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Relações Internacionais e Globalização DAESHR014- 13SB (4-0-4) Professor Dr. Demétrio G. C. de Toledo – BRI [email protected] UFABC – 2017.I (Ano 2 do Golpe) Aula 16 2ª-feira, 3 de abril

Relações Internacionais e Globalização · 2017. 4. 4. · the nature of ISIS as a movement. By attributing a kind of automaticity or natural mirror between ISIS and imperialism,

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Page 1: Relações Internacionais e Globalização · 2017. 4. 4. · the nature of ISIS as a movement. By attributing a kind of automaticity or natural mirror between ISIS and imperialism,

Relações Internacionais e Globalização DAESHR014- 13SB

(4-0-4) Professor Dr. Demétrio G. C. de Toledo – BRI

[email protected]

UFABC – 2017.I

(Ano 2 do Golpe)

Aula 16

2ª-feira, 3 de abril

Page 2: Relações Internacionais e Globalização · 2017. 4. 4. · the nature of ISIS as a movement. By attributing a kind of automaticity or natural mirror between ISIS and imperialism,

Oriente Médio em transformação:

Primavera Árabe, velhos e novos

atores 2

Page 3: Relações Internacionais e Globalização · 2017. 4. 4. · the nature of ISIS as a movement. By attributing a kind of automaticity or natural mirror between ISIS and imperialism,

Módulo II: Módulo II: Breve introdução à

história de nosso tempo futuro

Aula 16 (2ª-feira, 03 de abril): Oriente Médio em transformação: Primavera Árabe, velhos e novos atores

Textos base:

SALIH, Kamal Eldin Osman (2013) “The Roots and Causes of the 2011 Arab Uprisings”, p. 184-203.

PRASHAD, Vijay (2012) “Dream history of the global South”, p. 43-52.

COLLINS, Randall (2013) “Revoluções de ponto de virada e revoluções por colapso do Estado”, p. 69-81.

HANEY, A. (2015) “A Brief History of ISIS”.

Texto complementar:

KANDIL, Hazem (2013) “A revolta no Egito: Entrevista com Hazem Kandil”, p. 155-193.

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Primavera Árabe

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Page 5: Relações Internacionais e Globalização · 2017. 4. 4. · the nature of ISIS as a movement. By attributing a kind of automaticity or natural mirror between ISIS and imperialism,

Primavera Árabe

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Primavera Árabe

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Primavera Árabe

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• 17 de dezembro 2010: na Tunísia, o camelô Mohammed Bouazizi se autoimola em protesto contra sua detenção e humilhação pela polícia por não possuir licença para vender na rua. Seguem-se amplos protestos.

• 14 de janeiro de 2011: renúncia de Zine El Abedine Ben Ali, que assumira o poder na Tunísia por um golpe de Estado em 1987. Protestos na Líbia.

• 25 de janeiro: protestos no Cairo e no Líbano.

• 27 de janeiro: protestos no Iêmen.

• 28 de janeiro: protestos na Jordânia e em Gaza.

• 30 de janeiro: protestos em Cartum.

• 11 de fevereiro: renúncia de Hosni Mubarak. Junta militar assume o governo do Egito.

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Primavera Árabe

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• 12 de fevereiro: protestos na Argélia. • 14 de fevereiro: protestos no Bahrein. • 16 de fevereiro: protestos na Líbia. • 21 de fevereiro: protestos no Marrocos. • 25 de fevereiro: protestos no Iraque. • 11 de março: forças de segurança da Arábia Saudita impedem

protestos de maior fôlego no país. • 14 de março: intervenção saudita no Bahrein detém protestos

naquele país. • 15 de março: protestos em Gaza e na Cisjordânia. • 19 de março: Início da intervenção militar da OTAN na guerra civil

da Líbia. Protestos na Síria. • 30 de março: Obama autoriza ajuda militar aos rebeldes líbios. • 31 de março: líderes da Al Qaeda declaram apoio aos levantes

árabes.

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Primavera Árabe

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• 28 de novembro: eleições parlamentares no Egito; partido da Irmandade Muçulmana sai vencedor.

• 24 de junho 2012: Mohamed Morsi, do Partido da Irmandade Muçulmana, é eleito presidente no Egito.

• 15 de julho: início da guerra civil na Síria.

• 22 de novembro: decreto constitucional aumenta os poderes de Morsi. Protestos se seguem.

• 3 de julho de 2013: golpe de Estado no Egito. General Abdel Fatah Al-Sisi depõe Morsi, substituído pelo presidente da Suprema Corte do Egito, Adli Mansour, até a convocação de novas eleições.

• 16 de julho: novo gabinete toma posse no Egito sem participação de representantes de partidos islâmicos.

Page 10: Relações Internacionais e Globalização · 2017. 4. 4. · the nature of ISIS as a movement. By attributing a kind of automaticity or natural mirror between ISIS and imperialism,

Primavera Árabe: revolta e contrarrevolta

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• A compreensão da Primavera Árabe enfrenta uma série de dificuldades empíricas e analíticas:

– Quais as causas das revoltas?

– Quem são as forças em disputa?

– Quais são os objetivos das revoltas?

– Qual é/foi o alcance das revoltas?

– Qual a relação, e como se combinaram, fatores locais, regionais e globais?

– Como enquadrar as revoltas – e como não enquadrá-las – em categorias e narrativas eurocêntricas (esquerda e direita, revolução e contrarrevolução, secular e religioso etc., povo e elite); categorias nativas versus categorias estrangeiras.

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Primavera Árabe: revolta e contrarrevolta

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• O sentido da Primavera Árabe é disputado por uma série de atores:

– Os revoltosos;

– Os indivíduos e grupos que estavam/estão no poder;

– Analistas árabes “existencialmente” vinculados às revoltas;

– Analistas estrangeiros situados à esquerda e à direita, funcionários do imperialismo ou críticos do imperialismo.

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Primavera Árabe: revolta e contrarrevolta

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• Entre fins de 2010 e 2013 assistimos à ascensão, declínio e regressão da Primavera Árabe. Por ora, o que se afiguravam como seus principais objetivos e promessas não foram alcançados.

• Hoje (2017), a Primavera Árabe deu lugar a guerras civis sectárias, à ampliação da intervenção de grandes potências sobre a região (EUA, França, Grã-Bretanha, Rússia) e ao acirramento das disputas geopolíticas regionais (Irã, Arábia Saudita e Conselho do Golfo, Israel).

• É muito difícil prever a evolução geopolítica da região nos próximos anos.

Page 13: Relações Internacionais e Globalização · 2017. 4. 4. · the nature of ISIS as a movement. By attributing a kind of automaticity or natural mirror between ISIS and imperialism,

Primavera Árabe: “O povo quer derrubar o regime!”

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• “A major slogan of the demonstrators in these uprisings has been Ash-sha 'byurid isqat an-nizam: "The people want to bring down the regime.“ (Salid 2013: 185)

• “There is a consensus among political analysts regarding the cocktail of major factors that, when combined, created the social explosion known as the 2011 Arab uprisings. The lethal mix of factors boils down to economic deterioration and govemment cormption coupled with the repressive and violent nature of the arab regimes and the suppression of individual liberties.” (Salid 2013: 187)

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Primavera Árabe: “O povo quer derrubar o regime!”

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• “Financial pressures top every list of catalysts and causes of the Arab Spring, especially when corruption at the hands of the ruling and social elite is added. Since the mid-1980s, the majority of the Arab economies have been exposed to tremendous pressure from international financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank to reform their economies based on an economic liberalization program widely known as the "Structural Adjustment Program (SAP). Due to the adoption of that program, government subsidies of basic essential commodities were cancelled, government jobs were substantially reduced, and taxation on consumption was increased for citizens while local and foreign investors were granted custom and taxation exemption..” (Salid 2013: 187)

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Primavera Árabe: “O povo quer derrubar o regime!”

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• “These trends culminated in the economic impoverishment of the majority of the people, a fact dramatically illustrated in the staggering rise in food prices in the Arab region as well as high rates of unemployment, especially among the youth below age 25 who represent approximately 65 percent of the total population of the Arab world . (…) Thus, the Stmctural Adjustment Program imposed on the region by the World Bank and the IMF resulted in a sharp divide between the ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ in the Arab world, creating a recipe not for economic reform as intended, but for all-out revolution..” (Salid 2013: 187)

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Primavera Árabe: “O povo quer derrubar o regime!”

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• “The repressive and violent nature of the Arab regimes also ranks high on the list of major factors culminating in the 2011 Arab uprisings. Most of the Arab regimes, with the exception of a few, are classified as highly authoritarian systems in which political power is monopolized by the few rather than shared by the many. (…) Finally, massive violations of human rights have also been a factor provoking the Arab popular uprisings.” (Salid 2013: 187)

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Primavera Árabe: desdobramentos

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• “ The role played by the army in dismantling the two repressive regimes of Tunisia and Egypt: The military institution played a vital role in the success of the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions when it recognized the legitimate political rights of the demonstrators, thereby endorsing their demands. (…) These actions by the military facilitated the immediate collapse of the Tunisian and Egyptian regimes.” (Salid 2013: 189-190)

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Primavera Árabe: desdobramentos

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• “Resistance to the popular uprising from the regimes in Libya and Yemen: In Libya and Yemen the popular uprising faced stiff opposition from the ruling regimes. This resulted in a more protracted confrontation between the government and the protesting masses, unlike the rapid-fire dismantling of the regimes which took place in Tunisia and Egypt. In Libya, Muammar al-Gaddafi was killed and his regime disintegrated in October 2011, but it took about nine months to realize that objective”. (Salid 2013: 191-192)

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Primavera Árabe: desdobramentos

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• “Arab Countries Immune to Major Protests: Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Sudan Some Arab regimes have not witnessed major protests. These include the five Arab Gulf regimes of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Oman as well as the African country, Sudan. The five Arab Gulf countries in particular, each with its own unique political system, and each with enormous wealth, have so far been immune to significant popular uprising. (Salid 2013: 195)

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Primavera Árabe: desdobramentos

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• “The most major impact of the Arab revolutions is the organization of a viable, genuine democratic political system. The first step in that direction is the organization of fair and free elections. The three elections organized in the aftermath of these revolutions in Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt, have paved the way for a landslide victory of the Islamists. The high degree of coercion used by the former autocratic regimes against the Islamists — much illustrated in the arrest, detention, torture and long imprisonment — in addition to the higher organizational capabilities of this group have facilitated their domination of these elections.” (Salid 2013: 202)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “In the wake of the November 13 attacks in Paris, much of the Left has linked the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) to the deepening imperialist violence in the Middle East. (…) The basic logic of this argument is undoubtedly sound. But in terms of explanatory value, this kind of analysis does not go far enough. It suffers from too much generality and abstractness — telling us little about the specificity of this particular moment, or the nature of ISIS as a movement. By attributing a kind of automaticity or natural mirror between ISIS and imperialism, we can miss the all-important context and history that has shaped the remarkably rapid rise of the organization.” (Haney 2015)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “Why does the response to Western aggression and the calamitous situations in Iraq, Syria, and elsewhere across the region take this particular ideological and political form? What explains the support that ISIS finds on the ground in both the Arab world and Europe? In short: why now? And why like this?” (Haney 2015)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “The real genesis of the Islamic State’s rise needs to be seen in the trajectory of the Arab uprisings that erupted throughout 2011 and 2012. These uprisings represented enormous hope, a hope that must continue to be defended. They were met with repression and reversal, unable to move forward in any fundamental sense. It was into this breach that Islamist groups stepped, their rise closely calibrated to the pushback against the revolts and the popular democratic aspirations that they embodied.” (Haney 2015)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “These protests [Primavera Árabe] drew millions into mass political action for the first time in generations, seriously shaking established state structures and the grip of repressive, Western-allied regimes. Most significantly, that these movements were regional in scope pointed to the commonalities and shared experiences of people throughout the Middle East. Their impact on political consciousness and forms of organization continue to be felt across the world.” (Haney 2015)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “From the beginning of these uprisings it was clear that the issues at stake went far beyond the simplistic caricature of ‘democracy versus dictatorship’ that many commentators assumed. The underlying reasons drawing people into the streets were deeply connected to forms of capitalism in the region: decades of neoliberal economic restructuring, the impact of global crises, and the ways in which Arab states were governed by autocratic police and military regimes long backed by Western powers. (…) This underlying reality meant that the profound issues facing the Arab world would never be solved through the simple removal of individual autocrats” (Haney 2015, grifos meus)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “It was to prevent any such challenge to political and economic structures that elites, supported by Western powers and their regional allies, quickly stepped in and attempted to quash the possibility of change. This took place through a variety of means, with a range of political actors coming to shape the counterrevolutionary processes differently in each country. At the level of economic policy, there was little alteration, with Western donors and international financial institutions insisting on the continuity of neoliberal reform packages in places such as Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, and Jordan.” (Haney 2015, grifos meus)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “Simultaneously, political and military intervention in the region rapidly expanded. The fracturing of Libya following direct Western military intervention, and the Saudi-led crushing of the Bahrain uprising were two key moments of this process. Egypt’s military coup in July 2013 also marked a critical point in the reconstitution of old state structures, and confirmed the pernicious role of the Gulf States in pushing back Egypt’s revolutionary process. Perhaps most significantly, the social and physical devastation wrought by the Assad regime in Syria, including hundreds of thousands of deaths and the millions of people displaced across and within borders, further reinforced a region-wide sense of despair that came to replace the initial optimism of 2011.” (Haney 2015)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “ISIS and its earlier incarnations were basically irrelevant to the first phases of these uprisings, the massive demonstrations, strikes, and creative protest movements that rocked all Arab countries during 2011. (…) Yet as the initial aspirations for real change appeared to be increasingly thwarted, ISIS and other jihadist groups emerged as a symptom of this reversal, an expression of the apparent retreat in the revolutionary process and the growing sense of chaos. In order to better understand why this was the case, it is necessary to take a brief detour through ISIS’s ideology and worldview.” (Haney 2015)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “If we understand the rise of ISIS through the prism of retreat, we can take some confidence in knowing that the organization does not offer any effective answer to the region’s current predicament. It does not represent any kind of anti-imperialist response, or plausible route to a Middle East free of domination or repression, whether foreign or local. (…) Despite all the setbacks of the last few years, the potential growth of a genuinely left alternative has not been extinguished and, most importantly, has never been more necessary.” (Haney 2015)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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“O tipo de revolução que consiste na mobilização indignada da população ate que os autoritários cedam e fujam pode ser chamada de uma revolução de ponto de virada [tipping point]. Ela contrasta com a teoria da revolução por colapso do Estado, formulada por Theda Skocpol, Jack Goldstone, Charles Tilly e outros para mostrar as raizes de longo prazo de revolucoes importantes, como a Revolução Francesa de 1789 e a Revolucao Russa de 1917, e que usei em outra ocasião para prever a revolução antissoviética de 1989-911. Grandes revoluções são aquelas que trazem grandes mudanças estruturais (a ascensão ou a queda do comunismo, o fim do feudalismo, etc.). Argumentarei que revoluções de ponto de virada, sem uma base de longo prazo nos fatores estruturais que causam o colapso do Estado, são apenas, no melhor dos casos, moderadamente bem-sucedidas; e com frequência não conseguem sequer mudanças modestas, degenerando em guerras civis destrutivas ou em completo fracasso em causar qualquer mudança no regime.” (Collins 2013: 70)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “Uma revolução de ponto de virada fracassada não apenas não consegue cumprir suas metas; ela reforça o autoritarismo.” (Collins 2013: 75)

• “O ponto essencial e: revoluções de ponto de virada são superficiais demais para causar mudanças estruturais profundas. Mas o que poderia causa-las? (Collins 2013: 76)

• “Três ingredientes devem se juntar para produzir uma revolução por colapso do Estado. (...) (1) Crise fiscal/paralisia da organização estatal. (...) (2) Impasse nas elites entre a facção estatal e a facção de privilegio econômico. (...) (3) Mobilização de massa de dissidentes. Este fator e o ultimo na ordem causal; ele se torna importante depois que a crise do Estado e o impasse das elites enfraquecem o poder de coerção do regime.” (Collins 2013: 77)

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Da Primavera Árabe ao EI/ISIS/Daesh

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• “As revoltas da Primavera Árabe se basearam fortemente no mecanismo do ponto de virada. Onde o governo teve uma forte facção de apoio popular, tentativas de ponto de virada não trouxeram transição fácil; o resultado foi guerra civil total (Síria) ou derrota da mobilização revolucionaria por uma contra mobilização de massa (o levante “verde” no Ira em 2009)6. A popularidade das revoltas de ponto de virada, como nos levantes anti-islamistas na Turquia e no Egito, parece ter todas as fraquezas de seu gênero.” (Collins 2013: 81)

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O Oriente Médio hoje

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• Monopólio de intervenção imperialista das potências ocidentais foi quebrado pela Rússia na Síria.

• Disputas geopolíticas regionais foram acirradas: Irã, Arábia Saudita e países do Golfo, Egito e Israel buscando realinhamentos estratégicos e alianças táticas diante das profundas mudanças pelas quais a região passa e da incerteza sobre seu futuro.

• Fundamental distinguir estratégia e tática, políticas declaradas e não-declaradas. Ódios públicos não impedem colaboração militar e de inteligência, assim como amores públicos não são garantia de colaboração nessas áreas.

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Para falar com o professor:

• São Bernardo, sala 322, Bloco Delta, 2as-feiras e 6as-feiras, das 13-15h (é só chegar).

• Atendimentos fora desses horários, combinar por email com o professor: [email protected]

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