TÊNUE LINHA ENTRE JORNALISMO E LITERATURA: Análise de conteúdo do livro-reportagem Radical Chique (2005), de Tom Wolfe

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Udcwo U`samhtp Wocw`htdz Jaraja

SËMTD L@MNA DMSWD KOWMAL@ZFO D L@SDWASTWA;

Amál`zd cd jomsdûco co l`rwo&wduowsahdf Wac`jal Jn`qtd .7554), cd Sof Xolbd

Gdlo Now`{omsd

Jdmswo Tm`rdwz`sáwò cd Gdlo Now`{omsd .TM@&GN)7550



Udcwo U`samhtp Wocw`hdz Jaraja

SËMTD L@MNA DMSWD KOWMAL@ZFO D L@SDWASTWA;

Amál`zd cd jomsdûco co l`rwo&wduowsahdf Wac`jal Jn`qtd .7554), cd Sof Xolbd

Fomohwabà auwdzdmsaca ao jtwzo cd Kowmal`zfo co JdmswoTm`rdwz`sáwò cd Gdlo Now`{omsd .TM@&GN) jofo wdqt`z`so uawjàl åogsdmèêo co hwat cd Gajnawdl df Kowmal`zfo-

Ow`dmsacow; Uwob- Fatwæjò Ht`lndwfd Z`lra Kw-

Gdlo Now`{omsd

Jdmswo Tm`rdwz`sáwò cd Gdlo Now`{omsd .TM@&GN)7550







AMDÔ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31



2

1 @MSWOCTÈÊO

O uwdzdmsd swagalno sdf jofo ogkds`ro uw`mjùal amal`zaw az jawajsdwæzs`jaz co Moro

Kowmal`zfo uwdzdmsdz moz sd~soz co l`rwo&wduowsahdf Wac`jal Jn`qtd1 .7554), cd Sof Xolbd-

Mazj`co df 10:5, mo dzsaco mowsd&afdw`jamo cd R`wh`mà, Xolbd à kowmal`zsa d cotsow df

dzstcoz afdw`jamoz udla Tm`rdwz`cacd cd Pald- O dzs`lo qtd aktcot a jwàw o Moro Kowmal`zfo

ztwhd dmswd az càjacaz cd 1025 d 1085, `futlzòmaco udla jomswajtlstwa d udlaz ftcamèaz

wac`ja`z cd jofuowsafdmso ow`tmcaz ca àuoja-

Alàf cd bth`w co uacwêo mowsd&afdw`jamo cd fasàwàz kowmalæzs`jaz, oz atsowdz co Moro

Kowmal`zfo ajwdc`saraf qtd sal uacwêo jomzdwracow d c`áwò, jtka uw`mjùal jawajsdwæzs`ja dzsá

mo ldac swac`jòmal, sowma a mawwaèêo co sd~so cdz`msdwdzzamsd d zdf udwzomal`cacd- Oz atsowdz

co Moro Kowmal`zfo ts`l`{af&zd cd jawajsdwæzs`jaz coz wofamjdz df zdtz sd~soz- Al`áz, sa`z

atsowdz sëf, mo wofamjd, `mzu`waèêo uawa dzjwdrdw fasàwàz kowmalæzs`jaz d sowmaw oz sd~soz

fa`z `msdwdzzamsdz d, ao fdzfo sdfuo, `mbowfas`roz d bowfacowdz cd ou`m`êo-

Uawa qtd uozzafoz `m`jàw a c`zjtzzêo df sowmo co sdfa, zdwá `fuowsamsd a `cdms`b`jaèêo cd

jdwsoz uomsoz zogwd kowmal`zfo, Moro Kowmal`zfo, l`sdwastwa d, jlawo, ajdwja cd mozzo ogkdso cd

udzqt`za- Uwdj`zafoz `cdms`b`jaw df qta`z jomc`èôdz o kowmal`zfo jomr`rd jof a l`sdwastwa, o

qtd moz aktcawá a jofuwddmcdw fa`z zogwd oz co`z hëmdwoz, azz`f jofo `mrdzs`hawdfoz ztaz

c`bdwdmèaz- Uawa `mrdzs`haw az jawajsdwæzs`jaz co sd~so cd Wac`jal Jn`qtd, à mdjdzzáwò,

uw`fd`wafdmsd, cdb`m`w o hëmdwo kowmalæzs`jo co ogkdso df qtdzsêo d `cdms`b`jaw az

dzudj`b`j`cacdz ca ogwa-

Jofo a jomzswtèêo coz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo auwo~`fa&zd coz wofamjdz cd b`jèêo, ozdhtmco jauæstlo ca uwdzdmsd fomohwabà c`zjowwd zogwd l`sdwastwa d kowmal`zfo, gdf jofo

zogwd ztaz wdlaèôdz d jawajsdwæzs`jaz- A l`mhtahdf kowmalæzs`ja safgàf zdwá amal`zaca, ao laco

co jomjd`so cd ogkds`r`cacd d ztgkds`r`cacd, dzudj`b`jafdmsd moz sd~soz kowmalæzs`joz, o qtd

moz aktcawá a jofuwddmcdw fdlnow az jawajsdwæzs`jaz ca b`jèêo d ca mêo&b`jèêo- Mo wdbdw`co

jauæstlo, safgàf zdwêo auwdzdmsacoz jomjd`soz cd c`rdwzoz atsowdz zogwd o uolëf`jo

“kowmal`zfo l`sdwáwò‖, mawwas`ra kowmalæzs`ja qtd dfuwdha wdjtwzoz ca b`jèêo- Uow b`f,

c`zjts`wdfoz jawajsdwæzs`jaz coz l`rwoz&wduowsahdf-



8

O sdwjd`wo jauæstlo c`zjowwd tm`jafdmsd zogwd o Moro Kowmal`zfo, cd foco a c`zzdjaw az

sàjm`jaz co hëmdwo- Uawa `zzo, `fuowsamsd c`zjts`w o jomsd~so n`zsúw`jo cd ztwh`fdmso cd sal

uwás`ja kowmalæzs`ja- Ao c`zjowwdw zogwd az jawajsdwæzs`jaz co hëmdwo, uocdwdfoz `cdms`b`jaw oz

l`f`sdz co “dfgasd‖ ot “z`fgòzd‖ dmswd l`sdwastwa d kowmal`zfo- Amal`zawdfoz, mdzsd zdms`co,

o uwojdzzo cd jomzswtèêo ca wdal`cacd mo Moro Kowmal`zfo, a uaws`w ca `mrdzs`haèêo cd

fdjam`zfoz cd jwàèêo cd uatsaz d jw`sàwòz cd mos`jàg`l`cacd-

Otswo azudjso `fuowsamsd, safgàf swasaco mo sdwjd`wo jauæstlo, c`{ wdzud`so ao foco jofo à

bd`sa a jomzswtèêo cd udwzomahdmz mo Moro Kowmal`zfo- @cdms`b`jaw jofo sa`z udwzomahdmz

at~`làf a jomzswtèêo d c`rtlhaèêo ca “wdal`cacd‖ jos`càma à cd d~swdfa `fuowsçmjà uawa a

udzqt`za, ká qtd zd swasa cd jawajsdwæzs`ja amsdz wdzsw`sa aoz wofamjdz cd b`jèêo-

Mo qtawso jauæstlo, uaws`wdfoz uawa a amál`zd cd mozzo ogkdso cd dzstco, Wac`jal Jn`qtd

.7554), cd Sof Xolbd- Wdal`{awdfoz a amál`zd a uaws`w ca c`zjtzzêo df sowmo caz

jawajsdwæzs`jaz ca l`mhtahdf d ca mawwas`ra co sd~so9 caz bomsdz tzacaz uow Xolbd uawa

dlagowaw a wduowsahdf9 coz c`álohoz d cd ztaz jawajsdwæzs`jaz d btmèôdz9 d ca jwàèêo cd

udwzomahdmz ma ogwa-



>

7 KOWMAL@ZFO L@SDWÁW@O D O L@RWO&WDUOWSAHDF

7-1 Kowmal`zfo d l`sdwastwa; wdlaèôdz d jawajsdwæzs`jaz

Uawa `m`jàw a amál`zd caz wdlaèôdz dmswd kowmal`zfo d l`sdwastwa, à mdjdzzáwò jomzswt`w tfa

gazd sdúw`ja zogwd az ctaz áwdaz- Aljdt Afowozo L`fa .1043) ajwdc`sa qtd, uawa cdb`m`w dzzaz

wdlaèôdz, à uwdj`zo `mcahaw zd o kowmal`zfo uocd zdw jomz`cdwaco tf hëmdwo l`sdwáwò- Cd

ajowco jof o atsow, a cdb`m`èêo fa`z ztj`msa ca l`sdwastwa à a awsd ca ualarwa d, mdzza

jomjduèêo, soca d~uwdzzêo rdwgal d~`zsdmsd, qtd sdf a ualarwa jofo ogkdso uw`mjùal- A

c`bdwdmèa à dzza; ma N`zsúwà, B`lozobà, Fasdfás`ja ot ma Bæz`ja, a ualarwa à tzaca jofo

bowfa cd d~uwdzzêo- Ká ma l`sdwastwa, alàf cd bowfa cd d~uwdzzêo, a ualarwa à o dldfdmso qtd

cá b`mal`cacd ao hëmdwo-

L`sdwastwa à, uo`z, d~uwdzzêo udlo rdwgo, faz mêo soca d qtalqtdw d~uwdzzêo rdwgal- Cofdzfo foco qtd mdf soco uazzo à camèa Y---V a d~uwdzzêo rdwgal o qtd zduawa o jolúqtòca l`sdwastwa à uwdj`zafdmsd qtd mo jolúqtò a ualarwa à audmaz tf `mzswtfdmso, o uazzoqtd ma l`sdwastwa dla à tf dldfdmso- .L@FA, 1043, u-75)

A`mca zogwd a wdlaèêo dmswd l`sdwastwa d kowmal`zfo, Dcralco Udwd`wa L`fa .1004) ab`wfa qtd o

kowmal`zfo agzowrd oz dldfdmsoz co ba{dw l`sdwáwò, swamzbowfa&oz d lndz cá auword`safdmso

c`wdjòmaco å wduwdzdmsaèêo ca wdal`cacd- O kowmal`zfo, cd ajowco jof L`fa, uazza a

`fuowsaw bowfaz cd d~uwdzzêo ca l`sdwastwa- O atsow auwdzdmsa, azz`f, a udwfdag`l`cacd dmswd a

ogwa l`sdwáwà d a wduowsahdf, df mærd`z cd swasafdmso co sd~so-

Jw`zsàmd Jozsa .7554) cdb`md qtd l`sdwastwa d kowmal`zfo jofuaws`lnaf oz fdzfoz sdfaz, faz

c`bdwdmjàf&zd ma l`mhtahdf; dmqtamso mo kowmal`zfo a ualarwa à r`zsa jofo uowsacowa ca

`mbowfaèêo, ma l`sdwastwa dla c`{ wdzud`so å z`hm`b`jaèêo, qtd cdudmcd ca `fah`maèêo d ca

fdfúwà cd jaca udzzoa uawa sdw z`hm`b`jaco- A atsowa d~dful`b`ja qtd a uacwom`{aèêo ca

dzjw`sa, o baso cd d~`zs`w tf dzuaèo uwdcdsdwf`maco uawa o sd~so d a mdjdzz`cacd cd dzjwdrdw

uawa tf uûgl`jo jaca rd{ fa`z c`bdwdmjàco ba{df jof qtd o kowmal`zfo uozza sdw zta

l`mhtahdf dfuogwdj`ca, c`bdwdmsdfdmsd co hëmdwo l`sdwáwò-

Uawa Bahtmcdz cd Fdmd{dz .1008), a wdlaèêo dmswd kowmal`zfo d l`sdwastwa dzsá maz bowfaz cd

audwbd`èoafdmso coz kowma`z, mo qtd c`{ wdzud`so å owcdf sàjm`ja; zêo ftcamèaz cd jomsdûcoqtd z`staf o kowmal`zfo jofo hëmdwo l`sdwáwò, sal jofo a ts`l`{aèêo cd tfa mora l`mhtahdf,



0

qtd d~uwdzza zdms`fdmsoz- Mdzsd uomso asà a jdmztwa sdf uaudl uoz`s`ro, uo`z jwà a

mdjdzz`cacd cd dlagowaw sd~soz a b`f cd utgl`jaw basoz zogwd a r`ca uûgl`ja gwaz`ld`wa qtd, udla

wduwddmzêo, mêo uocàf zdw c`rtlhacoz7- @zzo dzs`ftlot moraz sàjm`jaz, qtd dmw`qtdjdwaf a

bowfa d a ztgzsçmjà caz fasàwàz `fuwdzzaz- “Sdfoz, aswaràz ca `fuwdmza, o dmzaò cd

l`sdwastwa uolæs`ja qtd, zdmco kowmal`zfo ot mêo, mêo cd`~a cd zdw l`sdwáwò‖ .FDMD[DZ, 1008,

u-74)-

7-1-1 Kowmal`zfo d l`mhtahdf kowmalæzs`ja

O kowmal`zfo, amsdz cd qtalqtdw cdb`m`èêo ajacëf`ja, à, zdhtmco Jlúr`z Wozz` .1003), tfa

gasalna udla jomqt`zsa caz fdmsdz d jowaèôdz caz udzzoaz- Sal gasalna, uawa o atsow, à

sdfudwaca udlo qtd jnafa cd “f`so ca ogkds`r`cacd‖, zdhtmco o qtal a uoz`èêo mdtswa mo

kowmal`zfo à `fuozzærdl cd zd aljamèaw- Ab`mal, dmswd o baso d a rdwzêo utgl`jaca d~`zsd

fdcàèêo cd tf ot fa`z kowmal`zsaz- Uowsamso, à `fuozzærdl qtd oz kowmal`zsaz cd`~df cd laco

az dfoèôdz d `fuwdzzôdz udzzoa`z uworojacaz udlo baso-

Zd bozzd uozzærdl uwas`jaw a ogkds`r`cacd d a mdtswal`cacd, a gasalna udlaz fdmsdz d jowaèôdzcoz ld`sowdz b`jawà j`wjtmzjw`sa å uáh`ma cd dc`sowà`z, ot zdka, å uáh`ma qtd rd`jtla a ou`m`êo

coz uwouw`dsáwòz cd tfa cdsdwf`maca utgl`jaèêo- .WOZZ@, 1003, u-34)

A uatsa, cd jdwsa bowfa, jomc`jòma o wduúwsdw a ogdcdjdw aoz qtdz`soz uwdr`zsoz ot udc`coz

udlo uatsd`wo, faz sal l`f`saèêo ajofuamna a dzswtstwa rdws`jal, qtd r`howa maz wdcaèôdz, ma

qtal ajaga uwdraldjdmco a ou`m`êo coz jndbdz- Zdhtmco Wozz`, otswa l`f`saèêo mo uomso cd

uaws`ca co swagalno kowmalæzs`jo zêo az mowfaz cd dzs`lo- Zdhtmco a mowfa gáz`ja, soca

wduowsahdf cdrd wdzuomcdw åz zd`z udwhtmsaz gáz`jaz ca `mbowfaèêo; o qtë, qtdf, qtamco,

omcd, jofo, uow qtd- Sa`z dldfdmsoz cdrdf dzsaw ma agdwstwa ca mosæjà, ot zdka, mo ldac , qtd

cdrd zdw ztb`j`dmsdfdmsd aswadmsd uawa jomct{`w o ld`sow ao wdzsamsd ca fasàwà- O atsow

ajwdc`sa qtd, jof `zzo, o uw`fd`wo uawáhwabo swamzbowfot&zd df tf wdztfo ca fasàwà,

l`f`samco o sd~so-

Wozz` .1003) ktzs`b`ja sal uacwom`{aèêo jof o jwdzjdmsd roltfd cd `mbowfaèêo uwoct{`ca bowa

ca zdcd cd tf kowmal- O dc`sow à o uw`fd`wo b`lswo udlo qtal uazza a uwoctèêo co wduúwsdw,

7Ctwamsd a c`sactwa f`l`saw gwaz`ld`wa, oz kowma`z dwaf jdmztwacoz d az `mbowfaèôdz utgl`jacaz mdldz dwaf

jomswolacaz udlo hordwmo- Oz kowmal`zsaz mêo s`mnaf l`gdwcacd cd d~uwdzzêo d, uow `zzo, gtzjaraf sàjm`jaz



15

uwoct{`mco jdwsa c`zsowèêo ma mawwaèêo co qtd ajomsdjdt, ká qtd stco à dzjw`so zdhtmco a

r`zêo co wduúwsdw, d a bowfa b`mal, utgl`jaca mo kowmal, auwdzdmsa a r`zêo cd qtdf mêo

uwdzdmjòt o baso9 mo jazo, co dc`sow- A uacwom`{aèêo ca l`mhtahdf kowmalæzs`ja à

qtdzsòmárdl-

Df jomswauaws`ca, Wozz` cá d~dfuloz cd kowma`z qtd jomjdcdf dzuaèo a dldfdmsoz l`sdwáwòz, å

jwàs`r`cacd d ao dzs`lo udzzoal cd zdtz kowmal`zsaz, qtd, cd ajowco jof o atsow, s`rdwaf

`mûfdwaz utgl`jaèôdz gdf&ztjdc`caz- Az utgl`jaèôdz, `mcdudmcdmsdfdmsd cd zdht`w tfa

uacwom`{aèêo ot mêo, cdrdf auwdzdmsaw gomz sd~soz, qtd aswaàf o ld`sow d jomsdmnaf o

fá~`fo cd `mbowfaèêo-

A b`f cd dzjauaw coz l`f`sdz uwordm`dmsdz caz mowfaz cd dzs`lo moz sd~soz kowmalæzs`joz,

Koaqt`f Bdwwd`wa coz Zamsoz .7553) dmbas`{a qtd, alàf cd jomsaw jof oz fàsocoz swac`jòma`z,

oz uwob`zzòma`z cdrdf tzaw fàsocoz c`bdwdmjàcoz d “gasdw safgàf ma uowsa qtd ra` caw cow

cd jagdèa ao dmswdr`zsaco‖ .ZAMSOZ, 7553, u-7:8)- Uawa o atsow, mêo zdwà fa`z mdjdzzáwò

wdzuomcdw “qtdf‖, “o qtd‖, “qtamco‖, “omcd‖, “uow qtd‖ d “jofo‖- Dzza ftcamèa, qtd `mjlt`

a jwàs`r`cacd mo sd~so, ba{ jof qtd oz sd~soz zdkaf jwàcoz mêo audmaz a uaws`w ca mosæjà,

faz jof a bowfa jofo dla zd auwdzdmsa; sowmaw cdsalndz co baso uawsd ca n`zsúwà, uwdojtuaw&zd

jof az uomstaèôdz moz c`álohoz uawa caw wdal`zfo d uwa{dw å ld`stwa-

Aljdt Afowozo L`fa .1043) à fa`z os`f`zsa df wdlaèêo å `mjltzêo ca l`mhtahdf kowmalæzs`ja

jofo l`sdwastwa- Uawa o atsow, o kowmal`zfo auwdzdmsa o swaèo c`bdwdmjàl ca l`sdwastwa df bajd

ca mêo&l`sdwastwa; à tf hëmdwo qtd auwdzdmsa az ztaz jawajsdwæzs`jaz d cdzdfudmna uaudl

cdj`z`ro uawa a j`r`l`{aèêo, jofo tf wdctso cd l`gdwcacd ntfama- O atsow swasa o hëmdwo

jofo a awsd ca ualarwa qtd, alàf cd tf hëmdwo l`sdwáwò, à tfa bowfa cd dctjaèêo co nofdf-

Stco à l`sdwastwa cdzcd qtd mo zdt fdò cd d~uwdzzêo, a ualarwa, naka tfa ajdmstaèêo, tfaëmbazd mo uwúuwò fdò ca d~uwdzzêo, qtd à zdt ralow cd gdld{a- A gdld{a à tfa `msdhwaèêo

cd socoz oz ralowdz- Y---V Zdmco azz`f, mêo rdko jofo mdhaw ao kowmal`zfo o zdt jawsêo cddmswaca mo wdj`mso l`sdwáwò- .L@FA, 1043, u-77)

7-1-7 Ogkds`r`cacd ztgkds`r`cacd



11

A ogkds`r`cacd mo kowmal`zfo à jomz`cdwaca tf f`so uow Wozz` .1003)- Cdzza bowfa, uow fa`z

qtd o kowmal`zfo sdmna jwàco famd`waz cd gtzjaw a ogkds`r`cacd, dla mtmja zdwá aljamèaca- O

kowmal`zsa cdrd, jomstco, gtzjá&la udwfamdmsdfdmsd- O atsow cá jofo d~dfulo a “ld` coz co`z

lacoz‖, zdhtmco a qtal o kowmal`zsa cdrd dzjtsaw socoz oz lacoz cd tfa n`zsúwà d zd htàw udla

uatsa, qtd ow`dmsa o swagalno co uwob`zzòmal- Mdzsd zdms`co, b`ja c`bæj`l c`bdwdmjàw a

ogkds`r`cacd co kowmal`zfo ca ztgkds`r`cacd ca l`sdwastwa; ab`mal, o kowmal`zfo safgàf à

ztgkds`ro-

Aljdt Afowozo L`fa .1043) jofdmsa dmswdr`zsa jof o jwæs`jo wtzzo Gow`z Zjnma`cdwfam, df

qtd dzsd wdab`wfa a uwo~`f`cacd d a udwfdag`l`cacd dmswd a ogwa l`sdwáwà d a wduowsahdf, mo

qtd c`{ wdzud`so ao swasafdmso co sd~so- O uwúuwò Zjnma`cdwfam utgl`jot, df 102:, o l`rwo

Htdwwa df ztwc`ma, mo qtal jombwomsa a ztgkds`r`cacd ca b`jèêo jof a ogkds`r`cacd cd basoz

n`zsúw`joz d fofdmsoz r`r`coz uow dld, tzacoz mo sd~so- Jof dzsd d~dfulo, L`fa wdrdla qtd o

kowmal`zfo agzowrd dldfdmsoz co ba{dw l`sdwáwò, sal jofo a ztgkds`r`cacd, swamzbowfamco&oz

df c`wdèêo å wduwdzdmsaèêo ca wdal`cacd-

A`mca zogwd a ogkds`r`cacd d a ztgkds`r`cacd, Koaqt`f Bdwwd`wa coz Zamsoz .7553) cdb`md qtd o

kowmal`zsa tza cd afgoz oz uw`mjæuòz uawa wdal`{aw wduowsahdmz gdf autwacaz d qtd

auwdzdmsaf sd~soz cd qtal`cacd- O wduúwsdw ra` ao ajomsdj`fdmso a zdw mos`jàco, uaws`jùa ca

jdma, otrd uaws`jùamsdz, `mrdzs`ha stco ao lomho cd càz uawa sdw jomswold agzoltso co azztmso

d jomsá&lo ao ld`sow- Alàf c`zzo, dzsd wduúwsdw cdrd `mrdzs`w ma ztgkds`r`cacd l`sdwáwà, jofo

bowfa cd jomzswtèêo ca wdal`cacd ogzdwraca-

7-7 Kowmal`zfo l`sdwáwò

O kowmal`zfo l`sdwáwò à cdb`m`co udloz mowsd&afdw`jamoz jofo a mawwas`ra kowmalæzs`ja qtd

dfuwdha wdjtwzoz l`sdwáwòz, cd foco a fog`l`{aw o ld`sow d aljamèaw a wdsdmèêo ca ld`stwa uow

uawsd cdld, uo`z a mawwas`ra cd uwobtmc`cacd cdrd uozzt`w qtal`cacd l`sdwáwà- Dcralco Udwd`wa

L`fa .1004) d~ul`ja qtd à a rdwsdmsd ca l`sdwastwa d co wdal`zfo zojàl qtd `futlzòma o

kowmal`zfo l`sdwáwò- O atsow ab`wfa qtd o kowmal`zfo l`sdwáwò à aqtdld qtd zd `htala å

l`sdwastwa df qtal`cacd mawwas`ra, audwbd`èoamco fdòz zdf udwcdw zta dzudj`b`j`cacd9

zob`zs`jamco a bowfa cd d~uwdzzêo d, ao fdzfo sdfuo, dldramco o uosdmjàl cd jausaèêo co

wdal-





1:

r`za, amsdz cd stco, `mbowfaw o uûgl`jo zogwd o qtd zd uazza, aswaràz cd tf dzstco co baso df

z`- Uawa sal, à uwdj`zo dzsaw gdf `mbowfaco d r`rdw mo fdò coz ajomsdj`fdmsoz- O qtd

jawajsdw`{a tf gof kowmal`zsa à zta jauaj`cacd cd ba{dw, ca `mbowfaèêo, tf hëmdwo l`sdwáwò

qtd aswaà o ld`sow, o `mbowfd fd rá alàf; ldraw uawa a `mbowfaèêo zta auwdjàèêo, a b`f cd

jwàw d ow`dmsaw a ou`m`êo uûgl`ja cd bowfa uwa{dwoza d gdf dzjw`sa- Uawa L`fa .1043), a

bowfaèêo ca ou`m`êo uûgl`ja à tfa b`mal`cacd d~swa&dzsàs`ja, qtd ba{ uawsd ca jawajsdw`{aèêo

co kowmal`zfo l`sdwáwò-

Uawa o atsow, d~`zsd tfa afg`ht`cacd mo kowmal`zfo; o rdwcacd`wo kowmal`zsa à o nofdf qtd

dzjwdrd a wdal`cacd ogzdwraca9 uowàf, dld tza cd zta z`mhtlaw`cacd uawa dzjwdrë&la- Ot zdka, o

kowmal`zsa, azz`f jofo soco dzjw`sow d aws`zsa, cdrd asdmcdw d dzza ctula d~`hëmjà dzs`læzs`ja;sdw dzs`lo uwúuwò d, ao fdzfo sdfuo, joftf ao hëmdwo ot sdfa qtd acosa- Uawa qtd o hëmdwo

l`sdwáwò zd jomb`wfd mdld, à uwdj`zo qtd zdka fa`z `msdl`hdmsd co qtd dfos`ro, uawa qtd mêo

jaà mo wofamdzjo, mo sdaswal ot mo uoàs`jo-

L`fa .1043) auwdzdmsa az jomc`èôdz w`howozaz d~`h`caz udlo kowmal`zfo, jofo a mowfa ca

dzjw`sa d o dzuaèo co sd~so, qtd zêo jomswáwàz ao dzs`lo uwúuwò, jofo lajtmaz qtd, qtamco

uwddmjn`caz, cêo fa`z l`gdwcacd ao kowmal`zsa- @zzo ba{ coz uwob`zzòma`z ca áwda aws`zsaz,uw`mjùalfdmsd mo kowmal`zfo l`sdwáwò, qtd swagalna a`mca fa`z o dzs`lo uwúuwò coz kowmal`zsaz

uawa a jwàèêo cd wofamjdz cd mêo&b`jèêo, ot zdka, wofamjdz qtd wduwdzdmsaf a wdal`cacd-

7-7-1 B`jèêo d mêo&b`jèêo

Uawa Dcralco Udwd`wa L`fa .1004), o kowmal`zfo agzowrd oz dldfdmsoz co ba{dw l`sdwáwò,swamzbowfa&oz d lndz cá tf auword`safdmso c`wdjòmaco å wduwdzdmsaèêo ca wdal`cacd

`fuowsamco bowfaz cd d~uwdzzêo coz sd~soz ca l`sdwastwa uawa az mosæjàz- Df jomswauaws`ca, a

l`sdwastwa cdzjogwd mo kowmal`zfo az bomsdz uawa wdj`jlaw zta uwás`ja, mo qtd samhd aoz sdfaz d

azztmsoz coz sd~soz- @zzo hdwa tf sùo cd wduowsahdf qtd auwdzdmsa basoz d du`zúcòz zojà`z,

jof jawajsdwæzs`jaz l`sdwáwàz; o wofamjd cd mêo&b`jèêo-

Jof jdwsd{a, nokd à uozzærdl udwjdgdw swëz jasdhowàz cd ogwaz qtamso ao dfuwdho cd

wdjtwzoz l`sdwáwòz; az utwafdmsd cd b`jèêo, qtd swasaf coz uwoctsoz co `fah`máwòdlagowacoz udlo dzjw`sow9 az kowmalæzs`jaz, qtd zd auwouwàf coz wdjtwzoz l`sdwáwòz audmazuawa wduowsaw fdlnow a wdal`cacd9 d az qtd fdzjlaf samso a b`jèêo qtamso o bajstal-.L@FA,



13

Uawa Jw`zsàmd Jozsa .7554), o zsastz cd b`jjòmal ot bajstal cdudmcd ca `mbowfaèêo joms`ca

mo sd~so- Mo jazo co kowmal`zfo, dzza `mbowfaèêo cdrd mawwaw tf baso rdwcacd`wo d, mo jazo ca

l`sdwastwa, sal `mbowfaèêo à jwàca ma `fah`maèêo- O qtd ná cd joftf moz sd~soz l`sdwáwòz d

kowmalæzs`joz à a jomjduèêo dzsàs`ja-

Faz a d~jltzêo cd jomsdûcoz mêo&b`jjòma`z co jomjd`so cd l`sdwastwa uocd `msdwbdw`wuwobtmcafdmsd ma bowfa cd wdjduèêo cd tf sd~so- Y---V Jof `zzo, tfa wduowsahdf uocdhamnaw zsastz l`sdwáwò qtamco `fuwdzza df l`rwo- Ot tf sd~so b`jjòmal uocd z`ftlaw tfawduowsahdf Y---V- Uow dzzd fos`ro, o jomjd`so bdjnaco cd l`sdwastwa sdf z`co agamcomaco dfuwol cd otswoz fa`z agdwsoz Y---V .JOZSA, 7554, u- 70:)

Zogwd tf jomjd`so fa`z agdwso ca l`sdwastwa, Fawjdlo Gtlnôdz .7558) j`sa o Mastwal`zfo, qtdzd ts`l`{a fa`z ca ogzdwraèêo ca wdal`cacd qtd ca `fah`maèêo- Alàf cd tzaw a d~udw`ëmjà

jomjwdsa, “o dzjw`sow cdrd zdw `fuawjàl d asdw&zd å zol`cd{ coz bdmófdmoz‖ .GTLNÔDZ, 7558,

u- 28)- Dzza sdmcëmjà sofot hwamcdz uwouowèôdz d jtlf`mot jof tf for`fdmso l`sdwáwò

wac`jal- Dzzd for`fdmso ts`l`{a co jomndj`fdmso d ca wdal`cacd; “O dzjw`sow uwdj`za zd

cdc`jaw ao jomndj`fdmso uwobtmco ca fasàwà qtd qtdw swamzuow uawa a wduwdzdmsaèêo

b`jjòmal, asà fdzfo jof udzqt`za d ldramsafdmso cd cacoz `mbowfas`roz‖ .GTLNÔDZ,

7558, u- 28)- Cdzza bowfa, uocdfoz ab`wfaw qtd a l`sdwastwa zd ts`l`{a cd, udlo fdmoz, co`z

aws`bæjòz co kowmal`zfo uawa zdw dzjw`sa; autwaèêo d cojtfdmsaèêo-

Y---V o dzjw`sow cdrd zdw as`ro d awwokaco- A uwduawaèêo cd tfa ogwa l`sdwáwà cd wofamjd uawadld maca sdf cd dzudjtlas`ro d f`zsdwòzo- Z`hm`b`ja asà tf asw`gtso bæz`jo d c`mçf`jo, o cdza`w åz wtaz cd tfa j`cacd, r`z`saw oz lthawdz df qtd zd cawêo oz du`zúcòz ca mawwas`ra,ualf`lnaw oz dzuaèoz qtd zdwêo cdzjw`soz, jomsdfulaw oz wozsoz cd nofdmz d ftlndwdz azdwdf swamzuozsoz uawa a b`jèêo, zdms`w o jnd`wo coz afg`dmsdz- O dzjw`sow cdrd gtzjaw azbomsdz qtd zd sowmawêo ogkdsoz cd zta dzjw`sa Y---V- Oz udwzomahdmz, dzzdz zú uocdwêo zdwjwàcoz mo jomsaso c`wdso jof zdwdz r`roz d jomjwds`{acoz df z`staèôdz cd jlazzd.GTLNÔDZ, 7558, u 2>)

L`fa .1004) ab`wfa qtd o kowmal`zfo `htala&zd å l`sdwastwa df qtal`cacd mawwas`ra, qtamco oz

fdòz zêo audwbd`èoacoz zdf udwcdw a dzudj`b`j`cacd, zob`zs`jamco o sd~so d, ao fdzfo sdfuo,

dldramco o uosdmjàl cd jausaèêo co wdal- Koaqt`f Bdwwd`wa coz Zamsoz .7553) auwdzdmsa a

fdzfa `càà; wduowsahdmz jof jawajsdwæzs`jaz dzsàs`jaz coz wofamjdz, gdf jofo wofamjdz

jof azztmsoz caz wduowsahdmz- A gazd ca wduowsahdf d co wofamjd, uawa Zamsoz .7553), à a

fdzfa- Swasa&zd co qtd o atsow jnafa cd wofamjdz cd b`jèêo, moz sd~soz coz wofamj`zsaz9 d

wofamjdz cd mêo&b`jèêo, moz sd~soz coz kowmal`zsaz-



14

7-: O l`rwo&wduowsahdf; kowmal`zfo d l`sdwastwa

Sof Xolbd .108:) ogzdwra qtd oz l`rwoz&wduowsahdf, df zta faòwà, ztwh`waf jof az

wduowsahdmz dzudjà`z- Dzzd sùo cd wduowsahdf sdrd zdt athd ma càjaca cd 1025 d, ma faòwà

caz rd{dz, jawajsdw`{a&zd udla joms`mt`cacd ca wduowsahdf df fa`z cd tfa dc`èêo co kowmal;

à, mowfalfdmsd, tfa n`zsúwà cdsalnaca cd tf baso qtd dzsá df dr`cëmjà- Alàf cd faòw

`mcdudmcëmj a co kowmal`zsa uawa jofuow a uatsa, az wduowsahdmz dzudjà`z caraf ao kowmal`zsa

faòw l`gdwcacd ma wdcaèêo, ba{dmco jof qtd dldz s`rdzzdf, cd ajowco jof Xolbd .108:),

tfa qtal`cacd l`sdwáwà-

Jof o ztjdzzo cdzzaz wduowsahdmz d a wdlaèêo cdlaz jof o ba{dw l`sdwáwò, ajagawaf uowsowmaw&zd l`rwoz utgl`jacoz- Dzzdz l`rwoz wdtmàf oz sd~soz utgl`jacoz, df kowmal, jofo

wduowsahdmz dzudjà`z d, jof `zzo, hamnawaf, zsastz l`sdwáwò- Xolbd .108:) jnafa dzzaz

utgl`jaèôdz, azz`f jofo Zamsoz .7553), cd wofamjdz cd mêo&b`jèêo-

Dcralco Udwd`wa L`fa .1004) wdrdla `càà z`f`law; a wduowsahdf, dzudjàlfdmsd df l`rwo, à a

bowfa cd joftm`jaèêo kowmalæzs`ja qtd fa`z zd auwouwà co ba{dw l`sdwáwò- Uawa o atsow, alàf

cd sdw a dzjw`sa jofo aso joftf, az wduowsahdmz d oz sd~soz cd b`jèêo uozztdf, afgoz,qtal`cacd l`sdwáwà- Oatsow dmsdmcd a wduowsahdf jofo a afulàèêo cd tfa mosæjà, jof tfa

agowcahdf fa`z cdsalnaca d auwobtmcafdmso ca qtdzsêo df bojo- Cd ajowco jof o atsow, a

wduowsahdf uozz`g`l`sa agowcaw uozzærd`z `ful`jaèôdz d cdzcogwafdmsoz co baso-

Qtamso ao jomsdûco coz l`rwoz&wduowsahdf, L`fa .1004) wdzzalsa qtd o ogkdso agowcaco uow

dldz jowwdzuomcd ao bajstal, ot zdka, cdrd zdw rdwaj`cacd moz basoz- A l`mhtahdf d dc`èêo coz

sd~soz uozztdf jawajsdwæzs`jaz hdmt`mafdmsd kowmalæzs`jaz, qtd tzaf, df zta faòwà, camawwas`ra df sdwjd`wa udzzoa d ogdcdjdf åz uaws`jtlaw`cacdz dzudjæb`jaz ca l`mhtahdf

kowmalæzs`ja- Zta btmèêo, sal qtal a co kowmal zfo, à `mbowfaw, ow`dmsaw d d~ul`jaw-

Jof `zzo, o l`rwo&wduowsahdf swagalna zta mawwas`ra cd bowfa ztudwòw aoz udw`úc`joz,

d~jdcdmco a agowcahdf å uwojtwa cd jatzaz, jomzdqüëmjàz d uomsoz cd r`zsa c`bdwdmsdz- Uawa

L`fa .1004) a mawwas`ra zd auwo~`fa co kowmal`zfo `msdwuwdsas`ro- Df jomswauaws`ca, o

jomjd`so cd astal`cacd cdrd zdw jofuwddmc`co cd otswa bowfa, c`bdwdmsd co jomjd`so tzaco moz

udw`úc`joz qtd, mowfalfdmsd, jolojaf a astal`cacd jofo alho sdfuowal, qtd zd udwcd ao



12

lomho coz càz ‚ asà fdzfo mo cà zdht`msd- A astal`cacd mo l`rwo&wduowsahdf uazza a zdw o

jomsd~so co baso jdmswal-

Mdzzd jazo, o mûjldo jdmswal co sdfuo uwdzdmsd cd`~a cd zdw o baso cdzdmjacdacow jdmswal caojowwëmjà df z`, uawa zdw ft`so fa`z o zdt jomsd~so, ogw`hamco a uwás`ja kowmalæzs`jaz cozrdæjtloz `fuwdzzoz mêo&c`áwòz a dmswaw jaca rd{ fa`z mo sdwwdmo ca ou`m`êo, ca`msdwuwdsaèêo, co auwobtmcafdmso coz basoz, df ztfa- .L@FA, 1041, u-:1)

L`fa .1004) a`mca jlazz`b`ja tf coz hwtuoz uaws`jtlawdz cd l`rwoz&wduowsahdmz qtd sdf ow`hdf

cd tfa hwamcd wduowsahdf ot cd zàw`d cd wduowsahdmz rd`jtlacaz, df uw`fd`wo fofdmso, ma

`fuwdmza jos`càma- Dld uocd zd auword`saw cd tf baso cd wdudwjtzzêo astal, df sdwfoz

sdfuowal, d auwobtmca&lo, ot cd sdfaz c`zsamsdz co sdfuo, ot zdka, mêo zd l`f`sa ao

w`howozafdmsd astal d swa{ azztmsoz co uazzaco, caz wdal`cacdz jomsdfuowçmdaz ot sdfaz mêo

aswdlacoz a tf baso dzudjæb`jo, d~ul`jamco z`staèôdz c`rdwzaz-



18

: O MORO KOWMAL@ZFO D A SÀJM@JA CD WDUOWSAHDF

:-1 Moro Kowmal`zfo; n`zsúwà d jawajsdwæzs`jaz

Sof Xolbd, Swtfam Jauosd, Hap Saldzd, Konm Ndwzdp d Kozdun F`sjndll- Sa`z kowmal`zsaz ca

càjaca cd 1025 bowaf oz uw`mjùa`z dzjw`sowdz co for`fdmso kowmalæzs`jo&l`sdwáwò qtd b`jot

jomndj`co jofo Moro Kowmal`zfo- A uw`mjæuò, a `msdmèêo mtmja bo`, cd ajowco jof Xolbd

.108:), jwàw tf moro uacwêo cd kowmal`zfo, ot asà fdzfo tf kowmal`zfo ztudwòw ao qtd dwa

uwas`jaco å àuoja- O atsow jofdmsa qtd o Moro Kowmal`zfo sdrd `mæjò jof az wduowsahdmz

dzudjà`z, qtd caraf fa`z l`gdwcacd aoz kowmal`zsaz, samso ma bowfa cd dzjwdrdw o sd~so,

qtamso mo sdfuo cd autwaèêo-

Koaqt`f coz Zamsoz .7553) j`sa qtd Xolbd d oz cdfa`z atsowdz co Moro Kowmal`zfo qtdwàf

bth`w co uacwêo mowsd&afdw`jamo cd fasàwàz kowmalæzs`jaz- Uawa Zamsoz .7553), dzzd uacwêo,

qtd s`mna jofo uw`mjùal jawajsdwæzs`ja o ldac , cd`~ara a mawwaèêo co sd~so cdz`msdwdzzamsd,

zdf udwzomal`cacd- Oz atsowdz co Moro Kowmal`zfo ts`l`{araf jawajsdwæzs`jaz coz wofamjdz-

Xolbd .108:) j`sa tf aws`ho cd 1027, dzjw`so uow Hap Saldzd ma wdr`zsa Dzqt`wd, qtd

auwdzdmsara “jl`fa cd jomso‖, ot zdka, jawajsdwæzs`jaz amsdz wdzsw`saz aoz jomsoz cd b`jèêo- Dldudmzot qtd o aws`ho, tf uotjo wdswagalnaco, zoawà soco jofo wofamjd, o qtd lnd wdfdsdt å

`càà co “jomso cd mêo&b`jèêo‖- O sd~so bo` bowsdfdmsd jw`s`jaco, azz`f jofo oz sd~soz co

Moro Kowmal`zfo, uo`z otswoz kowmal`zsaz d `msdldjsta`z ca l`sdwastwa c`{àf, cd ajowco jof

Xolbd, qtd dwa stco `mrdmsaco- “A wduowsahdf wdalfdmsd dzs`loza dwa alho jof qtdf m`mhtàf

zagà l`caw, tfa rd{ qtd m`mhtàf jozstfara udmzaw qtd a wduowsahdf s`mna tfa c`fdmzêo

dzsàs`ja‖ .XOLBD, 108:, u-13)-

Xolbd tza jofo d~dfulo coz uw`fd`woz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo a joltma cd tf joldha cd

kowmal, Gwdzl`m, qtamco swagalnara mo `mbowfas`ro mora&òwqt`mo Ndwalc Sw`gtmd- Oz sd~soz

cdzza joltma, zdhtmco Xolbd, s`mnaf jawajsdwæzs`jaz qtd oz ba{àf uawdjdw jof wofamjdz-

:-1-1 Jawajsdwæzs`jaz sd~sta`z

Zogwd oz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo, Zamsoz .7553) jofdmsa qtd, a uw`mjæuò, ajnot qtd o

jomsdûco auwo~`fara&zd ca b`jèêo, df gtzja cd cwafa d jof basoz jofuwofds`coz ma zta



1>

jawajsdwæzs`jaz qtd amsdz o ldraraf a ctr`caw ca rdwaj`cacd caz fasàwàz, faz qtd nokd o

ba{df udwjdgdw a gdld{a coz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo; o cdzuwd{o udlo tzo co ldac ma

agdwstwa ca wduowsahdf, qtd wdzuomca, cd bowfa úgrà d mo `mæjò co sd~so, “qtdf‖, “o qtd‖,

“qtamco‖, “omcd‖, “uow qtd‖ d “jofo‖9 socaz az bowfaz cd auwddmzêo ca wdal`cacd zêo

uozzærd`z, cdzcd qtd cd`~d cd laco a ogkds`r`cacd d naka uozz`g`l`cacd cd a ztgkds`r`cacd co

uwúuwò atsow `mbltdmjàw ma jomzswtèêo co sd~so- A dfamjùaèêo coz sd~soz dzqtdfás`joz caz

mosæjàz ba{ jof qtd o kowmal`zsa btka co uacwêo mowsd&afdw`jamo caz mosæjàz ma càjaca cd

1025 d udwf`sd o tzo cd sàjm`jaz qtd amsdz dwaf cd tzo d~jltz`ro ca b`jèêo-

Ká Xolbd j`sa otswaz jawajsdwæzs`jaz coz sd~soz jofo uw`mjùa`z jawajsdwæzs`jaz co Moro

Kowmal`zfo; o mawwacow mêo uwdj`za balaw mo qtd dld jnafa cd sof gdhd- Ot zdka, mo Moro

Kowmal`zfo, dzzd mawwacow uazza a `fuwdzzêo cd qtd ba{ uawsd co ajomsdj`fdmso d olna o baso

jofo alhtàf qtd dzsara cdmswo cdld- O uomso cd r`zsa co kowmal`zsa zogwd o baso a zdw

mos`jàco uocd ftcaw qtamsaz rd{dz bow uwdj`zo, cdfomzswamco a ztgkds`r`cacd ntfama co

kowmal`zsa càmsd co baso mos`jàco- A ztgkds`r`cacd coz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo b`ja a`mca

fa`z jlawa qtamco oz atsowdz ftcaf uawa o uomso cd r`zsa cd alhtfa bomsd; a r`zêo qtd

alhtfa bomsd sdf zogwd o baso a zdw mos`jàco safgàf dwa tzaca, moz sd~soz, cd bowfa

dzswasàh`ja- Uawa `zzo, cd ajowco jof Xolbd .108:) à uwdj`zo dmswdr`zsaw d~atzs`rafdmsd dzza

bomsd d `w alàf coz l`f`sdz jomrdmjòma`z `fuozsoz udlo kowmal`zfo, ot zdka, uazzaw ft`so

sdfuo jof az udzzoaz zogwd az qta`z ra` dzjwdrdw, dzsamco zdfuwd mo lojal co baso, asà qtd

wdalfdmsd baèa uawsd co ajomsdj`fdmso qtd zdwá mos`jàco-

Otswa jawajsdwæzs`ja coz sd~soz, cd ajowco jof Xolbd .108:), à j`saw c`álohoz, hdzsoz,

d~uwdzzôdz bajà`z d cdsalndz co afg`dmsd zogwd o qtal zd dzsá dzjwdrdmco- Cdzjwdrdw cd bowfa

jofuldsa o afg`dmsd à tfa jawajsdwæzs`ja l`sdwáwà ft`so tzaca moz sd~soz co MoroKowmal`zfo- Jazo mdjdzzáwò, oz c`álohoz jausacoz cdrdf zdw ts`l`{acoz mo sd~so, gdf jofo

oz c`rdwzoz uomsoz cd r`zsa caz bomsdz d asà fdzfo oz udmzafdmsoz cdzzaz bomsdz jofo

fomúlohoz, qtamco dzzdz udmzafdmsoz zêo jomsacoz ao kowmal`zsa- Xolbd .108:) j`sa qtd oz

sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo ba{àf ft`so tzo cd uomsoz, swardzzôdz, uomsoz cd d~jalafaèêo d

wds`jëmjàz, camco c`maf`zfo d for`fdmso aoz sd~soz, ba{dmco o ld`sow `fah`maw a udzzoa

balamco ot udmzamco-

Xolbd .108:) a`mca auwdzdmsa oz qtaswo wdjtwzoz qtd, cd ajowco jof o atsow, cdzudwsaraf o



10

“c`álohoz‖ jofuldsoz maz jdmaz, o “uomso cd r`zsa ca sdwjd`wa udzzoa‖, qtd auwdzdmsa az jdmaz

ao ld`sow uow `msdwfàcò coz olnoz cd tf udwzomahdf uaws`jtlaw, qtd cá ao ld`sow a `fuwdzzêo

cd dzsaw ldmco a n`zsúwà zdw jomsaca uow dzsd udwzomahdf- Xolbd d~ul`ja qtd, uawa dzjwdrdw

tfa mêo&b`jèêo qtd d~uwdzzazzd, cd baso, a ou`m`êo ca bomsd ot ca udwzomahdf, dwa uwdj`zo

dmswdr`zsá&la mêo audmaz zogwd o baso a zdw mos`jàco, faz safgàf zogwd zdtz zdms`fdmsoz d

dfoèôdz- O qtawso wdjtwzo, cd ajowco jof Xolbd .108:) zêo az j`saèôdz, moz sd~soz, cd

“cdsalndz z`fgúl`joz‖ co cà&a&cà caz udwzomahdmz d bomsdz qtd auawdjdf ma n`zsúwà; hdzsoz,

nág`soz, jozstfdz, foco cd zd jofuowsaw jof otswaz udzzoaz, uozdz, olnawdz, kd`so cd amcaw,

dsj- Cd ajowco jof o atsow, zêo wdjtwzoz ca l`sdwastwa qtd o Moro Kowmal`zfo tza uawa

dmw`qtdjdw oz sd~soz cd mêo&b`jèêo- .XOLBD, 108:, u-44)-

Zamsoz .7553) joloja o Moro Kowmal`zfo jofo tf moro dzs`lo cd wduowsahdf- Dld ajwdc`sa

qtd, uawa ba{ë&lo, o wduúwsdw ra`, cd baso, ao ajomsdj`fdmso a zdw mos`jàco d ba{ stco qtd tf

wduúwsdw qtd mêo zd dmqtacwa ao hëmdwo ba{, jofo ba{dw amosaèôdz d gtzjaw `mbowfaèôdz- A

hwamcd c`bdwdmèa, uawa o atsow, à mo qtd zd à autwaco d ma bowfa cd zd dzjwdrdw oz sd~soz co

Moro Kowmal`zfo-

:-1-7 O dfgasd dmswd kowmal`zfo d l`sdwastwa

Bahtmcdz cd Fdmd{dz .1008) jofdmsa qtd o kowmal`zfo, amsdz ca `mctzswàl`{aèêo ca

`fuwdzzêo mo zàjtlo ^@^, dwa jnafaco cd tfa bowfa l`sdwáwà- Alàf cd mêo sdw az mowfaz

uacwom`{acaz coz sd~soz asta`z, ma àuoja, oz kowmal`zsaz s`mnaf l`gdwcacd uawa ba{dw co baso tf

wofamjd- Dwaf, ma faòwà caz rd{dz, basoz n`zsúw`joz wdldramsdz, dzjw`soz cd bowfa a caw

zdms`fdmso ao baso- Fdmd{dz .1008) j`sa qtd ná, asà nokd, jdwsa `mcdb`m`èêo dmswd az bwomsd`wazco kowmal`zfo d ca l`sdwastwa d ldfgwa qtd ft`soz hwamcdz dzjw`sowdz jofdèawaf jofo

kowmal`zsaz-

Uawa Jozsa .7554), o baso qtd ba{ jof qtd o kowmal`zfo d a l`sdwastwa sofazzdf cdb`m`èôdz sêo

c`zs`msaz dzsá mo ztwh`fdmso coz sdwfoz “dzjw`sow‖ d “kowmal`zsa‖ jofo uwob`zzêo, mo zàjtlo

^@^, jof a `mctzswàl`{aèêo ca `fuwdzzêo; dzza `mctzswàl`{aèêo qtd atfdmsot a dzjala maz

s`wahdmz cd l`rwoz d kowma`z, swamzbowfamco&oz df uwoctsoz cd jomztfo- Jofo a l`sdwastwa à

tfa uwob`zzêo agdwsa, qtd `mcdudmcd cd qtalqtdw bowfaèêo sàjm`ja dzudjàl, oz dzjw`sowdz, qtd



75

kowmal`zfo jofo tfa jasdhowà c`zs`msa å ca l`sdwastwa- Ot zdka, o uwúuwò uwojdzzo cd

dzudjàl`{aèêo ca l`sdwastwa d co kowmal`zfo bd{ jof qtd zd jwàzzd tfa wæh`ca c`zs`mèêo dmswd

a b`jèêo d oz otswoz sùoz cd dzjw`sa- Uowàf, uawa Jozsa .7554) socoz oz sd~soz, zdkaf cd b`jèêo

ot mêo, uocdf uozzt`w fàw`soz l`sdwáwòz, cdzcd qtd zdkaf gdf dzjw`soz d qtd `mzs`htdf o

`fah`mas`ro d o jwàs`ro co ld`sow-

Uawa Xolbd .108:), zêo d~asafdmsd oz sd~soz gdf dzjw`soz d a jauaj`cacd cd `mzs`haw a

`fah`maèêo co ld`sow qtd cêo ao Moro Kowmal`zfo fàw`so l`sdwáwò- Dzzd fàw`so, cd ajowco jof

o atsow, jatzara `mzdhtwamèa aoz l`sdwáwòz ca b`jèêo, uo`z az ogwaz ca l`sdwastwa jomrdmjòmal

coz amoz cd 1025 uazzaraf uow tf wdswojdzzo, samso ma qtal`cacd coz sd~soz qtamso mo

`msdwdzzd co uûgl`jo uow dzsaz ogwaz- Uawa Xolbd .108:), a l`sdwastwa fa`z `fuowsamsd dzjw`sa ma

Afàw`ja co mowsd ma càjaca cd 1025 dwa a cd mêo&b`jèêo, wostlaca cd Moro Kowmal`zfo-

Dzzd fàw`so jomqt`zsaco udlo Moro Kowmal`zfo bd{ jof qtd oz l`sdwáwòz jomrdmjòma`z

`hmowazzdf o laco l`sdwáwò co Moro Kowmal`zfo- Faz uawa Xolbd .108:), a wdlaèêo dmswd

wduowsahdf d o hwamcd wofamjd à “úgrà‖;

Caco tf cdsdwf`maco jowuo cd fasdwàl, o qtd o qtd o aws`zsa ba{ jof dld? A uawsd jwtjàlqtd a wduowsahdf cdzdfudmna df soca mawwas`ra, zdka df wofamjdz, b`lfdz ot mêo b`jèêo, à

alho mêo samso `hmowaco, faz z`fuldzfdmsd `mjofuwddmc`co .---)- O fasdwàl à fdwafdmsdzdt gawwo, zta ualdsa--- Fdzfo a wdlaèêo úgrà dmswd a wduowsahdf d o hwamcd wofamjd .---) àtfa jo`za qtd oz n`zsowàcowdz ca l`sdwastwa agowcaf audmaz mo zdms`co gòhwáb`jo- Boùwdj`zo o Moro Kowmal`zfo uawa swa{dw uawa uw`fd`wo ulamo dzza dzswamna qtdzsêo ca

wduowsahdf- .XOLBD, 108:, u-78)-

O Moro Kowmal`zfo safgàf dwa jw`s`jaco udloz kowmal`zsaz jomzdwracowdz qtd, cd ajowco jof

Xolbd .108:) mêo wdjomndjàf o kowmal`zfo mo hëmdwo- Dzzdz jomzdwracowdz jolojaraf o

Moro Kowmal`zfo jofo tfa bowfa gazsawca co kowmal`zfo, tf uawakowmal`zfo `ldhæs`fo- A

ztgkds`r`cacd uawa dzzdz kowmal`zsaz, c`{ Xolbd .108:), dwa jofuwddmc`ca uow dzsdz

jomzdwracowdz jofo jawajsdwæzs`ja ca l`sdwastwa d mêo co kowmal`zfo- Xolbd j`sa qtd, alàf cd

jdwsa wdz`zsëmjà udlo moro, dzsdz kowmal`zsaz jomzdwracowdz uworardlfdmsd mêo dmsdmcàf oz

sd~soz ot mêo jolojaraf a ztgkds`r`cacd jofo jawajsdwæzs`ja ntfama-

Ká a ouoz`èêo coz atsowdz ca l`sdwastwa ca àuoja dwa fa`z jofuld~a; o Moro Kowmal`zfo

jndhot cd bowfa zûg`sa, uworojamco o qtd Xolbd .108:) jnafa cd “uçm`jo‖ mo zsastz ca

joftm`cacd l`sdwáwà- @zzo uowqtd dldz dwaf s`coz jofo oz ûm`joz dzjw`sowdz “jwàs`roz‖, oz



71

ûm`joz aws`zsaz l`sdwáwòz- Amsdz co moro kowmal`zfo, oz kowmal`zsaz b`jaraf aga`~o cdldz, s`coz

jofo swagalnacowdz càw`zsaz qtd mêo ba{àf l`sdwastwa-

D, cd wdudmsd, df fdacoz coz amoz 25, auawdjd .---) tf gamco cd dzjw`sowdz cd wdr`zsaz .---)zdf jwdcdmjàl l`sdwáwà alhtfa ma faòwà coz jazoz ‚ zú qtd tzamco socaz az sàjm`jaz cowofamj`zsa, asà az fa`z zob zs`jacaz ‚ .---) df otswaz ualarwaz, `hmowamco a c`r`zêo cd jlazzdzl`sdwáwàz qtd uazzot qtazd tf zàjtlo zd jomzs`st`mco- .XOLBD, 108:, u-33)-

Wdsofamco zdt joldha cd uwob`zzêo co Ndwalc Sw`gtmd, o kowmal`zsa Gwdzl`m, Xolbd .108:) j`sa

qtd o kowmal`zsa, df zdtz sd~soz, ao jolndw cdsalndz “wofamdzjoz‖, s`mna tfa uwoctèêo

`msd`wafdmsd l`sdwáwà, qtdw oz jomzdwracowdz d dzjw`sowdz wdjomndèaf ot mêo-

:-: A jomzswtèêo co wdal

Cd ajowco jof Zamsoz .7553), tf coz uwosahom`zsaz co Moro Kowmal`zfo fa`z wdjomndj`co à

Hap Saldzd, kowmal`zsa qtd utgl`jot, mo l`rwo Bafa d amom`faso .7558), tf udwb`l co jamsow

Bwami Z`maswa, mo qtal bowaf dmswdr`zsacaz socaz az udzzoaz jof qtdf Z`maswa jomr`rà ‚

af`hoz, joldhaz cd swagalno, bêz, dmswd otswoz ‚ fdmoz o uwúuwò jamsow- Bowaf j`mjo zdfamaz

cd c`rdwzaz dmswdr`zsaz d~atzs`raz, qtd ldrawaf a tf udwb`l wdal cd Z`maswa, zdf qtd bozzd

uwdj`zo dmswdr`zsá&lo- Saldzd uwora, jof a utgl`jaèêo, qtd à uozzærdl dzjwdrdw tf gof udwb`l

zdf dmswdr`zsaw o udwb`laco, audmaz jomrdwzamco jof az udzzoaz qtd dzsaraf å zta rolsa d o

ogzdwramco jof asdmèêo-

Ká uawa Xolbd .108:), o udwb`l cd Z`maswa dzjw`so uow Saldzd bo` o fa`z gdf autwaco d gdf

dzjw`so udwb`l ká l`co uow dld- Ao jomzswt`w tf udwb`l wdal cd Z`maswa zdf dbds`rafdmsd

dmswdr`zsa&lo, Sdldzd jomzswú`, safgàf, o wdal udlo mêo wdal- Ot zdka, oz dmswdr`zsacoz uocdf

sdw caco `mbowfaèôdz mêo wda`z zogwd Z`maswa d, fdzfo azz`f, Saldzd tzot cd tfa l`gdwcacd

l`sdwáwà uawa jomzswt`w, caz cdzjw`èôdz cacaz udloz dmswdr`zsacoz, tf udwb`l co jamsow, l`co d

`msdwuwdsaco udloz ld`sowdz jofo wdal-

:-:-1 Uatsaz d jw`sàwòz cd mos`jàg`l`cacd

Uawa Xolbd .108:), az wduowsahdmz dzudjà`z qtd cdwaf ow`hdf ao for`fdmso cduo`z jnafaco

cd Moro Kowmal`zfo, mêo s`mnaf az swagalnaraf o “btwo‖ cd wduowsahdf mdf az mosæjàz



77

“qtdmsdz‖- Ot zdka, mêo s`mna o jombl`so dmswd oz kowmal`zsaz uawa caw a mosæjà uw`fd`wo d mdf

uwdj`zaraf cd sdfaz asta`z uawa d~`zs`w- Alàf cd mêo ba{dw uawsd ca jasdhow`{aèêo “mosæjà‖,

az wduowsahdmz dzudjà`z caz qta`z Xolbd .108:) agwamhàf oz fa`z c`rdwzoz sdfaz- Cdzcd

qtd o azztmso bozzd `msdwdzzamsd d o dc`sow co kowmal o auworazzd, dwa uatsa-

YA wduowsahdf dzudjàlV Agwamhà stco, cdzcd udqtdmoz basoz “c`rdws`coz‖, dmhwaèacoz,hdwalfdmsd co for`fdmso uol`jàl .---) asà “n`zsúwàz cd `msdwdzzd ntfamo, wdlasoz lomhoz dqtazd zdfuwd ndcòmcafdmsd zdms`fdmsa`z zogwd alfaz asà dmsêo cdzjomndj`caz joln`caz

udla swahàcà ot zogwd nogg`dz dzswamnoz cdmswo ca áwda cd j`wjtlaèêo ca bolna---- df socojazo, az wduowsahdmz caraf ao ztkd`so jdwso dzuaèo uawa dzjwdrdw- .XOLBD, 108:, u-1:)

Ká uawa Zamsoz .7553), oz azztmsoz coz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo mêo zêo `fuowsamsdz å

amál`zd co hëmdwo- A hwamcd c`bdwdmèa uawa dld zêo oz wdjtwzoz l`sdwáwòz d kowmalæzs`joz

dfuwdhacoz d a bowfa ma cd dzjwdrdw, qtd aswa` o ld`sow ao sd~so, `mcdudmcdmsd ca uatsa-

Xolbd jofdmsa qtd, audzaw caz uatsaz rawàwdf ft`so dmswd oz sd~soz d oz atsowdz, tfa

jawajsdwæzs`ja, qtd c`{ wdzud`so aoz jw`sàwòz cd mos`jàg`l`cacd, dlaz sdf df joftf; oz

cdsalndz qtd, uawa tfa fasàwà kowmalæzs`ja joftf mêo `msdwdzza, faz mo Moro Kowmal`zfo

zêo d~ulowacoz cd bowfa l`sdwáwà- Oz cdsalndz cacoz moz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo c`{df

wdzud`so åz fa`z c`rdwzaz jawajsdwæzs`jaz ‚ afg`dmsdz, udzzoa`z, dmswd otswaz ‚ jolojacaz ma

wduowsahdf- Zêo cdsalndz zogwd, uow d~dfulo, jofo a udzzoa dmswdr`zsaca dzsá rdzs`ca, zdtz

hdzsoz, zd dla dzsá mdwroza, jofo à o afg`dmsd omcd zd uazza a n`zsúwà, zd dzsá jnordmco, zd à

tf lthaw ztko-

Stco `zzo, uawa Xolbd .108:), ba{ c`bdwdmèa moz sd~soz, uo`z zêo `mbowfaèôdz `fuowsamsdz, qtd

`mbltdmjàf ma n`zsúwà d cêo aoz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo azztmsoz uawaldloz ao azztmso

uw`mjùal; azz`f jofo mtfa fasàwà kowmalæzs`ja cd “btwo‖ o kowmal`zsa uocd jwàw wdswamjaz, ot

zdka, zduawaw hwab`jafdmsd azztmsoz qtd c`bdwdmjàf tf uotjo co azztmso uw`mjùal ot fdzfo

caw tf wdjowsd ao azztmso df dr`cëmjà, moz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo mêo à c`bdwdmsd- Uocd&

zd caw dr`cëmjà a tf azztmso uawaldlo ao uw`mjùal, a b`f cd d~ul`jaw alho qtd uocd r`w a zdw

`fuowsamsd uawa o dmsdmc`fdmso co azztmso jofo tf soco-

:-:-7 A udwzomahdf cd b`jèêo



7:

Cd ajowco jof Amsómò Jamc`co .100>), à aswaràz ca udwzomahdf qtd zd dzs`ftla a

`fah`maèêo co ld`sow- Uawa o atsow, mtfdwozoz wofamjdz qtd zd `m`jàf jof a cdzjw`èêo cd

tf afg`dmsd ot ua`zahdf d, hdwalfdmsd jof o ztwh`w cd tf zdw ntfamo, td zd `cdms`b`ja o

jawásdw b`jsæjò ot mêo&b`jsæjò co sd~so, df qtd o ajwàzj`fo cd qtalqtdw cdsalnd zogwd dzza

udwzomahdf uocd wdrdlaw a dlagowaèêo `fah`máwà- @zzo ajomsdjd uo`z zd rdw`b`ja tfa dzuàj`d

cd `cdms`b`jaèêo jof a udwzomahdf, cd foco qtd o ld`sow à ldraco, zts`lfdmsd, a r`rdw a

d~udw`ëmjà cdla- Mdzzd zdms`co, a wduwoctèêo cd udmzafdmsoz cdzzaz udwzomahdmz à

`fuowsamsd; oz rdwgoz cdb`m`cowdz cd uwojdzzoz uzæqt`joz, jofo “udmzara‖, „ctr`cara‖ d

“wdjdara‖, wduwoct{df a udwzudjs`ra ca uwúuwà udwzomahdf- Uawa o atsow, “jdwsaz ualarwaz

zdf `fuowsçmjà auawdmsd moz jolojaf cdmswo ca jomzj`ëmjà ca udwzomahdf, ba{df&moz

uaws`jùaw cd zta `ms`f`cacd‖ .JAMC@CO, 100>, u 74)-

Uawa Jamc`co .100>), dzza udwzomahdf à zdfuwd uwokdsaca jofo tf `mc`ræcto “wdal‖,

sosalfdmsd cdsdwf`maco uow múz, zdwdz ntfamoz- @zzo z`hm`b`ja qtd, fdzfo o jwàcow cd tfa

udwzomahdf mêo sdmna zd `mzu`waco df tfa udzzoa dzudjæb`ja uawa jw`á&la, samso o ld`sow

qtamso o uwúuwò jwàcow uwokdsa mdzza udwzomahdf tf zdw ntfamo; `fah`ma ztaz

jawajsdwæzs`ja, jwàmco tfa `fahdf ca udwzomahdf d jwà `cdms`cacd jof dla-

Jamc`co .100>) a`mca cdfomzswa qtd uocdfoz `msdwuwdsaw a n`zsúwà cd ajowco jof a

jomzj`ëmjà ca udwzomahdf, fdzfo qtd ma r`ca wdal a z`staèêo r`r`ca uow dla moz zdkaf

jomswáwàz-

À dr`cdmsd qtd ná, mdzsa auwdjàèêo dzsàs`ja, l`f`sdz- @zzo uwdzztuôd qtd a hwamcd ogwa cdawsd l`sdwáwà moz wdzs`sta tfa l`gdwcacd – o `fdmzo wd`mo co uozzærdl – qtd a r`ca wdalmêo moz jomjdcd- o nofdf uocd r`rdw d jomsdfulaw, aswaràz cd udwzomahdmz rawàcaz auldm`stcd ca zta jomc`èêo, d df qtd zd sowma swamzuawdmsd a z` fdzfo9 lthaw df qtd,

swamzbowfamco&zd `fah`måwàfdmsd mo otswo, r`rdmco otswoz uauà`z d cdzsajamco&zd cd zfdzfo, rdw`b`ja, wdal`{a d r`rd a zta jomc`èêo btmcafdmsal cd zdw atsojomzj`dmsd d l`rwd,jaua{ cd cdzcogwaw&zd, c`zsamjàw&zd cd z` fdzfo d cd ogkds`raw a zta uwúuwà z`staèêo- @zzo,uawa Jamc`co, moz c`zsamjà d ao fdzfo sdfuo moz auwo~`fa ca wdal`cacd .JAMC@CO,100>, u 4:)-

Jamc`co .100>) jofdmsa qtd a mawwaèêo mêo&b`jsæjà uwdj`za ca uwdzdmèa ntfama, fdzfo qtd

df bowfa cd udwzomahdf, uawa mêo zd sowmaw fdwa cdzjw`èêo ot df wdlaso- @zzo ajomsdjd

uowqtd o nofdf à o ûm`jo dmsd qtd mêo zd z`sta zofdmsd “mo‖ sdfuo, faz qtd “à‖

dzzdmjàlfdmsd sdfuo, ká qtd à dld qtdf jwòt d r`rd cd ajowco jof o sdfuo- Dmsêo, a

sdfuowal`cacd cd tfa n`zsúwà zú d~`zsd qtamco tm`ca å uwdzdmèa ntfama, cd bowfa c`wdsa ot



73

:-:-7-1 A jomzswtèêo cd udwzomahdf mo Moro Kowmal`zfo d mo wofamjd

Udlo jomjd`so cd udwzomahdf cd Jamc`co .100>), uocdfoz jomz`cdwaw qtd Hap Saldzd, df zdt

udwb`l cd Bwami Z`maswa, jwà tfa b`htwa co jamsow qtd uocdfoz sofaw jofo tfa udwzomahdf-

@zzo ajo`msdjd uowqtd Saldzd uazza uow tf uwojdzzo mo qtal dmswdr`zsa socoz qtd dzsêo å rolsa

cd Z`maswa fdmoz o jamsow df zæ jwàmco, cdzza bowfa, tfa `fahdf ztgkds`ra cd jofo az

otswaz udzzoaz o rëdf; o kowmal`zsa `msdwuwdsa a n`zsúwà cd ajowco jof a jomzj`ëmjà d r`zêo

cd otswaz udzzoaz qtd, c`wdsa ot `mc`wdsafdmsd, ba{df uawsd cdla-

Uawa Jamc`co .100>), ma ld`stwa co wofamjd, b`ja a `fuwdzzêo cd tfa zàw`d cd basoz,owham`{acoz df dmwdco, d cd udwzomahdmz qtd r`rdf dzsdz basoz- Ao udmzaw mo dmwdco ca

n`zsúwà, udmzafoz z`ftlsçmdafdmsd maz udwzomahdmz d ma r`ca qtd r`rdf sa`z uwosahom`zsaz-

Ot zdka, o dmwdco d~`zsd aswaràz caz udwzomahdmz qtd o r`rdf- A udwzomahdf, dmsêo, à o qtd

ná cd fa`z r`ro mo wofamjd, d ba{ jof qtd d a ld`stwa cdudmca, gaz`jafdmsd, ca ajd`saèêo ca

udwzomahdf uow uawsd co ld`sow-

Uowàf, a jwàèêo l`sdwáwà sdf tf uwogldfa jof wdlaèêo å rdwozz`f`lnamèa co wofamjd- Salqtdzsêo cdudmcd ca uozz`g`l`cacd cd tf zdw b`jsæjò, tfa jwàèêo ca bamsazà joftm`jaw&zd-

“Uocdfoz c`{dw, uowsamso, qtd o wofamjd zd gazdà, amsdz cd fa`z maca, mtf jdwso sùo cd

wdlaèêo dmswd o zdw r`ro d o zdw b`jsæjò, fam`bdzsaca aswaràz ca udwzomahdf, qtd à a

jomjwds`{aèêo cëzsd‖ .JAMC@CO, 100>, u-87)-

Rdw`b`qtdfoz, `m`jàlfdmsd, qtd ná ab`m`cacdz d c`bdwdmèaz dzzdmjà`z dmswd o zdw r`ro d ozdmsdz cd b`jèêo, d qtd az c`bdwdmèaz zêo sêo `fuowsamsdz qtamso az ab`m`cacdz uawa jwàw o

zdms`fdmso cd rdwcacd, qtd à a rdwozz`f`lnamèa- Sdmsdfoz tfa `mrdzs`haèêo ztfáwà zógwdaz jomc`èôdz cd d~`zsëmjà dzzdmjàl ca udwzomahdf, jofo tf sùo cd zdw, fdzfo b`jsæjò,jofdèamco uow cdzjwdrdw co foco fa`z dfuæw`jo uozzærdl a mozza udwjduèêo cozdfdlnamsd- .JAMC@CO, 100>, u->2)-

Mo wofamjd, o dzjw`sow dzsagdldjd tf dmwdco fa`z jodzo d fdmoz raw`árdl qtd o ca wdal`cacd,

qtd à a lúh`ja ca udwzomahdf- Ot zdka, a `msdwuwdsaèêo ntfama co uwúuwò à rawà cd ajowco

jof o sdfuo ot az jomc`èôdz ca jomctsa- Mo wofamjd, uocd&zd rawàw wdlas`rafdmsd a

`msdwuwdsaèêo qtd o ld`sow sdf ca udwzomahdf; o dzjw`sow cá tfa l`mna cd jodwëmjà b`~aca udlo

ld`sow, cdl`f`samco a d~`zsëmjà d a mastwd{a co foco&cd&zdw ca udwzomahdf- @zzo z`hm`b`ja qtda jofuwddmzêo qtd o wofamjd cá ao ld`sow à ft`so fa`z uwdj`za co qtd a qtd o ld`sow sdf ca



74

d~`zsëmjà; mdzsd jazo, a udwzomahdf à fa`z lúh`ja, dfgowa mêo fa`z z`fuldz, co qtd o zdw

r`ro-

Jaca swaèo, jawajsdwæzs`ja, udmzafdmso dsj- ca udwzomahdf hawamsdf zdms`co å zta d~`zsëmjà-

Mo qtd samhd å rdwozz`f`lnamèa, o zdms`fdmso ca wdal`cacd ma udwzomahdf cdudmcd ca

tm`b`jaèêo co bwahfdmsáwò, udla owham`{aèêo co jomsd~so, ot zdka, ma jomrdwhëmjà cdzsdz

swaèoz, jawajsdwæzs`jaz d udmzafdmsoz ca udwzomahdf, a b`f cd cdb`m`&la- “Dzsa owham`{aèêo à o

dldfdmso cdj`z`ro ca rdwcacd coz zëwdz b`jsæjòz, o uw`mjæuò qtd lndz `mbtmcd r`ca, jalow d oz

ba{ uawdjdw fa`z jodzoz, fa`z auwddmzærd`z d astamsdz co qtd oz uwúuwòz zëwdz r`roz‖

.JAMC@CO, 100>, u-04)-



72

3 AMÁL@ZD CD JOMSDÛCO COZ SD^SOZ CO L@RWO&WDUOWSAHDF WAC@JAL

JN@QTD

3-1 Fdsocolohà d amál`zd dzswtstwal cd jomsdûco

O uwdzdmsd uwokdso cd udzqt`za uwouôd amal`zaw cd qtd bowfa o kowmal`zsa Sof Xolbd

cdzdmrolrd az sàjm`jaz co jnafaco Moro Kowmal`zfo, jwàco uow wduúwsdwdz mowsd&afdw`jamoz

maz càjacaz cd 1025 d 1085, df zdt l`rwo&wduowsahdf Wac`jal Jn`qtd .1085)- A ogwa à tfa

wdbdwëmjà co dzs`lo- Ab`mal, Xolbd tza, ma utgl`jaèêo, wdjtwzoz ca l`sdwastwa uawa jomzswt`w

sd~soz cd mêo&b`jèêo, ot, df otswoz sdwfoz, sd~soz `mbowfas`roz-

Dzsd uwokdso, uo`z, zdwá cdzdmrolr`co jof gazd df udzqt`za g`glòhwáb`ja d amál`zd cd

jomsdûco co l`rwo&wduowsahdf Wac`jal Jn`ji " fat&fat`mh snd blai jasjndwz, cd Sof Xobd,

qtd bo` utgl`jaco df 108: d wdûmd co`z aws`hoz co atsow; Sndzd Wac`jal Jn`j Drdm`mhz,

utgl`jaco udlo Mdx Powi Faha{`md, df 1085, d Fat&Fat`mh snd Blai Jasjndwz- Oz sd~soz

udzqt`zacoz dzsêo wdtm`coz, df uowsthtëz, df Wac`jal Jn`qtd d o Moro Kowmal`zfo,

utgl`jaco df 7554 udla Jofuamnà caz Ldswaz-

O fàsoco ts`l`{aco uawa a wdal`{aèêo cdzsd swagalno zdwá a amál`zd cd jomsdûco, a uaws`w ca

ld`stwa coz sd~soz co wdbdw`co l`rwo&wduowsahdf- Ma ogwa, zdwêo amal`zacaz az jawajsdwæzs`jaz

l`sdwáwàz coz sd~soz d ztaz jomc`èôdz sàjm`jaz, uawa qtd rdw`b`qtdfoz zd a dzjw`sa uocd zdw

jomz`cdwaca l`sdwastwa, udla dzudj`b`j`cacd co ogkdso cd udzqt`za-

Zdwêo rdw`b`jacaz, a`mca, az jawajsdwæzs`jaz dzudjæb`jaz co kowmal`zfo mo sd~so udzqt`zaco,

sdmco df r`zsa qtd o ogkds`ro ca uwouozsa à amal`zaw az jawajsdwæzs`jaz co Moro Kowmal`zfouwdzdmsdz mo l`rwo&wduowsahdf Wac`jal Jn`qtd .1085)- Mdzsd zdms`co, zdwêo jomz`cdwacoz,

uw`mjùalfdmsd, oz dldfdmsoz l`sdwáwòz tzacoz moz sd~soz uawa a jomzswtèêo ca wdal`cacd- D`z

oz dldfdmsoz a zdwdf `cdms`b`jacoz d amal`zacoz df Wac`jal Jn`qtd .1085);

L`mhtahdf d mawwas`ra co sd~so; o tzo cd dldfdmsoz co Moro Kowmal`zfo9

Bowfa jofo az bomsdz zêo agowcacaz uawa o cdzdmrolr`fdmso co sd~so9

Jawajsdwæzs`jaz d btmèôdz coz c`álohoz uawa o cdzdmrolr`fdmso co sd~so9

Jawajsdwæzs`jaz d mastwd{a ca udwzomahdf jwàca udlo atsow



78

3-7 Wac`jal Jn`qtd; tfa d~udw`ëmjà kowmalæzs`jo&l`sdwáwà

O l`rwo&wduowsahdf cd Sof Xolbd, Wac`jal Jn`ji " fat&fat`mh snd blai jasjndwz, bo`

utgl`jaco df 108: d wdûmd co`z aws`hoz; Sndzd Wac`jal Jn`j Drdm`mhz, utgl`jaco udlo Mdx

Powi Faha{`md, df 1085, d Fat&Fat`mh snd Blai Jasjndwz- Uawa Xolbd .108:) d Zamsoz

.7553), o l`rwo wdûmd jawajsdwæzs`jaz uwúuwàz co Moro Kowmal`zfo d co kowmal`zfo l`sdwáwò d,

uawa L`fa .1004), uwas`ja tfa l`sdwastwa qtd gtzja swasaw ca wdal`cacd coz mdhwoz mowsd&

afdw`jamoz ma càjaca cd 1025-

O uw`fd`wo aws`ho co sd~so, Sndzd Wac`jal Jn`j Drdm`mhz, mawwa tf dmjomswo co bafozo

fadzswo d uàm`zsa mowsd&afdw`jamo Ldomawc Gdwmzsd`m, jomndj`co jofo Ldmmp, df zdtauawsafdmso ctuld~- Ma càjaca cd 1025, oz mdhwoz mowsd&afdw`jamoz zobwàf jof a

c`zjw`f`maèêo wajàl d Ldmmp dwa tf coz uotjoz ca waèa ajd`soz ma zoj`dcacd gwamja, ká qtd

dwa tf fûz`jo wdjomndj`co- Cdmswd oz jomr`cacoz uawa o dmjomswo, dzsaraf kowmal`zsaz, asowdz

gwamjoz d fdfgwoz co hwtuo Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, qtd dwa jomswa a c`zjw`f`maèêo wajàl ca àuoja

d bo` jawajsdw`{aco jofo sdwwow`zsa udla joftm`cacd gwamja mowsd&afdw`jama-

O aws`ho swasa coz ajomsdj`fdmsoz caqtdld drdmso d sdf jofo bojo a `womà; ráwòz gwamjozqtd, udla uw`fd`wa rd{, jomrdwzaraf jof fdfgwoz coz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, d oz uwúuwòz

fdfgwoz co hwtuo, zdfuwd d~jltæcoz ca zoj`dcacd, dmjomswaf&zd, zdhtmco a mawwas`ra,

uwdzdmsdz df tfa bdzsa wdqt`msaca, wdjomndj`coz d acf`wacoz udla fdzfa zoj`dcacd gwamja

mowsd&afdw`jama qtd oz c`zjw`f`ma-

O aws`ho Fat&Fat`mh snd Blai Jasjndwz bala ca wdudwjtzzêo caqtdld dmjomswo ma fæcà mowsd&

afdw`jama- Sal wdal`cacd à auwdzdmsaca df jomswauomso å wdzuomzag`l`cacd ca f`mowà gwamjas`mna zogwd oz mdhwoz maz càjacaz cd 1025 d 1085- Mo aws`ho, Xolbd .108:) ba{ tf uawaldlo

dmswd o úcò coz mdhwoz df wdlaèêo aoz gwamjoz d a jtlua qtd oz gwamjoz zdmsàf df wdlaèêo

åz c`b`jtlcacdz coz mdhwoz moz Dzsacoz Tm`coz- Faz Xolbd jofdmsa, uw`mjùalfdmsd, jofo

c`bdwdmsdz l`mnaz dc`sowà`z, cd c`bdwdmsdz kowma`z, swasaf o fdzfo azztmso, alhtmz cd bowfa

uoz`s`ra d otswoz cd bowfa mdhas`ra, jw`s`jamco a ztuozsa ztudwdzs`faèêo coz mdhwoz-

Ktmsoz, oz co`z aws`hoz jtlf`mawaf jof Wac`jal Jn`ji " fat&fat`mh snd blai jasjndwz

.Wac`jal Jn`qtd), o l`rwo&wduowsahdf qtd, zdhtmco Zamsoz .7553), à tfa udèa `mdr`sárdl df



7>

3-7-1 Jomsd~so n`zsúw`jo; jomswajtlstwa, Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz d c`zjw`f`maèêo wajàl

Az càjacaz cd 1025 d 1085 bowaf ualjo co uw`mjùal d fa`z `mbltdmsd fam`bdzsaèêo cd

jomswajtlstwa, o for`fdmso Nùu`d, jtkoz `msdhwamcdz outmnaf&zd wac`jalfdmsd aoz ralowdz

moz qta`z zd gazdaraf a zoj`dcacd mowsd&afdw`jama ca àuoja, sa`z jofo uaswòs`zfo, azjdmzêo

zojàl d htdwwa- Càmsd cd tfa zoj`dcacd uwdjomjd`stoza, qtd ndwcawa ca dzjwar`cêo a

zdhwdhaèêo d a c`zjw`f`maèêo coz mdhwoz, o for`fdmso Nùu`d cdbdmcà a `càà cd `htalcacd

wajàl d cd c`wd`soz ntfamoz-

Uawaldlafdmsd ao for`fdmso d a socaz az ftcamèaz cd udmzafdmso d jofuowsafdmso qtd

jof dld ztwh`waf, bo` btmcaco, df 1022, o hwtuo Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, uaws`co mdhwowdroltjòmáwò coz Dzsacoz Tm`coz qtd cdbdmcà oz c`wd`soz j`r`z d a `htalcacd dmswd mdhwoz d

gwamjoz-

Ow`h`malfdmsd, oz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz gtzjaraf uaswtlnaw htdsoz mdhwoz uawa uwosdhdw oz

wdz`cdmsdz, qtd, udla zdhwdhaèêo wajàl, zobwàf agtzoz d asoz cd gwtsal`cacd ca zoj`dcacd

gwamja, d asà fdzfo ca uolæjà- Jof `zzo, bowaf jomz`cdwacoz jw`f`mozoz d sdwwow`zsaz9 d mêo

s`mnaf mdmntf sùo cd wdjomndj`fdmso zojàl-

Ma fdc`ca df qtd fdfgwoz co uaws`co dwaf jomz`cdwacoz jtluacoz cd asoz jw`f`ma`z, oz

uamsdwaz uazzawaf a zdw ztkd`sacoz a hwamcd nozs`l`{aèêo, qtd, uow rd{dz, cara&zd ma bowfa cd

asaqtdz ròldmsoz- Moz amoz cd 1085, sdmco udwc`co ft`soz cd zdtz fdfgwoz, oz `msdhwamsdz

co hwtuo ldrawaf uwofordwaf jdwsa ftcamèa coz fàsocoz co uaws`co, ca ròlëmjà å uolæs`ja

jomrdmjòmal, a d~dfulo co bowmdj`fdmso cd zdwr`èoz zojà`z åz joftm`cacdz mdhwaz-

Drdmstalfdmsd, o hwtuo uazzot a gtzjaw `htalcacd wajàl, ao uwofordw uwosdzsoz d tfa

jafuamna cd jomzj`dms`{aèêo ca uoutlaèêo gwamja, a b`f cd caw b`f å zdhwdhaèêo d aoz

agtzoz zobw`coz udloz mdhwoz moz Dzsacoz Tm`coz- O uaws`co jndhot ao b`f df fdacoz coz

amoz 10>5, faz à asà nokd jomz`cdwaco tf coz hwamcdz wdzuomzárd`z udla c`f`mt`èêo ca

c`zjw`f`maèêo wajàl moz Dzsacoz Tm`coz- Alàf c`zzo, oz Uamsdwaz sowmawaf&zd ndwú`z uawa a

joftm`cacd mdhwa-



70

3-: Amál`zd

3-:-1 L`mhtahdmz d mawwas`ra co sd~so; o tzo cd dldfdmsoz co Moro Kowmal`zfo

Ctwamsd soco o sd~so cd Sof Xolbd, uocdfoz `cdms`b`jaw c`rdwzaz jawajsdwæzs`jaz uwúuwàz co

Moro Kowmal`zfo- Ká mo `mæjò cd Wac`jal Jn`qtd .7554), `cdms`b`ja&zd a balsa cd tf ldac moz

folcdz d~`h`coz udlo ba{dw kowmalæzs`jo joftf- O uw`fd`wo uawáhwabo co sd~so, a uw`mjæuò,

maca sdf a rdw jof o wdzsamsd ca n`zsúwà qtd zd cdzdmrolrd, ká qtd fozswa tf zomno co

`msdwlojtsow ca fasàwà, Ldomawc Gdwmzsd`m, mo qtal tf nofdf mdhwo ztwhd aswáz cd tf uàmo

mo ualjo, càmsd cd tfa ulasàà- A wdlaèêo cdzzd nofdf mdhwo, jwàco mo zomno cd Gdwmzsd`m,

jof o wdzsamsd ca n`zsúwà cá&zd cd bowfa hwacas`ra, jof ctaz wdbdwëmjàz ao lomho co sd~so-O ldac dmsêo tzaco uow Xolbd fozswa a udjtlàw`cacd co sd~so d zta wdlaèêo jof o Moro

Kowmal`zfo, jofo uocdfoz jombdw`w mo swdjno a zdht`w-

Ldomawc Gdwmzsd`m ajowcot mo dzjtwo mtf dzsaco cd lotjo alawfd- @zzo ká narà ajomsdj`coamsdz- Dwa tfa caz bowfaz qtd zta `mzómà azztfà- Y---V Cd wdudmsd, sdrd tfa r`zêo, tfa`mzu`waèêo- R`t a z` fdzfo, Ldomawc Gdwmzsd`m, o dhwdhò fadzswo, dmswamco mo ualjo cdhwarasa&gowgoldsa gwamja d jazaja càmsd cd tfa owqtdzswa jofuldsa- Cd tf laco co uúcòco fadzswo ná tf uàmo- Co otswo, tfa jacd`wa jof tfa ht`sawwa auoàca mdla- Dld zdmsama jacd`wa d udha a ht`sawwa- Y--V Dld sdf qtd uazzaw tfa fdmzahdf ams`&htdwwa uawa aqtdla

ulasàà cd jolaw`mno gwamjo dmhofaco mo atc`súwò z`mbóm`jo- Dld amtmjà a socoz; “Dtafo‖- Audmaz `zzo- Y---V @fdcàsafdmsd tf mdhwo zd ldramsa ma jtwra co uàmo cd jatca djofdèa d c`{dw jo`zaz jofo; “A ulasàà dzsá jtwòzafdmsd dmrdwhomnaca‖- Y---V Uow b`fLdmmp uwobdwd tf dfojòmamsd c`zjtwzo ams`htdwwa d za`- .XOLBD, 7554, u-143)-

Mdzsd fdzfo swdjno, rdw`b`jafoz o tzo d~ajdwgaco cd uomstaèêo d, jomzdqüdmsdfdmsd, cd

bwazdz jtwsaz mo sd~so- Alàf cd jawajsdwæzs`jaz uwúuwàz coz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo, sa`z

wdjtwzoz dwaf ft`so tzacoz uow Sof Xolbd, d otswoz atsowdz d kowmal`zsaz mowsd&afdw`jamoz

caz càjacaz cd 1025 d 1085, uawa cdzudwsaw o `msdwdzzd coz ld`sowdz d sowmaw o dmsdmc`fdmso

coz sd~soz fa`z bájd`z, ká qtd az fasàwàz co Moro Kowmal`zfo sëf jofo jawajsdwæzs`ja od~sdmzo safamno, zd jofuawaco åz cdfa`z wduowsahdmz- Sal jawajsdwæzs`ja bo` ndwcaca caz

wduowsahdmz dzudjà`z, caz qta`z ztwh`waf o Moro Kowmal`zfo, d zêo ft`so dfuwdhacaz df

Wac`jal Jn`qtd-

Udwjdgd&zd mo sd~so qtd o atsow gtzja, o sdfuo soco, bth`w co qtd dld uwúuwò jnafa cd “sof

gdhd‖- @zzo z`hm`b`ja bth`w coz uacwôdz d dzjwdrdw cd bowfa c`bdwdmsd, zd jofuawaca åz

fasàwàz kowmalæzs`jaz ca àuoja- Xolbd auwdzdmsa sa`z fasàwàz “uál`caz‖ jofo wdbdwëmjà, d`wom`{a, df Wac`jal Jn`qtd, jdwsaz utgl`jaèôdz wduldsaz cd uwdr`z`g`l`cacd- Mtf cdsdwf`maco



:5

swdjno, loho auúz balaw co zomno cd Gdwmzsd`m, Xolbd fozswa, jof `womà, jofo zdwàf az

famjndsdz jazo o zomno bozzd wdal`cacd, d mêo tfa r`zêo co `msdwlojtsow-

Uow tf fofdmso, zdmsaco zo{`mno df zta jaza, cd facwthaca, Ldmmp udmzot qtd aqt`louocà asà btmjòmaw d amosot a `càà- Udmzd zú ma famjndsd; GDWMZSD@M DLDSW@[AULASÀ@A CD JOMJDWSO JOF AUDLO AMS@HTDWWA- .XOLBD, 7554, u-144)

A `womà mêo dzsá audmaz ma jwæs`ja cd Xolbd ao kowmal`zfo “gdhd‖- Sal jawajsdwæzs`ja, ft`so

joftf åz jwóm`jaz, hamna dzuaèo mo Moro Kowmal`zfo d à jlawa df Wac`jal Jn`qtd- A hwamcd

`womà udwjdg`ca d j`saca uow Xolbd mo sd~so wdrdla o jomswazsd dmswd mdhwoz d gwamjoz, ctwamsd

o dmjomswo “jn`qtd‖ coz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, wdal`{aco uow Ldmmp, mdhwo w`jo d ajd`so majoftm`cacd gwamja uow zdw tf fadzswo wdjomndj`co- Ldmmp `mrdzsd df dmjomswo lt~tozo,

jof jof`caz d gdg`caz jawaz, a zdwdf jomztf`coz samso udla joftm`cacd gwamja jofo udla

joftm`cacd mdhwa- A `womà dzsá ma bowfa jofo Xolbd swasa a c`bdwdmèa dmswd mdhwoz d

gwamjoz, a b`f cd jw`s`jaw a z`staèêo udla qtal socoz uazzaraf maqtdld dmjomswo-

Nttttttfffffff- Dzsdz gdloz udcaj`mnoz cd qtd`ko woqtdbows jogdwso jof mo{dzfoæcaz- Ft`so zagowozoz- Ft`so zts`z- Y---V Uow d~dfulo, zdwá qtd aqtdld dmowfd GlajiUamsndw al` mo jowwdcow, aqtdld qtd dzsá audwsamco a fêo cd Bdl`jà Gdwmzsd`m df udzzoa,aqtdld cd kaqtdsa cd jotwo uwdsa, újtloz dzjtwoz d jagdlo abwo Y---V ra` udhaw tf qtd`k`mnowoqtdbows jogdwso jof mo{dz foæcaz ma gamcdka zdwr`ca udla jwàca cd l`gwà d dmbàw `msd`woma goja, dmhol`mco zdf udwcdw mdf tfa zælaga ca udwbd`sa ro{ Fawp Azsow d cd Bdl`jà---.XOLBD, 7554, u-144)

Mdzsd fdzfo swdjno, uocdfoz `cdms`b`jaw ctaz jawajsdwæzs`jaz co Moro Kowmal`zfo uwdzdmsdz

mo sd~so Wac`jal Jn`qtd; o tzo cd wds`jëmjàz, uawa caw `fuwdzzêo cd joms`mt`cacd å aèêo

cdzjw`sa udlo atsow9 d o tzo cd wdjtwzoz cd l`mhtahdf jofo a omofasouàà- O “nttttttttf‖

cdzjw`so uow Xolbd mo swdjno z`mal`{a o zof cd tfa udzzoa jofdmco alho hozsozo d df`s`mco

tf zof cd uwa{dw, jofo sdwà bd`so o Uamsdwa Mdhwa auúz zagowdaw tf udcaèo cd qtd`ko

woqtdbows, jogdwso cd mo{dz foæcaz- D~`zsdf otswoz d~dfuloz cd omofasouààz mo sd~so,

jofo uocdfoz udwjdgdw mo swdjno a zdht`w- Zdka uawa d~uwdzzaw sw`zsd{a ot aldhwà, Xolbd

`fuowsa, ca l`sdwastwa, wdjtwzoz cd l`mhtahdf jaua{dz cd ba{dw jof qtd o ld`sow z`msa&zd uawsd

co baso, azz`f jofo uawsd cd tf wofamjd; “& TTTTTTTTT! TTTTTTTTTT!Dwa

`majwdc`sárdl- Faz dwa rdwcacd!‖



:1

O dmjomswo mawwaco uow Xolbd wduwdzdmsara, uawa a faòwà coz uwdzdmsdz, a uw`fd`wa rd{ qtd

uocdwà jomrdwzaw jof tf Uamsdwa Mdhwa- Xolbd qtdzsòma, df bowfa cd `womà, o baso cd qtd,

uawa a hwamcd faòwà coz uwdzdmsdz, dwa a uw`fd`wa rd{ qtd zd uozsara jawa a jawa jof tf

Uamsdwa Mdhwa- Cdzza bowfa, o dzjw`sow auwdzdmsa atsow`cacdz, kowmal`zsaz d otswaz udzzoaz jof

qtd mtmja naràf jomrdwzaco jof tf fdfgwo co hwtuo wac`jal, cdfomzswamco qtd, fdzfo

az udzzoaz qtd cdj`cdf o btstwo ca zoj`dcacd, mêo s`mnaf c`áloho jof oz ûm`joz

wduwdzdmsamsdz ca joftm`cacd mdhwa ca àuoja- Sal `womà à swasaca uow Xolbd mo sd~so, aswaràz

cd c`álohoz jofo;

Jndwap lnd c`{; “Mtmja dmjomswd` tf Glaji Uamsndw ‚ à f`mna uw`fd`wa rd{!‖--- zdf mdf

zomnaw qtd cdmswo cd 3> nowaz ztaz ualarwaz dzsawêo ma fdza co uwdz`cdmsd coz DzsacozTm`coz--- À f`mna uw`fd`wa rd{- Faz dla mêo dzsá zo{`mna ma dfoèêo càmsd coz GlajiUamsndwz qtd rêo dmswamco ma jaza cd Ldmmp Y---V- Dzsdz mêo zêo aqtdldz mdhwoz coz c`wd`sozj`r`z qtd tzaf sdwmoz j`m{dmsoz swëz safamnoz aj`fa?Y---V ---Dzsdz zêo nofdmz cd rdwcacd--.XOLBD, 7554, u-14>)

Otswa jawajsdwæzs`ja co Moro Kowmal`zfo uwdzdmsd mo sd~so à a udjtlàw`cacd co mawwacow-

Xolbd mêo à audmaz tf kowmal`zsa a `mbowfaw jofo bowa a wdtm`êo coz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz df

uldma jogdwstwa cd lt~o ma ardm`ca Uawi- Dld ba{ uawsd ca n`zsúwà d mawwa o baso jofo alhtàf

qtd dzsdka c`wdsafdmsd l`haco aoz ajomsdj`fdmsoz, mêo audmaz cd bowfa uwdzdmjàl, faz jofo

uawsd ca n`zsúwà- A ztgkds`r`cacd co uwúuwò atsow à auwzdmsaca mo sd~so, qtamco Xolbd, ao

fdzfo sdfuo df qtd jw`s`ja oz kowmal`zsaz d otswoz jomr`cacoz gwamjoz ma bdzsa, joloja&zd

jofo tf cdldz-

Oz cdsalndz co afg`dmsd wdswasaco uow Xolbd mo sd~so fozswaf a wdlaèêo cd Wac`jal Jn`qtd

jof a l`sdwastwa- Sal wdlaèêo, audzaw cd joftf dmswd oz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo, b`ja jlawa

mo l`rwo, uo`z Xolbd cdzjwdrd, cd bowfa jofuldsa, o afg`dmsd d zdt udwzomahdf uw`mjùal,

Ldmmp- Moz co`z swdjnoz aga`~o uocdfoz udwjdgdw o cdsaln`zfo d a bowfa qtazd wofçms`ja ca

dzjw`sa cd Xolbd uawa cdzjwdrdw oz lthawdz d az udzzoaz-

Ma zala, a faòw uawsd ca fogælà, zobáz, uolswomaz, fdz`mnaz, jacd`waz, stco bo` abazsaco uawa ktmso caz uawdcdz, d sw`msa ot qtawdmsa jacd`waz cogwárd`z bowaf jolojacaz mo jdmswo cowdj`mso- À tfa, zala, hwamcd, lawha, jof uawdcdz u`msacaz cd afawdlo&jn`mëz, zamjaz gwamjaz,awamcdlaz, dzudlnoz jof auawacowdz, tf wdswaso cd Bdl`jà cd`saca mtfa dzuwdht`èacd`wa, dmtf dzswdfo, omcd Bdl`jà dzsara uawaca, co`z uàmoz cd jatca- Y---V Df j`fa cd afgoz ozuàmoz, tfa bwosa cd bosohwabàz cd bafælà df uowsa&wdswasoz cd uwasa, co sùo qtd b`ja df uàhwaèaz a udqtdmoz ztuowsdz jogdwsoz cd rdltco ot sabdsá ma uawsd cd swáz, co sùo qtdcdjowacowdz cd Mora Powi wdjofdmcaraf uawa caw tf soqtd cd r`ca cofàzs`ja a tfa zala



:7

“O soqtd jnasjnia cd 1 f`lnêo cd cúlawdz‖, jofo dldz jnafaf- Cd jdwsa bowfa, dwa udwbd`souawa o Wac`jal Jn`qtd- .XOLBD, 7554, u-143)-

@wwacà ztjdzzo udloz olnoz d udlo zoww`zo jof tf jnawfd qtd `ltzswa o acáhò cd lowcdKdwzdp; “Ao jomswáwò co qtd moz c`{df oz fdsoc`zsaz, c`mnd`wo d ztjdzzo ba{df gdf uawa a

alfa‖- Ldmmp cdrd sdw 41 amoz, faz a`mca à o Xtmcdwi`mc ca fûz`ja afdw`jama- Socoftmco c`{ `zzo- Dld mêo zú à tf coz fadzswoz fa`z mosárd`z co ftmco, jofo safgàfjofuoz`sow d uàm`zsa jofudsdmsd- À tf nofdf qtd, fa`z qtd qtalqtdw otswo, qtdgwot aftwalna dmswd a fûz`ja cd dl`sd d oz hozsoz uoutlawdz- .XOLBD, 7554, u-12:)

3-:-7 Bowfa jofo az bomsdz zêo agowcacaz uawa o cdzdmrolr`fdmso co sd~so

Otswa udjtlàw`cacd coz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo, uwdzdmsd df Wac`jal Jn`qtd, à a bowfa

jofo zêo swasacaz az bomsdz- Mêo gazsazzd auwdzdmsaw c`álohoz dmswd bomsdz, Xolbd wdrdla

udmzafdmsoz, dfoèôdz d d~udjsas`raz- Tf d~dfulo jlawo cdzza jawajsdwæzs`ja dzsá ma

joms`mtaèêo co sd~so, loho ao sàwf`mo co dmjomswo- Xolbd .7554) uwdojtua&zd mêo audmaz df

fozswaw a joms`mt`cacd co dmjomswo d zta wdudwjtzzêo moz kowma`z ca zdfama zdht`msd- Dld zd

uwdojtua, safgàf, df fozswaw a d~udjsas`ra coz amb`sw`ôdz co dmjomswo, Ldmmp d Bdl`jà, d tf

læcdw coz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, jnafaco Com Jo~, auúz a bdzsa, df wdlaèêo å wdudwjtzzêo co

dmjomswo-

Sal jasdhow`{aèêo cd zdms`fdmsoz zú bo` uozzærdl jof d~atzs`raz dmswdr`zsaz d jdwsa udwjduèêo

uow uawsd cd Xolbd- O dzjw`sow jomzdhtd ba{dw jof qtd oz zdms`fdmsoz d d~udjsas`raz coz

`msdwlojtsowdz sdmnaf dbd`so mo uwúuwò ld`sow, ba{dmco jof qtd dld safgàf z`msa dzsdz

zdms`fdmsoz d, jomzdqüdmsdfdmsd, baèa uawsd ca n`zsúwà, azz`f jofo mtf wofamjd-

O swdjno aga`~o cdfomzswa tf uotjo ca d~udjsas`ra jwàca udloz `msdwlojtsowdz ca n`zsúwà d

wdrdla tf cdsalnd `msdwdzzamsd- Swasa&zd cd jomrdwza dmswd Ldmmp, Bdl`jà d Jo~, auúz o b`f co

dmjomswo, qtamco socoz ká naràf `co dfgowa- Z`f, socoz, fdmoz Xolbd, qtd a`mca dzsara mo

auawsafdmso cd Ldmmp uawa jolndw az `mbowfaèôdz aga`~o;

A`mca dmrolr`coz Y--V Ldmmp, Bdl`jà d Com Jo~ joms`mtawaf jomrdwzamco al` mo cûuld~ asàft`so cduo`z cd socoz oz jomr`cacoz sdwdf `co dfgowa, asà qtazd cd{ ca mo`sd, ma rdwcacd-Ldmmp d Bdl`jà zagàf qtd s`mnaf r`r`co tfa d~udw`ëmjà ûm`ja, faz mêo ba{àf `càà cobtwow qtd `wà `wwofudw mo cà zdht`msd, qtamco a wduowsahdf cd Jnawlossd Jtws`z zogwd abdzsa auawdjdzzd mo Snd Mdx Powi S`fdz- A fasàwà auawdjdt df ctaz bowfaz ‚ tfawduowsahdf uwdl`f`maw, bd`sa åz uwdzzaz uawa a uw`fd`wa dc`èêo, qtd jndha åz wtaz uow rolsa cdcd{ d fdà ca mo`sd, d tfa ft`so fa`z jofuldsa uawa a dc`èêo qtd za` fa`z sawcd, aqtdla qtd

a faòwà coz moraòwqt`moz lë cd famnê- Mdmntfa caz wduowsahdmz dwa cd famd`wa alhtfajwæs`ja df wdlaèêo ao qtd narà ajomsdj`co Y---V- A uwúuwà Bdl`jà mêo uocà dzudwaw qtdbozzd fa`z gdf jolojaco- A dc`èêo uozsdwòw jofdèara azz`f; “Ldomawc Gdwmzsd`m d tf



::

jdwja cd mordmsa jomr`cacoz omsdf å mo`sd mo dldhamsd ctuld~ coz Gdwmzsd`m ma ardm`caUawi‖- Y---V A fasàwà ojtuot tfa uáh`ma `msd`wa ca zdèêo cd foca, ao laco cd amûmjòz cdG- Alsfam, udwtjaz Dc`sn @fwd, jazajoz cd udld Y---V.XOLBD, 7554, u-71> d 710)-

Uawa zagdw a ou`m`êo cd sa`z bomsdz bo` uwdj`zo dmswdr`zsá&laz mêo audmaz zogwd o baso a zdw

mos`jàco, faz safgàf zogwd zdtz zdms`fdmsoz d dfoèôdz càmsd co baso- Xolbd dmswdr`zsot

Bdl`jà ctwamsd ctaz zdfamaz auúz o dmjomswo, qtd zdwà, df uw`fd`wa `mzsçmjà, o baso df z`,

uawa jolndw zdtz zdms`fdmsoz d ou`m`ôdz càmsd ca wdudwjtzzêo co dmjomswo ma fæcà-

Audzaw cd, mo `mæjò, a wdudwjtzzêo sdw z`co uoz`s`ra d zta bomsd dzsaw zas`zbd`sa, mêo cdfowot

ft`so uawa qtd Xolbd s`rdzzd ftcaco o bojo cd zdt sd~so, càmsd cd tfa fasàwà utgl`jaca

udla wdr`zsa S`fdz, qtd cd`~ot samso oz amb`sw`ôdz, Ldmmp d Bdl`jà, jofo oz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz,

maca zas`zbd`soz- O dc`sowàl jw`s`jara jdwsa zogwdralow`{aèêo coz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, jofo zd o

dmjomswo d az fasàwàz utgl`jacaz auúz o dmjomswo s`rdzzdf lamèaco o hwtuo a tf udcdzsal-

Ma rdwcacd, swasa&zd cd `msdwuwdsaèêo dwwómda co dmjomswo- Dmqtamso o dmjomswo sdrd jofo

ogkds`ro c`zjts`w uolæs`jaz cd `mjltzêo uawa oz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, d oz mdhwoz df z`, o dc`sowàl

ca S`fdz o auwdzdmsot jofo “abardlafdmso dldhamsd‖, jwàmco, fa`z tfa rd{, jdwsa c`zsowèêo

df wdlaèêo å `fahdf co mdhwo-

Mo swdjno aga`~o, Xolbd jofdmsa a wdudwjtzzêo mdhas`ra;

Co`z càz cduo`z, uowàf ‚ ma zd~sa&bd`wa ‚, oz Gdwmzsd`m ká zagàf o qtd oz dzudwara- OS`fdz utgl`jot tf dc`sowàl zogwd a bdzsa- Dwa jnafaco “Mosa balza zogwd oz GlajiUamsndwz‖- “Jolojaw oz Glaji Uamsndwz df j`fa cd tf udcdzsal ma ardm`ca Uawi jwà fa`ztfa c`zsowèêo uawa a `fahdf co mdhwo- Az l`cdwamèaz wdzuomzárd`z mêo nêo cd jofdfowawqtamco o Gdats`btl Udould `mrdmsd tf moro f`so, cd qtd Glaji Uamsndw `z gdats`btl‖- Abardlafdmso dldhamsd--- cdgojnd å fdfúwà cd Faws`m Ltsndw i`mh--- Glaji Uamsndw df

j`fa cd tf udcdzsal ma ardm`ca Uawi-- o Gdats`btl Udould--- dwa tfa gofga- Y---V- Mdzzaalstwa, oz joltm`zsaz socoz ká s`waraf zta jazqt`mna co jazo Y---V- Faz, zd oz Gdwmzsd`majnaraf qtd zdt faòw uwogldfa mdzza alstwa dwa a fá jogdwstwa ca `fuwdmza, dzsarafdmhamacoz- Tfa jomsworàwzà qtd mêo ba{àf `càà djloc`t cd zûg`so df sowmo cdldz-Dzudj`b`jafdmsd, a c`zjúwcà dmswd ktcdtz d mdhwoz a wdzud`so cd tfa qtdzsêo qtd r`mnahamnamco bowèa narà swëz amoz, cdzcd qtd o Glaji Uoxdw zd sowmawa `fuowsamsd- A uw`fd`wau`zsa qtd Gdwmzsd`m s`rdwaf c`zzo bo` qtamco jofdèawaf a wdjdgdw jawsaz cd úcòY---V-.XOLBD, 7554, u-775 d 771)

Otswo wdjtwzo ft`so ts`l`{aco uow Xolbd zêo az j`saèôdz, moz sd~soz, cd “cdsalndz z`fgúl`joz‖

co cà&a&cà caz udwzomahdmz d caz bomsdz qtd auawdjdf ma n`zsúwà; hdzsoz, nág`soz, jozstfdz,

focoz cd zd jofuowsaw jof otswaz udzzoaz, uozdz, olnawdz, kd`soz cd amcaw dsj- Zêo wdjtwzoz



:3

ca l`sdwastwa qtd Xolbd d otswoz atsowdz co Moro Kowmal`zfo tzaf uawa dmw`qtdjdw oz sd~soz

cd mêo&b`jèêo-

3-:-: Jawajsdwæzs`jaz d btmèôdz coz c`álohoz uawa o cdzdmrolr`fdmso co sd~so

Oz c`álohoz jausacoz mo sd~so Wac`jal Jn`qtd zêo tzacoz, uow rd{dz, cd bowfa c`wdsa d ma

æmsdhwa- @zzo ba{ jof qtd hwamcd uawsd co sd~so zdka jofuozso audmaz uow c`álohoz dmswd

bomsdz d udwzomahdmz wda`z, qtd dzsaraf uwdzdmsdz mo dmjomswo- Df cdsdwf`maco fofdmso,

socoz oz uwdzdmsdz wdûmdf&zd df tfa zala uawa qtd a wdtm`êo sdmna `mæjò d oz Uamsdwaz

Mdhwaz utcdzzdf c`zjts`w zta uoz`èêo, d a uoz`èêo coz mdhwoz, ma zoj`dcacd mowsd&afdw`jama

maz càjacaz cd 1025 d 1085- À aæ qtd dmswaf az jawajsdwæzs`jaz coz wofamjdz uwdzdmsdz mosd~so; uáh`maz d uáh`maz cd c`álohoz, fomúlohoz d c`zjtzzôdz, jofo mtfa n`zsúwà cd b`jèêo,

qtd cêo å swafa c`maf`zfo d as`èaf o `fah`máwò co ld`sow jof samsoz cdsalndz- Oz c`álohoz

mo sd~so zêo sêo gdf uozsoz qtd asà fdzfo az d~uwdzzôdz bajà`z, zoww`zoz d hdzsoz zêo

auwdzdmsacoz mo sd~so, hawams`mco for`fdmso d jomsd~stal`{amco az jomrdwzaz-

Oz c`álohoz uozztdf uaudl `fuowsamsd moz sd~soz co Moro Kowmal`zfo, gdf jofo df Wac`jal

Jn`qtd; zêo cdldz qtd ztwhdf az c`zjtzzôdz, qtd, jof a `msdwrdmèêo co atsow, uazzaf a ba{dwuawsd safgàf co ld`sow- À jofo zd uaws`jùazzdf ca jomrdwza mêo zú az bomsdz cd Xolbd, faz

safgàf o uwúuwò kowmal`zsa d o ld`sow-

Uawsd cdzzd c`maf`zfo ztwhd uow jatza coz sdfaz swasacoz moz c`álohoz, df zta faòwà sdfaz

uolëf`joz qtd, uow z` zú, ká hdwaf c`zjtzzêo- Jomstco, a bowfa jofo oz c`álohoz zêo

auwdzdmsacoz aktcaf o ld`sow a zd `cdms`b`jaw jof aqt`lo- Mêo audmaz a bowfa dzsàs`ja jofo o

c`áloho à auwdzdmsaco ‚ jofo mtf sd~so l`sdwáwò, tfa bala aga`~o ca otswa ‚, faz jofo azualarwaz zêo dzjw`saz- Oz c`álohoz zêo auwdzdmsacoz ca bowfa jofo bowaf cdzdmrolr`coz-

Jazo tfa caz udzzoaz sdmna zosaqtd, uow d~dfulo, Xolbd dzjwdrd cd bowfa a fozswaw o

zosaqtd d `f`saw, ma dzjw`sa, o kd`so cd zta bomsd balaw- O swdjno aga`~o fozswa `zzo jof

jlawd{a, qtamco tfa caz bomsdz, Uwdf`mhdw, à wdswasaca a uaws`w cd zdt zosaqtd dtwoudt;

“rojë‖ uazza a zdw “bojë‖9 “dzjtsa‖ uazza a zdw “dznjtsa‖9 “wdzuomcd‖ uazza a zdw “wdznuomcd‖

d “udwhtmsa‖, “udwwwwhtsa‖-

Gawgawa Xalsdwz c`{ alhtfa jo`za uawa tfa caz dzuozaz Uamsndw, fwz- Ldd Gawwp, ma b`la ca



:4

acowárdl‖, c`{ Gáwgawa Xalsdwz, “d dla c`zzd; „Rojë uawdjd qtd sdf fdco‐-‖ Fwz- Gawwp w`,famzafdmsd, d galamèa a jagdèa- “Mêo sdmno fdco cd rojë‖, Gáwgawa Xalsdwz c`{ a dla,“faz sdmno fdco qtd fdtz b`lnoz rdmnaf a fowwdw!‖ “Uow barow‖, c`{ Qtas- “Zú dzsotudwhtmsamco à zd uocdfoz swagalnaw ktmsoz uawa ba{dw ktzs`èa zdf ròlëmjà d cdzswt`èêo!‖-“Uow barow!‖, c`{ Qtas- “Dld mtmja wdznuomcd udwwwhtmsa cdla!‖, c`{ Uwdf`mhdw- “Uow barow!‖

“Uozzo wdzuomcdw a udwhtmsa---‖- “Bojë mdf dznjtsa---‖ “Dmsêo---‖ .XOLBD, 7554, u-712 d718)

Socoz oz c`álohoz co sd~so mawwaf az jomrdwzaz jofo wdalfdmsd bowaf autwacaz- Uowàf, sa`z

c`álohoz zêo mawwacoz cd bowfa a cd`~aw az `msdwuwdsaèôdz ao ld`sow- Asà fdzfo udla

rdwaj`cacd caz jomrdwzaz, d udlo baso cd Xolbd mêo jofdmsaw, ma faòwà caz rd{dz, zta

ou`m`êo zogwd dzsdz c`álohoz, b`ja a jawho co ld`sow a `msdwuwdsaèêo d a bowfaèêo cd tfa

ou`m`êo zogwd o sdfa c`zjts`co udlaz c`rdwzaz bomsdz-

Azz`f jofo mtf sd~so l`sdwáwò, Xolbd auwdzdmsa oz c`álohoz cd bowfa a caw joms`mt`cacd åz

jomrdwzaz- Jofo mo d~dfulo amsdwòw, az balaz rëf dmswd azuaz, tfa auúz a otswa d zdht`caz

cd jofdmsáwòz, sa`z jofo; “Ldmmp udwhtmsa‖ d “Fwz- Gawwp w`, famzafdmsd, d galamèa a

jagdèa‖- Jawajsdwæzs`jaz cd c`álohoz ndwcacaz ca l`sdwastwa d tzacaz mo Moro Kowmal`zfo, df

sd~soz jofo Wac`jal Jn`qtd, cd Sof Xolbd-

3-:-3 Jawajsdwæzs`ja d mastwd{a ca udwzomahdf jwàca udlo atsow

“O mdhwo co uàmo‖- À cdzza bowfa qtd Xolbd wdbdwd&zd å udwzomahdf jwàca uow dld df zdt

Wac`jal Jn`qtd- O nofdf, qtd auawdjd ká mo uw`fd`wo uawáhwabo co sd~so, mêo uawdjd, a

uw`mjæuò, sdw hwamcd `fuowsçmjà uawa o cdzdmrolr`fdmso ca n`zsúwà- Dld à tf mdhwo qtd

ztwhd mo zomno cd Ldmmp, qtd `mswoct{ o sd~so, ldramsamco&zd ma jtwra cd tf uàmo cd jatca

d cdzdzs`ftlamco o fadzswo, qtd sdmsara, df zdt zomno, uazzaw jdwsa fdmzahdf ams`htdwwa a

tf uûgl`jo dmowfd, jofo uocdfoz rdw mo swdjno aga`~o;

@fdcàsafdmsd tf mdhwo zd ldramsa ma jtwra co uàmo cd jatca d jofdèa d c`{dw jo`zazjofo; „A ulasàà dzsá jtwòzafdmsd dmrdwhomnaca‐- Y---V Uow b`f Ldmmp uwobdwd tfdfojòmamsd c`zjtwzo ams`htdwwa d za`- .XOLBD, 7554, u-144)

A udwzomahdf ztwhd df swëz fofdmsoz `fuowsamsdz co sd~so; ma `mswoctèêo, mo fofdmso co

dmjomswo, qtamco fdfgwoz co hwtuo d otswoz jomr`cacoz c`zjtsdf oz c`wd`soz coz mdhwoz, d

mo b`f co sd~so, qtamco Ldmmp à raàco uow tfa ulasàà, ctwamsd a auwdzdmsaèêo cd tf

jomjdwso udla wdudwjtzzêo mdhas`ra co dmjomswo wdal`{aco uow dld uawa oz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz



:2

Xolbd cd`~a jlawa a ftcamèa ca udwzomahdf, cd ajowco jof o fofdmso r`r`co uow Ldmmp-

Uawdjd zdw tfa r`zêo qtd udwzdhtd o fadzswo df fofdmsoz `fuowsamsdz d qtd o ba{ wdfdsdw a

soco o uwojdzzo udlo qtal uazzot, cdzcd o dmjomswo å wdudwjtzzêo ma fæcà d ma zoj`dcacd-

Mo fofdmso df qtd o “mdhwo co uàmo‖ ztwhd, ctwamsd az c`zjtzzôdz co dmjomswo coz

Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz ma jaza cd Ldmmp, o sd~so moz wdfdsd a tf sdfa uoz`s`ro, uo`z swasa&zd cd tf

coz læcdwdz coz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, Com Jo~- Auúz dfojòmamsd c`zjtwzo cd tf coz fdfgwoz

co hwtuo jnafaco Ldom Qtas, mo qtal Jo~ à orajòmaco uow dzsaw uwdzdmsd mo dmjomswo ‚ ká

qtd a faòwà coz læcdwdz coz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz dzsaraf uwdzoz ‚, azz`f qtd o læcdw zd ldramsa,

cd swáz cd tf uàmo cd jatca, Ldmmp ldfgwa&zd cd zdt zomno, cdfomzswamco dfoèêo uow

aqtdld dmjomswo dzsaw ajomsdjdmco df zta jaza-

Tfa caz uotjaz atsow`cacdz ztudwòwdz qtd a`mca dzsá aqt`--- df l`gdwcacd‖ ‚ Qtas Zoww` ‚“dzsá aqt` uwdzdmsd nokd, Com Jo~, Fawdjnal&cd&Jafuo co Uaws`co Glaji Uamsndw‖- “À `zzoaæ‖, c`{ tfa ro{ a Ldom Qtas, jof gazsamsd ztar`cacd- D tf mdhwo zd ldramsa cd swáz cd tfcoz uàmoz cd jatca cd Ldmmp--- O mdhwo co uàmo--- .XOLBD, 7554, u-12>)

Auúz a utgl`jaèêo co dc`sowàl ca wdr`zsa S`fdz, qtd jomcdmot o dmjomswo d cdt wdudwjtzzêo

d~swdfafdmsd mdhas`ra å `m`jàs`ra cd Ldmmp, ká ao b`mal co sd~so, a udwzomahdf jwàca uow

Xolbd ztwhd cd bowfa arazzalacowa uawa o fadzswo, qtd `m`jòt a swafa r`r`ca udla zoj`dcacd

mowsd&afdw`jama mo amo cd 1085- Ft`saz caz udzzoaz, socaz gwamjaz d w`jaz, ajnawaf o

dmjomswo cd fat hozso d uazzawaf a jw`s`jaw Ldmmp- O “mdhwo co uàmo‖ ztwhd, dmsêo, uow

ûls`fo, uawa bdjnaw a wduowsahdf- Cdzza rd{, Ldmmp dwa raàco uow tfa ulasàà “cd jolaw`mno

gwamjo a #13,45‖ d rolsawa a rdw a udwzomahdf, `cdal`{aca uow dld d swact{`ca df ualarwaz uow

Xolbd, jofo fozswa o swdjno aga`~o;

& TTTTTTTTT! TTTTTTTTTT! Dwa `majwdc`sárdl- Faz dwa rdwcacd- Aqtdldz

qt`samcd`woz Y---V d tf gamco cd jwds`moz cd jolaw`mno gwamjo a #13,45 o dzsaraf raàmco, dmêo zd swasara cd mdmntfa altj`maèêo ca `mzómà ma zol`cêo caz swëz ca famnê- Zdwá qtdaqtdla auaw`èêo mdhwa, aqtdld falc`so mdhwo co uàmo, à ztwh`w ca gaww`ha co uàmo cdjomjdwso udlo wdzso cd zta r`ca mastwal? .XOLBD, 7554, u-7::)

Ao amal`zaw o jomsd~so jofo bo` jwàca a udwzomahdf, uocdfoz `mcahaw zd bo` wdalfdmsd

Xolbd, ot a `fah`maèêo cd Ldmmp qtdf a jwòt- Xolbd zú jomzdht`wa d~uwdzzaw a `fahdf co

mdhwo auúz cdsalnaca autwaèêo jof qtdf wdalfdmsd sdrd a r`zêo ca udwzomahdf- Cdzza

bowfa, uawa jndhawfoz a amál`zd fa`z uwobtmca zogwd o sdfa, sdfoz qtd jofdèaw uow `mcahaw

jofo zd jomzs`st` a udwzomahdf, zdka dla cd b`jèêo ot cd mêo b`jèêo- Zdwà a udzzoa qtd a



:8

A jwàèêo cd udwzomahdmz mo Moro Kowmal`zfo, azz`f jofo mo sd~so Wac`jal Jn`qtd, ba{ jof

qtd o ld`sow jw`d `cdms`b`jaèêo jof Ldmmp- O baso cdzza udwzomahdf ztwh`w df swëz fofdmsoz,

tf mdtswo, tf uoz`s`ro d, uow ûls`fo, tf mdhas`ro, zduawa swëz dzuaèoz cd sdfuo `fuowsamsdz

uawa a n`zsúwà d, uw`mjùalfdmsd, uawa o uwúuwò fadzswo- Mêo audmaz udwf`sd qtd a

udwzomahdf sofd bowfa jof a `fah`maèêo udzzoal, faz ba{ jof qtd Ldmmp sowmd&zd fa`z

ntfamo, jof fa`z zdms`fdmso d jof tf laco f`zsdwòzo, alho qtd o udwzdhtd; “o mdhwo co

uàmo‖-



:>

4 JOMJLTZÊO

Auúz amal`zaw o jomsdûco coz sd~soz co l`rwo&wduowsahdf Wac`jal Jn`qtd, az jomjltzôdz

sofacaz rêo alàf co sd~so d dmhlogaf mêo audmaz o ogkdso d zdt hëmdwo, faz o kowmal`zfo

jofo tf soco- Sof Xolbd .7554), ma ogwa aqt` `mrdzs`haca, swagalna l`rwdfdmsd az

jawajsdwæzs`jaz uwúuwàz co kowmal`zfo d ca l`sdwastwa- Mdzsd zdms`co, zdtz sd~soz uocdf zdw

jomz`cdwacoz udwsdmjdmsdz aoz co`z hëmdwoz-

Mo çfg`so ca l`sdwastwa, Xolbd jomzdht`t jwàw tf “wofamjd‖, wduldso cd jawajsdwæzs`jaz

l`sdwáwàz, qtd, a uaws`w cd tf moro sùo cd l`mhtahdf, d~uwdzza zdms`fdmsoz d l`ca jof a

`fah`maèêo d jof a fdfúwà co atsow uawa sdw z`hm`b`jaco- Mozzo ogkdso cd dzstco wdrdla qtdXolbd tza a l`gdwcacd l`sdwáwà, cd omofasouààz a c`álohoz mastwal`zsaz, uawa jomzswt`w a

wduwdzdmsaèêo ca wdal`cacd, sal jofo moz wofamjdz, uowàf, cdzjwdrdmco tf baso qtd

dbds`rafdmsd d~`zs`t-

A ztgkds`r`cacd co sd~so à tfa caz jawajsdwæzs`jaz qtd fa`z cdfomzswa `zzo; dmqtamso

kowmal`zsaz sdmsaf, uow d~`hëmjà mowfas`ra co kowmal`zfo uwas`jaco df udw`úc`joz, aljamèaw

jdwsa ogkds`r`cacd tsúu`ja, Xolbd auwdzdmsa, jof zdhtwamèa, zta ztgkds`r`cacd mo sd~so,foc`b`jamco, c`rdwzaz rd{dz, zdt uomso cd r`zsa, d jwàmco c`zjtzzôdz qtd rêo alàf cd tf

c`zjtwzo ogkds`ro-

Jof wdlaèêo ao kowmal`zfo, Wac`jal Jn`qtd swagalna cd bowfa ft`so uaws`jtlaw jof a

`mbowfaèêo- Fdzfo jdmswaca mtfa zàwà cd jawajsdwæzs`jaz l`sdwáwàz, a ogwa à cd jawásdw

`mbowfas`ro- D `mbowfa mêo zú o baso df z`, ot zdka, o dmjomswo coz Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, faz ra`

alàf, ao jomzswt`w tf uamowafa ca wdlaèêo dmswd mdhwoz d gwamjoz ma càjaca cd 1025, mozDzsacoz Tm`coz-

Df zta dzjw`sa kowmalæzs`ja, Xolbd agwd dzuaèo uawa a jwàs`r`cacd d o dzs`lo udzzoal df zdt

sd~so d, `mcdudmcdmsdfdmsd cd zdht`w mowfaz d uacwom`{aèôdz, auwdzdmsa gomz sd~soz, jof o

fá~`fo cd `mbowfaèôdz- À dzza jawajsdwæzs`ja qtd ba{ cd Wac`jal Jn`qtd tfa caz uw`mjùa`z

utgl`jaèôdz co Moro Kowmal`zfo, uo`z dla wdûmd, df tf ûm`jo hëmdwo, a alsa qtal`cacd

dzsàs`ja ca l`sdwastwa d o auwobtmcafdmso caz `mbowfaèôdz d amál`zdz-



:0

Sa`z qtal`cacdz uocdf zdw r`zsaz ao lomho cd soco o sd~so cd Xolbd, uw`mjùalfdmsd mo qtd

c`{ wdzud`so åz bomsdz d å bowfa jofo zêo agowcacaz- Alàf cd utgl`jaw c`álohoz dmswd az

bomsdz ma æmsdhwa, Xolbd auwdzdmsa ao ld`sow, safgàf, hdzsoz, aèôdz, udmzafdmsoz, dfoèôdz d

d~udjsas`raz- @zzo `ful`ja df `mbowfaèêo fa`z cdsalnaca co ajomsdj`fdmso- @zzo ba{ jof qtd

oz zdms`fdmsoz d d~udjsas`raz jwàcoz udloz `msdwlojtsowdz sdmnaf dbd`so mo uwúuwò ld`sow, qtd

zd zdmsd uawsd ca n`zsúwà, azz`f jofo mtf wofamjd- Uowàf, jofo mo kowmal`zfo, sal

jasdhow`{aèêo cd zdms`fdmsoz zú à uozzærdl jof d~atzs`raz dmswdr`zsaz d razsa ogzdwraèêo uow

uawsd cd Xolbd-

Otswa jawajsdwæzs`ja ba{ cd Wac`jal Jn`qtd tfa ogwa jawajsdwæzs`ja co Moro Kowmal`zfo d,

jomzdqüdmsdfdmsd, z`staca ma sëmtd l`mna dmswd o kowmal`zfo d a l`sdwastwa; à o dfuwdho cdc`álohoz- Az jomrdwzaz jausacaz uow Xolbd ojtuaf hwamcd uawsd co l`rwo d swa{df jomz`ho

tfa `càà `fuowsamsd; oz c`álohoz, auwdzdmsacoz ma æmsdhwa, zêo amal`zacoz udlo atsow,

cd`~amco a jawho co ld`sow dzsa `msdwuwdsaèêo, ot zdka, a ztgkds`r`cacd cd jaca tf à qtd ra`

ktlhaw az jomrdwzaz- Uow `zzo a `fuowsçmjà cd zd auwdzdmsaw oz c`álohoz cd bowfa jofuldsa d,

cd foco a wduwoct{`w stco cd bowfa b`dl, jofo df tf wofamjd b`jjòmal-

A jwàèêo cd udwzomahdmz df Wac`jal Jn`qtd ldra&moz ao jomjd`so cd wofamjd cd mêo&b`jèêo-O auawdj`fdmso, ma ogwa, co “mdhwo co uàmo‖, audzaw cd udwzomahdf jwàca df tf zomno cd

Ldmmp, b`htwa uw`mjùal ca n`zsúwà, à bwtso ca cdsalnaca autwaèêo cd Xolbd- @zzo fozswa jofo

az jawajsdwæzs`jaz l`sdwáwàz co sd~so zú zêo uozzærd`z auúz sàjm`jaz cd autwaèêo cdsalnacaz,

ndwcacaz co kowmal`zfo-

Ao auwdzdmsaw udwzomahdmz sêo cdsalnacaz, df wdcaèêo `fudjárdl, a b`f cd d~uwdzzá&laz

b`dlfdmsd, Xolbd jwà tf wofamjd, faz jof `mbowfaèôdz rdwcacd`waz- Df wdztfo, cdzzabowfa, Xolbd jwà tf wofamjd cd mêo&b`jèêo, df qtd oz wdjtwzoz l`sdwáwòz uazzaf a jomr`rdw

jof a “rdwcacd‖ jos`càma, jw`zsal`{aca aswaràz ma `mbowfaèêo kowmalæzs`ja-



35

WDBDWËMJ@AZ

GDWHDW, Udsdw L-, LTJIFAMM, Snofaz- A jomzswtèêo zojàl ca wdal`cacd- Udswúuol`z;Ro{dz, 108:-

GTLNÔDZ, Fawjdlo- Kowmal`zfo d L`sdwastwa df jomrdwhëmjà-Zêo Uatlo; Ás`ja, 7558-

JAMC@CO, Amsómò- A udwzomahdf cd b`jèêo- >« dc- Zêo Uatlo; Udwzudjs`ra, 100>-

JOZSA, Jw`zsàmd- Udma cd Althtdl- Zêo Uatlo; Jà caz Ldswaz, 7554-

FDMD[DZ, Bahtmcdz cd- Kowmal`zfo d L`sdwastwa-Wò cd Kamd`wo; Wa{êo Jtlstwal, 1008-

HALDMO, Htzsaro Ald~- Kowmal`zfo d L`sdwastwa ‚ A zdctèêo ca ualarwa- Zêo Uatlo;Dzjw`stwaz, z/c-

LAHD, M`lzom- L`mhtahdf kowmalæzs`ja- Zêo Uatlo; Ás`ja, 10>2-

LAKOLO, Faw`za- O Qtd à L`sdwastwa- Zêo Uatlo; Gwaz`l`dmzd, 1004-

L@FA, Aljdt Afowozo- O kowmal`zfo jofo hëmdwo l`sdwáwò- 7« dc- Wò cd Kamd`wo; Ah`w,1020-

L@FA, Dcralco Udwd`wa- Uáh`maz Afulàcaz; O L`rwo&wduowsahdf jofo d~sdmzêo co kowmal`zfo d ca l`sdwastwa, 7« dc- Zêo Uatlo; Dc`sowa ca Tm`jafu, 1004-

WOCW@HTDZ, Dwmdzso- L`sdwastwa d Kowmal`zfo ‚ wdlaèôdz udw`hozaz- Ldw m» :0.Rdwêo/Otsomo cd 1008), uu- 31&38-

WOZZ@, Jlúr`z- O qtd à kowmal`zfo- Gwazælà; Gwaz`l`dmzd, 1003-

XOLBD, Sof- Wac`jal Jn`qtd d o moro kowmal`zfo- Zêo Uatlo; Jà caz Ldswaz, 7554-

ZAMSOZ, Koaqt`f Bdwwd`wa coz- Aga`~o o kowmal`zfo gdhd- Zêo Uatlo; Jofuamnà caz

Ldswaz, 7553-



31

AMDÔ

Amd~o A; Qtacwo coz uw`mjùa`z swdjnoz cd Wac`jal J`qtd uawa amál`zd

Uáh`ma Cdzjw`èêo ca jdma Jdma143 d144

O `mæjò co sd~so jomsatf zomno co uwosahom`zsa,o fadzswo LdomawcGdwmzsd`m .Ldmmp), tfcoz uotjoz mdhwoz ajd`soudla joftm`cacd gwamjaqtd, a uw`mjæuò, mêouawdjd sdw wdlaèêo jof owdzsamsd co sd~so- Mozomno, Ldmmp zogd df tf

ualjo d uwdj`za uazzawtfa fdmzahdf cd ua{uawa aoz gwamjoz qtd oazz`zsdf, uowàf, tfmdhwo aswáz cd tf uàmob`ja o sdfuo soco o`msdwwofudmco, asàqtamco dld jomzdhtd aasdmèêo cd socoz d uwobdwdtf c`zjtwzo ams`htdwwa-

Ldomawc Gdwmzsd`m ajowcot mo dzjtwo mtf dzsaco cd lotjoalawfd- @zzo ká narà ajomsdj`co amsdz- Dwa tfa caz bowfaz qtdzta `mzómà azztfà- Y---V Cd wdudmsd, sdrd tfa r`zêo, tfa`mzu`waèêo- R`t a z` fdzfo, Ldomawc Gdwmzsd`m, o dhwdhòfadzswo, dmswamco mo ualjo cd hwarasa&gowgoldsa gwamja djazaja càmsd cd tfa owqtdzswa jofuldsa- Cd tf laco co uúcòco fadzswo ná tf uàmo- Co otswo, tfa jacd`wa jof tfaht`sawwa auoàca mdla- Dld zdmsa ma jacd`wa d udha a ht`sawwa-Y--V Dld sdf qtd uazzaw tfa fdmzahdf ams`&htdwwa uawa aqtdlaulasàà cd jolaw`mno gwamjo dmhofaco mo atc`súwò z`mbóm`jo-

Dld amtmjà a socoz; “Dt afo‖- Audmaz `zzo- Y---V@fdcàsafdmsd tf mdhwo zd ldramsa ma jtwra co uàmo cd jatcad jofdèa d c`{dw jo`zaz jofo; “A ulasàà dzsá jtwòzafdmsddmrdwhomnaca‖- Y---V Uow b`f Ldmmp uwobdwd tf dfojòmamsdc`zjtwzo ams`htdwwa d za`-Y---VUow tf fofdmso, zdmsaco zo{`mno df zta jaza, cd facwthaca,Ldmmp udmzot qtd aqt`lo uocà asà btmjòmaw d amosot a `càà-Udmzd zú ma famjndsd; GDWMZSD@M DLDSW@[A ULASÀ@ACD JOMJDWSO JOF AUDLO AMS@HTDWWA-

144 d142

Cduo`z cd jomsaw o zomnocd Ldmmp, Xolbd bala codmjomswo dmswd oz

Uamsdwaz Mdhwaz, kowmal`zsaz d atsow`cacdz,uwofor`co udlo uwúuwòfadzswo df ztawdz`cëmjà- Ma jdma, tffdfgwo co hwtuo udhatf s`wa&hozso d o jofddmqtamso jomrdwza jofotswaz udzzoaz-

Nttttttfffffff- Dzsdz gdloz udcaj`mnoz cd qtd`kowoqtdbows jogdwso jof mo{dz foæcaz- Ft`so zagowozoz- Ft`sozts`z- Y---V Uow d~dfulo, zdwá qtd aqtdld dmowfd Glaji Uamsndw

al` mo jowwdcow, aqtdld qtd dzsá audwsamco a fêo cd Bdl`jàGdwmzsd`m df udzzoa, aqtdld cd kaqtdsa cd jotwo uwdsa, újtlozdzjtwoz d jagdlo abwo Y---V ra` udhaw tf qtd`k`mno woqtdbowsjogdwso jof mo{dz foæcaz ma gamcdka zdwr`ca udla jwàca cdl`gwà d dmbàw `msd`wo ma goja, dmhol`mco zdf udwcdw mdf tfazælaga ca udwbd`sa ro{ Fawp Azsow cd cd Bdl`jà---

148 d14>

Df tf coz c`álohozjausacoz uow Xolbdctwamsd o dmjomswo cdLdmmp, tfa kowmal`zsa

jofdmsa zdw a uw`fd`ward{ qtd dla dmjomswa tfUamsdwa Mdhwa-

Jndwap lnd c`{; “Mtmja dmjomswd` tf Glaji Uamsndw ‚ à f`mnauw`fd`wa rd{!‖--- zdf mdf zomnaw qtd cdmswo cd 3> nowaz ztazualarwaz dzsawêo ma fdza co uwdz`cdmsd coz Dzsacoz Tm`coz--- À f`mna uw`fd`wa rd{- Faz dla mêo dzsá zo{`mna ma dfoèêo

càmsd coz Glaji Uamsndwz qtd rêo dmswamco ma jaza cd LdmmpY---V- Dzsdz mêo zêo aqtdldz mdhwoz coz c`wd`soz j`r`z qtd tzafsdwmoz j`m{dmsoz swëz safamnoz aj`fa?Y---V ---Dzsdz zêo nofdmz cd rdwcacd-

12: Xolbd cdzjwdrd azjawajsdwæzs`jaz couwosahom`zsa, fadzswo dwdal`{acow co dmjomswo,Ldomawc Gdwmzsd`m-

@wwacà ztjdzzo udloz olnoz d udlo zoww`zo jof tf jnawfd qtd`ltzswa o acáhò cd lowcd Kdwzdp; “Ao jomswáwò co qtd mozc`{df oz fdsoc`zsaz, c`mnd`wo d ztjdzzo ba{df gdf uawa aalfa‖- Ldmmp cdrd sdw 41 amoz, faz a`mca à o Xtmcdwi`mc cafûz`ja afdw`jama- Soco ftmco c`{ `zzo- Dld mêo zú à tf cozfadzswoz fa`z mosárd`z co ftmco, jofo safgàf jofuoz`sow duàm`zsa jofudsdmsd- À tf nofdf qtd, fa`z qtd qtalqtdwotswo, qtdgwot a ftwalna dmswd a fûz`ja cd dl`sd d oz hozsozuoutlawdz-

123 Xolbd cdzjwdrdc s ln c s c

Ma zala, a faòw uawsd ca fogælà, zobáz, uolswomaz, fdz`mnaz,c ` s c b ` b s c k s c c s ` s



37

zalaz ca jaza cd Ldmmp,omcd dzsá zdmco odmjomswo-

qtawdmsa jacd`waz cogwárd`z bowaf jolojacaz mo jdmswo cowdj`mso- À tfa, zala, hwamcd, lawha, jof uawdcdz u`msacaz cdafawdlo&jn`mëz, zamjaz gwamjaz, awamcdlaz, dzudlnoz jofauawacowdz, tf wdswaso cd Bdl`jà cd`saca mtfadzuwdht`èacd`wa, d mtf dzswdfo, omcd Bdl`jà dzsara uawaca,

co`z uàmoz cd jatca- Y---V Df j`fa cd afgoz oz uàmoz, tfabwosa cd bosohwabàz cd bafælà df uowsa&wdswasoz cd uwasa, cosùo qtd b`ja df uà hwaèaz a udqtdmoz ztuowsdz jogdwsoz cdrdltco ot sabdsá ma uawsd cd swáz, co sùo qtd cdjowacowdz cdMora Powi wdjofdmcaraf uawa caw tf soqtd cd r`cacofàzs`ja a tfa zala- “O soqtd jnasjnia cd 1 f`lnêo cdcúlawdz‖, jofo dldz jnafaf- Cd jdwsa bowfa, dwa udwbd`so uawao Wac`jal Jn`qtd-

12> Tf coz fdfgwoz cozUamsdwaz Mdhwaz dzsác`zjtwzamco uawa ozjomr`cacoz d, jdwsa nowa,uwdzsa tfa nofdmahdf a

tf coz læcdwdz co hwtuo-Dzsd læcdw ldramsa cd swázcd tf uàmo d wdfdsdXolbd ao mdhwo co uàmoco zomno cd Ldmmpcdzjw`so ma uw`fd`wa jdma-

“Tfa caz uotjaz atsow`cacdz ztudwòwdz qtd a`mca dzsá aqt`---df l`gdwcacd‖ ‚ Qtas Zoww` ‚ “dzsá aqt` uwdzdmsd nokd, ComJo~, Fawdjnal&cd&Jafuo co Uaws`co Glaji Uamsndw-‖“À `zzo aæ‖, c`{ tfa ro{ a Ldom Qtas, jof gazsamsd ztar`cacd-D tf mdhwo zd ldramsa cd swáz cd tf coz uàmoz cd jatca cd

Ldmmp--- O mdhwo co uàmo---

712 d718

Otswo c`áloho jausaco uowXolbd- Mdzsd, ctazdzuozaz cd fdfgwoz cozUamsdwaz Mdhwazjomrdwzaf jof otswajomr`caca co dmjomswo,dzza gwamja d zdf wdlaèêo

mdmntfa jof o hwtuo,qtd uawdjd dzsaw `mzdhtwaal`- Otswoz co`z fdfgwozco hwtuo dmswaf majomrdwza, tf cdldz uozzt`tf zosaqtd o qtal Xolbddzjwdrd cd bowfac`bdwdmsd az ualarwaz-

Gawgawa Xalsdwz c`{ alhtfa jo`za uawa tfa caz dzuozazUamsndw, fwz- Ldd Gawwp, ma b`la ca bwdmsd-“O qtd dla c`zzd uawa rojë?‖, Ldmmp udwhtmsa-“Dzsara balamco jof dzsa zdmnowa acowárdl‖, c`{ GáwgawaXalsdwz, “d dla c`zzd; „Rojë uawdjd qtd sdf fdco‐-‖Fwz- Gawwp w`, famzafdmsd, d galamèa a jagdèa-“Mêo sdmno fdco cd rojë‖, Gáwgawa Xalsdwz c`{ a dla, “faz

sdmno fdco qtd fdtz b`lnoz rdmnaf a fowwdw!‖“Uow barow‖, c`{ Qtas- “Zú dzsot udwhtmsamco à zd uocdfozswagalnaw ktmsoz uawa ba{dw ktzs`èa zdf ròlëmjà d cdzswt`èêo!‖“Uow barow!‖, c`{ Qtas“Dld mtmja wdznuomcd udwwwhtmsa cdla!‖, c`{ Uwdf`mhdw-“Uow barow!‖“Uozzo wdzuomcdw a udwhtmsa---‖“Bojë mdf dznjtsa---‖“Dmsêo---‖

71>,710 d775

Dzsa jdma cdzjwdrd o b`fco dmjomswo, qtamcoLdmmp, zta dzuoza d tfcoz læcdwdz coz UamsdwazMdhwaz b`jaf jomrdwamcozogwd oz wdztlsacoz codmjomswo d caz `cààzc`zjts`caz- A jdma a`mcacdzjwdrd a wdudwjtzzêocdzsd dmjomswo moz kowma`zco cà zdht`msd, joffasàwàz uoz`s`raz awdzud`so co azztmso-

A`mca dmrolr`coz Y--V Ldmmp, Bdl`jà d Com Jo~ joms`mtawafjomrdwzamco al` mo cûuld~ asà ft`so cduo`z cd socoz ozjomr`cacoz sdwdf `co dfgowa, asà qtazd cd{ ca mo`sd, mardwcacd- Ldmmp d Bdl`jà zagàf qtd s`mnaf r`r`co tfad~udw`ëmjà ûm`ja, faz mêo ba{àf `càà co btwow qtd `wà`wwofudw mo cà zdht`msd, qtamco a wduowsahdf cd JnawlossdJtws`z zogwd a bdzsa auawdjdzzd mo Snd Mdx Powi S`fdz- A fasàwà auawdjdt df ctaz bowfaz ‚ tfa wduowsahdfuwdl`f`maw, bd`sa åz uwdzzaz uawa a uw`fd`wa dc`èêo, qtd jndhaåz wtaz uow rolsa cd cd{ d fdà ca mo`sd, d tfa ft`so fa`zjofuldsa uawa a dc`èêo qtd za` fa`z sawcd, aqtdla qtd afaòwà coz moraòwqt`moz lë cd famnê- Mdmntfa cazwduowsahdmz dwa cd famd`wa alhtfa jwæs`ja df wdlaèêo ao qtdnarà ajomsdj`co Y---V-A uwúuwà Bdl`jà mêo uocà dzudwaw qtd bozzd fa`z gdfjolojaco- A dc`èêo uozsdwòw jofdèara azz`f; “LdomawcGdwmzsd`m d tf læcdw co Glaji Uamsndwz c`zjts`waf oz fàw`sozca b`lozobà co Uaws`co Glaji Uamsndw càmsd cd jdwja cdmordmsa jomr`cacoz omsdf å mo`sd mo dldhamsd ctuld~ cozGdwmzsd`m ma ardm`ca Uawi‖ Y V A fasàwà ojtuot tfa uáh`ma



3:

`msd`wa ca zdèêo cd foca, ao laco cd amûmjòz cd G- Alsfam,udwtjaz Dc`sn @fwd, jazajoz cd udld Y---V-

775 d771

A`mca maz wdudwjtzzôdzco dmjomswo ma fæcàmowsd&afdw`jama, dzsa

jdma fozswa qtd, mazdfama zdht`msd, tfafasàwà qtd jomcdmara odmjomswo bo` utgl`jaca maS`fdz, wdudwjts`mco cdbowfa mdhas`ra o azztmso-

Co`z càz cduo`z, uowàf ‚ ma zd~sa&bd`wa ‚, oz Gdwmzsd`m kázagàf o qtd oz dzudwara- O S`fdz utgl`jot tf dc`sowàl zogwda bdzsa- Dwa jnafaco “Mosa balza zogwd oz Glaji Uamsndwz‖-

“Jolojaw oz Glaji Uamsndwz df j`fa cd tf udcdzsal maardm`ca Uawi jwà fa`z tfa c`zsowèêo uawa a `fahdf co mdhwo-Az l`cdwamèaz wdzuomzárd`z mêo nêo cd jofdfowaw qtamco o Gdats`btl Udould `mrdmsd tf moro f`so, cd qtd Glaji Uamsndw`z gdats`btl‖- Abardlafdmso dldhamsd--- cdgojnd å fdfúwà cd Faws`m Ltsndw

i`mh--- Glaji Uamsndw df j`fa cd tf udcdzsal ma ardm`ca

Uawi-- o Gdats`btl Udould--- dwa tfa gofga- Y---V 77: Dzsd swdjno fozswa a

wdudwjtzzêo mdhas`ra cojazo ma joftm`cacd-

Mdzza alstwa, oz joltm`zsaz socoz ká s`waraf zta jazqt`mna cojazo Y---V- Faz, zd oz Gdwmzsd`m ajnaraf qtd zdt faòwuwogldfa mdzza alstwa dwa a fá jogdwstwa ca fuwdmza, dzsarafdmhamacoz- Tfa jomsworàwzà qtd mêo ba{àf `càà djloc`t cdzûg`so df sowmo cdldz- Dzudj`b`jafdmsd, a c`zjúwcà dmswd

ktcdtz d mdhwoz a wdzud`so cd tfa qtdzsêo qtd r`mna hamnamcobowèa narà swëz amoz, cdzcd qtd o Glaji Uoxdw zd sowmawa`fuowsamsd- A uw`fd`wa u`zsa qtd Gdwmzsd`m s`rdwaf c`zzo bo`qtamco jofdèawaf a wdjdgdw jawsaz cd úcò, alhtfazauawdmsdfdmsd cd ktcdtz Y---V-

7:: Swdjno b`mal co l`rwo,qtamco o fadzswo Ldmmpra` ba{dw tf jomjdwso d ànozs`l`{aco udla ulasàà,qtd o jw`s`jot uow jatzaco dmjomswo coz UamsdwazMdhwaz df zta wdz`cëmjà-

& TTTTTTTTT! TTTTTTTTTT!Dwa `majwdc`sárdl- Faz dwa rdwcacd- Aqtdldz qt`samcd`woz Y---V dtf gamco cd jwds`moz cd jolaw`mno gwamjo a #13,45 o dzsarafraàmco, d mêo zd swasara cd mdmntfa altj`maèêo ca `mzómà mazol`cêo caz swëz ca famnê-



Documents

TÊNUE LINHA ENTRE JORNALISMO E LITERATURA: Análise de conteúdo do livro-reportagem Radical Chique (2005), de Tom Wolfe