Implantação do CPFR em Varejo - Técnicas de Operação em Supply Chain

7/22/2019 Implantao do CPFR em Varejo - Tcnicas de Operao em Supply Chain

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RKF\BW_FCACB CB _M TARHMB_OMHA CB BKIBKNAWFA CB _M OAWHM_ - BB_OCBTAWSAEBKSM CB BKIBKNAWFA CB TWMCRM

YAIKBW HRF_ GMWIB_

REA AKHF_B CA FETHAKSAM CB OTLW BE BETWB_A_ CB\AWB@M

_m Oarhms7411


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YAIKBW HRF_ GMWIB_

REA AKHF_B KA FETHAKSAM CM OTLW BE BETWB_A_ CB\AWB@M

Cfssbrtam aprbsbktaca a Bsomha cb Bkibknarfa cb_m Oarhms ca Rkfvbrsfcacb cb _m Tauhm paramgtbkm cb ebstrb be Bkibknarfa cb Trmcum

rba cb Omkobktram0 Trmobssms b Ibstm cb Mpbrabs

Mrfbktacmr0 Trml. Cr. Earobh Akcrbmttf Eusbttf

_m Oarhms

7411


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ARSMWFPM A WBTWMCRM B CF\RHIAM SMSAH MR TAWOFAH CB_SB SWAGAHNM,TMW QRAHQRBW EBFM OMK\BKOFMKAH MR BHBSWKFOM, TAWA LFK_ CB B_SRCM BTB_QRF_A, CB_CB QRB OFSACA A LMKSB.

Lfona oatahmirlfoa prbparaca pbha _bm cb Srataebktmca Fklmream cm _brvfm cb Gfghfmtboa BB_O/R_T

Gmribs, Yaikbr Hufs.G9?7p Rea akhfsb ka fephaktam cm OTLW be beprbsas cb

varb`m. / Yaikbr Hufs Gmribs : mrfbktacmr EarobhAkcrbmttf Eusbttf. _m Oarhms, 7411.

Cfssbrtam (Ebstracm - Trmiraea cb Ts-Iracuambe Bkibknarfa cb Trmcum b rba cb Omkobktram beTrmobssms b Ibstm cb Mpbrabs)-- Bsomha cbBkibknarfa cb _m Oarhms ca Rkfvbrsfcacb cb _m Tauhm,7411.

1. Oacbfa cb suprfebktms. 7. OTLW. ?. Omhagmramka oacbfa cb suprfebktms. F. Stuhm.


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Lmhna cb @uhiaebktm

Oakcfcatm0 YAIKBW HRF_ GMWIB_

Stuhm ca Cfssbrtam0 Rea akhfsb ka fephaktam cm OTLW be beprbsas cb varb`m

Cata ca Cblbsa0 7?/46/7411


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Cbcfom bstb tragahnm qubhbs qub eb mlbrbobrae m auxhfm b emtfvam para a rbahfzam cbstb, efkna laehfa, efknas lfhnas, efkna qubrfca b aeaca bspmsa Acrfaka, b be bspbofah am

ebu paf cb gbrm, aefim, tfm, pacrfknm b omksbhnbfrm cb sbeprb, Burpbcbs Earfkf.


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AIWACBOFEBKSM_

Am Trml. Cr. Earobh Akcrbmttf Eusbttf pbhm tbepm, cbcfoam b mrfbktam ca bhagmram

cbstb tragahnm.

BB_O pbha mpmrtukfcacb earavfhnmsa qub tfvb cb omkvfvbr ome uea bstrutura aoacefoa cb

quahfcacb, ome bxobhbktb supmrtb ams ps-iracuakcms.

s efknas lfhnas Akka Hvfa, Has Orfstfka, b a efkna bspmsa Acrfaka Wbifka qub smugbrae

eb apmfar kms emebktms cb fksbiuraka, sbkcm bhas a eafmr emtfvam pbssmah para a

rbahfzam cbstb.

Am ebu paf cb orfam b aefim Burpbcbs Earfkf, pbhm sbu apmfm bemofmkah, sbeprb eb

bkomra`akcm b apmfakcm a sbiufr be lrbktb.

Ams prmlbssmrbs cas cfsofphfkas qub bu rbahfzbf, b qub lmrae cb eufta vahfa para cblfkfm cm

tbea cm ebu tragahnm.

Am Lgfm Iubrrfkf b a Wmsakb Ahoktara, pmr tbrbe aobftacm sbrbe partb cbssa nfstrfa, b

partfofpacm ca gakoa cb quahflfoam b cb cblbsa, ome mrfbktabs qub lmrae lukcaebktafs

para a efkna eaturfcacb.

Ams aefims Sahbs, Hfkomhk b Ibob pbhm lmrtb apmfm be emebktm cbofsfvm b euftm fepmrtaktb

cbstb tragahnm.

Cbcfom taege am Lagrofm Iarofa b a Sbhea Wmcrfiubs, pmr tbrbe eb prmpmrofmkacm

omkcfbs cb auskofa cas atfvfcacbs prmlfssfmkafs quakcm kbobssrfm para cbcfoar-eb am

ebstracm.

efknas ebs Bcftn Gmribs (eatbrka) b @brkfea Aparbofca Earfkf (av), pbha vfca b

atbkm.

Aofea cb tucm, a CBR_ pmr tbr eb omkobcfcm tmcms ms cfas a sacb kbobssrfa para a

omkohusm cms ebus mg`btfvms aoacefoms.


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?

WB_REM

GMWIB_, Y.G. REA AKHF_B KA FETHAKSAM CM OTLW BE BETWB_A_ CB\AWB@M. 7411. Cfssbrtam (Ebstracm)Bsomha cb Bkibknarfa, Rkfvbrsfcacb cb _m Tauhm,_m Oarhms, 7411.

A ibstm ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms, suas omephbxfcacbs b ms cbsalfms rbhaofmkacms fktbram

bktrb ms bhms, qub sm lmreacms ibrahebktb pmr beprbsas cb ouhturas b bstruturas cflbrbktbs,

trazbe cbsalfms quaktm fktbram cbssbs bhms. Ahiueas fkfofatfvas cb ibstm ca oacbfa cb

suprfebktms, ome omkobftms cb omhagmram sm utfhfzacas, ome prmpsftm cb mlbrbobr eafmr

fktbram am hmkim ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms. Rea cbssas fkfofatfvas cbkmefkaca OTLW,prmpb uea omkobpm omhagmratfva kas atfvfcacbs cb phakb`aebktm, prbvfsm b rbpmsfm, b

vbe sbkcm acmtaca bktrb varb`ms b lmrkbobcmrbs. _bus rbsuhtacms, suas vaktaibks, suas

garrbfras b ms prmobssms para a sua fephaktam atravs cb uea ebtmcmhmifa acmtaca pbha

\FO_ sm bxpmstms, bktrbtaktm, pmuom sb tbe bvfcbkofacm kbstbs tragahnms a rbham quaktm

eaturfcacb kbobssrfa para fephaktar uea atfvfcacb omhagmratfva ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms

varb`fsta. A omhagmram tahvbz bxf`a bslmrms qub pmcbe sbr omkstftucms ahe cas qubstbs

bstruturafs cb uea mriakfzam. Bstb tragahnm tbe omem mg`btfvm prmpmr uea avahfam cbstbsaspbotms omhagmratfvms ka fephaktam cm OTLW. Tara fssm, m tbea OTLW b a omkobpm ca

omhagmram ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms lmrae rbvfsacms b lmrae utfhfzacms euhtf-oasms cb usm

mkcb m OTLW lmf fephaktacm km varb`m grasfhbfrm. Ms rbsuhtacms mgtfcms pmr bssbs bstucms cb

oasms apmktae eafmrbs cflfouhcacbs ams aspbotms ca omhagmram bxfifcms ka fephaktam cm

OTLW mu curaktb bha, cm qub ms aspbotms bstruturafs mu tbokmhifoms. Assfe, m bktbkcfebktm

cbssbs aspbotms omhagmratfvms be usm ome a ebtmcmhmifa gasbaca km emcbhm ca \FO_ mu

quahqubr mutra beprbiaca, bvfcbkofa qub m bktbkcfebktm cms aspbotms omhagmratfvms am

fephaktar m OTLW kas beprbsas cb varb`m ue fepmrtaktb apmfm am prmobssm cb fephaktam.

Tahavras Onavb0 Oacbfa cb _uprfebktms: Omhagmram ka Oacbfa cb _uprfebktms: OTLW


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AG_SWAOS

GMWIB_, YG.A WB\FBY ML SNB FETHBEBKSASFMK ML WBSAFH GR_FKB__ FKOTLW. 7411. Snbsfs (EA) - _onmmh ml Bkifkbbrfki, Rkfvbrsfty ml _m Tauhm, _m Oarhms,7411.

Snb eakaibebkt ml tnb supphy onafk, fts omephbxftfbs akc onahhbkibs rbhatbc tm tnb fktbraotfmkgbtwbbk tnb hfkjs, wnfon arb usuahhy lmrebc gy omepakfbs lrme cfllbrbkt ouhturbs akcstruoturbs, grfki onahhbkibs tm tnb fktbraotfmk ml tnbsb hfkjs. _meb fkftfatfvbs fk supphy onafk

eakaibebkt wftn omhhagmratfmk omkobpts arb usbc, wftn tnb purpmsb ml prmvfcfki irbatbrfktbraotfmk ahmki tnb supphy onafk. Mkb suon fkftfatfvb oahhbc OTLW, wb prmpmsb a cbsfik fkomhhagmratfvb phakkfki, lmrboastfki akc rbphbkfsnebkt, akc nas gbbk acmptbc gbtwbbk rbtafhbrsakc supphfbrs. Snbfr rbsuhts, fts acvaktaibs, fts prmobssbs akc garrfbrs tm fts fephbebktatfmktnrmuin a ebtnmcmhmiy acmptbc gy \FO_ arb bxpmsbc, nmwbvbr, hftthb nas gbbk bvfcbkobcfk tnbsb stucfbs tnb rbhatfmksnfp fk tbres ml eaturfty rbqufrbc tm cbphmy a omhhagmratfvb aotfvftyfk tnb rbtafh supphy onafk. Snb omhhagmratfmk eay rbqufrb bllmrts tnat oak gb eacb fk accftfmktm struoturah fssubs wftnfk ak mriakfzatfmk. Snfs wmrj afes tm prmpmsb a omhhagmratfvbbvahuatfmk ml tnbsb aspbots fk tnb fephbebktatfmk ml OTLW. Lmr tnfs, tnb tnbeb akc cbsfik

OTLW omhhagmratfmk fk tnb supphy onafk navb gbbk rbvfbwbc akc wbrb usbc euhtf-usb oasbswnbrb OTLW nas gbbk cbphmybc fk Grazfhfak rbtafh. Snb rbsuhts ml tnbsb oasb stucfbs pmfkt tmtnb emst cfllfouht aspbots ml omhhagmratfmk rbqufrbc fk tnb fephbebktatfmk ml OTLW mr curfkinbr tnak struoturah mr tbonkmhmifoah aspbots. Snus, tnb ukcbrstakcfki ml tnbsb aspbots fk usbwftn tnb omhhagmratfvb ebtnmcmhmiy gasbc mk tnb emcbh ml \FO_ mr aky mtnbr bephmybb,snmws tnat tnb ukcbrstakcfki ml tnb omhhagmratfvb aspbots wnbk cbphmyfki OTLW fk rbtafh

gusfkbssbs fs ak fepmrtakt suppmrt tnb cbphmyebkt prmobss.

Jbywmrcs0 _upphy Onafk, _upphy Onafk Omhhagmratfmk, OTLW


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HF_SA CB LFIRWA_

Lfiura 1Kvbfs cb Omhagmram ka Oacbfa cb _uprfebktmsLmktb0 Garratt (7443)........................ 76

Lfiura 7 - Aspbotms Omhagmram ka Oacbfa cb _uprfebktmsLmktb0 Garratt (7443).......................... ?1

Lfiura ?Fktbiram cms Kvbfs ca OmhagmramLmktb0 Garratt (7447)........................................... ?7

Lfiura 3Ofkom Omkbxbs _fstbea KbiofmsLmktb0 Euojstact bt ah. 7441................................... ??

Lfiura 2 - Emcbhm Omkobftuah OmhagmramLmktb0 Efk bt ah. 7442.................................................. ?3

Lfiura

Lfiura >Fktbrabs km BCFLmktb 0 Ebc`anbc bt ah. 744?.............................................................. 34

Lfiura 6 - Cfairaea Emcbhm OTLWLmktb0 (\FO_ 7414)Acaptacm pbhm Autmr............................ 24

Lfiura 14- Lhuxm ka Oacbfa _uprfebktm \arb`fstaLmktb0 Lhfbckbr, 744?......................................... 2?

Lfiura 11- Atfvfcacbs kms prmobssms cb OTLW - \FO_ - lmktb0 Cakbsb, 7449..................................... 2?Lfiura 17 - Trmobssms cb OTLW - Lmktb0 Cbrrmufonb bt ah, 744>Acaptacm pbhm Autmr..................... 22

Lfiura 1? Emcbhm OTLW \FO_Acaptacm pbhm Autmr cb \FO_ (7414)Iufcbhfkb7443................ 2Aspbotms omhagmratfvms akahfsacmsBstucm cb oasm O..................................................... >2

Lfiura 16 - Omeparam Aspbotm Omhagmratfvms cms Oasms................................................................. >

_REWFM

1 _uerfm1 - FKSWMCRM............................................................................................................................... 13

1.1 Mg`btfvm................................................................................................................................. 1

7.?.1 _fstbea cb Fktbroegfm cb Fklmreabs - BCF.............................................................. ?>

7.?.7 Trtfoa b Fkfofatfva cm \EF........................................................................................... 31

7.?.? Trtfoa b Fkfofatfva cm OW (Wbpmsfm Omktkua).......................................................... 33

7.?.3 Trtfoa b Fkfofatfva cm BOW........................................................................................... 32

7.3 CBLFKFKCM M OTLW (Omhhagmratfvb Thakkfki, Lmrboastfki akc Wbphbkfsnebkt)............ 3>

7.2 As Btapas cm OTLW............................................................................................................... 27

7.2.1 Cbsorfm cas Btapas cm OTLW..................................................................................... 23

7.


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?.? Bktrbvfstas............................................................................................................................. 92

?.3 Akhfsb cms Cacms................................................................................................................. 9>

3 WB_RHSACM_............................................................................................................................. 96

3.1 Wbsuhtacm cm Bstucm cb Oasm A............................................................................................ 96

3.7 Wbsuhtacm cm Bstucm cb Oasm G............................................................................................ >1

3.? Wbsuhtacm cm Bstucm cb Oasm O............................................................................................ >3

3.3 Omeparam cms Bstucms cb Oasms....................................................................................... >>

3.3.? Quaktm s bstruturas...................................................................................................... >6

3.3.3 Quaktm ams Trmobssms Fephaktacms............................................................................... >6

3.2 Omksfcbrabs cm Bstucm cb Oasm C..................................................................................... 64

2 OMK_FCBWAB_ LFKAF_........................................................................................................ 67


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1 - FKSWMCRM

A oacbfa cb suprfebktms, omepmsta pmr cfvbrsas mriakfzabs ome mg`btfvms cflbrbktbs b

pmr vbzbs omklhftaktbs, uea omephbxa rbcb cb fkstahabs, omkobgfca para prmcuzfr b

cfstrfgufr prmcutms cb aomrcm ome as cbeakcas cb sbus ohfbktbs b ebroacms. (_arf, 744>)

_bà pbha ommrcbkam cb cflbrbktbs beprbsas am hmkim ca rbcb hmistfoa mu

bstagbhbobkcm parobrfas cb kbiofms, a ibstm ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms (_OE) mg`btfva

bkomktrar a ebhnmr bstratifa. Km bktaktm, bkomktrar a ebhnmr bstratifa kbsta omephbxa rbcb

cb fkstahabs km uea tarbla lofh (_arf, 744>: _feonf-Hbvf bt ah., 744?).

A fktbksa omeukfoam b ommrcbkam bktrb ms parobfrms omebrofafs sm bxfifcas, cb

emcm qub m lhuxm cb eatbrfah am hmkim ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms sbà mtfefzaca, gbe omem m

lhuxm cb fklmreabs. (_arf, 744>).

Tbha omkstrum cas parobrfas kas atfvfcacbs ka oacbfa prmcutfva, mkcb a rbcum cms

cbsalfms cb ibrbkofaebktm ca oacbfa sbà supmrtacm pmr uea ibstm cfrbofmkaca pbha

ommpbram b a omklfaka, pmcbe surifr mlbrobkcm rbspmstas s omephbxfcacbs. (Gmwbrsmx bt

ah., 7449: Oassfvf, 744)

Oassfvf (744


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As tokfoas cb omhagmram ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms mlbrbobe rbspmstas ams cbsalfms

ome lmom be rbcum cb oustms b iaknm cb omepbtftfvfcacb, a partfr cb ue ibrbkofaebktm

omepartfhnacm cb fklmreabs, atfvfcacbs b omkobftms cb parobfras cms partfofpaktbs b m

lmrtahbofebktm cas rbhabs fktbrmriakfzaofmkafs qub pmcbe omktrfgufr para uea ibstm eafs

rpfca b sbiura. (Garratt : Mjb, 7449: Oassfvf , 744)

A mrcbe para tmcms ms sbiebktms ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms km bxboutar a

trakslbrkofa cb oustms cbvfcm s omephbxfcacbs hmistfoas (qubr sb`ae bhas emktaktb mu

`usaktb), pmfs km auebktae a omepbtftfvfcacb. Ms oustms km cbvbe sbr rbpassacms km lfkah

ams ohfbktbs. (Ofimhfkf, 7443: Lhbury: Yakjb: Lfiubfrbcm, 744?)


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Be rbham am OTLW, ahiuks autmrbs (Cakbsb, 7414: Cbrrmufonb: Kbugbrt: Gmura, 744>:

Frbhakc: Orue, 7442: \fvahcfkf, 7414) cblfkbe bstb prmiraea omem uea atfvfcacb

omhagmratfva ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms, pmfs bkvmhvb m rbhaofmkaebktm, m cfrbofmkaebktm cb

atfvfcacbs, m omepartfhnaebktm cb rboursms b tmeaca cb cbofsm omk`ukta bktrb cuas mu eafs

beprbsas, ibrbkofacms pmr uea rbira mu aomrcms cms partfofpaktbs.

M OTLW pmcb atuar omem uea lmrea cb auebktar a vbhmofcacb cb fklmreabs bktrb

bhms ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms, ome lmom ka rbcum cas lhutuabs bktrb as atfvfcacbs (pmr

bxbephm, ms pbcfcms), qub tbkcbe a tbr eafmrbs lhutuabs cm qub as vbkcas prmpaiakcm uea

cfstmrm aephflfoaca ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms b fepaotakcm be oustm pmr bxobssms mu lahtas

cb prmcutms, fcbktflfoacm omem blbftm onfomtb. (Cakbsb, 7449: Cfskby: Smwfhh, 7442: _arf,

744>).

Ome gasb kbstas bvfckofas, bstb tragahnm acmtmu m OTLW para mgsbrvam cb sua

fephaktam ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms varb`fsta, cbvfcm sua omkobpm eafs omephbta kas

atfvfcacbs cb phakb`aebktm, prbvfsm b rbpmsfm.

1.1 Mg`btfvm

Bstb tragahnm tbe omem mg`btfvm akahfsar a fephaktam cb OTLW km varb`m, vmhtacm fcbktflfoam cm aspbotm ca omhagmram.


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Assfe, lmrae hbvaktacms ms sbiufktbs prbssupmstms para a omkstrum cm mg`btm cb

pbsqufsa0

Trbssupmstm 10 Beprbsas km sbiebktm cb varb`m qub partfrae para fephaktar m

OTLW, tfvbrae eafmr suobssm mkcb aspbotms omhagmratfvms lmrae mgsbrvacms

ome ahta rbhbvkofa, cm qub kas beprbsas mkcb bstbs aspbotms omhagmratfvms

lmrae pmuom mgsbrvacms mu lmrae ebkms rbhbvaktbs.

Trbssupmstm 70 Beprbsas qub lraoassae ka fephaktam cb uea prtfoa

omhagmratfva, km bstm prmpbksms a aephfar mu partfr para kmvms fkvbstfebktms

kbssas fkfofatfvas.

Bssbs prbssupmstms lmrae omkstrucms rbhaofmkakcm Efk bt ah.(7442) b Garratt (7443)

qub fcbktflfoae qub para uea atfvfcacb cb omhagmram ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms tahvbz

bxfstae aktbobcbktbs mu ouhtura mriakfzaofmkah qub apmfae a ebhnmr acmm cbssa atfvfcacb.

M emcbhm acmtacm pbha \FO_ (7414) laz rbham omhagmram bkvmhvbkcm as prfkofpafs

atfvfcacbs cm OTLW b taege lmf fcbktflfoaca pmr Frbhakc b Orue (7442), pmre km lmf

mgsbrvaca uea omkobftuam prmlukca aobroa cms aspbotms omhagmratfvms ka aphfoam cbssa

fkfofatfva.

1.7 @ustflfoatfva

As bstratifas cb ommpbram b partfhna cb rboursms cbktrm ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms, sm

aprbsbktacms ome mg`btfvm cb mlbrbobr eafmr sfkormkfsem kms bhms ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms.

fepmrtaktb cbstaoar qub a omhagmram bktrb as beprbsas ka ebsea oacbfa cb suprfebktms

pmcb trazbr iaknms kms aspbotms rbhaofmkacms vbhmofcacb ka omeukfoam, phakb`aebktm b

prmiraeam cb pbcfcms, a`ustbs cb bstmqubs, pmre kbobssrfm bktbkcbr ebhnmr m omktbxtm


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1>

b m bslmrm qub bkvmhvb uea prtfoa omhagmratfva ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms. (Hmojaey:

EOomreaoj , 7443).

Ofimhfkf, Omzzf b Tbrmka (7443) taege fcbktflfoae qub a ommpbram bktrb as

beprbsas pbrtbkobktbs ebsea oacbfa cb suprfebktms rbomknbofca omem uea pmcbrmsa

vaktaibe omepbtftfva. Omktucm, m bslmrm para acmm a uea prtfoa omhagmratfva am hmkim ca

oacbfa cb suprfebktms km cbvb sbr fikmraca. Bxfstb ue obkrfm aephm para bvmhufr emcbhms

tracfofmkafs cb kbiofms quakcm m assuktm ibstm fktbiraca bktrb ms bhms ca oacbfa cb

suprfebktms.

Ms omkobftms cb omhagmram ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms km sm tm gbe cblfkfcms, mu

km sm bktbkcfcms omem cbvbrfae, mkcb m cbsbkvmhvfebktm ca omhagmram uea tarbla

cbsalfacmra pmfs bxfstbe vrfas cflfouhcacbs assmofacas a bha. (Nmhwbi bt ah., 7442: _nbu bt

ah., 744)

omem ue ebroacm turguhbktm.

Omklmreb ms ebsems autmrbs, bstb ebroacm turguhbktm omksfstb be ue aegfbktb cb

eucakas rpfcas, pmre a lahta cas omepbtkofas kbobssrfas para fkmvar b atbkcbr as kmvas


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mpmrtukfcacbs km bstm be sfktmkfa, b bssb ebroacm turguhbktm s pmcb sbr supbracm sb ms

sfstbeas prmcutfvms b as bstratifas bstfvbrbe be omkstaktb bvmhum mu cflbrbkofam.

\fvahcfkf bt ah. (7414) cbstaoa qub bxfstbe latmrbs fepmrtaktbs km cbsbkvmhvfebktm,

fephbebktam b ibstm cm OTLW , b quakcm km mgsbrvacms, m bktbkcfebktm cas vaktaibks

ca fephbebktam cm OLLW sm albtacms. Bktrb bhbs m cbsbkvmhvfebktm cb uea ouhtura

omhagmratfva b cb omklfaka etua bktrb ms aibktbs ca oacbfa b m emkftmraebktm b

ahfknaebktm cas atfvfcacbs/mpbrabs ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms.

1.? Bstrutura cm tragahnm

M tragahnm bsorftm bst cfvfcfcm be oaptuhms a cbstaoar0

1 FKSWMCRM0 _m aprbsbktacms ms mg`btfvms cm tragahnm, m fkofm ca rblhbxm am tbea

b as bvfckofas qub fepuhsfmkarae am cbsbkvmhvfebktm cbsta cfssbrtam.

Oaptuhm 7 A OMHAGMWAM, A_TBOSM_ B OMHAGMWAM CA OACBFA CB

_RTWFEBKSM_ B A CBLFKFM CM OTLW0 _br lbfta cblfkfm ca omhagmram, ms

aspbotms ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms b s prtfoas omhagmratfvas qub aktbobcbrae am OTLW, para

pmstbrfmr cblfkfr b cbtahnar m OTLW.

Oaptuhm ? ESMCM CB TB_QRF_A0 Bsoharbofebktm ca ebtmcmhmifa utfhfzaca para

mgsbrvam cms bstucms cb oasms, ca omhbta b akhfsb cms cacms.

Oaptuhm 3 WB_RHSACM_0Kbstb oaptuhm bst bxpmstm ms euhtf-oasms cb usms cm OTLW

ka beprbsas b sbus rbspbotfvms rbsuhtacms

Oaptuhm 2 OMK_FCBWAB_ LFKAF_0 _m aprbsbktacas as omksfcbrabs ibrafs, as

omktrfgufbs cbsta pbsqufsa, b pmr htfem omebktacms ms pmssvbfs tragahnms luturms kbsta

rba.


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7 A OMHAGMWAM, A_TBOSM_ B OMHAGMWAM CA OACBFACB _RTWFEBKSM_ B A CBLFKFM CM OTLW

Bstb oaptuhm tbe m mg`btfvm cblfkfr a omhagmram, ms omkobftms qub agrakibe oacbfa

cb suprfebktms b m bslmrm omhagmratfvm ca oacbfa, b a cblfkfm cm OTLW.

_br utfhfzaca a cblfkfm ca omhagmram smgrb m omktbxtm cb omhagmram fksbrfcm kas

rbcbs cb mriakfzabs omhagmratfvas mu OKMs (Omhhagmratfvb Kbtwmrjbc Mriakfzatfmks) pmfs

omem fcbktflfoacm be Oaearfkna-Eatms b Alsareakbsn (744>) ms aspbotms omhagmratfvms

pmcbe bxfstfr be cflbrbktbs lmreatms.

As rbcbs omhagmratfvas sbiukcm ms ebsems autmrbs bebribe be uea irakcb varfbcacb

cb lmreas, fkohufkcm mriakfzabs vfrtuafs, beprbbkcfebktms vfrtuafs, oacbfas cb suprfebktms

cfkefoas, prmlfssfmkafs b omeukfcacbs vfrtuafs, mriakfzam vfrtuah (qub orfa aegfbktb cb

hagmratrfms vfrtuafs omhagmratfvms). A cblfkfm cb omhagmram kbstb omktbxtm sbrvfr para

prmpsftm ca cblfkfm ca am cb omhagmrar.

M OTLW am hmkim cm cbsbkvmhvfebktm cbsta cfssbrtam, sbr fcbktflfoacm omem sbkcm

uea atfvfcacb omhagmratfva ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms b para taktm ue rblbrbkofah qub

fcbktflfqub as atfvfcacbs km omktbxtm omhagmratfvm b cm _OO kas bstratifas cb omhagmram,

prmpmrofmkar m prvfm bktbkcfebktm kbstb oaepm cm omknbofebktm. Assfe, ahiuks aspbotms

ca Oacbfa cb _uprfebktms b suas oaraotbrstfoas cb Omhagmram mu _OO (_upphy Onafk

Omhhagmratfmk) sbrm fkfofahebktb bxphmracms.

Be sbiufca, as prtfoas qub aktbobcbrae am OTLW km aspbotm cb omhagmram lfkahfzae a

omkstrum cm bktbkcfebktm quaktm bvmhum aktbs cm OTLW, pmfs m OTLW omkstrufu-sb pbha

omkobpm b bvmhum cbssas prtfoas qub lmrae sbus prboursmrbs. Assfe, bktbkcbr as prtfoas


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omhagmratfvas ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms qub bxfstfrae cbktrm cm aspbotm fcbktflfoacm pmr Tfrbs

(7443), para cbpmfs lfkahfzar ome m OTLW b sbu cbtahnaebktm.

7.1 Cblfkfm cb Omhagmram

Oaearfkna-Eatms b Alsareakbsn (744


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Rea oacbfa cb suprfebktm tracfofmkah gasbaca be rbhabs ohfbktb-lmrkbobcmr b papfs

pr-cblfkfcms ka oacbfa cb vahmr, ue bxbephm cb ue prmobssm cb ommpbram bktrb ms sbus

omkstftufktbs. Oaca partfofpaktb laz a sua partb cm tragahnm, cb lmrea quasb fkcbpbkcbktb

(begmra ommrcbkaca ome ms mutrms). Bxfstb, km bktaktm ue phakm omeue, qub ka eafmrfa cms

oasms km cblfkfcm be omkùktm eas sfe prm`btacm pmr uea kfoa bktfcacb. Afkca assfe,

sbus mg`btfvms sm omepatvbfs, km sbktfcm cb qub sbus rbsuhtacms pmssae sbr acfofmkacms mu

omepmstm be uea oacbfa cb vahmr qub omkcuz am prmcutm lfkah mu cm sbrvfm.

3) Omhagmram - ue prmobssm be qub bktfcacbs omepartfhnae fklmreabs, rboursms b

rbspmksagfhfcacbs, be omkùktm, phakbàkcm, fephaktakcm b avahfakcm ue prmiraea

cb atfvfcacbs para ahoakarbe ue mg`btfvm omeue.

Bstb prmobssm pmcb sbr vfstm omem ue prmobssm cb orfam omepartfhnaca, pmrtaktm, ue

prmobssm atravs cm quah ue irupm cb bktfcacbs rblmra suas oapaofcacbs be omkùktm. Fssm

fephfoa a partfhna cms rfsoms, rboursms, rbspmksagfhfcacbs b rbomepbksas cbsbàcm pbhm irupm,

cakcm a ue mgsbrvacmr bxtbrkm a feaibe cb uea fcbktfcacb omeue.

Assfe, a omhagmram rbsuhta be qub ms mutrms omkobftms pmssube, pmfs ebcfca qub sb

avaka am hmkim ca rbcb cb omhagmram, auebkta-sb a quaktfcacb cb mg`btfvms omeuks

mrfbktacms be assuefr rfsoms, omeprmebtfebktm b rboursms, qub ms partfofpaktbs cbvbe

fkvbstfr km bslmrm omkùktm. (Oaearfkna bt ah., 7446)

Tmcb-sb cblfkfr qub a omhagmram bxfstb a partfr cb ue bslmrm omkùktm, omkstftucm

bktrb ue mu eafs ebegrms cb quahqubr varfam mu omepmsfm bstruturah, ome gasb be ue

aomrcm cb ue mg`btfvm omeue, obroacm cb rbiras b cb imvbrkaka para omkstrum cms

fkcfoacmrbs b aomepaknaebktm cb sua ibstm, sbkcm bsta fkcfoaca omem uea bktfcacb

omhagmratfva mu ue bslmrm cb omhagmram.


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7.1.1 Bvfckofas cms Gbkblofms ca Omhagmram

Ms latmrbs qub fcbktflfoae a kbobssfcacb ca omkstrum cb ue aspbotm cb omhagmrampmcbe varfar cb aomrcm ome as vaktaibks b gbkblofms cms ebegrms mrfbktacms para bssas

rbcbs cb omhagmram. Bssbs latmrbs cbpbkcbe cms vahmrbs bxtbrkms a qub bstm su`bftms b am

omktbxtm cm sfstbea. Oaearfkna-Eatms b Alsareakbsn (7449) oftae ahiueas vaktaibks

assmofacas omhagmram0

f) Omepartfhnar Oustms Bktrar be kmvms ebroacms sbe irakcbs fkvbstfebktms,oapaofcacb para omepbtfr ome irakcbs beprbsas b omepartfhnar fkvbstfebktms.

ff) Omepartfhnar Wfsoms Omepartfhnar omknbofebktm bktrb parobfrms para rbcuzfr

fkobrtbzas ka cbofsm kms kmvms ebroacms. (omrrbspmksagfhfcacbs)

fff)Cfefkufr kvbh cb pbkckofa be rbham a tbrobfrms Auebktar pmcbr cb gariakna

vfsakcm rbcuzfr oustms b omkomrrkofa ome mutras irakcbs beprbsas.

fv)Auebktar a oapaofcacb cb fkmvamRtfhfzar kmvas fcfas b ouhturas ka lmream

cb kmvms prmcutms b mpmrtukfcacb cbsbkvmhvbr cb aomrcm ome oaca ebroacm b

kbobssfcacb ahvm cms ohfbktbs (lmrtahbobr quahfcacb) b rbcuzfr ofohm cb vfca cms

prmcutms.

v) Lmrtahbobr pmsfm km ebroacm (cblbsa/sustbktam)Orfar omahfzbs a lfe cb orfar

garrbfras para cblbkcbr a pmsfm ca beprbsa km ebroacm b omktra kmvms

omkomrrbktbs orfar omhfiabs a lfe cb cbsbkvmhvbr vaktaibks omepbtftfvas

(auebktar pmcbr gariakna omktra lmrkbobcmrbs b mutrms ohfbktbs lmra ca rbcb)

vf) Auebktm a lhbxfgfhfcacb/aifhfcacb Cfvfcfr rboursms b omknbofebktms bktrb

parobfrms, auebktar acaptam a cflbrbktbs aegfbktbs, eafmr varfbcacb cb prmcutms

b sbrvfms, rbaifr rapfcaebktb a uea mpmrtukfcacb cb kbiofm atravs ca orfam

ifh cb prmobcfebktms (cblfkfm cb kmreas)


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vff)Auebktm a bspbofahfzamOmkobktrar bslmrms para as atfvfcacbs ortfoas.

vfff) Bstagbhbobr pacrm b rbiuhaebktam acbquaca rblmrar vahmrbs omeuks,

cbsbkvmhvbr vahmr fktakivbh (rbomknbofebktm), cbsbkvmhvbr rbspmksagfhfcacb

smofah, lmom km gbe omeue (ahtrusem)

_mgrb m aspbotm cas vaktaibks ca omhagmram _mrbksmk, Lmhjbr b Grfinae (744>)

aorbsobktae qub a omhagmram prmcuz rbhaofmkaebktms curacmurms qub omktrfgube para m

suobssm beprbsarfah. A Omhagmram ome suas varfaktbs cb fktbiram, cb rbsmhum cb

prmghbeas b cb sfkbrifsem, uea agmrcaibe qub sb omkobktra be prmpmrofmkar s partbs

bkvmhvfcas cfhmim b lmreas cb rbsmhum omk`ukta ome ms mg`btfvms cb kbiofms.

Tmre, a fcbktflfoam cms iaknms b vaktaibks km egftm cb omhagmram uea tarbla

qub cbvb sbr omkcuzfca ams gbkblofms cms partfofpaktbs. Cbvbe-sb ebsurar oharaebktb ms

mg`btfvms para qub pmssae sbr ebcfcms b aprbsbktacms, bhfefkakcm cvfcas smgrb ms

rbsuhtacms mgtfcms km tragahnm cas rbcbs cbsbkvmhvfcas. (Oaearfkna-Eatms: Agrbu, 7449)

Tmrtaktm, a fcbktflfoam b oaraotbrfzam cm sfstbea cb vahmrbs ca rbcb b sbus ebegrms

lukcaebktah para ebhnmrar a omhagmram, pmfs m prmobssm cb tmeaca cb cbofsm be uea

rbcb omhagmratfva katurahebktb fklhubkofacm taktm pbhm vahmr omeue cm sfstbea ca rbcb,

omem pbhm vahmr fkcfvfcuah cb oaca partb cm sfstbea.

A fcbktflfoam b oaraotbrfzam cbssbs sfstbeas cb vahmrbs uea qubstm fepmrtaktb,

pmfs omem ms parobfrms te cflbrbktbs sfstbeas cb vahmrbs bhbs pmcbe tbr cflbrbktbs

pbrobpbs cb rbsuhtacm b qub be ahiuks oasms pmcbe hbvar a ue omepmrtaebktm km

omhagmratfvm b omklhftms fktbrmriakfzaofmkafs. (Oaearfkna-Eatms : Eaobcm, 7414)

Bklfe, m cbsbkvmhvfebktm cb ue sfstbea omeue cb vahmr ue bhbebktm para a

sustbktagfhfcacb cb omhagmram, b a sua cblfkfm taege tbe ue aspbotm fepmrtaktb km


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lukofmkaebktm ca rbcb cb omhagmram, pbreftfkcm a fcbktflfoam cms prfkofpafs bhbebktms

qub ibrae vahmr ka rbcb, b as cfvbrsas pbrspbotfvas para avahf-hms.

7.7 Ms aspbotms ca Ibstm ca Oacbfa cb _uprfebktmsA ibstm ca Oacbfa cb _uprfebktms (_OE) prmoura ebhnmrar m cbsbepbknm atravs cm

usm blfoaz cms rboursms b oapaofcacbs, atravs cm cbsbkvmhvfebktm cb vkouhms fktbrkms b

bxtbrkms a lfe cb orfar uea oacbfa cb suprfebktms pbrlbftaebktb ommrcbkaca.

Cucbj b _tacthbr (7443) aorbsobktae qub m _OE trata ca ibstm cas ehtfphas rbhabsbe tmca a oacbfa cb agastbofebktm, mu sbà, a rbcb cb mriakfzabs bkvmhvfcas ka orfam cb

prmcutms b sbrvfms am ohfbktb lfkah b omem tah, a oacbfa cb suprfebktms agrakib cfvbrsms

prmobssms cb kbiofms.

A rbahfzam cb ue sfstbea ome lmom km ohfbktb lfkah rbqubr ue prmobssaebktm ca

fklmream, cb lmrea prbofsa b be tbepm ngfh para ms sfstbeas cb rbspmsta, efkfefzakcmeucakas lrbqbktbs be rbspmsta a lhutuabs cb cbeakca cm ohfbktb. Omktrmhar a fkobrtbza ca

cbeakca cm ohfbktb, kms prmobssms cb lagrfoam b km cbsbepbknm cms lmrkbobcmrbs sm

oaraotbrstfoas bssbkofafs para ue _OE blfoaz. (Haegbr :Ommpbr, 7444)

Kbssb sbktfcm, m _OE trata ome bxobhkofa tmtah ms prmobssms cb kbiofms b rbprbsbkta

uea kmva lmrea cb ibstm cm kbiofm b cb rbhaofmkaebktms ome mutrms ebegrms ca oacbfa cb

suprfebktms, utfhfzacm pmr beprbsas para ebhnmrarbe sbus kvbfs cb nagfhfcacbs ome m

mg`btfvm cb sbrbe lhbxvbfs b ibfs para atbkcbrbe bxfikofas cm ebroacm. (Garratt, A.:

Garratt, W., 7414: Haegbrt: Ommpbr, 7444: Ebnr`brcf, 7446)

A omkobpm cb ibstm cm _OE agrakib ue omkùktm cb agmrcaibks utfhfzacas para

fktbirar blfofbktbebktb lmrkbobcmrbs, lagrfoaktbs, areazks b hmàs, para qub a ebroacmrfa

prmcuzfca sbà cfstrfguca ka quaktfcacb obrta, para ms hmoafs obrtms, b km emebktm obrtm, a


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Tmcbems taege cblfkfr qub a omhagmram ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms momrrb quakcm

cuas mu eafs beprbsas cfvfcbe as rbspmksagfhfcacbs cb trmoar fklmreabs aobroa cm

phakb`aebktm, ibstm, bxboum b ebcfm cm cbsbepbknm. Bssa cfvfsm cb rbspmksagfhfcacbs

mlbrbob vaktaibks omem a rbcum cb rfsoms b a bhfefkam cb tragahnms cuphfoacms.

(Gmwbrsmx bt ah., 7449:_featupaki : _rfcnarae, 744>)

Mutras vaktaibks oftacas pmr Tauhara`, Hacm b _nbk (744>) bstm mkcb as omhagmrabs

cas mriakfzabs be suas rbcbs cb suprfebktms euftas vbzbs pmssfgfhftae cbsbkvmhvbr m

aprbkcfzacm atravs ca rbham ome mutras mriakfzabs pbha ca partfhna cb fklmream, ca

ortfoa b cm omknbofebktm toftm.

Bspboflfoaebktb, a trmoa lrbqubktb cb fklmreabs smgrb qubstbs bstratifoas b

mpbraofmkafs pmcbe prmemvbr uea ommpbram aephfaca ka omkstrum ca omklfaka,

rbcuzfkcm m omklhftm cfslukofmkah b assfe ibrar rbkcas rbhaofmkafs. (Gmwbrsmx bt ah., 7449:

Tauhara`: Hacm: _nbk, 744>: _featupaki: _rfcnarae, 744>)

Bktrbtaktm apbsar cas vaktaibks ca omhagmram ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms, bssa

fkfofatfva pmcb sbr omksfcbraca rbhatfvaebktb begrfmkrfa, cflofh cb aphfoar, ome ue bxobssm


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cb cbpbkckofa be tbokmhmifa, lahnas para cflbrbkofar bktrb quafs bhms omhagmrar b

lukcaebktahebktb uea lahta cb omklfaka bktrb ms parobfrms omebrofafs. (Garratt, 7449:

Snrmk: Kaiy: Yassak, 744), para

prmemvbr m omepmrtaebktm prmcutfvm be omhagmram0

a) Re sfstbea cb cbsbepbknm omhagmratfvm (OT_),

g) A partfhna cb fklmream,

o) _fkormkfzam cb cbofsm,

c) M ahfknaebktm cb fkobktfvm,

b) b ms prmobssms fkmvacmrbs ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms .

Afkca oftakcm ms ebsems autmrbs, bssa vfsm cb arquftbtura cb omhagmram taege

suibrb qub ms ebegrms ca oacbfa prbofsae omksfcbrar as fktbrabs bktrb ms bhbebktms para

cbtbrefkar m qub omkstftuf cbofsbs (blfoazbs b fkblfoazbs) cb suas abs.


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Be tbrems cb fktbiram ka omhagmram ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms, tbems as

mpmrtukfcacbs be pmtbkofah vbrtfoah b nmrfzmktahebktb (lfiura 1). A omhagmram vbrtfoah

fkohuf m kvbh cb omhagmram ome ohfbktbs, ue kvbh fktbrkm (bktrb as lukbs) b ome ms

lmrkbobcmrbs. A omhagmram nmrfzmktah pmcbrfa fkohufr a omhagmram ome ms omkomrrbktbs,

pmr bxbephm, fktbrkaebktb b ome km omkomrrbktbs, b a oapaofcacb cb partfhna cb prmcum

para a omhagmram vbrtfoah ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms (Garratt, 7443: Haegbrt: Ommpbr, 7444).

Lfiura 1Kvbfs cb Omhagmram ka Oacbfa cb _uprfebktmsLmktb0 Garratt (7443)

Garrat 7443 ofta ahiuks kvbfs cb atfvfcacbs ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms0

Ka ùsaktb ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms0 a ibstm cb rbhaofmkaebktm ome ohfbktbs

(OWE), phakbàebktm cb cbeakca omhagmratfva (qub fkohuf a prbvfsmomhagmratfva, OTLW, bto.), a rbpmsfm ca cbeakca b a cfstrfgufm

omepartfhnaca.

Ka emktaktb ca oacbfa suprfebktms0 a ibstm cb rbhaofmkaebktm ome

lmrkbobcmrbs (taege omknbofcm omem cbsbkvmhvfebktm cb lmrkbobcmrbs, pmr

bxbephm, \EF b m OW), m phakbàebktm cb lmrkbobcmrbs b a prmiraeam cb


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prmcum, m cbsfik omhagmratfvm (qub pmcb fkohufr a fktrmcum cb kmvms

prmcutms) b m trakspmrtb omhagmratfvm.

Lrmhfon b Ybstgrmmj (7441) suibrbe qub quaktm eafmr m kvbh cb fktbiram ome

lmrkbobcmrbs b ohfbktbs ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms eafmrbs sm ms gbkblofms pmtbkofafs,

mgsbrvakcm qub quakcm as beprbsas fktbirae b atuae omem uea kfoa bktfcacb, m

cbsbepbknm aprfemracm am hmkim ca oacbfa.

Tmre a omhagmram km kvbh cb fktbiram ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms ibrahebktb

trataca cb eakbfra sfephbs b sbus gbkblofms pmtbkofafs tratacms omem sb lmssb partb ca

bstrutura ca uea mriakfzam omkvbkofmkah, m qub fcbktflfoa uea lahta cb bktbkcfebktm km

kvbh cb fktbiram qub a omhagmram suibrb.

Cblfkfr omem as beprbsas vm ommpbrar b sb omeukfoar, omem cbsbkvmhvbr a omklfaka, b

omem as mriakfzabs eutuaebktb cbsbkvmhvbe ms tfpms cb bstruturas cb imvbrkaka qub

omktrfguae para a blfofkofa cbssa omhagmram km uea tarbla lofh. (Efk bt ah., 7442)

7.7.? Latmrbs ca Omhagmram ka Oacbfa cb _uprfebktms

Ahe cas qubstbs rbhaofmkacas a bvmhum cas rbhabs tracfofmkafs b cbsbkvmhvfebktm

ca omklfaka, pmr bxbephm, omepartfhnakcm fklmreabs qub hbvae a uea bstratifa cb

parobfra eafs shfca, bxfstbe afkca ms a`ustbs fktbrkms qub as beprbsas euftas vbzbs

cbsomknbobe mu sfephbsebktb fikmrae quakcm partbe para uea bstratifa omhagmratfva

bxtbrka ka oacbfa. (Lu : Tfphakf, 7443)

A omhagmram bxtbrka euftas vbzbs tbe-sb emstracm uea mpmrtukfcacb, pmre tbe sb

fktbksflfoacm be cbtrfebktm ams bslmrms cb omhagmram fktbrka mu pmr lahtas cb ahfknaebktms

fktbrkms, rbcuzfkcm assfe ms iaknms ca omhagmram bxtbrka. A omhagmram bxtbrka cbvb sbr

oasaca ome a omhagmram fktbrka (lfiura 7), be tbrems cb cbsbkvmhvfebktm cb rbhabs eafs


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prxfeas, fktbirakcm prmobssms b omepartfhnaebktm cb fklmreabs ome ohfbktbs b

lmrkbobcmrbs (Garratt, 7443).

Lfiura 7 - Aspbotms Omhagmram ka Oacbfa cb _uprfebktmsLmktb0 Garratt (7443)

Ome fssm, fepmrtaktb qub ms kvbfs cb fktbiram cas fktbrlaobs fktbrkas (pmr bxbephm,

earjbtfki, hmistfoa, vbkcas b prmcum) rbahebktb bxfstae, pmfs as lmreas fkfofafs cb

fktbiram qub sm prbcmefkaktbebktb gasbacas ka fktbram cms cbpartaebktms lukofmkafs b

kms ahfknaebktms cb atfvfcacbs, ka partfhna eafmr cb fklmreabs, km cbsbknm cms mg`btfvms

omeuks b cb rboursms omepartfhnacms, omkstrmbe a vfsm omeue cblbkcfca pmr uea

agmrcaibe omhagmratfva. (Garrat, 7447: Bhhfkibr, 7447: Lawobtt: Eaikak, 7447).

Tauhara`: Hacm: _nbk, (744>) cbsorbvbe afkca qub para uea omepbtkofa rbhaofmkah be

prmemvbr ams ebegrms ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms uea aprbkcfzaibe km egftm

fktbrmriakfzaofmkah, a omeukfoam bktrb ms ebegrms ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms (fktbrkms b

bxtbrkms) pmssuf fepmrtkofa oruofah para m suobssm.


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Afkca omklmreb ms ebsems autmrbs, a omeukfoam afkca pmcb laofhftar m

cbsbkvmhvfebktm cm omknbofebktm b prmemvbr eafmr omeprbbksm cas omephbxas qubstbs

omepbtftfvas rbhaofmkacas ome a rbcb cb suprfebktms.

Lrmhfon b Ybstgrmmj (7441) taege rbhatae qub a mtfefzam cas bstruturas fktbrkas b

cb fklrabstruturas ome gasb ka bstratifa cb kbiofms ibrahebktb sm cbsorftas omem

sfephfstas, b qub emcbhms gbe suobcfcms sm aqubhbs gasbacms be prmobssms fktbrkms

fktbrhfiacms.

Garratt (7447) rbhaofmka qub quakcm as mriakfzabs km fktbirae ka omhagmram kms

aspbotms fktbrkms b bxtbrkms bkvmhvbkcm ms trs kvbfs cb ahfknaebktm bstratifoms, ttfoms b

cb mpbram (lfiura ?), m gbkblofm cm cbsbepbknm cb fktbiram lfoar hfeftaca.

A omhagmram km cbvb sbr omkobgfca apbkas smgrb m cbsbkvmhvfebktm cb rbhabs cb

trmoa cb fklmreabs, pmfs bssa omkobpm bstrbfta as pmssfgfhfcacbs km kvbh mpbraofmkah ca

atfvfcacb mkcb smebktb a fktbiram kms kvbfs bstratifa, mpbraofmkah b ttfom km aspbotm

fktbrkm b bxtbrkm pmcb trazbr gbkblofms sfikflfoatfvms. (Garratt, 7443)

Lfiura ?Fktbiram cms Kvbfs ca Omhagmram Lmktb0 Garratt (7447)

Euojstact bt ah.(7441) taege cbstaoae qub as atfvfcacbs qub kmrtbfae ue prmobssm

omhagmratfvm ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms aephm, b qub pmcbe aobroar ms sfstbeas cb


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Earjbtfki, _fstbeas Trmcutfvms, _fstbeas cb Bkibknarfa, _fstbeas cb Ibrbkofaebktm b

_fstbeas cb Hmistfoa. (lfiura 3).

Oftakcm ms ebsems autmrbs, bstbs sfstbeas sm fcbktflfoacms omem fepmrtaktbs para

rbcuzfr tmcms ms pmktms cb omklhftms bxfstbktbs be tbrems cb bstratifas cb kbiofms, bxboum

b a`ustbs. _be ahfknaebktm fktbrkm prbvfaebktb cbsbkvmhvfcm smgrb a tfoa ca omhagmram, m

bslmrm cb omhagmram bxtbrkaebktb pmcbr sbr eafmr.

Lfiura 3Ofkom Omkbxbs _fstbea Kbiofms Lmktb0 Euojstact bt ah.7441

7.7.3 Aspbotms Ouhturafs Omhagmram ka Oacbfa cb _uprfebktms

Bxfstbe vrfms bslmrms fsmhacms gbe suobcfcms ca omhagmram ka oacbfa cb

suprfebktms utfhfzakcm omkobftms omhagmratfvms (fkohusfvb atravs cm OTLW), eas afkca km


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bxfstb uea acmm ibkbrahfzaca para a prtfoa ca omhagmram, cbvfcm a uea lahta cb

omeprbbksm omeue cbssbs omkobftms (Nmhwbi bt ah.,7442).

Afkca oftakcm ms ebsems autmrbs, as lahnas kms omkobftms cb omhagmram, sbe

omksfcbrar ue bslmrm rbhaofmkacm bvmhum cms emcbhms tracfofmkafs para ms emcbhms

omhagmratfvms km cbvb sbr fikmraca.

Cbsbkvmhvbr uea atfvfcacb omhagmratfva am hmkim ca oacbfa cb suprfebktms tahvbz bxf`a

ahiuks aktbobcbktbs (lfiura 2) qub cfrbofmkb ue aeacurbofebktm para cbsbkvmhvbr uea

atfvfcacb omhagmratfva b acmtar uea ibstm omhagmratfva ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms. (Nmhwbi

bt ah., 7442: Efk bt ah., 7442)

Lfiura 2 - Emcbhm Omkobftuah Omhagmram Lmktb0 Efk bt ah.7442

Efk bt ah., (7442) cbtahna m emcbhm omkobftuah b ms aktbobcbktbs fcbktflfoacms omem0

f) Aktbobcbktbs a omhagmram0 rbspmstas s pbriuktas smgrb m qub bst bkvmhvfcm km

cbsbkvmhvfebktm cb uea rbham cb omhagmram obktraca kas sbiufktbs rbas0


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(1)Fktbkm Bstratifoa0 Rea fktbkm bstratifoa hbva ams suobssms cb aomrcm ka

omhagmram. Tmr bxbephm, mg`btfvm cm orbsofebktm cb uea beprbsa mu

ebhnmrar a mlbrta cb sbrvfms ome aùca cms parobfrms ca ommpbram. A ohara

fktbkm bstratifoa lmrkbob m lmom para a rbham cb omhagmram b lmreas cb

fktbram.

(7)Ahfknaebktms Fktbrkms0 A omhagmram ka oacbfa cb suprfebktms bxfib qub as

beprbsas acmtbe ue kmvm emcbhm cb kbiofms. Orfakcm ahfknaebktms fktbrkms

(b, be htfea fkstkofa ahfknaebktms bxtbrkms) pmcb-sb prmcuzfr cfvfcbkcms

omephbebktarbs, omktrfgufkcm para aifhfzar as mpbrabs be rbas gsfoas

omem ofohms cb prmcum, etmcms cb prbvfsm, atbkcfebktm am ohfbktb, vbkcas,

hmistfoa b sfstbeas cb fklmream. Bssbs ahfknaebktms pmcbe orfar ue

prmobssm cb pbrlbfta bktrbia cb vahmr am ohfbktb.

(?)Mrfbktam a Wbhaofmkaebktms0 Cblfkb-sb a kbobssfcacb cb bklatfzar m

cbsbkvmhvfebktm cb ue rbhaofmkaebktm b a omeprbbksm cb oaca ue km

kbiofm. Ms bslmrms cb ommpbram ahfknae ms mg`btfvms omkùktms ome ue

sbktfebktm cb qub tmcms bstmùktms. A omklfaka etua pmcb lmrkbobr uea

lukcam bktrb parobfrms cb omhagmram b pmcb hbvar partfhna cb cacms

ortfoms cb ebroacm. Km bktaktm, a omkstrum ca omklfaka km lofh b a

omklfaka bktrb ms parobfrms cbvb sbr omkqufstaca. Tara ahiuks (beprbsas) aomklfaka s vbe cbpmfs cb a mutra partb prmvar suas nagfhfcacbs para mlbrbobr

smhubs b taege cbemkstrar hbahcacb.

(3)Fkvbstfebktm Bspbolfom a Wbhaofmkaebktms0 As omhagmrabs sustbktvbfs

cbvbe sbr apmfacas ome fkvbstfebktms cb rboursms sulfofbktbs. Bssbs

fkvbstfebktms pmcbe sbr lfkakobfrms b km lfkakobfrms, fkohufkcm tbepm,

cfknbfrm, trbfkaebktm, tbokmhmifa, up-catbs, b mutrms rboursms oftacms omem a


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