REVISION DEL ENFOQUE SOCIOHISTÓRICO EN PSICOLOGIA

7/23/2019 REVISION DEL ENFOQUE SOCIOHISTRICO EN PSICOLOGIA

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@e ^mjye _taj~{hdege'

M` [mg~dnj Cd{~ydkj nm e Kyd{d{ nm e V{dkj`jae'

M` Vyji`mle nm è Kjgkdmgkde nmg~yj nm è Kyd{d{ nm è V{dkj`jae'

M` Eg`d{d{ Lm~jnjàdkj nm _taj~{hd'

_damgkde nm` Eg`d{d{ ^mydkjLm~jnjàdkj _taj~{hdegj'

@e [d~}ekdg Ek~}e` nm è Kyd{d{ nm è V{dkj`jae'

@e Vyjv}m{~e ^mydkj Lm~jnjàdke taj~{hdege'

M` ~yelenj Dg~mygj nm è Vyjv}m{~e ^mydkj Lm~jnjàdke taj~{hdege'

Dnmg~dodkekdg nm `j{ Njldgdj{ Amg~dkj{'

Dnmg~dodkekdg nm v}g~j{ ky~dkj{ nm` nm{eyyj``j mg kene njldgdj amg~dkj'

@e ]~d`drekdg nm ]gdnenm{ ljèym{ nm Eg`d{d{ veye m{~}ndey `j{ V}g~j{ Ky~dkj{, veyekene o}gkdg v{dkjàdke, mg {} kjg~ms~j j njldgdj amg~dkj m{vmkdodkj'

@e Jyaegdrekdg [mld~dke nm è Kjgkdmgkde'

M` Vyji`mle nm è ]gdnen nm eg`d{d{

M` m{~}ndj e ~ye{ nm` kjgkmv~j kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{'

M{~y}k~}ye [mlg~dke t O}gkdjgm{ nm è Veèiye'

@e Dlvjy~egkde V{dkjàdke nm è o}gkdg Ymomymgkde` nm` @mga}ebm'@e Dlvjy~egkde V{dkjàdke nm è o}gkdg Ke~majydrenjye nm` `mga}ebm'

M` Nm{eyyj``j nm` Ndagdodkenj mg è Jg~jamgm{d{ C}lege

Nm{eyyj``j nm è o}gkdg Nm{dage~de #ymomymgkde jibm~e`$ mg m` gdj'

Nm{eyyj``j nm è o}gkdg Ke~majydrenjye t Amgmye`drenjye nm` `mga}ebm mg m` gdj'

M` m{~}ndj e ~ye{ nm è jyekdg kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{'

Dlvjy~egkde v{dkjàdke nm è jyekdg kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{'

Jyaegdrekdg [dg~eal~dke nm è jyekdg'

Ym`megkde v{dkjàdke nm è Jyaegdrekdg [dg~eal~dke nm è jyekdg'

Jyeaegdrekdg Veyendal~dke nm è jyekdg'Ym`megkde V{dkjàdke nm è Jyeaegdrekdg Veyendale~dke nm è Jyekdg'

Vmy~dgmgkde t ym`megkde v{dkjmj`}~de nm è jyekdg kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{'

M` nm{eyyj``j nm è o}gkdg ymomymgkde` mg è m~eve vymdga}{~dke'

M` nm{eyyj``j nm è o}gkdg ke~majydrenjye mg è m~eve vym`dga}{~dke'

Vj~mgkde`m{ [mld~dkj{'

Nm è [mld~dke nm` Nd{k}y{j e` m{~}ndj nm è Dg~my{}ibm~ddnen'

@e [mld~dke, `j{ eg`d{d{ `d~myeydj{, t è vyjv}m{~e nm L' Ieb~dg e è{ Kdmgkde{ [jkde`m{'


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;Agmyj{ Nd{k}y{dj{'

M` Mg}gkdenj kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{ t {}{ keyek~my{~dke{'

@j{ O}gnelmg~j{ [jkde`m{ nm` Mg}gkdenj'


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>M` [mg~dnj C d{~ydkj nm è Kyd{d{ nm è V{dkj`jae2

_taj~{hd, mg {} ~yeiebj M` [dagdodkenj Cd{~ydkj nm è Kyd{d{ nm è V{dkj`jae #my

_taj~{hd, 5449$, kyd~dk è dgkevekdnen nm è v{dkj`jae nm ney k}mg~e kdmg~odkelmg~m nm `j{

vyjkm{j{ v{dkjàdkj{ nm` {my c}legj' @e Am{~e`~, m` v{dkjeg`d{d{, m` kjgn}k~d{lj j m`

vmy{jge`d{lj nm [~myg, joymkeg {}amymgkde{ dg~}d~de{ veye }ge ~mjye nm è lmg~m, {dg

mlieyaj, mg è vyk~dke, ym{}`~eie dlvj{di`m dg~mayey {}{ ce`èraj{, v}m{ `j u}m veye }ge

m{k}mè eàj mye }g cmkcj v{dkjàdkj, kjlj m` kjlv`mbj nm mndvj veye m` v{dkjeg`d{d{,

gj {dagdodke gene mg m` nd{k}y{j kjgn}k~d{~e j nm è Am{~e`~ #Yddmym, 5446$' Nm{nm }g

mgoju}m {jkdjcd{~ydkj, _taj~{hd kjgk`}t u}m m{~e eveymg~m ndmy{dnen t v`}ye`dnen nm

dnme{, gj mye {dgj m` ymo`mbj nm }ge ayeg m{kd{dg nd{kdv`dgey, t mg m{~ydk~j ydajy, idmg keiye

ceièy nm nd{~dg~e{ v{dkj`jae{'

M{ e vey~dy nm m{~e{ ymo`msdjgm{ ky~dke{ ym{vmk~j nm` m{~enj amgmye` nm è v{dkj`jae,

u}m _taj~{hd i}{k {mg~ey è{ ie{m{ ~mydkj lm~jnjàdke{ nm è v{dkj`jae, kjlj

nd{kdv`dge kdmg~odke, u}m dg~mayeye nm }ge legmye gj mk`k~dke `j{ evjy~m{ nm `j{ ndmy{j{

mgoju}m{ msd{~mg~m{' [mag _taj~{hd #5446', vv $ Ldmg~ye{ keymrkelj{ nm }g {d{~mle

amgmye`lmg~m ekmv~enj u}m dgkjyvjym e è v{dkj`jae ~jnj{ `j{ kjgjkdldmg~j{ nm u}m

nd{vjgm, k}eù}dmy nm{k}iydldmg~j dlvjy~eg~m gj{ kjgn}kdy dgmd~ei`mlmg~m e è kymekdg

nm }ge g}me ~mjye mg è k}e` mgk}enymg `j{ cmkcj{ ymkdmg~mlmg~m ji{myenj{' E{,

v}mnm kjg{dnmyey{m m` nm{eyyj``j nm {} ~mjye, kjlj e vey~dy nm }ge ldyene m{mgkde`lmg~m

mvd{~mljàdke'

_taj~{hd vèg~m u}m gdga}ge nm è{ m{k}mè{ ~mgde {}odkdmg~m vjnmy nm msv`dkekdgkjlj veye {mydy nm o}gnelmg~j e }ge kdmgkde u}m eieykeye ~jnj{ `j{ omglmgj{

v{dkjàdkj{, v}m{ kene }ge nm m`è{ elmgereie kjg u}mney eke k}egnj {}{ vydgkdvdj{ {m

ev`dkeieg le{ e`` nm` kelvj nm m{~}ndj nm` k}e` ceieg {}yadnj' _taj~{hd kjgk`}t u}m

~jne{ m{~e{ kjyydmg~m{ ~mgeg }ge mj`}kdg {jkde` {dldèy, m{ nmkdy, ~jne{ vym{mg~eieg

}ge ld{le ve}~e {jkde` nm nm{eyyj``j #Yddmym, 5434', vv' $, e vey~dy nm }g


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=nm{k}iydldmg~j mlvydkj #vm' è {e`dekdg$, {m amgmyeg kdmy~e{ ojyle{ kjgkmv~}e`m{

#vm' è dnme nm ymo`mbj$, mg ~jygj e è{ k}e` {m eg jydadgegnj }g kjgb}g~j nm ke~majye{ tvydgkdvdj{ msv`dke~dj{ kene mr l{ t le{ ei{~yek~j{ #ymo`mbj{, dgkjgndkdjgenj{ t

kjgndkdjgenj{, ymo}myrj kjg~dgamg~m, kjgndkdjgeldmg~j, ceid~j,''' evymgndrebm, cjliym,

{jkdmnen, '''m~k'$' Veye _taj~{hd, m{~j ymo`mbeie u}m `j{ cmkcj{ {jiym `j{ k}e`m{ {m

o}gneieg è{ nd{~dg~e{ v{dkj`jae{, ym{vjgneg e gdm`m{ nm ei{~yekkdg m dg~myvym~ekdg

ndomymg~m{ nm è yme`dnen, t u}m le{ eg, e` ege`drey m{~j{ cmkcj{ mg }g ld{lj vègj

~mydkj, {~j{ ym{}`~eieg {my dgkjlve~di`m{ mg~ym {d, vjy `j u}m {dlv`mlmg~m {m

kjg{~d~}tmg mg od`j{joe{ j dnmj`jae{ amgmye`m{ #vm2 m` ke{j vyj~j~vdkj nm è ky~dke cmkcee` v{dkjeg`d{d{$' @j lmn}èy nm m{~e ve}~e nm mj`}kdg nm è{ ~mjye{, mye u}m vmyld~e

ymmèy è mynenmye ge~}ye`mre nm ~jne{ m`è{, {} jydamg {jkde`, nm` k}e`, mye ymo`mbj' Mg

m{~e{ kjgndkdjgm{, mye vj{di`m gj {`j ege`drey è ge~}ye`mre {jkde` u}m {}itekm e` kjgb}g~j

nm {}v}m{~j{ t vyjv}m{~e{ nm` nmie~m, {dgj u}m ~elidg mye vj{di`m ege`drey `j u}m

eveymke kjlj m` ojgnj nm` vyji`mle, u}m gj mye {dgj m` vyji`mle nm è ymèkdg [}bm~j

Jibm~j, u}m, mg ~yldgj{ v{dkj`jàdkj{ enu}dye l`~dv`m{ ojyle{ #cjliymge~}ye`mre,

dgnddn}j{jkdmnen, cmymgkdeevymgndrebm, lmg~mk}myvj, kjgkdmgkdele~myde, m~k'$' [d idmg

m{ kdmy~j, ~e` vyji`mle mye }g k`{dkj ~mjàdkj t od`j{odkj, {mag _taj~{hd, è v{dkj`jae e`

i}{key mydady{m kjlj kdmg~odke, md~ }ge ymo`msdg }gd~eyde e` ym{vmk~j, {dmgnj è vydgkdve`

ojyle nm msvym{dg nm ndkcj nmie~m, m` nm è e`jyekdg t ymèkdg mg~ym `j{ vyjkm{j{

v{dkjàdkj{ le{ i{dkj{ j od{djàdkj{, t `j{ {}vmydjym{, j nm kjgkdmgkde' M{~e vyji`mle

vmgndmg~m, mye m` vydlmy v}g~j u}m nmie eijyney è v{dkj`jae veye {}vmyey è kyd{d{, m`

k}e`, v}mnm ym{}ldy{m amgydkelmg~m mg è eveydkdg nm nj{ jydmg~ekdjgm{ i{dke{', vjy }g

ènj, è{ u}m vjnyelj{ `èley, {}ibm~dd{~e{, {}inddndne{ mg `j{ u}m #e$ e`dneieg `j{

ymvjy~m{ myie`m{ dg~yj{vmkkdjgd{~e{ mlvdyd{~e{, t vjy j~yj ènj, #i$ `j{ jibm~dd{~e{ #{dg

kjg{dnmyey è{ vj{~}ye{ v{dkjàdke{ u}m {da}dmyjg e` ènj nm è od`j{joe, kjlj è

omgjlmgj`jae t m` msd{~mgkde`d{lj$' [mag _taj~{hd, m` mbm kmg~ye` nm m{~e ndkj~jle {m

egkèie gj ~eg~j mg `j nd{~dg~e{ u}m ym{}`~eieg {my è{ ndmy{e{ kjgkmvkdjgm{ ~mydke{ nm

m{~e{ vj{~}ye{, {dgj o}gnelmg~e`lmg~m mg è kjgkmvkdg nm msk`}{ddnen t ymn}kkdjgd{lj


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?ke}{e` u}m kene m{k}mè e~ydi}e e {}{ vyjvdj{ vj{~}ènj{ t vydgkdvdj{ msv`dke~dj{, {dmgnj

~e` ndlmg{dg nm` vyji`mle è ke}{e yme` nm è dlvj{did`dnen nm k}eù}dmy dg~mayekdg#_taj~{hd, 5449', v $' Veye _taj~{hd ~eg~j m` {}ibm~dd{lj kjlj m` jibm~dd{lj

ymn}kkdgd{~e myeg dg{j{~mgdi`m{', ldmg~ye{ u}m m` vydlmyj ~yeg{ojyle è lmg~m mg }ge

mg~dnen jk}`~e o}mye nm` e`kegkm nm è dgm{~daekdg kdmg~odke, m` {ma}gnj ``me `j lmg~e` e`

~myymgj nm è kdmgkde e` kj{~j nm, dj`mg~egnj è{ ojyle{ le{ kjlv`mbe{ t m`mene{ nm`

o}gkdjgeldmg~j v{dkjàdkj c}legj, cekmy dlvj{di`m }g m{~}ndj jibm~dj nm m`è{ #Yddmym,

5434$' [d è v{dkj`jae vym~mgne mydady{m {jiym ie{m{ kdmg~odke{, {} ~eyme dgdkde` mye è nm

~yerey }g {mgnmyj gj {`j ~mydkj, {dgj ~elidg lm~jnjàdkj mg~ym m` {}ibm~dd{lj t m`jibm~dd{lj' Veye _taj~{hd

[d è ymo`msj`jae msk`}tm nm` kdyk}`j nm {}{ dgm{~daekdjgm{ `j{ omglmgj{v{u}dkj{, vjy kjg{dnmyey u}m gj {jg nm {} kjlvm~mgkde, jiye kjlj èv{dkj`jae dnme`d{~e, u}m m{~}nde `j v{u}dkj {dg ymèkdg eà}ge kjg genele {, kjlj }g l }gnj m gkmyyenj mg { l d{lj''' @j{ m{~enj{ v{u}dkj{ mg {ld{lj{ o}mye nm` m{vekdj nm {}{ ke}{e{ gj msd{~mg' êl vjkj v}mnmmsd{~dy, vjy kjg{da}dmg~m, è kdmgkde u}m `j{ m{~}ndm' Vmyj m{~}ndey èkjgn}k~e c}lege {dg `j v{u}dkj, kjlj vym~mgnm è v{dkj`jae# ymo`msj`jae$ , m{ ~e g dlvj{di`m kjlj m{~} ndey `j v{u}dkj {dg è kjgn}k~e'Vjy ~eg ~j gj ce t {d~dj veye n j{ kdmgkde{ nd{~dg~e{''' M` m{~enj ek~}e` nm è{nj{ yele{ nm` {eimy vèg~me dg{d{~mg~mlmg~m è k}m{~dg nm è gmkm{dnen t

omk}gndnen nm è kjlv`m~e o}{dg nm elie{ kdmgkde{ #kd~' mg Vjrj, B', 544?',vv' 54;$2

ê` {g~m{d{ ~mydkj lm~jnjàdke nmie {}yady nm }g eg`d{d{ u}m _taj~{hd nmgjldg

lm~e ~mydkj, t u}m idmg keim mg~mgnmy`j cjt, kjlj }g eg`d{d{ mvd{~mljàdkj #Yddmym,

5434', [c}eym, 544;', Ajgre`mrYmt, 5441$, m` k}e` ymmèie u}m iebj m` eveymg~m kej{

~mydkj, ceieg {dld`d~}nm{ keyndge`m{ mg~ym è{ vj{~}ye{ nm elij{ e` eijyney `j{

vyji`mle{ v{dkjàdkj{' [mag _taj~{hd2

^jnj{ `j{ l~jnj{ v{dkjàdkj{ u}m {m }~d`dreg mg è{ dgm{~daekdjgm{v{dkjàdke{ m{~g m{~y}k~}yenj{' vm{m e {} mgjylm l}`~dv`dkdnen, {jiym }gvydgkdvdj, }g {j`j ~dvj, m` m{u}mle 2 m{~l}`jym{v}m{~e # MY$' Vjy l}tvmk}`dey t kjlv`mbj u}m {me m` ~dvj nm m{~y}k~}ye nm` msvmydlmg~jv{dkjàdkj,'' [m ~ ye~e {dml vym nm dgo`}dy nm e à}ge ojyle {jiym m` cjliym ,nm vym{mg~ey`m{ }ge{ } j~ye{ mskd~ekdjgm{, nm m{~dl}èy #te m{e$ {}kjgn}k~e j {} dmgkde nm }g ljnj } j~yj, kjg m` odg nm m{~}ndey,dgm{~daey, ege`drey, nm{kydidy, t kjlveyey è ym{v}m{~e, è ymekkdg, e`m{~l}`j nenj,'''

^jne{ è{ ndmyamgkde{ mg è lm~jnj`jae nm è{ ndmy{e{ kjyydmg~m{ tm{k}mè{, ~jne è ndmy{dnen nm ojyle{ t ~kgdke{ kjgkym~e{, e{ kjlj è


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1l}`~dv`dkdnen nm l ~ jnj{ nmimg {} jydamg e è yel dodkekdg }`~mydjy nm m{~ml ~jnj v{dkjàdkj o}gnel mg~e `' '' ^jnj m{~j ml vdmre mg m` }liye` nm è

{}vj{dkdg vydgkdve`' M` vydgkdvdj nm m{~l}`jymekkdg kjlj yer kjlgnm ~jnj{ `j{ l~jnj{ v{dkjàdkj{, kjlj {} vydgkdvdj j kjmodkdmg~m kjlg,nmim #mg~jgkm{$ {my ms~yenj nm` veyg~m{d{ t ege`drenj kjlj m` dgndkenjykjlg nm ` l ~jnj v{dkjàdkj'''

Ldmg~ye{ }g ay}vj nm v{dk`jaj{ kjg{dnmyeie u}m è ymèkdg mg~ym m` m{~l}`j t è

ym{v}m{~e mye m` jibm~dj le{ dglmnde~j nm è dgm{~daekdg, njgnm è ymekkdg m{

kjg{dnmyene kjlj }g vyjkm{j v}yelmg~m jibm~dj, {dldèy e ~jnj{ `j{ nml{ vyjkm{j{ nm

è ge~}ye`mre, veye `j{ j~yj{, m` m{~dl}`j t è ymekkdg kjg{~d~}eg m` leykj ms~mydjy u}m

iydgneie è{ kjgndkdjgm{ veye m` msvmydlmg~j v{dkjàdkj, te {me kjlj {g~jle nmvyjkm{j{ dg~mygj{, j dmgkde dg~myge mg {' Nm m{~e legmye, m` e{vmk~j nm è m{~y}k~}ye

ojyle` m{~l}`jym{v}m{~e, mye è ie{m lm~jnjàdke kjlg veye elie{ vj{~}ye{'

[mag _taj~{hd2

Vm{m e è{ vyjo}gn{dle{ ndomymgkde{ nm vydgkdvdj mg~ym è dmbe t è g}mev{dkj`jae #u}m gj v}mnmg vmynmy{m nm d{~e gd vjy }g {`j dg{~eg~m$, eelie{ ~mjye{ è{ cmylege }g ljlmg~j lm~jnjàdkj ojyle` t kjlg, ' ' 'M{m ljlmg~j kjg{d{~m mg u}m elie{ ~mgnmgkde{ v{dkjàdke{ kjlvey~mg èld{le ek~d~}n ege`~dke, mg è dnmg~dodkekdg nm è{ ~eyme{ nm èdgm{~daekdg kdmg~odke kjg è ndd{dg nm` ~jnj mg `j{ m`mlmg~j{ vydleydj{

t è ymn}kkdg nm è{ ojyle{ t ojyle kdjgm{ {}vmydjym{ e è{ dgomydjym{, nm`nm{vymkdj nm` vyji`mle k}e`d~e~dj, u}m gj v}mnm ymn}kdy{m e ndomymgkde{k}eg~d~e~de{' M{ nmkdy, elie { ~mgnmgkde{ kjdgkdnmg m g u}m {} vmg{eldmg~jkdmg~odkj gj m{ nde`k~ dkj'

@j k}e` {m msvym{e le{ elv`delmg~m mg m` cmkcj nm u}m 2

@e dmbe v{dkj`jae #{}ibm~dd{~e$ me u}m è ~eyme o}gnelmg~e` nm èdgm{~daekdg kjg{d{~e mg ms~yemy `j{ m`mlmg~j{ vydleydj{ nm è{dmgkde{ gj n dd{di`m{, u}m ce `èie # te {me mg$ `j{ omglmgj{ v{u}dkj{m`mlmg~e`m{ ji~mgdnj{ lmndeg~m è ei{~yekkdg, ~e`m{ kjlj è{{mg{ekdjgm{, {mg~dldmg~ j{ nm vèkmy nd{vèkmy t m {o}myrj j`}~dj, j idmg,`j{ vyjkm{j{ t o}gkdjgm{ v{u}dke{ m`mlmg~e`m{ ms~yenj{ vjy è ld{le

e, ~e`m{ kjlj è e~mgkdg t è{ e{jkdekdjgm{ #nm m{~e legmye$, `j{vyjkm{j{ {}vmydjym{ t kjlv`mbj{ myeg oyekkdjgenj{ mg {}{ m`mlmg~j{kjlvjgmg~m{ ymn}kdgnj`j{ kjlv`m~elmg~m e kjlidgekdjgm{ #ndmy{e{$,nm è{ #nd{~dg~e{$ dmgkde{ j {}{ vyjkm{j{ vydle ydj{' Nm {~m l jnj {}yam}g mgjylm lj{edkj nm dne v{u}dke, ojylenj vjy ~yjrj{ ndmy{j{ nmdmgkde{, }g ayegndj{j k}enyj e~jl {~dkj nm` oyekkdjgenj m{vyd~} c} legj'

Vjy {} vey~m, è v{dkj`jae jibm~dd{~e, kee mg `j{ ld{lj{ dkdj{, v}m{2

'' ' ~el vjkj kjgjkm j~ ye e cekde m` kjgjkdldmg~j nm ` ~jnj kjlv`mbj, u}mm` eg`d{d{ t m` oyekkdjgeldmg~j8 {eim ~eg {`j m`}kdney m` kjg~mgdnj t


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3nddndy`j mg m `mlmg~ j{''' Kdmyyeg `j{ jbj{ eg~m è v mk}`deydnen k}e`d~e~de nmè{ ojyle{ {}vmydjym{ nm` kjlvjy~el dmg~j8 veye m`è gj ms d{~mg ndomymgkde{

o}gnel mg~e `m{ kjg `j{ vyjkm{j{ dgomydjym{, m`mlm g~e`m{' Mg amgmye`, ~jnj{`j{ vyjkm{j{ nm è kjgn}k~e {m nm{kjlvjgmg mg ymo`mbj{ e{jkde~dj{ u}m {mnd{~dga}mg vjy è `jgad~}n t m` glm yj nm m {èijgm{ nm è kenmge, dgcdidnj{mg eà}gj{ ke{j{ t gj ymm ènj{ ms~m ygelm g~m #dinml, vv $'

Nm m{~e ojyle, eg mg m` mlvdyd{lj {da}m msd{~dmgnj }g n}e`d{lj mgk}idmy~j, u}m

eiym è{ v}my~e{ veye mgoju}m{ lm~eo{dkj{ mg v{dkj`jae, e`dnegnj #vjy ekkdg }

jld{dg$, è msd{~mgkde nm nj{ ~dvj{ nm v{dkj`jae, }ge nm kjy~m v{dkjod{dj`jadkd{~e, t j~ye

nm jynmg lm~eo{dkj j nm` m{vyd~}' E` eijyney m` vyji`mle nm è v{du}d{, _daj~{hd kjgk`}e,

u}m ~jne{ è{ vj{~}ye{, ~eg~j jibm~dd{~e{ kjlj {}ibm~dd{~e{, e{}leg `j{ ld{lj{ ~ym{{da}dmg~m{ ljlmg~j{2

#e$ ' ' ']g m{~}ndj nm è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{u}dke{ {}vmydjym{ nm{nm è oekm~e nm`j{ vyjkm{j{ ge~}ye`m{ u}m è{ dg~maye g, # i$ è ymn}kkdg nm `j{ vyjkm{j{{}vmydjym{ t kjlv`mbj{ e m`mlmg~e`m{, t m` nm{vymkdj nm è{vmk}`deydnenm{ t `mtm{ m{vmkodke{ nm` nm{eyyj``j k}`~}ye` nm è kjgn}k~e'M{~j{ ljl mg~j{ {jg vyjvdj{ ~eg~j nm è dmbe v{dkj`jae {}ibm~de kjlj nmè g }me v{dkj`jae jibm~ de'''

@e {dld`d~}n nm ojgnj mg m` ~ye~eldmg~j ~mydkj lm~jnjàdkj, nmidnj e è

dgkjlvymg{dg t kjgo}{dg nm elij{ vègj{, vyjjk t {}{~mg~ è ndd{dg t è kyd{d{ nm è

v{dkj`jae, t m{~m cmkcj, mye `j u}m o}gnelmg~eie è ky~dke nm }ge v{dkj`jae n}e`d{~e,

nm m{~e legmye, m` vm{j nm` m{u}mle MY cekm u}m m` vyji`mle lm~jnjàdkj nmydm

~elidg mg }g vyji`mle ok~dkj, v}m{ e è cjye nm yme`drey eegkm{ #nm nd{~dg~j vm{j t

e`kegkm$, ~jne{ è{ jydmg~ekdjgm{ vym~mgndmyjg nm{eyyj`èy{m mg m` vègj nm `j{ vyjkm{j{

v{dkjàdkj{ le{ i{dkj{ nm` {my c}legj, nmbegnj }g ayeg ekj mg m` kjgjkdldmg~j nm `j{

vyjkm{j{ v{dkjàdkj{ le{ mèijyenj{ t kjlv`mbj{, `j{ u}m mg kjg{mk}mgkde, {m ~ye~eieg

nm msv`dkey vjy }ge lmye amgmye`drekdg nm ne~j{ mlvydkj{ nm gdm` ege`~dkj nd{~dg~j' Veye

_taj~{hd, m{~m mye j~yj eya}lmg~j u}m e`dneie è ky~dke nm n}e`d{lj mg v{dkj`jae,

v}m{, ~eg~j2

' ' ' `j{ keldgj{ nm è v{dkj`jae jibm~de t {}ibm~de {m ido}ykeg mg k}eg~jve{eg e ~ye~ey è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{u}dke{ {}vmydjym{' Ldmg~ye{ u}m èv{dkj`jae jibm~ dd{~e {m gdmae kjg{mk}mg~m lmg ~m e m{~ei`mkmy ndomymgkde{mg~ym è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{u}dke{ {}vmydjym{ m dgomydjym{, `dld~gnj{m ekè{dodkey è{ ymekkdjgm{ mg dgge~e{ t evymgndne{, kjg{dnmyegnj u}m ~jne{è{ enu}dydne{ vmy~mgmkmg e }ge {jè kè{m nm cid~j{, è v{dkj`jae


9/90

4mlvydke #{}ibm~de$, kjg }g m{vyd~} leyed``j{elmg~m kjg{mk}mg~m, vjy}ge vey~m, ` dld~eie m` nm{eyyj``j v{u}dkj nm` gdj e è len}yekdg nm è{

o}gkdjgm{ m`mlm g~e`m{ mndodkegnj {jiym kene o}gkdg m`mlmg ~e` }g {ma}gnjgdm` u}m {}yam nm gj {m {eim njgnm # _taj~{hd, 54 4; , _j`, ' , $ '

M` vyji`mle nm kjlj #t mg o}gkdg nm u}m yme`drey }g m{~}ndj v{dkjàdkj$,

{d{~ml~dkelmg~m ceie {dnj ve{enj vjy e`~j mg è iymm vmyj dg~mg{e cd{~jyde nm è

v{dkj`jae, nmbegnj ~ye{ nm {, }ge kjgo}{dg amgmye` ym{vmk~j e` ~mle, t è {mg{ekdg nm

u}m è ~eyme mye vyk~dkelmg~m dlvj{di`m'

M` M{kmge ydj Ek~}e`'

Kjg{dnmyegnj, t vjgnmyegnj m` nm{eyyj``j nm è{ vydgkdve`m{ kjyydmg~m{ t ~mjye{

u}m kjgoda}yeg m` m{kmgeydj ek~}e` nm è v{dkj`jae, {m v}mnm nmkdy u}m m` ayeg vyji`mle

nm cjt #kjlj e vydgkdvdj{ nm {da`j$, m{ u}m eg gj {m ceg `jayenj nm{eyyj`èy ljnm`j{

amgmye`m{, u}m vmyld~eg }g m{~}ndj dg~maye` nm` {my c}legj, mg {}{ m{omye{ ~eg~j

dgnddn}e` kjlj {jkde` #t j~ye{$' Mg m{~m {mg~dnj, keim nm{~ekey u}m è dgmsd{~mgkde nm }ge

v{dkj`jae amgmye #}ge nm è{ ayegnm{ ky~dke{ u}m ceke _taj~{hd$, m{ }g vyji`mle eg

damg~m' Vjy j~yj ènj, vyji`mle{ kjlj è oe`~e nm }ge dleamg nm cjliym kjcmymg~m

u}m m{~}ndey #Iy}gmy, 541=8 kd~'mg Qmy~{kc, 544;, v 51', Iy}gmy, 5433$, mlvdmreg e

cekmy{m kene mr le{ ym`meg~m{' Vm{m e m{~j, kjlj msvym{e Qmy~{kc #dinml', v 53$2

' ' ' m{~j gj {dagdodke u}m gj ce`è rjge{ nm `}r' [eiml j{ l}kcj l{ {jiym m ò}gkdjgeldmg~j nm` kmymiyj u}m `j u}m {eielj{ ej{ e~y{8 ~mgmlj{ }gk}enyj l { ydkj nm` o}gkdjgeldmg~ j {jkde` t kjagd~dj nm `j{ dgoeg~m{ u}m `ju}m ~mgelj{ eg~m{,''' e{d kjlj nm ndmy{j{ {gnyjlm{ k`gdkj{ m{vmkodkj{, jnm nd{o}gkdjgm{ kmymiye`m{, m~k'

M` leve amgmye` nm è v{dkj`jae v}mnm kjg{dnmyey{m cjt, ~eg oyealmg~enj kjlj

mg `j{ ~dmlvj{ nm _taj~{hd #Qmy~{kc, 544;, vv' 5195$, è vydgkdve` ndodk}`~en nm è

v{dkj`jae, m{ u}m ~dmgm l}kce{ vdmre{ ed{ène{, vmyj {dg {eimy e u}m dleamg

kjyym{vjgnmg' @e{ ~mgnmgkde{ t {g~jle{ nm kjgmyamgkde, vyjn}kdnj{ nm{nm odge`m{ nm

`j{ ej{ {m{mg~e mg~ym vey~m nm è v{dkj`jae kjagd~de, è v{dkj`jae mj`}~de t è

v{dkj`jae {jkde`, veyenbdkelmg~m {m ce nenj e }g kj{~j nm nm{dg~mayekdg t m{kd{dg


10/90

56mvd{~mljàdke l}t ayegnm, amgmyegnj mg e vyk~dke kdmg~odke mk`mk~dkd{lj{ nm ndmy{j{

~dvj{ u}m elmgereg kjg{~eg~mlmg~m kjg nm{ijyney `j{ ce`èraj{ mgkjg~yenj{' Mg m{~mkjg~ms~j, m` vydgkdve` evjy~m nm` leykj taj~{hdegj, ce {dnj lj{~yey }ge d{dg dg~maye` nm`

nm{eyyj``j c}legj, ey~dk}ègnj cm}yd{~dkelmg~m nd{~dg~e{ vmy{vmk~de{ #m{vmkde`lmg~m `j{

e{vmk~j{ kjagd~dj{, mj`}~dj{ t {jkde`m{$, nm{nm }ge {jè ldyene ~mydkj lm~jnjàdke, è

nm` m{~}ndj nm è lm g~m mg {jkdmnen #_taj~{hd, 5413$, vjy `j u}m {m v}mnm kjg{dnmyey

e` vyjkm{j ojlmg~enj vjy m` ymnm{k}iydldmg~j nm è jiye nm _taj~{hd, kjlj }ge mynenmye

ym j`}kdg {d`mgkdj{e mg v{dkj`jae #Iy}gmy / Ce{~m, 5446', v' 4$'

Mg m` kymkdmg~m kjg~ms~j nm kjlv`mlmg~eydmnen m dg~mynd{kdv`dgeydmnen nm è{kdmgkde{ c}lege{, m{ u}m n}yeg~m è{ `~dle{ nkene{, è v{dkj`jae ce ~mgndnj e

kjg{dnmyey kjgb}g~elmg~m `j{ vyjkm{j{ idjàdkjlen}ye~dj{ kjlj `j{ kjg~ms~j{ {jkde`m{

t k}`~}ye`m{ e og nm kjlvymgnmy `j{ vyjkm{j{ v{dkjàdkj{ c}legj{ #Iy}gmy, Kj`m, @}yde,

Qmy~{kc, Yjajoo, Lj``, Vde~m``d t Ljydg, m~k'$' M{~m nmmgdy nm è nd{kdv`dge ce ``menj e

e}~jym{ kjlj Iy}gmy #5$ mg m` lid~j nm }ge ~mjye nm` nm{eyyj``j kjagd~dj c}legj,

vyjvjgmy `j{ {da}dmg~m{ kyd~mydj{ t jibm~dj{ nm è v{dkj`jae kjlj nd{kdv`dge kdmg~odke2

Nm{kydvkdg Amgmye ` nm è Vyjv}m{~e ^mydkj Lm~jnjàdke taj~{hdege'

Vjnmlj{ nmkdy u}m m` vyjayele nm dgm{~daekdg taj~{hdegj i}{keie eb}{~ey{m e

~ym{ kyd~mydj{ u}m Ymdmym, #5434, vv $ ym{}lm mg `j{ {da}dmg~m{ v}g~j{2

# e$ nm{eyyj`èy }ge lm ~jnj`jae amgmye` nm è v{dkj`jae,# i$ ed{èy `j{ vydgkdvdj{ msv`dke~dj{ amgm ye`m{,# k$ kjg{~y}dy, e ve y~dy nm m``j{, ke~majye{ t ~m jye{ kjgkym~e{'

M{~j{ ~ym{ kyd~mydj{ {jiym `j{ k}e`m{ nmie o}gney{m è v{dkj`jae kjlj nd{kdv`dge kdmg~odke,

{m vè{leyeg mg }g ljnm`j ~mydkj le{ nm{eyyj`ènj, u}m {d idmg m{ kdmy~j gj v}mnm

kjg{dnmyey{m eg kjlj ekeienj, m{ vj{di`m kjgkmidy`j mg ~yldgj{ nm `j{ ~ym{ ayegnm{

vèg~meldmg~j{u}m cekm2

5' M` }{j nm }g l ~jnj amg~dkj nm` nm{eyyj``j mg v{dkj`jae,9' @e gjkdg nm u}m è{ o}gkdjgm{ lmg~e`m{ {}vmydjym{ mg m` dgnddn}j

ml myam g nm vyjkm{j{ {jkde `m{, t


11/90

55;' @e gjkdg nm u}m `j{ vyjkm{j{ c}legj{, {jkde`m{ t v{dkjàdkj{ m{~g

ojylenj{ o}gnelmg~e`lmg~m vjy cmyyeldmg~e{ k}`~}ye`m{, j ojyle{

lmndekdjge`m{'

Nm m{~j{ ~ym{ vèg~meldmg~j{ dnmg~dodkenj{, `j{ nj{ `~dlj{ v}mnmg kjg{dnmyey{m

kjlj vey~m nm }g vègj ~mydkj vyjvdelmg~m ~e`, t m` vydlmyj, kjlj kjgkmygdmg~m e }g

vègj le{ lm~jnjàdkj u}m `m iydgne kjcmymgkde t kjg~dg}dnen e `j{ nj{ vydlmyj{'

Vm{m e u}m ~yendkdjge`lmg~m m` dg~my{ jkkdnmg~e`, nm{nm odge`m{ nm `j{ {m{mg~e vjy

è ~mjye nm _taj~{hd, ce m{~enj mg m` {ma}gnj t ~mykmyj nm m{~j{ ~mle{, m{vmkde`lmg~m mg

e{vmk~j{ lmgjym{ nm è ~mjye #///$, kjlj m` è rjge nm nm{eyyj``j vysdlj #my Yjajoo

544=', Qmy~{kc, 543>, 544=', 5446', Veèkdj{, B'8 _d`è`g, L' 544 $, vjkj e vjkj {m ce

nm{vmy~enj }g dg~my{ vjy m` ym{~j nm è ~mjye, m{vmkde`lmg~m vjy m` ~mle nm è kjgkmvkdg

amg~dke u}m _taj~{hd ~mge nm` nm{eyyj``j, e` k}e`, m` ~mle nm è RNV gmkm{eydelmg~m

ymld~m nmg~yj nm è ~mjye' Kjlj ymodmym Qmy~{kc #544=$2 nm ~jne{ ojyle {,'' ' g}m{~yj

mg~mgndldmg~j nm` {ma}gnj t ~mykmy v}g~j{ {myg `dld~enj{ ce{~e u}m gj

~mgaelj{ }ge gjkdg le{ mèijyene nm` l~jnj amg~dkj, te u}m ~jnj{ `j{

~mle{ m{~g dliydkenj{ mg m` vmg{eldmg~j nm _taj{~hd' Vjy m{j m{ u}m, }ge

nm{kydvkdg nm kene }gj, nmvmgnm nm `j{ eegkm{ mg m` mg~mgndldmg~j nm `j{ j~yj{'

Vj{~}ènj{ ^mydkj{ nm è Vyjv}m{~e taj~{hdege'

]g vydlmy e{vmk~j e kjg{dnmyey, eg~m{ nm me`}ey `j{ v}g~j{ ~mydkj{ {jiym `j{

k}e`m{ {m ey~dk}è è jiye nm _taj~{hd, m{ u}m `j u}m m` vyjvjge yme`drey mye }ge ~mjye nm`

nm{eyyj``j c}legj, t gj }ge ~mjye kjagd~de j `dga{~dke kjlj amgmye`lmg~m {m è e

~ye~enj nm my' M{~m v}g~j m{ dlvjy~eg~m v}m{, gj {j`j vmyld~m kjlvymgnmy è jiye nm

_taj~{hd, {dgj ~elidg ndlmg{djgey `j dgekeienj nm {}{ jiye'

Kjg{dnmyegnj m{~j, v}mnm nmkdy{m u}m è ~m{d{ kmg~ye` nm è ~mjye taj~{hdege m{

u}m m` cjliym, gj {m kjg{~d~}tm e vey~dy nm }ge ymèkdg ndymk~e nm` cjliym kjg m` l}gnj

ge~}ye`, {dgj e vey~dy nm }g ~dvj nm ymèkdg l}kcj le{ kjlv`mbe, u}m vjnyelj{ `èley

amgydkelmg~m kjlj lmndene, vjy `j{ m`mlmg~j{ t nd{vj{d~dj{ u}m cd{~ydkelmg~m, è


12/90

59k}`~}ye vjgm e nd{vj{dkdg nm `' M{~j dlv`dke e{}ldy, ~eg~j ~mydke kjlj

lm~jnjàdkelmg~m, u}m mg m` nm{eyyj``j nm `j c}legj kjgk}yymg nj{ oek~jym{ j `dgme{nm{eyyj``j mg {} nm~myldgekdg #my Qmy~{kc, 5433$' _taj~{hd me mg m{~e dnme nm

ek~ddnen lmndene , }g vyjkm{j nm ~yeg{ojylekdg ek~de, ymkvyjke t {dg~~dke, t gj }ge

lmye dld~ekdg nm` lmndj e ~ye{ nm` }{j nm `j{ dg{~y}lmg~j{, vjy `j nm{nm }g v}g~j nm

d{~e mj`}~dj, m` mlv`mj nm dg{~y}lmg~j{ leykeye mg~jgkm{ #e$ m` dgdkdj nm` amgmyj

c}legj mg ~jnj{ {}{ njldgdj{ amg~dkj{, t, kj{mk}mg~mlmg~m kjg m{~j, #i$ è

kjg{~d~}kdg nm g}me{ ojyle{ v{dkjàdke{ nm enev~ekdg, keyek~mydrene vjy m` }{j nm

m{e{ cmyeldmg~e{ k}tj e`jy gj m{ {`j ge~}ye`, {dgj ~elidmg k}`~}ye`' E{, è eveydkdg nmè k}`~}ye dgndke gj {`j u}m `j{ {}bm~j{ ceg {e`dnj nm `j{ `dld~m{ jyagdkj{ nm {} ek~ddnen,

{dgj u}m {} vyjvde ek~ddnen, ve{e e {my yma}ène t jydmg~ene ~elidg, vjy ojyle{ le{

kjlv`mbe{ nm jyaegdrekdg, vyjvde{ nm è dne mg {jkdmnen #~yeiebj, ey~m, kdmgkde{, m~k'$'

Kjlj ndbj _taj~{hd2 Vjy k}eg~j m` nm{eyyj``j jyagdkj {m yme`dre mg }g lmndj k}`~}ye`, {m

kjgdmy~m mg }g vyjkm{j idjàdkj cd{~ydkelmg~m kjgndkdjgenj'

Ecjye idmg, ~mydkelmg~m ceiègnj, _taj~{hd nd{~dga}d nj{ ~dvj{ nm ojyle{ nm

lmndekdg, mg o}gkdg nm` ~dvj nm ek~ddnen u}m vmyld~mg', #e$ m` ~dvj le{ {dlv`m nm

dg{~y}lmg~j {mye è cmyyeldmg~e le~myde` u}m ek~e {jiym }g jibm~j o{dkj, ljndodkgnj`j,

t #i$ }g {ma}gnj ~dvj nm dg{~y}lmg~j{ lmndenjym{, u}m vyjn}km }g ~dvj nm ek~ddnen

nd{~dg~e, lmndene vjy `j{ {d{~mle{ nm {dagj{ u}m kene k}`~}ye vjgm e nd{vj{dkdg nm {}{

ldmliyj{ #Vjrj, B', 544?$' Nm{nm m{~m v}g~j nm d{~e, `j dlvjy~eg~m {mye msv`dkey m`

~yeg{d~j v{dkjmj`}~dj, u}m dlv`dke m` kelidj k}e`d~e~dj mg~ym m` }{j nm` vydlmy ~dvj nm

cmyyeldmg~e{, le{ i{dke{ #e` k}e` dgk`}{j ekkmnmg `j{ nml{ eg~yjvjdnm{$ e` {ma}gnj

~dvj nm dg{~y}lmg~j{, nm keyk~my {dli`dkj, t le{ kjlv`mbj' Mg m{~m {mg~dnj, keim

{meèy u}m è ege`jae mg~ym cmyyeldmg~e le~myde` t {dagj, ie{ene mg è o}gkdg

lmnde~drenjye nm elij{ mg è ymèkdg u}m m` cjliym ~dmgm kjg m` lmndj, mg gdgag ke{j

eaj~e m` kjg~mgdnj nm è ke~majye lmndenjye , v}m{ è ndomymgkde o}gnelmg~e` m{ u}m m`

dg{~y}lmg~j vyjjke ljndodkekdjgm{ mg m` jibm~j nm {} ek~ddnen, mg kelidj, m` {dagj gj


13/90

5;kelide gene m` jibm~j nm è jvmyekdg v{dkjàdke, m{ mg {, m` lmndj nm è ekkdg

v{dkjàdke {jiym m` kjlvjy~eldmg~j #[c}eym, 544=$' Kjlj {meè _taj~{hd2^jne è cd{~jyde nm` nm{eyyj``j v{dkjàdkj nm }g gdj, gj{ mg{me u}mnm{nm `j{ vydlmyj{ ne{ nm dne, {} enev~ekdg {m `jaye vjy lmndj{{jkde`m{, e ~ye { nm è{ vmy{jge{ u}m `m yjnmeg ' M` ~yeg{d~ j, mg~jgkm{, nmè e idjàdke nm nm {eyyj``j e è {jkde` m{ m ` m{èig kmg~ye` mg m` vyjkm{jnm nm{eyyj``j, m` v}g~j nm dyebm yendke` nm è cd{~jyde nm` kjlvjy~eldmg~jnm` gdj''''t m{ eu}, njgnm m ` `mga}ebm b}mae }g vevm ` nm vydlmy jynmg '

M{ mg m{~m g}mj ~dvj nm ymèkdg u}m m` cjliym m{~ei`mkm ecjye gj {j`j kjg è

ge~}ye`mre {dgj ~elidg kjg j~yj{ cjliym{ e ~ye{ nm è k}`~}ye, u}m m` legmbj nm `j{

ndmy{j{ ~dvj{ nm cmyyeldmg~e{, m{vmkde`lmg~m {dli`dke{, kjlj m` `mga}ebm , `j u}m {dgn}ne leyke }ge ~yeg{dkdg nm vey~dk}èy dlvjy~egkde, te u}m m` {dagj, nmydenj nm è

ek~ddnen {jkde`lmg~m kjlvey~dne, vydlmyj {}yam veye yma}èy è{ kjgn}k~e{ nm j~yj{ t

vj{~mydjylmg~m è{ vyjvde{, dg~myge`dregnj{m veye m{~y}k~}yey ayeg vey~m nm` nm{eyyj``j

v{dkjàdkj, kjg{~d~}tgnj{m mg m` vydgkdve` yaegj j lmndj v{dkj{jkde` nm enev~ekdg, e{,

è ge~}ye`mre v{dkjàdke nm` cjliym ymvym{mg~e gj {`j }g kjgb}g~j nm ceid`dnenm{

idjàdke{, {dgj ~elidg, m` kjgb}g~j nm è{ ymèkdjgm{ {jkde`m{, ~ye{ènene{ e` dg~mydjy t

kjgmy~dne{ mg o}gkdjgm{ nm è vmy{jge`dnen t ojyle{ nm {} m{~y}k~}ye #_tj~{hd, vv $' ê`

kjlj msvym{eye _taj~{hd mg {} kevd~e` jiye #Vmg{eldmg~j t @mga}ebm$2

M` vyjkm{j nm nm{eyyj``j dgk`}tm gmkm{eydelmg~m è gmaekdg nm` v}g~jdgdkde` t m` ljdldmg~j cekde ojyle{ {}vmydjym{ nm ekkdg u}m gj {mmgk}mg~yeg e` kjldmgrj, {dgj e` odge` nm` keldgj nm` nm{eyyj``j'' ' ^ye~e lj{nm nml j{~ye y klj è ve èiye, dg~m`mk~}e`dregnj{m t nm{eyyj``gnj{m {jiymè ie{m nm è e kkdg, m`me e {~e e ` gdm` {}vmydjy, è {}ijyndge e` vjnmy nm`gdj, vjgm {jiym è ekkdg m` {m``j nm è j`}g~en''' vjnyelj{ nmkdy2 {d e`kjldmgrj nm` nm{eyyj``j {m mgk}mg~ye è ekkdg, dgnmvmgndmg~m nm èveèiye, e ` odge` {m m gk}mg~ye è veèiye u}m {m ce kjgmy~dnj mg ekkdg' @eveèiye, u}m cekm `diym e è ekkdg nm` cjliym #kd~' mg [c}eym, 5446', vv' ?4$'

E è `}r nm m{~e kjgkmvkdg nm` nm{eyyj``j nm è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{u}dke{ {}vmydjym{

#vyjvdelmg~m c}lege{$ m{ u}m mg~jgkm{ v}mnm kjlvymgnmy{m `j _taj~{hd vj{~}èie kjlj

è @mt nm` nm{eyyj``j c}legj, è eodylekdg nm u}m2

è o}gkdg v{dkjàdke, mg m` nm{eyyj``j k}`~}y e` nm` gdj, eve ymkm nj{ mkm{2}ge mr mg m` vègj {jkde`, kjlj o}gkdg kjlvey~dne mg~ym nj{ vmy{jge{,kjlj o}gkdg dg~myv{dkjàdke t }ge {ma}gne mr, mg m` vègj v{dkjàdkj,kjlj o}gkdg nm } g {j`j dgnddn}j, kjl j o}gkdg dg~yev {dkjàdke'


14/90

5>Nmg~yj nm m{~m leykj, `j {jkde` dlv`dke u}m dgk`}{j ~jnj `j k}`~}ye` m{ {jkde`

#[c}eym, 544;$' ê` kjlj msvjgm [c}eym #5446', vv' ?5$, `j {jkde` gj kjgndkdjge `jv{u}dkj mg m` {mg~dnj nm eaymaey`m }ge ndlmg{dg l{ {}vmyv}m{~e e `j vyjvdelmg~m

v{u}dkj, {dgj u}m kjg{~d~}tm {} m{mgkde, gj {`j ymo`mbe m` l}gnj, `j ymkjg{~y}tm t `j

kyme, t mg m{~m vyjkm{j, ~elidg {m jyaegdre t kjg{~y}tm e {d ld{lj cd{~ydkelmg~m8 e{,

è cd{~jyde nm è v{du}d{ c}lege m{ è cd{~jyde {jkde` nm {} kjg{~d~}kdg #[c}eym, 54446',

vv' ?5$' Kjlj eaymae Ajgr`mrYmt2

' ' ' mg m{~e cd{~jyde, `j {jkde` {m kjg{~d~}tm mg }g g}mj {d{~mlem{mgkde`lm g~m ndomymg~m 2 è {}ibm~ddnen8 m{~e ndodmym nm eu}m` vjy m` ~dvj nm

jyaegdrekdg u}m `m ym{}`~e vyjvdj, e{ kjlj vjy è{ }gdnenm{ t vyjkm{j{ u}mè kjg{~d~}tmg, mg `j{ k}e`m{ `j {jkde` eveymkm mg ojyle {}ibm~de, {jljym{}`~enj nm }ge kjlv`mbe lmnde~drekdg nm è cd{~jyde eg~mydjy nm` cjliymkjgmy~dne mg {}ibm~ddnen'

@e {}ibm~ddnen, nm kjg{~d~}dne, ve{e e ~mgm y keyk~my kjg{~d~}tmg~m nm keneg}me enu}d{dkdg u}m eveymkm e `j èyaj nm {} nm{eyyj``j' ^jne g}meenu}d{dkdg {my m` ym{}`~enj nm è lmnde~drekdg {}ibm~de nm `j ek~}e`,vyjkm{j mg m` u}m }ge msvmydmgkde ms~myge mg {} jydamg, {m kjgdmy~m mgdg~myge v jy {} ge~}ye `mre' M{~m ve{j gj m{ }ge ~ye g{vj{dkdg nm vègj{, {dgjè ~yeg{ojylekdg k}e`d~e~de u}m dlv`dke m` ~yg{d~j nm }ge msvmydmgkde nm}g {d{~mle e j~yj' #5441', vv' =9$

Nm m{~e ojyle, m` vyjkm{j nm m{~y}k~}yekdg v{dkjàdke m{~ ie{enj o}my~mlmg~m

mg è enu}d{dkdg t }{j nm cmyyeldmg~e{ k}`~}ye`m{, {dmgnj m` `mga}ebm vyjiei`mlmg~m è

vydgkdve` cmyyeldmg~e' Ecjye idmg, m{~m vj{~}ènj, veye _taj~{hd m{~ `mbj{ nm ~mgmy }g

e`jy gjldge`, ~elidmg ~dmgm dlv`dkegkde{ lm~jnjàdkee{ ndymk~e{ u}m e kjg~dg}ekdg {m

ege`dreyeg'

M` ^yele nj Lm~jnjàdkj D g~m ygj nm è Vyjv}m{~e _taj~ehdege '

Kjlj {m ce eya}lmg~enj, è kjgkmvkdg m{mgkde`lmg~m g}me nm `j v{u}dkj mg m`

vègj nm è yme`dnen jg~jàdke nm è ~mjye taj~{hdege dlv`dke, nm legmye gmkm{eyde, m`

nm{eyyj``j dgdkde` nm }g l~jnj u}m msv`du}m è{ ~yeg{ojylekdjgm{ u}m {}oymg `j{ vyjkm{j{

v{u}dkj{ e `j èyaj nm {} nm{eyyj``j #[c}eym, 544=$, t {d idmg m{ kdmy~j, nm{nm }g vègj

~mydkj, _taj~{hd vèg~meie u}m mye `ma~dlj u}m è v{dkj`jae {m g}~ydmye nm ndomymg~m{


15/90

5=u}mcekmym{ t nd{kdv`dge{ dgk`}{j od`j{odke{, m{~m vyjkm{j nmie ney{m mg o}gkdg nm

jibm~dj{ t l~jnj{ nm m{~}ndj vyjvdj{' Kjlj msvjgm Ajgr`mrYmt #5441$, veye_taj~{hd è v{dkj`jae nmie,'' {my kever nm nm{eyyj`èy {}{ vyjvde{ ke~majye{ t vydgkdvdj{

mg m` nm{eyyj``j nm }ge ~mjye vey~dk}èy' [dg mlieyaj, veye nm{eyyj`èy m{~m {d{~mle

~mydkj dg~mayenjy, m` l~jnj ce nm {my enmk}enj e` jibm~j u}m {m m{~}nde, t e è `}r nm

m{~m eg`d{d{, mye u}m veye _taj~{hd #54 ', vv' $ è v{dkj`jae, ''' gj {eim mgojkey

enmk}enelmg~m m` vyji`mle nm `j{ vyjkm{j{ {}vmydjym{' M{~j {dagdodkeie u}m keymkm nm

l~jnj veye {} dgm{~daekdg' Mg m{~m {mg~dnj, m` vyji`mle nm kjlvymgnmy m`

l ~jnj nm{eyyj`ènj vjy _t aj~{hd, gj m{ eàj {mk}gneydj, {dgj u}m ~e `mr {me è

gdke ojyle nm vjnmy mg~mgnmy e _taj~{hd, t nm kjg{~d~}dy e è v{dkj`jae kjlj

}ge kdmgkde#Qmy~{kc, 544;$'

M` vyji`mle nm` L~jnj'

Vydlmyj, keim mg~mgnmy u}m m{ `j u}m _taj~{hd #5446i$ mg~mgne kjlj l~jnj, t

m` e`jy u}m {~m nmie ~mgmy nmg~yj nm` nm{eyyj``j nm è v{dkj`jae kdmg~odke' Veye

_taj~{hd #5446i, v' ;5>$ ''' è veèiye l~jnj dgk`}tm nj{ kj{e{ nd{~dg~e{2 #5$ è

lm~jnj`jae nm è dgm{~daekdg, m` vyjkmndldmg~j ~kgdkj t #9$ m` l~jnj nm

kjgjkdldmg~j, u}m nm~myldge m` jibm~dj nm è dgm{~daekdg, m` keyk~my t è ge~}ye`mre nm

è kdmgkde'Iebj è vydlmye ekmvkdg, _taj~{hd eay}veie ~jnj `j ymomymg~m m{vmkodkelmg~m

e` vègj nm` nd{mj msvmydlmg~e` vyjvdelmg~m ~e`, m` nm è msvmydlmg~ekdg t kjg~yj` nm

eydei`m{' [dg mlieyaj, m{~m ~dvj nm kjgkmvkdg nm` l~jnj, gj v}mnm vjy {d ld{lj nmkdy

gene ym{vmk~j nm u}m m{ `j u}m {m nmim kjg~yjèy, gd kjg u}m odg, t mg gdgag ke{j v}mnm

nmkdygj{ vmy{gene ym{vmk~j nm kjlj m{~}ndey m` nm{eyyj``j nm è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{dkjàdke{

{}vmydjym{' M` kjgb}g~j nm vyjkmndldmg~j{ t ve{j{ u}m gj{ kjgn}rke e e kjlvymg{dg m

dnmg~dodkekdg nm` jibm~j nm m{~}ndj e{ kjlj nm` kjgb}g~j nm vyjvdmnenm{, e~ydi}~j{ t

ymèkdjgm{ u}m `j nmodgmg, nmim {my oy}~j nm j~yj ~dvj nm eg`d{d{ u}m _taj~{hd dnmg~dodke

kjg è {ma}gne ekmvkdg u}m `m j~jyae e` kjgkmv~j nm l~jnj '


16/90

5?Nm }g ljnj {dlv`m, t {dg kmg~yeygj{ mg è{ eya}lmg~ekdjgm{, eg`d{d{, dgo`}mgkde{

t yerjgeldmg~j{ u}m {da}m _taj~{hd veye ``maey e ndkcj{ {}v}m{~j{ #t u}m mg vey~m cmlj{ymd{enj e è `}r nm {} ky~dke e` n}e`d{lj v{dkjàdkj$, vjnmlj{ nmkdy u}m {~e {ma}gne

ekmvkdg nm `j lm~jnjàdkj m{ è u}m _taj~{hd ~ye~e nm vè{ley mg }g l~jnj

amg~dkj vey~dk}èy, u}m kjgb}a}m `j{ vj{~}ènj{ ~mydkj{ amgmye`m{' M{~j{ ~ym{ ayegnm{

vèg~meldmg~j{ taj~{hdegj{, #5$ è dlvjy~egkde nm` }{j nm }g l~jnj amg~dkj mg

v{dkj`jae, #9$ è gjkdg nm u}m è{ o}gkdjgm{ lmg~e`m{ {}vmydjym{ mg m` dgnddn}j mlmyamg

nm vyjkm{j{ {jkde`m{, t #;$ è gjkdg nm u}m `j{ vyjkm{j{ c}legj{, {jkde`m{ t v{dkjàdkj{

m{~g ojylenj{ o}gnelmg~e`lmg~m vjy cmyyeldmg~e{ k}`~}ye`m{, j ojyle{ lmndekdjge`m{,kjgojyleg mg~ym { }g mynenmyj {d{~mle ~mydkj lm~jnjàdkj, v}m{ gdga}gj v}mnm {my

m{~}ndenj ed{ènelmg~m {dg u}m {~m ymld~e gmkm{eydelmg~m, mg eàg j~yj ljlmg~j, e

j~yj nm `j{ vèg~meldmg~j{'

Veye _taj~{hd, m{ m` eb}{~m vey~dk}èy mg~ym jibm~j t ojyle nm m{~}ndj, m` jibm~j

kmg~ye` nm ymo`msdg t eg`d{d{ m dg{~egkde nm è k}e` nmieg nmydey{m è{ ojyle{ t nd{mj{

msvmydlmg~e`m{ kjgkym~j{ u}m vmyld~dmyeg t o}gnelmg~eyeg è kjg{~d~}kdg t nm{eyyj``j nm

è v{dkj`jae kjlj }ge nd{kdv`dge kdmg~odke' Mg kjgkym~j, _taj~{hd eb}{~eie m{~j{ vègj{ e

~ye{ nm j{ {da}dmg~m{ ve{j{2

5 ' @e D nmg~ dodkekdg nm njldgdj{ amg~dkj{'9 ' @e D nmg~dodkekdg nm v}g~j{ ky~dkj{ mg kene njldgdj amg~dkj t* j

o}gkdg v{dkjàdke'

;' @e }~d`drekdg nm }gdnenm{ ljèym{ nm eg`d{d{ mg è dg~my{mkkdg nm `j{v}g ~j{ ky~dkj{'

D nmg~dodkekdg nm Njldgdj{ Amg ~dkj{2

Veye _taj~{hd, k}eù}dmy nm{kydvkdg amgmye` enmk}ene nm è kjgn}k~e c}lege

nmim m{~ey eodegrene mg }g eg`d{d{ mj`}~dj, t mg m{~m {mg~dnj, }ge evyjsdlekdg

amg~dke gj m{ {j`j }ge mg~ym l}kce{ j~ye{, veye _taj~{hd #5413', vv $, m` m{~}ndj


17/90

51cd{~ydkj nm è kjgn}k~e, gj m{ }g e{vmk~j e}sd`dey nm` m{~}ndj ~mydkj, {dgj u}m m{~ e è

ie{m' Kjg m{~m kjlvyjld{j amgmye` cekde m` l~jnj amg~dkj, _taj~{hd t @}yde #544=',vv' $ ~jleyjg kjlj v}g~j nm eg`d{d{ dgdkde`, m` dnmg~dodkey è{ ''' ~ym{ `gme{ vydgkdve`m{

mg m` nm{eyyj``j nm è kjgn}k~e', è od`jamg~dke, è cd{~ydke t è jg~jamg~dke' Mg è

dg~yjn}kkdg cmkce e` ~yeiebj M{~}ndj{ {jiym è cd{~jyde nm` kjlvjy~eldmg~j #544=$,

_taj~{hd nm{kydim {} l~jnj amgmye` kjlj {da}m2

Gj mye g}m{~ye dg~mgkdg, m` ney }ge kjlv`m~e nm{kydvkdg e ayeg m{keè nmkene }g j nm m{~j{ ~ym{ vyjkm{j{ nm` nm{eyyj``j' D gk`}{j gd {du}dmye cml j{dg~mg~enj nm~e`èy kjlv`m~elmg~m mg ~jnj{ `j{ e{vmk~j{ nm è{ kjgn}k~e{vyjv de{ nm `j{ {dldj{, `j{ cjl iyme { vydld~dj{ j `j{ gdj{'

Le{ u}m vym{mg~ey ~jnj m` vyjkm{j mg {} v`mgd~}n, gj{ cmlj{ ym{~ydgadnj e{meèy è{ vydgkdve`m{ leyke{ mg è c}m`è nm è mj`}kdg v{dkjàdke mg {}{eydj{ v}g~j{ nm adyj' Nm m{~e ojyle, mg kene mg{etj, cmlj{ ymmènj `j{gmsj{ m{mgkde`m{ u}m ceg {mydnj veye kjgmk~ey }g m{~enj nm ` nm{eyyj``j nm`kjlvjy~eldmg~j kjg m` {da}dmg~m' E` cekmy`j nm m{~e legmye,kjg{kdmg~mlmg~m cmlj{ `dld~enj `j{ kjg~mgdnj{ nm `j{ mg{etj{ e {`j èmj`}kdg nm è{ ojyle{ nm` kjlvjy~el dmg~j'

D nmg~dodkekdg nm v}g~j{ ky~dkj{ mg kene njl dgdj amg ~dkj2

@e kjgkmvkdg u}m _taj~{hd t @}yde ~mgeg nm` kjgkmv~j nm{eyyj``j, kèyelmg~m

ndodmym nm kjlj {m `j ~ye~e amgmye`lmg~m, mg~mgndgnj`j len}ye~delmg~m t ev`dkenj ke{d

msk`}{delmg~m e è jg~jagm{d{ #mg m{vmkde`, ymn}kdgnj`j e` vmyjnj nm è gdmr t è

enj`m{kmgkde$' Mg kjg~ye{~m e {~m mgoju}m, _taj~{hd t @}yde vèg~meieg u}m }g eg`d{d{

amg~dkj nmim eieykey `j{ ~ym{ njldgdj{ amg~dkj{, v}m{ ~jne ojyle nm o}gkdjgeldmg~j

lmg~e` ymo`mbe è ~yeg{dkdg amg~dke u}m è jydmg~e t ndydam, t vjy `j ~eg~j, e è cjye nm

ege`dreyè nmim ~jley{m mg k}mg~e `j{ ljlmg~j{, j v}g~j{ ky~dkj{ u}m leykeg {}

ndgldke t {} kjg{~d~}kdg amg~dke'

5' Mg m` ke{j nm` njldgdj od`jamg~dkj2M` }{j t è dgmgkdg nm cmyyel dmg~e{ vjy `j{ {dldj{ eg~yjvjdnm{ gj{ ``me eòdg nm` m{~enj jyagdkj nm` nm{eyyj``j kjlvjy~elmg~e` mg è {mk}mgkdemj`}~de, t vymveye m` keldgj veye }ge ~yeg{dkdg nm ~jnj m` nm{eyyj``j e}ge g}me {mgne, kymegnj nm m{~e ojyle, m` vydgkdve` vymyymu}d{d~jv{dkjàdkj nm` nm{eyyj``j cd{~ydkj nm` kjlvjy~eldmg~j'

9' Mg m` ke{j nm` vègj {jkdjcd{~ydkj2


18/90

53M` ~yeiebj t, m{~ymkcelmg~m }gdnj e m{~j, m` nm{eyyj``j nm` ceiè c}lege tj~yj{ {dagj{ v{dkjàdkj{ }{enj{ vjy m` cjliym vydld~dj `m vmyld~mg

ji~mgmy kjg~yj` {jiym {}{ kjgn}k~e{, `j u}m {dagdodke m` kjldmgrj nm èkjgn}k~e cd{~ydke j k}`~}ye ` mg m` v yjvdj {mg~ dnj nm è veèiye'

;' T odge`lmg~m, mg m` ke{j nm` njldgdj jg~jamg~dkj2' ' ' , mg m` nm{eyyj``j nm` gdj, kèyelmg~m mlj{ }ge {ma}gne `gme nmnm{eyyj``j veye `mè e `j{ vyjkm{j{ nm kymkdldmg~j jyagdkj t l en}yekdjge`,m{~j m{, mlj{ m` nm{eyyj``j k}`~}ye` nm` kjlvjy~eldmg~j ie{enj mg èenu}d{dkdg nm ceid`dnenm{ t ljnj{ nm kjgn}k~e t vmg{eldmg~jm{vmkodkelm g~m k}`~}ye`m{'

Mg ym{}lmg2@j{ ~ym{ omglmgj{ {jg {g~jle{ nm è{ g}me{ mye{ mg è mj`}kdg nm`

kjlvjy~el dmg~j, {dagj{ u}m gj{ l}m{~yeg kelidj{ mg m` ~dvj nm nm{eyyj``jld{lj' Nm m{~e legmye, gj{ cmlj{ kjgkmg~yenj mg `j{ v}g~j{ nm kelidj,mg `j{ m{~enj{ ky~dkj{ mg m` nm{eyyj``j nm è kjgn}k~e' Kjg{dnmyelj{ `j{{da}dmg~m{ m{~enj{ kjlj v}g~j{ ky~dkj{2 #e$ m` }{j nm cmyyeldmg~e{ mgljgj{, # i$ m` ~ye iebj t m ` }{j nm {dagj{ v{dkjàdkj{ mg m` cjli ym vydl d~dj,t è ndd{dg nm è ` gme nm nm{eyyj``j, mg ` gme{ v{dkjàdkj ge~}ye ` tv{dkjàdkj k}`~}ye ` nm nm {eyyj``j, mg `j{ gdj{'

Kene v}g~j kyd~dkj nm kelidj m{ d{~j vydleydelmg~m nm{nm è ie{m nm u}meàj g}mj m{ dg~yjn}kdnj vjy m{~m m{~enj mg m` vyjkm{j nm nm{eyyj``j' M{e{ kjlj, ~ye~elj{ e kene m{~enj kjlj }g v}g~j nm vey~dne veye o}~}yj{vyjkm{j{ nm m j`}kdg'

Mg è ek~}e`dnen, {m i}{ke m{~}ndey dg~mayenelmg~m `j{ nd{~dg~j{ njldgdj{

amg~dkj{, mg o}gkdg nm kjg~ms~j{ le{ elv`dj{ nm dgo`}mgkde t nm{eyyj``j nm `j{ {}bm~j{,

vmyj vym{myegnj è{ vey~dk}èydnenm{ nm {} kjg{~d~}kdg t o}gkdjgeldmg~j #Vde~m`d

Ve`leydge t Ljydg', 5439', Iy}gmy, 5446, 5434, Qmy~{kc, 544;$' M{ e{ kjlj Iy}gmy t

Ce{~m #5446', v' 5?=$ vyjvjgmg }g leykj ym{vmk~j nm `j{ nd{~dg~j{ gdm`m{ nm vyjn}kkdg

nm {dagdodkenj e` dg~mydjy nm }ge, mg m` {da}dmg~m m{u}mle2


19/90

54

Ym{vmk~j nm è ymèkdg nm elij{ njldgdj{ kjg m` vègj od`jamg~dkj, mg i}mge

lmndne nmim kjg{dnmyey{m eg }ge ~eyme vmgndmg~m, t `j{ ~yeiebj{ nm _taj~{hd e` ym{vmk~j

#_taj~{hd t @}yde, 544=$, vdjgmyj{ #my Qmy~{kc, 544=', v $'

M{~e {malmg~ekdg mg njldgdj{ amg~dkj{ nm` nm{eyyj``j c}legj, `m{ vmyld~d, e

_taj~{hd t @}yde, eydj{ ~dvj{ nm eg`d{d{, nm{~ekegnj nj{2

5' Vjy }g ènj, e{}ldy }ge vj{dkdg eg~dymkevd~}èkdjgd{~e, nm{mkcegnj k}eù}dmyvj{~}ènj u}m vym~mgndmye veye`m`drey `j{ njldgdj{ amg~dkj{ mg `j{ vyjkm{j{ nm

nm{eyyj``j, mg m{~m {mg~dnj, _taj~{hd t @}yde #544>$ eya}lmg~eg u}m kene njldgdj

ymvym{mg~e }ge g}me mye mg è mj`}kdg nm` kjlvjy~eldmg~j2 }g vyjkm{j nm

nm{eyyj``j nde`k~dkj vymveye m` keldgj veye m` {da}dmg~m, kelidegnj t

~yeg{ojylgnj{m mg }g g}mj ~dvj nm nm{eyyj``j' @e `èm nm m{~m ~dvj nm eg`d{d{

m{ m` ymkjgjkdldmg~j nm è msd{~mgkde nm kelidj{ mg m` ~dvj nm nm{eyyj``j ld{lj'


20/90

969' Vjy j~yj ènj, m{~m ~dvj nm eg`d{d{ vmyld~m m{~}ndey, `j{ nd{~dg~j{ vydgkdvdj{ nm`

nm{eyyj``j vym{mg~m{ mg kene njldgdj amg~dkj, kjg è enmk}ene dgnmvmgnmgkde,{dg ~mgmy u}m nmbey m` kjgjkdldmg~j nm kene njldgdj e }ge lmye amgmye`drekdg nm

`j{ ne~j{ ji~mgdnj{ nm` m{~}ndj nm j~yj njldgdj'

Kjg m{~j mg lmg~m, _taj~{hd t @}yde dnmg~dodkeyjg `j{ v}g~j{ ky~dkj{ mg m` nm{eyyj``j

nm` cjliym' Mg m{~m {mg~dnj, j{ vyjkm{j{ nm nm{eyyj``j, mg kene njldgdj amg~dkj,

m{~eyeg ajimygenj{ vjy o}myre{ t vyjvdmnenm{ ymè~delmg~m gdke{ nm` njldgdj amg~dkj'

Ym{vmk~j nm m{~m ve{j lm~jnjàdkj, eà}gj{ e}~jym{ #Qmy~{kc, 5449, 544=, ^}`d{~m, $ceg vèg~menj u}m è `gme ndd{jyde mg~ym `j{ njldgdj{ amg~dkj{ {jg nm cmkcj, gj ~eg

kèyj{ kjlj _taj~{hd t @}yde veymkdmyjg e{}ldy' Mg m` ke{j nm` njldgdj od`jamg~dkj,

ymkdmg~m{ ce`èraj{ mg è eg~yjvj`jae o{dke t mg eyu}mj`jae dgndkeg u}m è cjldgdndrekdg

le{ idmg dgj`}ky }g ms~mg{j vmyjnj nm {jèveldmg~j #e` ymnmnjy nm nj{ ld``jgm{ nm

ej{$ mg~ym è od`jagm{d{ t è cd{~jyde {jkdjk}`~}ye` #Qmy~{kc 543=, 5449$, vjy `j u}m m`

{jèveldmg~j le{dj msd{~mg~m mg~ym m{j{ njldgdj{ amg~dkj{ #my Ve`leydgd, L' / Ljydg,

5439$ {dagdodke u}m m` nm{eyyj``j k}`~}ye` j lmbjy ndkcj vyj~jk}`~}ye` j~jya vey~m nm`

kjg~ms~j mg è k}e` è mj`}kdg jyagdke {m v}nj eodegrey n}yeg~m è cjldgdrekdg'

Vyjiei`mlmg~m, kjlj {}admym Qmy~{kc #5433$, m` vyjkm{j ege`~dkj mg {, nm

dnmg~dodkey v}g~j{ ky~dkj{ gj {me nm` ~jnj enmk}enj {d {m vym~mgnm e~ydi}dy`m{ }g vm{j

msv`dke~dj mg {, mg m{~m {mg~dnj, m{~m ve{j nmim mg~mgnmy{m ljèylmg~m kjlj }g

leykenjy nm` ve{j nm }g ~dvj nm nm{eyyj` j } jyaegdrekdg v{dkjàdke e j~yj, mg o}gkdg nm

è{ cmyyeldmg~e{ dgj`}kyene{ mg ndkcj{ kelidj{, mg k}eù}dmye nm `j{ njldgdj{

amg~dkj{ j yme nm m{~}ndj v{dkjàdkj mg k}m{~dg #lmljyde, vmykmvkdg, e~mgkdg, m~k'$'

Vjy m{~j, ~e` eg`d{d{ nmim cekmy{m kjgb}g~elmg~m ym{vmk~j nm `j{ j~yj{ ljlmg~j{ e`

ym{vmk~j, mg k}te dg~mynm~myldgekdg nmim i}{key{m m` keyk~my msv`dke~dj nm`

vèg~meldmg~j taj~{hdegj'

Mg ~yldgj{ amgmye`m{, m{ vj{di`m dnmg~dodkey m{~e vyjvdmnen ege`~dke nm` l~jnj

taj~{hdegj kjg m` eb}{~m m{keèy u}m nm{kydim Legnmìyj~ #544=$ kjlj ie{m nm


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95k}eù}dmy eg`d{d{ ~jvjàdkj nm è{ vyjvdmnenm{ ndgldke{ mg m{~}ndj #{m vyjo}gndrey

le{ e` ym{vmk~j, mg m` kev~}`j ;$, mg m{~m {mg~dnj, keim nm{~ekey kjlj {}{~eg~dj nm`mgoju}m taj~{hdegj, m` dg~my{ vjy m{~}ndey m` ve{j nm }g nm~myldgenj ~dvj nm

jyaegdrekdg j o}gkdg v{dkjàdke,''' e j~yj #e$, t m{~m ve{j gj v}mnm ev`dkey{m

lmkgdkelmg~m, {dgj mg kjlv`mlmg~eydmnen kjg `j{ j~yj{ ve{j{ lm~jnjàdkj{ nm`

eg`d{d{ taj~{hdegj' M{~m ~dvj nm {dld`d~}n m{keèy nm` eg`d{d{ taj~{hdegj, v}mnm

dgk`}{j ji{myey{m mg yme{ nm m{~}ndj l}kcj l{ ym{~ydgadnj{, t e nd{~dg~j{ gdm`m{', vjy

mbmlv`j, `j u}m Qmy~{kc nmgjldge eg`d{d{ ldkyj amg~dkj #my Qmy~{kc, 543=, 5449$'

[da}dmgnj m{~e dnme, `j{ ~ym{ ve{j{ lm~jnjàdkj{ i{dkj{ dnmg~dodkenj{ vjy _taj~{hd#njldgdj amg~dkj, v}g~j{ ky~dkj{, t }gdnenm{ nm eg`d{d{ nm ~dvj ljèy$ nmimg {my

kjg{dnmyenj{ kjlj eb}{~m{ m{keèym{ nm }g ld{lj vyjkm{j nm ji{myekdg, j u}m vmyld~m

è kjlv`mlmg~eydmnen t ymmy{did`dnen ege`~dke nm è ~mjye' Vjy m{~e{ yerjgm{, m` {d{~mle

lm~jnjàdkj taj~{hdegj, {`j nmim mg~mgnmy{m e è `}r nm` ~mykmy ve{j #6:$'

M` ]{j nm ]gdnenm{ ljè ym{'

M{~m v}g~j nmim mg~mgnmy{m e vey~dy nm è kjgkmvkdg }gd~eyde u}m _taj~{hd ~mge

nm` o}gkdjgeldmg~j t kjg{~d~}kdg nm è kjgkdmgkde t è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{dkjàdke{ mg m`

cjliym, mg m` kjg~ms~j nm {} nm~myldgekdg {jkdjcd{~ydke #~mle{ 5 t 9$' M{~e kjgkmvkdg,

gj vjne {my {jèlmg~m }g vj{~}ènj ~mydkj, vjy `j u}m nmie ``mey dlv`dkegkde{ nm

m{~}ndj kèye{' ê` kjlj m` ld{lj _taj~{hd m{kydim e` ym{vmk~j mg m` dgdkdj nm {} jiye,

Vmg{eldmg~j t @mga}ebm #5449', v' $2

@e gjkdg nm è kjgkdmgkde kjlj }g ~jnj t nm è ymèkdjgm{ mg~ym {}{ndomymg~m{ o}gkdjgm{, dgnd{jkdei`m{ mg m` k}y{j nm è ek~ddnen, gj m{ geneg}m j veye è v{dkj`jae ek~}e `' Vmyj è }gdnen nm è kjgkdmgkde t èkjgmsdg m g~ym è{ nd{~dg~e{ o}gkdjgm{ {}m`mg ymvym{mg~e y mg v{dkj`jae l{idmg }g vj{~}ènj u}m }g jibm~dj nm dgm{~daekdg' M{ l{, e` vj{~}èy è}gdnen o}gkdjge` nm è kjgkdmgkde, è v{dkj`jae e{}le kjlj o}gnelmg~j nm{}{ dgm{~daekdjgm{, b}g~j e ~e` dgnd{k}~di`m {}vj{dkdg, m` vj{~}ènjkjlv`m~elmg~m oe`{j, ekmv~enj ~kd~elmg~m vjy ~jnj{ e}g {dg ojyl}èy`jkjg kèydnen, kjg{d{~mg~m mg ymkjgjkmy è dgeydeid`dnen t è kjg{~egkde nmè{ kjgmsdjgm{ dg~my o}gkdjge`m{ nm è kjgkdmgkde t {}vjgmy u}m èvmykmvkdg m{~ {dmlvym t nm ` ld{lj ljnj `daene e è e ~mgkdg, è l ml jyde`j m{~ {dmlvym t nm` ld{lj ljnj `daene e è vmykmvkdg, m` vmg{eldmg~j


22/90

99kjg è lmljyde, m~k' M{~j dlv`dkj, ge~}ye`lmg~m, u}m è{ kjgmsdjgm{ dg~myo}gkdjge`m{ u}mneyeg o}mye nm` veyg~ m{d{ mg ke`dnen nm kjg{~eg~m{, {dg {my

~jlene{ mg kjg{dnmyekdg mg è{ jvmyekdjgm{ nm dgm{~daekdg nm è{ndomymg~m{ o}gkdjgm{ ed{ène{'

Veye u}m è kjgkmvkdg }gd~eyde nm `j{ vyjkm{j{ v{dkjàdkj{ {}vmydjym{ {m

msvym{eye mg e ojyle nm mgojkey {} m{~}ndj, nmieg amgmyey{m ke~majye{ nm eg`d{d{ u}m

vmyld~dmyeg kjg{myey è{ keyek~my{~dke{ m{mgkde`m{ nm è{ o}gkdjgm{ {}vmydjym{ nm è

kjgkdmgkde mg {} kjg~ek~j amg~dkj kjg m` l}gnj {jkde`, t u}m Yddmym #5434', vv $

ym{}lm mg {} kjgb}g~j mg `j{ {da}dmg~m{ v}g~j{2

5' Gj y mn}kkdjgd{~e{'9' Msv`dke~dj{';' Nm keyk~my amg~dkj' #Nde`k~dkj$'

Veye _taj~{hd, è nm{kjlvj{dkdg nm è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{dkjàdke{ {}vmydjym{ mg

kjlvjgmg~m{ dgkjgmsj{ te mg m` eg`d{d{, mye }g myyjy, v}m{ nddne nm{nm }g vydgkdvdj `j

u}m lm~jnjàdkelmg~m nmie {my m{~}ndenj kjlj }gdnen, dlv`dkegnj }ge nm{~y}kkdg nm

`j{ omglmgj{ m{~}ndenj{, v}m{ {dg è vym{myekdg nm è{ kjgmsdjgm{ t ymèkdjgm{ mg m`

eg`d{d{, {~j{ vmyneg {}{ e{vmk~j{ vmk}`deym{ t mtm{ nm jyaegdrekdg' M{ e{ kjlj

_taj~{hd #5449$ nd{~dga}e nj{ ~dvj{ nm eg`d{d{2

5' ]g vydlmy ~dvj nm eg`d{d{, u}m {m v}mnmnmgjldgey2''' nm nm{kjlvj{dkdg nm kjgb}g~j{ v{u}dkj{ kjlv`mbj{ mg {}{ m`mlmg~j{ #mg njgnm$ @j m{mgkde` nm m{~m ~dvj nm eg`d{d{ kjg{d{~m mg u}m ji~dmgm, kjljym{}`~enj, vyjn}k~j{ nm ge~}ye`mre nd{~dg~e e è nm` kjgb}g~j ege`drenj,m`mlmg~j{ vydenj{ nm è{ vyjvdmnenm{ dgcmymg~m{ e` kjgb}g~j vmyj nj~enj{nm j~ye { g}me{ m dg{j{vmkcene{ mg eu}` _taj~{hd #5446 e, v' V t @'$'

M{~m vydlmy ~dvj nm eg`d{d{ ev`dkenj mg v{dkj`jae, m{vmkodkelmg~m e` vyji`mle nm

è ymèkdg vmg{eldmg~j`mga}ebm ym{}`~eie kjg~yendk~jydj, v}m{2

''' mg `}aey nm msv`dkey è{ vyjvdmnenm{ kjgkym~e{ t m{vmkodke{ nm`kjgb}g~j jibm~j nm m{~}ndj, `m dlvydlm }ge jydmg~ekdg l{ amgmye`, u}mekèye ~eg {`j eu}m``j u}m {m ymodmym e` `mga}ebm t e` vmg{eldmg~j kjlj}gdmy{e`dnenm{ ei{~yek~e{, nmbegnj e` leyamg è vj{did` dnen nmevymcmgnm y è{ yma}èydnenm{ kjgkym~e{ u}m gj{ dg~mym{eg' M{ l {, m` }{jgj vègdodkenj nm m{~m ~dvj nm eg`d{d{ v{dkjàdkj e `}aey e vyjo}gnj{myyjym{, te u}m dagjye è ge~}ye`mre }gd~eyde m dg~maye` nm` vyjkm{j u}m {mm{~}nde t {}{~d~}tm è{ ymèkdjgm{ dg~myge{ nm kjcm{dg vjy ymèkdjgm{lmkgdke{ ms~myge{ mg~ym nj{ vyjkm{j{ cm~myjagmj{ t ms~yej{ m` }gj e`j~yj #_taj~{hd, 54 ', _j` vv' $'


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9;

9' M` j~yj ~dvj nm eg`d{d{ nmie {my è ie{m nm }ge evyjsdlekdg kdmg~odke e` m{~}ndjv{dkjàdkj nm è kjgkdmgkde, t u}m vm{m e u}m gj mye m` le{ {d{~mle~drenj gd }{enj mg

v{dkj`jae, veye _taj~{hd, nmie {}{~d~}dy e` vydlmy ~dvj2

Kymmlj{ u}m {}{~d~}dy m{~m ~dvj nm eg`d{d{ vjy j~yj l}t ndomymg~m m{ }gve{j nmkd{dj t ky~dkj veye è ~mjye nm` vmg{eldmg~j t m` `mga}ebm'^mgnye u}m {my }g eg`d{d{ u}m {malmg~e{m m` kjlv`dkenj kjgb}g~j mg}gdnenm{' Vjy }gdnen mg~m gnmlj{ m` ym{}`~enj nm` eg`d{d{ u}m, endomymgkde nm `j{ m`ml mg~j{, ajre nm ~jne{ è{ vyjvdmnenm{ o}gnelmg~ e`m{keyek~my{~dke{ nm` kjgb}g~j t {}{~d~}tm }ge vey~m de m dgndd{di`m nm è~j~e`dnen'

[mag _taj~{hd2

]ge v{dkj`jae u}m nm{mm m{~}ndey è{ }gdnenm{ kjlv`mbe{ ~dmgm u}mkjlvymgnmy m{~j' Nmim {}{~d~}dy `j{ l~ jnj{ nm nm{kjlvj{dkdg mgm`mlm g~j{ vjy }g l ~jnj nm eg`d{d{ u}m {malm g~m mg }gdnenm{' Nmimmgkjg~yey m{e{ }gdnenm{ dgndd{di`m{ u}m kjg{myeg è{ vyjvdmnenm{dgcmymg~m{ e ` kjgb}g~j mg {} ~j~e`dnen,'' '

Kjlj v}mnm my{m, m{~m kjlvjgmg~m ymèkdjgeàmg~dkj e` k}e` _taj~{hd

vym~mgnm ekkmnmy ege`~dkelmg~m e` vj{~}èy }ge }gdnen nm eg`d{d{ u}m vym{mym è

kjlv`mbdnen nm` omglmgj m{~}ndenj, gj m{ mg gdgag ke{j eàj {mk}gneydj, v}m{, m{ e

ndkcj m{vmk~yj e` u}m vym~mgnm ekkmnmy, mg o}gkdg t kjlv`mlmg~eydelmg~m kjg `j{ j~yj{

mbm{ t ve{j{ lm~jnjàdkj{ ~elidg te ymd{enj{' ê` kjlj msvjgm @}yde #544;$ m{e{

}gdnenm{ nmimg dgk`}dy e{vmk~j{ jv}m{~j{ mg {} }gdnen nde`k~dke ' M{~j `m vmyld~d

e _taj~{hd ege`drey `j u}m ve{eie mg `j{ v}g~j{ ky~dkj{ nm kene njldgdj amg~dkj #j

ldkyjamg~dkj$, v}m{ mg ndkcj{ v}g~j{ ky~dkj{, m{ njgnm {m v}mnm ji{myey kjlj m{ u}m

{m kjg{~y}tmg, m{~y}k~}yeg, {m vjgmg mg b}maj m dliydkeg è{ nd{~dg~e{ o}gkdjgm{

v{dkjàdke{ n}yeg~m m` nm{eyyj``j #$' Nm m{~e legmye, m{ u}m m` }{j nm }gdnenm{

ljèym{ mg è dg~my{mkkdg nm `j{ njldgdj{ amg~dkj{ #v}g~j{ ky~dkj{$ vmyld~m ekkmnmy e

}g m{~}ndj jibm~dj nm` `j{ e{vmk~j{ vyjkmn}ye`m{ nm ~jne o}gkdg v{dkjàdke c}lege'

Keim nm{~ekey u}m m` eb}{~m m{keèy u}m _taj~{hd yme`dr e` dnmg~dodkey v}g~j{

ky~dkj{ mg t mg~ym njldgdj{ amg~dkj{, gj o}m elv`denj e` ~mle nm è }gdnen nm eg`d{d{',

{d {m kjg{dnmyeg `j{ m{~}ndj{ u}m e`kegrj e nm{eyyj`èy, jv~ le{ idmg vjy dnmg~dodkey }ge


24/90

9>}gdnen {~egney nm eg`d{d{ veye ~jnj{ `j{ njldgdj{ amg~dkj{, m` kjgkmv~j #5$' ê`

jvkdg, kjg m` nmmgdy nm è `dga{~dke t è v{dkj`dga}{~dke ce {dnj mg amgmyey {}vmyene#my @}yde, 5446 e, 5446 i, 544;, $ kjg{dnmygnj{m dg{}odkdmg~m #eg nmy _mmy, 5446$ vjy

g}lmyj{e{ yerjgm{ u}m ege`dreymlj{ mg m` {da}dmg~m kev~}`j' Vm{m e` nmie~m ym{vmk~j nm

è }gdnen nm eg`d{d{ amgmyenj nm{v}{ nm è l}my~m nm _taj~{hd, nmim kjg{dnmyey{m,

kjlj vèg~me Yjajoo #544=, vv' $2

E}gu}m j~yj{ ~yeiebj{ yme`drenj{ nm{nm è ~yendkdg {jkdjk}`~}ye` cegk}m{~djgenj m{~e }gdnen m{vmkodke nm eg`d{d{, m dgk`}{j ceg {meènjj~ye{ vjy mbmlv`j, è ek~ddnen vyk~dke, m` }{j nm dg{~y}lmg~j{dg~m`mk~}e`m{, è{ vyjvj{dkdjgm{ j m` nde`jaj, è vyjv}m{~e i{dke nm

}~d` drey }ge }gdnen nm ek~ddnen u}m kjg{mym è{ o}gkdjgm{ nm` {d{~mlekjlj }g ~ jnj m{ }ge kjg~ydi}kdg nm _taj~{hd'

@e ]gdnen Cd{~ydke nm ` Cjliym'

Odge`lmg~m, {m nmim ymke`key u}m `j{ nd{~dg~j{ ve{j{ u}m kjlvjgm è m{~ye~made

dgm{~dae~de mg jiye taj~{hdege, nmimg kjg{dnmyey{m mg m{~ymkce ymèkdg, v}m{, mg {}

kjgb}g~j vym~mgnmg ney k}mg~e nm nj{ dlvjy~eg~{dlj{ ye{aj{ ~mydkj{ t kjgkmv~}e`m{

ym{vmk~j nm è ge~}ye`mre nm` nm{eyyj``j nm è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{dkjàdke{ {}vmydjym{ mg m`

cjliym, ~eg m{~ymkcelmg~m `daenj{, u}m kjlj msvym{e @}yde #544;$, kene }gj m{ m`

ymmy{j nm` j~yj, m` cd{~jydkd{lj t è dg~maydnen nm `j{ vyjkm{j{ v{dkjàdkj{ mg m` {my

c}legj' Mg m{~m {mg~dnj, ~e` kjlj m` ld{lj @}yde vèg~me2

' ' ' @j le{ dlvjy~eg~m nm{nm m` v}g~j nm d{~e nm è àdke dg~myge t nm ècjljamgmdnen nm è jiye nm _taj~{hd m{ u}m kene }ge nm è{ m~eve{ nmev`dkekdg nm` l~jnj cd{~ydkj i}{keie dgeydei`mlmg~m g}me{ }gdnenm{nm `j v{u}dkj'

Mg m{~m {mg~dnj, veye @}yde #544;, v' $, t veye `j{ o}gnelmg~j{ nm m{~m ~yeiebj2

@e lm ~jnj`jae nm _ta j~{hd, è dg~maydnen t m` cd{~jydkd{lj nm {} m goju}m vdmnye{ ega}èym{ nm {} jiye kjg{~d~}tmg veye gj{j~yj{ ljnm`j{ gj{}vmyenj{ cjt ne' Vymkd{elm g~m mg m``j{ m{~ydie è aeyeg~ e nm èek~}e`dnen t nm ` keyk~my kjg{~y}k~dj nm {}{ dnme{'

Dg~maydnen t ~yeg{ojylekdg, m{~eid`dnen t kelidj #mg kjgb}g~j e `j{ mbm{ nm

cjliymge~}ye`mre m dgnddn}j t {jkdmnen$, veymkmg {my nj{ vj{~}ènj{ {jiym `j{ k}e`m{


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9=nm{keg{e è d{dg nm {my c}legj u}m ~mge _daj~{ht, t }gj nm `j{ vydgkdve`m{ veylm~yj{

{jiym `j{ k}e`m{ nm{keg{e {} ymnm{k}iydldmg~j t damgkde mg m` nmie~m ek~}e`', t mg m`ke{j nm m{~m ~yeiebj, `j u}m vmyld~m eijyney t ek~}e`drey kdmy~j{ e{vmk~j{ nm {} ~mjye, e è

`}r nm è{ `èlene{ ^mjye{ nm è Kjlv`mbdnen #L}ggm, 544;$ u}m eijyneymlj{, }ge mr

ymd{enj m` ~mle nm è }gdnen nm eg`d{d{, u}m vmyld~e ~e` nm{eyyj``j'

@e Jyaeg drekdg [m l d~dke nm è Kjgkdmgkde'

Kjlj {m ce vèg~menj, è kjg{~d~}kdg nm è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{dkjàdke{ ymld~m e`m{~}ndj nm `j{ vyjkm{j{ nm lmndekdg {mld~dke {}itekmg~m{' ê` vyjkm{j m{~ vmyld~dnj

vjy m` cmkcj nm u}m `j{ {dagj{, u}m ~dmgmg vydleydelmg~m }g keyk~my ms~mygj, nm

dg{~y}lmg~j{ jibm~dj{ nm lmndekdjg mg~ym vmy{jge{, {m dg~myge`dreg ce{~e kjgmy~dy{m mg

dg{~y}lmg~j{ dg~mygj{ t {}ibm~dj{ nm è ymèkdg nm kene {}bm~j kjg{daj ld{lj' E`

ym{vmk~j, _taj~{hd vèg~meie u}m2

^jne è cd{~jyde nm` nm{eyyj``j v{dkjàdkj nm }g gdj, gj{ mg{me u}mnm{nm `j{ vydlmyj{ ne{ nm dne, {} enev~ekdg {m `jaye vjy lmndj{

{jkde`m{, e ~ye { nm è{ vmy{jge{ u}m `m yjnmeg ' M` ~yeg{d~ j, mg~jgkm{, nmè e idjàdke nm nm {eyyj``j e è {jkde` m{ m ` m{èig kmg~ye` mg m` vyjkm{jnm nm{eyyj``j, m` v}g~j nm dyebm yendke` nm è cd{~jyde nm` kjlvjy~eldmg~jnm` gdj''''t m{ eu}, njgnm m ` `mga}ebm b}mae }g vevm ` nm vydlmy jynmg '

Nm m{~e ojyle, m` vyjkm{j nm m{~y}k~}yekdg v{dkjàdke m{~ ie{enj mg è

enu}d{dkdg t }{j nm` `mga}ebm e{d kjlj nm j~ye{ cmyyeldmg~e{ m dg{~egkde{ nm dg~myekkdg

{jkde` u}m ek~eg lmndenjyelmg~m' Kjlj msvjgm @}yde #5436, vv' $2

M` }{j nm è{ cmyyeldmg~e{ u}m è k}`~}ye vjgm e g}m{~ye nd{vj{dkdgn}yeg~m è dne, vmyld~m gj {`j m` nm{eyyj``j nm è{ kevekdnenm{ t

ceid`dnenm{ nm kjg~ek~j {jkde`, {dgj ~elidg m{ è o }mg~m nm` nm{eyyj``j nmceid`dnenm{ kjlj è ei{~yekkdg t è amgmye`drekdg nm è{ keyek~my{~dke{nm` l}gnj ms~ mygj mg m` l}gnj dg~mygj nm kene {}bm~j e{d kjlj è kevekdnennm yme`drey eg`d{d{, nmn}kkdjgm{ t kjgk`}{djgm{ u}m {}ldgd{~yeg }ge ie{mv{dkjàdke veye m` vmg{eldmg~j nd{k}y{dj '

M` M{~}ndj nm è{ O}gkdjgm{ V{dkjàdke{ [}vmydjym{


26/90

9?Kjlj {m ce ndkcj, è{ jvmyekdjgm{ {mld~dke{ {meèg m` ve{j e vyjkm{j{

v{dkjàdkj{ nm letjy kjlv`mbdnen t, e` ld{lj ~dmlvj, leykeg m` ~yeg{d~j nm è cd{~jydege~}ye` nm è v{du}d{ e` lid~j nm è{ ojylekdjgm{ cd{~ydke{ nm` kjlvjy~eldmg~j' Vjy m{j,

e` ceièy nm è agm{d{ nm è kjgkdmgkde c}lege, mu}de`m mg i}mge lmndne, e ymomydy{m e`

m{~}ndj nm è m{~y}k~}ye {mld~dke nm è kjgkdmgkde #[d`m{~yd t I`gec, 544 $' M` vydlmy ve{j

mg~jgkm{, veye nmmèy m` nm{eyyj``j nm` v{du}d{lj c}legj, mye m{~}ndey `j{ vyjkm{j{ nm

dg~mykelidj {jkde`, mg è{ dg{~egkde{ mg njgnm m` kjg~ek~j {jkde` nmbe nm {my }g lmndj veye

dgo`}dy, ndydady t jydmg~ey m` kjlvjy~eldmg~j nm j~yj{, t {m kjg{~d~}tm mg }ge dg{~egkde nm

kjg~yj` t {dagdodkenj dg~mygj t e}~gjlj nm `j{ {mym{ c}legj{' [dg mlieyaj, m` m{~}ndjnm` `mga}ebm gj mye }g vyji`mle kmg~ye` mg è{ kdmgkde{ {jkde`m{, vm{m e u}m mlvmreie e

nm{eyyj`èy{m dajyj{elmg~m, vjy `j u}m _taj~{hd ek}nd e è ~mjye `d~myeyde i}{kegnj

cmyyeldmg~e{ kjgkmv~}e`m{ t ege`~dke{ u}m `m vmyld~dmyeg ``mey e keij ~e` nm{eyyj``j'

M` M{~}ndj Jibm~dj nm è Ymèkdg Vmg{eldmg~ j @mga}ebm'

Nm{nm }g v}g~j nm d{~e le{ od`j{odkj, ~yendkdjge`lmg~m {m ceie kjgkmidnj è

ymèkdg mg~ym m` `mga}ebm t m` vmg{eldmg~j, nm ~ym{ nd{~dg~e{ legmye{ e`~myge~de{2

e$ M` vmg{eldmg~j kjdgkdnm kjg m` `mga}e bm'

i$ M` mga}ebm {dym nm mgj`~}ye nm` vmg{eldmg~j'

k$ M` vmg{eldmg~j e`kegre {} {my mg m ` `mga}ebm ' #mg Hjr}`dg, 544>$'

Mg v{dkj`jae, è{ nj{ vydlmye{ vj{~}ye{, ceieg `jayenj nm{eyyj`è{m e vey~dy nm`

ld{lj mgoju}m i{dkj, m` nm MY, `j u}m gj{ ``me e kjgk`}dy u}m, j idmg m` vmg{eldmg~j {m

ymn}km e` `mga}ebm, j idmg m` vmg{eldmg~j m{ è ke}{e nm` `mga}ebm #my _taj~{hd, 5449i$'

_taj~{hd mg kelidj, ~ye~eye nm nm{eyyj`èy è ~mykmye e, l{ ekjynm kjg {} kjgkmvkdg

amg~dke #lll$'

@e{ gjkdjgm{ nm [d{~mle t O}gkdg `dga{~dke t v{dkjàdke'


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91Ym{vmk~j nm è gjkdg nm {d{~mle, mg~mgndne kjlj }g kjgb}g~j nm vey~m{

dg~mykjgmk~ene{ ndgldkelmg~m #@}yde, 5436$, _taj~{hd è }{ veye nm{kydidy è }gdnenamg~dke nm `j{ ndmy{j{ vyjkm{j{ v{dkjàdkj{' E{, dnmg~dodk lekyj{d{~mle{ v{dkjàdkj{

kjlj è kjgkdmgkde, t {}i{d{~mle{ kjlj m` vmg{eldmg~j t è mljkdg, k}te ymèkdg

amg~dke m{~eye nene vjy è{ ndmy{e{ ojyle{ nm lmndekdg k}`~}ye` #m{v' m` `mga}ebm$' Vjy

o}gkdg, _taj~{hd mg~mgnd è ojyle vey~dk}èy mg u}m }g {d{~mle v{dkjàdkj j `dga{~dkj,

eomk~e e j~yj n}yeg~m m` nm{eyyj``j'

E{, _taj~{hd vyjv}{j m{~}ndey è{ ndmy{e{ ojyle{ mg u}m è k}`~}ye, e ~ye{ nm

è{ ndmy{e{ ojyle{ nm lmndekdg {mld~dke, eomk~e e` nm{eyyj``j nm ~jnj{ `j{ {d{~mle{ t{}i{d{~mle{ v{dkjàdkj{ #m{~j{ `~dlj{, m{keèylmg~m ~elidg v}mnmg {my kjg{dnmyenj{

kjlj {d{~mle{$, negnj jydamg e {d{~mle{ letjym{ kjlj è kjgkdmgkde, u}m, kjlj

m{~y}k~}yenjy a`jie` nm è {}ibm~ddnen nm` {my c}legj, {mye è ie{m nm` nm{eyyj``j nm è

vmy{jge`dnen #[c}eym, 544;$' E{ ld{lj, {}i{d{~mle{ kjlj è vmykmvkdg, è e~mgkdg, è

lmljyde, m~k' ~elidg {m ymèkdjgeyeg t m{~y}k~}yeyeg {d{~mldkelmg~m mg o}gkdg nm è{

ojyle{ nm lmndekdg k}`~}ye` m{vmkodke{, negnj jydamg #e$ e` vmg{eldmg~j ymo`msdj t

ei{~yek~j, #i$ e è{ mljkdjgm{ le{ kjlv`mbe{ #kjlj m` ajkm m{~~dkj$, t e è j`}g~en

nm kene {}bm~j #Qmy~{kc, 5433', Enydeg t Vemr, 544;$' [dg n}ne, m` `mga}ebm, mg k}eg~j

cmyyeldmg~e jydadge`lmg~m ms~myge #{d{~mle {mld~dkj$, e` ~yeg{ojyley{m mg }ge

cmyyeldmg~e dg~myge nm kene {}bm~j, eomk~e #o}gkdg$ nm {jiymlegmye m` nm{eyyj``j m

dg~myymèkdg nm ~jnj{ `j{ {d{~mle{ t {}i{d{~mle{ v{dkjàdkj{ mg ~jnj{ {}{ njldgdj{

amg~dkj{, nm~myldgegnj mg i}mge lmndne, è m{~y}k~}yekdg nm `j vyjvdelmg~m c}legj,

{} {}ibm~ddnen t {} kjgkdmgkde #Ajgr`mrYmt #5441$' M{ e{ kjlj è vydgkdve` m{~ye~made

nm dgm{~daekdg vyjv}m{~e vjy _taj~{hd kjg{d{~d mg dnmg~dodkey è{ ojyle{ #o}gkdjgm{$ mg

u}m m` `mga}ebm m{~y}k~}ye `j{ ndmy{j{ {d{~mle{ v{dkjàdkj{, m{vmkde`lmg~m m`

vmg{eldmg~j, u}m vjnmlj{ eay}vey mg }g kjgb}g~j nm veym{ jv}m{~j{ #Qmy~{kc, 5434',

vv $'


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935' O}gkdg nm [me`drekdg my{}{ 5' O}gkdg [dagdodke~de9 ' O}gkdg [jkde` my{}{ 9' O}gkdg D gnddn}e`'

;' O}gkdg Kjl}gdke~de my{}{ ;' O}gkdg D g~m`mk~}e` '>' O}gkdg D gndke~de' my{}{ >' O}gkdg [dli`dke'# j O' Ymomymgkde`$ # j O' Ke~m ajydrenjye$

M{~e{ jvj{dkdjgm{ gj ymkdimg m` ld{lj gdm` nm dlvjy~egkde mg m` eg`d{d{

{mld~dkj nm _taj~{hd', Qmy~{kc #5433$ è{ eay}ve mg nj{ ke~majye{ o}gnelmg~e`m{'

5' @e{ ~ym{ vydlmye{ jvj{dkdjgm{ ~ye~eg nm è lmndekdg nm `j{ vyjkm{j{ {jkde`m{ t

v{dkjàdkj{ mg }g gdm` nm eg`d{d{ nm{kydv~dj t amgydkj, t vjkj ndkmg nm `j{ vyjkm{j{ nm

lmndekdg {mld~dke vyjvdelmg~m ~e`' [dg mlieyaj, vym~mgnmg ney k}mg~e nm `j{ vyjkm{j{

nm kjg~ek~j {jkde`, u}m {}{~mg~eg `j{ vyjkm{j{ {mld~dkj{ #5$'

9' Vjy j~yj ènj, è{ o}gkdjgm{ dgndke~de{ t {dli`dke{, {m dg~my nmodgmg

#Qmy~{kc,5433$ mg o}gkdg nm {} vjnmy nm lmndekdg kjg è yme`dnen'

]g m{~}ndj {mld~dkjamg~dkj nm è kjgkdmgkde dlv`dke ney k}mg~e nm` vyjkm{j

ld{lj nm {} kjg{~y}kkdg' M{ vjy m{~j u}m ~e` m{~}ndj dlv`dke, nm{nm }g eg`d{d{ nm {}{

o}gkdjgm{, msv`dkey m` ve{j nm è{ o}gkdjgm{ dgndke~de{, e è{ o}gkdjgm{ {dli`dke{

lmndene{ k}`~}ye`lmg~m' Mg m{~m kjg~ms~j, _taj~{hd #544;$ e{}lm u}m è o}gkdg

dgndke~de nm` ceiè m{ è vydlmye mg eveymkmy2

G}m{~ye vy dlmye { veèiye{ ~dmgmg }g {dagdodkenj dgndke~dj veye m` gdj' Mgm{~j, veymkm u}m cmlj{ dnmg~dodkenj è o}gkdg jydadge` nm` ceiè, u}m ce{dnj ymkjgjkdne te vjy j~yj{ dgm{~dae njym{' @e o}gkdg jydadge` nm` ceiè gjm{ u}m è veèiye ~m gae }g {dagdodkenj veye m ` gdj8 gj {m ~ye~ e nm u}m kjg èet}ne nm è veèiye `m kjyym{vjgne }ge g}me kjgmsdg' Eg~m{ idmg, èveèiye m{ dgdkde`lmg~m }g dgndkenjy' @e veèiye, mg ~eg~j u}m dgndkenjy, m{è o}gkdg vydleyde mg m` nm{eyyj``j nm` ceiè, nm è k}e` j~ye{ v}mnmgnmydey #vv', $'

E vey~dy nm m{~e o}gkdg, {m nm{eyyj`è è kevekdnen veye {dlij`drey t kè{dodkey

kj{e{, mmg~j{ t jibm~j{ mg ke~majye{ amgmye`drene{, t odge`lmg~m, è ojylekdg nm

ymèkdjgm{ mg~ym ke~majye{' ê` kjlj `j vèg~me Qmy~{kc, m` m{~}ndj {mld~dkj nm è

kjgkdmgkde, v}mnm ym{}ldy{m #5433, vv' 55;$, nm è {da}dmg~m legmye'

[d è o}gkdg jydadge` nm` ceiè mg è vyjv}m{~e nm _taj~{hd m{ è o}gkdgdgndke~de # 9$ , kjlj {m ymèkdjge kjg è o}gkdg {dli`dke:' M{~jkjyym{vjgnm e }ge k}m{~dg l{ elv`de {jiym kjlj {m vyjn}km ènm{kjg~ms~ }e`drekdg nm `j{ dg{~y}lm g~j{ nm lmndekdg' Vjy }ge vey~m , {mji{mye u}m eà}ge{ o}gkdjgm{ nm` {dagj ymo`mbeg u}m è jyaegdrekdg


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94` dga{~dke nmvmgnm nm` kjg~ms~j #{`j v}mnmg ymomydy, dgndkey$8 #m{ nmkdy$~dmgm u}m my kjg è ymèkdg mg~ym {dagj{ mcdk}èg~m{ t `j{ kjg~ms~j{ mg

u}m {~j{ eveymkmg' Vjy j~ye vey~m , {m ji{mye u}m eà}ge{ o}gkdjgm{ nm`{dagj ym o`mbeg m` e {vmk~j nm{kjg~ms~}e`drenj nm è jyaegdrekdg `dga{~dke,#vjy `j u}m$ ~dmgm u}m my kjg è gjkdg nm u}m kdmy~j{ e{vmk~j{ nm èjyaegdrekdg nm` `mga}ebm v}mnmg jvmyey dgnmvmgndmg~mlmg~m nm` kjg~ms~jmg m` u}m e veymkmg `j{ {dagj{ mcdk}èg~m{' Elij{ e{vmk~j{ kjg{~d~}tmg}g vj~mgkde` è~mg~m mg m` `mga}ebm c}l egj' @e ~ey me nm` eg`d{d{ amg~ dkjkjg{d{~m mg msv`dkey è ~yeg{dkdg nm` gdm` mg m` u}m m` o}gkdjgeldmg~j{mld~dkj m{~ {dmlvym kjg~ms~}e`drenj e }g gdm` mg m` u}m m{ vj{di`m mò}gkdjgel dmg~j nm{kjg~ms~ }e`drenj # {dli`dkj$ ' Mg ~yl dgj{ nm è{kjg{dnmyekdjgm{ yme`drene{, m{~j {dagdodke u}m m` eg`d{d{ amg~dkj nmimmsv`dkey è ~yeg{dkdg e }g gdm` mg m` u}m ~elidg eveymkm è o}gkdg{dli`dke'

Veye m{~j, }gj nm `j{ vydgkdve`m{ vyji`mle{, ce {dnj dnmg~dodkey }ge }gdnen nm

eg`d{d{ enmk}ene veye ``mey e keij }g m{~}ndj {mld~dkjamg~dkj nm è kjgkdmgkde {dg

ymn}kdy {} m{vmkdodkdnen' Mg~ym m{~j{, nm{~ekeg2 #e$ m` kjgkmv~j, #i$ è jyekdg, e gdm`

dg~yev{dkjàdkj, t #e$ `j{ ojyle~j{, t #i$ è{ Ymvym{mg~ekdjgm{ [jkde`m{ mg m` vègj

dg~myv{dkjàdkj' [dg mlieyaj, m` ayeg vyji`mle ek~}e`, e og nm md~ey kemy mg n}e`d{lj{

lm~jnjàdkj{, m{ dnmg~dodkey }ge }gdnen nm eg`d{d{, u}m vmyld~dmgnj }ge ymmy{did`dnen t

eb}{~m ege`~dkj mg~ym elij{ gdm`m{, vmyld~e ekèyey m` nm`dkenj ~yeg{d~j mg~ym elij{

gdm`m{' Kjg m{~m og, {m vyjvjgny m` mg}gkdenj kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{ #Qmy~{kc,

544;$' E kjg~dg}ekdg, {m ymd{eye m{~m vyji`mle'


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;6M@ KJGKMV^J KJLJ ]GD NEN NM EG@D [D ['

Kjlj {m ce {meènj, _taj~{hd t @}yde mg~dmgnmg è m{~y}k~}ye v{dkjàdke

{}vmydjy, o}gnelmg~e`lmg~m kjlj }ge m{~y}k~}ye {mld~dke, t vjy m{~j, kjgdmgm ege`drey

è veèiye nm{nm è{ o}gkdjgm{ v{dkj`dga{~dke dgj`}kyene{ mg ndkce m{~y}k~}yekdg' Veye

m{~j, m`dadmyjg vjy yerjgm{ {mld~dkjamg~dke{, nj{ ~dvj{ nm o}gkdjgm{ `dga{~dke{,

nm{kydv~jye{ nm ndkcj vyjkm{j2

O}gkdg @dga}{~ dke' O}gkdg V{dkjàdke'

5' O}gkdg Nm{dage~de j Ymomymgkde`' 5'Ymomymgkde Jibm~e`'

9' O}gkdg Ke~majydrenjye j Ei{~yek~de' 9' Kelvj{ [mlg~dkj{'

@e D lvjy~e gkde V{dkjàdke nm è O}gkdg Ymomymgkde` j Nm{dage~de'

^jne veèiye ~dmgm kjlj o}gkdg i{dke è nm{dagekdg nm eà}ge kj{e, k}e`dnen,

ekkdg, j ymèkdg, t e m{~e o}gkdg, mg ~yldgj{ `dga{~dkj{ {m è kjgjkm kjlj o}gkdg

nmgj~e~de j ymomymgkde` nm` `mga}ebm, t mg ~yldgj{ v{dkjàdkj{, _taj~{hd è `èlj

ymomymgkde jibm~e`, te u}m vmyld~m è ymvym{mg~ekdg nm }g jibm~j mg m` `mga}ebm

c}legj' M{~e o}gkdg {dmlvym m{~ ndydadne cekde eo}mye, cekde }g nm~myldgenj jibm~j, j

idmg e }ge ekkdg, k}e`dnen, vyjvdmnen, j ymèkdg mg~ym jibm~j{, m{~j {m ymo`mbe mg m`

cmkcj nm u}m k}eù}dmy veèiye u}m ~dmgm }ge ymomymgkde jibm~e` #keyek~my{~dke v{dkjàdke$

v}mnm ~jley è ojyle nm }g {}{~eg~dj, myij, enbm~dj, j nm ymèkdjgm{kjgb}gkdjgm{,

vymvj{dkdjgm{, mg k}eg~j msvym{djgm{ `dga{~dke{' Veye @}yde #@}yde, 5436$, è{ vydgkdve`m{

kjgu}d{~e{ u}m ji~dmgm m` cjliym kjg m` }{j t enu}d{dkdg nm` `mga}ebm, {j`j mg m` vègj

nm è ymomymgkde {jg2

5' @e mgjylm aegegkde nm` cjliym, u}m njldge }g `mga}ebm nm{eyyj`ènj,

kjg{d{~m mg u}m {} l}gnj {m n}v`dke' M` cjliym {dg `mga}ebm {`j ~mge è kevekdnen nm

ymèkdjgey{m kjg eu}m`è{ kj{e{ u}m me t legdv}èie ndymk~elmg~m' Kjg è et}ne nm`


31/90

;5`mga}ebm v}mnm nm{dagey jibm~j{ u}m gj vmykdim ndymk~elmg~m, j ymèkdjgey{m kjg m``j{ {dg

u}m m{~g vym{mg~m{, j ojylmg vey~m nm {} msvmydmgkde dglmnde~e'9' M` cjliym v}mnm mjkey j`}g~eydelmg~m dlamgm{, ekkdjgm{, ymèkdjgm{ t

k}e`dnenm{ nm{dagene{ mg m` `mga}ebm, dgnmvmgndmg~m nm {} vym{mgkde ndymk~e' Nm m{~e

ojyle, ~jne{ è{ vmykmvkdjgm{, ymvym{mg~ekdjgm{, ymk}mynj{ t ekkdjgm{ ve{eg e {my

kjg~yjène{ vjy m{~m {ma}gnj l}gnj #{dli`dkj$ e ~ye{ nm è j`}g~en' E{ è o}gkdg

ymomymgkde` nm` `mga}ebm vmyld~m yma}èy è ek~ddnen c}lege kjg{kdmg~m'

;' Vmyld~m }g ecjyyj mg m` }{j nm è dgojylekdg ek}l}ène k}`~}ye`lmg~m e ~ye{

nm` }{j kjlvey~dnj t kj~dndegj nm` `mga}ebm, {dg gmkm{dnen nm ~mgmy u}m ymld~dy{m {j`j e èdgojylekdg amg~dke j msvmydmgkde vmy{jge` nd{vjgdi`m'

D lvjy~e gkde V{dkjàdke nm è O}gkdg Ke~ma jydrenjye nm` `mga}ebm '

Vm{m e è dlvjy~egkde t ~yekmgnmgkde nm è o}gkdg ymomymgkde`, m{~e m{~ `mbj{ nm

{my kjg{dnmyene kjlj e}~jdgk`}{de8 ~e` kjlj vèg~me _taj~{hd'

@e nm{dagekdg # ~el idg$ vmyl d~m e` gdj m{kjamy }g jibm ~j m{vmkodkj,ndomymgkdey`j nm è {d~}ekdg ~j~e` u}m m{~ vmykdidmgnj''' # nm m{~e le gmye$ 'Vjy lmndj nm è{ veèiye{, `j{ gdj{ ndomymgkdeg m`mlmg~j{ {mveyenj{,{jiymve{egnj nm m{~m ljnj è m{~y}k~}ye ge~}ye` nm` kelvj {mg{jyde` tojylegnj kmg~yj{ m{~y}k~}ye`m{ g}mj{ #ey~do}kde`m{ dg~yjn}kdnj{ tndgldkj{$ ' M` gdj mlvdmre e vmykdidy m` l}gnj gj {`j lmn deg~m {}{jbj{, {dgj ~e lidg lmndeg~m m` ceiè' Kjlj ym{}`~enj nm m{~j, èdglmnde~m r nm è vm ykmvkdg ge~}ye` {m {}vèg~e lmndeg~m }g vyjkm{j nmlmndekdg l}kcj{ l{ kjlv`mbj8 kjlj ~e`, m` ceiè {m kjgdmy~m mg vey~mm{mgkde` nm` nm{eyyj``j kjagd~dj nm` gdj'

Kene veèiye gj {j`j mjke t ymvym{mg~e jibm~j{, k}e`dnenm{, ekkdjgm{, m~k'

ymomydne{ e eàj ms~mygj, {dgj u}m ~elidg mjke ~jnj }g {d{~mle nm mgèkm{ v}yelmg~m

kjgkmv~}e`m{ #m{~y}k~}ye {mlg~dke$, k}te o}gkdg vydgkdve` m{ vjnmy dg~yjn}kdy è kj{e

nm{dagene #e ~ye{ nm è o}gkdg ymomymgkde`$ mg m`, vmyld~dmgnj ege`drey t vmgm~yey m`

l}gnj {mg{di`m nm }ge legmye le{ vyjo}gne' E m{~e vyjvdmnen v{dkjàdke nmn}kdi`m nm`

omglmgj `dga{~dkj kjgjkdnj kjlj v`}yd{agdodkekdg, @}yde `j nmgjldge kelvj

{mlg~dkj #5436i, 5436k, 543>e, 543=$, vjy mbmlv`j2


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;9' ' ' E{, vjy mbmlv`j, mg m` dndjle y}{j è veèiye hj{e v}mnm nm{dagey~eg~j è ~ymgre nm }ge l}kcekce, kjlj m` dg{~y}lmg~j kjg u}m {m kjy~e è

cdmyie, m` ~y daj # a}enee$, j }g odgj iegkj nm eymge u}m vmgm~ye mg m ` ley'@e veèiye h`d}kc ~eg~j v}mnm nm{dagey m` jibm~j kjg m` k}e` {m eiym èv}my~e #vdkevjy~m$ kjlj }g legeg~de` j o}mg~m nm ea}e, m~k~mye #@}yde,543 > ' , vv $ '

@e v`}yd{dagdodkekdg #j vj`d{mlde$ m{ ymkjgjkdne mg ~jnj{ `j{ dndjle{, t {}

msd{~mgkde m{ eg~m{ }ge ymaè u}m }ge mskmvkdg, vjy m{~j, `j u}m nmgjldgelj{

ymomymgkde jibm~e` ve{e e {my è m`mkkdg nm` {dagdodkenj mg~ym l}kcj vj{di`m{ mg m`

ljlmg~j nm` ek~j kjl}gdke~dj ld{lj' @e vym{mgkde nm ~jnj m{~m kelvj {mlg~dkj nm`

k}e` ms~yemlj{ m` {dagdodkenj vymkd{j mg m` ljlmg~j nm {} }{j, gj{ ``me e }g m{~}ndj nmndkcj{ mgèkm{ u}m kjgojyleg e` vègj ke~majyde` nm è veèiye', è veèiye gj {`j

ymmlvère e è kj{e, {dgj u}m è ege`dre, ed{ègnj {}{ keyek~my{~dke{ m{mgkde`m{ m

dg~yjn}kdgnjè{ mg ~jnj }g kjlv`mbj {d{~mle nm mgèkm{ t ymèkdjgm{ #dinml, v' $' @}yde

mbmlv`dodke m{~m v}g~j nm` {da}dmg~m ljnj2

' ' ' M{~j v}mnm my{m okd`lmg~ m {d ege`drelj{ è ye r nm }ge veèiye' Vjymbmlv`j, è veèiye {~j`, #lm{e$ ~dmgm è yer {~` t m{~e yer m{~e ` daenee è{ veèiye{ {~è~ #vjgmy$, vj{~dè~ #ms~mgnmy$, ge{~d` #kj`jkeyb}g~ j, k}iydy$ , m~k'' ' @e veèiye kce{ # ym`jb$ gj {j`j dgndke m` jibm~ j u}m,

vjy mbmlv`j, {m mgk}mg~ye oymg~m e gj{j~yj{' M{~e veèiye dgndke u}m m{mjibm~j ~dmgm kjlj o}gkdg lmndy m` ~dmlvj # kce{ < cjye{$ ,' ' ' @e veèiyehjyje #eke$ m{~e mlveymg~ene kjg è veèiye è~dge u}m kjyg}# k}mygj$ , t mg m {mgkde eg~ da}elmg~m {dagdodkeie kjg k}mygj{, kjg `j k}e`{mveye è keyek~my{~dke ~vdke ve ye m` aege nj ek}gj'

M{~e o}gkdg ege`~dke, m{~}ndene mg jkkdnmg~m e ~ye{ nm è dnme nm m{u}mle{,

vèg~mene vjy Vdeam~ t Iey~`m~~, m{ ev`dkene vjy U}d``deg e è v{dkj`jae kjagd~de, kjg è

dnme nm m{u}mle{ kjgkmv~}e`m{, u}m @}yde }{e veye mbmlv`dodkey m{~e o}gkdg2


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;;

E m{~e{ nj{ o}gkdjgm{ i{dke{ nm è veèiye cet u}m eaymaey }ge }`~dle o}gkdg,

nm ayeg ym`megkde v{dkjàdke, k}e` m{ è o}gkdg nm kjl}gdkey #o}gkdg kjl}gdke~de mg

~yldgj{ `dga{~dkj{$, kjg `j k}e` è veèiye gj {`j m{ }ge cmyyeldmg~e nm` vmg{eldmg~j

{dgj u}m enml{ m{ }ge cmyyeldmg~e nm è kjl}gdkekdg {jkde` m cd{~ydke #le{ ~eynm

j`mymlj{ {jiym m{~e dlvjy~eg~m o}gkdg v{dkjàdke t `dga{~dke$' ^jnj m{~j, l}m{~ye

veye @}yde, u}m'

' ' ' è veèiye gj {`j n}v`dke m` l}gnj, gj {jèlmg~m e{ma}ye è eveydkdgnm è{ kjyym{vjgndmg~m{ ymvym{mg~ekdjgm{, {dgj u}m m{ m` dg{~y}lmg~jvjnmyj{j nm eg`d{d{ nm m{m l}gnj' E` ~yeg{ld~dy è msvmydmgkde {jkde` mgymèkdg kjg m` jibm ~j, è veèiye gj{ {eke nm `j{ ` ld~m{ nm è ms vmydmgkde{mg{di`m, gj{ vmyld~m vmgm~yey mg è m{omye nm `j yekdjge`'' ' ' Vmyld~myme`drey m ` {e`~j nm `j {mg{jyde` e `j ye kdjge`'

@e veèiye ke{d g}gke ~dmgm }ge ymomymgkde jibm~e` odbe t gdke, vjy `j u}m gj

ym{}`~e nmn}kdi`m {`j nm }g eg`d{d{ `dga{~dkj, mg m`è kjgo`}tmg l}kcj{ oek~jym{

Oda 5' Kjlvj{dkdg nm ojyle{ {d~}ekdjge`m{ t ke~majyde`m{ nm amgmye`drekdg

# U}d` `deg, 54? ?, 54? 38 kd ~ ' mg @}yde, 543 >$ '


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;>v{dkjàdkj{ e{ kjlj leykenjym{ t nd{~dg~dj{ {mlg~dkj{ #kjlj m` kjg~ms~j, `j{

m`mlmg~j{ veye dga}{~dkj{ nm` ceiè, t è{ ojyle{ m{vmkodke{ nm {} }{j$' M{ e{ kjlj m`kjgkmv~j, vj{mm kjlv`mlmg~eydelmg~m kdmy~e{ o}gkdjgm{ `sdke{ u}m `m vmyld~mg mg~yey

mg nm~myldgene{ kè{m{ nm ymèkdjgm{ {mlg~dke{' Nm m{~e legmye, è veèiye nd{vjgm nm

~jnj }g eveye~ebm u}m `m vmyld~m }gdy{m t mgèrey{m odgd~elmg~m e j~ye{ vj{di`m{ veèiye{

e ~ye{ nm kdmy~e{ keyek~my{~dke{ u}m @}yde nmgjldge e`mgkde{ ' ]g mbmlv`j nm m{~e

vyjvdmnen m{ m` cmkcj nm u}m e` ege`drey veèiye{ kjlj `j{ myij{ ~yeg{d~dj{, m{~j{

{dmlvym mjkeg }g g}lmyj nm~myldgenj nm vj{di`m{ mgèkm{, e}g {dg {eimy k}e`m{ {jg

ndkcj{ mgèkm{, vm', imimy #u}m$ kjlvyey, ney, #eàj, e u}dmg$, nm{mey #u}m$, m~k'M` {dagdodkenj {dmlvym kjg{mye }g gk`mj vmylegmg~m t odbj, ymèkdjgenj kjg }g

nm~myldgenj kjgb}g~j nm mgèkm{' Gj ji{~eg~m, {dmlvym vjnmlj{ nd{~dga}dy, enml{ nm`

{dagdodkenj {~egneyn #kjlj nm ndkkdjgeydj$, }g }{j vey~dk}èy t kj~dndegj nm kene }gj, }g

{dagdodkenj dgnddn}e`, nm~myldgenj vjy m` }{j vey~dk}èy nm è veèiye mg ljlmg~j{ t

{d~}ekdjgm{ nene{' @}yde #543>$ vym{mg~e m` {da}dmg~m mbmlv`j nm m{~e {d~}ekdg'

@e veèiye keyig ~dmgm }g {dagdodkenj jibm~dj nm~myl dgenj' M{ }gjibm~j gmayj, nm jydamg mam~e` è letjye nm è{ mkm{, ym{}`~enj nm è

ke`kdgekdg nm yij`m{, kjg }ge nm~myldgene kjlvj{dkdg u}ldke mg èie{m nm` k}e` m{~e m` m`mlm g~j K # keyijgj$' [dg mlie yaj, m` {mg~dnj nm èveèiye keyig v}mnm {my kjlv`m~elmg~m ndomymg~m veye ndomymg~m{vmy{jge{ t mg ndomymg~m{ kdyk}g{~egkde{' Veye m` ele nm ke{e, è veèiyekeyig nm{dage eàj kjg `j k}e` vymgnm m` {eljey j u}m gmkm{d~e veyevymgnmy è m{~}oe' Veye m` kdmg~odkj m` keyig m{ }g jibm~j nm m{~}ndj, t{mveye è vey~m nm` {dagdodkenj nm m{~e veèiye u}m e ` `m dg~mym{e èm{~y}k~}ye nm` keyig, {}{ vyjvdmnenm{' Veye m` vdg~jy m{ }g dg{~y}lmg~jkjg m` k}e` {m v}mnm cekmy }g m{ijrj, }g kyju}d{ vyjd{djge` nm` k}enyj' Tveye }ge gde u}m mg{}kdj {} m{~dnj iègkj kjg keyig, m{~e veèiye ~ dmgm}g {mg~ dnj nm{eayenei`m'''

Nm `j eg~mydjylmg~m msv}m{~j, veye @}yde m{~j u}dmym nmkdy2

' ' ' u}m è ld{le veèiye ~dmgm }g {dagdodkenj, u}m {m ce ojylenjjibm~delmg~m e `j èyaj nm è cd{~jyde t u}m, mg ojyle vj~mgkde`, {mkjg{mye veye ~jne{ è{ vmy{jge{, ymo`mbegnj è{ kj{e{ kjg nd{~dg~evyjo}gndnen t elv`d~}n' Vmyj b}g~j kjg m` {dagdodkenj, kene veèiye ~dmgm}g {mg~ dnj, u}m gj{j~yj{ mg~mgnml j{ kjlj è {mveyekdg, mg m` {dagdodkenjnm è veèiye, nm eu}m``j{ e{vmk~j{ `daenj{ e è {d~}ekdg nene t kjg è{dmgkde{ e omk~de{ nm` {}bm~j'

Nm{eyyj``j nm è o}gkdg nm{dage~de # ymomym gkde jibm~e `$ m g m` gdj'


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;=

Mg m` gdj, è ymomymgkde jibm~e` m{~ idmg ojylene mg~ym `j{ ;,= t `j{ > ej{' E{,}ge veèiye kjlj ke{e, nm{dage {dmlvym }g nm~myldgenj jibm~j, t è veèiye ~ere

j~yj, `j ld{lj veye j{d~j, b}a}m~m, veve, lele, m~k', t kèyelmg~m m{~e o}gkdg te

v}mnm {my ye{~ymene nm{nm m` vydlmy ej nm dne' E kjg~dg}ekdg, ymd{eymlj{ è{ nd{~dg~e{

m~eve{ mg è ojylekdg nm m{~e dlvjy~eg~m o}gkdg'

5' M` gdj e{dldè è ymomymgkde jibm~e` nm è veèiye {`j k}egnj {m mgk}mg~ye mg }genm~myldgene vj{dkdg, vjy mbmlv`j ekj{~enj, j {d è veèiye m{ ndkce vjy }g {}bm~j

nm~myldgenj, t {d {m vyjg}gkde kjg }ge nm~myldgene mg~jgekdg, m~k' [d }ge nmm{~e{ kjgndkdjgm{ oe`èye, m` gdj vdmynm è ymomymgkde jibm~e` `jayene8 mg kelidj, {d

~jne{ è{ kjgndkdjgm{ m{~g vym{mg~m{, m` gdj ndydam è ldyene cekde m` jibm~j t

~ye~eie nm e`kegrey`j' Mg gdj{ nm ? e 1 lm{m{, {m v}mnm my u}m m{~egnj

ekj{~enj{, e` jy è jr nm {} lenym gjliyegnj }g nm~myldgenj jibm~j ymekkdjgeg

ldyegnj e` jibm~j kjyym{vjgndmg~m8 vmyj mye {}odkdmg~m kelidey`j nm vj{dkdg #vjy

mbmlv`j {mg~ey`j$, veye u}m è veèiye vmyndmye {} {dagdodkenj t è ymekkdg te gj

{m vyjn}bmye'

9' Mg è {da}dmg~m m~eve nm nm{eyyj``j, è vj{dkdg mg è u}m {m mgk}mg~ye m` gdj tegj ym{}`~e m{mgkde` veye è kjg{myekdg nm è ymomymgkde jibm~e` nm è veèiye, vmyj

m` cmkcj nm u}dmg mg kjgkym~j vyjg}gkde è veèiye, kjg u}m jr t kjg u}m am{~j

è ekjlvee, kjg~dg}e ~mgdmgnj }ge dlvjy~egkde nmkd{de' M{~j v}mnm evymkdey{m

k}egnj m` gdj, {dmgnj te m{ kever nm e~mgnmy e }g jibm~j eg~m è jr nm è

lenym, nmbe nm cekmy`j dglmnde~elmg~m, {d m` u}m ne è dg{~y}kkdg ym{}`~e {my j~ye

vmy{jge'

;' Mg è{ {da}dmg~m{ m~eve{, m{~m cmkcj nmbe nm ~mgmy }ge dgo`}mgkde nmkd{de, gjji{~eg~m, m` gdj m{ kever nm kjg{myey è ymomymgkde jibm~e` nm è veèiye {`j mg

è lmndne mg u}m {m ekjlvem nm` am{~j dgndkenjy kjyym{vjgndmg~m j {d m{~

dgk`}dne mg }ge nm~myldgene {d~}ekdg vyk~dke #mg vey~dk}èy nm b}maj$' Mg ke{j

kjg~yeydj, è veèiye vdmynm {} ymomymgkde jibm~e` m{~ei`m' Mg m{~e m~eve, m{ vj{di`m


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;?ji{myey, u}m è veèiye eg gj {m ce {mveyenj nm` am{~j j nm è ekkdg

ekjlveeg~m{, t m{~j{ kjg~dgeg {dmgnj }ge keyek~my{~dke dg{mveyei`m nm èveèiye vmykdidne'

>' Cekde è {ma}gne ld~en j cekde m` odge` nm` {ma}gnj ej nm dne è veèiye {mmlegkdve kjlv`m~elmg~m nm m{~e{ kjgndkdjgm{ ekkm{jyde{ t enu}dmye {} ymomymgkde

jibm~e` vmylegmg~m' Mg~jgkm{, m` gdj kjldmgre e ymekkdjgey {m`mk~delmg~m e`

jibm~j gjliyenj, dgnmvmgndmg~mlmg~m nm {d è veèiye {m ekjlvee j gj nm

am{~j{ dgndkenjym{ j ekkdjgm{, m~k'

^jnj m{~m vyjkm{j u}m nm{mlijke mg è kjg{j`dnekdg nm è ymomymgkde jibm~e`

`dga}d{~dkjmyie`, {m msv`dke vjyu}m m` `mga}ebm #myie`$ gj ~dmgm }ge ie{m ge~}ye`, {dgj

k}`~}ye`, m` gdj evymgnm e cekmy }{j nm` `mga}ebm mg }g kjg~ms~j k}`~}ye` t gj mg }g

elidmg~m ge~}ye`' Kjlj vèg~me Iy}gmy #543?$2 @e{ kjgmgkdjgm{ `dga{~dke{ t e{

ojyle{ m{~egney{ gj {}yamg nm` c}mj ~j~e`lmg~m nm{eyyj`ène{' Ceid~}e`lmg~m {jg `mg~e{

~yeg{ojylekdjgm{ nm vyjkmndldmg~j{ dgdkde`m{ vydld~dj{, j ge~}ye`m{ u}m {m {jkde`dreg mg

`j{ vyjkm{j{ nm gmajkdekdg kjl}gdke~de'

E kjg~dg}ekdg, {m ege`drey m` ~dvj nm m{~y}k~}ye u}m {}itekm e è ymomymgkde

jibm~e` mg m{~j{ vydlmyj{ m{~endj{' Mg è{ m~eve{ ~mlvyege{ nm` nm{eyyj``j dgoeg~d`, è

veèiye ~dmgm }ge m{~y}k~}ye eljyoe t }g {dagdodkenj ndo}{j, kelidegnj {} ymomymgkde

jibm~e` nm ek}mynj kjg è{ {d~}ekdjgm{' @}yde mbmlv`dodke e{, m{~m ~dvj nm m{~y}k~}ye2

' ' ' E{, vjy mbmlv`j, è veèiye ~vy} #`j u}m mg ke{~m`ègj mu}de`m e èyer nm è veèiye keie``j$ mg m` gdj nm kjldmgrj nm` {ma}gnj ej nmdne v}mnm nm{dagey keie``j, keyym~e, nm~mg~m, elj{, m~k',enu}dydmgnj {} {dagdodkenj mg nmvmgnmgkde nm è {d~}ekdg mg u}m m{

vyjg}gkdene' [j`j k}egnj {m `m eaymae m` {}odbj he #~vy}ghe$, èveèiye kjldmgre e enu}dydy }ge ymomymgkde jibm~e` le{ msek~e t nm{dage,mg~jgkm{, {`j keie``j t gj te m` myij elj{, j {dg~e~m, nm~mg~m,m~k'

Gj ji{~eg~m, m{ gjyle` u}m k}egnj è{ veèiye{ nm` gdj ceg enu}dydnj te }ge

m{~y}k~}ye ljyojàdke nm~myldgene, kjg~dgm ~mgdmgnj }ge ymomymgkde jibm~e` dgm{~ei`m'

@e ymomymgkde jibm~e` msek~e nm }ge veèiye, vjy le{ {mgkd`è u}m veymrke e vydlmye d{~e,


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;1m{ m` vyjn}k~j nm }g èyaj nm{eyyj``j' Mg è{ vydlmye{ m~eve{ nm` nm{eyyj``j, è veèiye

m{~ mg~ymèrene kjg è {d~}ekdg, `j{ am{~j{, è lldke, è mg~jgekdg t {`j mg m{e{kjgndkdjgm{ enu}dmym {} ymomymgkde jibm~e`' [j`j mg è{ `~dle{ m~eve{ nm` nm{eyyj``j nm`

gdj #mg~ym `j{ nj{ t `j{ ~ym{ e ~ym{ ej{ t lmndj$, è veèiye enu}dmym }ge ymomymgkde

jibm~e` msek~e t m{~ei`m, e}gu}m kjg{myegnj {} `daerg kjg è ekkdg vyk~dke'

Nm{e yyj``j v{dkjàdkj nm è O}gkdg Ke~majydre njye nm ` @mga} ebm '

]ge mr enu}dydne è ymomymgkde jibm~e` mg m` gdj e `j{ ~ym{ ej{, è veèiye eg~dmgm }g èyaj keldgj vjy ymkjyymy' M` nm{eyyj``j nm è veèiye te gj kjgkdmygm e {}

ymomymgkde jibm~e` {dgj e {} o}gkdg ke~majydrenjye, m{ nmkdy e {} {dagdodkenj #kelvj

{mlg~dkj$' M{~j u}mne kèyj e` kjlveyey e ymomymgkde jibm~e` mg }g gdj nm ~ym{ ej{ t è

nm }g gdj nm {dm~m ej{, mg elij{ ke{j{, {} ymomymgkde jibm~e` m{ ie{~e{~m m{~ei`m, gj

ji{~eg~m, m{~j gj {dagdodke u}m elie{ veèiye{ ~mgaeg mg kene }ge nm m{~e{ m~eve{, m`

ld{lj {dagdodkenj' Kene m~eve nm` nm{eyyj``j nm è veèiye, eg kjg è ld{le ymomymgkde

jibm~e`, enu}dmym t nm{eyyj`è g}me{ m{~y}k~}ye{ {mlg~dke{, kelidegnj t

mgydu}mkdgnj{m m` {d{~mle nm mgèkm{ t amgmye`drekdjgm{ u}m m{~g mgkmyyenj{ mg m`è, `j

u}m u}dmym nmkdy u}m m` {dagdodkenj ld{lj nm è veèiye {m nm{eyyj`è' @}yde mbmlv`dodke

m{~m v}g~j2

^jlml j{, vjy mbml v`j, è veèiye ~dmgne' @e veèiye ~dmgne ~dmgm , veyem` gdj nm ~ym{ ej{, }ge ymomymgkde jibm~e ` kjlv `m~elm g~m msek~e' Gj m{gd }ge lm{e gd }g egdle`, gj m{ }g `diyj' @e ymomymgkde jibm~e ` nm m{~eveèiye m{, mg m{~m vmyjnj, {}odkdmg~mlmg~m m{~ei`m' ' ' ' Veye m` gdj nmmnen m{kjèy ~mlvyege, ~dmgne nm{dage m` `}aey e njgnm {m e e kjlvyeyvyjn}k~j{ ndmy{j{, e njgnm e mkm{ `j le gneg e ce kmy è{ kjlvye{' M{~e

~dmgne {m mgk}mg~ ye mg è m{u}dge nm è ke{e j ky}regnj è ke``m'

Mg m{~m ke{j, ~dmgne u}mne vydene nm {} {dagdodkenj eomk~dj, t m` {mg~dnj {m

}m`m vyjaym{delmg~m kjlv`mlmg~eydj' M` vevm` kmg~ye` `j b}mae è dleamg ndymk~e nm

m{~e #njgnm {m kjlvyeg kj{e{ j vyjn}k~j{$, vjy `j u}m gj {j`j kelide è m{~y}k~}ye

{mlg~dke nm è veèiye, {dgj `j{ vyjkm{j{ v{dkjàdkj{ u}m {}itekmg e {} mld{dg' E{,

veye m` gdj vmu}mj, m` vevm` vydgkdve` `j b}mae m` eomk~j, è {mg{ekdg nm eàj


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;3eayenei`m #j gj$ e` nmodgdy }g kjgkmv~j, veye m` gdj vymm{kjèy j m` bjmg m{kjèy mg

kelidj, m` vydgkdve` vevm` `j b}mae è dleamg dglmnde~e mg {} lmljyde, u}m ymvyjn}km}ge {d~}ekdg nm~myldgene, kjlj `j ymo`mbe m{~m m{u}mle2

Mg kelidj, veye }g gdj te m{kjèy, j mg m` ke{j nm }g m{~}ndj{jmkjgjld{~e, m`

~dvj nm mgèkm{ {jiym `j{ u}m {m ey~}k}è m` {dagdodkenj m{ kjlv`m~elmg~m nd{~dg~j, v}m{ m`

vevm` le{ dlvjy~eg~m `j b}maeg `j{ mgèkm{ àdkj{ nm e veèiye2


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;4Kjlj vjnmlj{ my, m` {dagdodkenj nm }ge veèiye kelide eg nm{v}{ u}m è

ymomymgkde jibm~e` ce e`kegrenj m{~eid`dnen t msek~d~}n, egkènj mg m` ~dvj nm mgèkm{ {jiymè{ k}e`m{ {m ey~dk}è m` {dagdodkenj nm è veèiye', {~m cmkcj, {dagdodke veye @}yde #5436$

u}m g}m{~ye kjgkdmgkde kelide {} m{~y}k~}ye ld{le mg m` k}y{j nm g}m{~yj nm{eyyj``j'

Keim cekmy gj~ey, u}m è eveydkdg nm g}mj{ ~dvj{ nm mgèkm{ gj dlv`dke u}m `j{ ~dvj{ nm

mgèkm{ vymdj{ nm{eveymrkeg, m{~j{ {m kjg{myeg {mk}gneydelmg~m, msvym{gnj{m e

~ye{ nm` {mg~dnj, kjg `j k}e` m` nm{eyyj``j t vj`d {dagdodkekdg nm` `mga}ebm #mg ~jnj{ `j{

gdm`m{ nm vyjn}kkdg nm {dagdodkenj$ u}mne eidmy~j e o}~}ye{ dgo`}mgkde{ t kjgndkdjgeg~m{

u}m `m vmyld~eg eydey #11$'

@e Jyekdg kjl j ]gdnen nm Eg`d{d{'

G}lmyj{j{ e}~jym{, mg~ym `j{ u}m nm{~ekeg Kcjl{ht, Iy}gmy #543?$ t Qmy~{kc

#543=$, Hjr}`dg #544;$ ceg vèg~menj u}m m` kjgkmv~j kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{ gj ym{}`~e

nm` ~jnj enmk}ene, v}m{ ~e` m`mkkdg, `daene e` ~dvj nm nd{k}{djgm{ t ymo`msdjgm{ ~mydke{ nm

`j{ ej{ ~ymdg~e, gj kjg~mlvèie m` nm{eyyj``j nm è `dga{~dke t è v{dkj`dgad{~dke

vj{~mydjy, u}m ``maeyeg e vèg~mey kjg letjy vyjvdmnen e è jyekdg kjlj }gdnen nm

eg`d{d{, m{vmkde`lmg~m veye `j{ jibm~dj{ nm è vyjv}m{~e taj~{hdege, veye `j{ momk~j{ nm

eijyeney m` vyji`mle nm è o}gkdg kjl}gdke~de ' M{~e m`mkkdg ~mgnye kjlj mg~ebe, m`

vmyld~dy ji{myey t ege`drey m` nm{eyyj``j nm j~ye{ o}gkdjgm{ v{dkjàdke{ #mg ydajy,

v{dkj`dga}{~dke{$, gj ji{myei`m{ t ege`drei`m{ ~jlegnj kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{ e è

veèiye #kjgkmv~j$'

Ecjye idmg, {dg nm{kjgjkmy `j{ g}lmyj{j{ eegkm{ kjg ndkce }gdnen, keim {meèy,

`j u}m @}yde vèg~me, kjlj kyd~mydj{ {}itekmg~m{ e m{~e jvkdg, è nd{~dgkdg mg~ym }gdnen

i{dke nm ` `mga}ebm , u}m kjyym{vjgnm e` kjgkmv~j, t `j u}m kjyym{vjgnmye e è }gdnen

i{dke nm è `mga}e, è jyekdg'

Mg yme`dnen {d }ge veèiye ed{ène #vm' lm{e, vmyyj, keyig,{}oydldmg~j$ u}m nm{dageg nm~myldgene{ ekkdjgm{ j k}e`dnenm{, {m `m}gmg j~ye{ veèiye{ #vm' kjyymy, njyldy, dy, yjbj, eleyaj$ u}mnm{dageg nm~myldgene{ ekkdjgm{ j k}e`dnenm{, u}mne dg~yjn}kdne mg }g


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>6nm~myl dgenj {d{~mle nm ymèkdjgm{, mg }g {d{~mle b myyu}dkj nm kjgkmv~j{']ge veèiye e d{ène eg gj ms vym{e }g b}dkdj kjlv`m~j, }ge dnme kjlv`m~e '

Vjy m` kjg~yeydj è oye{m, eg è l{ {dlv`m #è ke{e eynm, m` vmyyjènye, è n}ne m{ vj{d~de$ gj {jèlmg~m nm{dage eàg jibm~j jomglmgj {dgj u}m msvym{e }g nm~myldgenj vmg{eldmg~j, kjl}gdke }gnm~myldgenj ekjg~mkdldmg~j'

D lvjy ~e gkde V{dkjàdke nm è Jyekdg kjlj ]gdnen nm Eg`d{d{'

@e m`mkkdg nm è jyekdg kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{ vym{mg~eye }ge letjy e`dnmr

mkjàdke e e cjye nm yme`drey m{~}ndj{ v{dkjmj`}~dj{' Nm m{~e legmye, m` ve{j nm` }{j

nm veèiye ed{ène{, e` }{j nm oye{m{ } jyekdjgm{, dlv`dke m` vjnmy m{~}ndey è kevekdnen nmvyjn}kdy t msvym{ey vmg{eldmg~j{ j b}dkdj{ nm~myldgenj{'

' ' ' # nm cm kcj$ è{ veèiye{ ed{ène{ kjg è{ k}e`m{ {m dgdkde m ` nm{eyyj``j nm``mga}ebm nm` gdj, {jg mg yme`dnen jyekdjgm{ nm }ge {jè veèiye, #u}m$m{~g mg~ym èrene{ e è ekkdg yme`' E{, è veèiye l}mke v}mnm{dagdodkey m g m` gdj nelm è l}m ke, m~k'

Mg è `dga{~dke ~yendkdjge`, b}{~elmg~m e ~ye{ nm` m{~}ndj nm `j{ kjgkmv~j{, m{~m

vyjkm{j {m nm{kydim {dlv`mlmg~m e ~ye{ nm è m{~y}k~}ye ndgldke u}m enu}dmym }g

kjgkmv~j k}egnj {m jyaegdre kjg j~yj{ kjgkmv~j{, e ~ye{ nm `j{ myij{, è{ e`mgkde{ t

`j{ vj{di`m{ mgèkm{ u}m kene kjgkmv~j m{ kever nm yme`drey mg kene kjg~ms~j `dga{~dkj

mg u}m m{ }{enj' M{~e vyjvdmnen `dga{~dke nm `j{ kjgkmv~j{, nm m{~ei`mkmy kjgmsdjgm{ t

mgèkm{, m{ è ie{m u}m vmyld~m è eveydkdg nm è jyekdg kjlj ojyle nm msvym{dg nm`

vmg{eldmg~j' M{vmkodkelmg~m, nm{nm m` v}g~j nm d{~e `}ydegj t evjtegnj{m mg `j{

eg`d{d{ `dga}{~dkj m{~y}k~}ye`m{, è m`mkkdg nm è jyekdg kjlj }gdnen nm eg`d{d{ ~yemye

kjlj mg~ebe, vmyld~dy ney k}mg~e nm nj{ ~dvj{ nm vydgkdvdj{ nm jyaegdrekdg nm `j{

{dagdodkenj{ myie`m{ kjlv`m~elmg~m ndomymg~m{, u}m neydeg k}mg~e nm {~e{ vyjvdmnenm{

`dga{~dkj{mlg~dke{ dlv`dkd~e{ mg `j{ kjgkmv~j{' M` vydlmy ~dvj {m kjgjkm kjlj

jyaegdrekdg veyendal ~dke , t m` {ma}gnj, jyaegdrekdg {dg~eal ~ dke nm` `mga}ebm

#9$ #;$'

Jyaegdrekdg [dg~eal ~dke nm è jyekdg'


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>5

M` jynmg v{dkj`dga}{~dkj u}m {}itekm e è ojylekdg nm }ge jyekdg #e è msvym{dgkeie` nm }ge dnme$, m{~e ymadnj vjy nm~myldgene{ ymaè{ u}m v}mnmg m{~}ndey{m' E m{~m

jynmg {mk}mgkde` nm m{~y}k~}yekdg nm dnme{ mg }ge jyekdg, {m `m nmgjldge Jyaegdrekdg

[dg~eal~dke nm è jyekdg' M{~e ojyle nm jyaegdrekdg t msvym{dg nm dnme{, {m ne mg

ie{m e {dg~eale{, m{ nmkdy, mg ie{m e m{èijgm{ ayele~dke`m{ u}m lmndeg~m nm~myldgene{

ymaè{ nm kjg{~d~}kdg, yma}èg è msvym{dg nm k}eù}dmy dnme' Nm{k}iydy m{~m ~dvj nm

jyaegdrekdg ym{}`~e gmkm{eydj, v}m{ {d gj {m kjg{dnmye `j{ ~dvj{ nm {mk}mgkde{ mg è{ u}m

{m m{~y}k~}ye }ge veèiye, è ~eyme ld{le nm dnmg~dodkey u}m veèiye eveymkmy, mg ie{m ej~yj{ kyd~mydj{ ~e`m{ kjlj è oymk}mgkde nm eveydkdg nm è{ vj{di`m{ veèiye{ vj{~mydjym{ e

è vydlmye veèiye {m`mkkdjgene, ceye ~e` ~eyme ke{d dlvj{di`m, nenj m` kjgb}g~j ke{d

d`dld~enj nm veèiye{ vj{di`m{ u}m kjgojyleg g}m{~yj jkei}èydj'

@e jyaegdrekdg {dg~eal~dke nm è jyekdg {m ie{e le{ u}m mg vyjieid`dnenm{ nm

eveydkdg nm veèiye{, mg è vyjieid`dnen nm eveydkdg nm ke~majye{ nm veèiye{, vjy `j

u}m `j dlvjy~eg~m m{ dnmg~dodkey `j{ nd{~dg~j{ ~dvj{ nm ke~majye{, t kjlj m{~e{ {m

ymèkdjgeg ayele~dke`lmg~m e` ojyley }ge jyekdg #Ld``my, 5445$' @e{ ke~majye{ l{

kjyydmg~m{ {jg m` gjliym, m` myij, m` enbm~dj, m` enmyidj, è vymvj{dkdg, m` vyjgjliym,

è kjgb}gkdg t m` ey~dk}`j, è{ u}m v}mnmg nddndy{m mg {}ike~majye{ kjlj, gjliym{

vyjvdj{, gjliym{ le{dj{, kjg~ei`m{, gj kjg~ei`m{, m~k'

M` ojyl}èy è{ ymaè{ lmndeg~m ke~majye{ ym{}`~e l}t mg~ebj{j, v}m{ vmyld~m

enml{ nm kè{dodkey `j{ kjlvjgmg~m{ nm }ge jyekdg, vmyld~m ke~majydrey e è jyekdg

ld{le' Nm m{~e lmgmye, jyekdjgm{ ~e`m{ kjlj M` gdj `mtj m` `diyj, M` ayegbmyj ker }g

ce`kg, M` dmg~j ljd è{ cjbe{, } j~ye{, ymvym{mg~eg ke{j{ nm }ge ke~majye

jyekdjge` nmodgdne vjy è {mk}mgkde2 Eyk}`j ( Gjliym ( _myij ( Ey~k}`j (

Gjliym #Ld``my, 5445$' M{ okd` ney{m k}mg~e u}m mg ie{m e m{~m ~dvj nm jynmgekdg, {m

v}mnmg dnmg~dodkey enml{, nm~myldgene{ ke~majye{ u}m ym{}`~eg le{ kjy~e{ u}m è

eg~mydjy, vmyj u}m è dgk`}tmg' Vjy mbmlv`j, mg m` ke{j u}m ekeielj{ nm vym{mg~ey

#Ey~dk}`j ( Gjliym ( _myij ( Ey~dk}`j ( Gjliym$, è {mk}mgkde Ey~dk}`j ( Gjliym,


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>9eveymkm nj{ mkm{, vjy `j u}m m{ vj{di`m, {dlv`dodkegnj ndkce {mk}mgkde, nmgjldgeyè kjg

}g {`j gjliym k}egnj eveymrke8 e m{~e jynmgekdg vey~dk}èy nm m{~e{ nj{ ke~majye{ nmveèiye{ {m è `èle [dg~eale Gjldge` #[G$ ' Vjy kjg{da}dmg~m, ~jne jyekdjg v}mnm

u}mney nmodgdne nm è {da}dmg~m legmye2 [dg~eale Gjldge` # [G$ ( _myij (

[dg~eale Gjldge`'

@e mg~ebe nm ed{èy m dnmg~dodkey kjg }g gjliym è{ {mk}mgkde{ dg~myge{ nm

veèiye{ gj m{ {dlv`mlmg~m m` eiymdey è ojyl}èkdg nm m{~e kè{m nm jyekdjgm{, enml{

vmyld~m ney{m k}mg~e nm è{ ymaè{ u}m kjgojyleg `

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REVISION DEL ENFOQUE SOCIOHISTÓRICO EN PSICOLOGIA