MEG-4-EM.pdf

7/21/2019 MEG-4-EM.pdf

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JY. 9. Xf`r` ir` majtrihomtary vo`wpaojts ilaut tf` r`citoajsfop l`tw``j cijeuie` ijh tfaueft. Hosmuss latf

tf` vo`ws. Ufit os yaur paojt an vo`w1 Ufy1

Ijs. Fudijs maddujomit` wotf aj` ijatf`r usoje i hizzcoje irriy an cijeuie`s, ìmf honn`roje nrad tf` j`xt oj

ojjud`rilc` wiys. Ha tf` cijeuie`s w` spìk sfip` tf` wiy w` s`` tf` warch, tf` wiy w` tfojk, ijh tf` wiy w` cov`

aur cov`s1 Ha pàpc` wfa spìk honn`r`jt cijeuie`s tfojk honn`r`jtcy sodpcy l`mius` tf`y spìk honn`r`jt cijeuie`s1

Ha`s cìrjoje j`w cijeuie`s mfije` tf` wiy yau tfojk1 Ha pacyecats tfojk honn`r`jtcy wf`j spìkoje honn`r`jt cijeuie`s1

Xf`s` qu`stoajs taumf aj jìrcy icc an tf` digar majtrav`rso`s oj tf` stuhy an dojh. Xf`y fiv` `jeie`h smar`s an

pfocasapf`rs, ijtfrapacaeosts, cojeuosts, ijh psymfacaeosts, ijh tf`y fiv` odpartijt odpcomitoajs nar pacotoms, ciw, ijh

r`coeoaj. ]odpcy siyoje tfit cijeuie` majtracs aur dojh, o.`. w` s`` ijh tfojk oj i wiy tfit aur cijeuie` iccaws us ta ijh

`xpr`ss ot ly tf` ruc`s an aur cijeuie`, wauch cìh us ta maejotov` vo`w tawirhs cijeuie`. Ar on w` siy tfit cijeuie` os

gust i dìjs an maddujomitoaj, tf`j ot wauch l` maddujomitov` ippraimf tawirhs cijeuie`.

C`t us try ijh ujh`rstijh tf` dystomic r`citoajsfop l`tw``j cijeuie` ijh tfauefts nrad latf maejotov` ijh

maddujomitov` ippraimf.Cijeuie`”Ojh`p`jh`jt Xfaueft

Ot os l`co`v`h ly dijy smfacirs ijh ojt`cc`mtuics tfit tfauefts ijh ohìs ir` quot` ojh`p`jh`jt an cijeuie` w` spìk.

Rojk`r (9??8705) micc`h tfos majm`pt an h`p`jh`jm` an tfaueft aj cijeuie`, ilsurh. F` imquor`s maddujomitov` ar

nujmtoajic vo`w an cijeuie` tfit siys tfit cijeuie` os i v`fomc` nar tf` `xpr`ssoaj an nujmtoajic dìjoje. Xf` ireud`jt

tfit wf`tf`r tfauefts ir` h`p`jh`jt aj cijeuie` mij cìh us ojta v`ry ojtroeuoje sotuitoaj. Odieoj` wf`j tf`r` wis ja

cijeuie` syst`d, tf` prodotov` dij fih ta tfojk ta nard i cijeuie`, lut faw mauch f` tfojk wotfaut cijeuie`1 Ijh on f`

tfaueft, majsoh`roje tfauefts ir` ojh`p`jh`jt, tf`j wfit imtuiccy wis oj fos dojh ta sfip` up fos tfauefts. Xf` ireud`jt

os cok` mfomk`j ijh èe qu`stoaj.

–Ojnijts ir` larj wotf i cijeuie`-ojh`p`jh`jt syst`d nar tfojkoje ilaut alg`mts,— siys @cozil`tf ]p`ck`, i pran`ssar

an psymfacaey it Firvirh. –Xf`s` majm`pts eov` dìjoje ta tf` warhs tf`y cìrj cit`r.—

]pìk`rs an honn`r`jt cijeuie`s jatom` honn`r`jt tfojes ijh sa dik` honn`r`jt hostojmtoajs. Nar ̀ xidpc`, wf`j Karìjs

siy tfit aj` alg`mt gaojs ijatf`r, tf`y sp`mony wf`tf`r tf` alg`mts taumf toeftcy ar caas`cy. @jecosf spìk`rs, oj majtrist,siy wf`tf`r aj` alg`mt os oj ar aj ijatf`r. ]iyoje –O put tf` spaaj mup— os jat marr`mt oj òtf`r cijeuie`. Xf` spaaj fis

ta l` –oj— ar –aj— tf` mup oj @jecosf, ijh fis ta l` f`ch toeftcy ar caas`cy ly tf` mup oj Karìj.

Xf`s` honn`r`jm`s inn`mt faw ihucts vo`w tf` warch. Uf`j Karìjs ijh Id`romijs s`` tf` sid` ̀ v`ryhiy ̀ v`jts (ij

ippc` oj i lawc, i mip aj i p`j), tf`y mitèaros` tf`d oj immarh wotf tf` hostojmtoajs an tfòr cijeuie`s. L`mius` cijeuie`s

honn`r tfos wiy, dijy smo`jtosts susp`mt`h tfit mfochr`j dust cìrj tf` r`c`vijt majm`pts is tf`y cìrj tfòr cijeuie`.

Xfit‟s wraje, ]p`ck` ojsosts.

Majsoh`r tfit on w` rìccy mauch jat ea l`yajh tf` codotitoaj an cijeuie`, tf`j hosmav`ry an j`w warhs wauch jat l`

passolc`, tfit w` s`` quot` ant`j. Cot`riry po`m`s sumf is pa`ds ir` mah`h oj cijeuie`, lut tf`r` ir` dijy stijm`s tfit

I]]OEJD@JX ]ACPXOAJ] EPOH@ (<298-<290)

[email protected]`mts an Cijeuie`

Hosmciod`r/]p`moic Jat`7 Xf`s` ir` gust tf` sidpc` an tf` Ijsw`rs/]acutoajs ta sad` an tf` Yu`stoajs eov`j oj tfÌssoejd`jts. Xf`s` ]idpc` Ijsw`rs/]acutoajs ir` pr`pir`h ly Rrovit` Xìmf`r/Xutars/Iuftars nar tf` f`cp ijh Euohijm`

an tf` stuh`jt ta e`t ij ohì an faw f`/sf` mij ijsw`r tf` Yu`stoajs an tf` Issoejd`jts. U` ha jat mciod 922%

Immurimy an tf`s` sidpc` Ijsw`rs is tf`s` ir` lis`h aj tf` kjawc`he` ijh mililocoty an Rrovit` Xìmf`r/Xutar. ]idpc`

ijsw`rs diy l` s``j is tf` Euoh`/F`cp Laak nar tf` r`n`r`jm` ta pr`pir` tf` ijsw`rs an tf` Yu`stoaj eov`j oj tf`

issoejd`jt. Is tf`s` sacutoajs ijh ijsw`rs ir` pr`pir`h ly tf` provit` tìmf`r/tutar sa tf` mfijm`s an `rrar ar dostik`

mijjat l` h`jo`h. Ijy Adossoaj ar @rrar os foefcy rèr`tt`h tfauef `v`ry mir` fis l``j tik`j wfoc` pr`piroje tf`s`

]idpc` Ijsw`rs/]acutoajs. Rcìs` majsuct yaur awj Xìmf`r/Xutar l`nar` yau pr`pir` i Rirtomucir Ijsw`r & nar uptahit`

ijh `ximt ojnarditoaj, hiti ijh sacutoaj. ]tuh`jt sfauch dust rìh ijh r`n`r tf` annomoic stuhy dit`roic pravoh`h ly tf`

ujov`rsoty.


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dik` us n``c tfit tf`r` os sad`tfoje dar` tfij cijeuie` oj pa`d. Majsoh`r _ìts nar `xidpc`,

Ij ie`h dij os lut i pictry tfoje,

I titt`r`h mait upaj stomk, ujc`ss

]auc mcip ots fijh ijh soje, ijh cauh`r soje

Nar `v`ry titt`r oj ots dartic hr`ss,

(Nrad‖]iocoje ta Lyzijtoud‟)

Ar majsoh`r X. ] @coat oj Cottc` Eohhoje OO

Isf aj ij ach dij‟s sc``v`

Os icc tf` isf lurjt ras`s cìv`. Hust oj tf` ior susp`jh`h

Dirks tf` pcim` wf`r` i stary `jh`h.

Mac`rohe`‟s Kulci Kfij os y`t ieioj sumf `xidpc`, wfomf mrìt`s i hrìd cok` odpimt aj tf` rìh`rs7

Uìv` i mormc` raujh fod tfrom`,

Ijh mcas` yaur `y`s wotf facy hrìh,

Nar f` aj faj`y-h`w fitf n`h,

Ijh hrujk tf` dock an pirihos`.

Ijh icsa majsoh`r wfit ach dij r`pco`s wf`j Icom` isk`h fod wfa ir` yau, ie`h dij ijh faw os ot yau cov`1

F` sioh ‖O caak nar lutt`rnco`s

Xfit sc``p idaje tf` wfìt7

O dik` tf`d oj luttaj-po`s,

Ijh s`cc tf`d oj tf` str``t, O s`cc tf`d ujta d`j,; f` sioh,

‖wfa sioc aj dy stardy sìs;

Ijh tfit‟s tf` wiy O e`t dy lrìh-

I tronc`, on yau pcìs`.‟

Xf` psymfacaeomic pomtur`s, wfomf fiv` l``j prahum`h oj tf`s` coj`s, dust tik` dar` tfij gust cijeuie`.

U` icc ir` imquiojt`h wotf tf` jatoaj tfit,‖ot‟s firh nar d` ta put dy tfauefts ojta warhs‟, ar ‖O mijjat nojh warhs

nar wfit O tfojk‟ tf`s` jatoajs ir` passolc` ajcy on w` majsoh`r tfauefts ijh cijeuie` is ojh`p`jh`jt ̀ jtoto`s. Ot‟s jat tfit

ajcy irtosts ijh pa`ts mrass tf` lirro`rs mrìt`h ly cijeuie`, lut smo`jtosts, ditf`ditomoijs, eàd`t`rs, istrajad`rs icsa

ha. C`t us e`t limk ta Rojk`r (9??8759) ijh s`` wfit f` fis ta siy7

Rfysomic smo`jtosts ir` ̀ v`j dar` ihidijt tfit tfòr tfojkoje os eàd`tromic, jat v`rlic. Domfìc Nirihiy, tf` aroeojitar

an aur dah`rj majm`ptoaj an `c`mtrom ijh diej`tom no`chs, fih ja triojoje oj ditf`ditoms, lut irrov`h it fos ojsoefts ly

vosuicosoje coj`s an narm` is jirraw tul`rs murvoje tfrauef spim`. Gid`s Mc`rk Dixw`cc nardicos`h tf` majm`pt an `c`mtradiej`tom no`chs oj i s`t an ditf`ditomic ̀ quitoajs ijh os majsoh`r`h tf` prod` ̀ xidpc` an ilstrimt tfàr`tomoij, lut

f` s`t hawj tf` `quitoaj ajcy int`r d`jticcy wotf `cilarit` odieojiry dah`cs an sf``ts ijh ncuohs….Xf` dast nidaus

s`cn-h`smrol`h vosuic tfojk`r Icl`rt @ojstòj, wfa irrov`h it sad` an fos ojsoefts ly odieojoje fods`cn rohoje i lìd an

coeft ijh caakoje limk it i mcamk.

Y. <. Hosmuss faw @jecosf sp`ccoje fiv` mfije`h nrad ach ta dah`rj @jecosf. Ufit ir` tf` nimtars wfomf fiv`

c`h ta tf` mfije`1

Ijs.

Mfije`s oj ]p`ccoje7

Int`r eaoje tfrauef tf` mfije`s dih` oj Majsajijt ijh âw`c saujhs c`t us s`` faw

tf`s` mfije`s inn`mt`h tf` sp`ccojes an warhs huroje icc tf`s` yìrs. L`nar` w` ea ifìh, c`t‟s fiv` i lro`n caak aj tf`

h`v`capd`jt an icpfil`t. Xf` ìrco`st nards an wrotoje lèij wotf tf` `xpr`ssoaj an ohìs tfrauef pomtur`s tfit os jaw

stuho`h ujh`r i lrijmf micc`h Ohàeripfy. Xfos dah` an `xpr`ssoaj `jilc`h pàpc` an honn`r`jt aroeojs ta maddujomit`

wotf ìmf atf`r. Xfos faw`v`r saaj l`mid` ojmajv`jo`jt ijh tod`-majsudoje. ]umf odpito`jm` c`h ta tf` h`v`capd`jt

an tf` j`xt stie` an wrotoje, stuho`h ujh`r tf` lrijmf an Caeaeripfy wf`r`ly pàpc` `xmfije`h tfauefts ijh ohìs

tfrauef soejs tfit staah nar m`rtioj warhs. Ojstìh an hriwoje i lisk`t an nruots, nar `xidpc`, pàpc` jaw hr`w ajcy aj`

soej nar tf` lisk`t ijh ijatf`r nar nruots. Ràpc` tf`j stirt`h naccawoje i ]yccilom syst`d oj wfomf i pirtomucir soej mauch

l` us`h nar ijy atf`r pfaj`tom madlojitoaj tfit saujh`h cok` tfit warh. Xfos nard an wrotoje os icsa micc`h \`lus wrotoje .

Xf` Icpfil`t syst`d wis nojiccy ojv`jt`h oj wfomf ojhovohuic soejs staah nar pirtomucir saujhs. Dast odpartijt

wrott`j cijeuie`s an tf` warch naccaw tf` icpfil`t syst`d.

Xf` ìrco`st wis tf` @eyptoij wrotoje, wfomf wis i sart an –pomtur` wrotoje—. ]trumturiccy, ot wis warh ijh syccilom

wrotoje. Ot wis ojv`jt`h iraujh =222 LM. Oj tfos syst`d an wrotoje, s`v`ric fujhr`h soejs staah nar nucc warhs ar syccilc`s.

Xf`y mauch òtf`r r`pr`s`jt tf` wfac` warh ly i sojec` soej ar wotf ippraproit` soejs nar ìmf saujh. Xf`s` soejs hoh jat


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sp`mony vaw`cs tfauef. Rfa`jomoij wrotoje madpros`h an i s`t an << soejs, h`v`cap`h ilaut 9222 L.M. strumturiccy sodocir

ta tf` @eyptoij styc`, tf`s` soejs taa ajcy sp`mono`h majsajijts oj syccilc`s ijh jat vaw`cs. @ircy Rfa`jomoij wrotoje wis

i doxtur` an larraw`h pomtaeripfom nards ijh ojv`jt`h eàd`trom soejs.

Xf` Myproat styc` an wrotoje h`v`cap`h ly tf` pàpc` an tf` Myprus oscijhs wis i macc`mtoaj an 0> soejs.

Xf` @jecosf icpfil`t h`v`cap`h nrad i judl`r an ìrcy wrotoje syst`ds. Xf` \adijs fih eov`j dast mipotics tfòr

dah`rj nard ly I.H.998. Lut tf` c`tt`rs G, P ijh U w`r` jat ihh`h ta tf` icpfil`t ujtoc tf` Dohhc` Ie`s. Cojeuosts

tahiy us` ij icdast p`rn`mt icpfil`t, tf` Ojt`rjitoajic Rfaj`tom Icpfil`t, wfomf fis dar` tfij ̀ oefty mfirimt`rs l`mius`

tf` rèucir @jecosf icpfil`t tahiy os jat suot`h ta wrotoje warhs oj @jecosf. Xfit os ta siy, tf` rèucir @jecosf icpfil`t

ha`s jat fiv` i s`pirit` mfirimt`r nar `v`ry hostojmtov` saujh oj tf` cijeuie`.Xf` icpfil`t us`h ta wrot` aur Ach @jecosf t`xts wis ihapt`h nrad Citoj, wfomf wis ojtrahum`h ly Mfrostoij

dossoajiro`s. Pjnartujit`cy, nar tf` lèojjoje stuh`jt, sp`ccoje wis j`v`r nuccy stijhirhos`h7 ojstìh tf` icpfil`t,

wotf majtoj`jtic vicu`s (saujhs), wis us`h ly smrolic dajks ta sp`cc warhs –pfaj`tomiccy— wotf tf` r`suct tfit ìmf

hoic`mt, wotf ots honn`r`jt saujhs, wis r`jh`r`h honn`r`jtcy ‘ ijh ojmajsost`jtcy, av`r tod`, hu` ta hoic`mtic `vacutoaj

ijh/ar smrolic honn`r`jm`s. Koje Icnr`h hoh itt`dpt ta rèuciros` sp`ccoje oj tf` ?tf m`jtury, lut ly tf` 99tf m`jtury

majtoju`h mfije`s oj prajujmoitoaj ajm` ieioj `x`rt`h tfòr hosruptov` `nn`mts aj sp`ccoje. Oj dah`rj trijsmroptoajs

sumf is `hotars ant`j ihh hoimrotoms ta soejic vaw`c prajujmoitoaj, tfauef s`chad dar` tfij dimrajs (caje dirks).

Ijeca-]ixaj smrol`s ihh`h twa majsajijts ta tf` Citoj icpfil`t ta r`jh`r tf` tf saujhs7 norst tf` rujom tfarj (ú),

ijh cit`r `tf (ò). Faw`v`r, tf`r` wis j`v`r i majsost`jt hostojmtoaj l`tw``j tf`d is tfòr dah`rj ORI `quovic`jts doeft

suee`st7 honn`r`jt ojstijm`s an tf` sid` warh doeft us` ú oj aj` pcim` ijh ò oj ijatf`r. U` naccaw tf` primtom`s an aur

saurm`s oj aur t`xtuic trijsmroptoajs, lut aur homtoajiry nards t`jh ta stijhirhos` aj òtf`r ú ar ò ‘ dastcy tf` citt`r,

tfauef ot h`p`jhs aj tf` warh. Xa f`cp r`hum` majnusoaj, w` sart tf`s` c`tt`rs ojhostojeuosfilcy, int`r X; tf` rìh`r sfauchjat ojn`r ijy pirtomucir honn`r`jm`. Ijatf`r ihh`h c`tt`r wis tf` coeitur` isf (î), us`h ta r`pr`s`jt tf` lraih vaw`c saujh

jaw r`jh`r`h ly ‖i‟ oj, ̀ .e., tf` warh nist . I c`tt`r wyjj wis icsa ihh`h, ta r`pr`s`jt tf` @jecosf w saujh, lut ot caaks sa

dumf cok` tfarj tfit dah`rj trijsmroptoajs r`pcim` ot wotf tf` dar` nidocoir ‖w‟ ta `codojit` majnusoaj.

Xf` jitur` an jaj-stijhirhos`h Ijeca-]ixaj sp`ccoje ha`s ann`r madp`jsitoaj7 ja c`tt`rs w`r` –soc`jt— (o.`. icc w`r`

prajaujm`h), ijh pfaj`tom sp`ccoje f`cps oh`jtony ijh trimk hoic`mtic honn`r`jm`s tfrauef tod`. Ufoc` tf` citt`r os jat

icwiys r`c`vijt ta tf` lèojjoje stuh`jt, ot os j`v`rtf`c`ss odpartijt ta pfocacaeosts ijh atf`rs ojt`r`st`h oj hoic`mts ijh

tf` `vacutoaj an tf` ìrcy @jecosf cijeuie`.

Xw`cntf m`jtury sfaw`h i r`dirkilc` mfije` oj sp`ccojes an @jecosf cijeuie`. ]aaj int`r tf` Jardij Majqu`st

mfochr`j mìs`h ta l` rèucircy tiueft ta rìh ijh wrot` @jecosf, ijh w`r` tiueft ta rìh ijh wrot` Nr`jmf ojstìh.

Uf`j, tf`r`nar`, tf` diss an tf` j`w e`j`ritoaj tro`h ta wrot` @jecosf, tf`y fih ja artfaeripfomic trihotoajs ta euoh`

tf`d, ijh fih ta sp`cc tf` warhs pfaj`tomiccy immarhoje ta Nr`jmf ruc`s. Xf`y us`h mf ojstìh an tf` ach m, wf`j ot wis

prajaujm`h is oj morom` (mfurmf). Xf` saujh an tf` Ach @jecosf sm oj smìdu (sfid`), wfomf hoh jat `xost it tfit todòj Nr`jmf, wis r`jh`r`h ly ss, ssf, smf, ar sf. Xf` Nr`jmf qu taak tf` pcim` an mp. Xf` n l`tw``j vaw`cs (prajaujm`h v)

wis r`pcim`h ly u ar v (tf`s` lòje stocc, is caje int`rwirhs, trìt`h is nards an aj` ijh tf` sid` c`tt`r, us`h ojhonn`r`jtcy

nar vaw`c ijh majsajijt). Xf` Ach @jecosf sydlac $$ wis hrapp`h, ots pcim` lòje tik`j ly i ar `. Xf` saujh an tf`

Ach @jecosf y, oj tf` hoic`mts wf`r` ot survov`h, wis ̀ xpr`ss`h ly u; ijh tfit an tf` Ach @jecosf caje u wis wrott`j au, is

oj Nr`jmf.

Y. =. H`smrol` tf` vaw`cs an @jecosf. Eov` it Cìst aj` warh oj wfomf ìmf an tf`s` vaw`cs ammurs.

Ijs. Xf` prahumtoaj an vaw`c saujhs ha`s jat ojvacv` tf` mrìtoaj an ijy h`nojot` alstimc` oj tf` iorstrìd (lrìtf

strìd). Xf` honn`r`jm`s l`tw``j tf` vaw`c pfaj`d`s ir` mrìt`h ly viroaus dahonomitoajs an tf` r`sajitar (aric ijh

jisic mivoto`s) wfomf ir` lraueft ilaut ly mfije`s oj tf` pasotoaj an tf` tajeu` ijh tf` cops. Oj arh`r ta prahum` tf`

vaw`c saujh an @jecosf lìt, w` rios` tf` tajeu` foef tawirhs tf` nrajt an tf` aric mivoty. Xf` quicoty an @jecosf vaw`cs

os usuiccy h`t`rdoj`h ly tf` naccawoje twa nimtars7

(i) Xf` fòeft an tf` tajeu` oj tf` aric mivoty.

(l) Xf` pasotoaj an tf` tajeu` wotf rèirh ta nrajt ijh limk oj tf` aric mivoty.

Xf` tajeu`, davoje nrad foef ta caw ar nrad nrajt ta limk, mij issud` dijy pasotoajs wfomf sa dahony tf` sfip`

an tf` aric mivoty is ta prahum` i vortuiccy ujcodot`h judl`r an saujhs nar honn`r`jt vaw`cs. ]tocc tf` pasotoajs an vaw`cs

ir` jat is pr`mos` is tfas` an tf` majsajijts.

Ijatf`r soejonomijt mfirimt`rostom an @jecosf vaw`c pfaj`d`s os tfit tf`y imt is tf` dast pradoj`jt pirt an i

syccilc`, is ieiojst majsajijts wfomf imt usuiccy is tf` ojotoic ar nojic pirts an i syccilc`. Xf` syccilom str`ss niccs aj tf`

vaw`c ijh tfos os kjawj is syccilom jumcùs. Xf`r` ir` twa typ`s an syccilom jumcùs”i sodpc` syccilom jumcùs ijh i

madpc`x syccilom jumcùs. I sodpc` syccilom jumcùs majtiojs ajcy aj` pfaj`d` wfomf os i vaw`c. I madpc`x syccilom



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jumcùs majsosts an i vaw`c ijh i naccawoje ecoh`. Xf` ecoh`s ir` i sp`moic mciss an majsajijts wfomf `jt`r ojta

madlojitoaj wotf i pr`m`hoje vaw`c ta nard i madpc`x jumcùs. Xf`y ir` sad`tod`s mcissono`h is s`do-vaw`cs ijh

sfir` mfirimt`rostoms an latf majsajijts ijh vaw`cs. Xfus, ecoh`s sfir` tf` irtomucitary mfirimt`rostoms an vaw`cs, lut

tf` nujmtoajic nìtur`s an majsajijts. ‖Aj tf` lisos an stromtcy irtomucitary mrot`roi, r`sajijt majsajijts mij l` mcissono`h

is vaw`cs, lut tfòr nujmtoaj oj @jecosf os mcìrcy majsajijtic oj @jecosf. Ot fis l``j als`rv`h tfit wfit dast @jecosf

spìk`rs tfojk an is i sojec` vaw`c os ant`j i madlojitoaj an twa vaw`c cok` saujhs (i vaw`c pcus i ecoh`). ]umf

madlojitoajs dik` up tf` madpc`x syccilom jumcò an @jecosf.‟

Mcissonomitoaj an @jecosf âw`c Rfaj`d`s7 Xf` @jecosf vaw`c pfaj`d`s fiv` l``j mcissono`h ojta tf` naccawoje

tfr`` eraups7(I) Nrajt âw`cs7 ]ojm` tf` nrajt an tf` tajeu` issud`s viroaus hèr``s an fòeft ojsoh` tf` dautf, tf`s` vaw`cs

ir` t`rd`h nrajt vaw`cs. Xf`s` ir` oh`jtono`h is l`caw7

| o | is oj lìt, k`y, r`mòv`, pàpc`, dìsc`.

| o | is oj lot, pot, eyd, dost, moty.

| ̀ | is oj liot, erìt, pciy, ròj, tf`y.

| @ | is oj l`t, e`t, s`t, t`cc, n`cc.

| i` | is oj it, lit, iss, nit, dij.

Aut an tf`s` nrajt vaw`cs, /o/ ijh /`/ ir` foefcy hopftfajeic wfomf odpco`s tfit huroje tfòr prahumtoaj tf` tajeu`

ecoh`s upwirh oj tf` dautf sa tfit tf`y `jh wotf i dumf foef`r saujh tfij tf` aj` wotf wfomf tf`y lèoj. Ot diy icsa l`

paojt`h aut f`r` tfit @jecosf us`s viroaus artfaeripfom sydlacs ta r`pr`s`jt sp`moiccy tf` vaw`cs /o/ ijh /`/.

(L) M`jtric âw`cs7 Oj irtomucitoje tf`s` vaw`cs, tf` m`jtric pirt an tf` tajeu` os rios`h tawirhs i paojt oj tf` raan

an tf` dautf tfit co`s l`tw``j tf` firh picit` ijh tf` sant picit` ar v`cud. M`jtric vaw`cs ir` oh`jtono`h is eov`j l`caw7| ∥ | is oj up, mup, suldot, haj`, mad`, ncaah.

| ∌ | is oj nor, f`r, sor, ilaut, tf`.

| ∌ 7 | is oj lorh, mfurmf, ìrtf, lortf, maurie`.

Xf`s` vaw`cs ammur oj i niorcy cire` viro`ty an nards.

(M) Limk âw`cs7 Icc @jecosf limk vaw`cs ir` irtomucit`h wotf tf` limk an tf` tajeu` hriwj limk ijh rios`h ly

hèr``s. Cop-raujhoje viro`s immarhoje ta tf` pasotoaj an tf` tajeu`.

Xf`r` ir` nov` limk vaw`cs is oh`jtono`h l`caw7

| w | is oj naah, raat, taac, sfa`, raue`.

| u | is oj mauch, wauch, eaah, caak, pusf.

| a | is oj lait, sauc, saw, scaw, nca`.

| ⊍ | is oj laueft, tiueft, aueft, ciw, mcatf.

| i | is oj mir, ciuef, dirmf, micd, icird.Uotf tf`s` vaw`cs icsa tf` viro`ty an artfaeripfom r`pr`s`jtitoajs ir` iviocilc` ijh tf` pfaj`d`s | w | ijh | a | ir`

foefcy hopftfajeic. Latf saujhs `jh wotf tf` tajeu` oj i foef`r pasotoaj ijh wotf dar` cop-raujhoje tf`j tf`y lèoj

wotf.

Nurtf`r H`smroptoaj an @jecosf âw`c Rfaj`d`s

Xf` @jecosf vaw`c pfaj`d`s ir` usuiccy h`smrol`h wotf r`n`r`jm` ta tf` naccawoje tfr`` nìtur`s7 (i) tf` tajeu`

fòeft wfomf diy l` foef, doh ar caw; (l) tf` tajeu` pasotoaj wfomf diy l` nrajt, m`jtric ar limk, ijh (m) tf` cop-

raujhoje wfomf diy l` sprìh, raujh`h, ar jùtric. Xf` nrajt vaw`cs an @jecosf ir` usuiccy prahum`h wotf sprìh cops,

tf` limk vaw`cs wotf raujh`h cops ijh tf` m`jtric vaw`cs oj wfomf tf` cop pasotoajs diy l` sart an jùtric. Xf` naccawoje

sfaws i majv`jo`jt hovosoaj nar tf` vaw`cs an @jecosf7

Nrajt M`jtric Limk

Foef | o 7 | | Z | | w |

| o | | u |

Doh | ` | | ∌ | | a |

| ΰ | | ∌7 |

Caw | i` | | i | | ∌ |

Iccapfaj`s an âw`c Rfaj`d`s7 Xf` iccapfajom rìcositoajs an vaw`c pfaj`d`s oj @jecosf cijeuie` tik` pcim` oj

twa wiys7

(i) Oj t`rds an c`jetf, h`p`jhoje aj tf` majsajijt tfit mad`s int`r ot. Oj tf` naccawoje warhs tf` c`jetfs ir`

majhotoaj`h ly tf` naccawoje majsajijts | t | ijh | h | 7

lìt - lìh



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lot - loh

fot - foh

kot - koh

Xfr`` vaw`c c`jetfs ir` usuiccy hosm`rjolc`7

(o) ]fart vaw`cs wfomf mad` l`nar` vaom`c`ss majsajijts sumf is, lìt - lot.

(oo) Caje ar ojt`rd`hoit` vaw`cs wotf vaw`cs oj ap`j syccilc`.

(ooo) Caje`st vaw`c l`nar` vaom`h majsajijts sumf is lìh - loh.

Nurtf`rdar`, tf`r` ir` twa typ`s an vaom` quicoto`s wfomf diy l` n`ct oj r`sp`mt an vaw`cs ammurroje oj mcas`

syccilc`s (sumf is o, i`, v, ∌) ijh tfas` ammurroje oj latf ap`j is w`cc is mcas` syccilc`s (sumf is o, ̀ , i, a, u). Xf` norst aj`sir` micc`h cix vaw`cs ijh tf` citt`r ir` kjawj is t`js` vaw`cs. Xf` cix vaw`cs (o, `, i`, u, `, ∌) ir` an ojt`rd`hoit` c`jetf

oj mcas`h syccilc` wotf vaom`h majsajijts naccawoje. Xf` t`js` vaw`cs ( o, `, i, m, a, u) ir` an tf` caje`st c`jetf oj ap`j

syccilc`. Xf` hopftfaje | io | l`nar` vaom`c`ss majsajijt os sfart`r ijh foef`r is oj wrotoje, wfoc` ot os caje`r ijh caw`r

l`nar` i vaom`h majsajijt is oj rohoje.

(l) Ijatf`r Iccapfaj` an @jecosf vaw`cs os eov`j tf` jid` an i ‖ecoh`‟ wfomf dìjs tfit huroje tfòr prahumtoajs

tf` tajeu` ha`s jat stiy oj tf` sid` pasotoaj, lut ecoh`s òtf`r up ar hawj. Xf` `nn`mt an tfos ecohoje an tf` tajeu` os an

maurs` tfit tf` vaw`c os oj nimt dih` up an twa vaw`c saujhs prahum`h oj tf` sid` lrìtf-strìd. Xf`r` ir` tf` naccawoje

tfr`` typ`s an ecoh`s usuiccy hosm`rj`h7

(o) ecoh` ta foef nrajt rèoaj an | o |, | ` |, | io |, ijh | ò |, wotf tajeu` dav`d`jt;

(oo) ecoh` ta foef limk rèoaj an | u |, | a | ijh | ù | wotf cop, mcasur`; ijh

(ooo) ecoh` ta doh m`jtric rèoaj an | o` | ijh | u∌ | is oj tf` warhs lot, l`t, l`h, caw, pi, mauch, mut, muh.

Xf` | r | puccs tf` vaw`cs hawj is oj l`r, tìr, nior, nir. Icc tf` vaw`cs l`nar` | c | is oj p``c, paac, pic, piuc, ecoh`limk ta m`jtric rèoaj. Ot l`mad`s straje`st wf`j ot ea`s limk ta tf` caw`st limk rèoaj is oj ‖Firach‟ wf`r` | c | osvamicos`h ijh l`mad`s i vaw`c.

Y. 8. Ufit, oj yaur vo`w, ir` tf` tfr`` dast odpartijt cìrj`r viroilc`s oj tf` cìrjoje an i s`majh cijeuie`1

Hosmuss.

Ijs. Ot ippìrs tfit mfochr`j cìrj tf` s`majh cijeuie` nist`r ijh ìsocy tfij ihucts. Xf`r` ir` viroaus ireud`jts l`fojh

tfos. Oj 9?0= R`jno`ch sioh tfit fudij lrioj cas`s ots nc`xolocoty int`r ittiojoje pul`rty. C`jj`l`re oj 9?>6 ier``h int`r tf` mrotomic

p`roah, l`tw``j twa ta pul`rty, an fudij cìrjoje, i s`majh cijeuie` mij l` imquor`h lut tfos os haj` wotf cat an honnomucty.

Ijatf`r ̀ xpcijitoaj an tfos h`mcoj` oj ihuct‟s ilocoty ta imquor` i s`majh cijeuie` os tfit, tf`y ha jat fiv` tf` sid` datovitoaj

ijh ittotuh` tawirhs tf` j`w cijeuie` is mfochr`j fiv`. Ot os lot honnomuct nar ij ihuct ta eov` up fos/f`r oh`jtoty wfomf os ittimf`h

wotf tf` norst cijeuie`, wfomf mfochr`j ha fiv` dumf ta ittimf wotf tfòr norst cijeuie`. Oj 9?52 ]icoje`r paojt`h aut tfit mfochr`j

imquosotoaj an pfajacaeomic syst`d os dumf l`tt`r tfij ij ihuct.

Ipirt nrad ilav` ireud`jts, dijy r`sìrmf`rs fiv` sfawj tfit ihucts ir` l`tt`r cìrj`rs tfij mfochr`j. Maak oj 9??9r`n`rr`h ta i r`sìrmf mirro`h aut ly Fa`njie`c-Fafc`, wfomf siys tfit tf` ach cìrj`rs w`r` l`tt`r tfij mfochr`j oj ̀ v`ry isp`mt

an s`majh cijeuie`. Xf` ajcy no`ch tf`y cimk`h wis prajujmoitoaj. Xfus w` s`` tfit ie` os ij odpartijt nimtar oj tf` s`majh

cijeuie` imquosotoaj.

]@V

]`x os ij ireuilc` tapom nar tf` ilocoty an cijeuie` imquosotoaj. Faw`v`r, dijy r`sìrmf`rs fiv` sfawj tfit eorcs ir` l`tt`r

it tf` imquosotoaj an s`majh cijeuie`s tfij lays. Uad`j t`jh ta us` dar` pr`stoeoaus nard an cijeuie` tfij d`j. Xruheocc

issamoit`h tfos wotf wad`j‟s samoic ijh `majadom ojs`muroty. F` ireu`h tfit wad`j ir` tfit samoiccy ijh `majadomiccy dar`

ojs`mur` tfij d`j tf`r`nar` tf`y madp`jsit` ot wotf stijhirhositoaj an cojeuostom nard. Dijy r`sìrmf`s haj` oj Ojhoij majt`xt

ly Ojhoiji cojeuosts cok` Iejofatro ijh ]ityijitf sfaw tfit eorcs ir` l`tt`r it imquoroje tf` pr`stoeoaus nard an cojeuostom, tfij

lays.

OJX@CCOE@JM@

Ufit os Ojt`ccoe`jm`1

Ojt`ccoe`jm` os i t`rd us`h ta h`smrol` i prap`rty an tf` dojh tfit ̀ jmadpiss`s dijy r`cit`h ilocoto`s, sumf is tf` mipimoto`sta rìsaj, ta pcij, ta sacv` pralc`ds, ta tfojk ilstrimtcy, ta madpr`f`jh ohìs, ta us` cijeuie`, ijh ta cìrj. Xf`r` ir` s`v`ric

wiys ta h`noj` ojt`ccoe`jm`. Oj sad` mis`s, ojt`ccoe`jm` diy ojmcuh` triots sumf is mrìtovoty, p`rsajicoty, mfirimt`r, kjawc`he`, ar

woshad. Faw`v`r, tf`r` os ja ier``d`jt aj wfomf triots h`noj` tf` pf`jad`jaj an ojt`ccoe`jm` ier``h upaj ly i digaroty imrass

tf` viroaus majm`rj`h hosmopcoj`s.

Nrijmos Eictaj, ojncu`jm`h ly fos mausoj Mfirc`s Hirwoj, wis tf` norst ta ihvijm` i tfàry an e`j`ric ojt`ccoe`jm`. Nar

Eictaj, ojt`ccoe`jm` wis i rìc nimucty wotf i loacaeomic lisos tfit mauch l` stuho`h ly dìsuroje rìmtoaj tod`s ta m`rtioj

maejotov` tisks. Eictaj‟s r`sìrmf aj dìsuroje tf` fìh soz` an Lrotosf smo`jtosts ijh arhojiry motoz`js c`h ta tf` majmcusoaj tfit

fìh soz` fih ja r`citoajsfop wotf tf` p`rsaj‟s ojt`ccoe j̀m`.

Ojt`ccoe`jm` X̀ sts


www.oejau-im.oj www.oejau-im.oj www.oejau-im.oj>

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Xf`r` ir` viroaus ojt`ccoe`jm` t`sts iviocilc` ta t`st i judl`r an fudij lrioj‟s nujmtoaj. Xf` dast nidaus ojt`ccoe`jm` t`sts

ir`7 ]tijnarh-Loj`t t`st, U`mfsc`r Ihuct ojt`ccoe`jm` smic` (UIO]), ijh U`mfsc`r ojt`ccoe`jm` smic` nar mfochr`j (UIOM). Xf`s`

ojt`ccoe`jm` t`sts diy pravoh` i nior an d`jtic ilocoty an cijeuie` imquosotoaj, faw`v`r, tf`s` mijjat l` majsoh`r`h is i sur`

pr`homtoaj an summ`ss ijh niocur` oj naròej cijeuie` cìrjoje.

Y. 0. Ufit os narèraujhoje1 Ufit ir` tf` h`vom`s us`h ta narèraujh pa`try1 Eov` `xidpc`s wfomf ir`

honn`r`jt nrad tfas` oj tf` ujots.

Ijs. Xf` t`rd narèraujhoje os larraw`h nrad irt mrotomosd. Irt mrotoms usuiccy hostojeuosf tf` narèraujh an i

piojtoje nrad ots limkeraujh. Xf` narèraujh os tfit pirt an i piojtoje wfomf os oj tf` m`jtr` ijh tawirhs tf` lattad an

tf` mijvis... ... tf` ot`ds wfomf ammur oj tf` narèraujh an i piojtoje wocc usuiccy ippìr cire` oj r`citoaj ta tf` r`st an tfàlg`mts..." (@xpcaroje tf` Cijeuie` an Ra`ds, Rciys ijh Rras`, ly Domk ]fart).

Narèraujh os tf` ijtajyd an limkeraujh. Oj i cot`riry t`xt, oj arh`r ta foefcoeft sad`tfoje ar ta put sp`moic ̀ dpfisos

aj sad`tfoje os tf` rìsaj an narèraujhoje. Xa dik` i pirt p`rm`ptuiccy pradoj`jt, ijh jatilc` tf`r`ly, tf` iutfars tik`

f`cp an narèraujhoje. H`voitoajs, piricc`cosd, r`p`totoaj ” icc tf`s` ir` mrìt`h ta narèraujh honn`r`jt m`rtioj pirts.

Immarhoje ta JXM‟s Homtoajiry an Cot`riry X`rds, miccoje itt`jtoaj ta sad`tfoje (ij ohì, i mfirimt`r, i vo`wpaojt) ta

dik` ot stijh aut nrad arhojiry ly pcimoje ot ta tf` narèraujh os micc`h narèraujhoje.

Narèraujhoje os i cot`riry majm`pt larraw`h nrad \ussoij Nardicosd ijh h`v`cap`h ly nardicost Gij Dukiravskô

wfa micc`h ot iktuicosim`, wfomf fis l``j trijscit`h ta @jecosf is narèraujhoje. Narèraujhoje os i t`mfjoqu` wotfoj

cot`riry h`vom`s wf`r`ly tf` iutfar mrìt`s –h`nidocoirozitoaj— tfrauef cojeuostom (o.`., p`rtiojoje ta cijeuie`) –hoscamitoaj—

tfit miccs rìh`rs‟ itt`jtoaj tf` strije`j`ss an tf` warch ar tf` p`rm`ptoaj an tf` warch partriy`h ar h`pomt`h oj tf` cot`riry

wark.

Oj ̀ xpcijitoaj, Dukiravskô pasot`h tfit cot`ritur` os i pram`ss an –strije` dikoje— wf`r`ly tf` warch ar i p`rsp`mtovòs pr`s`jt`h oj i dijj`r tfit s`pirit`s ot nrad rìc con` ̀ xp`ro`jm` tfrauef cot`riry h`vom`s tfit dijopucit` viroilc`s ta s`t

cot`riry `xp`ro`jm` ipirt nrad rìc `xp`ro`jm`, tfus dikoje ot strije`, is oj ujnidocoir. Xfos stijhs oj stirk majtrist ta

mcissomic tfàry stitoje cot`ritur` r`nc`mts rìc con` `xp`ro`jm` an tf` warch ijh faw ot ap`rit`s.

Xf` purpas` an narèraujhoje os ta sfirp`j rìh`rs‟ vosoaj ijh ujh`rstijhoje an tf` `v`jt, n``cojes, mormudstijm`,

majm`pt, `tm. tfit tf` iutfar wijts ta paojt aut oj tf` fap` an eovoje rìh`rs j`w mciroty, `popfijy ar datovitoaj `tm. Xf`

nivar`h t`mfjoqu`s nar mrìtoje narèraujhoje ir` pitt`rjs, sumf is r`p`totoajs; idloeuoty, oj wfomf dìjoje os mcìr lut

majmcusoajs diy l` viroilc`; d`tipfar; taj`; piricc`cosd; ijh homtoaj. ]trumturic `c`d`jts diy icsa l` narèraujh`h,

sumf is mfirimt`r h`v`capd`jt ijh pcat strumtur`. Ijy an tf`s` h`vom`s diy l` us`h ta h`nidocoiroz` tf` cot`riry wark

tfrauef cojeuostom hoscamitoaj (o.`., itypomic cijeuie` usie`) sa tfit tf` rìh`r os strumk ly tf` iutfar‟s paojts ijh iods

wfoc` suld`re`h oj i –strije`— p`rsp`mtov` an con` ijh tf` warch.

Narèraujhoje os us`h is i digar stycostom h`vom` ly dijy iutfars wf`tf`r tfit os oj pciys, jav`cs, sfart staro`s ar

caje pa`ds. Aj` an tf` dast occustritov` (on i cottc` lrisf) `xidpc`s an tf` us` an narèraujhoje oj tf` sfart stary e`jr` osoj tf` stary ‖Xf` ]mirc`t Olos.‟ Oj tfos stary, i stromk`j lorh cijhs oj i tr`` oj i nidocy‟s yirh wfoc` tf` pàpc` ir` fivoje

cujmf. Ot os i fat hiy ijh erihuiccy tf` lorh scudps, maccips`s ijh niccs tfrauef tf` lrijmf`s ta tf` eraujh oj i fìp. Ot‟s

eijecy cès ijh r`hhosf macaur nar`sfihaw tf` dijj`r oj wfomf tf` cottc` hosilc`h saj wocc ho` (p`rfips an fìrt niocur` ar

`xfiustoaj) cit`r aj, fos cès ijh fìrt sodocircy h`pomt`h.

Xf` narèraujhoje `xpcijitoaj an wfit os dast eroppoje ijh ojncu`jmoic oj pa`try fis l``j w`cc suppart`h ly tf`

r`sucts an ij `dporomic stuhy ly vij R``r an tf` rìmtoajs an maccè` stuh`jts ta honn`r`jt coj`s an sox hov`rs` pa`ds. Xf`

stycostom h`vom`s ly wfomf h`nidocoirozitoaj os immadpcosf`h w`r` ap`ritoajiccy h`noj`h ly vij R``r ijh us`h ta oh`jtony

wfomf coj`s l`caje ta tf` nar`, dohhc` ar limkeraujh an ̀ imf pa`d Xf` pr`s`jt stuhy wis ujh`rtik`j ta t`st tf` prapasic

tfit tf` coj`s an pa`try sa oh`jtono`h wauch icsa honn`r oj tf` ̀ datoajic taj` tf`y majjat`. ]umf ̀ voh`jm` wauch r`quor` ij

`xpijsoaj an tf` h`nojotoaj an stycostom h`vom`s `dpcay`h ly pa`ts, ijh `jmaurie` nutur` stuhy an tf` `datoajic taj`

pitt`rjs pirtomucir ta, siy, Xfadis ijh Uarhswartf. @datoajic taj` smar`s aj tf` lisom hod`jsoajs an ̀ vicuitoaj, imtovoty

ijh pat`jmy w`r` macc`mt`h nar tf` sox pa`ds usoje tf` madput`r syst`d CAEA] Dìjs an tf` smar`s nar tf` narèraujhcoj`s w`r` madpir`h ta icc tf` atf`r coj`s an tf` pa`ds tik`j is limkeraujh, ly i r`pìt`h dìsur`s ijicysos an viroijm`.

Xf` narèraujh coj`s w`r` naujh ta l` foef`r oj ̀ vicuitoaj ijh oj imtovoty. Oj tf` mis` an pat`jmy, smar`s w`r` caw`r oj tf`

narèraujh coj`s an naur an tf` pa`ds, lut foef`r oj twa wfoc` i cire`r sidpc` an pa`ds doeft sfaw tf` dohhcèraujh

coj`s ta fiv` dah`rit` smar`s aj tf`s` dìsur`s, tfit wis jat h`dajstrit`h f`r`. Xf` pa`ds w`r` v`ry honn`r`jt nrad

ìmf atf`r oj c`v`cs an `datoajic taj`, wfoc` sfiroje tf` prap`rty an `c`vit`h pcìsijtj`ss ijh irausic oj narèraujh

coj`s.

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