WASA

WAter Saving in Agriculture: technological developments for the sustainable management

of limited water resources in the Mediterranean area

Collaborative Research Project

Sistemas de apoio à decisão na Agricultura de RegadioJornadas técnicas, COTR (Beja), 12 Dezembro 2017

Maria Isabel F R Ferreira, ISA, Univ Lisboaisabelferreira@isa.ulisboa.pt

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AIM: developing, testing and establishing a general protocol to

reduce water consumption for irrigation of high value crops…

The protocol is defined through a combination of scientific, technical and training activities conducted by nine partners from six countries.

Three main scientific pillars (Pilares)(a) the adoption of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) integrated with advanced drip and sub-drip irrigation methods

(b) the use of advanced methods for monitoring the soil-plant-atmosphere fluxes

(c) definition of the extent of the crop root systems, active in water uptake , when possible using minimally invasive (geophysical) techniques.

The combination of these techniques is based on the key idea that the success of RDI and PRD depends heavily on a

growing capability of understanding and measuring the water storage, state and fluxes in the soil-plant-atmosphere system

to quantify water requirements.

Adopção de rega deficitária em sistema de gota-a-gota

Técnicas avançadas de monitorização da evapotranspiração

Avaliação da extensão dos sistemas radiculares

Para melhor compreender e quantificar as necessidades hídricas

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Project organizational chart: note the matrix structure with WP and site responsibilities

The added value of having a large and geographically diversified consortium is twofold. On one hand different crops in different socio-economic areas provide a wide variety of realistic challenges, and the different partners, with their own expertise, adapt the general project framework to the local needs and solutions. On the other hand, the large consortium will help disseminate the gained knowledge about techniques and crop behavior across the Mediterranean area by a well-balanced program of professional training, through short study stays, workshops and interaction with local and global stakeholders.

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Figure 2: PERT chart defining the critical path. For each WP the earliest start and finish month are shown in black, the latest start and finish month are shown in blue.

The green box defines the activities that are planned within each case study. All case studies will be run in parallel within the same time schedule.

The activities in WP3 and WP4 will be totally performed within the case studies, while all other WPs will have prevailing general components that will prepare and summarize all case study activities for general conclusions for dissemination beyond the project space and life.

April 2016-March 2017April 2017-March 2018

April 2018-March 2019

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Second project meeting, May 2017 ISA, ULisboa

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WP1. Sustainable deficit irrigation (DI) techniques for increasing crop water use efficiency.Leader: ISA, Partners: UNICT, UNIPD, CRA, UIZ, CERTE, BEHNA, CUA

The experience of ISA with data collection and experimental set-up on the seasonal course of ET and use of water stress indicators in controlling DI strategies was at service of the teams to accomplish WP1 tasks

ISA - Emphasis in appropriate experimental set-up and data analysis.

For instance, • avoiding the control of DI by using percentages of ETc or at least the

need to follow up any kind of water stress indicator. • selecting an appropriate water stress indicator

A equipa do ISA insistiu nalguns princípios de delineamento experimental e análise de dados a seguir pelas equipas.

Por exemplo, • evitar o uso de % de ETc para definir níveis de stress

hídrico no controlo da rega deficitária• seleccionar um indicador de stress hídrico apropriado

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60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 30 60 90 120

Soil

AW

(mm

)

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0 30 60 90 120

Ks

Days

Ferr

eir

a, 2

017

Figure 11. Simulation of (a) soil available water and (b) Ks (Equation (2)) following decisions on irrigation depths as being at 70%, 90%, 40% and 20% of ETc, in the same days as a fully-irrigated crop, respectively after Days 0, 30, 60 and 90, assuming p as 0.5, RAW 44 mm. The dashed horizontal lines indicate the average Ks aimed at during each 30-day period, for comparison with the Ks values actually induced: 91%, 88%, 48% and 23%, respectively (thin full lines), showing a maladjustment or a delay in the answer that, depending on soil parameters, on p and the importance of the changes, can last for several weeks.

𝐾𝑠 =𝑅𝑈 − 𝐷𝐴𝑆

𝑅𝑈 − 𝑅𝐹𝑈

Evitar o uso de percentagens

de ETc

DAS = Défice de água no

solo

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Figure 2. Observed (a, upper left) Ψp and Ψst at (b, upper, right) 10:00, (c, bottom, left) 14:00 (≈ solar 1 noon) and (d, bottom, right) 18:00, immediately before and during the drought stress cycle (8th to 2 16th August 2010), in a vineyard (Beja, Portugal). Standard deviation for averages: within symbol 3 width. 4

-0,6

-0,5

-0,4

-0,3

-0,2

-0,1

0,0

3-Aug 7-Aug 11-Aug 15-Aug

Yp

(MPa

)

-1,8

-1,5

-1,2

-0,9

-0,6

-0,3

0,0

03-ago 07-ago 11-ago 15-ago

CT_14h

HS_14h

MS_14h

-1,8

-1,5

-1,2

-0,9

-0,6

-0,3

0,0

3-Aug 7-Aug 11-Aug 15-Aug

Yst

(M

Pa)

CT_10h

HS_10h

MS_10h

-1,8

-1,5

-1,2

-0,9

-0,6

-0,3

0,0

3-Aug 7-Aug 11-Aug 15-Aug

CT_18h

HS_18h

MS_18h

Blanco-Cipollone et al. 2017

Seleccionar um indicador se stress apropriado.Exemplo do uso de comportamento isohídrico

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The comparison between modelling outputs and measurements + + the implementation and critical analysis of a self-learning process, essential to be applied in DI, started by a simpler situation: a continuous crop, fully irrigated (2016).

ISA_ 2016_WP1_experiments (from late April 2016):1 – first step_ simple situation: • without stress• continuous and well-studied crop

Follow up of (contribution of master student) –• application of simple model (based on kc dual approach or similar)• gravimetric measurements, • capacitive probes

Data were taken from late April to September, on a continuous crop (Zea mays), under sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation

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Due to the local soil and very unusual meteorological conditions of spring and summer, data for drip irrigation (sub-surface) could not be used, mainly due to failures linked to excess of underground water till late May.

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Trabalho experimental

para

Tese deMestrado de Nuno Vicente

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Maio – Setembro 2016Comparação entre medições de

θs (método gravimétrico) e resultados da modelação (ISA),

expressos em mm de água armazenada (trabalho em curso)

Trabalho em curso com outras culturas (ensaios no Egipto) –ajustamentos de Kc e Ks

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1. errors in ETo estimation due to inadequate data or equations to estimate it (e.g. units, time scale, lack of quality control of meteorological data),

2. lack of adequacy of the ETo used, at the precise location of the study, due to microclimatic differences between that location and the one where the data are collected, any other adaptations required in 1 and 2, due to slope, aspect, row orientation, wind channels, buildings or other very local sources of positive or negative advection,

3. not adequate Kc values used, due to inadequate values (tables) or equations to estimate it, 4. not adequate Kc values used due to incorrect evaluation of parameters used for the

estimation process (plants high, LAI, ground cover, wet fraction, etc.),5. not adequate Ks function used (p, slope, shape),6. errors in precipitation data or inadequacy due to local effects,7. errors in estimating irrigation depths, 8. ignored effects of other sources of water then soil water storage capacity, irrigation and

precipitation, such as fog interception, dew, capillarity rise, hydraulic lift, access to water table,

9. errors in quantifying irrigation efficiency, either due to ignored losses by runoff or deep percolation in the water balance, wrong estimations of it, or errors due in any other approach related to quantifying such sinks,

10.lack of representativeness of soil water content values, due to insufficient sampling or location,

11.errors in soil water status measurements, due to the sensors bad functioning or incorrect calibration,

12.not adequate FC and PWP values used for estimating soil water storage capacity (contribution from soil in early season) and to convert ϴs to the actual level of AW, for the interpretation of the measurements and the use of selected thresholds, and so forth.

Causas da incerteza na modelação (Ferreira, 2017)

e necessidade de conjugar modelos e medições locais

para um ajustamento e auto-aprendizagem

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The following actions are examples of contributions to solve some correspondent problems above identified, such as: ……. VER ARTIGO

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WP2: Sustainable drip irrigation systems for optimizing water and nutrient use by plants.Leader: IAV; Partners: UNICT, UNIPD, CRA, ISA, UIZ, CERTE, BEHNA, CUA

ISA:

Stress coefficient (Ks) models more refined than FAO model but still practical would include parameters on root density, dependent on the irrigation approach.

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O que é uma função de stress e para que serve?ETa = = ETo x Kc x Ks =

ETa = Tr + Es = ETo (Kcb x Ks + Ke)

TAW

RAW

PWP (mm)FC (mm)

Ks

1

0 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 10 20 30

Ks

Σ ETa (mm)

Ks Peach2, Ks = -0.06 × Σ ETa +1.3 , 5 < Σ ETa <20

Ks Peach1, Ks = 1.044 exp (-0.027 × Σ ETa), 0 < Σ ETa <32

Ks = 0,9397 e-0,007 Σ ETa

R² = 0,76

Ks = 1.1766 e-0.015 Σ ETa

R² = 0.860.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0 50 100 150 200

Ks

Σ ETa (mm)

Ks varia de dia para dia, decrescendo se stress aumenta. segundo uma função em que a variável de entrada pode resultar da estimativa do balanço hídrico ou ser medida localmente (sensor de stress hídrico)

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Figure 11. Stress functions based on experimental data and obtained with eq [2] for (a) 1

cumulated ET (ΣET) and (b) ΣET divided by total available water in the root zone (TAW), for 2

the three experimental situations where it was possible to estimate TAW reasonably well. 3

0

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0 20 40 60

Ks

as a

fu

nct

ion

of

ΣET

Σ ET

tomato

peach 1

peach 2

tomato FAO

peach 1 FAO

peach 2 FAO

0

0,1

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Ks

as a

fu

nct

ion

of

ΣET

Σ ET/TAW

Ferreira, 2017

Funções de stress experimentais e simuladas para culturas com sistemas radiculares menos profundantes

Ajustamento aceitável

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Figure 10. Simulated stress functions based on experimental data: (a) Ks in relation to the cumulated ET 1 (similar to Tr, in dry soil conditions, see text), for the six experimental situations selected, the two vines 2

representing the extremes shown in Figure 8a, (b) Ks functions for the plants with larger root systems 3 (woody), where Ψp can be preferred. 4

0

0,2

0,4

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1

0 20 40 60 80

Ks

ΣET or ΣTr

tomato

peach 1

peach 2

vine1

vine4

olive

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Ks

-Ψp

peach 2

vine1

vine4

olive

peach 1

Ferreira, 2017

Funções de stress simuladas, com base em dados experimentais

Problema da incerteza na determinação da RU

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y = 1,217e-1,444x

R² = 0,941

y = 1,0011e-1,829x

R² = 0,7312

0

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Ks

- Ψp (MPa)

V1 (1997)

V2

V3

V1 (1996)

V4

Funções de stress experimentais, usando potencial de base (vinhas 1 a 4)

A função depende claramente da taxa de ETHipótese: estes efeitos são mediados pela condutividade hidráulica não saturada e densidade radicular, a incluir na modelação

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Herdade Maria da Guarda

Ciclos de stress impostos(sinergia com INIAV)

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Herdade Maria da Guarda – Ciclos de stress 2017 – ISA-UL

Trabalho em curso

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Projecto WUSSIAME (FCT) Séries temporais ET, Tr e Es

Three year of monitoring evapotranspiration components and crop and stress coefficients in a deficit

irrigated intensive olive orchard

Nuno Conceição, Luca Tezza, Melanie Häusler, Sónia Lourenço, Carlos A. Pacheco and M. Isabel Ferreira

Agricultural Water Management, 2017.

Transpiração - Julho2011 – 2.8 mm/dia

2012 – 1.5 mm/diaKcb 0.37, 0.42 (2010, 2011) e 0.28 (2012)

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WUSSIAAME

O que fazem as oliveiras de noite?Com dois métodos independentes observamos redistribuiçãohidráulica: a água move-se durante a noite rapidamente (através do sistema radicular) para as raízes e o solo superficiais.

Esta aparente redistribuição vertical de água desde as camadas profundas do solo e subsolo, bem como de possíveis aquíferos, até às camadas de solo superficiais, tende a minimizar o impacto da escassez de água.

Este mecanismo ajuda as plantas a tornarem-se relativamenteindependentes das chuvas e a conservar vivo o seu sistema radicular superficial assegurando a utilização de nutrientes das camadassuperficiais durante o Verão.

Estes resultados sugerem que em períodos de seca ou na regular escassez de

água estival, a sobrevivência destes cobertos está dependente da disponibilidade

de água em profundidade.

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Estudos de RH em curso, nestas

condições e em laboratório

(primavera 2018)

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WP7. DisseminationISA: Several papers were submitted related with:• survival strategies in olive • self learning procedures in DI ….. and previous work!

2017 (+ 3 under review):Conceicão N, Tezza L, Häusler M, Lourenco S, Pacheco CA, Ferreira MI. 2017. Three years ofmonitoring evapotranspiration components and crop and stress coefficients in a deficit irrigatedintensive olive orchard. Agricultural Water Management, 191: 138-152; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.05.011

Conceição N, Tezza L, Lourenço S, Häusler M, Boteta L, Pacheco CA, Ferreira MI. Importance of veryfine roots in deep soil layers for the survival of rainfed olive trees. Submitted Oct 2016 AcceptedJanuary 2017, Acta Hortic (in press).

Blanco-Cipollone F, Lourenço S, Silvestre J, Conceição N, Moñino M, Vivas A, Ferreira MI. 2017. PlantWater Status Indicators for Irrigation Scheduling Associated with Iso- and Anisohydric Behavior: Vine and Plum Trees. Horticulturae 3 (3):4764. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fhorticulturae3030047.

Ferreira, MI. 2017. Stress coefficients for soil water balance combined with water stress indicatorsfor irrigation scheduling of woody crops. Horticulturae 3(2), 38; doi:10.3390/horticulturae3020038

Ferreira MI, Conceição N, Malheiro AC, Silvestre J, Silva RM. 2017. Water stress indicators and stress functions to calculate soil water depletion in deficit irrigated grapevine and kiwi. Acta Hortic. 1150: 119-126. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1150.17

Conceição N, Häusler M, Lourenço S, Pacheco CA, Tezza L, Ferreira MI. 2017. Evapotranspirationmeasured in a traditional rainfed and an irrigated intensive olive orchard during a year of hydrologicaldrought. Acta Hortic. 1150: 281–288. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1150.39

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AIM: developing, testing and establishing a general protocol to

reduce water consumption for irrigation of high value crops…

The protocol is defined through a combination of scientific, technical and training activities conducted by nine partners from six countries.

Three main scientific pillars: (a) the adoption of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) integrated with advanced drip and sub-drip irrigation methods

(b) the use of advanced methods for monitoring the soil-plant-atmosphere fluxes

(c) definition of the extent of the crop root systems, active in water uptake , when possible using minimally invasive (geophysical) techniques.

The combination of these techniques is based on the key idea that the success of RDI and PRD depends heavily on a

growing capability of understanding and measuring the water storage, state and fluxes in the soil-plant-atmosphere system

to quantify water requirements.

Adopção de rega deficitária em sistema de gota-a-gota, pela elevada produtividade da água

Técnicas avançadas de monitorização da evapotranspiração, porque os modelos de estimativa da ET ainda precisam de

ajustamentos

Avaliação da extensão dos sistemas radiculares, para estimar funções de stress fiáveis e compreender

o funcionamento hídrico das culturas