klegoyl{ eg mwuym{ kwy{m{ kmjm gkmbmjol glejobo{uyláëm ï oj~myulbug bg{ug {gbuoem #FWEOQOA& 9>>7& ~"<1;/"

[mjlel î jì ~yg~lyláëm em{ ~ymho{{omblo{& l lxlfoláëm em{ yg{wfulem{ gj kmjwbokláëm& eg

lkmyem kmj Alfgylbo #9>>7/& ugj klyìugy eg{lholemy g kmj~fgsm& ~mo{ l{ luoxoeleg{ eg

ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ gbxmfxgj igb{ {ojiûfokm{ obulbaêxgo{& eg kmb{g|wäbkol{ |wg eohokofjgbug

~megj {gy jgeoel{ ~my bôjgym{ mw hmyjwfl{ jlugjìuokl{"

3 ^my gbxmfxgygj kmbkgoum{ g{uluê{uokm{ g lejobo{uyluoxm*hoblbkgoym{ |wg hmagj lm ugjl eg{ug uylilfcm& egkoeow*{g bëm gbuyly gj egulfcg{ {miyg l{ jgumemfmaol{ eg xlfmyláëm gso{ugbug{ bl fougyluwyl"



;3

L hlful eg yghgyäbkol{ ioifomayìhokl{ egeoklel{ î lxlfoláëm gj kmjwbokláëm uljiïj ï wj

gbuylxg î{ luoxoeleg{ eg ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{" Cì ~mwkm ugj~m& bm lbm eg 9>>;& l g{kl{{gt eg

g{uwem{ {miyg lxlfoláëm eg yg{wfulem{ hmo jobojotlel kmj l ~yojgoyl eo{{gyuláëm eg jg{uylem

em Iyl{of kmj g{ul ugjìuokl& eghgbeoel ~my Aofkglbl Alfgylbo bl G{kmfl eg Kmjwbokláëm g

Lyug{ el Wboxgy{oeleg eg [ëm ^lwfm g {mi myogbuláëm el ~ymhg{{myl Jlyalyoel @ymcfoba

@wb{kc" Emo{ lbm{ jlo{ ulyeg& bm lyuoam ‖M Eg{lhom el Lxlfoláëm eg Yg{wfulem{ gj

Kmjwbokláëm Myalbotlkomblf‚& ~wifoklem ~gfl Ygxo{ul Kogbuêhokl Myalbokmj& Alfgylbo #9>>7/

oegbuohokmw {gug jmegfm{? eg lxlfoláëm gj kmjwbokláëm myalbotlkomblf bl fougyluwyl"

M ~flbgdljgbum eg kmjwbokláëm ï oj~myulbug& jl{ ï eohêkof o{mfly m{ yg{wfulem{ el{ mwuyl{

lá÷g{ el gj~yg{l" M |wg ï g m |wg bëm hmo kmb{g|wäbkol eg wj imj ~ymdgum eg kmjwbokláëm=[g cì& ~my gsgj~fm& wjl jgfcmyol el ~m{uwyl em ~ôifokm obugybm& o{{m {g egxg lm uylilfcm em

YC mw lm{ g{hmyám{ eg kmjwbokláëm= ^lyl Alfgylbo #9>>7/& l kmjwbokláëm jgygkg& bm

jêbojm& ~lyug em{ kyïeoum{ em{ yg{wfulem{"

Gj myalbotlá÷g{ mbeg cì ligyuwyl ~lyl m eoìfmam g kmjwbokláëm obugaylel& {ojïuyokl gkmbuêbwl& ulfxgt oj~myug jgbm{ l luyoiwoáëm em {wkg{{m mw em hylkl{{m l wj mwuym~ymho{{omblf& ~mo{ bg{{l{ gj~yg{l{ {g {lig |wg |wg m{ ghgoum{ eg wj ~ymayljl {ëmyg{wfulem{ eg wj g{hmyám kmbdwbum P"""Z" [g l~û{ l gsgkwáëm el{ luoxoeleg{ ~ygxo{ul{ bm

~ymayljl l {ouwláëm eg{gdlel hmy lfklbálel& ï ~m{{êxgf |wg l kmjwbokláëm ugbcl& lm jgbm{&~lyug el yg{~mb{liofoeleg ~gfm {wkg{{m em gj~yggbeojgbum #ALFGYLBO& 9>>7& ~"<7;/"

Bm |wg eot yg{~goum î jgb{wyláëm em{ yg{wfulem{ el{ l{{g{{myol{ eg oj~ygb{l& midgum eg{ug

g{uwem& jwoul{ gj~yg{l{ lblfo{lj m kfo~~oba {mjgbug eg hmyjl |wlbuouluoxl& lm jgeoy m

g{~lám mkw~lem ~my l|wgfl bmuêkol mw jluïyol& gj kgbuêjguym& g kmj~lyì*fm kmj m ~ygám em{

lbôbkom{ em{ dmyblo{" M g{~lám eg wjl jluïyol ï jgeoem jwfuo~foklbem*{g m bôjgym eg

kmfwbl{ |wg gfl mkw~l ~gfl kgbuojgbuylagj el lfuwyl #eg ugsum mw hmum/ gj klel wjl egfl{" L{

obhmyjlá÷g{ |wlbuouluoxl{ em kfo~~oba bmyjlfjgbug g{uëm hwbeljgbulel{ gj uligfl{ gayìhokm{& kwdl{ wboeleg{ eg jgeoel{ ~megj {gy g{~lám mkw~lem #kj-kmfwbl/& |wlbuoeleg eg

ygao{uym{ mw ~ygám"

Iwgbm #9>>7/ bëm lkygeoul bg{ul kmj~lyláëm g koul gsgj~fm{4

?

Eg jmem l egfojoulyjm{ lobel jlo{ bm{{m midgum eg obxg{uoaláëm& bëm kligyol bg{ug g{uwem gfgbkly umel{ l{hmyjl{ eg lxlfoláëm gbkmbuylel{ ~my Alfgylbo #9>>7/"



;?

Bëm ï yltmìxgf kmj~lyly g{~lám geoumyolf kmj g{~lám ~wifokouìyom& ugbem gj xo{ul mhlum eg |wg {ëm ob{uébkol{ kmj~fguljgbug eo{uobul{ bm ~ymkg{{m eg ~ymewáëm

dmyblfê{uokl" P"""Z Gsgj~fm{4 l OIJ g l ULJ bëm hoawylj gbuyg m{ ~yobko~lo{lbwbkolbug{ iyl{ofgoym{& jl{ ljil{ uäj wjl kmigyuwyl kmb{oegyìxgf gjldmyoulyoljgbug ~m{ouoxl" Lfawjl{ fmdl{ eg xlygdm g l Wbofgxgy& g{ul& ~my lbm{

{gawoem{ l jlomy lbwbkolbug em ~lê{& uäj wjl kmigyuwyl eo{kygul el jêeol" Lfïjeo{{m& em ~mbum eg xo{ul el kmbholiofoeleg g el yg~wuláëm& g{uly ~yg{gbug eg hmyjl~m{ouoxl bl ìygl geoumyolf #{gy jluïyol eg kl~l eg wjl ygxo{ul eg bgaûkom{& kmjm l Gsljg mw l Xgdl& l jlomy ygxo{ul iyl{ofgoyl/ xlfg jlo{ |wg wj g{~lám g|woxlfgbug gj~wifokoeleg bm{ jg{jm{ xgêkwfm{" M fgoumy& ~lyuokwfljgbug m hmyjlemy eg m~oboëm&{lig eo{uobawoy g{ul{ ewl{ ob{uébkol{ #IWGBM& 9>>7& ~"?8/"

^lyl _lbltg gu lf #9><>/& gso{ug wjl aylbeg eo{kw{{ëm {miyg l xlfoeleg el kmj~lyláëm gbuyg

m g{~lám ~wifokouìyom g wjl jluïyol bm dmyblf& ‖~yobko~lfjgbug ~my|wg l bmuêkol ugyol jlo{

kygeoiofoeleg em |wg wj lbôbkom& ~myulbum ugyol wj xlfmy jlomy‚ #_LBLTG& gu lf& 9><>& ~a"

99>/"

Fweqoa #9>>7/ kmb{ulul |wg& bm eol*l*eol& jwoum{ ~ymho{{omblo{ eg kmjwbokláëm jgegj

luoxoeleg{& gj xgt eg yg{wfulem{ lfklbálem{" Ï kmbulem m bôjgym eg ygfgl{g{ gflimylem{ g

eoxwfalem{& lyuoam{ ~wifoklem{& gbuygxo{ul{ g gbkmbuym{ yglfotlem{& jl{ l{ laäbkol{ g m{

eg~lyuljgbum{ eg kmjwbokláëm& gj agylf& ~mwkm {g ~ygmkw~lj kmj m yg{wfulem yglf em

uylilfcm eg kmjwbokláëm4 kmjm umel{ l{ luoxoeleg{ yglfotlel{ obhfwgbkolylj l kmb{koäbkol& l{

m~obo÷g{ g l{ luouweg{ em{ ~ôifokm{ g{uyluïaokm{ eg wjl myalbotláëm" ^lyl jwoum{ ag{umyg{ egkmjwbokláëm m kfo~~oba hwbkombl kmjm wj ‖hot m jgw uylilfcm‚ g bëm kmjm wjl hgyyljgbul

oj~myulbug g g{uyluïaokl"

Uljiïj bg{{g {gbuoem& @wb{kc #9>>;/ lhoyjl |wg jwoum{ ~ymho{{omblo{ uylilfclj kmjm

uïkbokm{ g bëm w{lj l ~g{|wo{l kmjm {wi{êeom ~lyl {gw{ ~ymayljl{ g ~ymdgum{ ‛ kmjm

yg{wfulem& gbhmklj m{ jgom{ g l{ g{uyluïaol{& elbem ~mwkl lugbáëm lm hoj l {gy lfklbálem"

Ylym{ {ëm m{ ~ymayljl{ kmj midguoxm{ jgb{wyìxgo{ #@WB[KC& 9>>;& ~"93>/" Iwgbm #9>>7/lhoyjl |wg l ~g{|wo{l gj kmjwbokláëm& ~lyl l jlomyol el{ myalbotlá÷g{& lobel ï xo{ul kmjm

eg{~g{l g bëm kmjm obxg{uojgbum" Lfïj eo{{m& l ~g{|wo{l bëm km{uwjl {gy obkfwêel bm{

~flbgdljgbum{ g m{ ygkwy{m{ ~lyl ulf hoblfoeleg g{uëm eo{ulbug{ em{ myáljgbum{"

Jl{ lfawjl{ laäbkol{ {lêylj bl hygbug g kyolylj {gw{ ~yû~yom{ {o{ugjl{ eg lweoumyol eg

ojlagj" Fweqoa #9>>7/ l~yg{gbul lfawjl{<>4

<> Ygkgbugjgbug& bm lbm eg 9><>& _lbltg [gbotg g Hygoyg flbálylj m foxym ‖Lxlfoláëm g Jgb{wyláëm gjKmjwbokláëm‚& ~yojgoyl miyl |wg g{joôál l{ jgumemfmaol{ eg lxlfoláëm& jgb{wyláëm g xlfmyláëm el{ ~yobko~lo{



5>

L Xgyim Kmjwbokláëm& ~my gsgj~fm& ~yg{ul {gyxoám ~lyl aylbeg{ gj~yg{l{ jwfuoblkomblo{g blkomblo{ iyl{ofgoyl{ g cmdg uylilfcl m Êbeokg eg ^yg{gbál G{~mbuébgl bl Jêeol * O~gj"Mwuym{ ~flgy{ oj~myulbug{ {ëm m Ob{uouwum Iyl{ofgoym eg G{uwem{ el Kmjwbokláëm ‛ Oigk0 lKmjugsum& eg Qof{mb el Km{ul Iwgbm0 g l ^ywjm Kmjwbokláëm P"""Z |wg {g wbowygkgbugjgbug î Gj~ûyom el Kmjwbokláëm& ~lyl uylilfcly kmj m Êbeokg eg \wlfoeleg el

Ojlagj ‛ O\O" L Kmj~lbcol eg Bmuêkol ‛ KEB kyomw wj êbeokg jmegybm eg lxlfoláëm l~yg{gbál eg klel kfogbug bl jêeol * êbeokg xlfoelem ~gfm jgyklem& kmbcgkoem kmjm Êbeokgeg \wlfoeleg eg Gs~m{oáëm bl jêeol& O|gj #FM^G[& 9>>7& ~"<18/"

Kmjm l kmb{uywáëm el yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl uljiïj ï wj kmbkgoum |wg obugyg{{l

~lyuokwflyjgbug l g{ug g{uwem& ï oj~myulbug kouly wj em{ ~yobko~lo{ jmegfm{ iyl{ofgoym{ eg

jgb{wyláëm el yg~wuláëm4 m ylbòba L{ gj~yg{l{ jlo{ lejoylel{ em Iyl{of" Yglfotlem ~gfl

Obugy{kogbkg<<& gj ~lykgyol kmj l ygxo{ul Klyul Kl~oulf& ï wj em{ ~yobko~lo{ gsgj~fm{ eg

g{uwem{ blkomblo{ eg ojlagj g yg~wuláëm" M{ luyoiwum{ lxlfolem{ ~gfl ~g{|wo{l {ëm4 |wlfoeleg

eg ag{uëm& kmj~ymjo{{m kmj YC& obmxláëm& bmumyogeleg& kmj~ymjo{{m kmj m ~lê{&

kl~lkoeleg ~lyl kmj~guoy afmilfjgbug& {mfoegt hoblbkgoyl& |wlfoeleg eg ~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{&

yg{~goum ~gfm kmb{wjoemy& ïuokl g yg{~mb{liofoeleg {mkolf"

^m{ugyomyjgbug& bm kl~êuwfm ;& g{ug uylilfcm oyì kmbkgouwly g wuofotly l jgumemfmaol eg

jgb{wyláëm g lxlfoláëm el yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl em Yg~wuluomb Ob{uouwug& l jlo{ wuofotlel bm

jwbem"

gj~yg{l{ g laäbkol{ eg kmjwbokláëm em ~lê{" Bëm kligyol bg{ug g{uwem egulfcly umem{ m{ {o{ugjl{& gskgum lLbìfo{g eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol& |wg {gyì l~yg{gbulel g wuofotlel bm kl~êuwfm ;"<< Gj~yg{l iyl{ofgoyl eg ~g{|wo{l eg jgyklem"



5<

; LBÌFO[G EL YG^WULÁËM EL KGJOA ^MY JGOM EM KFO^ÔBA

G{ug g{uwem lblfo{l& |wlfouluoxl g |wlbuouluoxljgbug& eg |wg jlbgoyl m{ luyoiwum{ fgxlbulem{

~gfl ^g{|wo{l eg Yg~wuláëm el Kgjoa& ~my jgom em jmegfm Yg~Uylk` & {ëm limyelem{ ~gfljêeol oj~yg{{l g{ulewlf g blkomblf& lfïj eg fgxlbuly g{uluê{uokl{ el ~ymewáëm em

ygflkombljgbum el gj~yg{l kmj m{ dmyblo{ g ygxo{ul{ g eo{kwuoy kmjm wuofotly g{{g{ elem{ eg

hmyjl g{uyluïaokl" ^lyl o{{m& {gyì wuofotlem& bl lbìfo{g em kfo~~oba eoìyom el myalbotláëm& m

jïumem eg jgb{wyláëm eg ygflkombljgbum kmj l oj~ygb{l kcljlem ‖Lbìfo{g eg

Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol‚& ~ym~m{um ~my _lbltg #9><>/" Kmj ulf jgumemfmaol& fgxlbulylj*{g

g{uluê{uokl{ el ~ymewáëm eg ygflkombljgbum kmj l oj~ygb{l& ugbeäbkol{ eg{{g{ xgêkwfm{ gj

ygfláëm î myalbotláëm g obkoeäbkol em{ l{{wbum{ ~wifoklem{"

;"< L~yg{gbuláëm em midgum4 Kmj~lbcol Gbgyaïuokl eg Jobl{ Agylo{ ‛ Kgjoa

L Kgjoa ï wj em{ jlo{ {ûfoem{ g oj~myulbug{ ayw~m{ em {gajgbum eg gbgyaol gfïuyokl em

Iyl{of& ~lyuoko~lbem gj jlo{ eg <>> gj~yg{l{& lfïj eg kmb{ûykom{ g hwbem eg

~lyuoko~lá÷g{" Kmj~lbcol eg kl~oulf ligyum kmbuymflel ~gfm Amxgybm em G{ulem eg Jobl{

Agylo{& ~m{{wo <<5 jof lkombo{ul{ gj 55 ~lê{g{" [wl{ lá÷g{ {ëm bgamkolel{ bl{ Imf{l{ eg

Xlfmyg{ eg [ëm ^lwfm& Bmxl _my` g Jleyo" Cmdg& l Gj~yg{l ï wjl yghgyäbkol bl gkmbmjolafmilf& ygkmbcgkoel ~my {wl luwláëm {w{ugbuìxgf" Cì <9 lbm{ kmb{gkwuoxm{& hlt ~lyug em Emq

Dmbg{ [w{ulobuliofou Qmyfe Obegs #ED[O Qmyfe/ <9"

L Kgjoa ï ygkmbcgkoel uljiïj ~gfl {wl eojgb{ëm g kmj~guäbkol uïkbokl& {gbem kmb{oegylel

l jlomy gj~yg{l obugaylel em {gumy eg gbgyaol gfïuyokl em Iyl{of" Gj Jobl{ Agylo{& yg{~mbeg

~my ?8' el ìygl eg kmbkg{{ëm& kmj jlo{ eg {gug jofc÷g{ eg kmb{wjoemyg{& gj 115

jwbokê~om{" Ï& lobel& l jlomy hmybgkgemyl eg gbgyaol ~lyl kfogbug{ foxyg{ em ^lê{& kmj 97' em

jgyklem& g wj em{ jlomyg{ ayw~m{ agylemyg{& yg{~mb{ìxgf ~gfl m~gyláëm eg 87 w{obl{& kmj

kl~lkoeleg ob{ulflel eg 8"?97 jgalqluu{"

L luwláëm el Kgjoa g{ugbeg*{g l 99 g{ulem{ iyl{ofgoym{& lfïj em Eo{uyoum Hgegylf& g lm Kcofg&

kmj l m~gyláëm eg wjl fobcl eg uylb{jo{{ëm gj kmb{ûykom kmj l Lfw{l" Umybmw*{g

kmbuymflemyl el Foacu& lj~folbem ~lyuoko~láëm bl eo{uyoiwoemyl |wg lugbeg m Yom eg Dlbgoym g

<9 M Emq Dmbg{ [w{ulobuliofou Obegs Qmyfe ï wj obeoklemy eg ~gyhmyjlbkg hoblbkgoyl" Hmo flbálem

gj <??? kmjm m ~yojgoym obeoklemy eg eg{gj~gbcm hoblbkgoym el{ gj~yg{l{ fêegyg{ gj {w{ugbuliofoeleg l bêxgfafmilf" L{ gj~yg{l{ |wg kmb{ulj eg{ug Êbeokg& obegslem î imf{l eg Bmxl Omy|wg& {ëm kfl{{ohoklel{ kmjm l{ jlo{kl~ltg{ eg kyoly xlfmy ~lyl m{ lkombo{ul{& l fmbam ~yltm& luylxï{ eg wjl ag{uëm em{ yo{km{ l{{mkolem{ ulbum lhlumyg{ gkmbõjokm{& kmjm ljiogbulo{ g {mkolo{"



59

mwuyl{ koeleg{ hfwjobgb{g{" Uljiïj ~m{{wo ~lyuoko~láëm gj gj~yg{l{ uylb{jo{{myl{ eg

gbgyaol gfïuyokl #UIG g Ulg{l/& obxg{uojgbum{ bm {gajgbum eg aì{ bluwylf #Al{joa/&

ugfgkmjwboklá÷g{ #Kgjoa Ugfgkmj/ g ghokoäbkol gbgyaïuokl #Ghhokogbuol/"

L Kgjoa ~m{{wo lobel ~lyuoko~láëm lkombìyol gj uyä{ ~ly|wg{ gûfokm{ el Gbgyaoj~ ["L"

#Oj~{l/& kmj kl~lkoeleg ob{ulflel eg ??&8 jgalqluu{& bm Kglyì" L Gj~yg{l uljiïj obxg{ug

gj mwuyl{ hmbug{ ygbmxìxgo{& kmjm iomjl{{l& ~g|wgbl{ kgbuylo{ coeygfïuyokl{& gbgyaol {mfly g

~ymdgum{ eg kmagyláëm"

Hoawyl <4 Bgaûkom{ em Ayw~m Kgjoa bm Iyl{of" Hmbug4 Ygfluûyom Lbwlf eg [w{ugbuliofoeleg Kgjoa

L Kgjoa ï l ôbokl kmbkg{{ombìyol em {gumy gfïuyokm el Ljïyokl Fluobl l hltgy ~lyug em Ucg

Afmilf Emq Obegs" Kyolem gj 9>>3& m êbeokg ljgyoklbm obkfwo <7> gj~yg{l{ eg 97 ~lê{g{&

kmb{oegylel{ fêegyg{ jwbeolo{& g ugj ~my midguoxm {gyxoy kmjm yghgyäbkol bm jgyklem

obugyblkomblf" Bm Iyl{of& l~gbl{ uyä{ gj~yg{l{ hmylj fo{ulel{"

Bm{ ôfuojm{ kobkm lbm{& m xlfmy eg jgyklem el Kgjoa ~l{{mw eg Y% <5&; iofc÷g{ ~lyl Y% <3

iofc÷g{" L gj~yg{l lugbeg l kgykl eg <3 jofc÷g{ eg ~g{{ml{ gj 115 jwbokê~om{ g l ygkgoul



5;

m~gylkomblf fê|woel kmb{mfoelel em kmbafmjgylem luobaow Y% <9&38; iofc÷g{ gj 9><>" M xlfmy

el jlykl Kgjoa& g m |wlbum g{ul kmbuyoiwo ~lyl m ljiogbug eg bgaûkom{ el kmj~lbcol& xgj

{gbem lxlfolem ~gyomeokljgbug eg{eg 9>>1& ~my obugyjïeom eg wjl ~g{|wo{l kmj m{ eoxgy{m{

~ôifokm{& {gawbem m{ {gawobug{ ugjl{4 kygeoiofoeleg& kmbholbál g {mfoegt el gj~yg{l& obmxláëm

g ugkbmfmaol& ïuokl g uylb{~lyäbkol& |wlfoeleg& ~yìuokl{ eg ag{uëm& l~mom lm eg{gbxmfxojgbum em

g{ulem& ojlagj& ulyohl-kmbeoá÷g{ eg kmbuylum& {w~myug uïkbokm-lugbeojgbum& yg{~mb{liofoeleg

{mkomljiogbulf& l{{mkoláëm kmj m g{ulem"

M midguoxm el ~g{|wo{l ï kmbcgkgy jgfcmy l{ bgkg{{oeleg{ eg {gw{ gj~ygalem{& kfogbug{&

obxg{uoemyg{& ~lykgoym{ g mwuym{ ~ôifokm{ eg ygflkombljgbum ~lyl jgfcmyly l |wlfoeleg eg {wl{

lá÷g{& {gyxoám{ g ~ymewum{" Gbuyg 9>>? g 9><>& {gawbem g{uwem hgoum ~gfl gj~yg{l egkmb{wfumyol Iylbe Hoblbkg& m xlfmy el jlykl Kgjoa ~l{{mw eg Y% <&9?1 iofc÷g{ ~lyl Y%

<&7>; iofc÷g{& kyg{kojgbum eg <8' gj 9><>"

Eg lkmyem kmj l Kgjoa& m{ {ul`gcmfegy{ el kmj~lbcol {ëm4 Lkombo{ul{& Kmjwboeleg&

Gj~ygalem{& Kfogbug{ g Kmb{wjoemyg{& Lwumyoeleg{ Amxgybljgbulo{& Hmybgkgemyg{ g

Oj~ygb{l" L ag{uëm el kmjwbokláëm gj~yg{lyolf el gj~yg{l ï kmjlbelel ~gfl Eoygumyol eg

Ygflá÷g{ Ob{uouwkomblo{& |wg laygal m{ ~ymkg{{m{ eg kmjwbokláëm gj~yg{lyolf& ygflá÷g{

ob{uouwkomblo{ g l{{wbum{ ygawfluûyom{ em Ayw~m Kgjoa #hoawyl 9/"

Hoawyl 94 Myalbmayljl el Eoygumyol eg Ygflá÷g{ Ob{uouwkomblo{ g Kmjwbokláëm el Kgjoa" Hmbug4 Kgjoa



55

L [w~gyobugbeäbkol eg Kmjwbokláëm Gj~yg{lyolf ï yg{~mb{ìxgf ~my ~gb{ly& ~flbgdly g

kmmyegbly lá÷g{ obugaylel{ kmj m midguoxm eg kmb{mfoely l ojlagj ob{uouwkomblf el Kgjoa

lfolbem jo{{ëm g xo{ëm el Gj~yg{l" Dì l Agyäbkol eg Kmjwbokláëm Obugybl g Ygflkombljgbum

kmj l Kmjwboeleg& luwl bm{ ~ymkg{{m{ eg kmjwbokláëm obugybl g kmj l kmjwboeleg& gj

gxgbum{ g bl ag{uëm el emkwjgbuláëm el Kgjoa" ^my {wl xgt& l Agyäbkol eg Kmjwbokláëm

Ob{uouwkomblf ~ymjmxg l obugyhlkg kmj m ~ôifokm gsugybm g l oj~ygb{l& eo{{gjoblbem g

yghmyálbem m{ luyoiwum{ eg yg~wuláëm g jlykl el Kgjoa" [wimyeoblem l g{{l agyäbkol&

gbkmbuyl*{g m Kgbuym eg Kmjwbokláëm Ob{uouwkomblf& yg{~mb{ìxgf ~gfl l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l

el gj~yg{l"

Bl {geg el gj~yg{l& m kgbuym eg kmjwbokláëm ob{uouwkomblf ~m{{wo {gug dmyblfo{ul{ g emo{g{ulaoìyom{" Bm obugyomy em G{ulem& l Kmj~lbcol kmbul kmj lagbug{ eg ygflkombljgbum kmj l

jêeol gj Jmbug{ Kflym{& Amxgyblemy Xlflelyg{& Eoxobû~mfo{& Dwot eg Hmyl& Xlyaobcl g

Wigyfébeol"

L |wlfoeleg em ygflkombljgbum |wg l Kgjoa jlbuïj kmj l jêeol hmo ygkmbcgkoel& gj 9><<&

~gfm ~yäjom ‖L{ Gj~yg{l{ |wg Jgfcmy {g Kmjwboklj kmj Dmyblfo{ul{‚& ~ymjmxoem ~gfl

Ygxo{ul Bgaûkom{ el Kmjwbokláëm<;

& el geoumyl [gajgbum" Bm {gumy eg gbgyaol gfïuyokl& lKgjoa hmo kfl{{ohoklel gbuyg l{ uyä{ jgfcmyg{ gj~yg{l{ l ~lyuoy eg ~g{|wo{l yglfotlel kmj 9&7

jof dmyblfo{ul{ eg umem m ^lê{" L ~ygjoláëm xo{l ygkmbcgkgy l |wlfoeleg em ygflkombljgbum

|wg l{ kmj~lbcol{ jlbuäj kmj m{ dmyblfo{ul{ g yg{{lfuly m bêxgf eg uyluljgbum |wg gfl{

kmbhgygj lm{ ~ymho{{omblo{ el oj~ygb{l |wlbum lm lkg{{m& eo{~mboiofotláëm g hlkofoeleg eg

l~wyláëm eg obhmyjlá÷g{ gj~yg{lyolo{& {gumyolo{ g agylo{" Uyä{ gj~yg{l{ eg klel wj em{ ;>

{gumyg{ gkmbõjokm{ lxlfolem{ ~gfl ~g{|wo{l& kmbewtoel ~gfl C9Y g lweoulel ~gfl kmb{wfumyol

iyouébokl IEM& ygkgigylj m ~yäjom" Bm {gumy gfïuyokm& lfïj el Kgjoa& hmylj ~ygjolel{Gfguymiyì{ g LG[ Iyl{of"

Fgxlbuljgbum yglfotlem ~gfl Kgjoa egjmb{uyl |wg& gj 9><<& l l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l

lugbegw 9598 {mfokoulá÷g{ el jêeol blkomblf g obugyblkomblf& gbuyg egjlbel{ eg obhmyjlá÷g{&

gbuygxo{ul{ g jlugyolf ob{uouwkomblf" G{ug yg{wfulem yg~yg{gbul wjl gfgxláëm eg 97&?' gj

ygfláëm l 9><> #ayìhokm < g uligfl ;/"

<; Ygxo{ul hmklel gj obxg{uojgbum{& m~myuwboeleg{ eg bgaûkom g ugkbmfmaol{ ygflkomblel{ lm {gumy egkmjwbokláëm" [oug4 qqq"~myulfelkmjwboklklm"wmf"kmj"iy



57

Ayìhokm <4 Bôjgym eg Egjlbel{ Jgb{lo{ el L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l" Hmbug4 Kgjoa

Lbm 9>>1 9>>3 9>>? 9><> 9><<

Bôjgym eg

egjlbel{9>38 9<?9 91<? <?91 9598

Uligfl ;4 Bôjgym eg Lugbeojgbum{ Lbwlo{ î Oj~ygb{l" Hmbug4 Kgjoa

Gj ygfláëm î myoagj em{ lugbeojgbum{& 37' ~ymxäj el jêeol ygaomblf& <;' el oj~ygb{l

blkomblf g 9' eg dmyblfo{ul{ g{uylbagoym{" Xgêkwfm{ eg jêeol oj~yg{{l yg{~mbegj ~my ;;' el{

{mfokoulá÷g{& {gawoem{ ~my gjo{{myl{ eg ugfgxo{ëm kmj ;>'& yìeom #9>'/& ~myulo{ eg bmuêkol{

#3'/ g mwuym{ {gajgbum{ kmj ?'" Gj 9><<& m{ dmyblfo{ul{ ~ymkwylylj l Kgjoa ~lyl uyluly

~yobko~lfjgbug eg ~ymifgjl{ eg hlful eg gbgyaol #ayìhokm 9/4

Ayìhokm 94 Egjlbel{ Ygkmyygbug{ el L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l gj 9><<" Hmbug4 L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l Kgjoa



58

Bm jg{jm lbm& l l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l gbxomw <77 ygfgl{g{ ~lyl l oj~ygb{l blkomblf g

obugyblkomblf" M{ ~yobko~lo{ l{{wbum{ uylulem{ hmylj4 l|wo{oá÷g{ eg mwuyl{ gj~yg{l{ ~gfl

Kgjoa& hlful eg gbgyaol g eokl{ eg gkmbmjol g {gawylbál"

L kmfgul el{ jluïyol{ ~wifoklel{ {miyg l Kgjoa bm{ eoxgy{m{ uo~m{ eg xgêkwfm{ #ux& yìeom&

oj~yg{{m guk/ ï hgoul eg hmyjl ugykgoyotlel g ~my eohgygbug{ laäbkol{ eg kmjwbokláëm" O{{m

lkmbugkg ~my|wg l koeleg eg Igfm Cmyotmbug& lm kmbuyìyom eg [ëm ^lwfm g Yom eg Dlbgoym& bëm

~m{{wo laäbkol{ kl~ltg{ eg lweouly jlo{ eg wj uo~m eg jgom dmyblfê{uokm"

M kfo~~oba eg xgêkwfm{ oj~yg{{m{ ï gflimylem ~gfl gj~yg{l Oegol Hosl& |wg eo{~mboiofotl

eolyoljgbug m jlugyolf bl obuylbgu ~lyl umem{ m{ gj~ygalem{ el Kmj~lbcol" M{ yg{wfulem{ ell{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l {ëm l~yg{gbulem{ ~gfl laäbkol gj wj ygfluûyom egbmjoblem ‖Lbìfo{g

eg Jêeol‚" M ygfluûyom kmbuïj obhmyjlá÷g{ |wlfouluoxl{ g |wlbuouluoxl{& jl{& gj bm{{m

gbugbegy& lobel {oj~fûyol{ {miyg m eg{gj~gbcm el Kgjoa bl oj~ygb{l& ulo{ kmjm4

• Ygumybm eg Jêeol4 g{uojluoxl em obxg{uojgbum hoblbkgoym |wg {gyol bgkg{{ìyom ~lyl |wg

m kfogbug miuoxg{{g& gj ~wifokoeleg& m jg{jm g{~lám kmb|wo{ulem gj jêeol

g{~mbuébgl #kgbuojguylagj/"

• \wlfohokláëm4 lxlfoláëm el bmuêkol gj hlxmyìxgo{& bgwuyl{ mw eg{hlxmyìxgo{"

• Eoxo{ëm ~my L{{wbum{4 m jlugyolf lblfo{lem ï klugamyotlem ~my l{{wbum{ g g{~gkohokl

|wlo{ l{ ìygl{ eg luwláëm el Kgjoa ygkgigj jlomy eg{ul|wg bl kmigyuwyl joeoìuokl"

• Ygfgl{g{4 xgyohokláëm {miyg l wuofotláëm #~lwul {wagyoel/ mw bëm #~lwul g{~mbuébgl/ em{

ygfgl{g{ eo{uyoiwêem{ ~gfl l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l"

• Kmbkmyyäbkol4 kmj~lyl l kgbuojgbuylagj lfklbálel ~gfl gj~yg{l l mwuym{ ~flgy{ em

{gumy eg gbgyaol gfïuyokl"

L gj~yg{l uljiïj eo{~÷g eg mwuym{ klblo{ ~lyl kmjwbokláëm gsugybl& ~lyl {gy ~gb{lel kmjm

wj umem& eg hmyjl g{uyluïaokl #uligfl 5/4



51

Xgêkwfm Midguoxm-Eg{kyoáëm ^gyomeokoeleg-Uoylagj

Ygxo{ul Wboxgy{m Kgjoa

^wifokláëm ob{uouwkomblf kmj yg~myulagb{|wg xlfmyotlj m{ ugjl{ {w{ugbuliofoeleg&

ygaomblfo{jm& gs~lb{ëm& jgyklem&obmxláëm g kwfuwyl

Iojg{uylf-95 jof gsgj~flyg{

^myulf Kgjoa

[oug xmfulem ~lyl l kmjwbokláëm gygflkombljgbum kmj m{ {ul`gcmfegy{ el

Kgjoa"Luwlfotláëm eoìyol

Ifma Kgjoa gbgyaolObugylaoy kmj m{ eohgygbug{ ~ôifokm{luylxï{ eg ~flulhmyjl kmflimyluoxl"

Luwlfotláëm eoìyol

Ux Kgjoa

^ymayljl {gjlblf |wg l~yg{gbulyg~myulagb{ ob{uouwkomblo{ kmj hmkm bl{

lá÷g{ eg{gbxmfxoel{ ~gfl gj~yg{l"

Gsoioáëm [gjlblf" Ewyláëm 7jobwum{"

Obhmyjg Kgjoa

Imfguoj dmyblfê{uokm bl yìeom KIB kmjobhmyjlá÷g{ hlkuwlo{ {miyg l Kgjoa"

Xgokwflem gj jobl{ agylo{ g mbfobg ~lyl m

jwbem"

Eoìyom" Ewyláëm4 < jobwum

Kmbxäbom Kgjoa ‛ Ljoyu

#L{{mkoláëm Jobgoyl eg Yìeom

g Ugfgxo{ëm/

Gj uymkl eg eg{kmbum{ bl kmbul eg fwt&yìeom{ g{~lfclel{ ~gfm g{ulem xgokwflj

klj~lbcl{ ob{uouwkomblo{ #{~mu{/ g lxo{m{fmklo{ kmj m obuwoum eg l~ymsojly l Kgjoa

el{ kmjwboeleg{"

Eoìyom"

Lá÷g{ bl{ Jêeol{ Eoaoulo{

L~ymsojláëm kmj m ~ôifokm gsugybm&wuofotlbem jgb{lagb{ eoygkomblel{ bl{

~yobko~lo{ jêeol{ {mkolo{4 Uqouugy&Hlkgimm`& [foeg{clyg& Fob`geob& _mwuwig&

Qoò~ïeol& Hfok`y g Hmyj{~yoba"

Luwlfotláëm4 Eoìyol

Uligfl 54 ^ymewum{ eg Kmjwbokláëm Gsugybl el Kgjoa" Hmbug4 Kgjoa

;"9 Jgumemfmaol{

;"9"< M Jmegfm Yg~Uylk ̀

Kyolem ~gfm Yg~wuluomb Ob{uouwug<5& m jmegfm Yg~Uylk` & wuofotlem bl ~g{|wo{l eg Yg~wuláëm el

Kgjoa g eg mwuyl{ 97>> gj~yg{l{ gj 5> ~lê{g{& ~gyjoug î{ myalbotlá÷g{ kmj~yggbegygjkmjm {gw{ eoxgy{m{ {ul`gcmfegy{ l{ ~gykgigj& l ~lyuoy el lbìfo{g eg luyoiwum{ agylo{ mw

g{~gkêhokm{ ~lyl egugyjoblem ayw~m eg obugyg{{g" M {o{ugjl jgeg uljiïj m bêxgf eg

lejoyláëm& kmbholbál& {gbuojgbum g g{uojl |wg m{ obugyg{{lem{ ~m{{wgj {miyg l{

myalbotlá÷g{" Luylxï{ em{ luyoiwum{ Koelelbol& Amxgyblbál& Ljiogbug eg Uylilfcm& Obmxláëm&

^ymewum{& Eg{gj~gbcm g Foegylbál& m jmegfm Yg~Uylk` lxlfol m xlfmy el yg~wuláëm el

myalbotláëm #hoawyl ;/"

<5 Gj~yg{l eg kmb{wfumyol& fêegy jwbeolf gj lbìfo{g eg yg~wuláëm" [oug4 qqq"yg~wuluombob{uouwug"kmj



53

Hoawyl ;4 Jmegfm Yg~Uylk` g [gw{ Luyoiwum{" Hmbug4 Yg~wuluomb Ob{uouwug

Eg lkmyem kmj Lfjgoel #9>>7/& klel luyoiwum em jmegfm Yg~Uylk` ï hmyjlem ~my luyoiwum{

{gkwbeìyom{4

• Eg{gj~gbcm4 ygumybm lm{ obxg{uoemyg{& yg{wfulem{ hoblbkgoym{& ~gy{~gkuoxl{ eg

kyg{kojgbum0• ^ymewum{ g [gyxoám{4 |wlfoeleg ~gykgioel& ygfláëm kw{um*igbghêkom& {w~yojgbum el{

bgkg{{oeleg{ em kmb{wjoemy0

• Obmxláëm4 obkgbuoxm l oegol{& ~ombgoyo{jm& ~megy eg lel~uláëm l jwelbál{0

• Ljiogbug eg uylilfcm4 ygkmj~gb{l lm jïyoum g oawlfeleg eg m~myuwboeleg{& ~ymjmáëm

eg igj*g{uly g {lôeg em{ gj~ygalem{0

• Amxgyblbál4 uylb{~lyäbkol g eo{~mboiofoeleg el{ obhmyjlá÷g{& ïuokl gj~yg{lyolf&

oembgoeleg bm{ bgaûkom{0• Koelelbol4 yg{~mb{liofoeleg ljiogbulf g eg{gbxmfxojgbum {mkolf& l~mom î{ klw{l{

kmjwbouìyol{0

• Foegylbál4 myalbotláëm& fêegyg{ klyo{jìuokm{ g ghokogbug{& gskgfäbkol agygbkolf& xo{ëm

kflyl g kmj~lyuofclel em hwuwym"

Bl iw{kl ~my jïumem{ eg kmb{uywáëm el yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl ~my jgom em ygflkombljgbum

kmj l oj~ygb{l& g{ug g{uwem ygflkombl m{ luyoiwum{ em jmegfm Yg~Uylk` kmj l jgumemfmaol egLbìfo{g eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol& kmbhmyjg {g {gawg"



5?

;"9"9 L Lbìfo{g eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol

[gawbem _lbltg& [gbo{g g Hygoyg #9><>/& l jgumemfmaol Lbìfo{g eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol #LK/ hmo

eg{gbxmfxoel& gj uylilfcm{ el Kmb{wfumyol _lbltg g L{{mkolem{& ~gfm{ ~g{|wo{lemyg{ Jou{wyw_lbltg& Dm{ï Klyfm{ eg Ilyym{ g @fgigy Jly`w{ gj 9>>7" Lm kmbuyìyom el kgbuojguylagj& m{

yg{wfulem{ l~yg{gbulem{ ~gfl LK ygflkomblj l oj~myuébkol em{ xgêkwfm{ kmj m kmbugôem el

jgb{lagj ~wifoklel" L{{oj& l jgumemfmaol jm{uyl yg{wfulem{ jlo{ g{~gkêhokm{ |wg l {oj~fg{

kmj~lyláëm em g{~lám mkw~lem ~gfl bmuêkol kmj l uligfl eg ~wifokoeleg em{ dmyblo{ g

ygxo{ul{" L l~fokláëm el LK egxg {gy kw{umjotlel ~lyl klel myalbotláëm" L{ uïkbokl{

wuofotlel{ bg{ul ~g{|wo{l& ~myulbum& g{uëm leg|wlel{ lm kmbugsum& î{ ~yìuokl{ obugybl{ eg

kmjwbokláëm g& kflym& î ^g{|wo{l eg Yg~wuláëm el Kgjoa& |wg fo{ul |wlo{ m{ ugjl{ ygfgxlbug{~lyl gj~yg{l bl kmb{uywáëm el Yg~wuláëm Kmy~myluoxl"

Gj ~yojgoyl ob{uébkol& ~lyl l~fokly l lbìfo{g eg kmyyg{~mbeäbkol& klugamyotlj*{g m{ dmyblo{ g

ygxo{ul{ eg lkmyem kmj l oj~myuébkol eg klel xgêkwfm #hoawyl 5/"

Hoawyl 54 Oj~myuébkol em Xgêkwfm" Hmbug4 _lbltg& [gbotg g Hygoyg #9><>/

^lyl g{ul lbìfo{g& {gyol oeglf klugamyotly l oj~myuébkol eg klel xgêkwfm eg lkmyem kmj l {wl

yg~wuláëm& jl{& bm Iyl{of& bëm cì ~g{|wo{l{ ygfgxlbug{ |wg lxlfolj l yg~wuláëm em{ dmyblo{ g

ygxo{ul{" Gj ^myuwalf& ~my gsgj~fm& m Ayw~m Jlyùg{u<7& ~wifokl lbwlfjgbug m Jlyùg{u

Yg~wuluomb Obegs #JYO/& wj êbeokg |wg lxlfol l yg~wuláëm em{ xgêkwfm{ eg kmjwbokláëm

~myuwawg{g{" ^myulbum& egxoem î obgso{uäbkol eg wj êbeokg {gjgfclbug bm Iyl{of& lemumw*{gbg{ul ~g{|wo{l l uoylagj kmjm kyouïyom eg oj~myuébkol eg klel wj em{ 5> dmyblo{ g ygxo{ul{

~yg{gbug{ bm kfo~~oba el Kgjoa"

L~û{ ~mbegyly l oj~myuébkol em{ xgêkwfm{& l hlxmyliofoeleg eg klel bmuêkol egxg {gy lxlfolel

eg lkmyem kmj l {gawobug g{klfl #hoawyl 7/4

<7 cuu~4--qqq"jlyùg{u"kmj-ql~-



7>

Hoawyl 74 Kmbugôem el Jgb{lagj" Hmbug4 _lbltg& [gbotg g Hygoyg #9><>/

_lbltg& [gbo{g g Hygoyg #9><>/ fo{ulylj lfawb{ gsgj~fm{ eg ugjl{ |wg& ~m{{oxgfjgbug& {gyolj

~wifoklem{ g{~mbulbgljgbug bl jêeol #uligfl 7/"

Flbáljgbumeg ~ymewum

Mhgyul eg~ymewum{-{gyxoám{

Hwbkombìyom{-ygkwy{m{cwjlbm{

^mfêuokl eg ^ygám Ygfláëm kmj lKmjwboeleg

Mhgyul egbmxm{~ymewum{

Lugbeojgbum lmkmb{wjoemy Ygfláëm kmjLkombo{ul{ Hluwyljgbum gfwkym elgj~yg{l

L{{o{uäbkolUïkbokl

Kmj~lyláëmkmj l

kmbkmyyäbkol

[gajgbuláëm egjgyklem

Fgjiylbál el Jlykl Klblo{-obugyjgeoìyom{ emjgyklem

Fgao{fláëm g~mfêuokl em {gumy

^luymkêbom{{mkolo{&

g{~myuoxm{ gkwfuwylo{

Hw{÷g{&L|wo{oá÷g{& gDmobu*Xgbuwyg{

Kgfgiyoeleg{ bl{klj~lbcl{ el

gj~yg{l

Uligfl 74 Gsgj~fm{ eg Ugjl{" Hmbug4 _lbltg& [gbo{g g Hygoyg #9><>/

Kmjm l LK egxg {gy kw{umjotlel ~lyl klel myalbotláëm g {g iw{kl& bg{ul ~g{|wo{l& wjl

jlbgoyl eg agygbkoly l kmb{uywáëm el yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl luylxï{ el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l&

l~foklylj*{g l|wo& bm fwaly em{ ugjl{ ~ym~m{um{ ~my _lbltg& [gbo{g g Hygoyg #9><>/& m{

luyoiwum{ lxlfolem{ ~gfm Yg~wuluomb Ob{uouwug g& kmb{g|wgbugjgbug& ~gfl ~g{|wo{l eg Yg~wuláëm

el Kgjoa #uligfl 8/4

Ljiogbug eg

Uylilfcm

Amxgyblbál Obmxláëm g

UgkbmfmaolKoelelbol Eg{gj~gbcmHoblbkgoym

Foegylbál ^ymewum{ g[gyxoám{

Uligfl 84 Luyoiwum{ Lxlfolem{ ~gfm Jmegfm Yg~Uylk` Hmbug4 Yg~wuluomb Ob{uouwug

Bl Lbìfo{g eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol& m{ elem{ ~mbegylem{ {miyg l ygfgxébkol em{ xgêkwfm{ g em

aylw eg hlxmyliofoeleg el{ bmuêkol{ {ëm kmfmklem{ bwjl jluyot #hoawyl 8/4



7<

Hoawyl 84 Gsgj~fm eg Jluyot eg Lxlfoláëm" Hmbug4 _lbltg& [gbo{g g Hygoyg #9><>/

Bg{ug g{uwem& kw{umjotlem kmj m{ luyoiwum{ el ~g{|wo{l Yg~Uylk` & m{ yg{wfulem{ {ëm

l~yg{gbulem{ bwjl jluyot g|woxlfgbug& jl{ kmj ugjl{ eo{uobum{" L jluyot ~gyjoug xo{wlfotly

m{ yg{wfulem{ em uylilfcm eg ygflkombljgbum kmj l oj~ygb{l gj ugyjm{ eg ob{gyáëm em{

eoxgy{m{ ugjl{ el{ bmuêkol{ eg lkmyem kmj m aylw eg hlxmyliofoeleg g m aylw eg oj~myuébkolem{ jgom{"

L{{oj& m jmegfm ~meg obeokly |wg ~ygmkw~lá÷g{ m ag{umy egxg ugy gj ygfláëm l klelxgêkwfm g ugjl4 jlbugy m ygflkombljgbum g m uo~m eg ~lwul el{ bmuêkol{ |wg g{uëm bm|wleylbug ‖{ouwláëm oeglf‚& hltgy kmj |wg l{ bmuêkol{ em |wleylbug ‖m~myuwboeleg{‚ {gdljobugyg{{lbug{ ~lyl xgêkwfm{ jlo{ oj~myulbug{0 kmyyoaoy l jlbgoyl kmjm m{ ygfgl{g{ g{uëm{gbem g{kyoum{& lblfo{lbem {g l{ jgb{lagb{*kclxg el myalbotláëm g{uëm kflyl{ gkmbugsuwlfotlel{0 ugbuly gxouly |wg ~lwul{ em |wleylbug ‖lilklso‚ {gdlj ~wifoklel{" Kmjm&gj jwoum{ kl{m{& o{{m bëm ï ~m{{êxgf& ~megj*{g ljgbotly lm jìsojm m{ elbm{ ~lyl lmyalbotláëm #_LBLTG0 [GBO[G0 HYGOYG& 9><>& ~"<73/"

Yglfotlbem wjl lbìfo{g co{uûyokl em{ yg{wfulem{ bl jluyot& ï ~m{{êxgf hltgy wjl lxlfoláëmjlo{ ghguoxl el{ g{uyluïaol{ eg kmjwbokláëm g gflimyly obeoklemyg{& eg{emiylem{ gj ayìhokm{

g uligfl{& |wg ~gyjoulj jgeoy l |wlfoeleg g m xlfmy el ojlagj el Kgjoa bl oj~ygb{l g

~ymewtoy ygfluûyom{ eg lbìfo{g{ |wg {gfgkomblj obhmyjlá÷g{ g oegbuohoklj ugbeäbkol{ eg

hmyjláëm el m~oboëm ~ôifokl& |wlfoeleg g xo{oiofoeleg el ojlagj el gj~yg{l bl jêeol"

;"9"; L~fokláëm em{ luyoiwum{ Yg~Uylk` bl Lbìfo{g eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol

M kfo~~oba& {gawbem Wukcougf #9>>5/& lfïj eg |wlbuohokly l ~yg{gbál el myalbotláëm bl jêeol&

hlkofoul m jmboumyljgbum el{ lá÷g{ el kmbkmyyäbkol& ~meg {gy wuofotlem ~lyl l agyláëm eg



79

bgaûkom{& hwbkombl kmjm hgyyljgbul ~lyl lxlfoláëm em eg{gj~gbcm em{ ~myul*xmtg{ el

gj~yg{l" Bg{ug {gbuobem& l l~fokláëm em{ {gug luyoiwum{ em jmegfm Yg~Uylk` bl Lbìfo{g eg

Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol iw{kl jm{uyly eg |wg hmyjl l l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l ~meg kmbuyoiwoy ~lyl l

kmb{uywáëm el yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl"

M jlugyolf gj~êyokm ~lyl l~fokláëm el Jgumemfmaol eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol ï kmj~m{um ~my

jluïyol{ dmyblfê{uokl{ |wg limyelj umem m Ayw~m Kgjoa ~wifoklel{ ~my 5> dmyblo{ g ygxo{ul{

eg koykwfláëm g{ulewlf g blkomblf g fgxlbulel{ ~gfm {o{ugjl eg kfo~~oba el myalbotláëm"

Lemumw*{g lbìfo{g eg wjl {gjlbl eg kfo~~oba ~lyl yg{~gouly l xlyoláëm {gjlblf el{ kmfwbl{ g

geoumyol{ em{ dmyblo{& m |wg ~meg obhfwgbkoly m{ yg{wfulem{" Lfïj eo{{m& l g{kmfcl eg wjl

{gjlbl ï egxoem î aylbeg |wlbuoeleg eg jluïyol{ g bmuêkol{ eoìyol{ |wg koulj l Kgjoa& mw{gdl& l lbìfo{g eg wj jä{ mw eg wj lbm fgxlyol jwoum ugj~m& bëm {gbem g{ug m midguoxm eg wj

uylilfcm eg kmbkfw{ëm eg aylewláëm" Gbuygulbum& bëm {g uylul eg wjl {gjlbl kmyyoel& gj

|wlf|wgy jä{" Kmjm m obugyg{{g eg{ul ~g{|wo{l ï xgy l yg~yg{gbuláëm el Kgjoa bl jêeol lm

fmbam eg wj ugj~m g{ugbeoem& ï ~ygko{m fgxly gj kmbul |wg l ojlagj eg wjl gj~yg{l em

{gumy gfïuyokm m{kofl eg lkmyem kmj l{ {ltmblfoeleg{ kfojìuokl{" Bm ~gyêmem ôjoem mw

kcwxm{m& {gj~yg eg egtgjiym l liyof& mkmyyg lwjgbum el{ ygkfljlá÷g{ eg hlful eg gbgyaol&

klw{lbem oj~lkum bgaluoxm bl{ luoxoeleg{ g bl ojlagj el gj~yg{l bl jêeol" Dì bm ~gyêmem{gkm mw eg kcwxl{ g{kl{{l{& {gj~yg eg jlom l bmxgjiym& lkmbugkg eojobwoáëm {oabohokluoxl

bl{ mkmyyäbkol{ eg hlful eg gbgyaol<8& m |wg liyg g{~lám ~lyl l ~wifokláëm eg bmuêkol{

hlxmyìxgo{ î myalbotláëm"

^myulbum& m ygkmyug ugj~mylf eg{ug uylilfcm wuofotl*{g em jïumem el {gjlbl kmj~m{ul&

xlfoelem ~gfm Kgbuym Obugyblkomblf eg G{uwem{ [w~gyomyg{ eg ^gyomeo{jm ~lyl Fl Ljïyokl

Fluobl ‛ KOG[^LF

<1

" M jïumem {g eì bl kmb{uouwoáëm eg wj kmy~w{ {miyg m |wlf obkoeg wjllbìfo{g ~m{ugyomy" L {gjlbl lyuohokolfjgbug kmb{uywêel egxgyì ~m{{woy m{ jg{jm{ eol{ eg wjl

{gjlbl yglf #wjl {gawbel& wjl ugyál& wjl |wlyul& wjl |wobul& wjl {gsul& wj {ìilem g wj

emjobam/"

^lyl gbafmily ulbum m ~gyêmem kyêuokm bl jêeol& |wlbum m ~gyêmem kmb{oegylem bmyjlf eg wjl

gj~yg{l em {gumy gfïuyokm& l ljm{uyl eg{ul ~g{|wo{l g{uì kmbuoel bm{ jg{g{ eg dlbgoym&

<8 6Eo{~mbêxgf gj4 cuu~4--qqq"lbggf"amx"iy-l~foklkmg{-Obeoklemyg{]eg]\wlfoeleg-[weg{ug"khj 2 Lkg{{m gj4 >?mwu" 9><<<1 M jlo{ oj~myulbug kgbuym eg g{uwem{ g ~g{|wo{l{ gj kmjwbokláëm bm{ lbm{ 8> hmo m KOG[^LF& kmj {geg gj\woum& bm G|wlemy"



7;

hgxgygoym g jlyám eg 9><< #~gyêmem ôjoem/ g dwbcm& dwfcm g lam{um eg 9><< #~gyêmem {gkm/"

Kmjm {g uylul el lbìfo{g eg {gug eol{& kmbuoem{ gj {gug jg{g{ eo{uobum{& g{kmfcgw*{g m jä{ eg

egtgjiym #bm lbm eg 9><>/ kmjm {ïuojm jä{ l hltgy ~lyug el ljm{uyl" L~g{ly eg g{uly bm

~gyêmem ôjoem& wj jä{ kyêuokm ~lyl l ojlagj el gj~yg{l& l{ bmuêkol{ ~m{ouoxl{ bl jêeol

{miyg l myalbotláëm& egkmyygbug{ em ~luymkêbom eg ofwjobláëm eg Blulf gj ~ylál{ g bm geohêkom

{geg el Kgjoa& kmbhgygj& gj bm{{m gbugbegy& wj l{~gkum eg bgwuylfoeleg lm jä{ eg

egtgjiym"

Kmj m obuwoum eg bëm g{kmfcgy lfglumyoljgbug m{ eol{ el ljm{uyl g obhfwgbkoly m{ yg{wfulem{ el

~g{|wo{l& uylilfcl*{g kmj m ~yojgoym emjobam em jä{ eg dlbgoym& l {gawbel {gawbel*hgoyl eg

hgxgygoym& l ugykgoyl ugyál*hgoyl eg jlyám& l |wlyul |wlyul*hgoyl eg dwbcm& l ~yojgoyl |wobul*

hgoyl eg dwfcm& l {gawbel {gsul*hgoyl eg lam{um g m ugykgoym {ìilem eg egtgjiym" Eg{{l hmyjl&

m{ eol{ eg kmj~m{oáëm el ljm{uyl hoklylj l{{oj g{uligfgkoem{ #uligfl 1/4

Eol{ el [gjlbl

Kmj~m{ul

Jä{ Elul el Ljm{uyl em

kfo~~oba

[ltmblfoeleg{

^yojgoym Emjobam Dlbgoym-9><< >9-><-9><< ^gyomem Ôjoem

[gawbel [gawbel*Hgoyl Hgxgygoym-9><< <5->9-9><< ^gyomem Ôjoem

Ugykgoyl Ugyál*Hgoyl Jlyám-9><< <7->;-9><< ^gyêmem Ôjoem\wlyul \wlyul*Hgoyl Dwbcm-9><< 99->8-9><< ^gyêmem [gkm

^yojgoyl \wobul*Hgoyl Dwfcm-9><< >8->1-9><< ^gyêmem [gkm

[gawbel [gsul*Hgoyl Lam{um -9><< <9->3-9><< ^gyêmem [gkm

Ugykgoym [ìilem Egtgjiym-9><< <3-<9-9><> ^gyêmem Ôjoem-Blulf

Uligfl 14 Ygkmyug el Ljm{uyl ‛ [gjlbl Kmj~m{ul

M kyouïyom eg oj~myuébkol em{ xgêkwfm{ hmo eghoboem kmbhmyjg l uoylagj jïeol eoìyol

obhmyjlel ~gfl L{{mkoláëm Blkomblf em{ Dmyblo{ #LBD/" Eg{{l hmyjl& ~lyl g{uligfgkgy m{

kobkm ayw~m{ eg oj~myuébkol& l eoxo{ëm fgxmw gj kmbul l uoylagj jïeol eoìyol em{ ~yobko~lo{

dmyblo{ g ygxo{ul{ em Iyl{of #uligfl 3/"

Uoylagj Eoìyol Bmul Kfl{{ohokláëm

L ~lyuoy eg 9>>">>< 7 Jwoum Oj~myulbug

<>>">>< l 9>>">>> 5 Oj~myulbug

7>>>< l <>>">>> ; Jlo{ mw jgbm{ Oj~myulbug

97">>< l 7>">>> 9 ^mwkm Oj~myulbug

> l 97">>> < Blel Oj~myulbug

Uligfl 34 Klugamyotláëm el Oj~myuébkol em{ Dmyblo{ eg Lkmyem kmj l Uoylagj



75

Ewylbug m{ {gug eol{ el ljm{uyl& l Kgjoa g {wl{ {wi{oeoìyol{ hmylj jgbkomblel{ gj 53

bmuêkol{& ~my mbtg dmyblo{4 Cmdg gj Eol #JA/& Eoìyom em Lám #JA/& Eoìyom em Kmjïykom

#JA/& L|wo #JA/& Eoìyom em Kmjïykom g el Obeô{uyol #[^/& Iyl{of Gkmbõjokm #[^/& Xlfmy

Gkmbõjokm #[^/& G{ulem eg Jobl{ #JA/& M G{ulem eg [ëm ^lwfm #[^/& Hmfcl eg [ëm ^lwfm

#[^/ g [w~gy Bmuêkol #JA/" Bgbcwjl ygxo{ul koumw l gj~yg{l bm ~gyêmem el ljm{uyl" ^my

~m{{wêygj jlo{ ygfgxébkol gj Jobl{ Agylo{& ~yobko~lf g{ulem eg luwláëm el Kgjoa& m{ dmyblo{

jobgoym{ ygkgigylj jlo{ wj ~mbum gj {wl oj~myuébkol& lfïj el ~mbuwláëm ygflkomblel î

uoylagj" M{ dmyblo{& gbuëm& hmylj kfl{{ohoklem{ eg lkmyem kmj l uligfl ?4

Xgêkwfm Uoylagj eoìyolem dmyblf

Bmul egOj~myuébkolem xgêkwfm

Bmul Hoblfxgêkwfm{eg JA

\wlbuoeleg egbmuêkol{

~wifoklel{

L|wo * Igfm Cmyotmbug ;7"?5< ; 5 <

Iyl{of Gkmbõjokm * [^ 7>>>> ; <

Eoìyom em Lám * JA 3>>> < 9 9

Eoìyom em Kmjïykom * JA 9>">>> < 9 8

Eoìyom em Kmjïykom g el Obeô{uyol * [^ 5>">>> ; <G{ulem eg Jobl{ * JA 1?"39; ; 5 1

Hmfcl eg [ëm ^lwfm * [^ 938";?3 7 9

Cmdg gj Eol * Igfm Cmyotmbug * JA 91"<97 ; 5 <9

M G{ulem eg [ëm ^lwfm * [^ 98;">58 7 9

M Ugj~m * JA 51"<5> 9 ; <<[w~gy Bmuêkol * JA 9?;"719 7 7 9

Xlfmy Gkmbõjokm * [^ 8>">>7 ; <

Umulf eg bmuêkol{ ~wifoklel{ bm ~gyêmem el ljm{uyl4 53

Uligfl ?4 Uoylagj em{ Dmyblo{ s Bmul{

;"; Yg{wfulem{

^lyl @wb{kc #9>>;/& l{ luoxoeleg{ eg ygflá÷g{ ~ôifokl{ ~ygko{lj l~yg{gbuly yg{wfulem{ g

ldwely l{ myalbotlá÷g{ l luobaoy {gw{ midguoxm{" Kmj m kfo~~oba egkmj~m{um luylxï{ el lbìfo{g

eg kmyyg{~mbeäbkol& ï ~m{{êxgf |wlbuohokly l ~yg{gbál el myalbotláëm bl jêeol& jmboumyly l{

lá÷g{ el kmbkmyyäbkol& ugbeäbkol{ g ~mbum{ eg{hlxmyìxgo{ el{ lá÷g{ kmjwboklkomblo{&

kmbhmyjg ~ym~÷g Wukcougf #9>>5/" L{ 53 bmuêkol{ el ljm{uyl hmylj lblfo{lel{ g layw~lel{ eg

lkmyem kmj m{ {go{ luyoiwum{ el jgumemfmaol Yg~Uylk` 4 koelelbol& eg{gj~gbcm& amxgyblbál&

obmxláëm& foegylbál& ~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{ g ljiogbug eg uylilfcm" Jwoul{ xgtg{& l{ jluïyol{

limyelj jlo{ eg wj ugjl& jl{& bg{ug g{uwem& hmylj kfl{{ohoklel{ eg lkmyem kmj m ugjl jlo{

~ygxlfgkgbug #ayìhokm ;/"



77

Ayìhokm ;4 \wlbuoeleg eg Bmuêkol{ ~my Luyoiwum

M luyoiwum ‖~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{‚ ~lwumw <1 el{ 53 bmuêkol{ el ljm{uyl" Bg{ug ayw~m& hmylj

ob{gyoel{ bmuêkol{ g ygkfljlá÷g{ ~wifoklel{ {miyg gbgyaol gfïuyokl& ~mel eg lyxmyg{&

{wi{uouwoáëm eg ~m{ug{ guk" Bm ayw~m ‖koelelbol‚& cì bmuêkol{ {miyg yg{~mb{liofoeleg

ljiogbulf& l~mom l klw{l{ {mkolo{& gxgbum{ g kwfuwyl" Gj ‖eg{gj~gbcm‚& obkfwêylj*{g jluïyol{{miyg yg{wfulem{ hoblbkgoym{& ygumybm lm{ obxg{uoemyg{& lá÷g{ g kmj~yl eg gbgyaol gj fgof÷g{"

Bm |wg{oum ‖foegylbál‚& g{uëm l{ bmuêkol{ {miyg uymkl eg klyam{ bl eoygumyol el Kgjoa" Bm

luyoiwum obmxláëm& hmylj {gfgkomblem{ ugjl{ {miyg m obkgbuoxm el gj~yg{l l oegol{" Dì gj

‖amxgyblbál‚& wjl jluïyol bgaluoxl limyel l obeg~gbeäbkol em kmb{gfcm eg lejobo{uyláëm el

gj~yg{l" M ugjl ‖ljiogbug eg uylilfcm‚ bëm ~lwumw bgbcwj dmyblf el ljm{uyl"

L~û{ g{{l eoxo{ëm& klel bmuêkol ygkgigw bmul eg < l 7& eg lkmyem kmj m kmbugôem el

jgb{lagj #jwoum eg{hlxmyìxgf& eg{hlxmyìxgf& bgwuyl& hlxmyìxgf g jwoum hlxmyìxgf/" L{

bmuêkol{ uljiïj ygkgigylj bmul{ eg < l 7 eg lkmyem kmj l oj~myuébkol em xgêkwfm gj |wg

hmylj ~wifoklel{" L{ jïeol{ ~mbegylel{ em kmbugôem el{ jgb{lagb{ g el oj~myuébkol em{

xgêkwfm{ hoklylj& gbuëm& l{{oj eghoboel{ #uligfl <>/4

> < ; ;

<<

<;

<1

>

9

5

8

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78

Luyoiwum{ Kmbugôem el{ Jgb{lagb{ Oj~myuébkol em{ xgêkwfm{

Koelelbol ;&1;;;;;;;; ;&7

Eg{gj~gbcm ;&;8359<>7; ;&;8359<>7;

Amxgyblbál 9 ;

Obmxláëm 5&17 9&1<59371<5Foegylbál ;&;;;;;;;;; ;

^ymewum{ g [gyxoám{ 9&1<8?3<<;9 ;&>8;39?131

Ljiogbug eg Uylilfcm > >

Uligfl <>4 Luyoiwum{ s Bmul{

Hmylj ob{gyoel{ bwjl jluyot l{ jïeol{ ~mbegylel{ el{ bmul{ em{ xgêkwfm{ g el{ jgb{lagb{"

[gawobem m ~ym~m{um ~my _lbltg& [gbo{g g Hygoyg #9><>/& l jluyot ~m{{wo |wluym |wleylbug{ <3&

bmjglem{ kmjm m~myuwboeleg& {ouwláëm oeglf& lilklso g bgkg{{oeleg eg kmyygá÷g{" Bg{ugg{uwem& lxlfoljm{ m kfo~~oba eg lkmyem kmj m{ luyoiwum{ ‖ljiogbug eg uylilfcm‚ ‖koelelbol‚&

‖amxgyblbál‚& ‖foegylbál‚& ‖~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{‚& ‖obmxláëm‚ g ‖eg{gj~gbcm‚ hmylj&

~myulbum& ob{gyoem{ bl jluyot #ayìhokm 5/4

Ayìhokm 54 Jluyot eg Lxlfoláëm

L ~lyuoy el jluyot eg lxlfoláëm& ï hgoul l lbìfo{g eg yg{wfulem{ kmbhmyjg {g {gawg"

<3 Gj xgyjgfcm"



71

;"5 Lbìfo{g eg yg{wfulem{

^my g{ulygj bm |wleylbug {ouwláëm oeglf& ~meg*{g lhoyjly |wg l Kgjoa luobaow m{ midguoxm{ em{

luyoiwum{ ‖koelelbol‚ g ‖eg{gj~gbcm‚" O{{m jm{uyl |wg l oj~ygb{l ugj ygkmbcgkoem l{ lá÷g{

{w{ugbuìxgo{ el myalbotláëm g {gw eg{gj~gbcm hoblbkgoym" Gbuygulbum& l l{{g{{myol lobel

~ygko{l jgfcmyly bl jêeol l ~m{oáëm em{ mwuym{ luyoiwum{"

Bm kl{m el obmxláëm& l kmj~lbcol ~ygko{l ~lwuly dmyblo{ jlo{ oj~myulbug{ g kmb|wo{uly

jluïyol{ jlo{ ~m{ouoxl{" Bg{ug kl{m& ï ~ygko{m |wg l kmjwbokláëm ob{uouwkomblf obxg{uoawg g

eo{kwul& gj kmbdwbum kmj l{ mwuyl{ eoygumyol{& kmjm {g eì l obmxláëm egbuym el myalbotláëm"

Kmbhmyjg Lfjgoel #9>>7/& bëm cì yg~wuláëm {gj xo{oiofoeleg" [g l gj~yg{l hmy obmxlemyl g

bëm uoxgy ygkmbcgkojgbum ~my o{{m& eg blel leolbulyì"

M luyoiwum ‖ljiogbug eg uylilfcm‚ hokmw ~m{okomblem hmyl em{ |wleylbug{ ~yobko~lo{ ~my bëm

~lwuly bgbcwj dmyblf" ^lyl jwely g{ug |wleym& wjl {mfwáëm ~m{{êxgf {gyol g{uygouly m

ygflkombljgbum kmj ~wifoklá÷g{ g{~gkolfotlel{ gj ygkwy{m{ cwjlbm{ #YC/& kmjm l ygxo{ul

Xmkä ["L"& ~mo{& eg lkmyem kmj Ewlyug #9>>;/& m ~l~gf el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l ï

lejobo{uyly m{ hfwsm{ eg obhmyjláëm g ygflkombljgbum gbuyg hmbug{& bg{ug kl{m& l Kgjoa& g

dmyblfo{ul{" Ulfxgt& lfawjl{ ~lwul{ wuofotlel{ ~gfm{ xgêkwfm{ eg kmjwbokláëm obugybl& |wg

midguoxlj jm{uyly |wg l Kgjoa ï wjl iml gj~yg{l ~lyl {g uylilfcly& ~m{{lj {gy wuofotlel{

~lyl ~lwuly l jêeol gsugybl"

L jluyot jm{uyl uljiïj |wg l gj~yg{l bëm ugj ~lwulem m{ dmyblo{ kmj bmuêkol{ ~m{ouoxl{

{miyg amxgyblbál" G{ug luyoiwum gbhmkl l uylb{~lyäbkol em{ bgaûkom{ g& ~lyl Lfjgoel #9>>7/& l

uylb{~lyäbkol kmbuyoiwo ~lyl ely kygeoiofoeleg lm{ ~ym~û{oum{ g lá÷g{ el myalbotláëm&

ygewtobem l bgkg{{oeleg eg xoaofébkol g eg{kmbholbál ~my ~lyug em{ {ul`gcmfegy{" Mwuym hlumygj hlxmy el kyoláëm eg ~lwul{ {miyg amxgyblbál ï m lwjgbum em obugyg{{g ~mfêuokm em{

koeleëm{ ~gfl ag{uëm el{ gj~yg{l{ ~ôifokl{& kmbhmyjg lhoyjlem ~my Kljlyam{ #9>>8/" ^my {g

uyluly eg wjl gj~yg{l eg gkmbmjol jo{ul& kmbuymflel ~gfm g{ulem& l Kgjoa ygkgig kyêuokl{

{miyg l obeg~gbeäbkol em kmb{gfcm eg lejobo{uyláëm& |wg ugbeg l hlxmygkgy l{ g{uyluïaol{ em

amxgybm& lwjgbulbem l eg{kmbholbál eg iml ~lyug em{ ~ôifokm{ eg obugyg{{g"

M luyoiwum ‖foegylbál‚& |wg gbafmil l gskgfäbkol em kmy~m agygbkolf& ugxg kmigyuwyl ~m{ouoxlbl jêeol& jl{ bëm ~lwumw dmyblo{ oj~myulbug{" L gj~yg{l bëm ugj l uyleoáëm eg gs~my {gw{



73

eoyoagbug{& kmjm mkmyyg gj mwuyl{ kmy~mylá÷g{" G{{g hlum ygxgfl& jlo{ wjl xgt bg{ug g{uwem&

|wg l oegbuoeleg g l kwfuwyl el Kgjoa lhgulj eoyguljgbug m{ yg{wfulem{ el l{{g{{myol eg

oj~ygb{l g& kmb{g|wgbugjgbug& eg hmyulfgkojgbum el ojlagj g yg~wuláëm el gj~yg{l"

Lobel kmbhmyjg l jluyot& l Kgjoa egxg ugy jlo{ lugbáëm lm luyoiwum ‖~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{‚&

|wg jgeg l |wlfoeleg ~gykgioel g m {w~yojgbum el{ bgkg{{oeleg{ em kmb{wjoemy& ~mo{ ï

aylbeg l |wlbuoeleg eg bmuêkol{ {miyg ~ymifgjl{ bl ygeg gfïuyokl" ^my jlo{ |wg l l{{g{{myol eg

oj~ygb{l {gdl ìaof bl{ yg{~m{ul{& bgwuylfotlbem l{ jluïyol{ bgaluoxl{ bm{ dmyblo{ g gs~mbem

{wl xgy{ëm em{ hlum{ ~lyl l ~m~wfláëm& {lig*{g |wg l gbgyaol gfïuyokl ï wj ~ymewum eg aylbeg

oj~myuébkol g jgygkg jlo{ obxg{uojgbum{ gj jlbwugbáëm" Lfjgoel #9>>3/ lhoyjl |wg& lfïj

el{ jgb{lagb{ uylb{jouoel{ ~gfl myalbotláëm& m ~ymkg{{m eg kmb{uywáëm el ojlagj gbxmfxguljiïj l ygfláëm eoygul em obeoxêewm kmj {gw{ ~ymewum{ g {gyxoám{"

L jlomyol el{ bmuêkol{ hmo hlxmyìxgf î gj~yg{l& |wl{g m emiym el{ bmuêkol{ eg{hlxmyìxgo{4

Ayìhokm 74 Hlxmyliofoeleg el{ bmuêkol{

^my jgom el lbìfo{g el{ bmuêkol{ hlxmyìxgo{ g eg{hlxmyìxgo{& miuäj*{g elem{ egugyjoblbug{

~lyl l kyoláëm eg g{uyluïaol{ eg kmb{uywáëm el ojlagj el myalbotláëm& ~mo{& kmbhmyjg

Lfjgoel #9>>3/& egxg*{g {gj~yg kcljly l lugbáëm ~lyl m{ ~mbum{ hmyug{ el kmy~myláëm&

gxoulbem l gsoioáëm eg {gw{ ~mbum{ hylkm{ g bgaluoxm{"

Miugbem*{g l jïeol em kmbugôem el jgb{lagj& ï ~m{{êxgf xgyohokly |wlo{ dmyblo{ {ëm

hlxmyìxgo{ mw bëm î gj~yg{l"

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Dmyblo{ HlxmyliofoelegJïeol

M G{ulem eg [ëm ^lwfm 9&7

EKO ;

Eoìyom em Lám ;

Cmdg gj Eol ;

[w~gy Bmuêkol ;

M Ugj~m ;&91919191;

Hmfcl eg [ëm ^lwfm ;&7

G{ulem eg Jobl{ ;&71<59371<

Eoìyom em Kmjïykom ;&888888881

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Iyl{of Gkmbõjokm 5

Xlfmy Gkmbõjokm 7

Jïeol umulf ;&7585;35<

Uligfl <<4 Hlxmyliofoeleg Jïeol em{ Dmyblo{

Bg{{g {gbuoem& ~meg*{g& kmbhmyjg ~ym~m{um ~my Iwgbm #9>>7/& lweouly kmb{ulbugjgbug m{

dmyblo{& eg jmem l oegbuohokly uyìhokm{ eg obhfwäbkol& {miyguwem m{ |wg ~megj hlxmygkgy m{

kmbkmyygbug{& lfïj eg kyoly g{uyluïaol{ g{~gkêhokl{ ~lyl m{ xgêkwfm{" O{{m ~my|wg& lm l~yg{gbuly

ayìhokm{ g uligfl{ em{ yg{wfulem{ #uligfl << g ayìhokm 8/& l Lbìfo{g eg Kmyyg{~mbeäbkol ~gyjoug

|wg m{ ~ymho{{omblo{ eg kmjwbokláëm wuofotgj l ~g{|wo{l kmjm {wi{êeom ~lyl m{ {gw{

~ymayljl{ eg kmjwbokláëm& kmbhmyjg ~ym~m{um ~my @wb{kc #9>>;/"

Ayìhokm 84 Hlxmyliofoeleg Jïeol em{ Dmyblo{ #<* jwoum eg{hlxmyìxgf& 9*eg{hlxmyìxgf& ;* bgwuyl& 5*hlxmyìxgf g 7 * jwoumhlxmyìxgf/

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Kl{m l gj~yg{l obkfwl& gj {gw ‖ygfluûyom eg lbìfo{g eg jêeol‚& l jgumemfmaol ~ym~m{ul bg{ug

g{uwem& {gyì ~m{{êxgf miugy wj ob{uywjgbum jlo{ ghoklt ~lyl jgeoy m eg{gj~gbcm em uylilfcm

em{ l{{g{{myg{" Luylxï{ eg ~g{|wo{l{& _lbltg gu lf #9><>/ kcgalylj î kmbkfw{ëm eg |wg

aylbeg ~lyug em{ ag{umyg{ eg kmjwbokláëm lobel lkygeoul |wg ï oj~m{{êxgf ~ygxgy mw jgb{wyly

m{ yg{wfulem{ myowbem{ eg {wl{ g{uyluïaol{ eg kmjwbokláëm" L lbìfo{g eg kmyyg{~mbeäbkol

jm{uyl |wg g{ug ~gb{ljgbum ï g|woxmklem" Fm~g{ #9>>7/ lhoyjl |wg l jgb{wyláëm eg

yg{wfulem{ gjobgbugjgbug |wlfouluoxm{& kmjm {ëm m{ kl{m{ el yg~wuláëm g ojlagj

kmy~myluoxl{& ugj {g jm{uylem wj eg{lhom gbmyjg lm{ ~ymho{{omblo{ eg kmjwbokláëm& lobel

jlo{ |wlbem {g kmb{oegyl |wg l ìygl ~yg{{w~÷g yg{wfulem{ eg jïeom g fmbam ~yltm{" Bg{{g

{gbuoem& l jgumemfmaol ~ym~m{ul bg{ug g{uwem l~yg{gbul*{g kmjm {mfwáëm l g{ug eg{lhom"



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KMBKFW[ËM

G{ug uylilfcm kmyymimyl ulbum l oj~myuébkol el yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl& |wlbum î bgkg{{oeleg eg

{g jgeoy m eg{gj~gbcm el{ obokoluoxl{ eg kmjwbokláëm mw& jlo{ g{~gkohokljgbug& em uylilfcm

el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l" ^meg*{g kmbkfwoy |wg l yg~wuláëm ï wj aylbeg kyïeoum eg kmbholbál

le|woyoem ~my wjl gj~yg{l" Ï wjl xlbulagj kmj~guouoxl |wg ~gyjoug eohgygbkoláëm gj

ygfláëm î kmbkmyyäbkol& {gbem kmb{oegylel kmjm wj em{ luoxm{ obulbaêxgo{ |wg lhgul

eoyguljgbug m xlfmy eg wjl myalbotláëm" [g wjl gj~yg{l ugj yg~wuláëm hmyug& ugyì jlo{

hlkofoeleg ~lyl luyloy obxg{uoemyg{ g {gyì jlo{ hìkof luyloy g ygugy m{ kfogbug{" Lm jg{jm ugj~m&

m{ {ul`gcmfegy{ gsugybm{ ugyëm jlo{ kmbholbál bm |wg l gj~yg{l eot ewylbug wjl kyo{g& ~my

gsgj~fm& ~my|wg lkclj |wg l myalbotláëm g{uì hlflbem l xgyeleg" Bm gbulbum& {g l gj~yg{lugj yg~wuláëm ywoj& m{ ~ôifokm{ eg obugyg{{g ugyëm eg{kmbholbál g hlyëm eoxgy{l{ ~gyawbul{& m

|wg yg{wfulyì gj ~wifokoeleg eg{hlxmyìxgf"

Kmbhmyjg limyelem bm kl~êuwfm 9& l kgbuojguylagj& ~yobko~lf jmegfm wuofotlem ~gfl Kgjoa

~lyl ~ymxly m ygumybm em obxg{uojgbum gj l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l& ï wj jïumem obghoklt& |wg

kmbuyoiwo ~lyl l eg{xlfmyotláëm em uylilfcm el l{{g{{myol& ~mo{ bëm eohgyg l bmuêkol& |wg hmo

xlfoelel ~my kyouïyom{ dmyblfê{uokm{& eg wj lbôbkom ~wifokouìyom" L{{oj& kmjm ~ym~m{oáëm egjïumem {wi{uouwuoxm î kgbuojguylagj& l jgumemfmaol eg lbìfo{g eg kmyyg{~mbeäbkol jm{uymw*

{g ûuojl hgyyljgbul ~lyl xo{wlfotly m{ yg{wfulem{ em uylilfcm el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l eg

lkmyem kmj m aylw eg hlxmyliofoeleg g m aylw eg oj~myuébkol em{ jgom{"

Lm l~yg{gbuly m{ yg{wfulem{ eg{ug g{uwem ~lyl l l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l el Kgjoa& m lblfo{ul

eg kmjwbokláëm Dmblul{ Lbeyleg lhoyjmw |wg l{ kmbkfw{÷g{ el jgumemfmaol ~ym~m{ul

kmobkoegj kmj l{ ~gykg~á÷g{& bm {gb{m kmjwj& el g|wo~g eg l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l {miyg lkmigyuwyl el Kgjoa bl jêeol" Lfïj eo{{m& ï oj~myulbug l~mbuly |wg l l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l

kmbhoyjmw |wg l gj~yg{l lobel bëm ugj l uyleoáëm eg l~yg{gbuly obhmyjlá÷g{ {miyg l ag{uëm

em {gw YC ~lyl m jgyklem& kmj~ymxlbem |wg l jgumemfmaol l~yg{gbumw yg{wfulem{ |wg

kmyyg{~mbegj î yglfoeleg el myalbotláëm"

Luylxï{ el jgumemfmaol& ï ~m{{êxgf kyoly jgul{ eg eg{gj~gbcm ~lyl l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l g

uylb{hmyjly l lbìfo{g eg kmyyg{~mbeäbkol gj wj obeoklemy" Lm hltgy wjl lbìfo{g co{uûyokl em{

yg{wfulem{& l ~lyuoy el oegbuohokláëm em{ jmxojgbum{ em{ ugjl{ g xgêkwfm{ bm{ |wleylbug{& ï

~m{{êxgf lxlfoly eg hmyjl jlo{ ghguoxl l ~gyhmyjlbkg el g|wo~g eg dmyblfo{ul{ el l{{g{{myol"



89

Lfïj eo{{m& kmj l l~fokláëm em{ luyoiwum{ Yg~Uylk` & ~ym~m{ul eg hmyjl obmxlemyl ~my g{ug

g{uwem& ~ym~÷g*{g |wg l gj~yg{l obkfwl l lbìfo{g eg kmyyg{~mbeäbkol gj {gw ‖ygfluûyom eg

lbìfo{g eg jêeol‚& xo{lbem l kmb{uywáëm g l {w{ugbuláëm el yg~wuláëm kmy~myluoxl el Kgjoa"

L lbìfo{g eg kmyyg{~mbeäbkol uljiïj l~yg{gbumw eg hmyjl kflyl l hlxmyliofoeleg em{ dmyblo{

gj ygfláëm î myalbotláëm& {gbem ~m{{êxgf& l ~lyuoy em{ yg{wfulem{& uylály g{uyluïaol{ ~lyl

jgfcmyol eg ygflkombljgbum gbuyg l gj~yg{l g m{ dmyblo{ kmj limyelagb{ jgbm{ ~m{ouoxl{&

kmjm l gflimyláëm eg ~yg{{ òu{ mw gxgbum{ g{~gkolo{ ~lyl m{ dmyblfo{ul{ eg{{g{ xgêkwfm{" Ï

oj~myulbug yg{{lfuly |wg l Kgjoa bëm hmo koulel ~my bgbcwjl ygxo{ul bm ~gyêmem el ljm{uyl&

ygxgflbem l bgkg{{oeleg el gj~yg{l gj {g l~ymsojly eg{ug uo~m eg xgêkwfm" ^lyl hwuwym{

g{uwem{ lkleäjokm{& {gyol obugyg{{lbug ~g{|wo{ly eg |wg hmyjl m g{~lám ~wifokouìyom le|woyoem~gfl Kgjoa& |wg ï wjl el{ ~yobko~lo{ lbwbkolbug{ gj Jobl{ Agylo{& lhgul mw bëm l

hlxmyliofoeleg em{ dmyblo{ gj ygfláëm î gj~yg{l"

Kcgamw*{g î kmbkfw{ëm eg |wg l l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l egxg hwbkombly uljiïj kmjm {gumy eg

eolabû{uokm el ag{uëm gj~yg{lyolf" [g& ~my gsgj~fm& jluïyol{ {miyg gs~fm{÷g{ bl ygeg

{wiugyyébgl {ëm ~wifoklel{& gj ~gyêmem{ eo{uobum{& ~gfl jêeol& {oabohokl |wg ygkwy{m{ egxgj

{gy wuofotlem{ kmj wyaäbkol ~lyl l jlbwugbáëm eg{{l{ ygeg{" Mw {gdl& l jgumemfmaol jm{uyl|wg l{~gkum{ egxgj ygkgigy ~yomyoeleg el gj~yg{l ~lyl hmyulfgkgy {wl yg~wuláëm dwbum î

oj~ygb{l g |wlo{ {ëm l|wgfg{ |wg l~yg{gbulj m~myuwboeleg{ eg láëm" Bm kl{m em luyoiwum

obmxláëm& ~my gsgj~fm& {g m{ aylbeg{ xgêkwfm{ bëm limyelj l obmxláëm bl Kgjoa& l

yg{~mb{liofoeleg {gyol el l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l mw {oabohokl |wg l gj~yg{l ugj obxg{uoem

~mwkm bg{ug luyoiwum= [g l l{{g{{myol kcgaly î kmbkfw{ëm eg |wg l gj~yg{l ï obmxlemyl& ~my

|wlf jmuoxm m{ dmyblo{ jlo{ oj~myulbug{ bëm limyelj g{ug hlum= [g l{ obokoluoxl{ el gj~yg{l

{ëm obmxlemyl{& gfl{ bëm lhgulj l {mkogeleg eg hmyjl {oabohokluoxl ~lyl {gygj ~wifoklel{=^my jgom el eo{kw{{ëm em{ yg{wfulem{ el jgumemfmaol& l l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l ~l{{l l

jm{uyly |wg bëm g{uì ~ygmkw~lel {mjgbug kmj {gw{ yg{wfulem{& jl{ kmj l myalbotláëm kmjm

wj umem"

Kmjm l kmjwbokláëm bëm ï wjl koäbkol gslul& ï oj~myulbug lhoyjly |wg m ~l~gf el

jgb{wyláëm ï ygewtoy obkgyugtl{ g yo{km{& g bëm lkgyuly wjl ~ymdgáëm gslul #<>> ' l{{gyuoxl/"

G{~gyl*{g |wg l jgumemfmaol ~ym~m{ul ~my g{ug g{uwem ldweg m{ ag{umyg{ eg kmjwbokláëm l

umjlygj egko{÷g{ eg hmyjl bëm lyiouyìyol g kmj l jgbmy {widguoxoeleg ~m{{êxgf" Eolbug em

gs~m{um& g{~gyl*{g uljiïj |wg g{ug uylilfcm ugbcl kmbuyoiwêem bëm {û ~lyl l eo{kw{{ëm {miyg l



8;

jgb{wyláëm eg yg{wfulem{ el{ l{{g{{myol{ eg oj~ygb{l& jl{& {miyguwem& ~lyl m obkgbuoxm l

mwuyl{ jgumemfmaol{ |wg xlfmyotgj l hwbáëm em ~ymho{{omblf eg Kmjwbokláëm Kmy~myluoxl"



85

YGHGYÄBKOL[ IOIFOMAYÌHOKL[

LL@GY& Elxoe" Kyolbem g Lejobo{uylbem Jlykl{ eg [wkg{{m" Uylewáëm eg GewlyemFl{{gyyg" [ëm ^lwfm4 Hwuwyl& <??8"

LFJGOEL& Lbl" L obhfwäbkol el oegbuoeleg ~ymdgulel bl yg~wuláëm myalbotlkomblf4Wboxgy{oeleg Hgegylf eg Jobl{ Agylo{" 9>>7" Ug{g #Emwumylem/ ‛ Kgbuym eg ^û{ Aylewláëm g^g{|wo{l gj Lejobo{uyláëm el Hlkwfeleg eg Koäbkol{ Gkmbõjokl{" Igfm Cmyotmbug"

]]]]]]]]]]& Lbl" L Kmb{uywáëm eg [gbuoem{ [miyg ‖\wgj [mjm{‚ g ‖Kmjm [mjm{ Xo{um{‚"Ob4 JLYKCOMYO& Jlyfgbg #mya"/" Hlkg{ el Kwfuwyl g el Kmjwbokláëm Myalbotlkomblf" 9 ge"[ëm ^lwfm4 Eohw{ëm& 9>>3"

LJLYLF& Fwot" L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l bm{ G{ulem{ Wboem{" Ob4 EWLYUG & Dmyag

#mya/" L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l g Ygflkombljgbum kmj l Jêeol" [ëm ^lwfm& Lufl{& 9>>;"

LYAGBUO& ^lwf L" Kmjwbokláëm gj~yg{lyolf4 l kmb{uywáëm el oegbuoeleg& ojlagj gyg~wuláëm" Yom eg Dlbgoym4 Klj~w{& 9>>8"

ILFEO[[GYL& Yweojly" Kmjwbokláëm Myalbotlkomblf4 m uygobljgbum eg ygkwy{m{ cwjlbm{kmjm youm eg ~l{{lagj" Bmxm Cljiwyam4 Geoumyl Wbo{obm{& <???

IYLBEËM& Gfotliguc" KLYXLFCM& Iywbm" Ojlagj Kmy~myluoxl4 Jly`guoba el Ofw{ëm" Ob4EWLYUG& Dmyag #mya/" L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l g ygflkombljgbum kmj l jêeol" 9 ge" [ëm^lwfm4 Lufl{& 9>>9"

IWGBM& Qof{mb" L ^gy{mblfotláëm em{ Kmbulum{ kmj l Jêeol g l Kmb{uywáëm el Ojlagj el{Myalbotlá÷g{" Myalbokmj" [ëm ^lwfm& lbm 9& b"9& ~"<>*91& <´ {gj"9>>7

]]]]]]]]& Qof{mb K" Kmjwbokláëm Gj~yg{lyolf4 ugmyol g ~g{|wo{l" [ëm ^lwfm4 Jlbmfg& 9>>;"

]]]]]]]]& Qof{mb el Km{ul" Jgeobem m ygumybm em uylilfcm eg l{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l" Ob4EWLYUG& Dmyag #mya/" L{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l g ygflkombljgbum kmj l jêeol" 9¤ ge" [ëm ^lwfm4Lufl{& 9>>8& ~" ;3?*5>>"

KLJLYAM[& Jlwyêkom" M Kmjwboklemy ^ôifokm gbuyg m Jly g m Ymkcgem" Ob MFOXGOYL&Jlyol #mya"/4 ^gykg~á÷g{ [mkolo{ gbuyg l ^wifokoeleg eg Gbuoeleg{ ^ôifokl{"Kmjwbokláëm^ôifokl" Klj~obl{4 Lfêbgl& 9>>5"

KL[UGFF[& Jlbwgf" L [mkogeleg gj Ygeg" Uylewáëm eg Ymbgoeg Jldgy" 5"ge" [ëm ^lwfm4^lt g Ugyyl& 9>>>

KCL^LYYM& Jlbwgf" Kgj lbm{ eg l{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l" Ob4 EWLYUG& Dmyag #mya/" L{{g{{myol eg oj~ygb{l g ygflkombljgbum kmj l jêeol" 9" ge" [ëm ^lwfm4 Lufl{& 9>>;"

KCOLXGBLUM& Oelfigyum" Lejobo{uyláëm bm{ bmxm{ ugj~m{" Yom eg Dlbgoym4 Gf{gxogy& 9><>"



87

KM[UL& Dmëm" Amxgybm{4 gjo{{myg{ hwbeljgbulo{ el KO^" Ob4 KM[UL& Dmëm #mya/"Kmjwbokláëm eg Obugyg{{g ^ôifokm4 oegol{ |wg jmxgj ~g{{ml{ g hltgj wj jwbem jgfcmy"[ëm ^lwfm4 Dlimuoklil& 9>>8"

EOL[& Ygoblfem" [mkomfmaol el{ myalbotlá÷g{" [ëm ^lwfm4 Lufl{& 9>>3"

EMJGBGACGUO& Elbogf" JGOGY& Ymigyum" Luoxm{ Obulbaêxgo{4 kmjm {loy em eg{gyumkmj~guouoxm em{ jgyklem{ g gbkmbuyly wj mì{o{ eg xlfmy g yg{wfulem{" 3"ge" Yom eg Dlbgoym4^ygbuokg*Clff em Iyl{of& 9>>5"

HOFCM AOLKMJOBO& Aobm" ^gykg~á÷g{ [mkolo{ gbuyg l ^wifokoeleg eg Gbuoeleg{ ^ôifokl{"Ob4 Mfoxgoyl& Jlyol #mya/" Kmjwbokláëm ̂ ôifokl" Klj~obl{4 Lfêbgl& 9>>5"

ALFGYLBO& Aofkglbl" M Eg{lhom el Lxlfoláëm eg Yg{wfulem{ gj KmjwbokláëmMyalbotlkomblf" Myalbokmj" [ëm ^lwfm& lbm 9& b"9& ~"<51*<87& <´ {gj"9>>7"

CLIGYJL[& Dwyagb" Jwelbál g{uywuwylf el g{hgyl ~ôifokl" Yom eg Dlbgoym4 Ugj~mIyl{ofgoym& <?35"

CLFF& Yokclye C"" Myalbotlá÷g{4 g{uywuwyl& ~ymkg{{m{ g yg{wfulem{" 3" ge" Yom eg Dlbgoym4^ygbuokg*Clff em Iyl{of& 9>>5"

OBCLGT& Dmëm" Jo{{ëm& Xo{ëm& ^mfêuokl g Xlfmyg{" Ob4 JLYKCOMYO& Jlyfgbg #mya/" Hlkg{ elKwfuwyl g el Kmjwbokláëm Myalbotlkomblf" 9 ge" [ëm ^lwfm4 Eohw{ëm& 9>>3"

@GUUF& Emblfe" L Ygxmfwáëm Afmilf4 yghmyjl el lejobo{uyláëm em {gumy ~ôifokm" Ob4^GYGOYL& Fwot" Yghmyjl em G{ulem g Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl Agygbkolf" [ëm ^lwfm4Hwbeláëm Aguôfom Xlyal{& 9>>7"

@WB[KC& Jlyalyoel" ^flbgdljgbum g{uyluïaokm ~lyl l gskgfäbkol el kmjwbokláëm" Ob4@WB[KC& Jlyalyoel #mya/" Miugbem Yg{wfulem{ kmj Ygflá÷g{ ^ôifokl{" 9" ge" [ëm ^lwfm4ômbgoyl Ucmj{mb Fglyboba& 9>>8"

FOBEGBJLBB& Qlfugy @" Awoegfobg hmy jgl{wyoba ucg ghhgkuoxgbg{{ mh ^Y ~ymaylj{ lbelkuoxouog{" Ob{uouwug hmy ^wifok Ygfluomb{& 9>>;" 6Eo{~mbêxgf gjcuu~4--qqq"ob{uouwughmy~y"mya-q~*kmbugbu-w~fmle{-9>>9]Jgl{wyoba^ymaylj{"~eh2 Lkg{{m gj

<< {gu 9><<"FM^G[& Xlfïyol" M Ygflá÷g{ ^ôifokl{ kmjm Ag{umy el Ojlagj g l Oj~myuébkol elJgb{wyláëm em{ Yg{wfulem{ gj Kmjwbokláëm Kmy~myluoxl" Myalbokmj" [ëm ^lwfm& lbm 9& b"9&~"19*?7& <´ {gj"9>>7"

FWKL[& Fwkolbg" Kmjwbokláëm Gj~yg{lyolf g Agygbkoljgbum eg Kyo{g" Ob4 FWKL[& Fwkolbg"Kmj Kygeoiofoeleg Bëm {g Iyobkl4 l oegbuoeleg kmy~myluoxl kmjm eohgygbkolf bm{ bgaûkom{" [ëm ^lwfm4 [wjjw{ Geoumyolf& 9>>5"

FWEQOA& Fol" Lxlfoláëm eg Yg{wfulem{4 m eg{lhom el{ laäbkol{ eg kmjwbokláëm" Myalbokmj"

[ëm ^lwfm& lbm 9& b"9& ~"<81*<3<& <´ {gj"9>>7"

JLEGOYL& Dm{ï" Lejobo{uyláëm ^ôifokl" <> ge" [ëm ^lwfm4 Klj~w{& 9><>"



88

JLYOKLUM& Leyolbm" Co{uûyol g Jgjûyol Ob4 JLYKCOMYO& Jlyfgbg" Hlkg{ el Kwfuwyl gel Kmjwbokláëm Myalbotlkomblf" 9 ge" [ëm ^lwfm4 Eohw{ëm& 9>>3"

JLUM[& Cgfmotl" Ygflá÷g{ kmj l Jêeol" Ob4 @WB[KC& Jlyalyoel #mya/" Miugbem

Yg{wfulem{ kmj Ygflá÷g{ ^ôifokl{" 9" ge" [ëm ^lwfm4 ômbgoyl Ucmj{mb Fglyboba& 9>>8"

JGFFM& Kgf{m" Kwy{m eg Eoygoum Lejobo{uyluoxm" 95 ge" [ëm ^lwfm4 Jlfcgoym{ Geoumyg{&9>>1"

JMBUGOYM& Aylál Hylbál" L Bmuêkol Ob{uouwkomblf" Ob4 Ewlyug& Dmyag #mya/" L{{g{{myol egoj~ygb{l g ygflkombljgbum kmj l jêeol" 9 ge" [ëm ^lwfm4 Lufl{& 9>>9"

BL[[LY& ^lwfm" L Kmjwbokláëm kmjm Xlfmy G{uyluïaokm" Ob4 JLYKCOMYO& Jlyfgbg" Hlkg{el Kwfuwyl g el Kmjwbokláëm Myalbotlkomblf" 9 ge" [ëm ^lwfm4 Eohw{ëm& 9>>3"

]]]]]]]]]& ^lwfm" Foigyeleg ~lyl m Bgu*Dmyblfo{jm& Ugyyl Jlaltobg& << egt 9><>"Eo{~mbêxgf gj46cuu~4--ugyyljlaltobg"ugyyl"kmj"iy-obugybl->&&MO53;1353*GO8138&>>*

foigyeleg+~lyl+m+ Bgu Dmyblfo{jm"cujf2

]]]]]]]]]& ^lwfm" Uwem ï kmjwbokláëm" [ëm ^lwfm4 Fltwfo& 9>>8

^GUGY[& U" QLUGYJLB& Y" Bl {gbel el gskgfäbkol" Fo{iml4 ^wifoklá÷g{ E" \wosmug&<?31"

[FMJ[@O& Xlfjm0 JGFFM& Aofjly0 ULXLYG[ HOFCM& Hylbko{km0 JLKGEM& Hliyokom"Amxgyblbál Kmy~myluoxl g Amxgyblbál bl Ag{uëm ^ôifokl" [ëm ^lwfm4 Lufl{& 9>>3"

[YMWY& Ymigyu" ^megy& Kwfuwyl g Ïuokl bl{ Myalbotlá÷g{4 m eg{lhom el{ hmyjl{ eg ag{uëm" 9ge" Yom eg Dlbgoym4 Gf{gxogy& 9>>7

UMY\WLUM& Alweäbkom" Uylulem eg Kmjwbokláëm Myalbotlkomblf g ^mfêuokl" [ëm ^lwfm4ômbgoyl Ucmj{mb Fglyboba& 9>>9"

]]]]]]]]]]]& Alweäbkom" Kmjwbokláëm Gj~yg{lyolf-Kmjwbokláëm Ob{uouwkomblf4 kmbkgoum{&

g{uyluïaol{& {o{ugjl{& g{uywuwyl& ~flbgdljgbum g uïkbokl{" 7"ge" [ëm ^lwfm" [wjjw{& <?38"WUKCOUGF& Ygblul" M Kfo~~oba kmjm Hgyyljgbul G{uyluïaokl el L{{g{{myol eg Oj~ygb{l" Ob4FWKL[& Fwkogbg #mya/" Kmj Kygeoiofoeleg bëm {g iyobkl4 l oegbuoeleg kmy~myluoxl kmjmeohgygbkolf bm{ bgaûkom{" [ëm ^lwfm4 [wjjw{ Geoumyolf& 9>>5"

_LBLTG Jou{wyw0 [GBO[G Eogam0 HYGOYG Muìxom4 Ygumybm eg Obxg{uojgbum{ gj

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MENSURAÇÃO DE RESULTADOS EM ASSESSORIAS DE IMPRENSA: uma proposta metodológica