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9

D[PRIPÁOAI[ @D JIRGDPANO VIRI H PDRKDARH [DPHR9 

Nêudi Otajirëd{ Icud{2 

RD[TJH< Anakaicjdnpd i {hkad`i`d dnkhnpriui*{d vrd`hjaninpdjdnpd {hb i hroina|iïëh `hD{pi`h * Vrajdarh [dphr. Vh{pdrahrjdnpd# hkhrrdt i d}vin{ëh `i{ ipaua`i`d{ `h [dotn`h [dphr#ytd hvdri h jdrki`h d t{i h ctkrh khjh an{prtjdnph. Nh dnpinph# `dua`h æ{ iïôd{ andeaki|d{`h D{pi`h d `h Jdrki`h# {trod vhr ndkd{{a`i`d h Pdrkdarh [dphr# khj i eanica`i`d `d i{{a{pari{ ndkd{{a`i`d{ khcdpaui{ d h bdj {hkaic. Khj i duhctïëh d khjvcd}a`i`d `d{pd {dphr# nhuh{vi`rôd{ ehrij krai`h{# nhpin`h*{d i ajvhrpânkai `h t{h `d icotji{ edrrijdnpi{ odrdnkaia{ytd {d khjvirij i anakaipaui vraui`i# khjh vcindlijdnph# vd{yta{i d d{pripáoai. Khnpt`h#udraeaki*{d ytd ian`i mhld d}a{pd kdrpi `a{pinkai dnprd d{pi{ an{paptaïôd{ d vhpdnkaia{khcibhri`hrd{. Ni jiahrai `i{ hroina|iïôd{ {dj ean{ ctkripauh{# h t{h `i{ d{pripáoai{ `djirgdpano ian`i á jdnhr `h ytd {drai a`dic. Ivd{ir `h vhpdnkaic {tkd{{h `h t{h `h jirgdpano#ian`i {ëh dnkhnpri`i{ jtapi{ `aeaktc`i`d{ viri vhr dj vrépaki d{{i edrrijdnpi. Vrhbcdji{khjh an{pibaca`i`d eaninkdari# it{ìnkai `d vcindlijdnph d eicpi `d khnmdkajdnph nd{pd {dphr{ëh icotn{ `d{ieah{ ytd `dudj {dr dnerdnpi`h{ viri h jirgdpano vh`dr ioar khjh tj rdktr{hmébac viri dnkhnprir nhuh{ kijanmh{ viri h `d{dnuhcuajdnph nh pdrkdarh {dphr. H vrd{dnpdirpaoh pdj khjh vrhvû{aph inica{ir i{ anectìnkai{ `i{ iïôd{ `d Jirgdpano khjh eiphr `d`d{dnuhcuajdnph viri Pdrkdarh [dphr# ipriuá{ `i `deanaïëh kciri `h pdrjh Pdrkdarh [dphr# ua{ipijbáj ijvcair i khjvrddn{ëh {hbrd i{ `aedrdnpd{ ibhr`iodn{ `h pdrjh Jirgdpano<Jirgdpano Pri`akahnic } Jirgdpano viri h Pdrkdarh [dphr } Jirgdpano [hkaic# icáj `d a`dnpaeakiri ajvhrpânkai `i{ iïôd{ `d jirgdpano ni{ hroina|iïôd{ `h Pdrkdarh [dphr# ytinph i {tiivcakiïëh d deakaìnkai. @trinpd h vrhkd{{h `d ehrjiïëh `h irpaoh bt{kht*{d d{pt`irpdhrakijdnpd i{ Iïôd{ `d Jirgdpano nh Pdrkdarh [dphr# ipriuá{ `d vd{yta{i babcahoréeaki  `d{krapaui# tpaca|in`h ehnpd{ rdedrdnpd{ i Pdrkdarh [dphr# Jirgdpano d I`jana{priïëh.

Viciuri{*kmiud< Pdrkdarh [dphr# Jirgdpano# Bdj [hkaic.

Ib{prikp< Ip ear{p pmd {hkadpq wi{ tn`dr pmd {pipd hroina|ipahn * Ear{p [dkphr. Cipdr# ap hkktrrd`

pmd d}vin{ahn he pmd ikpauapad{ he pmd [dkhn` [dkphr# wmakm hvdripd{ pmd jirgdp in` t{d{ pmdvrheap i{ in an{prtjdnp. Mhwdudr# `td ph pmd andeedkpaud ikpahn{ he pmd {pipd in` jirgdp# pmdrd a{ndd` ehr pmd Pmar` [dkphr# an hr`dr ph i{{a{p pmd khccdkpaud ndd`{ in` pmd {hkaic ohh`. _apm pmdduhctpahn in` khjvcd}apq he pma{ {dkphr# ndw {pin`ir`{ wdrd krdipd`# nhpano pmd ajvhrpinkd het{ano {hjd jiniodraic phhc{ pmip rauic pmd vrauipd {dkphr# {tkm i{ vcinnano# rd{dirkm in`{pripdoq. Mhwdudr# ap ivvdir{ pmip pmdrd a{ {pacc {hjd `a{pinkd bdpwddn pmdj in` vhpdnpaic`hnhr{. An jh{p nhnvrheap hroina|ipahn{# pmd t{d he jirgdpano {pripdoad{ a{ {pacc chwdr pmin whtc`bd a`dic. @d{vapd pmd vhpdnpaic {tkkd{{ he t{ano jirgdpano# ap a{ {pacc ehtn` jinq `aeeaktcp ph vtppma{ phhc an vrikpakd. Vrhbcdj{ {tkm i{ eaninkaic an{pibacapq# ib{dnkd he vcinnano in` cikg hegnhwcd`od an pma{ {dkphr ird {hjd kmiccdnod{ ph bd eikd` an jirgdpano kin ikp i{ i kcdudrrd{htrkd ph ean` ndw wiq{ ph `dudchv pmd pmar` {dkphr. Pma{ irpakcd iaj{ ph inicq|d pmd deedkp{ hejirgdpano ikpahn{ i{ i eikphr he `dudchvjdnp ehr pmd Pmar` [dkphr# bq kcdircq `deanano pmd pdrjPmar` [dkphr# ic{h iaj{ ph d}vin` pmd tn`dr{pin`ano he pmd `aeedrdnp ivvrhikmd{ he pmd pdrj

Jirgdpano< Pri`apahnic Jirgdpano } Jirgdpano ehr pmd Pmar` [dkphr } [hkaic Jirgdpano# an i``apahnph a`dnpaeqano pmd ajvhrpinkd he jirgdpano ikpahn{ an pmd Pmar` [dkphr hroina|ipahn{# i{ ap{ivvcakipahn in` deeakadnkq. @trano pmd ehrjipahn vrhkd{{ he pma{ irpakcd {htomp ph pmdhrdpakiccq{pt`q pmd Jirgdpano ikpahn{ an pmd Pmar` [dkphr# bi{d` hn babcahorivmak `d{kravpahn# t{ano{htrkd{ ibhtp pmd Pmar` [dkphr# Jirgdpano in` Jiniodjdnp. Gdq*_hr`{< Pmar` {dkphr# Jirgdpano Ikpahn{# [hkaic Ohh`.

9 Irpaoh ivrd{dnpi`h i Etn`iïëh `d Inéca{d Vd{yta{i d Anhuiïëh Pdknhcûoaki * ETKIVA# khjh

virpd `h{ rdyta{aph{ viri hbpdnïëh `d nhpi virkaic viri i `a{kavcani `d Jdph`hchoai `h

Pribicmh Kadnpêeakh# {hb i hradnpiïëh `i vrhed{{hri Kcit`ápd Grhnbitdr#

-kcit`dpd.grhnbitdrFojiac.khj! Jinit{ * IJ# Ltnmh `d 2699. 2Ictni `h ktr{h `d I`jana{priïëh `i Eiktc`i`d Etkiva * Jinit{ * Ij

-naudicud{Fmhpjiac.khj!

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2

Anprh`tïëh

@d{`d i inpaota`i`d i {hkad`i`d dnkhnpriui*{d hroina|i`i dj {dphrd{.

Anakaicjdnpd uauai vrd`hjaninpdjdnpd {hb i hroina|iïëh `h D{pi`h * Vrajdarh

[dphr. Vh{pdrahrjdnpd# ijvcairij*{d i{ ipaua`i`d{ `h [dotn`h [dphr# ytd

khrrd{vhn`d æ caurd anakaipaui ytd hvdri h jdrki`h d t{i h ctkrh khjh

an{prtjdnph. Nh dnpinph# `dua`h æ{ iïôd{ andeaki|d{ `h D{pi`h d tnacipdria{ `h

Jdrki`h# {trod vhr ndkd{{a`i`d i [hkad`i`d Kauac Hroina|i`i# ytd ehrjht h

Pdrkdarh [dphr# khj i eanica`i`d `d i{{a{par i{ ndkd{{a`i`d{ khcdpaui{ d h bdj

{hkaic. Khj i duhctïëh d khjvcd}a`i`d `d{pd {dphr# nhuh{ vi`rôd{ ehrij

krai`h{# nhpin`h*{d i ajvhrpânkai `h t{h `d icotji{ edrrijdnpi{ odrdnkaia{

ytd {d khjvirij i anakaipaui vraui`i# khjh vcindlijdnph# vd{yta{i d

d{pripáoai. Khnpt`h# udraeaki*{d ytd ian`i mhld d}a{pd kdrpi `a{pinkai dnprd

d{pi{ an{paptaïôd{ d vhpdnkaia{ khcibhri`hrd{.

Ni jiahrai `i{ hroina|iïôd{ {dj ean{ ctkripauh{# h t{h `i{ d{pripáoai{

`d jirgdpano ian`i á jdnhr `h ytd {drai a`dic. Ivd{ir `h vhpdnkaic {tkd{{h `h

t{h `h jirgdpano# ian`i {ëh dnkhnpri`i{ jtapi{ `aeaktc`i`d{ viri vhr dj

vrépaki d{{i edrrijdnpi. Vrhbcdji{ khjh an{pibaca`i`d eaninkdari# it{ìnkai `dvcindlijdnph d eicpi `d khnmdkajdnph nd{pd {dphr {ëh icotn{ `d{ieah{ ytd

`dudj {dr dnerdnpi`h{ viri h jirgdpano vh`dr ioar khjh tj rdktr{h mébac

viri dnkhnprir nhuh{ kijanmh{ viri h `d{dnuhcuajdnph nh pdrkdarh {dphr.

H vrd{dnpd irpaoh pdj khjh vrhvû{aph inica{ir i{ anectìnkai{ `i{ iïôd{

`d Jirgdpano khjh eiphr `d `d{dnuhcuajdnph viri Pdrkdarh [dphr# ipriuá{ `i

`deanaïëh kciri `h pdrjh Pdrkdarh [dphr< h ytd á# khjh etnkahni# khjh iod#

ytia{ {ëh {dt{ hbldpauh{ d `aeaktc`i`d{# ua{i pijbáj ijvcair i khjvrddn{ëh

{hbrd{ i{ `aedrdnpd{ ibhr`iodn{ `h pdrjh Jirgdpano< Jirgdpano Pri`akahnic }

Jirgdpano viri h Pdrkdarh [dphr } Jirgdpano [hkaic# icáj `d a`dnpaeakir i

ajvhrpânkai `i{ iïôd{ `d jirgdpano ni{ hroina|iïôd{ `h Pdrkdarh [dphr#

ytinph i {ti ivcakiïëh d deakaìnkai. @trinpd h vrhkd{{h `d ehrjiïëh `h irpaoh

bt{kht*{d d{pt`ir pdhrakijdnpd i{ Iïôd{ `d Jirgdpano nh Pdrkdarh [dphr#

ipriuá{ `d vd{yta{i babcahoréeaki  `d{krapaui# tpaca|in`h ehnpd{ rdedrdnpd{ i

Pdrkdarh [dphr# Jirgdpano d I`jana{priïëh.

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;

9 Pdrkdarh [dphr

I {hkad`i`d dnkhnpri*{d `aua`a`i dj prì{ {dphrd{# {dn`h h Vrajdarh

[dphr h D{pi`h# ht {dli# h Ohudrnh# ûroëh rd{vhn{éudc vhr ytd{pôd{ {hkaia{#

ytd tpaca|i h `anmdarh vübcakh viri ean{ vübcakh{. H [dotn`h [dphr á h Jdrki`h#{dn`h d{pd vraui`h d rd{vhn{éudc vhr ytd{pôd{ `d anpdrd{{d an`aua`tia{# tpaca|i

h `anmdarh vraui`h viri ean{ vraui`h{. D h Pdrkdarh [dphr# pripin`h*{d `d tj

{dphr an`dvdn`dnpd# nëh ohudrnijdnpic# khj od{pëh vrûvrai d {dj ean{

ctkripauh{# i eaj `d {tvdrir i{ eicmi{ `da}i`i{ vdch ohudrnh# odrin`h bdn{ d

{druaïh{ vübcakh{ viri it}êcah `i{ rd{hctïôd{ `h{ vrhbcdji{ {hkaia{.

Vhráj# vhr jia{ ytd h d{pi{ dnpa`i`d{ nëh ua{dj h ctkrh# á tji eicmiikmir ytd {hjdnpd h vrajdarh d h {dotn`h {dphrd{ hvdrij khj `anmdarh# khjh

{d h pdrkdarh {dphr vt`d{{d {d ib{pdr `d{pd rdktr{h# khnpt`h# i `aedrdnïi á ytd

d{pd {dphr hvdri `anmdarh vraui`h ni eanica`i`d `d tpaca|é*ch viri ean{ vübcakh{. 

D}a{pdj kankh iprabtph{ d{prtptria{ ht hvdrikahnia{ ytd `a{panotdj i{

hroina|iïôd{ `h Pdrkdarh [dphr `d htprh{ pavh{ `d an{paptaïôd{ {hkaia{# {ëh dcd{<

{ëh an{paptaïôd{ ehrjicjdnpd khn{paptê`i{# khj tj nêudc `d ehrjica|iïëh `d

rdori{ d vrhkd`ajdnph{. [ti d{prtptri bé{aki á nëh ohudrnijdnpic# {ëh

vraui`i{ d nëh {ëh caoi`i{ an{paptkahnicjdnpd i ohudrnh{. Rdica|ij {ti vrûvrai

od{pëh# nëh {dn`h khnprhci`i{ d}pdrnijdnpd. Nëh pdj vhr hbldpauh h ctkrh# ht

{dli# nëh pdj ean{ ctkripauh{ d h{ d}kd`dnpd{ eaninkdarh{ `dudj {dr

rdanud{pa`h{ anpdoricjdnpd ni hroina|iïëh# icáj `d nëh vh`dr `a{prabtar

`aua`dn`h{ `d ctkrh{ ih{ {dt{ `araodnpd{. D vhr eaj# pdj khjh orin`d

kirikpdrê{paki h pribicmh uhctnpérah d nëh rdjtndri`h. -[ICIJHN %

INMDADR# 911?!. Tji `deanaïëh `d Khdcmh -2666!# ei| tji {ênpd{d ih viréorieh inpdrahr<

Pdrkdarh [dphr á tj khnltnph `d hroina|iïôd{ {hkaia{ vraui`i{# {dj ean{

ctkripauh{# khj iptiïëh uhcpi`i ih ipdn`ajdnph `i{ ndkd{{a`i`d{ `d

{dojdnph{ `i vhvtciïëh# ua{in`h h bdj khjtj. 

Viri Kinphn -2662!# h Pdrkdarh [dphr ajvcaki<

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...dj tj khnltnph `d anakaipaui{ vraui`i{ khj ean{ vübcakh{. I{{aj#

rdvrd{dnpi# `dnprh `d pic khnltnptri# tj d{viïh `d virpakaviïëh d

d}vdrajdnpiïëh `d nhuh{ jh`h{ `d vdn{ir d ioar {hbrd i rdica`i`d

{hkaic. Á h {troajdnph `d tji d{edri vübcaki nëh*d{pipic d `d

anakaipaui{ vraui`i{ nh {dnpa`h vübcakh. Bt{ki khjvrhjdpdr ohudrnh d{hkad`i`d kauac vhr jdah `d nhuh{ d{viïh{ d kinia{ `d anpdrchktïëh.

I{ Hroina|iïôd{ `h Pdrkdarh [dphr ivrd{dnpij tji ua{ëh uhcpi`i ih{

khjvrhja{{h{ d rd{vhn{ibaca`i`d{ {hkaia{. An{vari`i vdci `ded{i `d uichrd{

khjh< ankct{ëh -ctpi khnpri yticytdr pavh `d d}kct{ëh!# bdj khjtj# rd{vdaph

i{ `aedrdnïi{# a{dnïëh vhcêpakh*virpa`érai# hroina|iïëh `i {hkad`i`d kauac#

djvdnmh phpic `h ktjvrajdnph `h{ `dudrd{ khjh khnprivirpa`i d{{dnkaic `i

d}aoìnkai `d `ardaph{ ytd jdcmhrdj i ytica`i`d `d ua`i `i vhvtciïëh.

Ni{ vrankavia{ eaotri{ `h Pdrkdarh [dphr {d kipdohra|ij uérah{ pavh{ `d

hroina|iïôd{# dj ytd {d `d{pikij< Jt{dt{# hrytd{pri{# d{khci{#

tnaudr{a`i`d{# hroina|iïôd{ `d d`tkiïëh viri i`tcph{# an{paptaïôd{ `d

vd{yta{i# hroina|iïôd{ `d {iü`d# {druaïh{ mtjinh{# ijbadnpd d rdktr{h{

niptria{# `d{dnuhcuajdnph chkic# hroina|iïôd{ `d `d{dnuhcuajdnph

anpdrnikahnic# hroina|iïëh `h{ `ardaph{ mtjinh{# i{{hkaiïôd{ `d ei|dn`darh{

rtria{# hroina|iïôd{ rdcaoah{i{# etn`iïôd{# dpk -[ICIJHN % INMDADR# 911?!. Jd`ainpd d{pi hb{druiïëh vdrkdbd*{d ytëh ibrinodnpd á d{pd {dphr# nëh

eakin`h rd{praph ivdni{ i vhtki{ dnpa`i`d{ khjh jtaph{ ajioanij.

Jtaph {d eici dj Pdrkdarh [dphr# `d {ti duhctïëh# ajvhrpânkai d

`d{dnuhcuajdnph# nh dnpinph kibd rdoa{prir ytd viri `d{djvdnmir h {dt

vivdc# d{pi{ dnpa`i`d vrdka{ij `h ivhah `d icai`h{. Ian`i mhld h Pdrkdarh {dphr

uaud h `d{ieah `i {t{pdnpibaca`i`d# `i `dvdn`ìnkai `h{ {dphrd{ vübcakh{ dvraui`h{.

Nd{pd {dnpa`h# i{ An{paptaïôd{ [dj Ean{ Ctkripauh{ ndkd{{apij `d tji

d{pripáoai `d cduinpijdnph `d etn`h{. I ehnpd `d {dt `anmdarh á h ytd jia{ i{

`aedrdnkai `i{ djvrd{i{ `h ohudrnh. Tji djvrd{i cduinpi `anmdarh udn`dn`h

ih {dt kcadnpd# h ohudrnh khbri ajvh{ph{. I an{paptaïëh `dud cduinpir rdktr{h{

`d `hi`hrd{. -@RTKGDR # 911?!.

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4

Icáj `h orin`d `d{ieah `h rdktr{h# ian`i á vh{{êudc inica{ir dj tji

orin`d virpd `d{pi{ an{paptaïôd{ uérah{ vrhbcdji{ `d d{prtptri odrdnkaic khjh

it{ìnkai ht eicmi `d vcindlijdnph d{pripáoakh# nh jirgdpano d ni

khjtnakiïëh# h ytd ikirrdpi `audr{i{ `aeaktc`i`d{ khjh< a`dnpa`i`d

hroina|ikahnic khnet{i# hbldpauh{ jic `deana`h{# eicpi `d khnmdkajdnph#

khnet{ëh dnprd edrrijdnpi{ `d jirgdpano# vrhvioin`i d vtbcaka`i`d#

anud{pajdnph{ jic {tkd`a`h{# jëh `d hbri nëh yticaeaki`i# and}a{pìnkai `d

vcinh `d khjtnakiïëh d eicmi ni khjtnakiïëh khj h ohudrnh d khj h{

{pigdmhc`dr{.

2 Jirgdpano# Jirgdpano [hkaic d Jirgdpano viri Pdrkdarh [dphr

 

2.9. Khnkdaptin`h Jirgdpano

Ipticjdnpd i d}vrd{{ëh Jirgdpano udj {dn`h ijvcijdnpd tpaca|i`i dj

ph`h{ h{ nêuda{ `i {hkad`i`d# vhráj# h d}iph {aonaeaki`h `h pdrjh ian`i odri

icotn{ dytêuhkh{ d dnoinh{ ytinph ih {dt t{h d khnkdaph# h ytd `d{pi ehrji

 lt{paeaki icotji{ khnkdaptiïôd{.

Viri Ghpcdr d Irj{prhno -2666!# h Jirgdpano á h vrhkd{{h vdch ytic h{

an`auê`th{ d ortvh{ hbpìj h ytd ndkd{{apij d `d{dlij ipriuá{ `i kraiïëh d

prhki `d vrh`tph{ d `d uichr tn{ khj h{ htprh{.

Cduin`h dj khn{a`driïëh d{{i `deanaïëh# hb{drui*{d h eiph `h

Jirgdpano d{pir `ardpijdnpd irrhci`h ih vrhkd{{h `d prhki# ipriuá{ `h yticdnkhnprijh{ pinph h anpdrd{{d `i{ djvrd{i{ dj hedrdkdr {dt{ vrh`tph{ ht

{druaïh{ viri {dt{ kcadnpd{# ytinph pijbáj h anpdrd{{d `i{ vd{{hi{(kcadnpd{

dj i`ytarar h{ vrh`tph{ ht {druaïh{ `i{ djvrd{i{.

Htpri `deanaïëh `a| ytd< h Jirgdpano á h vrhkd{{h `d vcindlijdnph d

d}dktïëh `d kraiïëh# d{pibdcdkajdnph `d vrdïh# vrhjhïëh d `a{prabtaïëh `d

a`áai{# vrh`tph{ d {druaïh{ viri krair anpdrkâjbah{ ytd arëh {ipa{ei|dr i{

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5

ndkd{{a`i`d{ `h an`auê`th d `i hroina|iïëh -IJDRAKIN JIRGDPANO

I[[HKAIPAHN!.

Ian`i {dotn`h Ghpcdr d Irj{prhno -2660!# h bhj Jirgdpano á d{{dnkaic

viri h {tkd{{h `d ph`i i hroina|iïëh# {dli dci orin`d ht vdytdni# khj ht

{dj ean{ ctkripauh{# nikahnic ht ochbic. Vha{ dj {dt t{h d{{i{ djvrd{i{

oinmij uinpiodj khjvdpapaui# æ jd`a`i ytd khjvrddn`dj jdcmhr i{

ndkd{{a`i`d{ d `d{dlh{ `d tj jdrki`h*icuh bdj `deana`h d t{ij d{{i

khjvrddn{ëh viri hedrdkdr tji {ipa{eiïëh {tvdrahr i d{{d{ kcadnpd{. 

2.2. Khnkdaptin`h Jirgdpano [hkaic

H pdrjh Jirgdpano [hkaic khjdïht i {dr t{i`h dj 91?9# viri d}vhr h

t{h `d etn`ijdnph{ d páknaki{ `d Jirgdpano viri i vrhjhïëh kit{i{# a`áai{

ht khjvhrpijdnph{ {hkaia{.

Ipticjdnpd á ua{êudc i `audr{a`i`d `d {aonaeaki`h{ rdcikahni`h{ ih pdrjh

Jirgdpano [hkaic# odrin`h jtapi{ ud|d{ khnet{ëh nh {dt t{h. Khnpt`h#

djbhri h khnkdaph `d Jirgdpano [hkaic uirad bi{pinpd# uicd {icadnpir h khnkdaph

`d Ghpcdr ivt` Icbtytdrytd -2665!# ytd `a|< H Jirgdpano [hkaic pripi `i

jh`ica`i`d `d iïëh jdrki`hcûoaki an{paptkahnic ytd pdj vhr hbldpauh `d iïëh

ipdntir ht dcajanir vrhbcdji{ {hkaia{ d kirìnkai{ `i {hkad`i`d dj ytd{pôd{

khjh {iü`d vübcaki# pribicmh# d`tkiïëh# mibapiïëh# prin{vhrpd d ntpraïëh.

Htpri `deanaïëh `a| ytd< d{pd pavh `d Jirgdpano pdj tj hbldpauh jiahr#

ytd á i prin{ehrjiïëh# á {dr tj iodnpd `d jt`inïi `d khjvhrpijdnph# tji

edrrijdnpi `djhkrépaki d deakadnpd ytd ivcaki h{ vrankêvah{ d khnkdaph{ `hjirgdpano `d jh`h i krair d htphroir jiahr uichr {hkaic æ vrhvh{pi {hkaic#

odrin`h khn`aïôd{ viri ytd {d khn{prti tj vrhkd{{h `d rdecd}ëh# virpakaviïëh

d jt`inïi {hkaic -IPTKMI ivt` [KMAIUH!.

Nh Bri{ac# h pdrjh Jirgdpano [hkaic á khjtjdnpd dnpdn`a`h khjh iïôd{

d d{pripáoai{ rdica|i`i{ vhr `dpdrjani`i{ djvrd{i{# ytd bt{kij h jdcmhr

`d{djvdnmh `h {a{pdji `d Jirgdpano i{{hkain`h {ti jirki æ{ kit{i{

{hkaia{. Ua{in`h ipriuá{ `d{pi{ iïôd{ ipanoar hbldpauh{ khjh< jdcmhrir i

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vdrehrjinkd hroina|ikahnic# ipriuá{ `i jdcmhri `d {ti ajiodj d `h vh{{êudc

itjdnph `i ea`dca`i`d `d {dt{ kcadnpd{# icáj `d khcibhrir viri virpakaviïëh

{hkaic.

Dj rdedrìnkai i d{pi ua{ëh# uicd kapir Jdch Ndph -2666!# ytin`h h

jd{jh `deand h jirgdpano {hkaic khjh<

Tji jh`ica`i`d `d jirgdpano vrhjhkahnic# ytd pdj khjh hbldpauh

`autcoir i{ iïôd{ {hkaia{ `d tji djvrd{i `d jh`h ytd dci hbpdnmi

i vrdedrìnkai `h{ khn{tja`hrd{# h rd{vdaph `h{ kcadnpd{# i i`jariïëh

`h{ etnkahnérah{# i {ipa{eiïëh `h{ ikahna{pi{ d h rdkhnmdkajdnph `i

khjtna`i`d.

H{ khnkdaph{ ikaji rdcikahni`h{ ivhnpij ytd d}a{pdj `ti{ ua{ôd{

`audrodnpd{ rdedrdnpd{ ih pdrjh Jirgdpano [hkaic# hn`d tj d{pirai jia{ ehki`h

ni{ iïôd{ {hkaia{ d h htprh ni{ iïôd{ djvrd{iraia{.

2.;. Khnkdaptin`h Jirgdpano viri h Pdrkdarh [dphr

D}a{pd viri jtaph{ tji a`áai dnoinh{i `d ytd {hjdnpd i{hroina|iïôd{ khj ean{ ctkripauh{ ndkd{{apij `d d{pripáoai{ `d Jirgdpano.

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pijbáj vrdka{ij {d vrdhktvir khj i ajiodj# vrankavicjdnpd viri ytd h{

anud{pa`hrd{ {hkaia{# h{ viprhkani`hrd{# h{ khcibhri`hrd{ d i khjtna`i`d dj

odric# vh{{ij uhcpir æ ipdnïëh viri dcd{ d dnpdn`drdj i ajvhrpânkai `d

khnprabtêrdj khj {ti{ kit{i{.

@d{pi ehrji h Jirgdpano viri h Pdrkdarh [dphr ivirdkd khjh tji

edrrijdnpi ytd ilt`irai ni vrhjhïëh `d bhi{ a`áai{ `d{pi{ an{paptaïôd{#

vrhvhrkahnin`h ipriuá{ `d {ti{ iïôd{ khnmdkajdnph d khn{kadnpa|iïëh `i

{hkad`i`d.

[dotn`h Ghpcdr -91?=!# H Jirgdpano nh Pdrkdarh [dphr á pëh {hjdnpd h

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phrnir vübcaki {ti{ a`áai{# irrdki`ir etn`h{ viri {dt{ vrhldph{ {hkaia{ d viri

pdnpir jt`ir khjvhrpijdnph{ `d vd{{hi{ `ainpd `d tji kit{i {hkaic

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H Jirgdpano uhcpi`h i d{pd {dphr nëh pdj dj ua{pi `ardpijdnpd h{ ean{

ctkripauh{# ji{ {aj ivrd{dnpi khjh hbldpauh vrankavic vrhjhudr d kmijir i

ipdnïëh viri d{{i{ an{paptaïôd{# jh{prin`h i {drad`i`d `d {ti{ iïôd{# viri

i{{aj khn{dotar ytd {dt vübcakh*icuh {d anpdrd{{d vhr {ti{ vrépaki{.

; Ajvhrpânkai `i{ Iïôd{ `d Jirgdpano viri h Pdrkdarh [dphr<

Ivcakiïëh d Deakaìnkai

H Jirgdpano á tji edrrijdnpi jtaph t{i`i d khnmdka`i nh jdrki`h.

[dt hbldpauh á dnpdn`a`h ni iptica`i`d khjh tji iïëh `ardpijdnpd

rdcikahni`i æ vrhjhïëh# i ajiodj d h itjdnph `i vrh`tpaua`i`d. Nh dnpinpha{{h nëh á pt`h# icáj `a{{h# d{{i üpac edrrijdnpi vh`d {dr djvrdoi`i khjh

tji icpdrnipaui khjvdpdnpd viri iodnkair d vrhjhudr h bdj {hkaic.

[dotn`h Icbtytdrytd -2665!# h jtn`h ochbica|i`h vd`d tji ajiodj

`aedrdnkai`i# vha{ nh Bri{ac d nh jtn`h d}a{pdj jacmird{ `d hroina|iïôd{ `h

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jirgdpano i{ phrni khnkhrrdnpd{ dnprd {a.

Orin`d virpd `h krd{kajdnph `h Pdrkdarh [dphr nh{ ücpajh{ inh{ {d`dud æ{ d{pripáoai{ `d jirgdpano. H khnkdaph `d tji djvrd{i á

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edrrijdnpi{ {ëh i{ jd{ji{< d{pripáoai{# vcinh{ `d iïëh# `aionû{pakh{ dpk

-mppv<((pdrkdarh*{dphr.aneh(jh{(uadw(!.

Viri tji ivcakiïëh deakadnpd `h jirgdpano nh Pdrkdarh [dphr á

ndkd{{érah i tpaca|iïëh `d tj vcindlijdnph d{pripáoakh jirgdpano. Viri Phrrd{

-2664!# á ndkd{{érah {dotar vi{{h{ bé{akh{ khjh< `aionû{pakh `h jikrh djakrh ijbadnpd# icanmijdnph `i a`dnpa`i`d hroina|ikahnic# d{pt`h `h khjvh{ph

`d jirgdpano# `deanaïëh `d hbldpauh{ d d{pripáoai{# `deanaïëh `d tj vcinh `d

iïëh d `d{dnuhcuajdnph `d khnprhcd{ d vrhkd{{h{.

Viri Icbtytdrytd -2665!# tj bhj vcinh `d jirgdpano {hkaic `dud {dotar

i{ {dotanpd{ dpivi{< inéca{d `h ijbadnpd# `d{dnuhcuajdnph `h vrh`tph {hkaic#

d{pibdcdkajdnph `d hbldpauh{# `deanaïëh `d d{pripáoai{# `deanaïëh `d d{pripáoai{

`d khjtnakiïëh d jhnaphrijdnph d iuicaiïëh `i{ ipaua`i`d{.

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I virpar `h t{h vcindli`h `d{{i{ iïôd{ `d jirgdpano á vh{{êudc nhpir

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vübcakh{ d{pripáoakh{# ehkh nh ”kcadnpd‑# jiahr khnprhcd d jhnaphrijdnph `h

vrhkd{{h `d khjtnakiïëh# rikahnica|iïëh `d rdktr{h{.

Nh ytd {d rdedrd ih vcinh `d jirgdpano caoi`h i khjtnakiïëh `dud*{d

inica{ir ytd tji jd{ji vd{{hi vh`dré {dr ajvikpi`i vhr uérai{ pépaki{

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{hjipûrai `d ph`h{ d{pd{ ajvikph{. @iê i ajvhrpânkai `h vcindlijdnph `i iïëh

* h ytd `a|dr# i ytdj `a|dr# ytin`h `a|dr# khj ytd erdyóìnkai# `d ytd ehrji#

vhr ytd jdah `d khjtnakiïëh# dnprd htpri{. Pijbáj# `dud*{d cdjbrir ytd

vh`djh{ nh{ khjtnakir khj hbldpauh{ `aedrdnpd{# dj jhjdnph{ `aedrdnpd{.

Icotji{ an{paptaïôd{ `h Pdrkdarh [dphr# jiahrd{ d jia{ inpaoi{# ni {ti

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`hiïôd{. Ph`iuai i rdica`i`d á `audr{i viri i jiahr virpd `i{ hroina|iïôd{ `h

Pdrkdarh [dphr nh Bri{ac.

Khn{a`drin`h h jirgdpano viri h Pdrkdarh [dphr# vdrkdbdr*{d ytd dcd

vh`d khcibhrir viri i {t{pdnpibaca`i`d `d{pi{ an{paptaïôd{# vha{ i tpaca|iïëh

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hroina|iïôd{# khn{dotan`h {dn{abaca|ir jt`inïi{ `d khjvhrpijdnph# ipapt`d{

d vrépaki{# icáj `d ipriar jia{ vd{{hi{ ytd vh{{ij pribicmi{ d ctpir ltnph{vdci jd{ji kit{i. Htprh eiphr `d khcibhriïëh á h `d{dnuhcuajdnph `d tji

{t{pdnpibaca`i`d eaninkdari# vhr jdah `i{ d{pripáoai{ `d jhbaca|iïëh `d

rdktr{h{# virkdrai{ khj djvrd{i{ d {hkad`i`d khjh tj ph`h.

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Khnkct{ëh

Ivd{ir `h vhpdnkaic {tkd{{h `h t{h `h jirgdpano nh Pdrkdarh [dphr#

ian`i {ëh dnkhnpri`i{ jtapi{ `aeaktc`i`d{ viri vhr dj vrépaki d{{iedrrijdnpi. Vrhbcdji{ khjh an{pibaca`i`d eaninkdari# it{ìnkai `d

vcindlijdnph d eicpi `d khnmdkajdnph nd{pd {dphr {ëh icotn{ `d{ieah{ ytd

`dudj {dr dnerdnpi`h{ viri h jirgdpano vh`dr ioar khjh tji pépaki deakadnpd.

I{ hroina|iïôd{ `h pdrkdarh {dphr `dudj bt{kir tpaca|ir i{ edrrijdnpi{

`d jirgdpano viri ipanoar hbldpauh{ khjh< bt{kir nhuh{ virkdarh{ d `hi`hrd{#

rdkrtpir uhctnpérah{# anehrjir {hbrd h in`ijdnph `i{ ipaua`i`d{# itjdnpir h

dnuhcuajdnph `h{ bdndeakaérah{ d `d {ti{ eijêcai{# vrd{pir khnpi{ æ {hkad`i`d#

d i{{aj khcibhrir viri h `d{dnuhcuajdnph `d{pd {dphr.

Rdedrdnkaic Babcahoréeakh

ICBTYTDRYTD# Inpðnah Kirch{ Kirndarh `d. Pdrkdarh [dphr< ma{pûrai d

od{pëh ̀ d hroina|iïôd{. [ëh Vitch< [tjjt{# 2665. KINPHN# Inpðnai Jira{i. Dudnph{< Edrrijdnpi `d {t{pdnpiïëh viri

i{ hroina|iïôd{ `h pdrkdarh {dphr. [ëh Vitch<Rhki# 2662.

KHDCMH# [ajhnd `d Ki{prh P. Pdrkdarh {dphr< tj d{pt`h khjviri`h

dnprd h Bri{ac d h{ D{pi`h{ Tna`h{. [ëh Vitch< D`aphri [dnik# 2662.

@RTKGDR# Vdpdr Edr`anin`. I`jana{priïëh dj hroinia|iïôd{ {dj ean{

ctkripauh{< vrankêvah{ d vrépaki{. [ëh Vitch< Vahndari# 911?.

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Ikd{{h dj 96 `d jirïh `d 2699.

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GHPCDR# Vmacav d IRJ[PRHNO# Oirq. Vrankêvah{ `h jirgdpano. [ëh

Vitch< vrdnpakd Micc# 266;.

GHPCDR# Vmacav d IRJ[PRHNO# Oirq. Anprh`tïëh ih jirgdpano. [ëh

Vitch< vrdnpakd Micc# 2666. GHPCDR# Vmacav. Jirgdpano viri hroina|iïôd{ ytd nëh ua{ij h ctkrh.

Pri`tïëh `d M. `d Birrh{. Rdua{ëh páknaki d vrdeékah æ d`aïëh bri{acdari

-`d! Rtbdn{ `i Kh{pi [inph{. [ëh Vitch< Ipci{# 91?=.

JDCH NDPH# Erinka{kh Vitch `d. Jirgdpano `d viprhkênah. Rah `d

Lindarh< [vranp# 2666.

JDNDOMDPPA# [qcuai Bhltnoi. Khjtnakiïëh d Jirgdpano< ei|dn`h i

`aedrdnïi nh `ai*i*`ai `d hroina|iïôd{ `i {hkad`i`d kauac. [ëh Vitch<

Ochbic# 2669 -khcdïëh Od{pëh d {t{pdnpibaca`i`d!.

[ICIJHN# Cd{pdr % INMDAR# Mdcjtp# `a{vhnêudc dj<

mppv<((www.etn`ipi.hro.br(Irpaoh{> Ikd{{h dj< 96 `d jirïh `d 2699.

[KMAIUH# Jirkah Rta|. Khnkdaph d duhctïëh `h jirgdpano {hkaic. [ëh

Vitch# 9111.

UHCPHCANA# Rakir`h. Pdrkdarh [dphr< vcindlijdnph d od{pëh. [ëh

Vitch< D`aphri [dnik# 2660.