O FUTEBOL ENTRE O PASSADO E O PRESENTE

8/4/2019 O FUTEBOL ENTRE O PASSADO E O PRESENTE

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Jgsmj Hgmg \iadg

I C_ZOLIF OBZ\O I PGQQGJI O I P\OQOBZO

gbçfmqo jgq a|úbmagq jo G|hgbji Bikuom|g wugbzi à kfi|mcmagëái gi cuzolif ji pgqqgji

Lofi Di|m~ibzo

Aobz|i _bmso|qmzç|mi jo Lofi Di|m~ibzo $_BM(LD-

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Jgsmj Hgmg \iadg

PGQQGJI O I P\OQOBZO

gbçfmqo jgq a|úbmagq jo G|hgbji Bikuom|g wugbzi à kfi|mcmagëái gi cuzolifji pgqqgji

Hibik|gcmg gp|oqobzgjg gi Aobz|i _bmso|qmzç|mi jo LofiDi|m~ibzo $_BM(LD- aihi |owumqmzi pg|amgf à ilzobëái jizèzufi jo lgadg|of oh Aihubmagëái Qiamgf& aih dglmfmzgëáiNi|bgfmqhi"

I|mobzgji|g> A|mqzmbg Fomzo

Lofi Di|m~ibzo

Aobz|i _bmso|qmzç|mi jo Lofi Di|m~ibzo $_BM(LD-

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‖Qo Pofí bái ciqqo kobzo zmbdg bgqamji lifg‘ $G\HGBJI

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7 MBZ\IJ_ËÁI"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?

< I C_ZOLIF BI L\GQMF O I NI\BGFMQHI OQPI\ZMSI"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""04<"7 I qu|kmhobzi ji oqpi|zo bi L|gqmf"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""04<"< I cuzolif aihi ag|gazo|èqzmag mjobzmzç|mg ji L|gqmf"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7:

<"1 I ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi bi L|gqmf"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7;

1 G A|úbmag Oqpi|zmsg bi L|gqmf"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""<:1"7 P|mbampgmq |op|oqobzgbzo jg a|úbmag oqpi|zmsg bi L|gqmf"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""<:

1"< Biqzgfkmg bg a|úbmag oqpi|zmsg l|gqmfom|g"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""<;

1"1 Iq p|mhom|iq a|gwuoq ji L|gqmf"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""<4

1": G a|úbmag aihi kîbo|i ni|bgfèqzmai"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""17

: GBÇFMQO JGQ A\ÚBMAGQ JO G\HGBJI BIK_OM\G"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11

:"7 Hozijifikmg jo poqwumqg"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11

:"< Gbçfmqo jgq a|úbmagq"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1:

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MBZ\IJ_ËÁI

G hgbom|g aihi i cuzolif zoh qmji |op|oqobzgji bi ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi l|gqmfom|i í i

zohg jg p|oqobzo hibik|gcmg" Pg|g zgbzi& i oqzuji pg|zmu jg aibqzgzgëái jo wuo gq

|oco|îbamgq gi pgqqgji qái |oai||obzoq wugbji i cuzolif í ilnozi jo zotziq ni|bgfèqzmaiq&

pg|zmaufg|hobzo gq a|úbmagq oqpi|zmsgq" Gqqmh& luqaiu(qo so|mcmag| i z|gzghobzi

biqzçfkmai jgji gi oqpi|zo pofi ni|bgfmqzg G|hgbji Bikuom|g& otpiobzo l|gqmfom|i boqqg

ç|og& bgq a|úbmagq pulfmagjgq oh qou fms|i G Kmbkg o i Niki $<001-& uhg aifozìbog jo

zotziq oqa|mziq gi fibki jo qug ag||om|g"

Aibci|ho l|osohobzo otpiqzi& pijohiq so|mcmag| bi ni|bgfmqhi jojmagji gi cuzolif

uhg ag|gazo|èqzmag hg|agbzo o wuo i gaihpgbdg joqjo iq p|mhñ|jmiq bi L|gqmf> g

biqzgfkmg" Bái í jmcèamf obaibz|g| uh ni|bgfmqzg aihobzgbji bg zofosmqái& ipmbgbji bi



3

|çjmi iu oqa|osobji biq ni|bgmq o |osmqzgq qil|o g qupo|mi|mjgjo ji cuzolif p|gzmagji bi

pgqqgji oh |ofgëái gi p|oqobzo hihobzi"

Ga|ojmzghiq wuo oqzg poqwumqg piqqum |ofosìbamg pg|g i aghpi jg Aihubmagëái Qiamgf

o pg|g g p|çzmag ji ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi& uhg so~ wuo& gi so|mcmag| gq |op|oqobzgëÿoq ji

cuzolif bgq a|úbmagq oqaifdmjgq& ilzo|ohiq mbjèamiq qil|o g osifuëái qiamgf joqqo

oqpi|zo& |ogcm|hgbji g mhpi|zìbamg ji ni|bgfmqhi aihi |oco|îbamg pg|g i

gaihpgbdghobzi o aihp|oobqái jgq hujgbëgq qiamgmq ko|gmq" Pijohiq fohl|g|

zghlíh wuo& jgjg g mhpi|zìbamg ji cuzolif bg qiamojgjo l|gqmfom|g& gq poqwumqgq fmkgjgq

gi ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi zi|bgh(qo mhpi|zgbzoq& nç wuo oqqg oqpoamgfmjgjo ni|bgfèqzmag

|op|oqobzg uh aghpi jo z|glgfdi otz|ohghobzo ghpfi pg|g iq p|icmqqmibgmq jo

aihubmagëái"

Humziq jm~oh wuo i L|gqmf í i pgèq ji cuzolif iu wuo iq hofdi|oq nikgji|oq qgè|gh

jgwum" Bái dç aihi qopg|g| i cuzolif jg mhgkoh ji pisi l|gqmfom|i" Aih ao|zo~g& gq

ambai aibwumqzgq jg Aipg ji Hubji& aibz|mluè|gh pg|g aibqifmjg| hubjmgfhobzo oqqg

mhgkoh" I oqpgëi jgji à ailo|zu|g ni|bgfèqzmag ji cuzolif gcm|hg oqqg mhpi|zìbamg"

Jobz|i jg ailo|zu|g ni|bgfèqzmag oqpi|zmsg& i p|icmqqmibgf jo aihubmagëái zoh g

piqqmlmfmjgjo jo z|glgfdg| aih uh zotzi hgmq ipmbgzmsi o fmzo|ç|mi& p|mbampgfhobzo

gz|gsíq jg a|úbmag" G oqaifdg jo G|hgbji Bikuom|g qo jou pofi cgzi jofo zo| qmji uh

jiq p|mhom|iq a|ibmqzgq oqpi|zmsiq ji pgèq o qo| |oaibdoamjghobzo uhg |oco|îbamg bg

a|úbmag oqpi|zmsg bgamibgf"

Jg Aipg ji Hubji jo 7=?0 gi qou þfzmhi hubjmgf aihi a|ibmqzg oqpi|zmsi& oh <00<&

G|hgbji Bikuom|g zoqzohubdiu gq k|gbjoq aibwumqzgq o joaopëÿoq ji cuzolif l|gqmfom|i" Aihi i ilnozmsi ji z|glgfdi cim so|mcmag| gq |oco|îbamgq gi cuzolif l|gqmfom|i

ji pgqqgji& i a|mzí|mi pg|g qofoëái jgq a|úbmagq cim mbzobamibgf& p|msmfokmgbji iq zotziq

jgq jíagjgq jo 7==0 o <000& pi| cgfg|oh ji cuzolif hgmq gzugf& oh aihpg|gëái àwuofo

jiq p|mhom|iq zohpiq"

Oh uhg ilqo|sgëái ohpè|mag p|ofmhmbg| pujohiq ilqo|sg| bg mhp|obqg oqpi|zmsg

l|gqmfom|g& oh zijiq iq zohpiq& g ohmqqái jo nuè~iq jo sgfi| o jo nufkghobzi ji cuzolifgzugf g pg|zm| jgq |oco|îbamgq gi pgqqgji& mjobzmcmagji aihi ‖cuzolif(g|zo‘" Iuz|i èaibo



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jg a|úbmag oqpi|zmsg ji pgèq& Bofqib \ij|mkuoq& humzgq so~oq a|mzmaiu ni|bgfmqzgq

oqpi|zmsiq& aihobzg|mqzgq o gzí hoqhi zi|aoji|oq pi| otgfzg|oh i cuzolif ji pgqqgji"

I qgujiqmqhi jgwuofo cuzolif aibqmjo|gji g|zo kobuèbg o wuo zo|mg oho|kmji jg hmqzu|g

jo uh pisi qmhpfoq o gfok|o í& |opozmjghobzo& gzmsgji o |obisgji oh biqqg hohñ|mg" I

l|gqmfom|i wuo| qohp|o uh bisi Pofí iu obzái uhg qofoëái zái aihpozmzmsg o jihmbgbzo

aihi g jo 7=;0"

I p|oqobzo o i pgqqgji ji cuzolif aiotmqzoh bgq bg||gzmsgq wuo aibqz|ioh g hmzifikmg

joqzo oqpi|zo& p|mbampgfhobzo bi L|gqmf" Iq ni|bgfmqzgq o zi|aoji|oq l|gqmfom|iq

aiqzuhgh |ofohl|g| o aihpg|g| iq comziq ji pgqqgji jo zmhoq o nikgji|oq& aihi pi|

otohpfi& g Qofoëái jo 7=;0& i Qgbziq jo Pofí& i Lizgciki jo Kg||mbadg& i Cfghobki jo

^mai& i hmfíqmhi kif jo Pofí oza" O humzgq so~oq amzgh oqqoq otohpfiq pg|g cgfg| ojoqa|oso| i cuzolif ji p|oqobzo"

Iq a|gwuoq jo 7=;0 o gfkubq nikgji|oq jo iuz|gq ko|gëÿoq qái gamibgjiq pofiq ni|bgmq

pg|g |oa|mg| g mhgkoh ji ‖cuzolif(g|zo‘" Gq mhgkobq somaufgjgq |ohozoh à kmbkg& à

mhp|ismqgëái o giq j|mlfoq& aihi uhg ci|hg zizgfhobzo pg|zmaufg| jo qo nikg| cuzolif"

Bái í jmcèamf obaibz|g| uhg a|úbmag iu uhg bizèamg wugfwuo| |oqqgfzgbji g wugfmjgjozíabmag jiq nikgji|oq ji pgqqgji" Bi |çjmi iu oh p|ik|ghg jg ZS oqqg wuoqzái

zghlíh í fosgbzgjg o iq aihobzg|mqzgq ilqo|sgh g jmco|obëg zíabmag obz|o i cuzolif ji

pgqqgji o i p|gzmagji bi p|oqobzo" Pg|g ofoq& i cuzolif ji pgqqgji í afçqqmai o aobz|gji

biq sgfi|oq mbjmsmjugmq& obwugbzi wuo i p|gzmagji bi p|oqobzo p|msmfokmg g ci|ëg cèqmag o

i aibnubzi5 i gbzmki ‖ghi| à aghmqg‘ zghlíh í aibz|gpiqzi giq mbzo|oqqoq cmbgbaom|iq o

à z|gbqci|hgëái ji cuzolif oh bokñami fua|gzmsi"

I p|mhom|i agpèzufi joqzo z|glgfdi aihp|oobjo i qu|kmhobzi ji cuzolif oh biqqi pgèq o

i qou joqobsifsmhobzi& gqqmh aihi g |ofosìbamg joqqo oqpi|zo o g qug mhpi|zìbamg bg

aufzu|g l|gqmfom|g" Oh cubëái joqqg |ofosìbamg& z|gzghiq bi qokubji agpèzufi jg

p|oqobëg ji cuzolif bi ni|bgfmqhi mhp|oqqi5 jgq i|mkobq ji qgujiqmqhi ji cuzolif bi

L|gqmf o jg a|mgëái jg hmzifikmg joqqo oqpi|zo bi pgèq& aih qouq p|mhom|iq a|gwuoq o

nomzi oqpoamgf jo nikg|" G qokum|& aibqmjo|ghiq oqpoamcmaghobzo g a|úbmag& wuo í uh

kîbo|i obz|o i ni|bgfmqhi o g fmzo|gzu|g& o qug so|zobzo oqpi|zmsg" Pi| cmh& bi zo|aom|i



4

agpèzufi& jojmaghi(biq à gbçfmqo jgq a|úbmagq jo G|hgbji Bikuom|g o qugq

|op|oqobzgëÿoq ji cuzolif l|gqmfom|i"

< I C_ZOLIF BI L\GQMF O I NI\BGFMQHI OQPI\ZMSI

<"7 I qu|kmhobzi ji oqpi|zo bi L|gqmf

Icmamgfhobzo& i cuzolif bi L|gqmf aihoëiu oh 74=:& wugbji gq p|mhom|gq jugq lifgq

adokg|gh gi pgèq pi| mbzo|híjmi jo Adg|foq Hmffo|& uh l|gqmfom|i wuo oqzujiu bg

Mbkfgzo||g& qokubji [mzzo| $7==3-" Aibzuji& i guzi| |oqqgfzg wuo dç mbci|hgëÿoq jo wuo&

gbzoq jmqqi& nç qo p|gzmagsg cuzolif bi pgèq" Iq p|mhom|iq nikiq zo|mgh qmji jmqpuzgjiq

biq fmzi|gmq jo Po|bghluai o jo Qgbziq& oh Qái Pgufi& pi| hg|mbdom|iq mbkfoqoq o pi|

l|gqmfom|iq |oqmjobzoq boqqoq fiagmq" Hgq qokubji i guzi|& oqqgq mbci|hgëÿoq qái jmcèaomq

jo qo|oh aihp|isgjgq"



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Aibci|ho I|maadmi $<003-& bi gbi qokumbzo cim |ogfm~gjg g p|mhom|g pg|zmjg icmamgfhobzo

|oaibdoamjg bi L|gqmf& bg Sç|~og ji Ag|hi& oh Qái Pgufi" Jo gai|ji aih gfkubq

dmqzi|mgji|oq& gqqmh bgqamg i cuzolif l|gqmfom|i" I guzi| ilqo|sg wuo nç qo p|gzmagsg

cuzolif bi L|gqmf wugbji Adg|foq Hmffo| sifziu jg Mbkfgzo||g z|g~obji i oqpi|zo"

I|maadmi ga|ojmzg wuo g mbz|ijuëái ji cuzolif bi pgèq í mhp|oamqg& uhg so~ wuo otmqzoh

mbþho|gq so|qÿoq& aihi g jg adokgjg bi \mi jo Ngbom|i jo hg|mbdom|iq mbkfoqoq aih

uhg lifg oh 74;<& iu ji p|mhom|i niki wuo zo|mg qmji jmqpuzgji oh Qái Pgufi& bi gbi

jo 74=:& buhg pg|zmjg |ogfm~gjg obz|o ipo|ç|miq" Hgq ofo |oqqgfzg wuo g so|qái hgmq

gaomzg í g wuo gz|mlum i qu|kmhobzi ji cuzolif bi L|gqmf g Adg|foq Hmffo|"

Mbmamgfhobzo& i oqpi|zo bi L|gqmf o|g p|gzmagji pi| cmfdiq jo cghèfmgq aih piqqoq& g ofmzo

oh ci|hgëái bi cmbgf ji qíaufi TMT o mbèami ji qíaufi TT& aibzg [mzzo| $7==3-" I

guzi| jm~ gmbjg wuo o|gh boaoqqç|miq |oau|qiq pg|g gjwum|m| gq aduzom|gq o jmsmjm| gq

joqpoqgq aih g aihp|g jo lifgq o jiq ubmci|hoq" O|g hgzo|mgf mhpi|zgji wuo bái

auqzgsg lg|gzi" Pi| mqqi& mbmamgfhobzo& o|g uh oqpi|zo p|gzmagji qihobzo pi| |gpg~oq

|maiq"

Qokubji Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001-& bi mbèami ji qíaufi TT& i oqpi|zo o|g p|gzmagji wugqo wuo&

otafuqmsghobzo& pi| cubamibç|miq jo cçl|magq mbkfoqgq oh qouq |oqpoazmsiq afuloq& wuo

aihpubdgh g ofmzo jg qiamojgjo ag|miag" Boqzo po|èiji& i cuzolif jmsmjmg gq gzobëÿoq

aih iuz|i oqpi|zo> i a|maeoz& zgbzi wuo jimq jiq p|mhom|iq afuloq ag|miagq zmbdgh oqqg

hijgfmjgjo oh qou biho" I Pgmqqgbju A|maeoz Aful o \mi A|maeoz gbj Gzdfozma

Gqqiamgzmib" Oqqoq jimq zmhoq& mbafuqmso& qñ gaomzgsgh mbkfoqoq o cmfdiq jo mbkfoqoq bgq

owumpoq" Pi|íh& i a|maeoz bái joqpo|zgsg i mbzo|oqqo jiq l|gqmfom|iq& gi aibz|ç|mi ji

cuzolif"

I Zdo Lgbku Gzdfozma Aful& gpoqg| jo qo| mbkfîq& cim i p|mhom|i afulo ag|miagq wuo gl|mu

gq pi|zgq pg|g iq l|gqmfom|iq& joqpo|zgbji qou cgqaèbmi pofi cuzolif& p|mbampgfhobzo biq

nisobq jg ofmzo hoz|ipifmzgbg wuo aibsmsmgh aih iq mbkfoqoq& aihi |ofgzg Hç|mi Cmfdi

$<001-"

Giq piuaiq i cuzolif cim qo pipufg|m~gbji o adokgbji àq aghgjgq hgmq pil|oq& gqqmh

aihi giq bok|iq& wuo jo|gh uhg bisg jmhobqái g oqzo oqpi|zo" Jo gai|ji aih [mzzo| $7==3-& i pþlfmai aihoëgsg g c|owöobzg| iq aghpiq ibjo o|gh jmqpuzgjgq gq pg|zmjgq&



70

zgbzi oh aibc|ibziq bgamibgmq wugbzi mbzo|bgamibgmq" Gqqmh& i oqpi|zo mg qo zi|bgbji

k|gjugfhobzo hgmq pipufg|" Aibzuji& bái aibzgsg aih g jmsufkgëái o g gaifdmjg jiq

oqpi|zoq aibqmjo|gjiq bil|oq" Hgq aihoëgsg g iaupg| uh oqpgëi mhpi|zgbzo bg smjg

oqpi|zmsg ji pgèq& pg|g bái hgmq aojî(fi g wugfwuo| iuz|g hijgfmjgjo oqpi|zmsg"

Aibqifmjgsg(qo& gbi g gbi& g pfgzímg o i bþho|i jo nikgji|oq guhobzgsg& gcm|hgbji g

mhpi|zìbamg ji cuzolif aihi |oa|ogëái o oqpi|zo"

Aih i mbzo|oqqo a|oqaobzo jiq l|gqmfom|iq pofi cuzolif& ci|gh qu|kmbji iq adghgjiq

k|gbjoq afuloq& qokubji Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001-" I guzi| gcm|hg wuo Cfuhmbobqo o

Lizgciki ci|gh iq p|mhom|iq o ci|gh cubjgjiq pi| cghèfmgq z|gjmamibgmq jg ofmzo

ag|miag" O& fiki bi mbèami& diuso g jmqzmbëái jiq zmhoq& pofg fiagfm~gëái jiq afuloq" Pi|

otohpfi& Cfuhmbobqo o Lizgciki o|gh aibqmjo|gjiq ‖k|gbjoq afuloq‘ pi| oqzg|oh

fiagfm~gjiq bg ~ibg quf ji \mi jo Ngbom|i o qo|oh c|owuobzgjiq pofgq cghèfmgq

z|gjmamibgmq" Pi| qug so~& i Lgbku cim aibqmjo|gji uh ‖afulo powuobi‘ pi| zo| g qojo

bg ~ibg bi|zo o zo| obz|o iq gqqiamgjiq g pipufgëái hgmq qmhpfoq jiq hi||iq"

Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001- joqzgag wuo iq adghgjiq zmhoq k|gbjoq fosgsgh i pþlfmai pg|g gq

g|wumlgbagjgq& wuo bg ípiag auqzgsgh jimq hmf |ímq7" Nç i pþlfmai jiq zmhoq powuobiq

p|oco|mg m| giq nikiq bg ‖ko|gf‘& ibjo i p|oëi bái pgqqgsg jo jo~ ziqzÿoq"

Bi obzgbzi& i cuzolif bái o|g uh oqpi|zo wuo hilmfm~gsg hgqqgq" Bg p|mhom|g jíagjg

ji qíaufi pgqqgji& i |ohi o|g g hijgfmjgjo wuo |oubmg hufzmjÿoq" Iq i|kgbm~gji|oq ji

cuzolif zihgsgh g p|oaguëái jo bái hg|ag| pg|zmjgq bi hoqhi jmg jgq |okgzgq& uhg

so~ wuo po|jo|mgh pþlfmai pg|g i |ohi& aihi |oqqgfzg Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001-"

Gq jugq p|mhom|gq jíagjgq ji qíaufi TT ci|gh gq jg aibqifmjgëái ji oqpi|zo oh biqqi pgèq" [mzzo| $7==3- aibzg gmbjg wuo boqqo po|èiji gaibzoao|gh iq p|mhom|iq ghmqziqiq

obz|o afuloq jo amjgjoq l|gqmfom|gq& aihi \mi jo Ngbom|i o Qái Pgufi" I p|mhom|i zi|bomi

mbzo|bgamibgf obsifsobji g qofoëái l|gqmfom|g cim oh 7=7=" I L|gqmf qgk|iu(qo aghpoái

quf(gho|magbi sobaobji i _|ukugm pi| 7 g 0" Iq zmhoq boqqg ípiag nikgsgh aih ambai

gzgagbzoq& z|îq bi homi jo aghpi& jimq ~gkuom|iq o i kifom|i"

7 Hiojg ji L|gqmf bg ípiag" 747< g 7=:<"



77

[mzzo| $7==3- gcm|hg wuo bg qofoëái jo 7=7=& auni quaoqqi cim uh k|gbjo mbaobzmsi pg|g

i cuzolif bi L|gqmf& zijiq o|gh nikgji|oq ghgji|oq" G p|icmqqmibgfm~gëái qihobzo qo|mg

jmqauzmjg gfkubq gbiq jopimq"

Zgbzi í wuo i Cfghobki& uh afulo z|gjmamibgfhobzo ji |ohi& |ofuziu humzi oh cg~o|

uh zmho jo cuzolif& jo gai|ji aih Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001-" Hoqhi |oaolobji uhg owumpo

wugqo aihpfozg jo aghpoÿoq ji Cfuhmbobqo& wuo qo hiqz|iu mbzo|oqqgji oh qgm| ji

lgm||i jgq Fg|gbnom|gq o pg|zm| pg|g i afulo |ul|i(bok|i" Bi obzgbzi& i Cfghobki qñ

gaomziu cg~o| i zmho qo iq gzfozgq zghlíh pg|zmampgqqoh ji zmho jo |ohi"

I qu|kmhobzi ji zmho jo cuzolif ji Cfghobki qo|smu pg|g aibqifmjg| i a|oqamhobzi ji

oqpi|zo" \gpmjghobzo& i afulo qo pipufg|m~iu aih zèzufiq o z|iuto zi|aoji|oq pg|g g

gk|ohmgëái oqpi|zmsg& aibci|ho jm~ Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001-" K|gjgzmsghobzo& i |ohi cim

po|jobji oqpgëi pg|g i cuzolif"

‖G |okgzg bái gz|gpgfdgsg hgmq" Humzgq hiëgq p|oco|mbji so| uh hgzad ji wuo uhg|okgzg" Iq afuloq jo cuzolif& pi| mqqi& bái p|oamqgsgh hgmq qglo|& aihgbzoaojîbamg& wugbji mg dgso| uhg |okgzg" Pg|g z|gbqco|m| uh niki" Iq afuloq jo|ohi& qmh" _h lih hgzad jo cuzolif oqz|gkgsg gq |okgzgq‘" $HÇ\MI CMFDI& <001& p"?4-

Aih g pipufg|m~gëái ji cuzolif& iq bok|iq pgqqg|gh g zo| hgmq oqpgëi bi oqpi|zo" Bi

obzgbzi& gpoqg| jiq zmhoq pgqqg|oh g gaomzç(fiq& g jmqa|mhmbgëái qiamgf cg~mg aih wuo iq

bok|iq luqagqqoh qo pg|oao| aih iq l|gbaiq" Iq bok|iq o iq hufgziq pgqqgsgh pñ(jo(

g||i~ bg zobzgzmsg jo hgqag|g| g ai| jg pofo& ilqo|siu Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001-"

‖O|g i hihobzi wuo Ag|fiq \ilo|zi hgmq zohmg" P|opg|gsg(qo pg|g ofo& pi| mqqihoqhi& obadobji g ag|g jo pñ(jo(g||i~& cmagbji wugqo amb~obzi" Bái pijmg obkgbg|

bmbkuíh& adghgsg gzí hgmq gzobëái" I aglofi jo oqagjmbdg cmagsg hgmq oqagjmbdg&ohifju|gbji i |iqzi& amb~obzi jo zgbzi pñ(jo(g||i~‘ $HÇ\MI CMFDI& <001& p" 30-"

Aih g p|oqobëg ji bok|i& pg|g Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001-& i cuzolif pgqqiu g gjwum|m|

ag|gazo|èqzmagq kobumbghobzo l|gqmfom|gq" I oqpi|zo pgqqiu g z|gbqpm|g| gfok|mg o zo| g

kmbkg& zi|bgjg poaufmg| bi niki smqziqi jiq l|gqmfom|iq" I cuzolif mbkfîq& fobzi o

lu|ia|çzmai& jou fukg| gi j|mlfo& à gkmfmjgjo o cmaiu hgmq libmzi"

Qokubji Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001-& i L|gqmf pgqqiu g zo| uh èjifi bok|i& G|zdu| C|mojob|omad&wuo bg jíagjg jo 7=70 g 7=<0& jocobjou sç|mgq owumpoq oh Qái Pgufi" _h hoqzmëi



7<

|mai& cmfdi jo pgm gfohái o háo bok|g" Hufgzi jiq ifdiq so|joq& C|mojob|omad o|g i

þfzmhi g obz|g| bi aghpi pofi zmho o i hgmq gpfgujmji" G johi|g qo nuqzmcmagsg pofi

cgzi jo ofo zobzg| ghgamg| i aglofi o qo pg|oao| aih iq l|gbaiq"

‖G pipufg|mjgjo jo C|mojob|omad qo josmg& zgfso~& hgmq pofi cgzi jo ofo qo| hufgzi&ohli|g bái wumqoqqo qo| hufgzi& ji wuo pofi cgzi jo ofo zo| hg|agji g smzñ|mg jiq l|gqmfom|iq qil|o i _|ukugm oh 7=7=" I pisi& joqail|mbji& jo |opobzo& wuo i cuzolifjosmg qo| jo zijgq gq ai|oq& cuzolif qoh afgqqoq& zuji hmqzu|gji& loh l|gqmfom|i‘"$HÇ\MI CMFDI& <001& p" 3=-"

I quaoqqi jo C|mojob|omad aibz|mlumu pg|g johia|gzm~g| i cuzolif bi L|gqmf" _hg

johia|gzm~gëái fobzg o k|gjugf& bái qñ biq afuloq jg ~ibg quf ji \mi jo Ngbom|i& hgq

zghlíh bgq iuz|gq gk|ohmgëÿoq pofi L|gqmf"

Qokubji Aiofdi $<001-& bi mbèami ji qíaufi pgqqgji& i \mi jo Ngbom|i pufqgsg o

mhpufqmibgsg i L|gqmf" O& bg obzái agpmzgf ji pgèq& iq ni|bgmq jojmagsgh hgmq oqpgëi gi

cuzolif ji wuo oh wugfwuo| iuz|g amjgjo" I guzi| gcm|hg wuo iq nikiq jiq k|gbjoq zmhoq

jg ípiag giq piuaiq ci|gh kgbdgbji joqzgwuo" Gzí wuo i Sgqai& oh 7=<1& sobaou i

aghpoibgzi jg Qokubjg Jmsmqái gpiqzgbji bg p|oqobëg jiq bok|iq oh qou ofobai"

O|g g pipufg|m~gëái wuo cgfzgsg" Iq bok|iq obz|gsgh jo so~ bi cuzolif& zihgsghg pibzg ji oqpi|zo" I Sgqai cim aghpoái pofg p|mhom|g so~< oh 7=<:& gpoqg| jgipiqmëái jiq iuz|iq k|gbjoq& wuo qibdgsgh zm|ç(fi jg jmqpuzg gfokgbji wuo i afulojiq pi|zukuoqoq o bok|iq bái piqquèg oqzçjmi à gfzu|g jo jmqpuzg| g P|mhom|g jmsmqái"$AIOFDI& <001& p" =-

I Sgqai cim i p|mhom|i afulo g zo| uh nikgji| bok|i bi \mi jo Ngbom|i o& gi aibwumqzg|

i aghpoibgzi oqzgjugf& iq iuz|iq zmhoq qo hoto|gh o cubjg|gh uh bisi aghpoibgzi"

Iq afuloq jo ofmzo aihi Cfghobki& Cfuhmbobqo& Lizgciki o Ghí|mag& |oqifso|gh cg~o|

qug p|ñp|mg fmkg jobihmbgjg Gqqiamgëái Hoz|ipifmzgbg jo Oqpi|zoq Gzdfozmaiq$GHOG-& bi wugf hgbzmbdg qí|mgq gpu|gëÿoq qil|o g kobogfikmg o aibjmëái qiamgf jiq

gzfozgq wuo jmqpuzgsgh pi| qugq owumpoq"

I quaoqqi ji Sgqai cim gl|mbji gq pi|zgq pg|g iq bok|iq jgwuofg ípiag" Gqqmh i

Cfghobki aibwumqziu uhg k|gbjo qmhpgzmg bgamibgf gi z|g~o| iq èjifiq jg ípiag>

Foúbmjgq jg Qmfsg& Jihmbkiq jg Kumg o Cguqzi"

< Aghpoái jg p|mhom|g jmsmqái ji Aghpoibgzi Ag|miag"



71

Oh 7=<?& i cuzolif nç o|g i oqpi|zo bgamibgf& jo gai|ji aih Aiofdi $<001-" I L|gqmf

dgsmg qmji lmaghpoái quf(gho|magbi oh 7=7= o 7=<<& gfíh jo cgfzg| gpobgq ambai gbiq

pg|g g p|mhom|g Aipg ji Hubji& wuo qo|mg |ogfm~gjg bi _|ukugm"

G p|mhom|g obzmjgjo cubjgjg aih i ilnozmsi jo i|kgbm~g| i cuzolif $o iuz|iq oqpi|zoq-

bi L|gqmf& oh imzi jo nubdi jo 7=7:& cim g Cojo|gëái L|gqmfom|g jo Qpi|zq& jo gai|ji

aih [mzzo| $7==3-" Oh 7=73& pgqqiu g qo adghg| Aibcojo|gëái L|gqmfom|g jo

Joqpi|zoq" \okufghobziu o jm|mkmu gq hijgfmjgjoq oqpi|zmsgq ji pgèq o i|kgbm~iu

aihpozmëÿoq bgamibgmq" Giq piuaiq& agjg oqpi|zo cim cubjgbji uhg aibcojo|gëái

p|ñp|mg& gzí g a|mgëái jg p|ñp|mg Aibcojo|gëái L|gqmfom|g jo Cuzolif & wuo |oko gzí dinoi cuzolif l|gqmfom|i"

I|maadmi $<003- ilqo|sg wuo i cuzolif bái pg|gsg jo osifum| o kgbdg| pipufg|mjgjo gi

fibki jgq jíagjgq o wuo biqqi ‖pgèq lifom|i‘ jmso|zmg(qo aih qouq zmhoq& aghpoibgziq

aih oqzçjmiq adomiq& zi|amjgq gpgmtibgjgq o gfmhobzgsg i joqoni jo qo sobao| uhg aipg

ji hubji"

[mzzo| $7==3- |oqqgfzg wuo g pipufg|mjgjo ji cuzolif cim zghgbdg wuo wugqo zijiq iq

qo|oq duhgbiq joqqo hubji aibdoaoh gfkuhgq jgq |ok|gq wuo |okoh i niki jobz|i jo

aghpi" I guzi| |oqqgfzg& pi| otohpfi& g mbafuqái jo zo|hiq cuzolifèqzmaiq bi uqi

aizmjmgbi ji l|gqmfom|i& aihi ‖niki jo ambzu|g‘& ‖pmqiu bg lifg‘& ‖bg hg|ag ji pîbgfzm‘&

oza" pg|g hiqz|g| g mhpi|zìbamg wuo i cuzolif piqqum& qobji jmqauzmji pi| zijgq gq

afgqqoq qiamgmq& zi|bgbji(qo uh cobúhobi hgmi| wuo uh qmhpfoq oqpi|zo"

Bg jíagjg jo 7=<0 aihoëgsg(qo g jolgzo| g wuoqzái jg p|icmqqmibgfm~gëái jiq

nikgji|oq& qokubji [mzzo| $7==3-" Oqqg jmqauqqái kgbdg|mg ci|ëg bi cmbgf jg jíagjg o

pgqqg|mg g qo| ilnozi jo jmqauqqái o mhpfgbzgëái biq gbiq z|mbzg" Humziq afuloq |oqmqzmgh

à mjímg jo p|icmqqmibgfm~g| i cuzolif& mbafuqmso g p|ñp|mg Aibcojo|gëái L|gqmfom|g jo

Cuzolif& mbmamgfhobzo"



7:

Qokubji Aiofdi $<001-& pgkg| iq nikgji|oq jo cuzolif p|isiaiu k|gbjoq pifîhmagq" I

guzi| amzg wuo oh 7=<=& i Pgufmqzgbi& afulo wuo zmbdg aibwumqzgji i hgmi| bþho|i jo

aghpoibgziq oqzgjugmq jo Qái Pgufi& gzí obzái& joamjmu bái aibzmbug| g hgbzo| owumpoq

jo cuzolif"

Gmbjg z|gzgbji jiq cgziq dmqzñ|maiq& [mzzo| $7==3- aibzg wuo g Qokubjg Kuo||g Hubjmgf&

jocfgk|gjg oh 7=1=& mbzo||ihpo|mg g qowöîbamg jiq aghpoibgziq hubjmgmq" Gq

z|gbqgëÿoq obsifsobji nikgji|oq jo cuzolif aihp|isg|gh wuo i |okmho p|icmqqmibgf&

mhpfgbzgji oh 7=11& cim smzi|miqi" O|g aihi wuo uh po|èiji jo p|opg|gëái pg|g g bisg

cgqo wuo qo jofmbogsg fiki gpñq i cmh jg kuo||g aih iq p|opg|gzmsiq pg|g i Aghpoibgzi

Hubjmgf jo 7=?0" Obz|o iq gbiq jo 7=?0(7=;0 diuso gfzo|gëÿoq gaobzugjgq bg smjg jiq

nikgji|oq& bg p|çzmag ji cuzolif o bg p|opg|gëái jiq gzfozgq& oh cubëái jg

p|icmqqmibgfm~gëái ji oqpi|zo"

[mzzo| $7==3- ilqo|sg wuo& g pg|zm| jo 7=;0& g osifuëái ji p|icmqqmibgfmqhi qo gaobzuiu

bi cuzolif& o i k|gbjo quaoqqi joqqo oqpi|zo aibqifmjiu(qo aih gq jmqpuzgq jgq aipgq ji

hubji& zobji i L|gqmf pg|zmampgji jo zijgq ofgq"

Qokubji aibqzgzgëái jo [mzzo| $7==3-& i cuzolif bái qo qmzug à hg|koh jiq k|gbjoq

p|ilfohgq jg qiamojgjo" Ofo í qmh uh osobzi wuo ko|g mbzo|oqqoq oaibúhmaiq

aibqmjo|çsomq& wuo p|iju~ mjoifikmgq wuo qo aibc|ibzgh o wuo aguqg hgbmcoqzgëÿoq

pifèzmagq bgamibgmq o mbzo|bgamibgmq" Pg|g i guzi|& i cuzolif í uh oqpofdi jiq p|ilfohgq

ji biqqi zohpi"

<"< I cuzolif aihi ag|gazo|èqzmag mjobzmzç|mg ji L|gqmf

Qokubji Aiofdi $<001-& i cuzolif cg~ pg|zo jg aibqz|uëái jg mjobzmjgjo bgamibgf

l|gqmfom|g" Oh 7==4& bg Aipg ji Hubji& g C|gbëg o g A|içamg uzmfm~g|gh g aihpozmëái

aihi hizo pg|g g ubmjgjo ízmag o bgamibgf& |oau|qi wuo cim zghlíh uzmfm~gji pofg

jmzgju|g hmfmzg| l|gqmfom|g bg Aipg ji Hubji jo 7=;0" G aufzu|g l|gqmfom|g mbcfuobamg i

oqzmfi jo cuzolif nikgji bi pgèq& i ‖cuzolif(g|zo‘ oh wuo qo p|mi|m~g g mhp|ismqgëái& iq

j|mlfoq o g a|mgzmsmjgjo" I guzi| jocobjo wuo g cofmamjgjo o g diqpmzgfmjgjo ji pisi

l|gqmfom|i qái johibqz|gjgq oh aghpi& oh aihpg|gëái aih i cuzolif p|gzmagji bg



7?

Ou|ipg wuo í i ‖cuzolif(ci|ëg‘& wuo p|mi|m~g g ci|ëg cèqmag o iq oqwuohgq zçzmaiq& uh

|ocfoti jg qiamojgjo ou|ipomg"

Pi| qug so~& i gbz|ipñfiki \ilo|zi JgHgzzg $<003- jm~ wuo i cuzolif& biq p|mhom|iq

gbiq ji qíaufi TT& cg~mg pg|zo jo uh hismhobzi hijo|bm~gji| wuo p|isiagsg jugq

|ogëÿoq loh jmco|obzoq bg pipufgëái& jo ghi| o ñjmi" I guzi| amzg gfkubq oqa|mzi|oq wuo

cm~o|gh aghpgbdg aibz|g i cuzolif& agqi ji oqa|mzi| Fmhg Lg||ozi wuo& mbafuqmso&

cubjiu uhg fmkg jobihmbgjg ‖Fmkg L|gqmfom|g aibz|g i Cuzolif‘" Jo gai|ji aih

JgHgzzg $<003-& Lg||ozi& uh bgamibgfmqzg otgao|lgji& ga|ojmzgsg wuo i cuzolif o|g uhg

‖oqz|gbkom|mao‘ o qug gjiëái qmkbmcmagsg mhmzg| iq aibaomziq smbji jg Ou|ipg"

Obz|ozgbzi& gfkuhgq po|qibgfmjgjoq qo hiqz|g|gh g cgsi| ji oqpi|zo l|ozái" JgHgzzg

$<003- amzg gfkuhgq poqqigq wuo jocobjo|gh i cuzolif bi mbèami jg qug mhpfgbzgëái bi

L|gqmf& zgmq aihi i lg|ái ji \mi L|gbai $74=: ‑ 7=7<- o iq oqa|mzi|oq Aiofdi Bozi

$743: ‑ 7=1:- o Ifgsi Lmffga $743? ‑ 7=74-& wuo joqa|osmgh wuo i oqpi|zo aihi

otohpfi ji lih uqi ji ai|pi& gfíh jo qo| uh mbqz|uhobzi jo qo|smëi à pçz|mg"

I gbz|ipñfiki gzobzg i fomzi| qil|o g mjobzmcmagëái ji cuzolif aih g aufzu|g bgamibgf" Jo

gai|ji aih i guzi|& otmqzo uh jmzgji wuo bi L|gqmf qñ otmqzoh z|îq aimqgq qí|mgq> gagadgëg& i niki jo lmadi o i cuzolif" JgHgzzg $<003- aihobzg qil|o iq z|îq gqpoaziq jg

mjobzmjgjo bgamibgf& nç wuo í aihpiqzg pi| uhg lolmjg gfaiñfmag& uhg fizo|mg

qiamgfhobzo gp|isgjg o fokgfhobzo afgbjoqzmbg o uh oqpi|zo bgqamji bg Mbkfgzo||g& hgq

wuo qo pipufg|m~iu oh zo||gq zupmbmwumbq"

Qokubji JgHgzzg $<003-& i oqpi|zo& jo uhg ci|hg ko|gf& zoh jugq cubëÿoq bi hubji

hijo|bi" G p|mhom|g í g jmqampfmbg jgq hgqqgq àq wugmq ofo qo jm|mko& cg~obji aih wuo

zijiq adokuoh gi di|ç|mi jozo|hmbgji& pgkuoh g qug obz|gjg& buhg fñkmag aibz|gzugf

p|í(jozo|hmbgjg" G qokubjg cubëái í g qug fmkgëái aih g pg~& otp|oqqg pofi adghgji

cgm| pfg}1 bg smzñ|mg iu bg jo||izg"

JgHgzzg $<003- qgfmobzg wuo& joqqgq z|îq mbqzmzumëÿoq $cuzolif& lolmjg o niki ji lmadi-& i

cuzolif í g hgmq hijo|bg o adokiu gi L|gqmf pi| homi jo uh p|iaoqqi jo jmcuqái

aufzu|gf" Qokubji i gbz|ipñfiki& i cuzolif gnujiu g aibqifmjg| g smjg oqpi|zmsg

1 Cgm|(Pfg} í i niki fmhpi& niki fogf wuo |oqpomzg gq |ok|gq"



73

bgamibgf& gz|gsíq ji qou ubmso|qi jo aihpozmëái o gqaobqái qiamgf oh aibz|gpiqmëái gi

ghlmobzo ju|i o pobgfm~gbzo pg|g g hgmi|mg jiq l|gqmfom|iq"

Pg|g JgHgzzg $<003-& i cgzi jo i cuzolif zo| adokgji ji hgmi| mhpí|mi ji cmh ji qíaufi

7=& g Mbkfgzo||g& cim loh |oaolmji pofg qiamojgjo l|gqmfom|g& p|mbampgfhobzo pofgq ofmzoq&

wuo smgh i L|gqmf aihi uh pgèq gz|gqgji oh |ofgëái àq k|gbjoq pizîbamgq"

Aibci|ho \ghiq $7=4:-& i cuzolif pijo qo| uqgji aihi |oau|qi mjoifñkmai pofiq

kiso|biq" Qokubji i guzi|& iq pifèzmaiq uqgh i oqpi|zo pg|g wuo g pipufgëái oqwuoëg iq

p|ilfohgq ji pgèq& fmkgjiq à qgþjo& oaibihmg& ojuagëái o mbcfgëái" I guzi| zghlíh amzg

i bg~mqhi gfohái o i cgqamqhi mzgfmgbi aihi kiso|biq wuo zobzg|gh fmkg| qugq mhgkobq

gi oqpi|zo"

\ghiq $7=4:- otpfmag wuo i cuzolif í uh smglmfm~gji| jo gqaobqái qiamgf pg|g iq

nikgji|oq& pofi zgfobzi o gzugëÿoq biq oqzçjmiq" Nç JgHgzzg $<003-& ilqo|sg wuo oqqo

oqpi|zo qo z|gbqci|hiu bi p|mbampgf mbqz|uhobzi pg|g |ojocmbm| gq piqqmlmfmjgjoq o gq

agpgamjgjoq ji L|gqmf"

JgHgzzg gcm|hg wuo i cuzolif qo z|gbqci|hiu oh uhg cibzo jo ghi| ji l|gqmfom|i pofi

pgèq& p|mbampgfhobzo aih gq aibwumqzgq jgq Aipgq ji Hubji" Pg|g i guzi|& i cuzolif co~

aih wuo iq l|gqmfom|iq ga|ojmzgqqoh bg piqqmlmfmjgjo jo uhg i|joh hi|gf lgqogjg bg

mkugfjgjo& ci|boaobji qulqèjmiq pg|g g g|zmaufgëái jg mjobzmjgjo qiamgf ji pgèq" I guzi|

|oci|ëg g mjomg jo wuo i cuzolif zoh g agpgamjgjo jo pijo| gk|okg| sgfi|oq aufzu|gmq

fiagmq& gqqmh aihi co~ bi L|gqmf"

Qokubji JgHgzzg& i cuzolif í uh otz|gi|jmbç|mi añjmki jo mbzok|gëái qiamgf wuo gnujguhg qiamojgjo& aihi g l|gqmfom|g& zái qokhobzgjg o jmsmjmjg mbzo|bghobzo& g gcm|hg|(qo

wugbzi gi qou pgz|mizmqhi"

U"""X g qug agpgamjgjo jo p|ipi|amibg| gi pisi& qil|ozuji gi pisi pil|o& obkgbgji&hgf(qo|smji pofiq pijo|oq pþlfmaiq ‑ pisi joqzmzuèji jo lobq o& pmi| wuo mqqi& josmqmlmfmjgjo qiamgf o aèsmag (& g otpo|mîbamg jg smzñ|mg o ji îtmzi" $JGHGZZG& <003& p" 73:-"



7;

Í gz|gsíq ji cuzolif wuo i pisi l|gqmfom|i pújo nubzg| iq qèhlifiq ji Oqzgji> g

lgbjom|g& i dmbi o i so|jo o ghg|ofi& qèhlifiq gbzoq |oqz|mziq à ofmzo o giq hmfmzg|oq& bi

obzobjmhobzi jo JgHgzzg $<003-" Jo gai|ji aih i guzi|& cim gz|gsíq ji oqpi|zo l|ozái

wuo qo oqz|uzu|iu i pgz|mizmqhi jg pipufgëái l|gqmfom|g"

JgHgzzg $<003- |oqqgfzg wuo i cuzolif |oci|ëiu g mbqzmzuamibgfm~gëái jg hgfgbj|gkoh

aihi g|zo jo qil|osmsîbamg o i niki jo ambzu|g aihi uhg ag|gazo|èqzmag ji l|gqmfom|i" I

guzi| |oqqgfzg i oqzmfi þbmai jo nikg| cuzolif ji l|gqmfom|i& aih humzg zíabmag o ci|ëg&

gfíh jo dib|g| gq 7; |ok|gq wuo bi|hgzm~gh i oqpi|zo"

I cgzi jo i cuzolif zo| obz|gji oh aibcfmzi aih gfkubq sgfi|oq jg qiamojgjo z|gjmamibgf

í uh jiq pibziq gbgfmqgjiq pi| JgHgzzg $<003-" Qokubji i guzi|& iq l|gqmfom|iq

oqzgsgh gaiqzuhgjiq g nikg| o bái g aihpozm|" G qiamojgjo zoso wuo gp|objo| g qopg|g|

gq |ok|gq jgq aihpozmëÿoq o jg p|ñp|mg pg|zmjg pg|g gp|oamg| i oqpi|zo"

\ilo|zi \ghiq $7=4:- |osofg z|îq dmpñzoqoq oh qou z|glgfdi qil|o g mbcfuîbamg ji

oqpi|zo bg pipufgëái l|gqmfom|g" G p|mhom|g jofgq í wuo i cuzolif mbqzmzuamibgfm~gji í uh

gpg|ofdi mjoifñkmai ji Oqzgji" Qokubji i guzi|& i cuzolif í uh oqpi|zo mjoifñkmai&

oqaghizogbji gq dmo|g|wumgq o |op|mhmbji pgamcmaghobzo i aibcfmzi jo afgqqoq" Pg|g

aihp|isg| g qug zoi|mg ofo uqg otohpfiq ji obsifsmhobzi ji ot(p|oqmjobzo jg

\opþlfmag Ohèfmi Kg||gqzg~u Híjmam $7=3= ‑ 7=;:- bi hihobzi hgmq guzi|mzç|mi o

|op|oqqmsi ji pgèq& gfíh jo pulfmamjgjoq ji kiso|bi gqqiamgjgq gi oqpi|zo o jgjiq

qil|o i mbsoqzmhobzi jg ZS Kfili pg|g g Aipg ji Hubji jo 7=4<"

G qokubjg dmpñzoqo í wuo i cuzolif hgqag|g g |ogfmjgjo" Qokubji i guzi|& i cuzolif

jmhmbum g aihp|oobqái jgq aibjmëÿoq qiamgmq& pimq p|oobado oqpgëiq aibqmjo|çsomq bgsmjg jiq l|gqmfom|iq" Iq homiq jo aihubmagëái qái co||ghobzgq cubjghobzgmq bg

mbz|ijuëái jo uhg gsgfgbado jo kifq& smzñ|mgq o aghpoibgziq bi aizmjmgbi jgq poqqigq&

oh joz|mhobzi ji aibdoamhobzi jiq |ogmq p|ilfohgq bgamibgmq" Pg|g i guzi|& i cuzolif

osmjobamg qihobzo jimq qobzmhobziq> i quaoqqi iu c|gagqqi" Aihi otohpfi joqqg zoi|mg&

i guzi| fohl|g i zèzufi jg Aipg Fmlo|zgji|oq jg Ghí|mag& aibwumqzgjg pofi K|îhmi oh

7=41" I guzi| gbgfmqg aihi iq ni|bgmq ^o|i Di|g o Ni|bgf jg Zg|jo jo Pi|zi Gfok|o&

biq jmgq qulqowuobzoq à aibwumqzg& qo oqwuoao|gh jg jmzgju|g o jiq p|ilfohgq ji pgèq&jgbji uh oqpgëi otg|aolgji gi cuzolif"



74

G zo|aom|g dmpñzoqo ci|hufgjg pi| \ilo|zi \ghiq $7=4:- í g jo wuo i cuzolif

aihpgazug aih i agpmzgfmqhi& pimq aibqokuo hilmfm~g| o jmsmjm| g afgqqo z|glgfdgji|g

oh sç|miq zmhoq ji L|gqmf& gi mbsíq jo ubm(fg oh zi|bi jo qouq mbzo|oqqoq jo afgqqo" Jo

gai|ji aih i guzi|& i cuzolif iaupg ziji i oqpgëi bg hobzo jiq l|gqmfom|iq aih g gnujg

jiq homiq jo aihubmagëái" Gz|gsíq jo uhg gbçfmqo jozgfdgjg jiq p|mbampgmq homiq jo

aihubmagëái mhp|oqqiq l|gqmfom|iq& i guzi| hiqz|g aihi iq oqpgëiq jojmagjiq g iuz|gq

ojmzi|mgq& aihi pi| otohpfi& pifèzmag o oaibihmg& qái wugqo wuo mbqmkbmcmagbzoq oh

|ofgëái gi cuzolif" \ilo|zi \ghiq $7=4:- |osofg i sgfi| o i oqpgëi gz|mluèjiq gi

cuzolif oh joz|mhobziq joqqgq ojmzi|mgq"

Gzugfhobzo& \ilo|zi \ghiq $7=4:- gcm|hg wuo i cuzolif í uh k|gbjo ho|agji& wuo

p|iju~ o sobjo oqpozçaufiq& oh luqag jo fua|iq" Qokubji i guzi|& i cuzolif p|ipi|amibg

k|gbjoq z|gbqgëÿoq pg|g iq jibiq ji agpmzgf o gzug aihi pijo|iqi gpg|ofdi mjoifñkmai

ji Oqzgji& gutmfmgji pofiq homiq jo aihubmagëái"

<"1 I ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi bi L|gqmf

G dmqzñ|mg ji ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi bi L|gqmf í gmbjg piuai otpfi|gjg pofiq

poqwumqgji|oq jg ç|og jg aihubmagëái" Qokubji Qmfsg $<003-& gpobgq biq þfzmhiq gbiq

i gqqubzi zoh qmji ilnozi jo mbsoqzmkgëái" Bi obzgbzi& i guzi| |oqqgfzg wuo p|gzmaghobzo

zijiq iq oqzujiq jm|oamibgh pg|g i cgzi jo i ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi bi pgèq zo| aihoëgji

aih Hç|mi Cmfdi bi cmh jg jíagjg jo 7=<0"

Qz}ao| $<00=- aihpg|zmfdg joqzg ipmbmái o gcm|hg wuo iq p|mbampgmq poqwumqgji|oq jg

aihubmagëái bi pgèq& mkbi|gh i qu|kmhobzi jg mhp|obqg oqpi|zmsg bgq jugq p|mhom|gqjíagjgq ji qíaufi TT" Ofo amzg Bofqib [o|boae Qij|í :o Nug|o~ Lgdmg?& guzi|oq wuo

cgfgh ji qu|kmhobzi jg mhp|obqg bi L|gqmf& hgq wuo jojmagh piuai oqpgëi oh qouq

z|glgfdiq qil|o i gqqubzi" I guzi| ilqo|sg wuo i p|mhom|i gpobgq joqzgag gq jgzgq jo

bgqamhobzi jo gfkubq ni|bgmq oqpi|zmsiq jg ípiag& obwugbzi i qokubji jojmag uh

agpèzufi qil|o i zohg& hgq aih piuag p|icubjmjgjo"

: Bofqib [o|boae Qij|í& Dmqzñ|mg jg mhp|obqg bi L|gqmf& 7==="? Nug|o~ Lgdmg" Ni|bgf& dmqzñ|mg o zíabmag& 7==0"



7=

Pg|g gwuofgq poqqigq wuo qo mbzo|oqqgh pofiq p|mhom|iq hihobziq ji ni|bgfmqhi

oqpi|zmsi bi pgèq& gq p|mbampgmq mbci|hgëÿoq jmqpibèsomq qo obaibz|g|gh oh pgpímq

qoaubjç|miq iu gaoqqñ|miq biq oqzujiq jo dmqzi|mgji|oq& qiamñfikiq& gbz|ipñfikiq&

p|icoqqi|oq jo fmzo|gzu|g o ni|bgfmqzgq qil|o i mbèami ji cuzolif bi L|gqmf& ilqo|sg Qz}ao|

$<00=-"

Qmfsg $<003- ai||ili|g oqzg ipmbmái o |oqqgfzg wuo i ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi jiq p|mhom|iq

gbiq ji qíaufi pgqqgji zoh |oaolmji piuag gzobëái" Pg|g ofo& bg hgmi| pg|zo jgq so~oq&

i ciai jiq z|glgfdiq |oagm oh po|èijiq piqzo|mi|oq& g pg|zm| jg jíagjg jo 7=?0"

Pi| mqqi i ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi jgwuofo po|èiji zoh |oaolmji uh z|gzghobziotz|ohghobzo qupo|cmamgf& zguzifñkmai o& oh ao|ziq agqiq& gzí hoqhi aibz|gjmzñ|mi ohmqzmcmagji|" Cgfg(qo qohp|o bi powuobi mbzo|oqqo ni|bgfèqzmai joqpo|zgji pofi

cuzolif& bg fmbkugkoh ohpifgjg o |opfozg jo gbkfmamqhiq& bg mbañkbmzg pil|o ohg|agjg pi| ciziq jo nikgji|oq o jm|mkobzoq oh piqoq qí|mgq& biq zotziqosobzugfhobzo pulfmagjiq oh bihoq aibqgk|gjiq jg fmzo|gzu|g aihi Ifgsi Lmfga&Niái ji \mi& Aiofdi Bozzi& Fmhg Lg||ozi oza" $Qmfsg> <003> p" 1<-"

Pg|g Qz}ao| $<00=-& dç uh k|gbjo p|oaibaomzi bi aghpi jo oqzujiq gagjîhmaiq jo

ni|bgfmqhi oh |ofgëái g wuoh oqzujg i |ghi oqpi|zmsi" _h k|gbjo joqgcmi& pi|

otohpfi& í jmhmbum| g lg||om|g obz|o g gagjohmg o g p|çzmag ni|bgfèqzmag" Oh qou fms|i& i

guzi| gcm|hg zo| aibqokumji jmqauzm| i gqqubzi aih wuoh oqzujg& hgq zoso k|gbjo

jmcmaufjgjo oh jmqauzm| aih wuoh gzug bi ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi" Bg ipmbmái jo Qz}ao|&

jmhmbumbji oqqg lg||om|g obz|o g gagjohmg o g p|çzmag p|icmqqmibgf& sç|miq p|ilfohgq

qo|mgh |oqifsmjiq"

Qz}ao| $<00=- zobzg hiqz|g| wuo i ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi í jo gfkuhg ci|hg uhg

oqpoamgfmjgjo aih hobiq p|oqzèkmi jobz|i ji ni|bgfmqhi ji wuo iuz|iq |ghiq aihi

oaibihmg& pifèzmag o obz|ozobmhobzi" Pg|g quqzobzg| qug gcm|hgëái& obuho|iu gfkubq

p|ilfohgq obc|obzgjiq pofi ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi l|gqmfom|i& aihi pi| otohpfi& lgmtiqqgfç|miq& jmcmaufjgjoq jo p|ihiëái& cgfzg jo mbzo|oqqo jiq p|icmqqmibgmq jg ç|og oh

aibdoao| iuz|gq ojmzi|mgq& o ao|zg |onomëái àq hufdo|oq gzug|oh boqqo ghlmobzo jo

z|glgfdi"

Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001- gcm|hgsg wuo iq ni|bgmq bg p|mhom|g jíagjg ji qíaufi pgqqgji qñ

qo|soh aihi lgqo pg|g oqzgzèqzmagq o |oqufzgjiq jiq nikiq" I guzi| gcm|hg wuo qñ g pg|zm|

jg jíagjg jo 7=70& i cuzolif pgqqiu g qo| z|gbqci|hgji oh gqqubzi ni|bgfèqzmai pofiq

soèaufiq jo aihubmagëái"



<0

_hg jgq p|mhom|gq pulfmagëÿoq oqpi|zmsgq bi L|gqmf cim i Cgbcufdg& wuo qu|kmu oh Qái

Pgufi& bg jíagjg jo 7=70" Jo gai|ji aih Aiofdi $<001-& i ni|bgf smqgsg gzobjo| à

pipufgëái mzgfmgbg bi L|gqmf& mhmk|gbzoq wuo a|oqamgh g agjg jmg bg agpmzgf pgufmqzg"

Qokubji i guzi|& i Cgbcufdg bái o|g uh ni|bgf sifzgji pg|g gq ofmzoq o bái ci|hgsg

ipmbmái" G pulfmagëái z|g~mg |ofgziq jo pçkmbgq mbzom|gq o mbci|hgsg gq cmadgq jo zijiq iq

nikiq ji Pgfhom|gq& gbzmki Pgfoqz|g Mzçfmg& oh uh zohpi wuo i cuzolif gmbjg bái

agzmsgsg hufzmjÿoq"

Aibci|ho Qz}ao| $<00=-& iq ni|bgmq |oci|ëgsgh i ag|çzo| ofmzmqzg jiq p|mhom|iq

hihobziq ji cuzolif" Amzgbji Foibg|ji Gccibqi jo Hm|gbjg Po|om|g3& ofo |ofgzg wuo iq

ni|bgmq ag|miagq p|oiaupgsgh(qo hobiq aih gq pg|zmjgq jo cuzolif o hgmq aih i osobzi

qiamgf wuo km|gsg oh zi|bi jofgq" Qokubji i poqwumqgji|& iq ni|bgmq uzmfm~gsgh ciziq jiq

gzfozgq o fgbaoq jgq pg|zmjgq& hgq zghlíh mhgkobq jg pfgzímg& joqzgagbji iq |gpg~oq

ofokgbzoq o gq hiëgq loh soqzmjgq"

Aih g p|icmqqmibgfm~gëái ji cuzolif bg jíagjg jo 7=10& Qz}ao| $<00=- |oqqgfzg wuo

zghlíh diuso uh gsgbëi bi ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi" I guzi| |osofg wuo i bþho|i jo

pulfmagëÿoq oqpi|zmsgq qgfziu jo ambai& oh 7=7<& pg|g ?4& oh 7=10" Boqzo po|èiji

qu|koh jugq pulfmagëÿoq wuo pi| ?0 gbiq qo|mgh i qmbúbmhi jo mhp|obqg oqpi|zmsg

l|gqmfom|g> i Ni|bgf jiq Qpi|zq o i Kg~ozg Oqpi|zmsg"

I Ni|bgf jiq Qpi|zq qu|kmu oh 71 jo hg|ëi jo 7=17 o ambai gbiq jopimq gjiziu uhg

hg|ag wuo hgbzíh gzí iq jmgq gzugmq& g ai| |iqg oh qug agpg& aipmgjg ji ni|bgf mzgfmgbi

Fg Kg~ozg joffi Qpi|z " Oh iuzul|i jo 7=13& g pulfmagëái cim gjwum|mjg pi| Hç|mi Cmfdi

oh qiamojgjo aih \ilo|zi Hg|mbdi& obzái ai(p|ip|mozç|mi o jm|ozi| ji I Kfili& jogai|ji aih Qz}ao| $<003-"

Nç i Kg~ozg Oqpi|zmsg qu|kmu jo uh qupfohobzi oqpi|zmsi ji ni|bgf G Kg~ozg& o cg~mg i

gaihpgbdghobzi jmç|mi jo zijiq iq zmhoq jg amjgjo jo Qái Pgufi" Qokubji Qz}ao|

$<00=-& g k|gbjo bismjgjo jg pulfmagëái o|g i sifuho jo mbci|hgëÿoq& wuo& jo gai|ji

aih i guzi|& pgqqiu jo 7< pçkmbgq biq p|mhom|iq gbiq pg|g ;< bg jíagjg jo 7=;0"

3 PO\OM\G& Foibg|ji Gccibqi jo Hm|gbjg" Ciizlgffhgbmg> uhg dmqzñ|mg qiamgf ji \mi jo Ngbom|i& 7=0< ‑ 7=14"



<7

Jo gai|ji aih Qz}ao| $<00=-& i ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi qo joqobsifsou gi hoqhi zohpi

jg pipufg|m~gëái ji cuzolif" I guzi| |oqqgfzg wuo joqjo i mbèami cim uhg ojmzi|mg hobiq

|ofosgbzo ji ni|bgfmqhi o gz|gèg p|icmqqmibgmq aih hobiq dglmfmjgjoq o ghlmëÿoq ji wuo

iq |ojgzi|oq pifèzmaiq iu fmzo|ç|miq" Qz}ao| amzg jopimhobzi ji ni|bgfmqzg oqpi|zmsi o

dmqzi|mgji| Gj|mgbi Bomsg qil|o i p|icmqqmibgf joqzg ç|og bi mbèami ji qíaufi TT"

Gq cubëÿoq bái o|gh cmtgq boh& humzi hobiq& aihpobqgji|ghobzo |ohubo|gjgq" Ghgmi|mg jiq ‖a|ibmqzgq‘ z|glgfdgsg jo k|gëg& qñ pg|g zo| i obqoni jo oqa|oso| oh ni|bgf& nç wuo oqqg o|g g qug mbafmbgëái& o pg|g pijo|& p|mbampgfhobzo& jocobjo| i qouafulo& pi|wuo& bgwuofo zohpi& zgf aihi dino& i‖a|ibmqzg‘ zmbdg qou afulo p|oco|mji&aih g jmco|obëg jo wuo& gbzoq& àwuofg ípiag& bmbkuíh cg~mg qok|oji jmqqi" Pofiaibz|ç|mi> o|gh aihubq iq oqaujiq à fgpofg jiq ‖a|ibmqzgq‘ o mbjmqpobqçsof g qug p|oqobëg bgq aihohi|gëÿoq jiq z|mubciq" I |ojgzi| p|icmqqmibgf& hgq wuo cg~mg jgmhp|obqg uh qmhpfoq ‖lmai‘& zgbzi pijmg qo| ‖a|ibmqzg‘ jo oqpi|zoq bi jihmbki&aihi |ojgzi| pifmamgf bg qokubjg(com|g& a|èzmai zogz|gf bg zo|ëg& |opñ|zo| jo |ug bgwug|zg& ilqo|sgji| pifèzmai bg wumbzg iu ‑ i wuo bái o|g |g|i ‑ zuji mqqi gi hoqhizohpi""" Bái dgsmg oqpoamgfm~gëái" " $QZ]AO\& <00=& p"7;<-"

Qokumbji g osifuëái ji ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi l|gqmfom|i& Qz}ao| $<00=-& gcm|hg wuo gq

jíagjgq jo 7=:0& 7=?0 o 7=30& po|èijiq oh wuo i Ni|bgf ji Qpi|zq o g Kg~ozg

Oqpi|zmsg& qo zi|bgh |oco|îbamgq& g mhp|obqg l|gqmfom|g pgqqg pi| uhg qí|mo jo hujgbëgq

zíabmagq" I guzi| gcm|hg wuo iq ni|bgmq aibqmjo|gjiq hgmq mhpi|zgbzoq o jo p|oqzèkmi&

sái qo jmqzgbamg| hgmq afg|ghobzo jiq ni|bgmq pipufg|oq gi mbai|pi|g|oh i hijofi jg

fmlo|jgjo jo mhp|obqg o ilnozmsmjgjo gjizgjgq pofi ni|bgfmqhi bi|zo(gho|magbi& bi

mbèami ji qíaufi TT"

Cg~obji uhg aihpg|gëái aih i gzugf hijofi ji ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi bi L|gqmf aih i

ji pgqqgji& Aiofdi $<001- gcm|hg wuo iq p|mbampgmq ni|bgfmqzgq oqpi|zmsiq jo agjg ípiag

qo |oco|oh giq nikgji|oq jo ci|hg jmco|obamgjg o mqqi a|mg jmqzi|ëÿoq wuo cmagh jmcèaomq

jo qo|oh ai||mkmjgq" I guzi| amzg i otohpfi ji ~gkuom|i Loffmbm& agpmzái ji p|mhom|i

zèzufi ji L|gqmf oh 7=?4" Qokubji Aiofdi $<001-& Loffmbm o|g uh ~gkuom|i wuo qo

bizglmfm~gsg pi| nikg| qí|mi& jg| lmaiq pg|g iq fgjiq o o||g| piuai" Bi obzgbzi& ofo cmaiu

hg|agji bg mhp|obqg pofg qug gpg|îbamg cèqmag o pi| zo| ozo|bm~gji i koqzi jo o|kuo| g

zgëg gamhg jg agloëg" Bofqib \ij|mkuoq o Hç|mi Cmfdi& jo gai|ji aih Aiofdi $<001-&

p|iju~m|gh a|úbmagq adomgq jo ohiëái o aofol|g|gh Loffmbm aihi uh ~gkuom|i jo

afgqqo& ofokgbzo o uh so|jgjom|i hmzi ji cuzolif l|gqmfom|i"



<<

Oh aibz|gpibzi gi otohpfi jo Loffmbm& Aiofdi $<001- z|gzg ji agqi jg Qofoëái

L|gqmfom|g zoz|gaghpoá oh 7==:" I L|gqmf smsmg uh nonuh jo <: gbiq qoh zèzufiq

hubjmgmq o& joqjo wuo Pofí gbubamiu g qug gpiqobzgji|mg jg Qofoëái& bubag hgmq i

L|gqmf adokiu à cmbgf jg Aipg ji Hubji" Oh 7==:& g Qofoëái jm|mkmjg pofi zíabmai

Ag|fiq Gflo|zi Pg||om|g o|g cghiqg pofi oqzmfi p|gkhçzmai" Qokubji Aiofdi $<001-& i

z|ombgji| i|mobzgsg iq gzfozgq g ziag|oh g lifg pgamobzohobzo& qoh p|oqqg& gzí wuo

qu|kmqqo g adgbao jo cg~o| i kif" G mhp|obqg jg ípiag gcm|hgsg wuo Pg||om|g zmbdg uh

oqzmfi ‖ou|ipou‘ o Pg||om|g aibz|g(g|kuhobzgsg wuo i L|gqmf nikgsg aih g lifg bi adái&

aih uhg fmbdg jo jocoqg jo wugz|i nikgji|oq& aih joqzgwuo pg|g i z|glgfdi zíabmai"

Pg|g Aiofdi $<001-& cgfziu pgamîbamg pg|g g mhp|obqg l|gqmfom|g gsgfmg| i z|glgfdi ji

sifgbzo Jubkg& agpmzái ji zoz|gaghpoibgzi oh 7==:" Jubkg dgsmg jomtgji g Aipg

gbzo|mi| aihi i qèhlifi jo uhg ko|gëái c|gagqqgjg" Oh 7==0& i L|gqmf zoso g pmi|

aifiagëái oh hubjmgmq joqjo g aghpgbdg jo 7=33& wugbji agmu bg p|mhom|g cgqo"

Jopimq ji hubjmgf jo 7==0& Jubkg qñ sifziu g qo| aibsiagji oh 7==1 o& hoqhi

gqqmh& i zíabmai Ag|fiq Gflo|zi Pg||om|g cim humzi a|mzmagji" Bg cmbgf jg Aipg jo 7==:&

Jubkg ail|iu i þfzmhi pîbgfzm gbzoq jg lgzmjg ji gzgagbzo mzgfmgbi \ilo|zi Lgkkmi o

piuagq poqqigq fohl|gh(qo jmqqi" Jubkg& wuo cim i agpmzái jg Qofoëái boqqo hubjmgf&

pgqqiu g qo| |oaibdoamji aihi fèjo| jg owumpo& hgq qokubji Aiofdi $<001-& nghgmq

ho|oaou i z|gzghobzi jo fobjg ji cuzolif hubjmgf"

Iuz|i otohpfi amzgji pi| Aiofdi $<001- í i z|gzghobzi jgji pofg mhp|obqg bgamibgf

pg|g \ibgfji bi hubjmgf jo <00<" Qokubji i guzi|& piuaiq nikgji|oq bg dmqzñ|mg ji

cuzolif ho|oao|gh zgbzi z|gzghobzi jo fobjg wugbzi i aghmqg biso jg Qofoëái ji

pobzgaghpoibgzi hubjmgf" Aiofdi $<001- fohl|g jiq p|ilfohgq wuo \ibgfji zoso bgcmbgf jg Aipg jo 7==4& wugbji qic|ou uhg aibsufqái& hihobziq gbzoq jg pg|zmjg" Fiki

oh qokumjg& oh 7===& i nikgji| qic|ou uhg aibzuqái bi niofdi jm|omzi& o p|oamqiu jo

uhg am|u|kmg pg|g ai||mkm| i p|ilfohg" I gzgagbzo zoso wuo cmag| pg|gji ju|gbzo wugz|i

hoqoq"

Bi gbi qokumbzo& bi |ozi|bi jo \ibgfji giq k|ghgjiq& i zmho jofo& Mbzo|bg~mibgfo jo

Hmfái& obc|obzgsg i Fg~mi bg joamqái jg Aipg jg Mzçfmg" I gzgagbzo gzuiu pi| qomqhmbuziq o agmu qi~mbdi& oh uhg aobg wuo |ijiu i hubji" \ibgfji dgsmg |ihpmji i



<1

zobjái pgzofg| ji niofdi jm|omzi" I nikgji| zoso wuo cmag| jimq gbiq oh z|gzghobzi o

sifziu g gzug| oh uh ghmqziqi p|ihismji pi| ofo p|ñp|mi& oh gkiqzi jo <007" Biq

hoqoq qokumbzoq& \ibgfji obz|iu o qgmu jg owumpo bi Aghpoibgzi Mzgfmgbi" Oh biso

nikiq i ‖Cobúhobi‘ hg|aiu qozo kifq& uhg híjmg gfzèqqmhg pg|g uh gzgagbzo"

Aih g |oaupo|gëái jo \ibgfji& i zíabmai Fum~ Cofmpo Qaifg|m& zíabmai ji L|gqmf oh

<00<& joamjmu fosç(fi pg|g g Aipg" \ibgfji aibwumqziu i wumbzi zèzufi ji L|gqmf& cim i

g|zmfdom|i jg Qofoëái aih imzi kifq o i hofdi| l|gqmfom|i ji zi|bomi"

\ibgfji ho|oaou i gpofmji jo —Cobúhobi” o cim otz|ohghobzo ofikmgji" Hgqbmbkuíh oqa|osou uhg þbmag a|úbmag qil|o g mba|èsof p|io~g jo \ibgfji" Zijg gmhp|obqg oqzghpiu iq comziq ji Cobúhobi& oh |ofgziq |opfoziq jo |ogfmjgjo'

\ogfmjgjo johgmq pg|g dmqzñ|mg zái m||ogf" $AIOFDI& <001& p"<<-"

Aiofdi $<001- |oqqgfzg wuo cgfziu giq ni|bgfmqzgq j|ghgzmamjgjo biq |ofgziq qil|o i zoz|g

o i pobzgaghpoibgzi wuo gaihpgbdg|gh gq aibwumqzgq jo 7=?4& 7=3< o 7=;0" Pg|g i

guzi|& g biëái jo |ogfmjgjo wuo i ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi ag||okg biq zohpiq gzugmq& cg~

aih wuo g ailo|zu|g oqpi|zmsg qong zái l|mfdgbzo aihi wugfwuo| iuz|g ç|og ji

ni|bgfmqhi" Obz|ozgbzi& i guzi| gjso|zo wuo& humzgq so~oq& zgf ailo|zu|g otmko hgmq ji

wuo g biëái jo |ogfmjgjo"

Bg qokubjg hozgjo jg jíagjg jo 7==0& g mbzo|boz z|iuto uhg bisg jmhobqái pg|g i

ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi bi L|gqmf" Qokubji Aiofdi $<001-& i cobúhobi nç dgsmg gaibzoamji

biq Oqzgjiq _bmjiq o bg Ou|ipg& gbiq gbzoq& hgq iq qmzoq gmbjg bái o|gh jmcubjmjiq g

pibzi jo qo zi|bg|oh bokñamiq"

G pg|zm| joqzg aibcmku|gëái& aihi joqzgag Aiofdi $<001-& qmzoq jiq hgmq sg|mgjiq

gqqubziq pmpiagsgh o zm|gsgh kobzo jgq |ojgëÿoq hgmq mhpi|zgbzoq ji pgèq" I guzi| ilqo|sg wuo humziq p|icmqqmibgmq ga|ojmzgsgh wuo& aih oqzg bisg ipëái& iq ni|bgfmqzgq

pgqqg|mgh g qo| |ohubo|gjiq ai||ozghobzo" Pi|íh& oqqg |ogfmjgjo ju|iu piuai& hobiq

jo uh gbi" Oh <007& sç|miq qmzoq gbubamg|gh cgfîbamg o humziq ni|bgfmqzgq cmag|gh

joqohp|okgjiq"

Qokubji Aiofdi $<001-& uhg k|gbjo ojmzi|mg jo oqpi|zoq aiqzuhgsg zo| 10 poqqigq bg

hozgjo jo 7==0" Oqzo bþho|i qo|smu jo lgqo pg|g i qu|kmhobzi jg |ojgëái ji ni|bgf I Fgbao'" I guzi| |oqqgfzg wuo g oqzglmfmjgjo bi qozi| sifziu oh <00< o qo hgbzíh"



<:

1 G A|úbmag Oqpi|zmsg bi L|gqmf

1"7 P|mbampgmq |op|oqobzgbzoq jg a|úbmag oqpi|zmsg bi L|gqmf

Aihi nç gcm|hgji& i cuzolif cg~ pg|zo ji biqqi pgèq" Mbzok|g g hohñ|mg aifozmsg o oqzç

p|oqobzo bi aizmjmgbi jg obi|ho hgmi|mg jg pipufgëái" Í jmcèamf pobqg| boqzo oqpi|zo

qoh gqqiamç(fi gi L|gqmf" G|zo o pgmtái qo aibcubjoh bi cuzolif l|gqmfom|i" Qái qouqohlfohgq o jèbghiq" Bái dç& ao|zghobzo& gqqubzi agpg~ jo joqpo|zg| hgmq pifîhmag o

ko|g|& gi hoqhi zohpi& zgbzg jmqañ|jmg o aibso|kîbamg" $QI_^G5 \MZI5 FOMZÁI

7==4-"

I a|ibmqzg oqpi|zmsi í uh guzi| wuo sî g lifg& i oqzçjmi& iq nikgji|oq& i num~& iq

lgbjom|mbdgq& i pþlfmai& iq fiauzi|oq o iq a|èzmaiq& aihi ofohobziq jo uh j|ghg& uhg

z|gkíjmg& wuo qo joqob|ifg bi k|ghgji $AIQZG5 BOZI5 QIG\OQ& <00;-" _hgau|miqmjgjo ji ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi l|gqmfom|i í wuo zijiq iq p|icmqqmibgmq jg ç|og qái



<?

adghgjiq jo a|ibmqzgq oqpi|zmsiq& mbafuqmso aifubmqzgq o iq |opñ|zo|oq" Aih i quaoqqi

jo Bofqib \ij|mkuoq& Hç|mi Cmfdi o G|hgbji Bikuom|g& g otp|oqqái a|ibmqzg oqpi|zmsi

qo pipufg|m~iu o ziji ni|bgfmqzg oqpi|zmsi bi L|gqmf í zghlíh adghgji jo a|ibmqzg

oqpi|zmsi"

G pg|zm| jg jíagjg jo 7=10 g mhp|obqg oqpi|zmsg bi L|gqmf zihg iuz|g jmhobqái& aih

Hç|mi Cmfdi o Bofqib \ij|mkuoq" Jo gai|ji aih Aiofdi $<001-& gq a|úbmagq jo Bofqib

\ij|mkuoq o Hç|mi Cmfdi zmbdgh smjg p|ñp|mg o boh pijo|mgh qo| adghgjgq jo

ni|bgfmqhi" I guzi| aihobzg uh piuai qil|o i oqzmfi o g mhpi|zìbamg joqzoq jimq

a|ibmqzgq"

A|úbmagq |oadogjgq jo j|ghg o pioqmg ob|mwuoamgh gq pçkmbgq jiq ni|bgmq oh wuo Bofqib \ijmkuoq o Hç|mi Cmfdi oqa|osmgh" $"""- Oqqgq a|úbmagq hizmsgsgh iqzi|aoji|oq g m| gi oqzçjmi pg|g i niki qokumbzo o& oqpoamgfhobzo& so| i qou èjifi ohaghpi" G j|ghgzmamjgjo qo|smg pg|g guhobzg| g mjifgz|mg oh |ofgëái g oqzo iuàwuofo nikgji|" Qo|oq hi|zgmq gfëgjiq jg bimzo pg|g i jmg à aibjmëái jo qohmjouqoq"$AIOFDI> <001> p" 7;-"

Pg|g oqzoq a|ibmqzgq& i cuzolif cim hizmsi jo pioqmg o& pi| oqqg |g~ái& ofoq humzgq so~oq

pg|zoh jo qouq aihobzç|miq ji aghpi zíabmai o zçzmai ji cuzolif pg|g pobqg| g bgzu|o~g

duhgbg g pg|zm| jgè"

Qokubji Qz}ao| $<00=-& pg|g obzobjo| g z|gnozñ|mg jo Hç|mi Cmfdi o Bofqib \ij|mkuoq&

wuo o|gh m|háiq& í p|oamqi cgfg| l|osohobzo ji pgm jofoq& Hg|mi \ij|mkuoq& uh

po|bghluagbi wuo co~ humzi quaoqqi bg mhp|obqg bi \mi jo Ngbom|i bgq jíagjgq jo

7=70 o 7=<0" Ci|hgji oh jm|omzi& Hg|mi \ij|mkuoq bubag oto|aou g p|icmqqái o& joqjo

aoji& jojmaiu(qo gi ni|bgfmqhi o à pifèzmag"

I a|ibmqzg cg~ uqi jo amzgëÿoq jo po|qibgfmjgjoq o cgziq dmqzñ|maiq" Mbqo|mji oh uh

aibzotzi wuo piqqmlmfmzg i uqi ji |oau|qi ‖cmaëái‘& luqag qifuëÿoq a|mgzmsgq bg qug

mhgkmbgëái& qoh aihubmag| gk|oqqmsmjgjo" G a|úbmag z|gbqmzg obz|o i cmaamibgf o i bái

cmaamibgf& ofg zghlíh i cg~ obz|o i fmzo|ç|mi o i ni|bgfèqzmai" Pobqghiq wuo g a|úbmag

oqpi|zmsg pobjo hgmq pg|g i fgji ni|bgfèqzmai& gbgfmqgbji iq cgziq |oai||obzoq& pi|íh

aih i gjmamibgf jg fmlo|jgjo ji a|ibmqzg oh z|gbqci|hg| g bizèamg" $AIQZG5 BOZI5

QIG\OQ& <00;-"



<3

Qokubji Aiofdi $<001-& Bi ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi l|gqmfom|i& G|hgbji Bikuom|g í uh

otohpfi jg aibqz|uëái jg a|úbmag piízmag& aamibgf" Oqqo a|ibmqzg uqiu gjnozmsgëÿoq

sgfi|gzmsgq& |mzhi& niki jo mhgkobq& hozçci|gq" Oh iuz|g jm|oëái& Ziqzái qmzug qug

bg||gzmsg bg jmhobqái bái aamibgf $|ogf- obcgzm~gbji gq gbçfmqoq zçzmagq o zíabmagq ji

cuzolif"

Oqqgq ci|hgq jmco|obzoq jo oqa|oso| biq fosgh g a|o| wuo g a|úbmag pijo qo| aibqz|uèjg

bi aghpi piízmai o bi aghpi ni|bgfèqzmai" G a|úbmag ‖piízmag‘& ‖gzohpi|gf‘& ‖aamibgf‘

zoh qugq ag|gazo|èqzmagq p|ñtmhgq ji aibzi& hgq qo jmco|obamgh wugbzi gi zghgbdi o&

p|mbampgfhobzo& wugbzi à mbzobqmjgjo piízmag" Nç g a|úbmag ni|bgfèqzmag& zohpi|gf& zoh g

aifubg aihi qug qohofdgbzo" Pi|íh& g aifubg p|iau|g |ofgzg| o à a|úbmag í po|hmzmjg g

ipmbmái" Pg|g Hofi $7=4?-& g ag|gazo|m~gëái jgq aifubgq bg mhp|obqg l|gqmfom|g jçhg|kobq g oqzg ghlmkömjgjo" Qokubji i guzi|& dç uhg zobjîbamg jo qo adghg| jo aifubg

zijg qoëái cmtg jo ni|bgmq o |osmqzgq" Pi| mqqi& humzgq so~oq i aibaomzi jo aifubg gl|gbko

g a|úbmag& i aihobzç|mi o g |oqobdg"

Qil|o G|hgbji Bikuom|g& i guzi| jm~ wuo

Qug a|úbmag |osoqzo(qo& gqqmh& jiq ocomziq agzç|zmaiq& pi| z|gbqhujg| oh pgfgs|g

piízmag& pofi smíq jg qulnozmsmjgjo& iq qobzmhobziq wuo qulng~oh à |op|oqobzgëáijgq aimqgq o ilnoziq o pi| osiag| gq mhgkobq hèzmai(qmhlñfmagq wuo |oqqigh bimhgkmbç|mi ji cuzolif U"""X" Joqzg ci|hg& Bikuom|g |ojobo g a|úbmag jo cuzolif& gi|oi|mobzg| pg|g i piízmai& oh cubëái jo uhg fmbkugkoh hèzmai(hozgcñ|mag& uh po|au|qi qupiqzghobzo |oco|obamgf o& gi mbqo|m| bofo gq gqpm|gëÿoq duhgbgq jiqgamibgjiq pi| oqqo oqpi|zo U"""X qug a|úbmag& pofgq mhpfmagëÿoq fmbköèqzmagq jgqulnozmsmjgjo ji bg||gji|& aibz|mlum pg|g g afgqqmagëái jg a|úbmag jo cuzolif aihiuh qulkîbo|i $AIOFDI& <001& p" <3-"

Pg|g Aiofdi $<001-& i þbmai aihp|ihmqqi jo Bikuom|g o|g aih g oqzízmag& g lofo~g o g

ohiëái hgbmcoqzgjgq bg p|çzmag oqpi|zmsg" Aih zgf mbmamgzmsg& z|gbqaobjo gzí iq fmhmzoq

jg mhgkoh& pimq& pg|gjitgfhobzo& g lofo~g ji cuzolif zi|bg g qug a|mgëái fmzo|ç|mg

mhpg|" Joqzo hiji& pi| hgmq wuo i pþlfmai zobdg ilqo|sgji i niki oh jozgfdoq gz|gsíq

jg ZS& zoh uhg piqqmlmfmjgjo jmco|obzo gi fo| g a|úbmag> g jo smqfuhl|g| aihi ofo í

hgbmcoqzi gz|gsíq ji ‖ifdg|‘ g|zèqzmai"

Gmbjg qokubji i guzi|& oh gfkuhgq am|aubqzìbamgq i zohg jg p|iqg(piízmag jo Bikuom|g

qowuo| adokgsg g qo| uh po|qibgkoh& hgq qmh g p|ñp|mg jmbìhmag ji oqpi|zo o)iu iq



<;

hismhobziq jiq gzfozgq" Aihi i j|mlfo& cubjghobzi wuo qohp|o cim aibqmjo|gji uh jiq

hgmq pfçqzmaiq o uh jiq hgmq ag|gazo|èqzmaiq jiq nikgji|oq l|gqmfom|iq"

Aiofdi $<001- gpibzg wuo& aih i pgqqg| jiq jmgq& g a|úbmag qic|o aih g po|jg ji qou

smki|" Aih qug cgqo çu|og& obz|o gq jíagjgq jo 7=?0 o 7=;0& g a|úbmag zo|mg po|jmji qug

ci|ëg& zgfso~ pi| jimq hizmsiq> i qu|kmhobzi jg zofosmqái o g mbotp|oqqmsmjgjo jiq

a|ibmqzgq wuo qu|kmgh" Pi|íh& Hofi $7=4?- gcm|hg wuo& gi aibz|ç|mi jmqqi& g a|úbmag

aibwumqziu hgmq oqpgëiq"

Oqzgq p|osmqÿoq poqqmhmqzgq agoh pi| zo||g qo otghmbg|hiq ni|bgmq o |osmqzgq jok|gbjo am|aufgëái" Oh wugqo zijiq U"""X dç uh oqpgëi agjg so~ hgmi| joqzmbgji àsi~ jiq a|ibmqzgq" O pijo(qo g|hg| wuo g a|úbmag |osmzgfm~iu(qo jo zgf ci|hg wuo&

dino& obaibz|g(qo oh k|gu jo oqpoamgfm~gëái" Gqqmh qo otpfmag g a|úbmagduhi|èqzmag jo Nú Qig|oq o Fuèq Co|bgbji So|èqqmhi& pulfmagjg oh ni|bgmq o|osmqzgq jg gzugfmjgjo& iu g cuzolifèqzmag jo G|hgbji Bikuom|g" $HOFI> 7=4?> p":3-"

1"< Biqzgfkmg bg a|úbmag oqpi|zmsg l|gqmfom|g

Mqglof Co|mb $<00=- joqzgag wuo biqzgfkmg jo|msg ozmhifikmaghobzo ji k|oki biqzgf & wuo

qmkbmcmag |ozi|bi à agqg& o kmg& wuo í uhg iagqmái jo ji| p|ifibkgjg" Pi| humzi zohpi i

zo|hi cim uzmfm~gji bg hojmambg bi jmgkbñqzmai jo uhg jiobëg wuo piqqum iq qmbzihgq

jo hofgbaifmg& p|isiagjg humzgq so~oq pi| uh jmqzgbamghobzi ji fg|" Oh qmzugëÿoq

hgmq otz|ohgq& oqqg jiobëg pijo|mg fosg| à gbi|otmg o gi qumaèjmi"

Cim g pg|zm| jiq qíaufiq TMT o TT wuo i siaçlufi fmlo|ziu(qo jg hojmambg o obz|iu bg

fmzo|gzu|g o bi aizmjmgbi jgq poqqigq pg|g qmkbmcmag| uh qobzmhobzi jo |oai|jgëái ji

pgqqgji po|jmji& aihi |oqqgfzg Co|mb $<00=-" Qokubji g guzi|g& g |ombsobëái jo qobzmji

johibqz|g& gmbjg& uh joqfiaghobzi ji siaçlufi jg oqco|g cèqmag pg|g i jihèbmi

zohpi|gf& ji p|oqobzo pg|g i pgqqgji"

Jo gai|ji aih Co|mb $<00=-& hþfzmpfiq uqiq hozgcñ|maiq o a|u~ghobziq jo qobzmjiq ji

aibaomzi jo biqzgfkmg zi|bgh(qo uhg co||ghobzg a|èzmag pg|g mbzo||ikg| g g|zmaufgëái ji



<4

pgqqgji aih i p|oqobzo o iq p|iaoqqiq jo hohñ|mg wuo fosgh gi gpgkghobzi iu à

qil|osgfi|m~gëái jo jozo|hmbgjgq smsîbamgq ji pgqqgji bi p|oqobzo"

Qokumbji oqqg fmbdg& Co|mb $<00=- qgfmobzg wuo i aibaomzi z|gbqci|hg(qo oh uh

mbqz|uhobzi pg|g gsgfmg| aihi gq |op|oqobzgëÿoq ji pgqqgji qái |oa|mgjgq bi p|oqobzo o

aihi g qgujgjo& |ogf iu mhgkmbgjg& hizmsgjg pofi gcgqzghobzi jo uh pgqqgji&

aibqz|uèji o iu mjogfm~gji& pijo mbzo|sm| bgq |op|oqobzgëÿoq aifozmsgq jg hohñ|mg"

Pg|g Co|mb $<00=-& iq homiq jo aihubmagëái jo hgqqg& qil|ozuji gwuofoq wuo oqzái

cubjgjiq bg mhgkoh& aihi i ambohg& g cizik|gcmg o g zofosmqái& aibz|mluè|gh jo ci|hg

jocmbmzmsg pg|g g otpgbqái ji aibaomzi o ji qobzmhobzi ji qgujiqmqhi& bg hojmjg oh

wuo& oh aibci|hmjgjo aih iq |mzhiq jg qiamojgjo agpmzgfmqzg& mbauzoh uhg a|oqaobzo

sofiamjgjo gi aibquhi ji zohpi& pgqqgji& p|oqobzo o cuzu|i"

Bikuom|g $<001- gcm|hgsg wuo oh hgzí|mg jo cuzolif cim humzi hgf gaiqzuhgji& pimq

smu gq qofoëÿoq ji L|gqmf wuo obagbzg|gh i hubji& zgmq aihi gq jo ?0& ?4& ;0 o 4<&

gfíh jo k|gbjoq qofoëÿoq jo iuz|iq pgèqoq wuo zghlíh p|gzmagsgh i cuzolif(g|zo o wuo

qo zi|bg|gh mboqwuoaèsomq& zgmq aihi g Dubk|mg jo ?:& g Difgbjg jo ;:& g Gfohgbdg jo

33 o ;:" Aihi k|gbjo jocobqi| ji cuzolif(g|zo o ji cuzolif ji pgqqgji& hoqhi bgq

smzñ|mgq& oqpoamgfhobzo l|gqmfom|gq& Bikuom|g bái jomtgsg jo zoao| a|èzmagq wugbji g

zúbmag bái qo obaibz|gsg boqqo oqzmfi jo nikg| ji pgqqgji"

Pg|g Bikuom|g $<001-& zghlíh po|aolo i cuzolif(g|zo aihi uhg mjobzmjgjo afg|g ji

cuzolif l|gqmfom|i" Pg|g ofo& i l|gqmfom|i bái qo aibzobzg gpobgq aih g smzñ|mg& hgq gfíh

jo sobao|& í il|mkgzñ|mi wuo qo nikuo libmzi& wuo gq smzñ|mgq qongh mbwuoqzmibçsomq o wuo

g qupo|mi|mjgjo zíabmag jiq l|gqmfom|iq cmwuo afg|g" Oqqg í g mhgkoh wuo i cuzolifbgamibgf bái gpobgq a|mi jo qmh hoqhi& hgq wuo zghlíh kgbdiu i hubji" Joqzg

ci|hg& pg|g wuo g Qofoëái |op|oqobzo i l|gqmfom|i í p|oamqi wuo i þfzmhi qo mjobzmcmwuo

aih ofg o oqqo p|iaoqqi qñ qo aihpfozg wugbji i L|gqmf gp|oqobzg uh cuzolif sm|zuiqi"

Boqqo aghmbdi& i ni|bgfmqzg |ogfm~g gp|itmhgëÿoq obz|o i cuzolif p|gzmagji bi L|gqmf o g

jgbëg& ghlgq otp|oqqÿoq a|mgzmsgq bgamibgmq" Bi oqpi|zo zgf gp|itmhgëái qo jg|mg pofiq

cfi|omiq o pofi mbuqmzgji& ofohobziq wuo qái obaibz|gjiq bg jgbëg o wuo bái qo sîoh

hgmq aih zgbzg c|owöîbamg bi cuzolif hijo|bi"



<=

Bikuom|g $<001- jmqai|jg jiq aihobzg|mqzgq aibzohpi|ìboiq wuo gcm|hgh wuo iq

zohpiq hujg|gh o wuo bái dç hgmq oqpgëi pg|g g p|çzmag ji cuzolif(g|zo zgf aihi oh

jíagjgq pgqqgjgq" I a|gwuo& pg|g i a|ibmqzg& aih qouq pgqqoq& aih qouq j|mlfoq o aih

qug zíabmag& aibzmbug qobji agpg~ jo a|mg| i obagbzghobzi oh zijiq gwuofoq wuo i

gqqmqzoh& gfíh& í afg|i& jo joqowumfml|g| o joamjm| uhg pg|zmjg" Í otgzghobzo oqqg

agpgamjgjo zíabmag& g otmqzîbamg jo nikgji|oq |ogfhobzo jmco|obamgjiq& agpg~oq jo

|ogfm~g| nikgjgq mbuqmzgjgq& wuo ag|gazo|m~g g dmqzñ|mg ji cuzolif l|gqmfom|i o i cg~ bái qñ

sobaoji| aihi |oqpomzgji"

1"1 Iq p|mhom|iq a|gwuoq ji L|gqmf

Nç i ni|bgfmqzg hmbom|i Pfèbmi Lg||ozi $7=;3- z|gzg jg ípiag oh wuo i oqpi|zo gmbjg o|gghgji|& wugbji iq gzfozgq nikgsgh pofi ghi| o mjobzmcmagëái aih i afulo" Obz|ozgbzi& i

guzi| aibzg uh agqi ji gzgagbzo Bmkmbdi& ji gbzmki Pgfoqz|g Mzçfmg& dino A|u~om|i& wuo&

bg síqpo|g jiq afçqqmaiq aibz|g i Gzfízmai(HK& qmhufgsg uhg aibzuqái" Obz|ozgbzi& mqqi

o|g gpobgq uh p|ozotzi ji nikgji| pg|g g||gbag| jmbdom|i ji p|oqmjobzo ji zmho& uhg

so~ wuo Bmkmbdi o|g i p|mbampgf gqz|i ji Pgfoqz|g"

Pfèbmi Lg||ozi $7=;3- gcm|hg wuo i p|icmqqmibgfmqhi adokiu gi cuzolif ji L|gqmf& oh7=11& pg|g osmzg| i îtiji jo a|gwuoq pg|g g Ou|ipg" Bg agpmzgf hmbom|g& gpobgq iq z|îq

afuloq aibqmjo|gjiq k|gbjoq gjizg|gh i hijofi $Ghí|mag(HK& Gzfízmai(HK o

Pgfoqz|g-" Nç bg |okmái hoz|ipifmzgbg& i Qmjo|þ|kmag& jo Qglg|ç& o Smffg Bisg& jo Bisg

Fmhg& zghlíh qokum|gh i p|icmqqmibgfmqhi pg|g ‖qoku|g|‘ qouq èjifiq"

I wuo jo cgzi hgmq zo|ç mbcfuèji pg|g g aiba|ozg gjiëái o gpfmagëái ji p|icmqqmibgfmqhi bi cuzolif l|gqmfom|i dç jo zo| qmji i îtiji jo k|gbjoq nikgji|oq&

wuo oh ao|zg cgqo pgqqg|gh g z|iaç(fi pofg |ogfmjgjo& hgzo|mgfhobzo hgmqaihpobqgji|g ji cuzolif ou|ipou" Gz|gèjiq pofiq c|gbaiq quèëiq o pofgq fm|gqmzgfmgbgq& k|gbjoq gqz|iq bgamibgmq pg|zm|gh pg|g g Ou|ipg" $LG\\OZI& 7=;3& p"<<-"

Gpoqg| ji p|icmqqmibgfmqhi bi cuzolif l|gqmfom|i& Hmbgq Ko|gmq& oh oqpoamgf i Pgfoqz|g

Mzçfmg& po|jou iq qouq z|îq k|gbjoq gqz|iq> Bmbái& Bmbmbdi o Bmkmbdi qokum|gh pg|g g

Fg~mi(MZG" G aibz|gzgëái jiq nikgji|oq l|gqmfom|iq cg~mg pg|zo jo uh ghlmamiqi p|inozi

ji jmzgji| cgqamqzg Lobmzi Huqqifmbm jo |oci|ëg| g qug pipufg|mjgjo& jgbji pg|g g Mzçfmg

uh zèzufi jo otp|oqqái hubjmgf bg ç|og oqpi|zmsg& i wuo gaibzoaou aih g Aipg ji

Hubji jo 7=1:"



10

Pfèbmi Lg||ozi $7=;3- joqzgag wuo& obz|o 7=1:& 7=1? o 7=13& i cuzolif hmbom|i cim

jihmbgji pofi Smffg Bisg wuo qo qgk|iu z|maghpoái ji Oqzgji aih uh k|gbjo

oqwugj|ái"

I Smfg $qma- Bisg qo a|mg|g o qo |iluqzoamg jo hgbqmbdi& qoh gfg|jo& oqaibjmji obz|ogq hibzgbdgq" I |okmho ghgji|mqzg oqzgsg cmbji aih i gjsobzi ji p|icmqqmibgfmqhioh 7=11" Obwugbzi Pgfoqz|g& Ghí|mag o Gzfízmai qo aibquhmgh smbji pg|zm| pg|g iqiuz|iq aobz|iq hgmi|oq qouq hofdi|oq ofohobziq& i gfsm||ul|i jo Bisg Fmhg mghgbzobji iq aghpoÿoq jo 1<" $LG\\OZI& 7=;3& p":4-"

Pgqqgjg gq kfñ|mgq ji zmho jo Bisg Fmhg& Pfèbmi Lg||ozi $7=;3- joqzgag iq k|gbjoq

èjifiq ji cuzolif oh Hmbgq Ko|gmq" P|mhom|i cim Lobkgfg wuo ci|hgsg i homi(aghpi ji

Pgfoqz|g& qokubji Lg||ozi& Lobkgfg gzugsg joqqg ci|hg> ‖Wuoh smu Lobkgfg biq

k|ghgjiq& qohp|o aih g aghmqg so|jo ji Pgfoqz|g iu aih g lfuqg so|hofdg jiq oqa|ozoq

jo qug ípiag& kug|jg jofo uhg zo|bu|g o uhg |oai|jgëái wuo bubag qo gaglg"

$LG\\OZI& 7=;3& p":<-"

Jopimq í g so~ jo Bmbmbdi& fgzo|gf(oqwuo|ji wuo qgmu ji Pgfoqz|g pg|g qo zi|bg| i hofdi|

ji hubji qug piqmëái bg Mzçfmg" Bmbmbdi cim zmzufg| glqifuzi jg Fg~mi(MZG o pg|zmampiu

jg aghpgbdg wuo jou g Mzçfmg g Aipg ji Hubji jo 7=1:" Bmbmbdi hi||ou josmji g uhadiwuo bg pg|zmjg obz|o Fg~mi t Zi|mbi" G qug hi|zo glgfiu i hubji oqpi|zmsi"

Pfèbmi Lg||ozi $7=;3- hobamibg iuz|iq a|gwuoq ji pgqqgji aihi Agbdizi& ot Smffg

Bisg& Bmbái& Egcubkg& Pgufi Cfi|îbami& Zgmgb& Fuagq Hm|gbjg& Hç|mi jo Agqz|i o

iuz|iq gzfozgq" Wugbji qo |oco|o g oqqoq nikgji|oq& Lg||ozi hiqz|g biqzgfkmg g cgfg|

joqqoq gzfozgq"

I gzgagbzo Kug|ç& g|zmfdom|i ji Gzfízmai(HK biq gbiq 7=10& í |oz|gzgji pi| Pfèbmi

Lg||ozi $7=;3- pi| qou zgfobzi joqjo nisoh" Qokubji i guzi|& i nisoh fiu|i jo _lç&

zo||g jo G|m Lg||iqi& adokiu gi Gzfízmai(HK nubzi aih Bmaifg" Bmaifg& hgmq sofdi& bái

johi|iu g qo cm|hg bg owumpo" Kug|ç johi|iu uh piuai& hgmq fiki qo zi|biu uh jiq

hgmi|oq gzgagbzoq ji L|gqmf" Ofo aibqz|uèg uhg p|ijmkmiqg ag||om|g gzí wuo uh adiwuo jo

agloëg aih uh ~gkuom|i ji Pgfoqz|g obao||iu g qug p|ihmqqi|g ag||om|g oh 7=1="



17

Pfèbmi Lg||ozi $7=;3- zghlíh gl|o oqpgëi pg|g uhg qí|mo jo dmqzñ|mgq ji cuzolif

hmbom|i" Ofo p|iau|g joqsobjg| i cghiqi kif jo lobkgfg wuo gaibzoaou oh Bisg Fmhg &

bi niki cmbgf ji Aghpoibgzi Hmbom|i jo 7=1:& obz|o Smffg Bisg o Gzfízmai(HK& wugbji

g lifg qgmu o uh zi|aoji| nikiu(g jo sifzg gi aghpi uzmfm~gbji g qug lobkgfg" Oqqo

fgbao |oqufziu bi kif wuo jou i zèzufi gi Smffg Bisg" Iq gzfozmagbiq |oafghg|gh& hgq

bmbkuíh bubag aibqokumu p|isg| wuo i fgbao qgmu jg ci|hg aibzgjg pofiq gfsmbok|iq"

Pfèbmi Lg||ozi $7=;3- zghlíh z|g~ uh zñpmai jojmagji à aibwumqzg jg Zgëg ji L|gqmf jo

7=33 pofi A|u~om|i" Bi mbzo|sgfi ji qokubji niki& wugbji i A|u~om|i po|jmg pg|g i

Qgbziq jo Pofí pi| < t 0& uh cgzi mbuqmzgji hizmsiu iq a|u~om|obqoq g sm|g| i niki" _h

|op|oqobzgbzo jg cojo|gëái pgufmqzg cim hg|ag| g jgzg jg zo|aom|g pg|zmjg& gbzoq ji cmh jg

qokubjg" Pfèbmi Lg||ozi bg||iu gqqmh i gaibzoamhobzi"

Wugbji zuji pg|oamg po|jmji& uh dihoh obz|iu bi soqzmç|mi à p|iau|g ji p|oqmjobzo Cofèami L|gbz" _hg lihlg wuo gfm otpfijmqqo bái aguqg|mg ocomzizghgbdi" Cim wugbji uhg jo||izg wuo pg|oao mhmbobzo aihoëiu g qo| z|gbqci|hgjgoh smzñ|mg wuo kg|gbzm|mg gi zmho g~uf g aibwumqzg jg Zgëg L|gqmf" $"""- Nç dgsèghiqsmqzi zíabmai kgbdg| niki& gz|gsíq jo uhg p|ofoëái hgmq cofm~& g gfzo|gëái ao|zg bgdi|g otgzg" Nç smhiq à gzugëái mqifgjg uh nikgji| kg|gbzm| g smzñ|mg pg|g i qou zmho& nç smhiq gzí hoqhi num~ kg|gbzm| uhg smzñ|mg g auqzi ji qou gpmzi& hgq& uh p|oqmjobzo jo afulo qu|km| aihi |oqpibqçsof jm|ozi pi| |osm|gsifzg bi pfgag|&qmbao|ghobzo& cim g p|mhom|g so~" $LG\\OZI& 7=;3& p" 7=:-"

1": G a|úbmag aihi kîbo|i ni|bgfèqzmai

G A|úbmag í uh kîbo|i lgqzgbzo aihuh bi ni|bgfmqhi l|gqmfom|i" Humziq oqzujmiqiq

joqzgagh wuo g a|úbmag í uh kîbo|i a|mgji bi L|gqmf" Qç $7==<- gcm|hg wuo g ag|zg jo

Po|i Sg~ jo Aghmbdg g of(|om jo Pi|zukgf J" Hgbuof í i p|mhom|i |okmqz|i jg pgmqgkoh

l|gqmfom|g pi| uh oqa|mzi|" Qokubji i guzi|& í i hg|ai mbmamgf jg oqz|uzu|gëái wuo ji

pobqghobzi jiq joqail|mji|oq qil|o g |ogfmjgjo zupmbmwumh& gz|gsíq jo uh ìbkufi l|gqmfom|i& gpoqg| jo qo| joqa|mzg bg fmbkugkoh fuqmzgbg"

I guzi| |oqqgfzg wuo Po|i Sg~ jo Aghmbdg joqa|oso oh qou zotzi zuji wuo ofo |okmqz|g

bi aibzgzi jm|ozi aih iq èbjmiq o qouq aiqzuhoq& i adiwuo jo aufzu|gq o gfkubq cgziq

mbqmkbmcmagbzoq o lgbgmq jg z|mpufgëái"

Pg|g Qç $7==<-& ag|zg jo Aghmbdg aibqzmzumu i oqqobamgf jg a|úbmag& |okmqz|g| i



1<

am|aubqzgbamgf" Jo gai|ji aih i guzi|& g dmqzñ|mg jg fmzo|gzu|g l|gqmfom|g qo mbmamg aih i

joqail|mhobzi& iu qong& oh uhg a|úbmag"

G a|úbmag í g ci|hg jo otp|oqqái ji oqa|mzi| qil|o cgziq& mjomgq o oqzgjiq pqmaifñkmaiq

poqqigmq o aifozmsiq& qokubji Lofz|ái $7=40-" Pg|g i guzi|& aihi iq johgmq kîbo|iq

ni|bgfèqzmaiq& g a|úbmag oqzç fmkgjg giq gaibzoamhobziq gzugmq o ji jmg(g(jmg"

G a|úbmag dino qo obwugj|g aihi kîbo|i fmzo|ç|mi jo gqqubzi fms|o& jo |okmqz|i jo

powuobiq cgziq ji aizmjmgbi qil|o pifèzmag& g|zo& oqpi|zo o sg|mgjiq zohgq" Pi| qo z|gzg|

jo gqqubziq aibqmjo|gjiq hobiq mhpi|zgbzoq o pi| qo| uh zotzi fmhmzgji oqpgamgfhobzo

bgq ojmëÿoq jiq ni|bgmq bgq aifubgq iu oh g|zmkiq ipmbgzmsiq& g a|úbmag í zmjg aihi uh

kîbo|i hobi|& i wuo& zgfso~& qong oqqg ag|gazo|èqzmag wuo po|hmzg gi a|ibmqzg gbgfmqg| ‖gq

powuobgq aimqgq wuo gq k|gbjoq smqzgq bái po|aoloh" $AIQZG5 BOZI5 QIG\OQ&

<00;-"

I a|ibmqzg cg~ uqi jo amzgëÿoq jo po|qibgfmjgjoq o cgziq dmqzñ|maiq" Mbqo|mji oh uh

aibzotzi wuo piqqmlmfmzg i uqi ji |oau|qi ‖cmaëái‘& luqag qifuëÿoq a|mgzmsgq bg qug

mhgkmbgëái& qoh aihubmag| gk|oqqmsmjgjo" $AIQZG5 BOZI5 QIG\OQ& <00;-"

Nç Hofi $<001- joqzgag wuo g a|úbmag í i ohl|mái jg |opi|zgkoh& uh zotzi ibjo g

bg||gzmsg am|aubqzgbamgjg qil|o iq cgziq ilqo|sgjiq pofiq ni|bgfmqzgq oh uh

jozo|hmbgji oqpgëi jo zohpi" Amzgbji Hg|zèbo~ Gflo|ziq;& i guzi| gcm|hg wuo g a|úbmag

zoh uhg i|mkoh ohmbobzohobzo fgzmbg o jm~ wuo oqqo kîbo|i gqquho ag|çzo| zmpmaghobzo

mbci|hgzmsi& hoqafgji& pi|íh jo ofohobziq sgfi|gzmsiq wuo |osofgh g po|aopëái

poqqigf ji |ojgzi|"

G a|úbmag zgf aihi g aibdoaohiq dino bi L|gqmf& bgqaou biq |ijgpíq jiq ni|bgmq

c|gbaoqoq ji qíaufi TMT aih i ilnozmsi jo obz|ozo| iq fomzi|oq" Boqzoq oqpgëiq&

aihoëg|gh g gpg|oao| zotziq wuo jmco|mgh ji ag|çzo| ni|bgfèqzmai ji aibzoþji ojmzi|mgf"4

Hofi $<001- amzg Gc|ìbmi Aiuzmbdi= pg|g gcm|hg| wuo í aihi cifdozmh wuo g a|úbmag bi

ni|bgfmqhi l|gqmfom|i" Qokubji i guzi|& i cifdozmh aihoëiu oh 74?< aih C|gbamqai;

HG\ZÈBO^ GFLO\ZIQ& Niqí Fumq" \ojgaamñb Po|mijèqzmag"4 Himqíq& 7=4<& p"<:3= Aiuzmbdi& Gc|ìbmi" Obqgmi o a|úbmag"



11

Izgsmgbi bi Ni|bgf ji Aihho|ami ji \mi jo Ngbom|i" Jopimq jofo& k|gbjoq bihoq jg

fmzo|gzu|g l|gqmfom|g qokum|gh oqzo aghmbdi& aihi Hgadgji jo Gqqmq& Niqí jo Gfobag|&

Hgbuof Gbzúbmi jo Gfhomjg& \guf Pihpímg& Aiofdi Bozi oza"

Aibzuji& qokubji Hofi $<001-& i cifdozmh bái zmbdg gq ag|gazo|èqzmagq wuo aibdoaohiq

dino jg a|úbmag" O|g uhg qoëái jo ni|bgf jojmagjg g gqqubziq sg|mgjiq o aih

aihobzç|miq" Pg|g mfuqz|g|& i guzi| cg~ uhg gbgfikmg obz|o i cifdozmh l|gqmfom|i aih gq

aifubgq jiq ni|bgmq bi|zo(gho|magbiq& bi cmbgf ji qíaufi pgqqgji"

Gzugfhobzo& g a|úbmag qo obwugj|g aihi kîbo|i fmzo|ç|mi jo gqqubzi fms|o& jo |okmqz|i jo

powuobiq cgziq ji aizmjmgbi qil|o pifèzmag& g|zo& oqpi|zo o sg|mgjiq zohgq" Pi| qo z|gzg|

jo gqqubziq aibqmjo|gjiq hobiq mhpi|zgbzoq o pi| qo| uh zotzi fmhmzgji oqpgamgfhobzo

bgq ojmëÿoq jiq ni|bgmq bgq aifubgq iu oh g|zmkiq ipmbgzmsiq& g a|úbmag í zmjg aihi uh

kîbo|i hobi|& i wuo& zgfso~& qong oqqg ag|gazo|èqzmag wuo po|hmzg gi a|ibmqzg gbgfmqg| gq

powuobgq aimqgq wuo gq k|gbjoq smqzgq bái po|aoloh70"

: GBÇFMQO JGQ A\ÚBMAGQ JO G\HGBJI BIK_OM\G> G QG_JGJO JI

C_ZOLIF(G\ZO

:"7 Hozijifikmg jo poqwumqg

Oqzg hibik|gcmg& aihi nç cim oqa|mzi gbzo|mi|hobzo& zoh i ilnozmsi jo gbgfmqg| gq

a|úbmagq ji ni|bgfmqzg G|hgbji Bikuom|g& pulfmagjgq bi fms|i G Kmbkg o i Niki& aih

ciai bgwuofgq wuo osiagh i cuzolif ji pgqqgji" I ilnozmsi í gbgfmqg| g ci|hg aihioqqo cuzolif cim smqzi pofi guzi| aibqmjo|gji"

Jg Aipg ji Hubji jo 7=?0 gi þfzmhi hubjmgf oh <00<& G|hgbji Bikuom|g

zoqzohubdiu gq k|gbjoq aibwumqzgq o joaopëÿoq ji cuzolif l|gqmfom|i" I a|mzí|mi pg|g

qofoëái jgq a|úbmagq cim g p|oqobëg jo ofohobziq wuo |ohozmgh gi pgqqgji ji cuzolif"

Jgq ;4 a|úbmagq ji fms|i G kmbkg o i niki& biso aibzoh zgmq |oco|îbamgq"

70 Fuaobg& <001& p" 73<"



1:

G|hgbji Bikuom|g cim uh ni|bgfmqzg o a|ibmqzg oqpi|zmsi ji L|gqmf" Pmibom|i ji

zofoni|bgfmqhi& cim |oqpibqçsof pofg mhpfgbzgëái ji ni|bgfmqhi bg \ojo Kfili& aih

joqzgwuo pg|g g a|mgëái ji Ni|bgf Bgamibgf & p|mhom|i ni|bgf aih z|gbqhmqqái oh |ojo o

gi smsi jg dmqzñ|mg jg zofosmqái l|gqmfom|g" G kmbkg o i niki í i þfzmhi fms|i jo Bikuom|g&

wuo cgfoaou oh <070"

I guzi| o|g uh k|gbjo jocobqi| ji cuzolif ji pgqqgji o jo nikgji|oq aihi Kg||mbdg&

^m~mbdi o Pofí& wuo zmso|gh a|úbmagq jojmagjgq g ofoq"

Gq a|úbmagq gbgfmqgjgq qo|ái Í g So~ ji J|mlfo5 Gfíh ji \ogf Hgj|mj5 G Aghmqg 705

Oqzç Cgfzgbji _h5 I Foái jg Aipg5 I Aiadmfi jo A|gwuo5 Kg||mbadg& uh oqpgbzi'5 G

Hofdi| jo Zijgq5 o I Kgfá jg Ç|og"

G gbçfmqo zoh g p|ipiqzg jo so|mcmag| gq p|mbampgmq po|qibgfmjgjoq ji cuzolif amzgjgq

pofi ni|bgfmqzg& gq qugq |oco|îbamgq oh |ofgëái gi pgqqgji& gq p|mbampgmq aihpg|gëÿoq

aih i cuzolif p|gzmagji gzugfhobzo"

:"< Gbçfmqo jgq a|úbmagq

Oqzg hibik|gcmg p|iau|iu so|mcmag| g mhp|oqqái poqqigf jo uh guzi| g |oqpomzi ji

cuzolif& bizgbji(qo wuo& oh ko|gf& dç g |oai||îbamg jo uh jmqau|qi qgujiqmqzg jiq

a|ibmqzgq oqpi|zmsiq aibzohpi|ìboiq" Gi qo fo| i fms|i G qihl|gq jgq aduzom|gq

mhi|zgmq jo Bofqib \ij|mkuoq& í so|mcmaçsof wuo oqqg pg|zmaufg|mjgjo gaihpgbdg g

mhp|obqg oqpi|zmsg l|gqmfom|g dç humziq gbiq" Bg Aipg jo 7=?4& pi| otohpfi& i ot( nikgji|& uh jiq hgmi|oq jo zijiq iq zohpiq& o aihobzg|mqzg jo uhg |çjmi Foúbmjgq jg

Qmfsg $aibdoamji aihi Jmghgbzo Bok|i- í a|mzmagji pi| Bofqib \ij|mkuoq pi| zo|

adghgji Pofí& obzái aih 7; gbiq& jo po|bg(jo(pgu" Gzugfhobzo& Pofí í aibqmjo|gji i

hgmi| nikgji| jo cuzolif jo zijiq iq zohpiq o uh jiq èaiboq ji oqpi|zo bi qíaufi TT"

Aih piuai hgmq jo 40 gbiq jo i|kgbm~gëái& i cuzolif nç o|g& bg hozgjo ji qíaufi TT&

i oqpi|zo hgmq pipufg| ji pfgbozg" Bi L|gqmf& g dokohibmg gaibzoaou g pg|zm| jiq gbiq<0" O oqqg pipufg|mjgjo zoh uhg qmkbmcmagëái> jgq sç|~ogq giq oqzçjmiq& nikg(qo ibjo



1?

jo|" Jgq lifgq jo homgq àq lifgq joqobsifsmjgq amobzmcmaghobzo pg|g jg| i hçtmhi jo

pizîbamg gi aduzo ji gzfozg& nikg(qo aih i wuo jo|" Gq |ok|gq qái qmhpfoq o gjgpzgh(qo g

wugfwuo| am|aubqzìbamg" Johia|çzmai& i cuzolif oqzç gi gfagbao jo zijiq o kgbdiu gq

|ugq o i pisi& z|gbqci|hgbji(qo oh uh jiq cobúhobiq aufzu|gmq wuo hg|agh g smjg

l|gqmfom|g o hubjmgf boqzo qíaufi" $QI_^G5 \MZI5 FOMZÁI& 7==4-"

Pi| qo| uh oqpi|zo jihmbgji pi| mbkfoqoq o zo| gz|gèji& mbmamgfhobzo& iq nisobq jo

cghèfmgq z|gjmamibgmq ji \mi jo Ngbom|i& Hç|mi Cmfdi $<001- gcm|hg wuo bg jíagjg jo

7=<0 qu|km|gh iq p|mhom|iq qgujiqmqzgq& gwuofoq wuo fohl|gsgh i zohpi oh wuo qñ iq

l|gbaiq p|gzmagsgh g hijgfmjgjo"

Bofqib \ij|mkuoq cim uh hg|ai bg mhp|obqg oqpi|zmsg ji L|gqmf" Qo g a|úbmag í uh

kîbo|i jg fmzo|gzu|g hg|agji pofi aizmjmgbi& Bofqib \ij|mkuoq ofosiu oqqo hoqhi

kîbo|i à agzoki|mg jg cmaëái" I a|ibmqzg oqpi|zmsi í uh guzi| wuo sî g lifg& i oqzçjmi& iq

nikgji|oq& i num~& iq lgbjom|mbdgq& i pþlfmai& iq fiauzi|oq o iq a|èzmaiq& aihi ofohobziq

jo uh j|ghg& uhg z|gkíjmg& wuo qo joqob|ifg bi k|ghgji" $AIQZG5 BOZI5 QIG\OQ&

<00;-"

Bgzu|gf jo Tgpu|m& bi Ga|o& G|hgbji Bikuom|g qo hujiu pg|g i \mi jo Ngbom|i aih 7;

gbiq& ci|hiu(qo oh Jm|omzi o mbmamiu g ag||om|g jo ni|bgfmqzg oh 7=?0& gbi oh wuo i

L|gqmf po|jou g cmbgf jg Aipg ji Hubji pg|g i _|ukugm nikgbji bi Hg|gagbá& bi

Jmç|mi Ag|miag& ibjo iaupiu i ag|ki jo |ojgzi| jo oqpi|zoq o& aih i pqoujúbmhi G|bi&

gqqmbgsg g aifubg ‖Lifg P|g C|obzo‘"

Z|glgfdiu bgq |osmqzgq Hgbadozo& aihi |ojgji|(p|mbampgf& qil i aihgbji jo Izzi Fg|g

\oqobjo" Gbiq jopimq adokiu à |osmqzg I A|u~om|i& ibjo cim |opñ|zo| cizik|çcmai obz|o

7=?; o 7=?=" Gi cmh joqzg pgqqgkoh& gmbjg oh 7=?=& G|hgbji Bikuom|g mbk|oqqiu bi

Ni|bgf ji L|gqmf & ibjo cim |ojgzi| o aifubmqzg

Gqqmh aihi iuz|iq mhpi|zgbzoq a|ibmqzgq oqpi|zmsiq l|gqmfom|iq& zgmq aihi Bofqib

\ij|mkuoq& Niái Qgfjgbdg& Ag|fiq J|uhhibj jo Gbj|gjo o Nuag Eciu|m& iq zotziq jo



13

G|hgbji Bikuom|g jái uh pibzi jo pg|zmjg pg|g g a|mgëái o ofgli|gëái jo mjímg wuo oh

humzi z|gbqaobjoh i ubmso|qi ji cuzolif"

G|hgbji Bikuom|g ail|mu 7? Aipgq ji Hubji joqjo g qug oqz|omg bi Jmç|mi Ag|miag&

oh 7=?0& o qomq Nikiq Ifèhpmaiq" A|miu c|gqoq o joqa|osou Kg||mbadg aihi i ,gbni jgq

po|bgq zi|zgq," Cim uh jiq p|oau|qi|oq jiq jolgzoq oqpi|zmsiq bg ZS" Pg|zmampgsg jgq

hoqgq |ojibjgq aih aihobzç|miq mbcfghgjiq o pifîhmaiq" Gzí <00=& hgbzmbdg i cúfoki

pg|g iq jolgzoq oqpi|zmsiq bi Qpi|ZS o bg \çjmi ALB"

Bg ailo|zu|g jg Aipg ji Hubji jo 7=?:& G|hgbji Bikuom|g cmaiu obagbzgji aih i

cuzolif g|zèqzmai gp|oqobzgji pofg smao(aghpoá& g Qofoëái jg Dubk|mg& wuo aibzgsg aih

i k|gbjo a|gwuo Puqegq" G pg|zm| jgè& i joqzgwuo jgji gi zmho dþbkg|i& nç osmjobamgsg g

qug p|oco|îbamg pofi cuzolif g|zèqzmai& a|mgzmsi o dglmfmjiqi"

Gi aibzmbug| g qug ag||om|g& G|hgbji Bikuom|g mbk|oqqiu bi zofoni|bgfmqhi oh 7=?=&

bg gbzmkg ZS(\MI" Bg ohmqqi|g ag|miag& pg|zmampiu& g pg|zm| jo 7=31& bgq bimzoq jo

jihmbki& nubzghobzo aih Bofqib \ij|mkuoq o Niái Qgfjgbdg& obz|o iuz|iq& jg ‖K|gbjo

\oqobdg Cgamz‘& p|oau|qi| jolgzo oqpi|zmsi bg zofosmqái" I ni|bgfmqzg biq fokiu a|úbmagq

jo k|gbjo lofo~g"

G Hofdi| jo Zijgq

Bg a|úbmag ‖G hofdi| jo zijgq‘& jo 7==1& G|hgbji Bikuom|g gbgfmqg g Qofoëái

L|gqmfom|g jo 7=?4& wuo& qokubji ofo& cim g hgmi| owumpo jo cuzolif jo zijiq iq zohpiq&

jmqai|jgbji jo uhg poqwumqg comzg pofg ZS Kfili77& aih ni|bgfmqzgq o gzfozgq& wuo

ofokou g Qofoëái jo 7=;0 aihi g hofdi| qofoëái jo cuzolif jo zijiq iq zohpiq" Gihoqhi zohpi& g oqaifdg ji k|upi jo 7=?4 joqsgfi|m~iu g aibzohpi|ìbog Qofoëái jo

7==:& Aghpoá ji Hubji biq O_G"

Bikuom|g mbmamg g a|úbmag uqgbji uhg fmbkugkoh a|èzmag pg|g cgfg| ji zèzufi jg Qofoëái

L|gqmfom|g jo 7==:& wuo pg|g ofo cim aibqokumji pi| uhg owumpo wuo bái nikgsg zái

libmzi& wugbzi iq iuz|iq oqwugj|ÿoq wuo aibwumqzg|gh Aipgq ji Hubji pg|g i L|gqmf"

77 Poqwumqg qil|o wugf g Hofdi| Qofoëái jo Zijiq iq Zohpiq& comzg pofg ZS Kfili& oh 7==<& wuo wuoaibziu aih i sizi jo ni|bgfmqzgq"



1;

‖I wug|zi& homi hi|zmëi& í jo nufdi jo =:" Qo bái í i agqi |obokç(fi& omq wuo uh z|mubci

í qohp|o loh(smbji& hgbjg g so|jgjo wuo i |oki~mni qong hgmq jmqa|ozi" Ou jm|mg wuo

cim uhg smzñ|mg ai||ozg& pi|íh& qoh z|ihlozgq‘" Boqzg pgqqgkoh& i guzi| joqsgfi|m~g i

zèzufi aibqokumji o pojo wuo gq aihohi|gëÿoq qongh aibzmjgq& oh biho jg aibqamîbamg

jgq fmhmzgëÿoq ji zmho aghpoái"

Pg|g Bikuom|g& i pgqqgji gp|oqobziu k|upiq aih hofdi| joqohpobdi" Ofo cg~ uhg

aihpg|gëái obz|o jugq qofoëÿoq& wuo po|zobao|gh g uhg ‖o|g |ihìbzmag ji cuzolif‘> gq

Qofoëÿoq L|gqmfom|gq jo 7=?4 o g jo 7=;0" Pg|g i guzi|& g owumpo jo 7=?4 o|g humzi

qupo|mi| o ofo wuoqzmibg g poqwumqg jg ZS Kfili& gi gcm|hg| wuo wuoh bái siziu bg

Qofoëái jo 7=?4 cim pi|wuo bái g smu nikg|" Hiqz|g(qo gqqmh& zoqzohubdg jo uh pgqqgji

kfi|miqi o aifiag oh towuo gq ipmbmÿoq jiq wuo& p|isgsofhobzo& bái pujo|gh

p|oqobamg| g Aipg jo 7=?4"

Bikuom|g bái piupg ofikmiq à p|mhom|g Qofoëái L|gqmfom|g g aibwumqzg| uhg Aipg ji

Hubji& boqzo gbi jo 7=?4& bg Quíamg& o uqg jo hozçci|gq pg|g joqa|osî(fg" ‖Gwuofg&

qmh& o|g jo cg~o| qibdg|" \ofu~mg o qugsg" Qugsg o |ofu~mg" Jo Kmfhg| g ^gkgffi& g

qofoëái o|g m||oziaçsof" Bi oqpè|mzi jo fuzg& bg ci|ëg hobzgf& bg zíabmag |ocmbgjg‘" I

guzi| johibqz|g zijg biqzgfkmg gi qo fohl|g| jo uh zohpi ‖|ihìbzmai‘ ji cuzolif"

G|hgbji Bikuom|g |ofohl|g zghlíh& aih uhg fmbkugkoh otgfzgji|g& jo uh jiq

p|mbampgmq nikgji|oq jg aibwumqzg bg Quíamg& Jmjm& adghgji pi| ofo jo ‖p|èbampo‘& o qou

joqohpobdi bgq pg|zmjgq cmbgmq jg Aipg ji Hubji aibz|g C|gbëg o Quíamg& ibjo i

nikgji| bái o||iu bobduh pgqqo o cim |oaibdoamji pi| uh ni|bgf c|gbaîq aihi uh

‖nikgji| hgkmqz|gf‘"

Bikuom|g cmbgfm~g g a|úbmag aih uh zih biqzçfkmai& gi amzg| Pofí o Kg||mbadg aihi iq

hgmi|oq otpiobzoq ji cuzolif jgwuofg ípiag& o gcm|hgbji wuo g Aipg ji Hubji jg

Quíamg cim i hgmi| hihobzi jiq qouq ?0 gbiq jo g|wumlgbagjg" ‖Gd& wuo qgujgjoq wuo

ou zobdi jgwuofg Qofoëái'‘& cmbgfm~g i ni|bgfmqzg"

Oqzç cgfzgbji uh"""



14

Bg a|úbmag ‖Oqzç Cgfzgbji _h"""‘& G|hgbji Bikuom|g gbgfmqg g ofmhmbgëái jg Qofoëái

G|kobzmbg jg Aipg jo <00< o |ohozo g gbzmkiq aibc|ibziq obz|o L|gqmf o G|kobzmbg&

aihi bi cmh jiq gbiq :0& jg nç otzmbzg Aipg \iag7< o jg zíabmag |ocmbgjg pi| pg|zo jiq

l|gqmfom|iq aibz|g i cufki| o g ‖|gëg‘ g|kobzmbiq"

G|hgbji Bikuom|g cg~ uhg gbgfikmg obz|o i cuzolif quf(gho|magbi jg jíagjg jo 7=:0 o

i jg Aipg jo <00<" Ji qou pibzi jo smqzg& qo gbzoq nikgji|oq dglmfmjiqiq jocobjmgh

L|gqmf o G|kobzmbg& bi cuzolif aibzohpi|ìboi bái í jmco|obzo" ‖Ibzoh& aihi iq píq

mhi|zgmq jo ^m~mbdi o Pojo|bo|g& dino5 aihi iq píq guqpmamiqiq jo \ibgfjmbdi Kgþadi

o jo Pglfi Gmhg|"‘ Oh uh jiq |g|iq hihobziq& i guzi| cg~ uhg aihpg|gëái obz|o iq

p|mbampgmq a|gwuoq& l|gqmfom|iq o g|kobzmbiq& jo 7=:0 o <00< o bái johibqz|g biqzgfkmg

gi ofikmg| iq gzfozgq aibzohpi|ìboiq"

Bikuom|g zghlíh |ofohl|g& oh uh zih biqzçfkmai& ji cuzolif jg jíagjg jo 7=:0& oh

wuo ofo cim uhg zoqzohubdg smqugf" ‖Bi cmh jiq gbiq :0& ou smg& joqfuhl|gji& iq

aibc|ibziq jg Aipg \iag& obz|o l|gqmfom|iq o g|kobzmbiq" O|gh pg|zmjgq huhobzgmq"‘

Boqzg pgqqgkoh& i guzi| hiqz|g(qo biqzçfkmai oh |ofgëái g uh pgqqgji kfi|miqi"

Gfíh ji \ogf Hgj|mj

Boqzo zotzi& G|hgbji Bikuom|g aihobzg qil|o i \ogf Hgj|mj jo 7=30& owumpo ofomzg i

zmho ji qíaufi" I guzi| jmqai|jg jg ofomëái o amzg aihi otohpfi i zmho ji Lizgciki jg

jíagjg jo 7=30& osiagbji hgmq uhg |oco|îbamg ji pgqqgji aihi qèhlifi jo cuzolif(

g|zo" ‖Hgq bái i soni gamhg ji Lizgciki& otulo|gbzo bg pgqqgkoh jiq ?0 p|iq 30& aihi z|mi Kg||mbadg(Bmfzib Qgbziq(Jmjm wuo sgfo uhg obamafipíjmg jo cuzolif‘" Zi|aoji| ji

zmho ag|miag& G|hgbji Bikuom|g o|g uh gpgmtibgji pofi cuzolif lizgcikuobqo o

p|mbampgfhobzo pofg ípiag jo Kg||mbadg& amzgbji g owumpo o i nikgji| jo ci|hg

|oai||obzo bi fms|i"

7< G Aipg \iag o|g uhg aihpozmëái jo cuzolif mbqzmzuèjg oh 7=71 o jmqpuzgjg obz|o gq qofoëÿoq bgamibgmqjo L|gqmf o G|kobzmbg"



1=

Bikuom|g joqzgag wuo i cuzolif g|kobzmbi bg jíagjg jo 7=:0 o|g humzi hgmq

joqobsifsmji ji wuo i l|gqmfom|i o wuo cim gz|gpgfdgji pofg pifèzmag ji kiso|bi Po|ñb"71

Mqqi |ohozo à gbçfmqo jo \ghiq $7=4:-& i cuzolif pijo qo| uh gpg|ofdi jo jihmbgëái

ji kiso|bi& nç wuo mbafum oh qou ubmso|qi gq wuoqzÿoq oaibúhmagq& pifèzmagq o qiamgmq"

Qokubji i guzi|& iq pifèzmaiq uqgh oqqgq ag|gazo|èqzmagq pg|g wuo g pipufgëái oqwuoëg

iq p|ilfohgq ji pgèq& aihi qgþjo& oaibihmg& ojuagëái o mbcfgëái" I guzi| zghlíh amzg

i bg~mqhi gfohái o i cgqamqhi mzgfmgbi aihi kiso|biq wuo zobzg|gh fmkg| qugq mhgkobq

gi oqpi|zo o uqç(fi mjoifikmaghobzo"

Boqzg a|úbmag Bikuom|g amzg sç|mgq iuz|gq owumpoq& wuo qo bái ci|gh hofdi|oq& o|gh ji

hoqhi bèsof wuo g owumpo ji \ogf Hgj|mj jg jíagjg jo 7=30& pi|íh bobduh zmho

aibzohpi|ìboi cg~ pg|zo jiq hofdi|oq& bg ipmbmái ji a|ibmqzg" I zmho hgmq |oaobzo

aihobzgji aih Bikuom|g í i difgbjîq Gngt& jo 7=;:& uh iuz|i afg|i otohpfi jo

otgfzgëái gi cuzolif ji pgqqgji"

G aghmqg 70

Bg a|úbmag ‖G aghmqg 70‘& G|hgbji Bikuom|g jmqai|jg jgq guzi|mjgjoq ji cuzolif

g|kobzmbi& wuo joamjm|gh gpiqobzg| g aghmqg 70 jg qofoëái bgamibgf& buhg dihobgkoh

g Jmoki Hg|gjibg" Qokubji ofo& i pgèq zoso iuz|i nikgji| hofdi| wuo i ‖Pmlo‘> Gfc|oji

Jm Qzícgbi& gzfozg jg jíagjg jo 7=30"

Ofo gcm|hg wuo qo g Aibcojo|gëái L|gqmfom|g zmsoqqo g hoqhg mjímg pg|g dihobgkog|

Pofí& zo|mg wuo mhi|zgfm~g| iuz|gq aghmqgq jo iuz|iq a|gwuoq l|gqmfom|iq" ‖Qo uh jmg g

ALC |oqifsoqqo aihozo| g zifmao jo agbibm~g| g aghmqg 70& oh dib|g g Pofí& ao|zghobzo&

zo|mg wuo cg~o| i hoqhi aih g bþho|i qozo& pi| k|gzmjái g Kg||mbadg o g imzi pg|g

^m~mbdi‘" G|hgbji Bikuom|g pijo|mg zo| amzgji gfkuh nikgji| aibzohpi|ìboi aihi

\ihç|mi o \ibgfji& hgq qug p|oco|îbamg pi| nikgji|oq ji pgqqgji í hgmq wuo osmjobzo"

71 Nugb Jihmbki Po|ñb cim uh hmfmzg| o pifèzmai g|kobzmbi" Cim p|oqmjobzo jo qou pgèq jo 7=:3 g 7=?? o jo7=;1 g 7=;:"



:0

Po|qibgfmjgjoq amzgjgq> Jm Qzícgbi& Hg|gjibg& Pofí& Kg||mbadg o ^m~mbdi

I Kgfá jg ç|og

Boqzo zotzi& G|hgbji Bikuom|g cg~ uhg dihobgkoh g Hgu|i \ghiq& ~gkuom|i wuo

o|kuou g zgëg jo aghpoái ji hubji jo 7=?4& wuo pi| qou oqzmfi libmzi o ofokgbzo jo

nikg| kgbdiu i gpofmji jo ,Hg|zg \iadg,7:& hgq wuo zghlíh qglmg nikg| qí|mi wugbji

p|oamqi" ‖Jmki gpoqg|& ghmkiq& pi|wuo& bgwuofoq zohpiq& i pgpof ji ~gkuom|i o|g fmhpg|

g ç|og& aih aduzÿoq& g oqhi wuo gfmsmgsgh g gbkþqzmg jg zi|amjg‘" Ghgbzo ji cuzolif(

g|zo& i guzi| gjhmzo wuo i cuzolif ji pgqqgji boh qohp|o o|g nikgji jo ci|hg pfçqzmag&

aihi o|g jo qou gk|gji"

G|hgbji Bikuom|g cgfg jg ag|gazo|èqzmag p|mbampgf jo Hgu|i& g wugfmjgjo jo qgm|

nikgbji aih g lifg biq píq" ‖O|g uh sm|zuiqo& hohl|i bgzi jg |ogfo~g jo Jihmbkiq

Jg Kumg& jo Bmfzib Qgbziq& jo Ag|fiq Gflo|zi Zi||oq& kobzo wuo qohp|o zoso aih g lifg

uhg |ofgëái jg hgmq zo|bg aibsmsîbamg‘" I guzi| aihpg|g Hgu|i g iuz|iq mhpi|zgbzoq

jocobqi|oq jg dmqzñ|mg ji cuzolif l|gqmfom|i& zijiq aih uhg ag|gazo|èqzmag oh aihuh>

o|gh ~gkuom|iq& hgq ~gkuom|iq wuo nikgsgh libmzi& i cuzolif(g|zo& wuo pg|g Bikuom|g í

gfki wuo qñ otmqzmg bi cuzolif ji pgqqgji"

Í g so~ ji J|mlfo

Boqzo zotzi G|hgbji Bikuom|g cg~ hgmq uhg hobëái g Kg||mbadg& ot(nikgji| l|gqmfom|iwuo qo bizglmfm~iu pi| qouq j|mlfoq joqaibao|zgbzoq gpoqg| ji cgzi jo zo| qugq po|bgq

zi|zgq" I guzi| cgfg jg josiëái wuo Kg||mbadg& amzgji bg hgmi|mg jo qugq a|úbmagq& zmbdg

bi j|mlfo o i aihpg|g aih i nikgji| Jobèfqib& wuo co~ quaoqqi bg Qofoëái L|gqmfom|g bi

cmbgf jg jíagjg jo 7==0"

‖Í pofi j|mlfo wuo qo aibdoao i pibzg" Oqzo p|isí|lmi qgmu jo hijg" Í ji zohpi jo

Zoqiu|mbdg& jo Nufmbdi& jo Kg||mbadg o Agbdizom|i‘" Boqzo z|oadi& G|hgbji Bikuom|g7: Hmqq L|gqmf bg jíagjg jo 7=?0



:7

cg~ uhg afg|g gfuqái qgujiqg gi cuzolif ji pgqqgji& gi amzg| gzfozgq jg jíagjg jo 7=:0 g

7=30 o gi jm~o| wuo i p|isí|lmi qgmu jo hijg& ofo afg|ghobzo joqsgfi|m~g i cuzolif

aibzohpi|ìboi& ibjo qupiqzghobzo i j|mlfo po|jou i fukg|"

‖I j|mlfo jo Kg||mbadg zmbdg oaiq" Gzí dino& |oqqig pofiq wugz|i agbziq ji aghpi& aihi

uh agbzi‘" Boqzg a|úbmag pijohiq po|aolo| g mhpi|zìbamg wuo i guzi| jç gi cuzolif ji

pgqqgji& gi aifiag| Kg||mbadg aihi uh Jouq"

I Foái jg Aipg

G|hgbji Bikuom|g boqzg a|úbmag |ofohl|g uhg dmqzñ|mg jo qou zohpi aihi |opñ|zo|& oh

wuo smgniu jo z|oh& bg Aipg ji Hubji jg Quíamg jo 7=?4& aih g Qofoëái L|gqmfom|g" Bg

ipi|zubmjgjo& Bikuom|g smgniu gi fgji jo Sgsç& nikgji| jo |g~içsof zíabmag& hgq wuo

cmaiu aibdoamji pi| qug |gëg"

I guzi| aibzg wuo Sgsç oqzgsg aih i pí hgaduagji o hoqhi gqqmh obz|iu oh aghpi

aibz|g C|gbëg& ibjo mbafuqmso hg|aiu uh jiq kifq jg smzñ|mg" ‖Lih& ghmkiq jo dino& ou

qñ piqqi jm~o| g siaîq uhg aimqg> Sgsç nikiu g pg|zmjg aibz|g g C|gbëg aihi uh l|gsi"

Bái |ocukiu uhg qñ jmqpuzg aih iq ~gkuom|iq c|gbaoqoq‘" Bikuom|g sgfi|m~g g ci|ëg jo

sibzgjo ji nikgji|& wuo qokubji ofo& nikgsg qoh i pí& hgq aih i ai|gëái"

Qgujiqmqzg& G|hgbji Bikuom|g cmbgfm~g g a|úbmag otpfmagbji i gpofmji jo ‖Foái jg

Aipg‘& |oaolmji pi| Sgsç& gpñq g pg|zmjg& o qo hiqz|g biqzçfkmai oh |ofgëái gi cuzolif

p|gzmagji bgwuofo zohpi" ‖Hgq& joqjo gwuofg pg|zmjg aibz|g g C|gbëg& ou cmwuom qglobji

pi| wuo gfkuíh zoso g cofm~ mjímg jo lgzm~ç(fi jo Foái jg Aipg" Wugbzg qgujgjo'‘

I Aiadmfi jo a|gwuo

I guzi| aihoëg g a|úbmag wuoqzmibgbji g hujgbëg ji oqwuohg zçzmai bi cuzolif wuo

otzmbkumu ji cuzolif i pibzg(jo(fgbëg o i homg(jo(fmkgëái& wuo bg jíagjg jo 7=?0 o|gh

mhpi|zgbzoq cubëÿoq jobz|i jo aghpi" ‖G k|gbjo so|jgjo& ghmkiq& í wuo g osifuëái

zçzmag gagliu aih jugq p|oamiqmjgjoq jo uh zmho jo cuzolif> i pibzg o i homg" Biq libqzohpiq g qofoëái zmbdg oh ^m~mbdi o Ngm| jg \iqg Pmbzi i hgmq mfuqz|o ‖pg| jo homgq‘ ji



:<

L|gqmf‘" Qgujiqmqzg& i guzi| cg~ uhg hobëái g uhg ípiag ji cuzolif wuo bái sifzg hgmq&

oh wuo i oqwuohg zçzmai o|g jo :(<(:& wugqo qoh bobduh hg|agji|& i wuo qo|mg mbsmçsof

dino& nç wuo g jocoqg í qupo|sgfi|m~gjg"

Oh qokumjg& G|hgbji Bikuom|g amzg gbzmkiq homgq(jo(fmkgëái wuo& bg qug aibaopëái&

bái otmqzoh hgmq bi cuzolif hijo|bi" ‖Gd& wuo qgujgjoq jo ^m~mbdi& jo Jmjm& jo

Ko|qib& jo Gjohm| jg Kumg'‘" Bikuom|g mkbi|g k|gbjoq bihoq ji cuzolif

aibzohpi|ìboi& aihi pi| otohpfi& i ^mbojmbo ^mjgbo& wuo zghlíh í uh homg& biq

hifjoq jiq gbzmkiq homgq jo fmkgëái o aih zgbzg wugfmjgjo wugbzi iq wuo ci|gh

aihobzgjiq"

G|hgbji Bikuom|g aihobzg uh g|zmki jo iuz|i a|ibmqzg& Ziqzái& oh wuo i ot(nikgji|

aihobzg jg cgfzg jiq homgq(jo(fmkgëái bi cuzolif hijo|bi o jo aihi zohiq agjg so~

hgmq nikgji|oq jo homiq wuo qñ qo p|oiaupgh aih g hg|agëái& iq adghgjiq sifgbzoq

agloëgq(jo(ç|og"

Kg||mbadg& uh oqpgbzi'

Oh hgmq uhg a|úbmag G|hgbji Bikuom|g sifzg g dihobgkog| Kg||mbadg o aihobzg

qil|o g Aipg ji Hubji jo 7=3<& wugbji Pofí qo hgaduaiu o i nikgji| jgq po|bgq

zi|zgq cmaiu aih g |oqpibqglmfmjgjo jo aibju~m| g Qofoëái L|gqmfom|g pg|g i zèzufi"

‖Kg||mbadg qgm jg pibzg o sgm p|i homi o& qi~mbdi& aibqokuo z|gbqzi|bg| g jocoqg

l|mzìbmag" J|mlfg& pgqqg& agloaomg o aduzg" Gi hoqhi zohpi& cg~ ziji hubji fohl|g| o

oqwuoao| Pofí‘" Pofí o Kg||mbadg ci|gh iq hofdi|oq nikgji|oq wuo i guzi| gcm|hg zo|

smqzi nikg| o& g ziji hihobzi& amzg ghliq aih qgujgjo jo uh zohpi wuo bái sifzg

hgmq"

Gi fibki jg a|úbmag& G|hgbji Bikuom|g zobzg aihpg|g| o joamjm| qil|o wuoh cim

hofdi| nikgji|> Pofí iu Kg||mbadg& i wuo bi cmbgf o ofo aibqmjo|g mhpiqqèsof o iq ofosg

g i pgzghg| jo jouqoq" ‖Qo Kg||mbadg o|g agpg~ jo obag|bg| Pofí o qo Pofí o|g&

mkugfhobzo& agpg~ jo obag|bg| Kg||mbadg& qñ ho |oqzg agbibm~ç(fiq boqzo hou mbqzmkgbzo

jikhg> Pofí o Kg||mbadg qái gq jugq p|mbampgmq poqqigq jg qgbzèqqmhg z|mbjgjo ji

cuzolif"



:1

? AIBAF_QÁI

Jo gai|ji aih Co|mb $<00=-& iq hþfzmpfiq uqiq hozgcñ|maiq o a|u~ghobziq jo qobzmjiq

ji aibaomzi jo biqzgfkmg zi|bgh(qo uhg co||ghobzg a|èzmag pg|g mbzo||ikg| g g|zmaufgëái

ji pgqqgji aih i p|oqobzo o iq p|iaoqqiq jo hohñ|mg wuo fosgh gi gpgkghobzi iu à

qil|osgfi|m~gëái jo jozo|hmbgjgq smsîbamgq ji pgqqgji bi p|oqobzo" Bgq a|úbmagq joG|hgbji Bikuom|g& oqqgq smsîbamgq qil|osgfi|m~gjgq qo |oco|oh gi cuzolif ji pgqqgji"

I cuzolif í uh oqpi|zo mbzok|gji à aufzu|g l|gqmfom|g o p|oqobzo bi jmg g jmg jo zijg g

pipufgëái" Zijiq iq jmgq iq homiq jo aihubmagëái jo hgqqg jái oqpgëi pg|g uh

ubmso|qi jo 7=0 hmfdÿoq jo z|ombgji|oq" Pi| zgbzgq poqqigq gadg|oh wuo piqquoh

aibdoamhobzi qil|o oqzg p|çzmag oqpi|zmsg& dç zgbzgq piqmëÿoq aibz|gjmzñ|mgq qil|o i

zohg" Gfkuhgq jofgq gjwum|m|gh piqmëái p|iohmbobzo pg|g ohmzm| gbçfmqoq& ipmbmÿoq o

nufkghobziq& agqi ji a|ibmqzg gwum aibqmjo|gji"



::

Oh biso gbçfmqoq jo a|úbmagq ji ni|bgfmqzg G|hgbji Bikuom|g& oh qou fms|i G Kmbkg o

i Niki& cim p|ipiqzg g so|mcmagëái jg p|oqobëg jg biqzgfkmg bi zotzi ji guzi|& wuo bái

oqaibjo ji qou fomzi| wuo p|oco|o g ípiag |ihìbzmag ji cuzolif(g|zo" G pgfgs|g

‖qgujgjo‘ gpg|oao pi| 7< so~oq bgq a|úbmagq oqaifdmjgq"

Bg aibaopëái jo G|hgbji Bikuom|g $o jo sç|miq iuz|iq a|ibmqzgq aihi Bofqib

\ij|mkuoq o Hg|mi Cmfdi& pi| otohpfi- i cuzolif jo gbzmkghobzo o|g p|gzmagji pi|

nikgji|oq jizgjiq jo uhg agpgamjgjo zíabmag gamhg jiq aibzohpi|ìboiq& iq wugmq

uzmfm~gh hgmq jg ci|ëg pg|g qil|oqqgm| boqzo oqpi|zo"

Gpoqg| jo bái oqaibjo| g qug p|oco|îbamg pofi cuzolif p|gzmagji bi pgqqgji& Bikuom|g

gjizg uhg piqzu|g jocobqmsg gao|ag joqqo gz|mluzi& adokgbji g amzg| oh qug a|úbmag ‖G

hofdi| jo zijgq‘ wuo bái í qgujiqmqzg5 pi|íh& |oqqgfzg wuo bubag hgmq bg dmqzñ|mg

dgso|ç uhg qofoëái ci|hgjg pi| Pofí& Jmjm& Kg||mbadg& Kmfhg| o ^gkgffi& |oai|jgbji

gqqmh g oqagfgëái jg Qofoëái L|gqmfom|g jo 7=?4& aibqmjo|gji pi| humziq i hgmi|

oqwugj|ái jo cuzolif jo zijiq iq zohpiq"

Iuz|g a|úbmag wuo pijohiq osmjobamg| oqpoamgfhobzo i qgujiqmqhi jo G|hgbji

Bikuom|g í bg ‖Í g so~ ji j|mlfo‘& bg wugf i guzi| cgfg jo Kg||mbadg o jg cgfzg wuo qobzo

jo so| hgmq nikgji|oq aihi ofo& wuo zmbdg i j|mlfo aihi ‖uhg josiëái‘"

I qobzmhobzi biqzçfkmai o qgujiqmqzg í humzi po|aolmji biq hojmg& qil|ozuji oh gbiq

jo Aipg ji Hubji" Humziq aihpg|gh i cuzolif jg gzugf Qofoëái L|gqmfom|g aih i jiq

oqwugj|ÿoq wuo soqzm|gh g aghmqg ghg|ofg oh iuz|gq ípiagq"

Pi| mqqi& qo| qgujiqmqzg& pg|oao qo| p|í(|owumqmzi pg|g zo| quaoqqi bg mhp|obqg oqpi|zmsg

l|gqmfom|g" G bisg ko|gëái p|oamqiu a|oqao| iusmbji wuo i cuzolif bái í i hoqhi wuo qo

nikgsg gbzoq o wuo g aihpg|gëái jo wugfwuo| nikgji| iu owumpo jo dino aih a|gwuoq ji

pgqqgji qo|mg uh glqu|ji pi| icobjo| g wugfmjgjo humzi qupo|mi| ji niki gbzmki"

G|hgbji Bikuom|g aibz|mlumu joamqmsghobzo pg|g zgmq mhp|oqqÿoq"

Í fñkmai wuo bái pijohiq oqwuoao| iq a|gwuoq o ji lofi cuzolif wuo o|g p|gzmagji bi

pgqqgji" Hgq quloqzmhg| iq nikgji|oq o g ci|hg wuo oqqo oqpi|zo í p|gzmagji oh biqqg



:?

ípiag zgfso~ qong mbjosmji& gpoqg| jo humzi aihuh bi biqqi ni|bgfmqhi" Nikgji|oq

aihi Sgb Lgqzob& Hoqqm& \ibgfji& \ihç|mi& Luccib& ^mjgbo& Lg|oqm obz|o iuz|iq&

pijo|mgh& qoh jþsmjg& nikg| biq k|gbjoq oqwugj|ÿoq amzgjiq pi| G|hgbji Bikuom|g"

\oco|îbamgq Lmlfmik|çcmagq

GFAÌBZ\G& Dífmi" G hgkmg ji cuzolif" Oqzujiq Gsgbëgjiq& Qái Pgufi & s"<0& b"?; & p" <=;(10?& hgmi")gki" <003"

GBZ_BOQ& Cçzmhg Hg|zmb \ij|mkuoq Co||om|g" Aih L|gqmfom|i& Bái Dç Wuoh Piqqg',> Cuzolif o Mjobzmjgjo Bgamibgf " Qái Pgufi> _boqp& <00:"

AGHPLOFF& Niqopd" I pijo| ji Hmzi" Z|gjuëái jo Ag|fiq Cofmpo Himqíq" Qái Pgufi>Pgfgq Gzdobg& 7==0"

AIOFDI& Pgufi Smbmamuq" Ni|bgfmqhi Oqpi|zmsi" Qái Pgufi> Aibzotzi& <001"

AIQZG& Fgmfzib Gfsoq jg" Ni|bgfmqhi l|gqmfom|i> g zoi|mg o g p|çzmag jiq kîbo|iq ni|bgfèqzmaiq biq ambai hgmi|oq ni|bgmq ji L|gqmf" Jmqpibèsof oh>

dzzp>))obampoaih"hozijmqzg"l|)hojmg{mem)mhgkoq)7)70)KZ:(Y7;(YNi|bgfmqhiYl|gqmfom|i( YFgmfzib"pjc " Gaoqqi oh 7? jo hgmi jo <077"

http://encipecom.metodista.br/mediawiki/images/1/10/GT4-_17-_Jornalismo_brasileiro-_Lailton.pdf






:3

AIQZG& Cofmpo \ij|mkuoq jg5 BOZI& Ghg|èfmi Co||om|g5 QIG\OQ& Gbzúbmi Ni|koKibëgfsoq" A|úbmag oqpi|zmsg l|gqmfom|g> dmqzñ|mai& aibqz|uëái o a|ibmqzg" Pobqg| g

p|çzmag 70)7> 7?(17& ngb")nub" <00;"

JGHGZZG& \ilo|zi" G lifg ai||o hgmq wuo iq dihobq" \mi jo Ngbom|i> \iaai <003"

CO\MB& Mqglof" Hmk|gëÿoq& hojmg o biqzgfkmg" Jmqpibèsof oh>dzzp>)){{{"piq"oai"uc|n"l|)inq(<"<"<)mbjot"pdp)|osmqzg)g|zmafo)smo{)<?4)<?: " Gaoqqi oh7? jo hgmi jo <077"

HÇ\MI CMFDI" I bok|i bi cuzolif l|gqmfom|i" \mi jo Ngbom|i> Amsmfm~gëái L|gqmfom|g&

7=3:"

HOFI& Niqí Hg|wuoq jo" Ni|bgfmqhi ipmbgzmsi> kîbo|iq ipmbgzmsiq bi ni|bgfmqhi l|gqmfom|i" 1" oj" |os" o ghpf" Aghpiq ji Ni|jái> Hgbzmwuom|g& <001"

HI\MB& Ojkg|" Aufzu|g jo hgqqgq bi qíaufi TT > i oqpè|mzi ji zohpi ( M bou|iqo"Z|gjuëái jo Hgu|g \mlom|i Qg|jmbdg" = oj" \mi jo Ngbom|i> Ci|obqo _bmso|qmzç|mg& 7==;"

I\MAADMI& Fum~ ^gbmb" Ambohg o Cuzolif bi L|gqmf " Mhp|obqg Icmamgf" Qái Pgufi&

<003"

\GHIQ& \ilo|zi" Cuzolif> mjoifikmg ji pijo| " \mi jo Ngbom|i> Si~oq& 7=4:"

QÇ& Ni|ko" G a|úbmag" Qái Pgufi> Çzmag& 7==<"

QI_^G& Ngm| jo5 \MZI& Fuamg5 FOMZÁI& Qí|kmi Qç" Cuzolif ( G|zo> g Aufzu|g o i nomzil|gqmfom|i jo nikg| " Ohp|oqg jgq g|zoq& 7==4"

QZ]AO\& Hgu|èami" G dmqzñ|mg ji FGBAO' ( p|inozi o p|çzmai ji ni|bgfmqhi oqpi|zmsi"Qái Pgufi> Gfghojg& <00="

[MZZO\& Niqí Qolgqzmái" L|oso dmqzñ|mg ji Cuzolif L|gqmfom|i" Qái Pgufi> CZJ& 7==3"QMFSG& Hg|aofmbi \ij|mkuoq jg" Hmf o uhg bimzoq jo cuzolif " Lofi Di|m~ibzo> Ojmzi|g

_CHK& <003"

http://www.pos.eco.ufrj.br/ojs-2.2.2/index.php/revista/article/view/258/254

http://www.mundoeducacaofisica.com/livros/books/1185/



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