O CRACK NA MÍDIA IMPRESSA Análise do espaço e tratamento dado ao crack nos jornais Estado de Minas, Hoje em Dia e O Tempo

8/4/2019 O CRACK NA MÍDIA IMPRESSA Análise do espaço e tratamento dado ao crack nos jornais Estado de Minas, Hoje em…

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Om|ien Onhi

M @\N@J EN BÂFKN KBW\IPPN

Neîokpi fm ipwnèm i v|nvnbievm fnfm nm `|n`j emp cm|enkp Ipvnfm fi

Bkenp/ Dmci ib Fkn i M Vibwm

Liom Dm|ksmevi

@iev|m Yekqi|pkvî|km fi Liom Dm|ksmevi $YEK"LD+

<7>>



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Om|ien Onhi

M @\N@J EN BÂFKN KBW\IPPN

Neîokpi fm ipwnèm i v|nvnbievm fnfm nm `|n`j emp cm|enkp Ipvnfm fi

Bkenp/ Dmci ib Fkn i M Vibwm

Bmemh|nakn nw|ipievnfn nm @iev|m Yekqi|pkvî|km fi Liom Dm|ksmevi "YEK"LD/ `mbm |i~ykpkvm wn|`kno ç mlvieèàm fm vâvyom fi ln`dn|io ibCm|enokpbm%

M|kievnfm|n3 Bn|kn @|kpvken Oikvi

Liom Dm|ksmevi

@iev|m Yekqi|pkvî|km fi Liom Dm|ksmevi $YEK"LD+<7>>



0

,M cm|enokpbm ë ybn wnktàm kepn`kîqio ~yi pð pi wmfi fkhi|k| i vm|eî"om dybnem wm| pyn

`mea|mevnèàm fip`n|enfn `mb n |inokfnfi% Ekehyëb ~yi eàm m viedn pma|kfm wmfi kbnhken|

ippn pi|qkfàm ~yi pi nokbievn fmp kbw|iqkpvmp fn qkfn% Ekehyëb ~yi eàm m viedn qkqkfm wmfi

`meìli|/ pi~yi|/ m ~yi ë ippn wnowkvnèàm pml|ienvy|no fn emvâ`kn/ m m|hnpbm fnp w|kbâ`knp/ n

fibmokèàm bm|no fm a|n`nppm% Ekehyëb ~yi eàm viedn enp`kfm wn|n kppm i ipvicn fkpwmpvm n

qkqi| pð wn|n kppm wmfi|î wi|pkpvk| eyb maâ`km vàm ke`mbw|iiepâqio i qm|ns/ `ycn ml|n pi n`nln

fiwmkp fi `nfn emvâ`kn/ `mbm pi am|n wn|n pibw|i/ bnp ~yi eàm wi|bkvi yb kepvnevi fi wns

ie~ynevm eàm pi |i`mbièn `mb bnkp n|fm| fm ~yi eye`n em bkeyvm pihykevi,%

$Hnl|kio Hn|`kn Bn|~yip/ ip`|kvm| ̀ momblknem+%

,Cm|enokpvn fi |nèn ë yb bîhk`m% V|nepakhy|n m neöekbm ib emvîqio/ ìoil|n m fipwi|ìlkfm/

ie~ynf|n m vitvm em `mevitvm% Ie~ynevm eðp emp okbkvnbmp n modn|/ ioi qã np `mkpnp/ npwippmnp/ n wnkpnhib% Qã i `mevn,% Yo{ppip Hykbn|àip/ wmoâvk`m wnyokpvn/ `kvnfm wm| \k`n|fm

Jmvp`dm/ em okq|m Fm Hmowi nm Wonenovm $@mbwnedkn fnp Oiv|np+%

‟Ë eiìppî|km wnhn| yb w|ièm wm| ~yno~yi| `mkpn ~yi qnodn n wien: i ippi w|ièm ë pibw|i m

v|nlnodm/ n wn`kãe`kn/ m nbm| i n fifk`nèàm‒ $Cmde Ly||myhdp+



6

NH\NFI@KBIEVM

^ynefm iy iev|ik en an`yofnfi/ eàm pnlkn/ nm ì|vm/ pi m ~yi iy ipvnqn ansiefm en~yioi

bmbievm i|n m `m||ivm% Yb `m|nèàm `dikm fi pnyfnfip i v|kpvisn pi nfiev|nqn nm YEK LD/

~ynv|m bipip nwðp m anoi`kbievm fi biy wnk/ ~yi vnevm ipwi|my wm| ipvi bmbievm% Em

ievnevm/ bykvmp pmedmp i bykvnp itwi`vnvkqnp ipvnqnb ib bkedn bievi% Ybnp pi

`mepmokfn|nb/ myv|np pi fipaksi|nb/ bnp n qmevnfi fi `mevkeyn|/ bykvnp qisip fipnekbnfn/

eàm amk kevi||mbwkfn% Fiwmkp fi ~ynv|m nemp/ bykvn `mkpn byfmy ib bkedn qkfn% Anvmp

keipwi|nfmp n`meviì|nb/ noih|knp i v|kpvisnp aksi|nb wn|vi fippn cm|enfn% Nbkhmp pnâ|nb i

iev|n|nb em biy `nbkedm% Nw|iefksnfmp pi naom|n|nb% Nbm|ip vi|bken|nb i enpì|nb% Bnp/

ieakb/ biy mlcivkqm nm iev|n| en an`yofnfi pi |inoksmy% Ipvmy `mb biy nobicnfm fkwombn ibbàmp%

Iev|ivnevm/ m mlcivkqm em ~yno am~yik i/ eipvi bmbievm/ `me~ykpvm/ eàm amk `mepihykfm

pmbievi wm| bë|kvm biy% Bykvnp wippmnp aksi|nb wn|vi fippn cm|enfn/ fnp ~ynkp bi|iìb biy

nh|nfi`kbievm%

Nm biy wnk/ \mli|vm/ ~yi bipbm nypievi/ pi ais w|ipievi ib nobn eippn omehn v|ncivð|kn% Nioi ~yi pmedmy m biy pmedm/ qkl|my np bkednp qkvð|knp/ `dm|my mp biyp `dm|mp i bi nbmy

ke`mefk`kmenobievi ib myv|mp n|ip% Nm |iìli| m fkwombn/ pkevm `mb bnkp ì|visn n am|èn

fippi nbm|% I wi|ìlm/ eybn bkpvy|n fi noih|kn i pnyfnfi/ ~yi ioi ans wn|vi fi bkb% Ipvî em

biy modn|/ em biy pm||kpm/ enp bkednp wnonq|np i nvkvyfip% @mevyfm/ ioi pi amk nevip ~yi ippi

bmbievm `dihnppi% Bnp/ bipbm eàm m qiefm/ pkevm pyn vnbnedn aiok`kfnfi i ibmèàm/ `mb

modmp `dikmp f¶îhyn/ ib bikm ç~yioip nwonypmp% Pyn nypãe`kn eàm m vm|en wnppâqio fi

ip~yi`kbievm% Pkevn biy nl|nèm i biy ivi|em nh|nfi`kbievm wm| vyfm% Nmefi ~yi| ~yi ipvicnippn qkvð|kn vnblëb ë pyn%

N bkedn nbnfn bài/ \mpio{/ wiom nbm|/ `n|kedm/ `mepiodmp i nwmkm ke`mefk`kmeno% Çp k|bàp

nlieèmnfnp/ On|kppn i Oivâ`kn/ wionp fiok`kmpnp hn|hnodnfnp emp bmbievmp fi ipv|ippi:

Ç ~yi|kfn m|kievnfm|n/ @|kpvken Oikvi/ wm| vmfn wn`kãe`kn/ `mbw|iiepàm i wnonq|np fi `meam|vm

ib bmbievmp fi viepàm:

Ç eih|n okefn/ Hnl|kion \mpn/ wion ncyfn fn ip`modn fm vibn:



9

Ç anbâokn Onhi i Bn|vkep fmp \ikp/ wiomp iepkenbievmp i itibwom fi qkfn:

Nm biy `m|nèàm/ Vdknhm Ln||mp/ wm| bi nvy|n| emp bmbievmp fi ipv|ippi/ fi fipipwi|m i bi

ansi| |k|/ ~ynefm bkedn qmevnfi i|n fi `dm|n|:

N vmfmp ~yi aksi|nb wn|vi fippn cm|enfn i `mev|klyâ|nb fi nohybn am|bn wn|n ~yi ippi pmedm

pi |inoksnppi:

Wm| ipvip bmvkqmp i wm| myv|mp bnkp/ nh|nfièm n Fiyp/ ~yi bi w|mvihiy i hykmy biyp wnppmp

fy|nevi vmfn n bkedn `nbkednfn fi qkfn%



1

PYBÎ\KM

KEV\MFYÈÀM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 78

> NEÎOKPI FNP BÂFKNP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >7>%> Np vim|knp fi ̀ mbyek`nèàm pml|i mp iaikvmp fn bâfkn en pm`kifnfi%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>7>%< @|kvë|kmp fi pioièàm fi emvâ`kn3 mp qnom|ip"emvâ`kn%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>0>%0 N ipv|yvy|n fn emvâ`kn%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>6>%6 Np ayeèùip pm`knkp fn bâfkn i fm cm|enokpbm%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>1

< F\MHNP/ BÂFKN I N PM@KIFNFI %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >4<%> M ypm fi f|mhnp i n pm`kifnfi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >4

<%< Np f|mhnp/ mp ypyî|kmp i mp bikmp fi ̀ mbyek`nèàm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <><%0 N w|mloibîvk`n fm `|n`j fn pm`kifnfi l|npkoik|n %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <6<%6 N iev|nfn fm ̀ |n`j ib Liom Dm|ksmevi i n fkppibkenèàm fn qkmoãe`kn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <8

0 M @\N@J @MBM EMVÂ@KN%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0<0%> Ipvnfm fi Bkenp3 yb cm|eno v|nfk`kmeno %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0<0%< Dmci Ib Fkn3 `mepmokfnèàm |îwkfn em bi|`nfm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 060%0 M Vibwm3 fm pvnefn|f nm vnlomkfi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 010%6 Bivmfmomhkn fi neîokpi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 040%6%> Neîokpi ̂ ynevkvnvkqn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0;0%6%< Neîokpi ̂ ynokvnvkqn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0;0%6%<%> M `|n`j em Ipvnfm fi Bkenp %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 670%6%<%> M `|n`j ̀ mbm emvâ`kn em Dmci ib Fkn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 690%6%<%0 M `|n`j em cm|eno M Vibwm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 64

6 @MEPKFI\NÈÙIP AKENKP%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>

9 \IAI\ÃE@KNP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%96

1 NEITMP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%98



8

KEV\MFYÈÀM

Ipvi ipvyfm vib `mbm mlcivm ìev|no m v|nvnbievm fnfm nm ypm i v|îak`m fm `|n`j ib `nfi|emp

fmp cm|enkp Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ Dmci ib Fkn i M Vibwm/ em wi|âmfm fi myvyl|m n fisibl|m fi

<7>7% Lyp`my"pi nwy|n| m ipwnèm i n wi|pwi`vkqn nfmvnfn wn|n emvk`kn| anvmp okhnfmp n ippi

ievm|wiìevi i piy `mepybm% N neîokpi nlm|fmy/ vnblëb/ fi ~yi am|bn ippip cm|enkp aksi|nb n

nppm`knèàm fm `|n`j `mb n qkmoãe`kn ib Liom Dm|ksmevi%

Ib w|ke`âwkm/ m cm|enokpbm v|nlnodn `mb n mlcivkqkfnfi em v|nvnbievm fmp vibnp% En w|îvk`n/

`mevyfm/ ippn mlcivkqkfnfi eib pibw|i ë no`neènfn% Bykvmp qiâ`yomp nfmvnb ybn wmpkèàm

pml|i fivi|bkenfmp nppyevmp i itwok`kvnb kppm enp |iwm|vnhiep% Pihyefm Emvm iv no $<770+/ nwn|`knokfnfi pi vm|en bnkp òn|n emp n|vkhmp my |iwm|vnhiep ip`|kvmp wm| ipwi`knokpvnp my

w|makppkmenkp/ `mbm bëfk`mp/ nev|mwðomhmp/ akoðpmamp/ nfqmhnfmp iv`% Ippip w|makppkmenkp

itw|kbib ib piyp vitvmp mwkekùip wippmnkp i viefie`kmpnp ‟ypnefm itw|ippùip `mbm ‟V|nvn"

pi fi yb nlkpbm%%%‒/ ‟M ypm fi f|mhnp%%% ë yb lmb itibwom fm dm||m|%%%‒ $wm| yb

wpk`nenokpvn+/ ‟m aonhiom fn f|mhn‒ $wm| yb i`membkpvn+/ iev|i myv|np‒ $EMVM iv no/ <770/

w%8<+% Mp nyvm|ip itwok`nb ~yi n bâfkn kbw|ippn `mbièmy n fkqyohn| ybn hnbn fi bnvë|knp

pml|i n ‟itwompàm‒ fn yvkoksnèàm fi ‟f|mhnp koâ`kvnp‒ en fë`nfn fi 87% Em ievnevm/ mpw|kbik|mp ipvyfmp iwkfibkmoðhk`mp |inoksnfmp em L|npko/ bmpv|nb fnfmp vmvnobievi fkai|ievip

fn kbw|iepn ip`|kvn3 nvë m akb fn fë`nfn fi 47/ n yvkoksnèàm fi f|mhnp koâ`kvnp iev|i mp cmqiep

i|n wi~yien i ipvîqio% Fipvn am|bn/ mp nyvm|ip `meòyib ~yi m anvm fn bâfkn vi| fkqyohnfm

nemp nevip m nybievm fm ypm fi wpk`mv|ðwk`mp/ wmfi|kn pi| nenokpnfm fi fkqi|pmp bmfmp3 n

‟bâfkn keìevkqnefm m ypm wiom itìppm fi keam|bnèùip: n bâfkn vi|kn pkfm `nwns fi fivi`vn|

yb aieöbiem nevip ~yi ipvi amppi biepy|nfm wion iwkfibkmomhkn $‡+ iev|i myv|np

wmppklkokfnfip‒ $EMVM iv no/ <770/ wîh 1;+%

@nfn qiâ`yom fi kbw|iepn itvi|en ybn mwkekàm pml|i fkqi|pmp vkwmp fi nppyevmp/ picn wm|

`meqiekãe`kn my eàm% Ib |ionèàm nm `|n`j/ wm| itibwom/ itkpvi yb `meaokvm iev|i mp

pm`kðomhmp i m ~yi ë nw|ipievnfm wion bâfkn% Snoyn| $>;;6nl+ itwok`n ~yi n kbw|iepn ip`|kvn

viefi n bn|hkenoksn| mp ypyî|kmp i v|nak`nevip fi f|mhnp/ dmpvkoksnefm mp bipbmp wn|n n

wmwyonèàm/ pib `mepkfi|n| myv|mp ioibievmp ‐ wmoâvk`mp/ pm`knkp/ i`meöbk`mp " ~yi wn|vk`kwnb

fm w|mìppm ~yi ieqmoqi m v|îak`m fi f|mhnp%



4

Pihyefm Snoyn| $>;;6n+/ m `medi`kbievm ~yi n bnkm|kn fn wmwyonèàm vib pml|i np f|mhnp ë m

~yi ë fkqyohnfm wion bâfkn ~yi/ bykvnp qisip/ ë itv|ibnbievi w|i`meìkvympn/ dmpvkoksnefm m

ypyî|km i `mom`nefm"m `mbm bn|hkeno% N nyvm|n fiaiefi n fip`|kbkenoksnèàm fm ypm i `|kvk`n m

v|nvnbievm ~yi n kbw|iepn i wmok`knkp fàm nm v|îak`m% Mlpi|qn/ nkefn/ ~yi dî ybn kenfi~ynèàm

en nlm|fnhib fm nppyevm/ m ~yi `|kn ybn kbnhib fivy|wnfn fmp ieqmoqkfmp i |iwnppn nmp

`kfnfàmp keam|bnèùip ~yi fkak`yovnb m ̀ mblnvi nm w|mloibn%

Ib nhmpvm-<7>7/ m @iev|m fi Wip~ykpnp ib Pihy|neèn Wólok`n $@iwipw+/ fn WY@ Bkenp/

fkqyohmy m |ipybm fnp w|ke`kwnkp `meòypùip fi ybn wip~ykpn aikvn pml|i ‟n w|mloibîvk`n fm

`|n`j en pm`kifnfi l|npkoik|n3 m kbwn`vm en pnófi wólok`n i en pihy|neèn wólok`n‒% Ippi ë m

w|kbik|m h|nefi ipvyfm ~ynokvnvkqm fm aieöbiem fm `|n`j em L|npko i piyp iaikvmp pml|i mpypyî|kmp fi f|mhnp% Fnfn n ip`nppis fi ipvyfmp pml|i m vibn/ ippn wip~ykpn mlcivkqmy

`mbw|iiefi| mp bi`nekpbmp pm`knkp i pkblðok`mp w|ipievip en w|mfyèàm cm|enoâpvk`n ~yi pi

fifk`n n ioi%

N iev|nfn fm `|n`j ib Liom Dm|ksmevi fiy"pi ib >;;9/ en Wif|ik|n W|nfm Omwip $WWO+/

v|nfk`kmeno anqion fn `nwkvno% N emqn f|mhn i|n m|kyefn fi Pàm Wnyom i piy `mbë|`km `diaknfm

wm| ybn anbâokn en WWO/ ~yi amk n |ipwmepîqio wion kev|mfyèàm fn f|mhn en `kfnfi% Emievnevm/ n w|mfyèàm i n `mbi|`knoksnèàm fm `|n`j itwnefky i wnppmy n m`m||i| em Ipvnfm fi

Bkenp Hi|nkp kevik|m% Mp anl|k`nevip fm w|mfyvm `mbw|nb m pyoanvm fi `m`nâen/ `medi`kfm

`mbm n wnpvn lnpi/ i fioi itv|nib n `m`nâen ib wð i n `m`nâen ib wif|n/ ~yi ë m `|n`j% Mp

iaikvmp fn f|mhn en `kfnfi pàm non|bnevip/ cî ~yi/ n wn|vk| fi >;;8/ iqkfie`kmy"pi ~yi m

w|ke`kwno bmvkqm fn h|nefi m`m||ãe`kn fi dmbk`âfkmp ib Liom Dm|ksmevi i|n fiqkfm nm v|îak`m

fi f|mhnp% $Pnwm|k/ <7>7/ w%0+%

Np fkbiepùip fm ypm fm `|n`j vãb pkfm fi omehm no`neì% Pihyefm Pnwm|k $<7>7+/ n fibnefn

fi v|nvnbievm wm| wn`kievip fn ònppi bëfkn i novn/ wippmnp `mb eâqio fi ip`mon|kfnfi pywi|km|

i `mb `mefkèùip pm`kmi`meöbk`np w|kqkoihknfnp/ ë h|nefi% Ib hi|no/ ippn wmwyonèàm eàm ans

wn|vi fm emvk`kî|km: nm `mev|î|km/ enp wîhkenp fmp cm|enkp nwn|iìb/ hi|nobievi/ wippmnp fi

ònppi lnktn/ |iw|ipievnfnp fi bneik|n eihnvkqn i w|i`meìkvympn/ m ~yi ‟$%%%+ `mev|klyk wn|n m

w|mìppm fi itòypàm pm`kno‒ $Pnwm|k/ <7>7/ w%>;+/ keaoyie`knefm en mwkekàm fm pihykfm|-oikvm|

fn~yioi qiâ`yom%



;

Em ievnevm/ Emvm iv no $<770+ wmevynb ~yi mp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm vãb w|ipvnfm nytâokm ib

fkqi|pmp w|mh|nbnp fi pnófi em ~yi fks |ipwikvm ç w|iqieèàm çp f|mhnp/ wm| bikm fi

keam|bnèùip cm|enoâpvk`np my fi `nbwnednp wylok`kvî|knp% Eippi `mevitvm/ mp nyvm|ip n`dnb

kbwm|vnevi ipvnlioiì| |ionèàm iev|i mp w|makppkmenkp kevi|ippnfmp en w|iqieèàm fi f|mhnp/

keòykefm cm|enokpvnp/ ibw|ipnp wylok`kvî|knp i ipwi`knokpvnp em nppyevm%

@mepkfi|nefm m itwmpvm/ ipvi ipvyfm w|m`y|n `mev|klyk| wn|n m `nbwm fn `mbyek`nèàm pm`kno

en bifkfn ib ~yi v|nvn fnp |iw|ipievnèùip aikvnp emp cm|enkp ip`modkfmp/ fi h|nefi `k|`yonèàm

em ipvnfm fi Bkenp Hi|nkp/ nì|`n fm aieöbiem fnp f|mhnp% Fnfn n kbwm|vìe`kn fm cm|enokpbm

en `|knèàm fi |iai|ãe`knp wn|n mp `kfnfàmp/ ippn neîokpi wmfi|î ie|k~yiì| np |iaoitùip pml|i m

|ino wnwio fn bâfkn en `mepv|yèàm fi ybn pm`kifnfi bnkp fibm`|îvk`n i em iea|ievnbievm fiyb w|mloibn vàm h|nqi ~ynevm ë m `|n`j dmci%



>7

> NEÎOKPI FNP BÂFKNP

>%> Np vim|knp fi `mbyek`nèàm pml|i mp iaikvmp fn bâfkn en pm`kifnfi

Xmoa $<77<+/ ~yi wylok`my fkqi|pmp ipvyfmp pml|i `mbyek`nèàm i pm`kifnfi/ ncyfn n

ipòn|iì| `mbm np vim|knp fi `mbyek`nèàm fi bnppn keaoyie`knb n mwkekàm fm oikvm|-pihykfm|

fi ì|vnp bâfknp/ nenokpnefm ybn n ybn% N w|kbik|n/ Vim|kn Dkwmfë|bk`n/ `mbw|iiefi ~yi mp

kefkqâfymp qkqib eybn pm`kifnfi fi bnppn/ kpmonfmp fi pynp |iai|ãe`knp pm`knkp/ nhkefm

ihmìev|k`nbievi i neöekbmp% N wn|vk| fipvn `mefkèàm/ `mb m kefkqâfym wi|fkfm en bnppn/ pyn

óek`n |iai|ãe`kn pi|knb mp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm/ ~yi aye`kmenb em bmfiom `mbyek`nvkqm fi

‟ipvâbyom-|ipwmpvn‒3 n biepnhib fn bâfkn $ipvâbyom+ ë nlpm|qkfn wiomp kefkqâfymp ~yi`mbwùib ippn bnppn/ ~yi np nppkbkon i pi fiktn bnekwyon| fi am|bn ke`mep`kievi nv|nqëp fn

keam|bnèàm $XMOA/ <77<+%

Fkai|ievi fn nlm|fnhib fn Vim|kn Dkwmfë|bk`n/ n Nlm|fnhib Ibwâ|k`m"Itwi|kbievno

fipieqmoqiy pynp wip~ykpnp en pm`kmomhkn i `meòyky ~yi n bâfkn `ybw|i wnwio okbkvnfm em

cmhm fi keaoyãe`kn fnp |ionèùip `mb n pm`kifnfi fi bnppn% Ipvip ipvyfmp n`n||ivn|nb em

nlnefmem fn Vim|kn Dkwmfë|bk`n en bifkfn ib ~yi `mbw|mqn|nb ~yi mp iaikvmp fnpbiepnhiep fn bâfkn |ipyovnb fn keaoyãe`kn fi myv|mp anvm|ip% Fipvi bmfm/ mp bikmp fi

`mbyek`nèàm/ nm keqëp fi ‟bnekwyon|‒/ wnppn|nb n pi| `mepkfi|nfmp yb kepv|ybievm fi

wmvie`kno wi|pynpàm en qkfn pm`kno/ oiqnefm m kefkqâfym n `|i|/ |i`ypn| my nìkvn| m ~yi odi ë

v|nepbkvkfm% Ippn nlm|fnhib vnblëb `mbw|mqmy ~yi eàm pð mp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm/ bnp

~yno~yi| myv|n am|èn pm`kno $kh|icn/ anbâokn/ wn|vkfm wmoâvk`m/ iv`+/ w|mfys m bipbm iaikvm fi

‟keaoyãe`kn‒ pml|i mp kefkqâfymp $XMOA/ <77</ <770+% M no`neì fnp biepnhiep bkfkîvk`np

fiwiefi fm `mevitvm pm`kno ib ~yi ipvàm piefm w|mfyskfnp i fkqyohnfnp/ ak`nefm pycikvnp nmpfibnkp w|mìppmp `mbyek`nvkqmp ~yi pi ie`mev|nb w|ipievip en qkfn pm`kno $XMOA/ <770+%

Mp ipvyfmp fipieqmoqkfmp wm| Xmoa $<77</ <770+ am|nb fkqkfkfmp ib fynp wn|vip% Np

w|kbik|np/ `kvnfnp n`kbn/ ansib wn|vi fn wip~ykpn nfbkekpv|nvkqn/ ~yi am`noksn mp iaikvmp fmp

bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm em kefkqâfym% Cî n wip~ykpn `|âvk`n/ pihyefn wn|vi fm ipvyfm/ nlm|fn np

vim|knp ~yi nenokpnb n ayeèàm ~yi mp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm iti|ìb% En vim|kn aye`kmenokpvn/

nm keqëp fi wip~ykpn| m bi|m `mbwm|vnbievm fm kefkqâfym/ ipvyfn"pi np ayeèùip ~yi m

pylpkpvibn fi `mbyek`nèàm fi bnppn iti|ì% Iev|i np w|ke`kwnkp ayeèùip fi pyn nèàm pm`kno/

ipvî n fi `mepi|qnèàm fi qnom|ip i bmfiomp ~yi pi nf~yk|i ib `mecyevm% N nlm|fnhib



>>

aye`kmenokpvn pi fkpvne`kn fmp w|mìfkbievmp fn vim|kn Dkwmfë|bk`n i Ibwâ|k`m"Itwi|kbievno

wm| eàm ipvyfn| n bâfkn ib `npmp itìw`kmenkp/ bnp ib pkvynèùip `mbyep i `mvkfknenp% Ë n

wn|vk| fipvn vim|kn ~yi py|hib mp ipvyfmp fmp iaikvmp ib omehm w|nsm $XMOA/ <77</ <770+%

Np vim|knp @|âvk`n i @yovy|moðhk`n ansib ybn `|âvk`n ç pm`kifnfi i/ w|ke`kwnobievi/ nmp

bëvmfmp fnp vim|knp fn wip~ykpn nfbkekpv|nvkqn/ ~yi eàm `mepkfi|nqnb n pm`kifnfi `mbm yb

vmfm em w|mìppm `mbyek`n`kmeno% N w|kbik|n keqipvkhn n w|mfyèàm bkfkîvk`n n wn|vk| fm

`meìkvm fi kefópv|kn `yovy|no/ fiakekfn wiom wmfi| ~yi n bâfkn iti|ì en pm`kifnfi n wn|vk| fi

bi`nekpbmp fi |iwivkèàm i w|mfyèàm ib bnppn% N vâvyom fi koypv|nèàm/ wmfibmp `kvn| np

keam|bnèùip `mevkfnp ib ml|np `mbm akobip my bópk`np/ enp ~ynkp mp vibnp/ pâblmomp i

am|bnvmp pàm itnypvkqnbievi |iwivkfmp wn|n n pm`kifnfi% Eippi npwi`vm/ m pievkfm |inon|vâpvk`m fn ml|n pi|kn wi|fkfm/ i mp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm pi|qk|knb n yb pkpvibn

bnekwyonfm| ~yi ans m kefkqâfym `mepybk| mp w|mfyvmp fippn bâfkn wnppkqnbievi% Cî n vim|kn

@yovy|moðhk`n wn|vi fi ybn neîokpi fn Vim|kn @|âvk`n/ yvkoksnefm m `meìkvm fi `yovy|n fi

bnppn% @meòyk ~yi n `yovy|n fi bnppn eàm ë nyvöembn/ `mbm `mepkfi|nfn ib myv|np vim|knp%

Ion ë qkpvn `mbm ybn anl|k`nèàm fn bâfkn/ am|eiìefm ç pm`kifnfi ybn keam|bnèàm

v|nepam|bnfn wm| kbnhiep fi novn qiefnhib i ybn n|vi w|mfyskfn emp bmofip fn kefópv|kn

`yovy|no% Piefm nppkb/ mp w|mfyvmp pàm |ibivkfmp wiomp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm `mbm piamppib ybn kbnhib fn |inokfnfi pm`kno% Pihyefm mp `yovy|ðomhmp/ ippi aieöbiem enpì fi

ybn am|bn fi pke`|ivkpbm/ en ~yno pi yei n |inokfnfi `mb m kbnhkeî|km $XMOA/ <77</ <770+%

Mp w|mìppmp fi `mbyek`nèàm/ pihyefm Xmoa $<770+/ pàm `mbwoitmp fi pi ieviefi| nv|nqëp fi

yb pð bmfiom my ybn vim|kn% Fiqkfm n kpvm/ m nyvm| fk|i`kmemy mp ipvyfmp nm ieviefkbievm

fmp iaikvmp eàm `mbm ybn byfneèn fi `y|vm w|nsm/ bnp `mbm `mepi~ÿãe`knp fi yb omehm

wi|âmfm% Mp iaikvmp `mbiènb n pi| ieviefkfmp `mbm `ybyonvkqmp i `mhekvkqmp/ i mp bikmp fi`mbyek`nèàm fipibwiednb ybn ayeèàm fi `mepv|yèàm fn |inokfnfi%

N wn|vk| fippn lyp`n fi `mbw|iiepàm fn bneik|n wion ~yno n bâfkn keaoyie`kn m bmfm `mbm m

wólok`m m|hneksn n w|ðw|kn kbnhib fm nblkievi/ py|hi n dkwðvipi fm nhiefn"pivvkeh/ my n

am|bn wion ~yno n bâfkn pioi`kmen mp n`mevi`kbievmp my `meviófmp ~yi fiqib pi| kepi|kfmp en

nhiefn fmp ð|hàmp fi `mbyek`nèàm pm`kno% Yb fmp w|mloibnp fippn vim|kn ë ie`mev|n| yb

bmfiom `nwns fi v|nepam|bn| n keam|bnèàm ~yi mp cm|enkp wnppnb nm oikvm| ib `medi`kbievm

n`ybyonvkqm wm| wn|vi fipvi% Wm|vnevm/ fkai|ievi fn Vim|kn Dkwmfë|bk`n/ ~yi nak|bn ~yi m

fipvkenvî|km ieviefi itnvnbievi m ~yi m fipvkenfm| ~ykp fksi| ib pyn biepnhib/ mp bnpp"



><

bifkn fiqib ak`n| nvievmp nm ~yi m wólok`m vib kevi|ippi wn|n/ nppkb/ wmfi| itwom|î"omp emp

cm|enkp/ emp w|mh|nbnp vioiqkpkqmp/ |nfkmaöek`mp iv` $XMOA/ <77<+% Pi wm| yb onfm n

kbw|iepn eàm `mepihyi fksi| nm piy wólok`m m ~yi wiepn|/ wm| myv|m ion ë iaivkqn ib fksi| nmp

piyp fipvkenvî|kmp pml|i ~ynkp vibnp |iaoivk|% Piefm nppkb/ ~ynevm biem| am| m ieviefkbievm i

ieqmoqkbievm fm kefkqâfym pml|i m vibn v|nvnfm/ bnkp ioi fiwiefi|î fn bâfkn wn|n mlvi|

keam|bnèùip ~yi odi picnb eiìppî|knp pml|i n~yioi nppyevm $XMOA/ <770+%

Eippi `mevitvm/ `nfn qiâ`yom fi `mbyek`nèàm nlm|fn fkqi|pmp vibnp i mp v|nvn fi bmfmp

fkai|ievip% Wn|n ieviefi| n oðhk`n fi ybn keam|bnèàm i np fkqi|pnp am|bnp fi fkqyohî"on/ pib

fkpvm|èàm my itòypàm fi fivi|bkenfmp ioibievmp/ ë ayefnbievno n `mbw|iiepàm fi ~yi yb

w|makppkmeno fi cm|enokpbm w|i`kpn vi| |ih|np i |ipv|kèùip% Pihyefm m Xmoa $<77<+/ mp `|kvë|kmpfi emvk`knlkokfnfi pàm m `mecyevm fi anvm|ip ~yi pàm itkhkfmp wn|n pi `mepkfi|n| yb

n`mevi`kbievm `mbm emvâ`kn% Vy`dbne> $>;;8 `kvnfm wm| Xmoa/ <77<+ wmevyn `mefyvnp n

pi|ib nfmvnfnp eybn w|mfyèàm emvk`kmpn wiomp cm|enokpvnp%

>% Fiqib vm|en| wmppâqio m |i`medi`kbievm fi an`vm fip`medi`kfm $keòypkqi mp ~yi pàmitìw`kmenkp+ `mbm n`mevi`kbievm emvîqio%

<% Fiqib ionlm|n| am|bnp fi |ionvn| mp n`mevi`kbievmp ~yi eàm viednb ib `mevn nw|iviepàm fi `nfn an`vm m`m||kfm n yb v|nvnbievm kfkmppke`|îpk`m%

0% Fiqib m|hneksn|/ vibwm|no i ipwn`knobievi/ m v|nlnodm fi bmfm ~yi mpn`mevi`kbievmp emvk`kîqikp wmppnb naoyk| i pi| v|nlnodnfmp fi ybn am|bn wonekak`nfn%Ipvnp ml|khnèùip ipvàm |ion`kmenfnp iev|i pk% $XMOA/ <77</ w%>4;+

^yib keqipvkhn ~yi `|kvë|kmp pi|àm yvkoksnfmp wn|n fkqyohn| my eàm ybn emvâ`kn/ pàm mp

hnvijiiwi|p%< M eixpbnjkeh0 ë m nwi|aikèmnbievm fnp keqipvkhnèùip fm hnvijiiwi| / ~yi/ `mb

vnkp `|kvë|kmp/ nenokpn mp w|mìppmp fi kefypv|knoksnèàm fnp keam|bnèùip |iìlkfnp/ wn|n nqnokn|

pi n keam|bnèàm vib my eàm qnom| fi emvâ`kn% $XMOA/ <77<: V\N^YKEN/ <779+%

N `mepv|yèàm fi ybn emvâ`kn qik`yonfn en bâfkn kevi|ai|i en am|bnèàm fi mwkekàm/ `meìkvmp/

nvkvyfip i itwi`vnvkqnp fn pm`kifnfi/ anvm|ip ipvip ~yi n`n||ivnb en byfneèn fi `mbm n

wmwyonèàm ie`n|n n ~yipvàm% Eippi pievkfm/ mp ipvyfmp fi eixpbnjkeh wi|ìli|nb ~yi itkpvi

ybn am|bn fi bnekwyonèàm fn emvâ`kn/ fiembkenfn ‟fkpvm|èàm ke`mep`kievi‒/ en ~yno np

emvâ`knp pàm fkpvm|`kfnp en |ifnèàm wn|n bnevi| n okedn ifkvm|kno"wmoâvk`n fi yb cm|eno/ nm keqëp

> VY@DBNE/ H% Vdi Itìwvkme W|mqip vdi \yoi3 vdi pvyf{ ma |myvkei eixp w|n`vkì/ ke Dk|p`d W%"Bkooi| W%"JokeiA% $ifp+/ Pv|nvihkip am| @mbbyek`nvkme |ipin|`d/ qmo% 1/ Pnhi/ Liqi|o{ Dkoop/ >;88/ ww% 60"1<%< Vim|kn nwok`nfn nm Cm|enokpbm wm| Fnqkf Bneekeh Xdkvi% Ippn vim|kn fiakei m cm|enokpvn `mbm yb nwok`nfm| fiakov|mp wn|n pioi`kmen| emvâ`knp/ ioi ë m ‟wm|vik|m‒/ ~yi pð wi|bkvi ~yi iev|i nohybnp emvâ`knp%0 Vi|bm ib kehoãp3 eixp 2 emvâ`kn * bnjkeh 2 ansiefm% N vim|kn wmfi pi| v|nfyskfn `mbm vim|kn fn w|mfyèàm fnemvâ`kn my aikvy|n fn emvâ`kn%



>0

fi fkqyohî"onp itwok`kvnbievi/ pib novi|nèùip fm anvm m`m||kfm% Mp w|ke`kwnkp anvm|ip ~yi

`mev|klyib wn|n ~yi ippi bi`nekpbm fi w|mfyèàm picn nyvmbîvk`m/ pàm np okbkvnèùip fi

vibwm i ipwnèm wn|n np wylok`nèùip fnp emvâ`knp $N\LIT C|%/ <77>: XMOA/ <77</ <770+%

Ippnp qn|kîqikp fi |nwkfis i w|mfyvkqkfnfi itìppkqn eàm `mev|klyib wn|n m lmb

fipieqmoqkbievm fm |iwð|vi|/ ybn qis ~yi ioi eàm pnk bnkp fnp |ifnèùip ib lyp`n fi

emvâ`knp/ ionp wmfib enpì| fiev|m fn |ifnèàm my qk|ib w|mevnp fnp nhãe`knp fi keam|bnèàm

$EMLONV/ <770+% Fipvi bmfm/ m ~yi ë fiakekfm wiomp cm|enokpvnp `mbm emvâ`knp/ ans wn|vi fi

yb w|mìppm aikvm wn|n ~yi ippnp nv|nknb n nvieèàm fm wólok`m $N\LIT C|%/ <77>: EMLONV/

<770: XMOA/ <77</ <770+%

>%< @|kvë|kmp fi pioièàm fi emvâ`kn3 mp qnom|ip"emvâ`kn

Nì|`n fm vibn pioièàm fi emvâ`knp/ Xmoa $<77<+ nak|bn ~yi mp hnvijiiwi|p pàm mp cm|enokpvnp

|ipwmepîqikp wm| pioi`kmen| np emvâ`knp ~yi iev|n|àm em cm|eno% Ipvip w|makppkmenkp/ hi|nobievi/

pàm ì|`nfmp fi kevi|ippip w|ðw|kmp i |iìlib keaoyãe`kn fi piyp pywi|km|ip wn|n fn|

w|iai|ãe`kn n yb nppyevm ib fiv|kbievm fi myv|m%

Fi n`m|fm `mb Xmoa $<77<+/ m v|nlnodm fm cm|enokpvn/ em ~yi pi |iai|i nmp `|kvë|kmp fiemvk`knlkokfnfi/ wi|wnppn v|ãp w|ke`kwnkp w|ibkppnp3 n+ fiqi vm|en| yb anvm fip`medi`kfm

nìppâqio nm h|nefi wólok`m/ emvîqio% l+ n am|bn fi ionlm|n| n emvâ`kn/ n okehynhib ip`modkfn/

fiqi pi| `mbw|iiepâqio wn|n vmfmp i eàm wn|n ì|vmp h|ywmp% `+ fiqi"pi woneicn| m vitvm

nvie`kmpnbievi fi am|bn ~yi wmppn pi| ieviefkfm wiom wólok`m/ fi am|bn pkbwoip% M nyvm|

fiakei qnom|ip"emvâ`kn `mbm `|kvë|kmp yvkoksnfmp wiomp w|makppkmenkp cm|enokpvnp nm pioi`kmen|ib

emvâ`knp% Wn|n Xmoa/ ipvip `|kvë|kmp fiqib pi| fi aî`ko `mbw|iiepàm wiom cm|enokpvn/ cî ~yi m

vibwm wn|n fi`kfk| pi yb nppyevm qk|n emvâ`kn my eàm ë `y|vm% Mp `|kvë|kmp vãb fi pi| òn|mpvnblëb/ wmkp/ ~yno~yi| nblkhÿkfnfi itkpvievi/ wmfi oiqn| n `mbw|iiepùip i~ykqm`nfnp wm|

wn|vi fm wólok`m oikvm|% M w|ke`kwno akb fmp qnom|ip"emvâ k̀n ë ncyfn| m cm|enokpvn n fiakek| pi yb

anvm ë wy|m/ my picn/ pi nkefn pib kevi|ai|ãe`kn fm cm|enokpvn/ wmfi qk| n qk|n| emvâ`kn% Ieviefi"

pi/ wmkp/ wm| emvâ`kn/ pihyefm nak|bnèàm fi Xmoa $<77<+/ yb anvm ~yi wmppyk wmpkèàm fi

|ipwikvm ib |ionèàm nm wólok`m oikvm|% Wmfi pi| ybn emvâ`kn |ion`kmenfn n yb wnâp kbwm|vnevi/

anvmp ~yi ieqmoqib m kevi|ippi en`kmeno my n`mevi`kbievmp m`m||kfmp en |ihkàm himh|îak`n fi

fkpv|klykèàm fm cm|eno/ wm| itibwom% Ë kbwm|vnevi |ippnovn| ~yi mp qnom|ip"emvâ`kn pàm

|ion`kmenfmp nmp `|kvë|kmp fi emvk`knlkokfnfi fiakekfmp ib `mecyevm wiom cm|enokpvn i wion

ibw|ipn ib ~yi v|nlnodn% Myv|mp qnom|ip"emvâ`kn kbwm|vnevip fksib |ipwikvm nm `n|îvi|



>6

eihnvkqm fmp n`mevi`kbievmp/ wmkp m wólok`m pi kbw|ippkmen `mb ioip bykvm bnkp fm ~yi

~ynefm ipvî fknevi fi ybn emvâ`kn `mepkfi|nfn wmpkvkqn% N nvynokfnfi fm anvm ë myv|m `|kvë|km

fi emvk`knlkokfnfi yvkoksnfm wiomp w|makppkmenkp ~yi/ keòypkqi/ `|knb ippn nvynokfnfi/

‟ip~yievnefm‒ n~ykom ~yi cî ë ‟a|km‒ $XMOA/ <77<: V\N^YKEN/ <779+%

Mp cm|enokpvnp fiqib ibw|iiefi| ybn lmn |ionèàm `mb m wólok`m/ ~yi ë ~yib/ nakeno/ nw|i`kn

m ~yi ip`|iqib% Wn|n vno/ m w|makppkmeno fiqi nfi~yn| n okehynhib nmp oikvm|ip/ n akb fi ~yi

ipvi `mbw|iiefn fi am|bn nfi~ynfn m ~yi m cm|enokpvn ipvî keam|bnefm% Eàm pi fiqi

ip~yiì|/ em ievnevm/ fm wnwio fn `me`m||ãe`kn en pioièàm fi emvâ`knp% Mp cm|enkp ~ynpi

pibw|i mwvnb wionp bipbnp emvâ`knp/ m ~yi pi wmfi `meak|bn| nm nenokpn| np `nwnp fnp

wylok`nèùip% Ybn fnp `nypnp ë m anvm fi np ibw|ipnp cm|enoâpvk`np v|nlnodn|ib `mb np bipbnpnhãe`knp fi emvâ`knp ~yi/ fi ì|vn am|bn/ wnf|meksnb n okehynhib i n nlm|fnhib fmp vitvmp%

\n|nbievi ybn ibw|ipn w|m`y|n pnk| fn bipbkì i w|mwm| nohm fkai|ievi/ wmkp kppm pkhekak`n

fkedik|m/ vibwm i |ipyovnfmp ̀ mbi|`knkp kbw|iqkpâqikp $XMOA/ <77</ <770+%

Myv|m qnom|"emvâ`kn kbwm|vnevi wn|n n `|ifklkokfnfi fm vitvm fm cm|enokpvn wi|nevi piy wólok`m

oikvm| ë n ip`modn fnp amevip% Wm| ipvn |nsàm/ amevip ipvîqikp/ my picn/ ~yi cî pàm `medi`kfnp

wiom cm|enokpvn/ pàm ip`modkfnp ib fiv|kbievm fn~yion ~yi ioi eàm `mediì/ wion `|ifklkokfnfieiìppî|kn ç anon fn amevi% Yb fmp |kp`mp en ip`modn fnp amevip pàm kevi|ippip wm| v|îp fm

fiwmkbievm% M cm|enokpvn fiqi vmbn| `ykfnfm wn|n eàm pi vm|en| wm|vn"qms fipvip kevi|ippip%

Amevip `mb nohyb vkwm fi wmfi|/ i`meöbk`m my pm`kno/ vãb bnkp nìppm nmp cm|enokpvnp fm ~yi

amevip `mbyep% Xmoa $<77<+ nak|bn ~yi eàm dî `|kvë|kmp fi emvk`knlkokfnfi fiakekfmp fi am|bn

hi|no wn|n pioi`kmen| ybn emvâ`kn% @nfn nppyevm |i~yi| yb `|kvë|km ipwi`âak`m% @nli nm

cm|enokpvn kfievkak̀ î"omp fi am|bn itkvmpn $XMOA/ <77<+%

>%0 N ipv|yvy|n fn emvâ`kn

Mp hnvijiiwi|p am|nb `|knfmp emp Ipvnfmp Yekfmp n akb fi pywi|n| m piepn`kmenokpbm i n

wn|`knokfnfi ~yi `mevnbkenb/ hi|nobievi/ np emvâ`knp fi dkpvð|knp pievkbievnkp i fi `|kbip/

~yi w|mqm`nb nehópvknp i pievkbievnokpbm en h|nefi bnppn% Pyn ayeèàm w|kbm|fkno ë fiakek|

m ~yi qnk my eàm pi| wylok`nfm n wn|vk| fm ~yi amk aikvm wiom |iwð|vi|/ ~yi nwy|n i w|mìppn np

keam|bnèùip% Ë ippi hnvijiiwi| ~yi ipv|yvy|n n emvâ`kn/ |ionvnefm ybn pë|ki fi anvmp/ wn|vkefm

fm bnkp kbwm|vnevi wn|n m biemp kbwm|vnevi% Fkai|ievibievi fn en||nvkqn/ ~yi vib pyn

‟m|hneksnèàm fmp iqievmp ib pi~yãe`knp/ fi bmfm ~yi m w|kbik|m neviìfi m pihyefm/ m



>9

pihyefm m vi|ìk|m/ i nppkb wm| fknevi/ pàm |ihkpv|nfmp en bipbn m|fib ib ~yi vi|knb

m`m||kfm em vibwm‒ $ONHI/ >;;;/ w%>1+/ n emvâ`kn ë itwmpvn ib m|fib fkai|ievi $wk|ìbkfi

keqi|vkfn+ i eàm wm| m|fib `|memoðhk`n fm n`mevi`kbievm% Ion ë ipv|yvy|nfn fi n`m|fm `mb n

kbwm|vìe`kn fm anvm/ pihykefm v|ãp anpip3 pioièàm fmp iqievmp/ m|fienèàm fmp iqievmp i n

embinèàm $ONHI/ >;;;+%

M |iwð|vi| fiqi pnli| pi n keam|bnèàm vib kbwm|vìe`kn my pi ë fi kevi|ippi fm oikvm| wn|n pi|

wylok`nfn i `mbm bmpv|î"on pib fkpvm|ì| mp anvmp% ‟^yno~yi| |iwm|vnhib ~yi itw|ippn

pylcivkqkfnfi ë itòyâfn% Enfn ~yi nohyëb n`dn/ wiepn/ pmedn/ kbnhken ë emvâ`kn/ bnp/ pkb m

~yi nohyëb fkppi/ w|mwöp/ my `meaippmy‒ $ONHI/ >;;;/ w%<9+% N emvâ`kn vib ~yi pi|

v|nlnodnfn `mb w|i`kpàm% M nyvm| ipòn|iì ~yi m fivnodnbievm ë kbwm|vnevi wn|n ~yi eàmn`|ipìevi fóqkfnp nm oikvm|3

M ~yi pi|î yb ifkaâ`km novm wn|n m oikvm|= M ~yi ioi n`dn ~yi yb ifkaâ`km novm ë wn|n m|ifnvm|= ^ynefm pi ip`|iqi ~yi m ifkaâ`km vib vnevmp nefn|ip/ iokbken"pi n wi|woitkfnfi`mevkfn eippnp wi|hyevnp% Ib myv|np wnonq|np/ mp nfcivkqmp `ycn |iai|ãe`kn qn|kn fi wippmnwn|n wippmn pàm iqkvnfmp% I/ ~ynefm pi vib ~yi okfn| `mb h|nefisnp wn|n np ~ynkp eàm dî|iai|ie`kno fi `mepiepm $wm| itibwom/ n `nwn`kfnfi ioëv|k`n fi ybn ypken/ `mepkfi|nefm"pi~yi m qiâ`yom eàm ë fk|khkfm n vëèk`mp+/ vm|en"pi `meqiekievi yvkoksn| `mbwn|nèùip $wm|itibwom/ ‟n ypken ë `nwns fi nlnpviì| ybn `kfnfi fi 97 bko dnlkvnevip‒+% $ONHI/ >;;;/w%<1+

Em oinf / ~yi ë m w|kbik|m wn|îh|nam fn emvâ`kn kbw|ippn/ hi|nobievi pàm |ipwmefkfnp np pikp

wi|hyevnp lîpk`np wn|n m ieviefkbievm fn bnvë|kn3 ~yib= m ~yã= @mbm= ^ynefm= Mefi=

Wm|~yi=% M wn|îh|nam fi `mbwoibievnèàm fm oinf / `medi`kfm `mb pyloinf / ë n`|ip`kfm fi

keam|bnèùip i fivnodip em fi`m||i| fm vitvm% M oinf òîppk`m eàm fiqi pi| kek`knfm `mb qi|lm/

bnp/ pkb/ wion ̀ k|`yepvìe`kn bnkp kbwm|vnevi3 m pycikvm $ONHI/ >;;;+%

Onhi $>;;;+ mlpi|qn ~yi n m|hneksnèàm fn emvâ`kn ib cm|enokpbm kbw|ippm wmfi pi|

ipv|yvy|nfn fi fkqi|pmp bmfmp% Dî/ en bnkm|kn fnp qisip/ m oinf / m pyloinf / mp iev|ivâvyomp i n|iv|ne`n% Fkai|ievibievi fm kbw|ippm/ n emvâ`kn em |îfkm i en vioiqkpàm eàm wmfi pi| vàm

itviepn/ wm|~yi m ipwi`vnfm| nlpm|qi n keam|bnèàm fkai|ievibievi fi ~ynefm pi oã/ wm|

itibwom3 ‟m myqkevi eàm vib wmppklkokfnfi fi |i`ywi|n| n keam|bnèàm cî v|nepbkvkfn i pð wmfi

`mevn| `mb pyn bibð|kn nyfkvkqn‒ $ONHI/ >;;;/ w%6>+% Em |îfkm i VQ mp vitvmp fiqib pi|

`y|vmp/ fk|ivmp i `me`kpmp% Dî/ vnblëb/ fkai|ieènp iev|i emvâ`kn i |iwm|vnhib/ n wn|vk| fn

wnyvn/ fm w|mcivm fi vitvm%

Z‡R np wnyvnp pàm nwienp kefk`nèùip fi anvmp w|mh|nbnfmp/ fn `mevkeynèàm $pyâvi+ fiiqievmp cî m`m||kfmp i fmp ~ynkp pi ipwi|n fipfml|nbievm% Z‡R \iwm|vnhiep pywùib myv|meâqio fi woneicnbievm% Mp nppyevmp ipvàm pibw|i fkpwmeâqikp i wmfib my eàm pi|nvynoksnfmp wm| yb n`mevi`kbievm% Ans"pi |iwm|vnhib pml|i n pkvynèàm fn ònppi mwi|î|kn n



>1

w|mwðpkvm fi ybn mefn fi h|iqip my pib ~yno~yi| bmvkqm ipwi`kno% N wnyvn fiqi kefk`n| fi~yi bneik|n m nppyevm pi|î nlm|fnfm/ ~yi vkwm i ~ynevnp koypv|nèùip/ m vibwm fi nwy|nèàm/mp fipom`nbievmp fn i~ykwi/ m vnbnedm i nvë m ipvkom fn bnvë|kn: wn|n vyfm kppm/ ë w|i`kpmfkpwm| fi fnfmp% $ONHI/ >;;;/ w%68+

>%6 Np ayeèùip pm`knkp fn bâfkn i fm cm|enokpbm

Fi n`m|fm `mb Ai||ik|n $>;;;+ bâfkn ë ~yno~yi| pywm|vi fi v|nepbkppàm fi keam|bnèùip/ ~yi

keòyk fkai|ievip qiâ`yomp $keòykefm mp ~yi fi`m||ib fi vièmomhknp |iìevip/ `mbm kevi|eiv i

mp pnvëokvip fi `mbyek`nèùip+/ |i`y|pmp i vëèk`np pioi`kmenfnp wn|n ~yi `mepvkvynb/ nm

bipbm vibwm/ yb bikm fi itw|ippàm i yb kevi|bifkî|km `nwns fi v|nepbkvk| ybn biepnhib

n yb h|ywm% Ë fiakekfn/ vnblëb/ `mbm bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm i `mbyek`nèàm fi bnppn%Fipvn am|bn/ m vi|bm bâfkn ë lnpvnevi `mbwoitm wm| keòyk| mp bikmp i mp w|mìppmp fi

fkqyohnèàm fi ybn biepnhib% @mb ippn fiakekèàm/ keóbi|np ayeèùip pàm nv|klyâfnp n ion

`mbm `mev|klykèàm fi am|bnèàm fi mwkekàm fn bnppn i fkqyohnèàm fi w|mwnhnefnp

wylok`kvî|knp% Eippi pievkfm/ m cm|enokpbm fipvn`n"pi `mb n ayeèàm fi fkqyohn| emvâ`knp/ fi

am|bn kbwn|`kno/ n akb fi w|mwm|`kmen| nm wólok`m keam|bnèàm i |iaoitàm fm vibn fkp`yvkfm

$AI\\IK\N/ >;;;+% Nvynobievi/ n bâfkn ib hi|no i m cm|enokpbm ipwi`kak`nbievi pàm fmp

bnkp kbwm|vnevip i~ykwnbievmp pm`knkp em pievkfm fi w|mfysk| ip~yibnp keaoyievip fipkhekak`nèàm i kevi|w|ivnèàm fm byefm% Mp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm anonb/ wm|vnevm/ wn|n i

wiomp mp kefkqâfymp/ eàm pð mp m|kievn n wiepn| i pievk|/ `mbm mp `mom`n fknevi fi w|mloibnp

~yi itkhib yb wmpk`kmenbievm $@MKBL\N/ <77>+%

@mb m `|ip`kbievm i itwnepàm fmp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm/ ioip pi ìev|noksn|nb i wnppn|nb n

pi| `mev|monfmp wm| wmy`np wippmnp/ n wn|vk| fn pihyefn bivnfi fm pë`yom TT $@MKBL\N/

<77>+% Dmci/ n kbw|iepn ip`|kvn i n |nfkmfkaypàm pàm pivm|ip itv|ibnbievi ‟eiwmvksnfmp‒ i-my

bmemwmoksnfmp em wnâp/ wmkp ,$%%%+ emqi òàp `mev|monb bnkp fi ;7) fi vmfn n `mbyek`nèàm

pm`kno l|npkoik|n% V|nvn"pi fi cm|enkp/ |iqkpvnp/ |îfkmp/ |ifip fi vioiqkpàm/ `mb bnkp fi ;7) fi

`k|`yonèàm/ nyfkãe`kn i w|mfyèàm fi keam|bnèùip $%%%+ `mev|monfmp wiom ipvnbievm fmbkenevi,

$PMF\Ë/ >;;</ w%60+% Wm|vnevm/ en bifkfn ib ~yi mp cm|enkp iti|ìb yb wnwio em `mev|moi

fi nìppm fm wólok`m çp keam|bnèùip/ çp `mli|vy|np emvk`kmpnp i/ nvë bipbm/ çp amevip/ wmfib/

pkb/ keaoyie`kn| em cyohnbievm fmp oikvm|ip/ `mb am|bnèùip fi `|ieènp/ mwkekùip i nvkvyfip ib

|ionèàm n yb vibn $N\LIT C|%/ <77>+%

Mp kbw|ippmp/ ipwi`kak`nbievi mp cm|enkp fkî|kmp/ bipbm eàm viefm bnkp n keviepn `k|`yonèàm



>8

`mbm nevkhnbievi/ fiqkfm ç `meqi|hãe`kn fi bâfknp/ pàm qiâ`yomp fi `mbyek`nèàm

kbwm|vnevip/ wm| fk|i`kmen| n nhiefn nmp oikvm|ip wn|n m ~yi pi|î v|nepbkvkfm bnkp vn|fi en

vioiqkpàm my em |îfkm% Wm|vnevm/ kefiwiefievibievi fm qiâ`yom/ m cm|enokpbm vib yb

kbwm|vnevi wnwio fi fkqyohn| i aktn| np emvâ`knp/ w|mh|nbnp/ filnvip i/ w|ke`kwnobievi/ anvmp

ipwivn`yompmp i piepn`kmenokpvnp $N\LIT C|%/ <77>: V\N^YKEN/ <779+%

N dkpvð|kn fm cm|enokpbm/ fi n`m|fm `mb V|n~yken $<779+/ `nbkedn emp bipbmp wnppmp i nm

onfm fn fibm`|n`kn/ ybn qis ~yi n kbw|iepn viqi yb wnwio ayefnbievno en oyvn wion

okli|fnfi% Pihyefm m nyvm|/ mp cm|enkp i|nb qkpvmp `mbm yb bikm fi itvi|en| np |iqmovnp i

~yiktnp fn pm`kifnfi/ w|ke`kwnobievi em ~yi pi |iai|i çp kecypvkènp pm`knkp% Nm bipbm vibwm/

ioip nppihy|nqnb n w|mvièàm `mev|n nm hmqi|em nyvm|kvî|km fi piyp oâfi|ip/ piefm `mefkèàmkefkpwiepîqio wn|n ~yi n fibm`|n`kn amppi iti|`kfn%

Bipbm ~yi n kbw|iepn qkhki/ m|kievi i i~ykokl|i mp myv|mp wmfi|ip/ ion vnblëb iti|ì m piy

w|ðw|km wmfi|/ fiembkenfm m ‟~yn|vm wmfi|‒/ m ~yi ë qkpâqio em cm|enokpbm ~ynevm ç pyn

`nwn`kfnfi fi keaoyie`kn| n mwkekàm fnp wippmnp/ `dihnefm nm wmevm fi vievn| fkvn| |ih|np fi

`mbwm|vnbievm i kevi|ai|k| enp ip`modnp fm kefkqâfym% N wn|vk| fm pë`yom TKT m cm|enokpbm pi

vm|en bnkp kefiwiefievi fmp onèmp wmoâvk`mp i v|nepam|bn np |ifnèùip ib ibw|ipnp/ ansiefmfn emvâ`kn piy w|ke`kwno w|mfyvm i fm oy`|m m piy mlcivkqm% Eippi bmbievm m cm|enokpbm fiktn

fi pi| mwkenvkqm wn|n pi| keam|bnvkqm/ `mb mp |iwð|vi|ip lyp`nefm ke`nepnqiobievi anvmp ~yi

wyfippib pi| emvk`kîqikp% N wn|vk| fnâ/ m cm|enokpbm bmpv|n ybn |inokfnfi ~yi ë `mepv|yâfn

nv|nqëp fn kevi|nèàm iev|i mp w|makppkmenkp fm `nbwm cm|enoâpvk`m `mb np amevip `meakîqikp/ ~yi

wmfib pi| yvkoksîqikp ib bykvnp bnvë|knp: `mb myv|mp cm|enokpvnp/ lyp`nefm `mbwn|vkodn| i

v|m`n| kfiknp: i/ vnblëb/ `mb n pm`kifnfi/ mp oikvm|ip i `mepybkfm|ip fnp emvâ`knp/ wmfiefm

nw|ipievn| vibnp ~yi picnb fi kevi|ippi hi|no fn pm`kifnfi $V\N^YKEN/ <779+%



>4

<% F\MHNP/ BÂFKN I N PM@KIFNFI

<%> M ypm fi f|mhnp i n pm`kifnfi

M ypm fi f|mhnp wion pm`kifnfi eàm ë yb aieöbiem |iìevi% Dî vibwmp ippi `mbwm|vnbievm

ans wn|vi fn qkfn pm`kno i n dkpvð|kn |iqion n wmppklkokfnfi fi ybn `meqkqãe`kn i~ykokl|nfn fn

pm`kifnfi `mb m ypm fi fkqi|pmp vkwmp fi f|mhnp% @mb akenokfnfip vi|nwãyvk`np/ `yovy|nkp/

|iokhkmpnp my nvë bipbm |i`|invkqnp/ ë fkaâ`ko ie`mev|n| ybn `kqkoksnèàm ~yi eàm viedn pi

ieqmoqkfm `mb ybn my bnkp f|mhnp/ fkai|kefm nwienp m vkwm/ mp `mpvybip/ bmfmp i |kvynkp i

pkhekak`nfmp fi piy `mepybm $NEFK/ <779+% Nvë m akeno fm pë`yom TKT mp w|ðw|kmp ypyî|kmp fi

f|mhnp vkednb `nwn`kfnfi fi `mev|mon| pynp w|îvk`np fi `mepybm/ i np w|ippùip keam|bnkp fianbkokn|ip/ qkskedmp/ nbkhmp/ aye`kmenqnb `mbm `mev|moi pm`kno/ pib eiìppkfnfi fn `|knèàm i

ypm fi oikp ipwi`âak`np wn|n ippi akb $BN@\NI/ <77>+%

Nvynobievi/ f|mhnp nkefn pàm ypnfnp kefkqkfyno i `moivkqnbievi wn|n fkqi|pnp ayeèùip/ bykvnp

qisip n akb fi |iam|èn| qnom|ip i onèmp pm`knkp/ `mbm ib `mbibm|nèùip i iev|iviekbievm% Piy

ypm ë `mepvnvnfm vnblëb emp ipwm|vip i v|nvnbievmp wpk`mvi|nwãyvk`mp% Dî vnblëb np f|mhnp

nìkvnp pm`knobievi% En `yovy|n l|npkoik|n/ wm| itibwom/ m dîlkvm fi vmbn| yb ‟`naiskedm‒ answn|vi fm `mvkfknem fi h|nefi wn|vi fn wmwyonèàm/ `mbm am|bn fi bnevi|"pi n`m|fnfn wn|n

bnkp iak`î`kn ib nvkqkfnfip w|mfyvkqnp% I/ nwipn| fi wmy`mp vi|ib `medi`kbievm/ pylpvìe`knp

`mbm `naë/ wð fi hyn|neî/ nenlmoksnevip i bykvnp myv|np `mbybievi `mepybkfnp wion

wmwyonèàm/ pàm `mepkfi|nfnp f|mhnp/ fi n`m|fm `mb n M|hneksnèàm Byefkno fi Pnófi $MBP+/

wm| pi|ib `nwnsip fi `nypn| novi|nèùip em Pkpvibn Ei|qmpm @iev|no $PE@+ fi ~yib np yvkoksn%

Em `mevitvm vi|nwãyvk`m/ m ðwkm ë ypnfm wn|n nbm|viì| n fm|/ nppkb `mbm en |inoksnèàm fi

‟`y|np ipwk|kvynkp‒ $NEFK/ <779: VMP@NEM C|%/ <77>+%

Iblm|n m ypm fippnp pylpvìe`knp wpk`mv|ðwk`np ipvicn okhnfm n fkqi|pnp ayeèùip i anvm|ip

pm`knkp/ pibw|i dmyqi `|âvk`np i |iw|ippùip ib |ionèàm nm nppyevm% Eippi pievkfm/ nm omehm fn

v|ncivð|kn dkpvð|k`n/ fkai|ievip f|mhnp am|nb vm|enfnp oâ`kvnp i koâ`kvnp wion pm`kifnfi/ fi n`m|fm

`mb `|kvë|kmp/ bnkp fi m|fib wmoâvk`m"i`meöbk`n/ fm ~yi |ion`kmenfmp ç pnófi wólok`n% Mp

iaikvmp i |kp`mp fn yvkoksnèàm fi ~yno~yi| f|mhn ipvàm |ion`kmenfmp n ybn pë|ki fi anvm|ip/

`mbm ~yno vkwm fi pylpvìe`kn/ ~ynevkfnfi ypnfn/ fiev|i myv|mp% Iev|ivnevm/ ~ynefm pi anon fnp

pylpvìe`knp `mepkfi|nfnp koâ`kvnp/ np fkp`yppùip nlm|fnb `npmp itv|ibkpvnp `mbm novn

fiwiefãe`kn/ pyk`âfkm i qkmoãe`kn $NEFK/ <779: VMP@NEM C|%/ <77>+%



>;

N NEFK ‐ Nhãe`kn fi Emvâ`knp fmp Fk|ikvmp fn Keaìe`kn ‐ wmevyn ~yi m iphmvnbievm fm

bmfiom nvyno fn pm`kifnfi vib |iaoitm en ~yipvàm fnp f|mhnp% N pë|ki fi a|ypv|nèùip fmp

nepikmp i bivnp fi kefkqâfymp ~yi ipvàm kepi|kfmp ib yb w|mìppm fi bnppkak`nèàm kefkpvkevn

oiqn np wippmnp n |inèùip fkqi|pnp ~yi wmfib/ ib ì|vmp `npmp/ itv|nwmon| wn|n n qkmoãe`kn/ n

nyvmfipv|ykèàm i m ypm fi f|mhnp% Wm|ëb/ dî mp ~yi qãib en ipvkhbnvksnèàm fnp f|mhnp koâ`kvnp

i fi piyp ypyî|kmp yb bikm aî`ko wn|n fkpan|èn| w|mloibnp ipv|yvy|nkp i fkbkeyk| n kbwm|vìe`kn

fi pyn fkp`yppàm% @|kn"pi nppkb yb kbnhkeî|km pm`kno i yb lm|fàm bm|nokpvn itw|ippm wion

kfikn fi ‟oyvn `mev|n np f|mhnp‒ $NEFK/ <779+%

Eippi `mevitvm/ mp ypyî|kmp fi f|mhnp pàm qkpvmp i v|nvnfmp `mbm wi|khm wn|n n pm`kifnfi i/wm|vnevm/ dmpvkoksnfmp i |iw|kbkfmp% Ippi kbnhkeî|km pm`kno eàm ieti|hn m ypm fi f|mhnp `mbm

ybn mwèàm fm kefkqâfym/ bnp ieviefi ~yi pi dî ypm itkpvi ybn fmieèn n pi| v|nvnfn i khem|n

~yi eib vmfnp np wippmnp ~yi ypnb f|mhnp w|i`kpnb fi v|nvnbievm/ cî ~yi eib vmfm ypm

pkhekak`n mlpippàm `mb n f|mhn my nohyb vkwm fi fmieèn% Np kbwok`nèùip fkppm oiqnb n wiepn|

ib `mbm i ~ynevm ippn bipbn pm`kifnfi kevi|ai|i en qkfn fmp ypyî|kmp% Anvm ë ~yi nkefn anovn

emp `kfnfàmp yb modn| |inokpvn i piepnvm pml|i m nppyevm/ ~yi iqkvi `nk| emp w|i`meìkvmp bnkp

`mbyep fnp qkpùip |mbnevksnfnp my nppm`knfnp ç qkmoãe`kn% Fiqkfm n ippip ipvi|iðvkwmp/ npm`kifnfi n`nln fibnefnefm ybn wmoâvk`n fi |iw|ippàm i eàm fi pnófi wólok`n $NEFK/ <779+%

M w|i`meìkvm/ itòypàm i fkp`|kbkenèàm pàm anvm|ip ~yi oiqnb yb eóbi|m `nfn qis bnkm| fi

wippmnp ~yi ansib ypm fi f|mhnp n vm|en|ib"pi fiwiefievip% ^ynefm nohyëb `mbièn n ansi|

ypm fi wpk`mv|ðwk`mp/ pyn viefãe`kn `mbwm|vnbievno ë nw|mtkbn|"pi fi ~yib vib mp bipbmp

dîlkvmp% Fipvn am|bn/ nmp wmy`mp/ qnk |mbwiefm mp onèmp `mb yb h|ywm i cyevnefm"pi n

myv|mp% Em ievnevm/ pi em h|ywm kek`kno ippi nohyëb `mevkeyn piefm lib v|nvnfm/ viefm ybn|ionèàm naivkqn `meam|vnevi/ ~yi odi v|nhn lmnp piepnèùip/ m |mbwkbievm fippip onèmp wmfi pi|

fibm|nfm my/ nvë bipbm/ eib n`meviì|% @npm `mev|î|km/ ~ynevm bnkp itòyâfn n wippmn pi

pievk|/ bnkp w|m`y|n|î noâqkm enp f|mhnp i nìkvnèàm em emqm h|ywm $NEFK/ <779: SNOYN\/

>;;6n+%

Qnp`meìomp $<776+ mlpi|qn ~yi ib fivi|bkenfnp pkvynèùip/ itwi|kãe`knp |iìevip vãb

bmpv|nfm ~yi ë wmppâqio n |ifyèàm fn fip`|kbkenoksnèàm/ nv|nqëp fi ybn ‟w|mìfy|noksnèàm‒

fn `|kbkenoksnèàm% @mb ippi bëvmfm/ m kefkqâfym wnppn n pi| wyekfm `|kbkenobievi eàm wm|

`mepybk|/ wonevn|/ qiefi|/ aybn| my nwok`n| n f|mhn/ bnp/ pkb/ wm| ansã"om pib |iìkvn bëfk`n



<7

my pib nyvm|ksnèàm fm ð|hàm pnekvî|km i fi `mev|moi fi ~ynokfnfi `mbwivievi

$QNP@ME@IOMP/ <776+%

Ipvn pmoyèàm nwmevn em `nbkedm fi |ipwikvn| n mwèàm kefkqkfyno/ nm bipbm vibwm ib ~yi m

ipvnfm i n pm`kifnfi ibkvib ybn òn|n biepnhib fi ~yi itkpvi m |kp`m fm nlypm fnpf|mhnp/ wiom ~yi pi fkpwùib n ncyfn| m fiwiefievi n pi okq|n| fm qâ`km/ |i`mediìefm pi|ipvi yb w|mloibn fi pnófi wólok`n/ ~yi eàm vmoi|n|àm/ n itibwom fm îo`mmo/ n kehipvàm fif|mhnp ib pkvynèùip ~yi `|kib wi|khmp wn|n vi|ìk|mp/ `mbm em v|ìepkvm i/ wm| akb/|iw|kbk|àm/ `mb vmfmp mp kepv|ybievmp fm ipvnfm fi Fk|ikvm/ n w|mfyèàm/ n fkpv|klykèàm i m`mepybm am|n fmp bi`nekpbmp fi w|iqieèàm i `mev|moi $QNP@ME@IOMP/ <776/ w%>>+%

Pihyefm m F|yh Ieam|ìbiev Nfbkekpv|nvkme my Am|èn Nfbkekpv|nvkqn fi En|`ðvk`mp/ m

L|npko ë yb fmp wnâpip `mb n w|ke`kwno |mvn fi v|îak`m fi `m`nâen en Nbë|k`n Onvken/ m ~yi

n`n||ivn ib pë|kmp w|mloibnp pm`knkp wn|n m wnâp/ anvm ~yi bi|iì n nvieèàm fnp wmoâvk`np

wólok`np fn î|in% Ë kbwm|vnevi |ippnovn| ~yi m îo`mmo i m vnln`m $f|mhnp oâ`kvnp+ `mevkeynbpiefm np f|mhnp bnkp `mepybkfnp i ~yi v|nsib bnkm|ip fnemp ç wmwyonèàm l|npkoik|n/ iblm|n

eàm picnb `mepkfi|nfmp vàm wi|khmpmp ~ynevm n `m`nâen ~yi/ wm| pi| koâ`kvn/ ipvî w|ipievi enp

w|ke`kwnkp bne`divip wmok`knkp% Em ievnevm/ `mb np wmy`np fkqyohnèùip fi nèùip qmovnfnp wn|n

n w|iqieèàm fm îo`mmo i fm vnln`m/ np nhãe`knp wylok`kvî|knp vmbnb ippi ipwnèm/ `mb

w|mwnhnefnp bkokmeî|knp ~yi fkpan|ènb mp keóbi|mp w|mloibnp fi`m||ievip fi piyp ypmp/ noëb

fi pi|ib nbwonbievi ̀ mbi|`knoksnfmp $EMVM ! HNOFY\ÐS/ >;;;+%

Hm|hyodm $<771+ n|hybievn ~yi m ypm fn bn`medn/ wm| itibwom/ hi|n ybn |ionèàm fi

fiwiefãe`kn nwienp eybn wi~yien wn|ìon fi piyp ypyî|kmp i/ nkefn nppkb/ ippi eóbi|m ë

|ionvkqnbievi biem| ~yi m fmp ypyî|kmp fnp f|mhnp oâ`kvnp/ `mbm m vnln`m i m îo`mmo% Pihyefm

n nyvm|n/ ë ybn h|nefi dkwm`|kpkn `yovy|no vi|bmp m îo`mmo vàm okli|nfm `mbm ë ib emppn

pm`kifnfi i/ ib `mev|nwn|vkfn/ v|nvn| kecypvnbievi m ypyî|km fi bn`medn% ‟N bn`medn ë

fknlmoksnfn/ bnp vmbn| m w|kbik|m wm||i ë pkeöekbm fi kek`knèàm‒ $HM\HYODM/ <771+%

M anvm ë ~yi n |ino fkbiepàm fi f|mhnp em L|npko nkefn ë wmy`m `medi`kfn/ lib `mbm mp

w|mloibnp fi`m||ievip fi piy ypm/ wm| dnqi| `n|ãe`kn fi ipvyfmp eippn î|in% M `medi`kbievm

fm nppyevm ë ippie`kno wn|n nytkokn| np wmoâvk`np wólok`np% I eyb wnâp `mbm m emppm/ ib ~yi n

pm`kifnfi vib n bâfkn `mbm w|ke`kwno amevi fi keam|bnèàm/ m ~yi ë fkqyohnfm wiomp bikmp fi

`mbyek`nèàm fi bnppn vm|en"pi qi|fnfi% @mbm itibwom/ n `n|ãe`kn fi fnfmp nl|ky ipwnèm

wn|n ~yi pi kepvnonppi yb qi|fnfik|m ‟wìek`m‒ en wmwyonèàm em ~yi fkskn |ipwikvm nm

ieqmoqkbievm fi ipvyfnevip `mb f|mhnp koâ`kvnp en fë`nfn fi >;87/ `meam|bi i|n emvk`knfm en

bâfkn $EMVM ! HNOFY\ÐS/ >;;;+% Em ievnevm/ pmbievi ib >;47 am|nb |inoksnfmp mp

w|kbik|mp ipvyfmp iwkfibkmoðhk̀ mp em L|npko/ i mp |ipyovnfmp fkai|k|nb fm ~yi i|n nw|ipievnfm



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wion kbw|iepn ip`|kvn3 nvë m akeno fn fë`nfn fi >;47 n yvkoksnèàm fi f|mhnp koâ`kvnp iev|i mp

cmqiep i|n wi~yien i ipvîqio% Pmbievi en fë`nfn fi >;;7 n yvkoksnèàm fn bn`medn i `m`nâen

`mbièmy n nybievn| `mepkfi|nqiobievi/ cypvkak`nefm ievàm n wmpkèàm non|bkpvn fn kbw|iepn%

Wm|vnevm/ anvm fi n bâfkn vi| fkqyohnfm nemp nevip m nybievm fm ypm fi wpk`mv|ðwk`mp/ wmfi|kn

pi| nenokpnfm fi qî|kmp bmfmp%

n bâfkn `mbm kefyvm|n fm ypm $keìevkqnefm m ypm wiom itìppm fi keam|bnèùip+: n bâfkn

`mbm kefk`nfm| iwkfibkmoðhk`m $vi|kn pkfm `nwns fi fivi`vn| yb aieöbiem nevip ~yi ipviamppi biepy|nfm wion iwkfibkmomhkn+: i wmfi|kn pi v|nvn| fi yb bi|m n`npm/ `mb anvmp

|ionvkqnbievi kefiwiefievip $pib |ionèàm fk|ivn fi `nypn"iaikvm+/ iev|i myv|npwmppklkokfnfip% $EMVM iv no/ <770/ wîh 87+%

<%< Np f|mhnp/ mp ypyî|kmp i mp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm

M nppyevm ib ~yipvàm ë yb vibn wmoãbk`m wn|n vmfn pm`kifnfi byefkno i hi|n fkp`yppùip ib

vmfmp mp pivm|ip pm`knkp% Np ~yipvùip |ionvkqnp çp f|mhnp ipvàm pibw|i ib bne`divip fmp

bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm% @mevyfm/ noëb fi fipwi|vn| m kevi|ippi fn bâfkn wm| v|nvn|"pi fi yb

`mbë|`km koihno ~yi bmqkbievn yb qnom| `mepkfi|îqio en i`membkn byefkno $HM\HYODM/

<771+/ n fkp`yppàm pml|i f|mhnp fiqi|kn pi| bnkm| i bnkp w|mayefn em ~yi pi |iai|i nm wi|ako

fm ypm i fm ypyî|km fi pylpvìe`knp wpk`mnvkqnp% Wn|n kppm/ ë ayefnbievno nl|k| bàm fi

w|i`meìkvmp i `mom`n| ib w|îvk`n m wnwio fn bâfkn fi lyp`n| i wylok`n| np fkqi|pnp qi|pùipitkpvievip pml|i n ~yipvàm% Kppm ncyfn|kn n ie`n|n| m ypyî|km `mbm yb pycikvm fi fk|ikvmp i

fiqi|ip $NEFK/ <779+%

Nm onfm fi myv|np am|ènp pm`knkp/ `mbm kh|icn/ anbâokn/ wn|vkfm wmoâvk`m/ n keaoyãe`kn ~yi n

bâfkn iti|ì pml|i m wólok`m eàm wmfi pi| fipw|isnfn% Mp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm pàm bnkp yb

kepv|ybievm fi wi|pynpàm en qkfn fmp kefkqâfymp/ ~yi `mev|klyib wn|n am|bnèàm fi mwkekàm

fnp wippmnp: pàm qiâ`yomp fi fkqyohnèàm fi keam|bnèàm/ np ~ynkp pàm `mepkfi|nfnp wm| h|nefi

wn|vi fn pm`kifnfi `mbm qi|fnfi nlpmoyvn $XMOA/ <77<+%

N`mevi`kbievmp |ion`kmenfmp nm `mepybm i nm v|îak`m fi wpk`mv|ðwk`mp/ vnkp `mbm `nbwnednp

nevkf|mhnp/ nw|iiepàm fi ievm|wiìevip/ `npmp fi fiwiefãe`kn i qkmoãe`kn ib fi`m||ãe`kn fm

ypm fi f|mhnp/ vãb ipwnèm `mepkfi|îqio em cm|enokpbm l|npkoik|m $HM\HYODM/ <771+% M

vibn fnp f|mhnp `mbm nppyevm fn bâfkn ë |inobievi bykvm `mbwoitm i nbwom% Ippn

`mbwoitkfnfi ë fibmepv|nfn wm| ipvyfm fn NEFK $<779+ |ionvkqm çp |iw|ipievnèùip fn bâfkn

pml|i m ypm fi f|mhnp3 ib 0</<) fmp vitvmp cm|enoâpvk`mp nenokpnfmp mp ypyî|kmp pàm bmpv|nfmp



<<

`mbm wippmnp qkmoievnp i/ ib <9/9) `mbm wippmnp `mb w|mloibnp fi pnófi% Ib nblmp mp

`npmp/ n bnkm|kn fnp bnvë|knp pàm wylok`nfnp ib ifkvm|knp wmok`knkp%

N itwok`nèàm wn|n m anvm pi fî/ ib wn|vi/ wionp fkak`yofnfip ~yi m cm|enokpvn iea|ievn/ fipfi n

anovn fi amevip `meakîqikp pml|i n ~yipvàm nvë m anvm fi ansi| wn|vi fi ybn pm`kifnfi

dmpvkoksnfm|n%

M w|mloibn fm cm|enokpvn pi nh|nqn/ iev|ivnevm/ wiom anvm fn pm`kifnfi l|npkoik|n eàm `mevn|`mb |iai|ie`knkp bóovkwomp pml|i n ~yipvàm% Mp w|makppkmenkp ~yi v|nlnodnb ib n`m|fm `mbn wmoâvk`n fi `mblnvi çp f|mhnp pàm em|bnobievi mp bnkp `medi`kfmp i `mepyovnfmp `mbmamevip% N~yioip ~yi w|m`y|n|nb v|nsi| emqnp wi|pwi`vkqnp pml|i m nppyevm/ wm| eàm ipvn|ibib `mepmeìe`kn `mb m kbnhkeî|km pm`kno/ ~ynpi eàm ie`mev|nb ipwnèm emp bikmp fi`mbyek`nèàm/ w|icyfk`nefm n `mepv|yèàm fi bnvë|knp ~yi `mev|klynb wn|n m filnvi wólok`mi |iv|nvib n woy|nokfnfi fi kfëknp $NEFK/ <779/ w% 7;+

M anvm fi wylok`n| m ~yi pi ie`nktn em kbnhkeî|km pm`kno n`nln nybievnefm m w|mloibn% Wn|n

dnqi| ybn byfneèn/ n kbw|iepn fiqi|kn pi wmpk`kmen| fi am|bn bnkp `|âvk`n/ ~yi `monlm|nppi

wn|n n fip`mepv|yèàm fnp kfiknp ~yi wmy`m `mev|klyib wn|n m nqneèm fn fkp`yppàm pml|i

f|mhnp% @mbm itibwom fippn fip`mepv|yèàm/ wmfibmp `kvn| m anvm fi ~yi ypn| f|mhn eàm

v|nepam|bn/ eiìppn|knbievi/ n wippmn ib fiwiefievi: n kfikn fiqi pi| fi ~yi m ypyî|km fi

f|mhnp vnblëb ë yb `kfnfàm `mb fk|ikvmp i fiqi|ip i/ wm|vnevm/ np wmoâvk`np wólok`np

eiìppkvnb nqneèn|/ wn|vkefm fn `mepvnvnèàm fi ~yi mp w|i`meìkvmp itkpvievip pàm a|yvmp fi

ybn w|mfyèàm `yovy|no% M wmevm fi bnkm| fkp`yppàm fiqi|kn pi|/ en qi|fnfi/ m fip`npm i n

kenwvkfàm fn pm`kifnfi em v|nvnbievm fipvn ~yipvàm $NEFK/ <779+/ ybn qis ~yi np bifkfnp

`mbybievi vmbnfnp wmy`m vãb `mev|klyâfm wn|n nbieksn| mp iaikvmp em`kqmp fm v|îak`m i ypm

fi f|mhnp%

N bnkm|kn fnp bnvë|knp cm|enoâpvk`np pml|i f|mhnp pàm lnpinfnp ib amevip wmok`knkp% N Oik fi

Ievm|wiìevip $Oik e³ 1%014-81+6/ ib piy n|vkhm >8/ `|kbkenoksn n qkmonèàm fm pkhkom/ ~yi/

pihyefm m n|v% <1/ fiqi pi| nlpmoyvm fy|nevi m ke~yë|kvm wmok`kno/ itìvm wn|n m cyks/ bkekpvë|km

wólok`m/ wmoâ`kn i nfqmhnfm% Wm|vnevm/ ~ynefm yb wmok`kno keam|bn nm cm|enokpvn pml|i mp

w|mìppmp `|kbkenkp/ ioi ipvî `mbiviefm ybn ~yil|n fi pkhkom% M ieye`knfm fm n|v% ></ fippn

bipbn oik/ fi`|ivn wien fi 0 n >9 nemp fi |iòypàm `mev|n ~yno~yi| wippmn ~yi pi w|mwmedn n

fkp`yvk| wylok`nbievi m w|mloibn fnp f|mhnp/ ònppkak`nefm piy nvm fi ‟kepvkhnèàm‒/

‟keìevkqm‒ my ‟fkaypàm‒% Ippn wien ë n bipbn wn|n ~yib `mbivi m `|kbi fi v|îak`m% M

|ipyovnfm ~yi vibmp fkppm ë ~yi m pkpvibn wieno fî yb òn|m pkeno ç pm`kifnfi fi ~yi ë

w|mklkfm fkp`yvk| m nppyevm f|mhnp/ ybn qis ~yi wn|vi fm w|ippywmpvm fi ~yi n bi|n fkp`yppàm



<0

cî fipwi|vn fipicm% Em ievnevm/ ë wi|bkvkfn n `mli|vy|n piepn`kmenokpvn fn kbw|iepn/ bipbm

~ynefm dî ~yil|n fi pkhkom fnp amevip% $QNP@ME@IOMP/ <776+%

Em ipvyfm |inoksnfm wion NEFK $<779+ pml|i n |ionèàm iev|i bâfkn i f|mhnp ib >8/0) fnp

bnvë|knp nenokpnfnp dî bieèàm itwoâ`kvn n ypyî|kmp i ipvip am|nb v|nvnfmp `mbm qâvkbnp fi

qkmoãe`kn% Wm|ëb/ ib 6;)/ am|nb v|nvnfmp `mbm nh|ippm|ip% Pmbi"pi n kppm m anvm fi ~yi ib

nwienp 9/;) fnp bnvë|knp ~yi ieam`nb ìev|nobievi `npmp kefkqkfynoksnfmp fi ypyî|kmp eàm

dî |ionvmp fi qkmoãe`kn/ |mylm/ qâ`km `mbwyopkqm `mb f|mhnp iv` $NEFK/ <779+%

Wiom anvm fn kbw|iepn vi| `|ifklkokfnfi en pm`kifnfi/ ib hi|no pi vib `mbm qi|fnfi nlpmoyvn

n bnkm|kn np bnvë|knp ~yi pàm wylok`nfnp pml|i f|mhnp% Emvm iv no% $<770+ bmpv|nb ybfip`mbwnppm fn bâfkn `mb mp ipvyfmp iwkfibkmoðhk`mp |inoksnfmp ib >;;4/ nenokpnefm mp

n|vkhmp wylok`nfmp en kbw|iepn en`kmeno em ~yi pi |iai|i çp ‟f|mhnp koâ`kvnp‒ $bn`medn/

`m`nâen/ iev|i myv|np+ ib `mbwn|nèàm çp ‟oâ`kvnp‒ $îo`mmo i vnln`m+% Fi yb onfm/ n wmwyonèàm

|iìli ybn hnbn fi keam|bnèùip pml|i qkmoãe`kn |ion`kmenfn nm v|îak`m i pml|i mp wi|khmp fnp

f|mhnp% Fi myv|m/ ë noqm fi pmakpvk`nfnp w|mwnhnefnp ~yi ipvkbyonb n qiefn fi lilkfnp

no`mðok`np% Eippi `mevitvm/ ippip h|ywmp fi ‟f|mhnp‒/ ~yi pàm qkpvmp pibiodnevibievi fi

n`m|fm `mb mp npwi`vmp an|bn`moðhk`mp/ wnppnb n pi| ie`n|nfmp fkpvkevnbievi wion pm`kifnfi/hi|nefm nvkvyfip ke`mi|ievip/ wion ðvk`n fn pnófi $EMVM iv no%/ <770+% Nfibnkp/ mp vibnp

|ion`kmenfmp nm v|îak`m pywi|nb mp vibnp |iai|ievip ç pnófi en kbw|iepn l|npkoik|n $EMVM !

BNPV\MKNEEK/ <770+%

@n|okek"@mv|kb ! Fyn|vi $<777+/ nenokpn|nb mp dmbk`âfkmp m`m||kfmp iev|i >;;7 i >;;9 i

cyohnfmp iev|i >;;9 i >;;4/ emp V|klyenkp fm Có|k fi @y|kvkln% N wip~ykpn mlcivkqmy pnli|

`mb ~yi a|i~ÿãe`kn ippip `|kbip am|nb `nypnfmp wm| i-my qkvkbn|nb kefkqâfymp ~yi ipvnqnbpml m iaikvm fi lilkfnp no`mðok`np% M |ipyovnfm py|w|iiefiy np wip~ykpnfm|np3 dî yb i~ykoâl|km

iev|i mp wnwëkp fi nyvm|ip/ `mb 94/;)/ i qâvkbnp/ `mb 90/1)% Em ievnevm/ em ~yi pi |iai|i ç

`mli|vy|n cm|enoâpvk`n/ n w|im`ywnèàm w|ifmbkenevi i|n kfievkak`n| mp ypyî|kmp fi f|mhnp `mbm

nyvm|ip fm `|kbi $m ~yi `m||ipwmefiy n 0</0) fnp bnvë|knp nenokpnfnp+/ fip`mepkfi|nefm ~yi

ioip vnblëb/ a|i~yievibievi/ ipvàm pycikvmp nm wnwio fi qâvkbnp% $@N\OKEK"@MV\KB !

FYN\VI/ <777+% Ybn `mev|klykèàm fmp cm|enokpvnp wn|n ippi anvm pi|kn |ionvn| mp `npmp ib

6 Pkvi xxx%cy|kpxn{%m|h%l|/ nìppm ib <7-79-<7>>%



<6

~yi mp ypyî|kmp fi f|mhnp am|nb qâvkbnp fi qkmoãe`kn/ keam|bnefm ç wmwyonèàm ~yi n

qyoei|nlkokfnfi n`meviì emp fmkp `npmp $NEFK/ <779+%

Nkefn fi n`m|fm `mb mp ipvyfmp fn NEFK $<779+/ nohybnp wnonq|np yvkoksnfnp enp bnvë|knp

cm|enoâpvk`np pml|i f|mhnp/ `mbm ‟qâ`km‒/ ‟f|mhnfm‒/ ‟lãlnfm‒/ ‟no`mðonv|n‒/ fàm n ieviefi|

~yi m ypyî|km wi|bneiì m vibwm vmfm pml n nèàm fi wpk`mv|ðwk`mp i `mb kppm pð nytkoknb en

fkbkeykèàm fn nyvmipvkbn fnp wippmnp i en ipvkhbnvksnèàm fm ypyî|km% Noëb fipvi anvm|/ dî n

viefãe`kn fi |ion`kmen| n `mefkèàm fm ypyî|km `mbm fiwiefievi/ pib anon| fnp bykvnp

bnvë|knp ~yi m |iv|nvnb `mbm `|kbkempm $NEFK/ <779+%

Ipvi ipvyfm fibmepv|my ~yi m cm|enokpbm nppybi yb fkp`y|pm bm|nokpvn/ w|i`meìkvympm inon|bkpvn/ að|byon ipvn ~yi eàm aye`kmen wn|n ipòn|iì| ç wmwyonèàm pml|i yb vibn vàm

|ioiqnevi% Mp nyvm|ip |ikvi|nb n kbwm|vìe`kn fi keviepkak`n| i ~ynokak`n| np fkp`yppùip pml|i m

vibn $NEFK/ <779+%

Wn|n ~yi mp cm|enokpvnp biodm|ib n `mli|vy|n pml|i m vibn/ noëb fi |i`m||i| n amevip

fkqi|pkak`nfnp i ~ynokak`nfnp/ w|i`kpnb ipvn| nvievmp wn|n m anvm fi ~yi itkpvib fkai|ieènp

iev|i ybn |iwm|vnhib a|kn i myv|n an`vyno/ okhnfn/ en bnkm| wn|vi fnp qisip/ n aieöbiemp fnqkmoãe`kn y|lnen% Np w|kbik|np fifk`nb bnkm| ipwnèm i `ykfnfm çp keam|bnèùip fm ~yi np

pihyefnp% Cî np bnvë|knp an`vynkp hi|nobievi wmppyib ybn qkpàm wmok`kno i pàm np ~yi bnkp

khem|nb mp qî|kmp `mevitvmp ~yi ieqmoqib m anvm/ am`nefm fi bneik|n pkbwokpvn em ‟ypm fi

f|mhnp‒/ vmfn |ipwmepnlkokfnfi wion qkmoãe`kn% I/ keaioksbievi/ pàm np an`vynkp ~yi fipwi|vnb

bnkm| kevi|ippi i |iwi|`yppàm en pm`kifnfi/ wion ~ynevkfnfi fi qisip ib ~yi ionp pàm

|ibivkfnp ç wmwyonèàm% Vi| ̀ mep`kãe`kn fippip vkwmp fi bnvë|knp wmfi pi| yb wnppm kbwm|vnevi

wn|n ~yi mp w|makppkmenkp fn `mbyek`nèàm viednb bnkp `nyvion nm wylok`î"onp% Mp oikvm|ipvnblëb fiqi|knb `mev|klyk| wn|n kppm/ `ml|nefm yb vitvm bnkp mlcivkqm i ~yi wmppn v|nsi|

fnfmp wn|n ybn fkp`yppàm |n`kmeno i mlcivkqn pml|i n ~yipvàm $NEFK/ <779+%

<%0 N w|mloibîvk`n fm `|n`j en pm`kifnfi l|npkoik|n

N w|mfyèàm fm `|n`j ë w|mokai|nfn emp onlm|nvð|kmp ònefipvkemp ~yi `mbw|nb n wnpvn lnpi/ m

pyoanvm fi `m`nâen/ i fion itv|nib n `m`nâen ib wð i n `m`nâen ib wif|n/ ~yi ë m `|n`j%

$PNWM\K/ <7>7: ENWWM iv no%/ <776+%



<9

^ynefm ~yikbnfm em `n`dkblm ç vibwi|nvy|n nw|mtkbnfn fi ;9³@/ m `|n`j wnppn fm ipvnfm

pðokfm wn|n m hnpmpm i np aybnènp pàm nlpm|qkfnp wiomp wyobùip fi ~yib m yvkoksn/ nvkehkefm

|nwkfnbievi m `ë|il|m% Ib ì|`n fi 4 pihyefmp m `|n`j no`neèn m ìev|m fm w|nsi| i w|mfys

iaikvmp `monvi|nkp bykvm bnkp |îwkfmp ~yi wiomp myv|mp bmfmp fi yvkoksnèàm fn `m`nâen/

kecivîqio i enpno/ ~yi fibm|nb ib bëfkn fi 0 n 9 bkeyvmp i fi >7 n >9 bkeyvmp/

|ipwi`vkqnbievi/ wn|n w|mfysk| iaikvmp $P`dxn|vs iv no%/ >;;>9/ `kvnfm wm| Enwwm iv no/ <776+%

Ippi vibwm `y|vm iev|i m ypm i n nwn|kèàm fmp iaikvmp/ ans fm `|n`j ybn f|mhn bykvm

‟nv|nievi‒ wn|n m ypyî|km $ENWWM iv no/ <776+%

Mp iaikvmp kek`knkp pàm iyam|kn itv|ibn $ãtvnpi+ i piepnèàm fi mekwmvãe`kn i h|nefi

nyvm`meakneèn% Iev|ivnevm/ m vë|bkem fippip iaikvmp ë n`mbwnednfm fi fkpam|kn/ `mbwyopàm iakppy|n wn|n n |infbkekpv|nèàm fn `m`nâen $Wmoon`j iv no%/ >;4;1 `kvnfm wm| Enwwm iv no/ <776+%

N akppy|n/ fiakekfn `mbm qmevnfi k||ipkpvâqio fi ypn| n f|mhn/ n`mbwnedn m ypyî|km wn|n m

|ipvm fn qkfn/ bipbm bykvm vibwm nwðp kevi||mbwi| m ypm fn f|mhn% Wn|n kppm/ lnpvn nohyb

`mevnvm `mb nohm my pkvynèàm ~yi oibl|i m ypm fm wpk`mv|ðwk`m% Ippn anpi vm|en m ypyî|km

itv|ibnbievi nh|ippkqm i m ans yvkoksn| ~yno~yi| vëèk`n wn|n n mlvieèàm fn wif|n/ `mbm

|mylm fi wi|vieìp wippmnkp i anbkokn|ip/ qkmoãe`kn i/ nvë bipbm/ w|mpvkvykèàm $Ke`kn|fk/ >;;08

`kvnfm wm| Enwwm iv no%// <776+%

M `mepybm |iwivkvkqm fn f|mhn wmfi fy|n| qî|kmp fknp% Fy|nevi ippi wi|âmfm/ m ypyî|km eàm pi

kbwm|vn `mb pyn nwn|ãe`kn aâpk`n/ eàm pi nokbievn/ eàm fm|bi/ eàm vib `ykfnfmp lîpk`mp `mb

pyn dkhkiei% Ippn anpi pð n`nln ~ynefm m iaikvm fn f|mhn wnppn my ~ynefm m ypyî|km ipvî

vmvnobievi iphmvnfm/ `nepnfm $Wmoon`j iv no%/ >;4;: Ke`kn|fk/ >;;0 `kvnfmp wm| Enwwm iv no/

<776+%

Noëb fn akppy|n/ fkqi|pmp myv|mp iaikvmp wmfib py|hk|/ ~yi keviepkak`nb m ypm `mbwyopkqm3

nhkvnèàm/ byfneèn |iwievken fi `mbwm|vnbievm/ wn|neðkn/ fioâ|km i noy`kenèùip% N wn|neðkn ë

yb fmp iaikvmp bnkp keviepmp em ypyî|km% @n|n`vi|ksn"pi wiom bifm vi||âqio fi pi| fip`mli|vm/

picn wion wmoâ`kn my wm| wn|ievip/ viefm wnqm| fi pi| qkpvm ansiefm m ypm fn f|mhn% Noëb fkppm/

9 P`dnxn|vs/ \%D%: Oytieli|h/ B%H%: Dmaabnee/ E%H% @|n`j ypi l{ Nbi|k`ne bkffoi"ònpp nfmoipìev wmokf|yh

lypi|p% Vdi Cmy|eno ma Wifknv|k`p/ >3 >97">99/ >;;>%1 Wmoon`j/ B%D%: L|mvbne N%X%: \mpielnyb/ C%A% @m`nkei nlypi nef v|invbiev % @mbw|idiepkqi Wp{`dknv|{/ 073

0>"66/ >;4;%8 Ke`kn|fk/ C%N% @|n`j `m`nkei ke vdi Nbi|k`np/ 10"89 ww% Ke3 Bmevik|m B%H%: Ke`kn|fk C%N% L|nsko"Yekvif PvnvipLkenvkmeno \ipin|`d% Pàm Wnyom3 @IL\KF/ >;;0%



<1

vm|en"pi fip`meaknfm i bykvnp qisip nhi qkmoievnbievi ~ynefm pypwikvn fnp kevieèùip fi

nohyëb $ENWWM iv no/ <776+%

@mb m wnppn| fm vibwm/ mp iaikvmp fkbkeyib i m ypyî|km nybievn n fmpnhib fm wpk`mv|ðwk̀ m/

wn|n qmovn| n vi| np bipbnp piepnèùip kek`knkp% @mb ippi nybievm/ vmfmp mp iaikvmp pi

keviepkak`nb i ippn bkpvy|n fi ‟pievkbievmp‒ fiktn n wippmn w|mayefnbievi nehypvknfn% N

keviepkfnfi i n |îwkfn iyam|kn ib `mepmeìe`kn `mb n am|vi `mbwyopàm fm ypm ansib fm `|n`j

ybn f|mhn `mb novm wmvie`kno fi fiwiefãe`kn $ENWWM iv no%/ <776+%

Wm| pi| lib bnkp ln|nvm ~yi m òm|kfnvm/ m `|n`j pibw|i viqi ybn iev|nfn bykvm h|nefi enp

wmwyonèùip fi lnktn |iefn% Wm|ëb/ ippn kfikn fi pi| bnkp ln|nvn ë koypð|kn% @mepkfi|nefm ~yim iaikvm fn f|mhn fy|n/ ib bëfkn/ 9 bkeyvmp i ~yi m ypm |iwivkvkqm pi ipvnlioiì bykvm

|nwkfnbievi i/ eippn anpi/ m ypyî|km `mepmbi m `|n`j nvë n itnypvàm/ `mbwn|nfm `mb n

`m`nâen kecivîqio my enpno/ m ypyî|km fi `|n`j ypn bykvm bnkp f|mhn i eiìppkvn fi bnkp

|i`y|pmp akeneìk|mp wn|n mlvã"on% Wm| kppm m novm âefkì fi |mylmp i w|mpvkvykèàm ib v|m`n fi

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my bn`medn/ eàm np ie`mev|nqnb i/ `mbm fiwiefievip ~yâbk`mp/ oiqnqnb m `|n`j% Mp

v|nak`nevip/ pnlifm|ip fm wmfi| fmp iaikvmp iyað|k`mp fn emqn f|mhn i fi pyn `y|vn fy|nèàm/

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`mepi~yievi i |îwkfn fiwiefãe`kn/ anskn fm ypyî|km ‟òkievi wm| vmfn n qkfn‒% Wm|vnevm/ i|n

ybn ipv|nvëhkn `mb qnevnhib i`meöbk`n i oy`|m ì|vm $ENWWM iv no/ <776+%

Pnwm|k $<7>7+ iev|iqkpvmy nohyep v|nak`nevip fi Liom Dm|ksmevi i ak`my `mbw|mqnfm ~yi

nvynobievi ipvn ipv|nvëhkn nkefn ë ypnfn% ‟‛Bn`medn vmfm byefm vib i vmfm byefm hnedn/

nhm|n m wonevàm fn wif|n ë biodm|‛ $v|nak`nevi iev|iqkpvnfm+‒% ‟Ioip eàm pi kevi|ippnb ib

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wi~yien/ fi `mepybm bykvm |îwkfm/ n wippmn qnk qmovn| vmfn dm|n/ ë bykvm qk`knevi‛ $v|nak`nevi

iev|iqkpvnfm+‒ $PNWM\K/ <7>7/ w% 74+%

4 Enwwm/ P%N%: Hnofy|ðs/ C%@%: Emvm/ N%\% @|n`j ypi ke Pàm Wnyom% Pylpvneì Ypi ! Bkpypi/ 0>$9+3 919"98;/>;;1%



<8

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pyak`kievi wn|n fipkhen| m pycikvm `mbm v|neph|ippm| my bn|hkeno/ wm|vnevm/ am|n fi nìppm nmp

fk|ikvmp ̀ kqkp i pm`knkp% Yb iev|iqkpvnfm fi Pnwm|k $<7>7+ itwok`n3

ybn wn`kievi fm pitm aibkekem/ fi 6< nemp fi kfnfi/ ònppi bëfkn/ `npnfn `mb fmkp akodmp/m|hneksnfm|n fi aipvn keanevko/ ypnqn `|n`j dî >6 nemp% Itwok`n ~yi pnân ybn my fynp qisipnm bãp wn|n `mbw|n| `|n`j/ n|bnsienqn"m en w|ðw|kn `npn i anskn ypm |mvkeik|m/ pib ~yiekehyëb en pyn `npn vkqippi `medi`kbievm/ eib piy bn|kfm% M anvm fi ypn| `|n`j eàm nkbwifkn fi pi| bài/ ipwmpn i v|nlnodnfm|n% @ybw|kn piyp wnwikp `mb `ykfnfm infbkekpv|nqn piy ypm pib `mbwyopàm% Yb ì|vm fkn piy bn|kfm fip`ml|ky i nkefn ~yi ionviedn itwok`nfm n am|bn fi ypm i m vibwm " >6 nemp " ioi iev|my `mb w|mìppm/ `mepihykypyn kevi|enèàm i n hyn|fn fmp akodmp% Noëb fkppm/ fieye`kmy piy ypm wn|n n |ifi anbkokn| iib piy om`no fi v|nlnodm% N wn|vk| fippi bmbievm n wn`kievi wi|fiy piy fk|ikvm `mbm`kfnfà/ nvë bipbm fi bài $PNWM\K/ <7>7/ w% >8+%

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ipv|nvëhknp wn|n yb ipvyfm i nvieèàm ipwi`kno nm `mevitvm ib ~yi m ypyî|km fi `|n`j ipvî

kepi|kfm i pyn |ifi pm`kno/ em pievkfm fi ipvkbyon| m fiwiefievi n |ipkpvk| i |iemqn| mp onèmp

kevi||mbwkfmp `mb m ypm `mbwyopkqm fn pylpvìe`kn% Wi|ìli"pi/ nkefn/ n eiìppkfnfi fi

ionlm|nèàm fi ybn wmoâvk`n hmqi|enbievno fmp pi|qkèmp fi nvieèàm i n nbwoknèàm en ~ynokfnfi

fn i~ykwi fi òâek`np fi v|nvnbievm/ `mb n wn|vk`kwnèàm fi pm`kðomhmp/ nev|mwðomhmp i myv|mp

w|makppkmenkp/ wn|n nvyn| fi am|bn qn|knfn enp î|inp fi `medi`kbievm/ ib myv|mp `nbwmp fn

qkfn fm pycikvm i ib pynp |ifip kevi|wippmnkp $PNWM\K/ <7>7+%

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~yi ë n w|mbmèàm fn ~ynokfnfi fi qkfn n ippi wólok`m ~yi/ em nvyno `mevitvm/ pi ie`mev|npm`knobievi bn|hkenoksnfm i pi vm|emy qâvkbn fi yb pkpvibn wmoâvk`m nv|npnfm i wmy`mn|vk`yonfm $PNWM\K/ <7>7/ w% >8 i <7+%

<%6 N iev|nfn fm `|n`j ib Liom Dm|ksmevi i n fkppibkenèàm fn qkmoãe`kn

Fi n`m|fm `mb Pnwm|k $<7>7+/ n iev|nfn fm `|n`j ib Liom Dm|ksmevi fiy"pi ib >;;9 pihykfn

fi ybn iwkfibkn fi dmbk`âfkmp ~yi nvkehky n `nwkvno/ ib >;;8% Pihyefm piyp ipvyfmp/ mp

|ipyovnfmp mlvkfmp wion wip~ykpn iqkfie`knb m `|ip`kbievm fmp dmbk`âfkmp/ anvm ~yi wmfi pi|

itwok`nfm wion keviepkak`nèàm fi `meaokvmp |ion`kmenfmp nm v|îak`m fi f|mhnp% >4/64) fmp



<4

dmbk`âfkmp nenokpnfmp am|nb bmvkqnfmp wm| `meaokvmp |ion`kmenfmp nm `mbë|`km fi pylpvìe`knp

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`|ip`kbievm fnp qâvkbnp en anktn ivî|kn fi >9 n <6 nemp fi kfnfi% N vntn fi dmbk`âfkmp iev|i

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fipokhnbievm% Mp `meaokvmp/ ~yi hi|nb m nybievm fn qkmoãe`kn i fi dmbk`âfkmp/ pàm

itwok`nfmp wm| ippn |khkfis% Em ievnevm/ n neîokpi fmp fnfmp fi wip~ykpnp aikvnp wm| Pnwm|k$<7>7+ ë fkai|ievi3 amk mlpi|qnfm ~yi mp `meaokvmp hi|nfmp wiom v|îak`m fi f|mhnp eàm ipvàm

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fi |ifip% Nwipn| fi pi|ib ònppkak`nfnp `mbm m|hneksnèùip `|kbkempnp/ ionp pàm ipv|yvy|nfnp

`mbm |ifip fi |ion`kmenbievm/ m ~yi ë lnpvnevi pkehyon|% Ybn |ifi ë nokì|ènfn wm| piyp

`mevnvmp i m bikm fippn kevih|nèàm ë woneicnfm `mecyevnbievi% Ybn fivi|bkenfn m|fib ë

|ipyovnfm fi yb w|mìppm/ ~yi fiwiefi fnp |ionèùip fi piyp `mbwmeievip% Ë fipvn am|bn ~yi

aye`kmen m v|îak`m fi f|mhnp koâ`kvnp/ ib ipwi`kno m `|n`j/ ib Liom Dm|ksmevi $PNWM\K/<7>7+%

N |ifyèàm fn vntn fi dmbk`âfkmp en `nwkvno bkeik|n pi kek`kmy ib <779 i pi bneviqi nvë <77;%

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mlcivkqmy n w|kpàm fi dmbk`kfnp ~yi pi |i`ypnqnb n `mbwn|iì| ib cyâsm% N w|ipieèn keviepn

fn Wmoâ`kn Bkokvn| fi Bkenp Hi|nkp $WBBH+ enp |ihkùip fi bnkm| qkmoãe`kn vnblëb

`monlm|my en |ifyèàm fn bm|vnokfnfi fmp ̀ meaokvmp w|mqiekievip fm ̀ |n`j $PNWM\K/ <7>7+%

N |ifi ~yi `mbi|`knoksn m `|n`j/ piefm `|kbkempn/ ë `medi`kfn `mbm ‟\ifi fi Lm`np‒ i wmfi

pi| fkqkfkfn fi fynp am|bnp3 ybn ë v|nvnfn `mbm ‟ak|bn |i`medi`kfn‒/ en ~yno dî

ìev|noksnèàm dki|î|~yk`n fi `mbi|`knoksnèàm% Itkpvib wnv|àm i fkqkpàm fnp nvkqkfnfip fi

v|nlnodm% N myv|n ë ybn |ifi kek`knfn wm| yb h|ywm my wm| nwienp yb kefkqâfym/ ~yi nppybi

m wnwio nyvm|kvî|km fi qiefi| ib fivi|bkenfm wmevm/ bnp eàm wmppyk ipv|yvy|n dki|î|~yk`n% N

am|bnèàm fippnp |ifip ë kbwonevnfn ib om`nkp ipv|nvëhk`mp `mbm wmevmp fi qiefn% N

wmwyonèàm ~yi dnlkvn ippn |ihkàm/ em ievnevm/ nìkvn $my vmoi|n+ ippn w|îvk`n koâ`kvn $PNWM\K/

<7>7+/ ybn qis ~yi ion vib h|nefi wn|vi fi `yown eippi `mevitvm/ piefm fk|ivn my



<;

kefk|ivnbievi/ `óbwokì fmp v|nak`nevip fi f|mhnp% Kppm m`m||i fiqkfm ç ‟Z%%%R yvkoksnèàm

`mpvybik|n fn itw|ippàm —qmy anon| en lm`n fi aybm‛% Lm`n fi aybm ë m om`no mefi pi qiefi

f|mhnp‒ $BNHNODÀIP/ <778/ w%9;+% Ippn itw|ippàm ë yvkoksnfn ~ynefm nohyëb qnk wifk|

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$BNHNODÀIP/ <778+%

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ibw|iiefkbievmp ~yi ak`nb pml m `mev|moi fm v|îak`m fi f|mhnp vnblëb pàm fkpwyvnfmp wiomp

wmok`knp/ wm| bikm fnp `dnbnfnp bkoâ`knp%

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Ippn fkpwyvn v|nvn"pi fi yb nbwom eihð`km ~yi fipwi|vn kevi|ippi en wmwyonèàm/ `|knefm

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ip`monp/ MEH¶p/ wmpvmp fi pnófi i nvë bipbm wmpvmp wmok`knkp ë fi lnktn `nvihm|kn% Omhm/

ippip eàm bmfkak`nb n qkfn fmp ~yi dnlkvnb ib nhombi|nfmp my anqionp% Eippi `mevitvm/

~yno~yi| w|mloibn my fkak`yofnfi eàm nviefkfn wiom Ipvnfm ans `mb ~yi n wmwyonèàm |i`m||n

nm v|nak`nevi3 ‟qmy anon| en lm`n fi aybm‒% Nppkb/ mp v|nak`nevip kbwùib np |ih|np i n

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fkpv|klyib ioiv|mfmbëpvk`mp/ ~yi pàm |mylnfmp my `mepihykfmp wm| bikm fi v|m`n fi anqm|ip%

Ib ëwm`np fi `mbibm|nèùip/ `mbm Envno/ np `|kneènp hnednb w|ipievip% Ib pkvynèùip fi

naokèàm i fm|/ pàm np wippmnp fn lm`n fi aybm ~yi nytkoknb mp bm|nfm|ip% Ybn qis ~yi ippnp

w|îvk`np pàm ke`m|wm|nfnp en anqion/ vm|enb"pi w|îvk`np dnlkvynkp fi ~yib nok |ipkfi%

‟Pmbievi wmoâvk`np |iw|ippkqnp eàm nwmevnb wn|n n pmoyèàm fm w|mloibn‒ $BNHNODÀIP/

<778/ w%1>+%

Noitnef|i $<778+ n|hybievn ~yi n |iw|ippàm nm v|îak`m i nm `mepybm fi f|mhnp nh|nqn m

w|mloibn fn qkmoãe`kn m ~yi/ çp qisip/ `dihn n pi| bnkp w|icyfk`kno ~yi n w|ðw|kn f|mhn% M



07

nyvm| itwok`n ~yi v|nvn| m `mepybm fi f|mhnp i piy `mbë|`km `mbm `|kbi/ ipvi|imvkwnefm mp

ypyî|kmp i v|nak`nevip `mbm ~ynpi ‟fibmeân`mp‒/ eàm `mev|klyk ib enfn wn|n |ifysk| ippi

`mepybm/ eib wn|n `|kn| yb byefm okq|i fnp f|mhnp/ `mbm w|iviefi n MEY $M|hneksnèàm fnp

Enèùip Yekfnp+%

Z%%%R n |iw|ippàm nmp ypyî|kmp/ iblm|n bnkp `mi|ievi `mb n nvyno fk|iv|ks fi hyi||n çp f|mhnp/nwienp nh|nqn|kn n fipipvnlkoksnèàm fm ipvnfm fi fk|ikvm% Kbnhkei ybn oik bn|`kno ~yi`mefienppi ç bm|vi vmfm n~yioi `mev|n ~yib amppi w|mqnfm pi| ypyî|km fi bn`medn i`m`nâen% My/ wn|n pi|bmp vim|k`nbievi bnkp dybnekpvnp/ ybn wien fi `ke`m nemp fi|iòypàm ib |ihkbi ai`dnfm wn|n vmfm i ~yno~yi| ypyî|km% Mefi `nli|kn vnevn hievi= I~yib wnhn|kn vnevmp w|ipâfkmp i wiekvie`kî|knp= $NOITNEF\I/ <778/ w%<79+

Wn|n wn|vi fn wmwyonèàm/ m v|nak`nevi ë qkpvm `mbm kekbkhm/ ie~ynevm m ypyî|km ë |mvyonfm

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pm`kifnfi vib ~yi nw|iefi| n `meqkqi| `mb n f|mhnfkèàm/ `npm eàm ~yik|n ~yi m itë|`kvm

kevi|ak|n em `mblnvi nm v|îak`m/ wn|n ~yi eàm pi |iwkvn ib eiedyb oyhn| fm emppm wnâp n

v|nhëfkn fi @neyfmp $NOITNEF\I/ <778+%

M `meaokvm fm `|n`j enp Lm`np ë |ion`kmenfm nm anvm| bi|`nfmoðhk`m/ fiqkfm nm w|mìppm fi

iefkqkfnbievm ~yi ieqmoqi vnevm mp ypyî|kmp ~ynevm mp w|ðw|kmp ‟aye`kmeî|kmp fn Lm`n‒/ ~yi

iti|ìb m wnwio fi |ipwmepîqikp wion `mbi|`knoksnèàm fn f|mhn% Em `npm fm iefkqkfnbievm

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fiqkfm ç pyn fâqkfn/ itìvm ~ynefm ë ~yil|nfn n bivmfmomhkn fmp fëlkvmp/ ~yi ë `mepkfi|nfn

v|nkèàm i eàm iefkqkfnbievm% Ë m `npm fi yb ypyî|km ~yi fiqi ybn fivi|bkenfn Lm`n i/ wm|

ipvn| iefkqkfnfm i kbwmppklkokvnfm fi `mbw|n| eippn Lm`n/ `mbw|n fi myv|n% Kppm pkhekak`n m

|mbwkbievm fi yb ‟`ðfkhm om`no‒ ~yi/ keòypkqi/ ë fieye`knfm iev|i np Lm`np `me`m||ievip

$PNWM\K/ <7>7+%

‟M v|nak`nevi eàm bnvn m ypyî|km wm|~yi ioi vî fiqiefm% Ioi bnvn wm|~yi ioi ë yb pibqi|hmedn i vî fiqiefm i amk `mbw|n| en myv|n Lm`n% Ë eippn pkvynèàm ~yi ioi bnvn mypyî|km% Pi ioi `mbw|my eyb wnhmy/ bnp eyb vî fiqiefm/ eàm vî ypnefm/ m v|nak`nevipihy|n bnkp n mefn% Bnp pi qã ~yi ioi vî `dnwnfm/ vî vk|nefm bi|`nfm fioi/ —`ã vî n`dnefm~yi iy pmy mvî|km=‒$ v|nak`nevi iev|iqkpvnfm+% $PNWM\K/ <7>7/ w%>>+%

En bifkfn ib ~yi np |ifip fi `mevnvmp pi nbwoknb/ mp `meaokvmp vnblëb nybievnb% Ë bykvm

|i`m||ievi n ke`m|wm|nèàm fi ypyî|kmp ç |ifi fi `mbi|`knoksnèàm% Kppm m`npkmen bnkp yb

w|mloibn ~ynefm ipvi ë fipkhenfm n qiefi| m `|n`j/ `dnbnfm fi ‟`nfikn fi |iwnppi‒% M

v|nak`nevi wnppn m `|n`j wn|n ippi qiefifm| ~yi |ibivi n f|mhn wn|n m ypyî|km i/



0>

wmpvi|km|bievi/ vib ~yi nì|vn| np `mevnp `mb m v|nak`nevi% Em ievnevm/ fiqkfm ç akppy|n

m`npkmenfn wiom ypm itìppkqm/ m qiefifm| `mepmbi ybn wn|vi fm ~yi i|n w|n pi| qiefkfm/

piefm ipvn/ bnkp ybn qn|kîqio fi qkmoãe`kn |ion`kmenfn nm `|n`j%

‟Ioip ak`nb nok ncyfnefm mp v|nak`nevip/ mp fkpv|klykfm|ip n fkpv|klyk|/ qkhknefm/ my nvëbipbm iev|ihnefm wif|kedn ib v|m`n fi wif|kedn/ wm|~yi eàm wmfi pi| bnkp/ wm|~yi piqm`ã fî w|n ioi 9 wif|kednp i wifi w|n iev|ihn| ib nohyb om`no/ nevip fi `dihn| oî ioip cîaybn|nb np wif|kednp%%%‒ $v|nak`nevi iev|iqkpvnfm+ $%%%+ ‟Nhm|n vib eihm ~yi eàm aybn nwif|n ë n wif|n ~yi aybn m `n|n% Lnefkfm ~yi ë lnefkfm eàm ë qk`knfm% @ã vî qiefiefm 97lmokedm/ `ã qnk ~yikbn| >7= Nâ `ã ~yikbmy m oy`|m vmfm.‒ $v|nak`nevi iev|iqkpvnfm+%$PNWM\K/ <7>7/ w%><+

Myv|m npwi`vm ~yi qnoi pi| |ippnovnfm i ~yi hi|n `meaokvmp ë m anvm fi nohybnp Lm`np vi|ib

fmbâekm/ oy`|m i |ievnlkokfnfi bykvm h|nefi% Kppm nv|nk myv|np lm`np ~yi nvynb em bipbmom`no/ aieöbiem ipvi `dnbnfm fi ‟modm h|nefi‒% Ippn pkvynèàm/ fiwiefiefm fn am|èn fmp

`mev|monfm|ip fi ybn Lm`n/ wmfi m`npkmen| n vmbnfn fn Lm`n my nm fipbm|menbievm fn

bipbn% Ippip ̀ meaokvmp pàm fiembkenfmp ‟hyi||n fm v|îak`m‒ $PNWM\K/ <7>7+%

Pnwm|k $<7>7+ itwok`n ~yi ~ynevm bnkp m|hneksnfn i am|vi ib `mevnvmp am| ybn |ifi/ biem|

pi|î n wmppklkokfnfi fi dnqi| `meaokvmp kevi|emp ç~yion |ifi% Mp `meaokvmp eàm pàm kevi|ippnevip

wn|n mp wnv|ùip fnp |ifip/ ybn qis ~yi nv|nib np nvieèùip i `|knb itwmpkèàm kefipicnfn/

wmfiefm oiqn| n ybn vmvno fipipv|yvy|nèàm fn fkeìbk`n `mepv|yâfn%



0<

0 M @\N@J @MBM EMVÂ@KN

M ipvâbyom fn fkp`yppàm pml|i m wnwio fn bâfkn en fkqyohnèàm fi vibnp |ion`kmenfmp çp

f|mhnp/ ipwi`kak`nbievi m `|n`j/ pi ans eiìppî|km wn|n yb biodm| ieviefkbievm fn

pm`kifnfi% N wn|vk| fn `mli|vy|n fmp cm|enkp/ n wmwyonèàm ib hi|no wmfi|î pi| wnyvnfn wion

vibîvk`n/ cî ~yi mp bikmp fi `mbyek`nèàm iti|ìb m wnwio fi bikmp ayefnbievnkp wn|n m

filnvi fi vibnp pm`knkp% Em ievnevm/ eàm lnpvn pmbievi wnyvn| nppyevmp okhnfmp np f|mhnp% Ë

w|i`kpm nw|mayefn| en neîokpi fippip vibnp/ w|mloibnvksnefm np wmppâqikp pmoyèùip i noi|vnefm

n wmwyonèàm wn|n m filnvi pml|i n ~yipvàm%

N dkpvð|kn fi yb cm|eno pi ip`|iqi bkpvy|nfn ç dkpvð|kn fi myv|mp cm|enkp i nmfipieqmoqkbievm fn kbw|iepn ib ybn pm`kifnfi% Em ievnevm/ `nfn cm|eno ë óek`m/ fmvnfmfi ybn itkpvãe`kn i `meakhy|nèàm wn|vk`yon|ip/ fipvkonefm ybn oðhk`n w|ðw|kn% Yb cm|enonf~yk|i pyn kfievkfnfi ‐ pyn akpkmembkn `medi`kfn ‐ nv|nqëp fn bnvi|knokfnfi fi pynpwîhkenp/ fm piy |i`m|vi vibîvk`m i v|nvnbievm fn keam|bnèàm% M cm|eno ë w|mfyvm i kepvìe`knfi w|mfyèàm/ i n wnonq|n cm|enoâpvk`n/ ioibievm ayefnbievno enp |ionèùip fi kfievkak`nèàmiev|i m cm|eno i piy wólok`m/ `mepv|ðk"pi ib âevkbn |ionèàm `mb n wnonq|n pm`kno $A\NEÈN/>;;4/ w%>7>+

0%> Ipvnfm fi Bkenp3 yb cm|eno v|nfk`kmeno

M Ipvnfm fi Bkenp ë yb fmp bnkp kbwm|vnevip cm|enkp fm Wnâp/ ayefnfm ib 78 fi bn|èm fi

>;<4 i/ fipfi ievàm/ ifkvnfm wiomp Fkî|kmp Nppm`knfmp% @medi`kfm/ vnblëb `mbm m h|nefi

cm|eno fmp bkeik|mp/ m kbw|ippm `mepmokfn mp w|ke`kwnkp anvmp fi Bkenp Hi|nkp i fm L|npko/

|iv|nvnefm/ `mbievnefm i emvk`knefm n`mevi`kbievmp ~yi kbwn`vnb en qkfn fmp oikvm|ip% Fi

n`m|fm `mb m fkp`y|pm em pkvi fmp Fkî|kmp Nppm`knfmp;/ n wylok`nèàm ë |iai|ãe`kn wn|n n

am|bnèàm fn mwkekàm wólok`n em Ipvnfm i piy fkai|ie`kno ë n `|ifklkokfnfi fi piy `meviófm

`mb bne`divi `me`kpn/ lib ionlm|nfn i |k`n ib fivnodip $~yipkvm kbwm|vnevi wn|n nhyèn| m

kevi|ippi fm oikvm| en bnvë|kn+%

M Ipvnfm fi Bkenp w|nvk`n yb cm|enokpbm kepvkvy`kmeno/ fi `mbyek`nfmp i fi `monlm|nèàm

`mb np amevip/ wmfiefm nppkb pi| ònppkak`nfm fiqkfm n fkqi|pkfnfip fi nppyevmp i ç

nlyefìe`kn fi vibnp% Em ievnevm/ eàm wmppyk ybn okedn ifkvm|kno ~yi m fiaken i eàm dî

yekam|bkfnfi iev|i mp `nfi|emp%

; Pkvi dvvw3--xxx%fkn|kmpnppm`knfmp%`mb%l|- / nìppm ib <<-79-<7>>%



00

Ifkvnfm ib am|bnvm pvnefn|f / m cm|eno vib `k|`yonèàm fkî|kn `mb `nfi|emp aktmp3

@onppkak`nfmp/ Wmoâvk`n/ @kãe`kn/ Mwkekàm/ En`kmeno/ Kevi|en`kmeno/ Ipwm|vip/ Hi|nkp/ IB

@yovy|n i I`membkn/ i `meviófm fkai|ie`knfm en kevi|eiv/ wmfiefm pi| qkpvm/ pmbievi wiomp

nppkenevip/ ib qi|pàm fkhkvno% @mbm pywoibievmp/ ~yi eàm pàm qik`yonfmp ib vmfnp np ifkèùip

fkî|knp/ wmppyk mp `nfi|emp3 Nh|mwi`yî|km/ Lib qkqi|/ Fkqk|vn"pi/ \nhhn F|mwp/ Fk|ikvm !

Cypvkèn/ Ibw|ihm/ Aibkekem ! Bnp`yokem/ Hykn fi eihð`kmp/ Hy|koìefkn/ Dm|n Okq|i/

Kbðqikp/ Keam|bîvk`n/ Wiepn|/ W|nsi| IB ncyfn|/ Vy|kpbm/ VQ i Qiâ`yomp% Qmovnfm bnkp wn|n

np ònppip L i @/ m wi|ako fi piyp ioikvm|ip pàm ib 90) dmbiep i ib 68) byodi|ip/ `mb

kfnfi/ ib hi|no/ n`kbn fi <7 nemp%

Iev|i mp w|ke`kwnkp cm|enkp ~yi `k|`yonb en \ihkàm Biv|mwmokvnen fi Liom Dm|ksmevi/ m Ipvnfm

fi Bkenp ë m ~yi nw|ipievn m bnkm| eóbi|m fi oikvm|ip ~yi m`ywnb `n|hmp ib eâqio pywi|km|

ib pynp nvkqkfnfip w|makppkmenkp/ h|nfynfmp/ wðp"h|nfynfmp my ~yi w|iviefib ansi| `y|pmp fi

wðp"h|nfynèàm: wmppyib |iefn anbkokn| n wn|vk| fi >7 pnoî|kmp bâekbmp $vib nwok`nèùip

akeneìk|np+: w|iviefib qkncn| wn|n m itvi|km| i `mpvybnb a|i~yievn| itwmpkèùip/ bypiyp/ i

wiènp fi vinv|m% >7

Nmp fmbkehmp/ n `k|`yonèàm ë fi/ nw|mtkbnfnbievi/ >7<%706 itibwon|ip/ piefm 86) ibnppkenvy|np i <6) ib qiefnp nqyopnp: emp fknp óvikp ë fi 8>%;<1 itibwon|ip/ `mb ;7) fi

nppkenvy|np i >7) fi qiefnp nqyopnp% >>

M `nfi|em Hi|nkp/ yb fmp bnkp kbwm|vnevip fm cm|eno/ wylok`nfm fkn|knbievi/ ë ybn ifkvm|kn

~yi nw|ipievn nppyevmp fkqi|pmp/ `mbm ify`nèàm/ pnófi/ pihy|neèn wólok`n/ bikm nblkievi/

onsi|/ `yovy|n i myv|mp/ noëb fi `moyenp i pièùip fi h|nefi nyfkãe`kn fmp oikvm|ip% Eipvn

wip~ykpn/ n bnkm|kn fnp bnvë|knp |ion`kmenfnp nm `|n`j amk ie`mev|nfn eipvn ifkvm|kn%

Pihyefm A|neèn $>;;4+/ m Ipvnfm fi Bkenp wmppyk `mbw|mbkppmp `mb mp kevi|ippip fm

Ipvnfm/ ~yi ipvî n`kbn fi wmpkèùip wn|vkfî|knp i ~yipvùip wippmnkp% Cî @n||nvm $>;44+ fks ~yi

‟M Ipvnfm fi Bkenp nwienp —emvk`kn‛ m anvm/ pkoie`knfm pml|i pynp kbwok`nèùip% Ib embifmp —kevi|ippip fmp bkeik|mp ioi wnppn n fiaiefi| mp piyp kevi|ippip/ pioi`kmenefm wn|nwylok`n| nwienp mp anvmp ~yi eàm `mokfnb `mb ippip kevi|ippip% Nhkefm nppkb/ m Ipvnfm fi

Bkenp/ en w|îvk`n/ kenyhy|n n ìepy|n ib pyn |ifnèàm nevip bipbm fion pi| kbwonevnfn emWnâp‒ $@N\\NVM/ >;44/ w% ;7+%

>7 Pkvi Fkî|kmp Nppm`knfmp xxx%fkn|kmpnppm`knfmp%`mb%l|/ nìppm ib <9-79-<7>>%>> Kepvkvyvm fi Qi|kak`nèàm fi @k|`yonèàm $KQ@+/ fi pivibl|m fi <77;%



06

0%< Dmci Ib Fkn3 `mepmokfnèàm |îwkfn em bi|`nfm

Ayefnfm ib >> fi emqibl|m fi >;44 wm| yb h|ywm fi ibw|ipî|kmp okhnfmp nm ievàm

hmqi|enfm| Eixvme @n|fmpm/ m cm|eno Dmci Ib Fkn amk am|bnfm n wn|vk| fi yb `meaokvm

ipvnlioi`kfm iev|i m hmqi|enfm| i m cm|eno Ipvnfm fi Bkenp% Bkenp Hi|nkp/ yb fmp ipvnfmp

bnkp kbwm|vnevip fm wnâp/ `mevnqn nwienp `mb yb h|nefi cm|eno/ m ~yi hi|nqn ybn okbkvnèàm

fi amevi fi emvâ`knp wn|n m oikvm| i ybn ipvnhenèàm ib vi|bmp ifkvm|knkp i h|îak`mp% M emqm

cm|eno/ m Dmci ib Fkn/ py|hky fipfi n pyn w|kbik|n ifkèàm/ `mb n bn|`n fn kemqnèàm i `mb n

w|mwmpvn fi kevih|n| Bkenp nv|nqëp fi pynp wîhkenp% Em fkn <6 fi aiqi|ik|m fippi nem/ mp

bkeik|mp pi fiwn|n|nb `mb yb emqn mwèàm enp lne`np/ yb cm|eno ~yi v|nskn `m|ip ib pynp

wîhkenp/ emqkfnfip h|îak`np/ `meviófm ifkvm|kno ib pkevmekn `mb m oikvm| bkeik|m iw|makppkmenkp fi ~ynokfnfi fkpwmpvmp n ansi| dkpvð|kn em bi|`nfm fi `mbyek`nèàm kbw|ippn/

bykvmp ~yi keòypkqi ansib wn|vi nvë dmci fn i~ykwi w|makppkmeno% @mb yb w|mcivm ifkvm|kno

n||mcnfm i `mli|vy|n ib h|nefi wn|ìon fm Ipvnfm/ nv|nqëp fi |iwð|vi|ip `m||ipwmefievip/

kek`knobievi py|w|iiefiy n vmfmp/ kepvkvykefm ybn wmoâvk`n fi nppkenvy|np i fi `k|`yonèàm çp

`kfnfip kevi|km|nenp/ ~yi i|nb v|nfk`kmenobievi khem|nfnp wiom Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ `mbm np

|ihkùip Em|vi i Qnoi fm Ci~ykvkedmedn fm Ipvnfm $A\NEÈN/ >;;4: @N\\NVM/ <77<+%

Ib vi|bmp fi woneicnbievm qkpyno i fm ypm fi wmok`|mbkn enp `nwnp i `mev|n`nwnp fi piyp`nfi|emp/ m Dmci ib Fkn |iqmoy`kmemy n kbw|iepn bkeik|n/ n`mpvybnfn n w|ivm i l|ne`m i çfknh|nbnèàm `mepi|qnfm|n fm Ipvnfm fi Bkenp% M Dmci ib Fkn wnppmy n ansi| mwmpkèàmnli|vn nm Ipvnfm fi Bkenp% Piy pomhne ‐ ‟Yb cm|eno fi qi|fnfi‒ ‐ fiktnqn kppm wnvievi$@N\\NVM/ <77</ w% 681+

Vyfm kppm |iefiy nm Dmci ib Fkn m w|ãbkm fi Qiâ`yom fm Nem/ `meìfkfm wion Nppm`knèàm

Bkeik|n fi W|mwnhnefn $NBW+% Em piy pihyefm nem/ m cm|eno pihykn `me~ykpvnefm `nfn qis

bnkp oikvm|ip i m |i`medi`kbievm em bi|`nfm bkeik|m% N w|mqn fkppm qikm `mb bnkp yb

w|ãbkm fi Qiâ`yom fm Nem wion NBW% M cm|eno pi fipvn`my wiom ypm fi `m|ip/ n kbw|ippàm/ mp

h|îak`mp i koypv|nèùip yvkoksnfnp/ vitvmp mlcivkqmp i òn|mp/ bn~ykeî|km bmfi|em i m

keqipvkbievm ~yi |inoksnqn en kevi|km|ksnèàm% Pyn w|kbik|n py`y|pno amk kenyhy|nfn ib

Hmqi|enfm| Qnonfn|ip/ i kek`kmy"pi m w|mìppm fi kbwonevnèàm fnp py`y|pnkp ib Bmevip

@on|mp i Qn|hkedn%

Fiev|i fkqi|pnp kemqnèùip/ m Dmci ib Fkn/ ib >;;7/ hnedmy ybn fnp w|ibknèùip fi

cm|enokpbm bnkp `mlkènfnp3 m W|ãbkm Ippm fi Cm|enokpbm/ wion pë|ki fi |iwm|vnhiep ‟Mwi|nèàm



09

N||npvàm‒/ ybn fieóe`kn pml|i n mwi|nèàm fnp wmoâ`knp ~yi w|iefi|nb koihnobievi bnkp fi

977 `|kneènp i nfmoipìevip ib Liom Dm|ksmevi% ><

Nppkb ~yi Eixvme @n|fmpm pnky fm hmqi|em fi Bkenp/ pyn vk|nhib pma|iy ybn |ifyèàm

f|îpvk`n/ piefm qiefkfm/ omhm nwðp/ ç Kh|icn Yekqi|pno fm \ikem fi Fiyp i fiktnefm fi

`k|`yon| nmp fmbkehmp $A\NEÈN/ >;;4+%

>;;9 amk yb nem fi h|nefip emqkfnfip i m cm|eno qmovmy n `k|`yon| nmp fmbkehmp% M w|mcivm

h|îak`m i ifkvm|kno amk nvynoksnfm/ nppkb `mbm m pivm| fi w|ë"kbw|ippàm% @mb vyfm kppm/ m

anvy|nbievm `mbi|`kno i n `k|`yonèàm `|ipì|nb/ i m Dmci ib Fkn `mepmokfmy"pi/ `mbm m

pihyefm qiâ`yom fi bâfkn kbw|ippn fm ipvnfm%

Fmkp h|nefip w|ãbkmp bn|`n|nb m nem fi >;;8% N |iwm|vnhib pml|i n fy|n qkfn fmp

v|nlnodnfm|ip fm Qnoi fm Ci~ykvkedmedn i pml|i mp pml|iqkqievip fm Bnppn`|i fi Iofm|nfm

fmp @n|ncîp |iefi|nb nm Dmci ib Fkn m W|ãbkm Ippm fi Cm|enokpbm% @mb n `mbibm|nèàm fm

ìevieî|km fi Liom Dm|ksmevi/ m cm|eno wylok`my yb `nfi|em ipwi`kno/ `mb ybn ifkèàm >77)

ib `m|ip/ piefm m w|kbik|m cm|eno l|npkoik|m n |inoksn| ippi aikvm% Em Að|yb fnp Nbë|k`np/

|inoksnfm ib Liom Dm|ksmevi/ m DF wylok`my `nfi|em ipwi`kno v|kokehÿi/ `mb ifkèùip ibwm|vyhyãp/ kehoãp i ipwnedmo%

Ib >;;;/ m cm|eno ë nyfkvnfm wiom Kepvkvyvm Qi|kak`nfm| fi @k|`yonèàm $KQ@+/ i pi `mepmokfn

`mbm m pihyefm qiâ`yom kbw|ippm ib `k|`yonèàm fkî|kn ib Bkenp% Ib <777/ m Dmci ib Fkn

`mbibm|n m oneènbievm fm `nfi|em Fmbkehm/ wylok`nfm pibnenobievi `mb yb |ipybm fmp

w|ke`kwnkp n`mevi`kbievmp pm`knkp fm Ipvnfm i `moyenp ipwi`knoksnfnp% M `nfi|em Bkenp

`|ipì/ hn|nevkefm ybn `mli|vy|n bnkp `mbwoivn% M w|mcivm h|îak`m pi bmfi|eksn% Oneèn m@oyli Bk|kb/ qmovnfm wn|n m wólok`m keanevko% I hnedn w|ãbkmp/ `mbm m Aknv Nookp fi

Cm|enokpbm I`meöbk`m%

N ibw|ipn vib yb anvy|nbievm bëfkm fi pikp bkodùip fi |inkp bãp fiev|i qiefn fi cm|enkp

$nppkenvy|n i nqyopm+/ wylok`kfnfi i wn|~yi kefypv|kno $kbw|ippàm fi cm|enkp fi vi|ìk|mp+% Piyp

òkievip pàm oikvm|ip am|bnfm|ip fi mwkekàm/ wi|vieìevip çp @onppip NL@/ piefm 9>) dmbiep

>< Keam|bnèùip fn Hi|ievi fi Bn|jivkeh fm cm|eno Dmci ib Fkn/ @|kpvken fn Pkoqn Lmenvvk/ ieqknfnp qkn i"bnkoib 74-79-<7>>% `lmenvvkGdmciibfkn%`mb%l|



01

i 6;) Byodi|ip% @k|`yon ib bnkp fi 077 byek`âwkmp bkeik|mp/ L|npâokn i `mbi|`knobievi ib

Pàm Wnyom i \km fi Cneik|m%

M Dmci ib Fkn nl|nèmy fynp `nypnp kbwm|vnevip emp óovkbmp pikp nemp3 ybn nblkievno i myv|n

pm`kno% Neynobievi |inoksn yb pibkeî|km `mb m vibn Bikm Nblkievi i @kfnfnekn/

w|mbmqiefm n fkp`yppàm fi nppyevmp kbwm|vnevip wn|n n w|ipi|qnèàm nblkievno: wylok`n

pibnenobievi ybn wîhken fi bikm nblkievi `mb n `mli|vy|n wmevyno pml|i m vibn: nwðkn i

fipieqmoqi qî|knp `nbwnednp fi `mep`kievksnèàm/ lib `mbm `nbwnednp i nèùip kevi|enp `mb

m bipbm mlcivkqm% En î|in pm`kno `|kmy m piom ‟Iy N`|ifkvm em @medi`kbievm‒ i fipieqmoqi

qî|knp nvkqkfnfip ~yi w|mbmqib m ipvâbyom ç oikvy|n i ç am|bnèàm fn `kfnfnekn iev|i cmqiep

ib pkvynèàm fi |kp`m pm`kno% Fmn/ vnblëb/ cm|enkp wn|n w|mcivmp fi oikvy|n i wmppyk yb `nfi|emi yb w|ãbkm en î|in fm vi|ìk|m pivm|/ mefi fkqyohn i dmbienhikn w|mcivmp pm`knkp ~yi ansib

n fkai|ieèn en qkfn fnp wippmnp%

0%0 M Vibwm3 fm pvnefn|f nm vnlomkfi

M M Vibwm amk oneènfm ib <> fi emqibl|m fi >;;1% @mb pifi ib @mevnhib $BH+ i

`k|`yonèàm fkî|kn/ nfmvmy/ ib <6 fi bn|èm fi <774/ m am|bnvm vnlomkfi/ pihykefm n emqnviefãe`kn fmp cm|enkp/ ib ipwi`kno nm cm|eno Pywi| Emvâ`kn $qiâ`yom fm bipbm h|ywm fm M

Vibwm+/ ~yi viqi novmp âefkìp fi qiefnhib `mb piy am|bnvm fi nìppm bnoiîqio i

wylok`nèùip fi emvâ`knp ipwivn`yompnp i piepn`kmenokpvnp% Fi w|mw|kifnfi fn Pibw|i Ifkvm|n/

kevih|nevi fm h|ywm PNFN $v|nepwm|vip i n|bnsienhiep+/ m cm|eno vib `mbm w|ipkfievi

Qkvvm|km Bifkmok/ yb fmp `moyekpvnp fm `nfi|em fi Wmoâvk`n% Iev|i np emqkfnfip ~yi v|myti

`mb m emqm am|bnvm/ M Vibwm wnppmy n `k|`yon| `mb emqmp `nfi|emp qmovnfmp wn|n mp

pihbievmp fi vy|kpbm/ nyvmbðqikp i kbmlkokî|kmp i yb `mbwoivm `nfi|em fi ònppkak`nfmp nmpfmbkehmp% @mb `k|`yonèàm ib Bkenp ib 066 `kfnfip i enp w|nènp fi L|npâokn/ Pàm Wnyom/

Qkvð|kn i Hyn|nwn|k/ m cm|eno v|ns myv|mp ̀ nfi|emp i pywoibievmp qn|knfmp%

Wmppyk ̀ mbm ̀ nfi|emp aktmp3

• Wmoâvk`n3 @moyenp fi Iokm Hnpwn|k/ Fm|n J|nbi|/ Qkvvm|km Bifkmok/ \n~yio An|kn/ @n|on

J|iiaav/ Oyks @n|omp Li|en|fipi Vimfmbk|m L|nhn%

• I`membkn3 Fipvn~yi wn|n np nvkqkfnfip i`meöbk`np fi Bkenp/ n `moyen fi Bk|knb Oikvàm fi

vi|èn"aik|n n fmbkehm i fi Him|hi Qkfm| çp pihyefnp"aik|np%



08

• Ipwm|vip3 @mevn `mb mp `moyekpvnp ipwm|vkqmp3 Vmpvàm/ @dk`m Bnkn/ Bî|km Bn||n i Bn|`mp

Hykmvvk%

• @kfnfip3 @mli|vy|n fm `mvkfknem fn `kfnfi3 v|ìepkvm/ y|lnekpbm/ pihy|neèn wólok`n% •

Bnhnskei3 Vib iev|i piyp `moyekpvnp Wnyom Enqn||m/ Pilnpvkàm Eyeip/ Tk`m Pî i Ony|n

Bifkmok%

• Mwkekàm3 @moyen fi N|enofm Cnlm| çp vi|ènp"aik|np i V|khyik|kedm nmp fmbkehmp%

• Wnefm|n3 @nfi|em Aibkekem `mb `k|`yonèàm nmp fmbkehmp%

Mp `nfi|emp pywoibievn|ip pàm3

• Kbðqikp ! @mepv|yèàm3 Viefãe`knp/ byfneènp i kemqnèùip fm bi|`nfm kbmlkokî|km bkeik|m%

@k|`yon vmfnp np ~ykevnp"aik|np/ `mb mp neóe`kmp ònppkak`nfmp fm pihbievm%• Akb fi Pibnen3 Hykn `yovy|no fn `kfnfi `mb np w|ke`kwnkp nv|nèùip fm akb fi pibnen/

w|mh|nbnèàm fi `keibn/ vinv|m/ VQ/ bópk`n i |mvik|m hnpv|meöbk`m% @k|`yon vmfnp np pitvnp"

aik|np%

• M Vibwkedm3 M cm|eno aikvm wn|n `|kneènp/ `mb keam|bnèùip/ fk`np ip`mon|ip/ ~ynf|kedmp i

fkqi|pàm% @k|`yonèàm nmp pîlnfmp%

• VQ Vyfm3 M ~yi n`meviì en VQ i em byefm fnp ìoil|kfnfip% Vmfmp mp fmbkehmp%

• Qknhiep3 Fk`np fi qknhiep i vy|kpbm/ novi|envkqnp fi wnppikmp% @k|`yon çp vi|ènp"aik|np%• @n||m ! @kn3 Pml|i qiâ`yomp/ oneènbievmp i emqkfnfip fm pivm| nyvmbmlkoâpvk`m% Çp ~yn|vnp"

aik|np/ `mb mp neóe`kmp ònppkak`nfmp fm pihbievm%

• Hykn fm Nppkenevi3 Yb hykn `mb fip`mevmp itòypkqmp wn|n mp nppkenevip% @k|`yon vmfm

w|kbik|m pîlnfm fm bãp%

• @onppkak`nfmp3 Yb `nfi|em fi @onppkak`nfmp ~yi `k|`yon nmp fmbkehmp `mb mai|vnp fi

kbðqikp/ qiâ`yomp/ ibw|ihmp i myv|mp pihbievmp%

Pyn `k|`yonèàm bëfkn fkî|kn/ fi n`m|fm `mb fnfmp fm KQ@/ ib bnkm-<7>>/ ë fi 6<%846

itibwon|ip% M wi|ako fi piyp oikvm|ip ë fi 9<) bnp`yokem i 64) aibkekem/ `mb wólok`m

w|ifmbkenevi fnp ònppip pm`knkp L i @/ `mb kfnfip fi 07 n 0; nemp ~yi/ en h|nefi bnkm|kn/

pàm `npnfmp% N ip`mon|kfnfi fi piyp pihykfm|ip ë fi <³ h|ny `mbwoivm/ `mb h|nefi wn|vi ib

`y|pm pywi|km|/ ansiefm wn|vi fn Wmwyonèàm I`membk`nbievi Nvkqn $WIN+% Mp nppyevmp ~yi

odip v|nsib bnkp kevi|ippi pàm np ‟nvynokfnfip-emvâ`knp fm bmbievm‒/ pihykfm fi ‟pnófi i

lib ipvn|‒% Np ~yi biemp py|vib kevi|ippip emp oikvm|ip pàm np bnvë|knp fi ‟@yokeî|kn‒ i

‟Bifk`ken-Fip`mli|vnp @kievâak`np‒%



04

0%6 Bivmfmomhkn fi neîokpi

N bivmfmomhkn fiakekfn i nwok`nfn eipvi ipvyfm amk n neîokpi ~ynevkvnvkqn i ~ynokvnvkqn fnp

bnvë|knp ip`modkfnp/ n~yionp ~yi v|nvnqnb fm `|n`j% N w|kbik|n lyp`my ~ynevkak`n| n w|ipieèn

fm vibn ib ~yipvàm i fmp pylvibnp n ioi |ion`kmenfmp i n pihyefn fk|i`kmemy"pi wn|n m

`meviófm fnp bnvë|knp% Qi|kak`my"pi m wi|ako fm ypm i fm ypyî|km fipvn f|mhn v|nènfm emp v|ãp

kbw|ippmp fi bnkm| kbwm|vìe`kn em Ipvnfm fi Bkenp Hi|nkp3 m Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ m Dmci ib

Fkn i M Vibwm% Noëb fippnp neîokpip/ mlpi|qmy"pi ~ynkp np amevip bnkp myqkfnp wiomp cm|enkp

ipvyfnfmp/ wm|~yi/ `mbm fkppi V|n~yken $<779+/ qi|kak`n| `mbm ë ipvnlioi`kfn n |ionèàm iev|i

amevip i cm|enokpvnp i `mbm ippi fkîomhm kevi|ai|i enp emvâ`knp ë vàm kbwm|vnevi/ em ~yi pi

|iai|i n yb vibn fi `yedm pm`kno/ ~ynevm n mlpi|qnèàm fi amvmp/ vâvyomp/ ~ynokfnfi vitvyno/vibn i nlm|fnhib/ okehynhib/ ionlm|nèàm fmp oinfp/ fiev|i myv|mp npwi`vmp%

Mp cm|enkp m Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ M Vibwm i Dmci ib Fkn am|nb nenokpnfmp em bikm kbw|ippm/ i

np bnvë|knp pioi`kmenfnp am|nb wylok`nfnp iev|i mp bipip fi myvyl|m-<7>7 n fisibl|m-<7>7%

Wn|n n neîokpi/ am|nb |i`modkfnp >00 bnvë|knp $piefm |iwm|vnhiep/ emvnp/ ifkvm|knkp/ n|vkhmp+%

Iev|ivnevm/ pi|àm nenokpnfnp pmbievi >6 bnvë|knp/ ansiefm bnkp yb |i`m|vi/ nenokpnefm np

w|ke`kwnkp |iwm|vnhiep fi `nfn cm|eno/ fiqkfm nm h|nefi qmoybi fi bnvi|kno ie`mev|nfm i nmvibwm ipvnlioi`kfm wn|n iti`yèàm fippn bmemh|nakn%

N wip~ykpn lklokmh|îak`n ieqmoqiy okq|mp/ n|vkhmp ipwi`knoksnfmp pml|i m vibn ib ~yipvàm i

vnblëb pml|i m cm|eno kbw|ippm/ vim|knp fi `mbyek`nèàm/ `|kvë|kmp fi emvk`knlkokfnfi i

vëèk`np fi |iwm|vnhib% N wip~ykpn fm`ybievno ieqmoqiy ipvyfmp fn NEFK/ fn Wmevkaâ`kn

Yekqi|pkfnfi @nvðok`n $WY@-BH+/ noëb fi okq|mp i myv|mp |ionvð|kmp%



0;

0%6%> Neîokpi ^ynevkvnvkqn

Fnfmp ~ynevkvnvkqmp pml|i np wylok`nèùip nenokpnfnp $n|vkhmp/ ifkvm|knkp/ |iwm|vnhiep/ emvnp

iv`+%

^YNF\M K

CM\ENKPBIPIP VMVNO WM\ CM\ENO

EM WI\ÂMFMNENOKPNFMMYVYL\M EMQIBL\M FISIBL\M

IPVNFM FIBKENP ; >< << 60

DMCI IB FKN <7 >9 >0 64

M VIBWM >< >4 >9 69

VMVNO HI\NO NENOKPNFM >01

Wion neîokpi ~ynevkvnvkqn/ wi|ìlibmp òn|nbievi ~yi nblmp mp cm|enkp vkqi|nb yb i~ykoâl|km

en ~ynevkfnfi fi bnvë|knp wylok`nfnp pml|i m `|n`j/ ak`nefm iev|i 60 i 64% Em ievnevm/ m

cm|eno Dmci ib Fkn/ nenokpnefm m vmvno akeno/ amk m qiâ`yom ~yi bnkp viqi bnvë|knp wylok`nfnp

em wi|âmfm nenokpnfm%

Mp eóbi|mp pyw|n`kvnfmp eàm pàm |iwm|vnhiep itòypkqnp pml|i m `|n`j% Bykvnp fionp/

keòypkqi em cm|eno Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ i|nb pml|i myv|np f|mhnp ~yi/ en m`npkàm/ bie`kmenqnbm ievm|wiìevi i wm| kppm am|nb keòyâfnp% M cm|eno Dmci ib Fkn viqi 0 `nwnp pml|i m vibn ib

~yipvàm/ ie~ynevm m IB viqi 6 i m M Vibwm/ 9% Eàm dmyqi `mke`kfãe`kn fmp vibnp

nw|ipievnfmp enp `nwnp fmp cm|enkp%

0%6%< Neîokpi ^ynokvnvkqn

N neîokpi ~ynokvnvkqn amk aikvn fkn n fkn/ piwn|nefm np emvâ`knp ~yi vkqi|nb bnkp fipvn~yi emp

cm|enkp% Mp `meviófmp fnp bnvë|knp am|nb fip`|kvmp l|iqibievi nlnktm i/ ib pihykfn/ vib"pi n

neîokpi fi `nfn `|kvë|km bie`kmenfm nevi|km|bievi%



67

0%6%<%> M `|n`j em Ipvnfm fi Bkenp

Ib >8 fi emqibl|m/ em `nfi|em Hi|nkp/ m cm|eno Ipvnfm fi Bkenp emvk`kmy m qâ`km fm

nfqmhnfm fm hmoik|m L|yem/ yb fmp n`ypnfmp wion bm|vi fi Ioksn Pnbófkm/ Ë|k`m ^yn|ipbn/

ib `|n`j% M nfqmhnfm amk aonh|nfm eybn lm`n fi aybm pywmpvnbievi om`noksnfn em lnk||m

@n|omp W|nvip/ ib Liom Dm|ksmevi/ ̀ mbwn|vkodnefm m `n`dkblm fn f|mhn ̀ mb myv|mp ypyî|kmp%

N bnvë|kn viqi qnom| emvâ`kn wm| pi v|nvn| fi yb wi|pmenhib ~yi ipvnqn `mb fkqi|pnp

nwn|kèùip en bâfkn/ pi| nfqmhnfm fi fiaipn fi yb anbmpm n`ypnfm wm| nppnppkenvm i ~yi pi

ieqmoqiy `mb f|mhnp koihnkp% Kppm nviefi nmp `|kvë|kmp fi emvk`knlkokfnfi/ ybn qis ~yi fks

|ipwikvm n yb w|makppkmeno ~yi vib ib piy `ðfkhm fi ëvk`n v|nlnodn| ib lyp`n fn oihnokfnfi ifn qi|fnfi/ bnp ~yi ai|i np em|bnp ~yi fiqi|kn n`nvn|%

Ib |ionèàm nm vitvm/ ë fi aî`ko ieviefkbievm/ mlcivkqm i ip`|kvm `mb òn|isn wn|n m oikvm|% Em

ievnevm/ n okehynhib |iai|ie`knfn nmp ypyî|kmp ~yi n`mbwnednqnb Ë|k`m ^yn|ipbn/ ë fi

‟qk`knfmp noqm|mènfmp `mb n w|ipieèn fi yb —anbmpm‛‒% N |iwm|vnhib vnblëb pi |iai|i nm

nfqmhnfm/ ib nohyep bmbievmp/ ̀ mbm qk`knfm%

N amvm fn bnvë|kn ë yb ‟wnypi‒ fm qâfim fkqyohnfm en kbw|iepn/ `mb ^yn|ipbn nìefiefm m

`n`dkblm fi `|n`j% V|ns `mbm oihiefn3 ‟Kbnhib fi myvyl|m bmpv|n m nfqmhnfm fm hmoik|m

L|yem/ en anqion Qievmpn/ `mepybkefm f|mhn‒% M vâvyom ë pkbwoip/ `y|vm i mlcivkqm/ v|nsiefm

m nppyevm fn |iwm|vnhib eioi3 ‟^yn|ipbn |iqion qâ`km em `|n`j‒%

M oinf |ipwikvn np pikp wi|hyevnp lîpk`np wn|n pi| lib `mepv|yâfm3 ^yib ais= M ~yi= ^ynefm=

Mefi= @mbm= Wm|~yi=%

Myv|n emvâ`kn kevi|ippnevi em Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ `nwn fn ifkèàm fi 7> fi fisibl|m fi <7>7/

~yi vib `mbm vâvyom ib `nktn novn ‟V\NAK@NEVIP WI\FIB \& >77 BKODÙIP‒/ v|ns yb

wi~yiem |ipybm fm ~yi m oikvm| qnk ie`mev|n| en âevih|n fn bnvë|kn/ noëb fi fynp amvmp3 ybn

itklkefm n|bnp fi h|mppm `nokl|i i myv|n bmpv|nefm n ~ynevkfnfi fi f|mhn nw|iiefkfn $00

vmeionfnp fi bn`medn/ <09 ~ykomp fi `m`nâen/ <8 ~ykomp fi `|n`j i 679 a|np`mp fi oneèn

wi|aybi+% En bnvë|kn/ ~yi am|n qik`yonfn em `nfi|em En`kmeno/ en wîhken >>/ dî m vibn fn

|iwm|vnhib em `nliènodm pywi|km| $‟@MBLNVI NM V\ÎAK@M‒+/ pihykfn pi yb `dnwëy

$‟@mbnefnevi fn WB nak|bn ~yi m kbwn`vm akeneìk|m wn|n np an`èùip `|kbkempnp ë bykvm



6>

h|nefi% Pi`|ivî|km nbieksn ayhn fmp v|nak`nevip i fks ~yi m kbwm|vnevi/ em bmbievm/ ë n

vmbnfn vi||kvm|kno‒+ i/ nwðp/ m vâvyom $W|icyâsm fm v|îak`m wnppn fi \& >77 bkodùip+% M oinf

|ipwikvn np pikp wi|hyevnp lîpk`np/ |ipwmefiefm3 ^yib ais= M ~yi= ^ynefm= Mefi= @mbm=

Wm|~yi=%

N |iwm|vnhib anon ~yi n nw|iiepàm fi >09 n|bnp fi h|nefi wm|vi i fn pkhekak`nvkqn ~ynevkfnfi

fi f|mhnp/ ë yb w|icyâsm nmp v|nak`nevip fm @mbwoitm Noibàm/ em \km fi Cneik|m% N emvâ`kn

amk qik`yonfn en ëwm`n fmp `meaokvmp iev|i wmok`knp i v|nak`nevip fn Qkon @|ysik|m i @mbwoitm

fm Noibàm% Ippi ë m w|ke`kwno bmvkqm wm| vi| qnom| fi emvâ`kn3 ybn bnvë|kn an`vyno/ ~yievi/

~yi qnom|ksn n nèàm fn wmoâ`kn i nbieksn n pkvynèàm fi ayhn fmp v|nak`nevip% ‟M bnkp

kbwm|vnevi ë n `me~ykpvn fi vi||kvð|km% Ippip v|nak`nevip ~yi ayhk|nb pi|àm lyp`nfmp wionwmoâ`kn% Eàm dmyqi anodn em ì|`m% Pi modn| m ~yi `nfn w|ipm pkhekak`n ë yb |ipyovnfm

wmpkvkqm% M mlcivkqm w|ke`kwno ë fiqmoqi| vi||kvð|km çp wippmnp% Pi w|iefi|bmp wippmnp i n|bnp/

biodm| nkefn‒/ nak|bmy m pi`|ivî|km fi Pihy|neèn Wólok`n fm \km fi Cneik|m/ Cmpë Bn|knem

Liov|nbi/ ib iev|iqkpvn nm cm|eno/ bkekbksnefm n ayhn fmp v|nak`nevip fm ì|`m fn wmoâ`kn em

om`no% Ioi nkefn n`|ipìevmy ~yi ippn nw|iiepàm iea|n~yiì pkhekak`nvkqnbievi m @mbnefm

Qi|biodm/ an`èàm ~yi ̀ mev|monqn m @mbwoitm fm Noibàm%

N |iwm|vnhib bmpv|n/ nkefn/ ~yi m pi`|ivî|km fkppi ~yi np fieóe`knp aikvnp wm| bm|nfm|ip ib

|ionèàm nm nlypm fmp wmok`knkp `mev|n mp bipbmp/ w|i`kpnb pi| `mbw|mqnfnp i ~yi m |ipyovnfm

fn mwi|nèàm em Noibàm vib bnkp |ioiqìe`kn ~yi ippnp fieóe`knp% ‟Bipbm ~yi ippnp `mkpnp

viednb n`mevi`kfm wmevynobievi/ |iwkvm3 m ~yi ipvî n~yk ib emppnp `mpvnp ë bykvm bnkm| fm

~yi ~yno~yi| myv|n `mkpn‒/ nak|bmy/ pi |iai|kefm çp f|mhnp i ayskp ~yi pi ie`mev|nqnb em om`no

fn iev|iqkpvn

Ybn nak|bnèàm `mbm ipvn wmfi pmn| `mbm fip`mepkfi|nèàm fn nèàm fi wmok`knkp ~yi nlypn|nb

fn wmwyonèàm/ cî ~yi ‟wmy`m kbwm|vn m ~yi mp wmok`knp aksi|nb ç wmwyonèàm% M kbwm|vnevi ë

~yi nw|iiefibmp np f|mhnp i np n|bnp‒%

M vitvm ë lib ip`|kvm/ fi aî`ko ieviefkbievm wn|n m oikvm| i eàm dî eiedybn bieèàm

wicm|nvkqn ib |ionèàm nmp ieqmoqkfmp en emvâ`kn% M oinf vnblëb ë lib `mepv|yâfm/ `meviefm m

|ipybm fn bnvë|kn kevik|n eioi%



6<

En ifkèàm fm fkn >6 fi fisibl|m/ n `nwn fm cm|eno viqi m |ipybm fnp w|ke`kwnkp ifkvm|knp/

`mepvnefm n wip~ykpn ~yi |iqiomy m nybievm fi `|n`j em wnâp/ `nwn fm `nfi|em En`kmeno%

@mb m vâvyom ‟Ypm fi `|n`j pi nonpv|n wiom wnâp‒ i m `dnwëy ‟Wip~ykpn ib 8>) fnp `kfnfip

l|npkoik|np bmpv|n ~yi n w|ipieèn fn f|mhn `dihn n ;4) fionp i anovnb ìev|mp fi v|nvnbievm‒/

$nblmp ansiefm/ `m||ivnbievi/ m |ipybm fm oinf +/ n bnvë|kn fks ~yi/ pihyefm wip~ykpn aikvn

wion @meaifi|nèàm En`kmeno fmp Byek`âwkmp $@BE+/ m `|n`j cî nvkehi ;4) fnp `kfnfip

l|npkoik|np i ~yi nwienp 4/9) vãb w|mh|nbnp w|ðw|kmp fi w|iqieèàm i nwmkm n qk`knfmp% N~yk

ib Bkenp Hi|nkp/ mefi m ievm|wiìevi vnblëb nqneèn n omehmp wnppmp/ nwienp 1/8) fm vmvno

fi w|iaikvy|np ~yi wmppyib w|mh|nbnp w|ðw|kmp fi `mblnvi nm `|n`j%

N `mepv|yèàm fi ybn emvâ`kn qik`yonfn en bâfkn kevi|ai|i en am|bnèàm fi mwkekàm/ `meìkvmp/nvkvyfip i itwi`vnvkqnp fn pm`kifnfi/ anvm|ip ipvip ~yi n`n||ivnb en byfneèn fi `mbm n

wmwyonèàm ie`n|n n ~yipvàm $XMOA/ <77</ <770: N\LIT C|%/ <77>+% Eippi pievkfm/ m `|kvë|km

fi qnom|"emvâ`kn/ nenokpnfmp n wn|vk| fm w|makppkmeno eixpbnjkeh/ wn|vi fm anvm fi ~yi v|nvn"pi

fi yb anvm wólok`m/ ~yi nvkehi vmfn n `mbyekfnfi%

N amvmh|nakn ë fi yb ypyî|km nìefiefm m `|n`j ib yb `n`dkblm/ fnefm ãeanpi ç `dnbn fm

amhm i çp bàmp fi ~yib nìefi% Eàm ë bmpv|nfm |mpvm i eiedybn myv|n wn|vi fm `m|wm fnwippmn% V|ns `mbm oihiefn3 ‟Nwienp >6/8) fmp byek`âwkmp nak|bn|nb vi| om`nkp wn|n nviefi|

mp qk`knfmp% Fippip/ nwienp <6/1) `mevnb `mb fkedik|m fm hmqi|em aifi|no‒%

M vitvm vnblëb ë lib ip`|kvm/ `mb mlcivkqkfnfi i òn|isn nm itwm| n pkvynèàm wn|n m oikvm|/

pib vi|bmp wicm|nvkqmp/ itìvm en oihiefn/ ~yi ypn n wnonq|n —qk`knfmp‛/ n ~yno wmfi|kn pi|

v|m`nfn wm| ypyî|km/ qkpvm ~yi m vi|bm —qk`knfmp‛/ pihyefm Snoyn| $>;;6nl+/ ë kenfi~ynfm en

nlm|fnhib fm nppyevm/ `|knefm ybn kbnhib fivy|wnfn fmp ieqmoqkfmp i |iwnppnefm nmp`kfnfàmp keam|bnèùip ~yi fkak`yovnb m ̀ mblnvi nm w|mloibn%

Eipvn bnvë|kn/ noëb fn wip~ykpn |inoksnfn wion @EB/ amk myqkfn nwienp ybn amevi/ ~yi amk m

w|ipkfievi fn @EB/ Wnyom Skyojmpjk% M oinf vnblëb |ipybi vmfm m `meviófm fn bnvë|kn i

wnppn nm oikvm| np w|ke`kwnkp keam|bnèùip fn bipbn%

En bipbn ifkèàm fm Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ m ifkvm|kno fm cm|eno ë |ion`kmenfm ç bnvë|kn

pyw|n`kvnfn/ fipvn`nefm ~yi bnkp fi 87) fmp byek`âwkmp l|npkoik|mp cî `meqkqib `mb n

f|mhn% @mb m vâvyom ‟Nqneèmp fm `|n`j‒/ m ifkvm|knokpvn `mevitvynoksn n dkpvð|kn fm



60

ievm|wiìevi i `mbievn mp piyp bnoiaâ`kmp ç pnófi/ i anon fm |îwkfm nqneèm fn f|mhn em wnâp/

pihyefm n wip~ykpn fn @EB% Ib pyn `meòypàm/ ioi fks ~yi np fkak`yofnfip ly|m`|îvk`np wn|n

vi| nìppm nm w|mh|nbn fi w|iqieèàm i n nvkvyfi fm hmqi|em aifi|no fi itòyk| np `kfnfip `mb

biemp fi <7 bko dnlkvnevip/ vm|enb"pi keqkîqikp/ ybn qis ~yi pi m ievm|wiìevi fkbkeyk ib

yb fivi|bkenfm byek`âwkm wm| `nypn fnp w|i`nyèùip vmbnfnp wiom hmqi|em/ n viefãe`kn ë

`|ipì| enp `kfnfip ~yi ipvàm fi am|n fm nviefkbievm

M ifkvm|knokpvn ans yb w|mvipvm `mev|n np wmoâvk`np wólok`np/ fksiefm ~yi

Eàm fî bnkp wn|n fiktn| m ayvy|m fi lmn wn|vi fn cyqievyfi ç bi|`ã fippn w|nhn i fmp ~yiie|k~yiìb `mb pyn qiefn% Nmp w|ðtkbmp hmqi|enevip `nli ieviefi| n h|nqkfnfi fmw|mloibn/ |mbwi| `mb n keë|`kn i `mb n ly|m`|n`kn/ wn|n lyp`n|/ `mb keviokhãe`kn iìoi|kfnfi/ ipvne`n| ippn wi|khmpn dibm||nhkn/ nevip ~yi picn vn|fi fibnkp $Cm|enoIPVNFM FI BKENP/ @nfi|em Mwkekàm/ Ifkvm|kno/ wîh% >7 ‐ Ifkèàm fi >6 fi fisibl|m fi<7>7+%

N ifkèàm fm fkn >; fi fisibl|m/ fmbkehm/ em `nfi|em En`kmeno/ v|myti yb vâvyom

kevi|ippnevi/ ib `nktn novn3 ‟FI WIF\N IB WIF\N/ N QKFN QK\N AYBNÈN‒% Em

w|ðw|km vâvyom/ ~yi vib `mbm `dnwëy itwok`nvkqm ‟Ypyî|kmp/ it"qk`knfmp i wn|ievip fi

fiwiefievip fi `|n`j |ionvnb `mbm n pylpvìe`kn `m||mbwi m `mbwm|vnbievm i fipv|ðk

wn|ìbiv|mp/ kefiwiefievi fn ònppi pm`kno‒/ ieti|hnbmp enp iev|iokednp ~yi n bnvë|kn qnk

anon| fmp bnoiaâ`kmp i fkak`yofnfip fi ~yib `meqkqi `mb m ievm|wiìevi% Vâvyomp fiqib pi|

lib aikvmp i v|nsi|ib fi am|bn |ipybkfn/ pib ipwivn`yon|ksnèàm i |iw|ippàm/ m ~yi dî fi bnkp

kbwm|vnevi en bnvë|kn/ `mb m kevykvm fi `nwvn| mp oikvm|ip% Ioi fiqi pkevivksn| n kfikn w|ke`kwno

i an`kokvn| n oikvy|n fm vitvm/ keam|bnefm/ em biem| eóbi|m wmppâqio fi wnonq|np/ m ~yi pi|î

ie`mev|nfm wiom oikvm|% Ë n w|kbik|n `mkpn n pi| okfn wiom oikvm| i n óovkbn n pi| ip`|kvn wiom

|iwð|vi|% Bykvnp qisip qãb `mb `dnwëyp i lkhmfip/ `mbwoibievnfm n keam|bnèàm fm vâvyom i

v|nsiefm/ bykvm pkevivk`nbievi/ m ~yi pi|î qkpvm em oinf %

Ippn emvâ`kn em Ipvnfm fi Bkenp viqi `mbm amevip wpk`ðomhmp/ ~yi fksib ~yi n kevi|enèàm eàm

ë m pyak`kievi%

Vi| ybn kevi|nèàm pnyfîqio `mb n anbâokn an`kokvn m |i`medi`kbievm w|i`mì fnfiwiefãe`kn% Ë eàm ë nwienp n kevi|enèàm i ipvî `y|nfm% Ë yb v|nvnbievm `mevâeym wn|n m|ipvm fn qkfn/ bipbm ~yi n wippmn eye`n bnkp anèn m ypm fn pylpvìe`kn% I fiwmkp fnfipkevmtk`nèàm i fi v|nlnodn| n nyvmipvkbn i m woneicnbievm fi qkfn fm wn`kievi/ fiqi pi|aikvn n |ippm`knoksnèàm `mb n`mbwnednbievm fn anbâokn i fm vi|nwiyvn $Cyoknen Wi|mek/wpk`ðomhn fm h|ywm fi ie`nbkednbievm i v|nvnbievm wpk`mppm`kno fi L|npâokn% ‐ Iev|iqkpvnwn|n m IB / ifkèàm fi >;-><-<7>7/ `nfi|em En`kmeno/ wîh% >1+%

Bykvm lib `mepv|yâfn/ vnevm en ~ynokfnfi vitvyno `mbm en okehynhib yvkoksnfn/ n emvâ`kn

v|myti v|ãp |iv|ne`np/ fkqkfnp w|m vibnp% N w|kbik|n anon fmp pkevmbnp nh|ippkqmp i |îwkfmp ~yi



66

n f|mhn v|ns: n pihyefn anon fn keòypàm fm `|n`j en ònppi bëfkn i n vi|ìk|n anon fn anovn fi

okbkvip ~yi nohyep ypyî|kmp vãb% Eipvn/ m |iwð|vi| vib itibwom yb it"ypyî|km ~yi `dihmy n

qiefi| 9 `n||mp i `mepybk| \& 07 bko fi pynp i`membknp% N bnvë|kn vnblëb amk bie`kmenfn

en `nwn fm cm|eno/ em |ipybm fnp w|ke`kwnkp ifkvm|knp%

Np amvmp pàm fi fmkp it"ypyî|kmp/ ~yi am|nb yvkoksnfmp `mbm amevi en bnvë|kn/ `mevnefm m

f|nbn ~yi qkqi|nb ̀ mb m ievm|wiìevi%

Qicnbmp/ nhm|n/ m keâ`km fipvn bnvë|kn/ en bipbn ifkèàm fm Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ mefi m `nfi|em

En`kmeno ais yb ipwi`kno pml|i f|mhnp%

M |nwns eàm `mepihykn fm|bk| dî fmkp fknp% Np fm|ip em `m|wm pàm kepywm|vîqikp% Ioi wnppnm vibwm kevik|m fikvnfm em `dàm fm ~yn|vm/ `mb vmfnp np cneionp ai`dnfnp/ pi `mevm|ìefm/`mbm pi vkqippi n`nlnfm fi pnk| fi ybn pippàm fi vm|vy|n% Np oysip wi|bneiìb fipokhnfnpwm|~yi n amvmamlkn ë myv|m vm|bievm wn|n ippi ypyî|km fi `|n`j/ ~yi ipvî pib ypn| n f|mhndî ybn pibnen% M cmqib kbwom|n/ nmp w|nevmp/ ‟pð wm| bnkp ybn wif|n‒ $Cm|eno Ipvnfm fi

Bkenp/ ifkèàm fi >; fi fisibl|m fi <7>7/ `nfi|em En`kmeno/ w% >8+%

Fi n`m|fm `mb Neh|kbnek $>;;9+ m piepn`kmenokpbm qke`yon"pi ç okehynhib enp emvâ`knp i

ippip bi`nekpbmp ~yi pifysib m oikvm| wion keam|bnèàm ~yievi/ `k|`yepvne`kno/ lksn||n% Em

ievnevm/ n pkvynèàm pyw|n`kvnfn ë ak`vâ`kn/ `|knfn n wn|vk| fi fiòn|nèùip fi ipwi`knokpvnp em

v|nvnbievm fm `|n`j i fi fiwmkbievmp fi fiwiefievip fn f|mhn% Kppm kbw|ippkmen m oikvm| i m

fiktn w|ipm n bnvë|kn%

Nwipn| fm keâ`km piepn`kmenokpvn/ em fipie|mon| fn |iwm|vnhib n w|mloibîvk`n oiqnfn nm oikvm|

ë m ~yi n`meviì en |inokfnfi% Noëb fkppm/ `dnbn nvieèàm wn|n mp wn|`mp keqipvkbievmp em

`mblnvi nm `|n`j3 ib bnkm fi <7>7 amk oneènfm m Wonem fi Iea|ievnbievm nm @|n`j i myv|np

F|mhnp/ ~yi w|iqkn yb keqipvkbievm fi \& >67 bkodùip% Em ievnevm/ nvë n fnvn fn emvâ`kn/ >;fi fisibl|m fi <7>7/ pmbievi 17) fippip |i`y|pmp am|nb nwok`nfmp% N wmoâvk`n fi v|nvnbievm

fm hmqi|em ë |ykb i bmpv|n n k||ipwmepnlkokfnfi fm Bkekpvë|km fn Pnófi ~ynefm nak|bn ~yi m

w|mloibn fn f|mhn eàm ë pð pnófi% Ib iev|iqkpvn nm Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ eipvn bipbn bnvë|kn/ m

`mm|fienfm| hi|no fn Yekfnfi fi Wip~ykpn ib Îo`mmo i F|mhnp fn Yekqi|pkfnfi Aifi|no fi

Pàm Wnyom $Yekaipw+/ \menofm On|necik|n/ noi|vn ~yi/ nvynobievi/ cî pi pnli `mbm v|nvn| yb

fiwiefievi fi `|n`j/ bnp m Bkekpvë|km fn Pnófi eàm fkqyohn `mbm fiqi pi| m v|nvnbievm"

wnf|àm/ `mbm pi eàm itkpvkppi yb%M kfino ë oiqn| m ypyî|km n yb w|makppkmeno `mb itwi|kãe`kn en fiwiefãe`kn ~yâbk`nfn~yion pylpvìe`kn wn|n ~yi picn aikvn ybn lmn nqnoknèàm% Eàm w|i`kpn/ eiìppn|knbievi/ pi|



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ybn `mepyovn `mb yb wpk~yknv|n/ bnp wmfi pi| `mb yb wpk`ðomhm/ fipfi ~yi ioi picnipwi`knokpvn em nppyevm% Ë w|i`kpm |ippnovn| ~yi/ bipbm ~ynefm cî dî wmppklkokfnfi fikevi|enèàm ib òâek`n/ ë kbwm|vnevi ipvn| ì|vm fi ~yi n ipv|yvy|n i n i~ykwi ipvicnbw|iwn|nfnp wn|n m `npm nw|ipievnfm $\menofm On|necik|n/ `mm|fienfm| hi|no fn Yekfnfi fiWip~ykpn ib Îo`mmo i F|mhnp fn Yekqi|pkfnfi Aifi|no fi Pàm Wnyom $Yekaipw+/ ib

iev|iqkpvn nm IB / `nfi|em En`kmeno/ w% >8+%

Ippn emvâ`kn/ ~yi vib `mbm vâvyom ib `nktn novn ‟^YNEFM M F\NBN LNVI Ç PYN

WM\VN‒/ i `mb `dnwëy itwok`nvkqm fi ‟Okfn| `mb n pkvynèàm ë vàm `mbwok`nfm ~ynevm

wn|iì/ nvë wm|~yi n wmoâvk`n fi v|nvnbievm fmp ypyî|kmp ipvî omehi fi pi| yeìekbi% Lmn

nqnoknèàm fm w|mloibn ë n `dnqi fm pyìppm‒/ itwok`kvn nmp oikvm|ip ~yi m w|mloibn ipvî enp

wmoâvk`np wólok`np/ i ~yi nlnefmem/ |iw|ippàm i dmpvkokfnfi nmp ypyî|kmp/ pð nybievn piy

`mepybm/ nppkb `mbm fkppi Snoyn| $>;;6nl+/ Qiodm $>;;6+/ Pnwm|k $<7>7+ i bykvmp myv|mp

nyvm|ip/ w|ipievip `mbm |iai|ãe`knp eipvi ipvyfm%

0%6%<%> M `|n`j `mbm emvâ`kn em Dmci ib Fkn

@mb m vâvyom ‟@|knfn |ifi fi `mblnvi nm `|n`j‒/ pihykfm fi yb lkhmfi ‟N`m|fm iev|i m

Bkekpvë|km fn Cypvkèn i mkvm ipvnfmp qnk kevih|n| fiwn|vnbievmp fi en|`ðvk`mp fnp wmoâ`knp

`kqkp‒/ n emvâ`kn fm cm|eno Dmci ib Fkn/ fm fkn <0 fi myvyl|m fi <7>7/ en wîhken >4 fm

`nfi|em Bkenp/ itwok`n nm oikvm| `mbm pi|î n |ifi fi `mbyek`nèàm/ ‟pihy|n i `meakîqio‒/ iev|i

np fioihn`knp fi Wmoâ`knp @kqko ipwi`knoksnfnp em `mblnvi nm en|`mv|îak`m/ wn|n n kfievkak`nèàm

i bnwinbievm fnp |mvnp fm v|îak`m fi `|n`j em wnâp% Yvkoksnefm fynp amevip/ n nppippm|n fi

kbw|iepn fm Bkekpvë|km fn Cypvkèn i n fioihnfn fn Fkqkpàm fi Keqipvkhnèàm fi Nevkf|mhnp fi

Liom Dm|ksmevi/ ib eiedyb bmbievm n emvâ`kn nlm|fn n ~yipvàm fi |ippm`knoksnèàm fm

ypyî|km i bifkfnp pm`knkp wn|n itwok`nèàm fi bnoiaâ`kmp ç pnófi ~yi m ievm|wiìevi `nypn% M

qnom| keqipvkfm wn|n ippn |ifi/ ~yi pi|î fi bnkp fi \& 677 bkodùip/ vib fipvkem wn|n

n~ykpkèàm fi bk`|m"`ìbi|np/ h|nqnfm|ip/ lkeð`yomp `mb qkpàm emvy|en i/ iqievynobievi/ ibqknvy|np%

Fipvn am|bn/ n bnvë|kn eàm `dnbn nvieèàm wn|n m anvm fi ~yi eàm dî em w|mcivm neye`knfm

nvkvyfip i bifkfnp fk|ivnbievi n anqm| fmp ypyî|kmp% N amvm/ m`ywnefm ~ynpi ¿ fi wîhken/ ë

fi yb ypyî|km fi `|n`j ib Liom Dm|ksmevi/ nìefiefm m `n`dkblm/ oiqnefm nm oikvm|/ bnkp

ybn qis/ n kfikn fi ~yi n |ipmoyèàm ë pmbievi n`nln| `mb m v|îak`m/ pib wiepn| enp myv|np

w|mloibîvk`np ib ieqmoqib m ievm|wiìevi%





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Ë kevi|ippnevi qi|bmp eippn emvâ`kn n pylcivkqkfnfi fm |iwð|vi| nm fksi| ~yi ,EN MWKEKÀM,

fm nfqmhnfm `|kbkenokpvn `mepyovnfm/ m nybievm fn `|kbkenokfnfi em kevi|km| i enp î|inp

|y|nkp pi fî ib `mepi~yãe`kn fm nqneèm fm `|n`j% @mbm fkppi Onhi $>;;;+/ |iwð|vi| fiqi

pnli| pi n keam|bnèàm vib kbwm|vìe`kn my pi ë fi kevi|ippi fm oikvm| wn|n pi| wylok`nfn i `mbm

bmpv|î"on pib fkpvm|ì| mp anvmp% ‟^yno~yi| |iwm|vnhib ~yi itw|ippn pylcivkqkfnfi ë itòyâfn%

Enfn ~yi nohyëb n`dn/ wiepn/ pmedn/ kbnhken ë emvâ`kn/ bnp/ pkb m ~yi nohyëb fkppi/

w|mwöp/ my `meaippmy‒ $ONHI/ >;;;/ w%<9+% Em ievnevm/ m fk|ivm| cy|âfk`m fm Pkefk`nvm fmp

Pi|qkfm|ip fn Wmoâ`kn @kqko/ fioihnfm @|kpvknem Tnqki|/ fî ybn itwok`nèàm wonypâqio wn|n m

nybievm fn `|kbkenokfnfi3 ‟n `n|ãe`kn fi iaivkqm fn wmoâ`kn em kevi|km| `mev|klyk wn|n m

nybievm fn qkmoãe`kn% Fmp 490 byek`âwkmp fi Bkenp Hi|nkp/ bnkp fn bivnfi $607+ eàm wmppykfioihnfm‒%

Cyevm ç emvâ`kn dî yb keamh|îak`m ~yi bmpv|n n ~ynevkfnfi fi w|ipmp em L|npko/ iqkfie`knefm

np qn|knèùip iev|i mp nemp fi <77; i <7>7% N koypv|nèàm `mbwmpvn en kbnhib ë fi v|ãp wippmnp

`mb ̀ nwys fn ̀ nlièn/ nwmevnefm ayskp/ `mbm pi amppib nvk|n|%

Wm|vnevm/ m vâvyom fi `nwn eàm fiqi|kn pi| ip`|kvm fm cikvm ~yi amk/ wmkp eàm dî fnfmp `me`|ivmp~yi `mbw|mqib np keam|bnèùip bmpv|nfnp% V|nvn"pi fi yb vâvyom piepn`kmenokpvn/ ~yi kepvkhn m

oikvm| n ~yi|i| pnli| pml|i m fipie|mon| fn |iwm|vnhib% N bnvë|kn fî keam|bnèùip fiqkfm nm

`|ip`kbievm fi fieóe`knp em ‟Fkp~yi Fieóe`kn‒%

‟Bài nlnefmen lilã em lnk||m Nwn|i`kfn‒% Ippi ë m vâvyom fn emvâ`kn fn ifkèàm fi >8 fi

myvyl|m fi <7>7/ en wîhken >; fm `nfi|em Bkenp% Oiefm m vibn fn emvâ`kn/ n`kbn fm vâvyom/

‟YPYÎ\KN FI @\N@J‒/ n bnvë|kn cî oiqn m oikvm| n wiepn| ~yi m lilã amk nlnefmenfmfiqkfm nm anvm fn bài pi| ypyî|kn fn f|mhn ib ~yipvàm% Em ievnevm/ kppm eàm ë eib

`mbw|mqnfm/ qkpvm ~yi n keam|bnèàm fm ieqmoqkbievm fion `mb f|mhnp amk fnfn pihyefm

|ionvm fi vipvibyednp% Ie~ynf|n"pi emp `|kvë|kmp fi emvk`knlkokfnfi/ ybn qis ~yi m nlnefmem

fi ybn `|kneèn en wm|vn fn `npn fi myv|n hi|n `mbmèàm i |iqmovn fn wmwyonèàm% Kepi|kefm m

`|n`j em bikm fn |iwm|vnhib/ n akhy|n fi bn|hkeno/ pib `m|nèàm pi nppm`kn ç bài i ans `mb

~yi mp oikvm|ip wmppnb vi| ybn kbnhib fivy|wnfn fn bipbn/ qkpvm ~yi nvë m ai`dnbievm fn

bnvë|kn n wmoâ`kn nkefn eàm vkedn wkpvnp fion%



64

0%6%<%0 M `|n`j em cm|eno M Vibwm

M cm|eno m vibwm wylok`my/ ib 78 fi myvyl|m fi <7>7/ n emvâ`kn `mb m |ipwi`vkqm vâvyom3 ‟Bài

nbn||n akodn ib `nbn wm| `nypn fi qâ`km em `|n`j‒/ pihykfn fi yb lkhmfi3 ‟byodi| ë ypyî|kn

fi f|mhnp dî mkvm nemp i cî amk dmpwkvnoksnfn myv|np fynp qisip‒% N |iwm|vnhib bmpv|n ~yi/

pib novi|envkqn/ n bài |ipmoqiy nbn||n| n akodn en `nbn/ mefi ak`my wm| fmkp fknp/ fiwmkp fi

vi| w|m`y|nfm n Pi`|ivn|kn Byek`kwno fi Pnófi fi @n|inèy/ em Pyo fi Bkenp/ i enfn vi| pi

|ipmoqkfm% N akodn ë ypyî|kn fi `|n`j i îo`mmo dî mkvm nemp i np kevi|enèùip ib dmpwkvnkp

wólok`mp n`meviìb pmbievi wm| 69 fknp% @npm yov|nwnppi ippi vibwm/ n anbâokn vib ~yi wnhn|

wion kevi|enèàm/ m ~yi/ ib nohyep `npmp/ eàm ë wmppâqio wn|n ybn anbâokn wml|i% Pi

`mbwn|n|bmp ipvn emvâ`kn ç `kvnfn em kvib 6%6%<%>/ qik`yonfn em Ipvnfm fi Bkenp ib >; fifisibl|m fi <7>7/ em ~yno n wpk`ðomhn nak|bn ~yi ‟eàm ë nwienp n kevi|enèàm i ipvî `y|nfm% Ë

yb v|nvnbievm `mevâeym wn|n m |ipvm fn qkfn/ bipbm ~yi n wippmn eye`n bnkp anèn m ypm fn

pylpvìe`kn‒ $Cyoknen Wi|mek/ wpk`ðomhn fm h|ywm fi ie`nbkednbievm i v|nvnbievm wpk`mppm`kno

fi L|npâokn+ vibmp m itibwom/ bnkp ybn qis/ fi ~yi bifkfnp wólok`np i pm`knkp fiqib pi|

vmbnfnp wn|n n |ipmoyèàm fn w|mloibîvk`n% Ippn emvâ`kn fm `|n`j em M Vibwm ë fnfn lib

|ipybkfnbievi/ pib `mepyovn| eiedybn amevi ipwi`knoksnfn i pib nw|mayefn|/ wm|vnevm/ pml|i

n ~yipvàm% Nenokpnefm vmfm m `mevitvm fn emvâ`kn/ keòykefm m vâvyom i m lkhmfi/ dî ybnf|nbnvksnèàm wn|n |ionvn| m anvm i kbw|ippkmen| m oikvm|/ ypnefm/ `mbm amevi/ anonp fn k|bà fn

ypyî|kn% ‟Bkedn k|bà ipvnqn anonefm ib pi bnvn|% Eàm vib `mbm n anbâokn ak`n| fi l|nèmp

`|ysnfmp/ nhyn|fnefm n w|iaikvy|n n||ybn| ybn qnhn en òâek`n ie~ynevm bkedn k|bà `dihnqn

nm ayefm fm wmèm‒%

N amvm fn |iwm|vnhib bmpv|n ybn bàm nbn||nfn ç `nliìk|n fn `nbn/ nwienp% @mbm oihiefn/

v|ns3 ‟qk`knfn ib `|n`j wnppmy fmkp fknp w|ipn en `nbn fi `npn‒%

Em fkn >6 fi myvyl|m/ M Vibwm/ nppkb `mbm m Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ wylok`my ybn emvâ`kn pml|i n

wip~ykpn aikvn wion @meaifi|nèàm En`kmeno fi Byek`âwkmp $@EB+ |iai|ievi nm nonpv|nbievm

fm `|n`j wiom wnâp% Eipvi cm|eno/ n |iwm|vnhib amk bnkp `mbwoivn ~yi em IB / m`ywnefm bnkp

fi bikn wîhken/ `mb fynp |iv|ne`np/ ybn pml|i m v|nvnbievm i myv|n pml|i m iea|ievnbievm fn

w|mloibîvk`n/ i yb pylvâvyom% Noëb fkppm/ M Vibwm w|mwùi pmoyèùip novi|envkqnp $pylvâvyom+

wn|n m w|mloibn/ `mbm n akp`noksnèàm enp a|mevik|np/ ybn qis ~yi m L|npko vib 947 byek`âwkmp

eippn anktn% Myv|n ipv|nvëhkn w|mwmpvn pi|kn m `mev|moi fn kefópv|kn ~yâbk`n wn|n ~yi m

bneypikm fi ioibievmp `mepkfi|nfmp ippie`knkp wn|n n w|mfyèàm fi f|mhnp fkbkeyn% Wnyom



6;

Skyojmpjk/ w|ipkfievi fn @EB/ fip`n|vmy n wmppklkokfnfi fi oihnoksnèàm fm `mepybm fi

f|mhnp em wnâp `mbm pmoyèàm wn|n m w|mloibn i ~yipvkmemy n ~ynevkfnfi fi cmqiep ~yi

bm||ib wm| nem em wnâp ib `mepi~ÿãe`kn fm ypm fm `|n`j3 077 bko/ i ~yi m wnâp wmfi `dihn|

n >7 bkodùip fi fiwiefievip%

Cyevm ç emvâ`kn ̀ mepvn yb keamh|îak`m/ fipvn`nefm mp eóbi|mp3

n% `kfnfi iea|ievnb w|mloibnp fiqkfm nm `|n`j

>/< bkodàm fi wippmnp `mepmbib `|n`j em L|npko

>6/8) fnp `kfnfip vãb @iev|mp fi Nvieèàm Wpk`mppm`kno $@NWp+

077 bko cmqiep fiqib bm||i| qâvkbnp fm `|n`j em wnâp

N amvm wylok`nfn ë ybn cyeèàm fi WQ@ $@mvmqiom WQ@+/ pylpvkvykefm m `n`dkblm/ `mb ybn

wif|n fi `|n`j fiev|m% V|ns `mbm oihiefn3 ‟Kevi|km| ‐ `|n`j fiktmy fi pi| w|mloibn nwienp

fnp h|nefip `kfnfip/ nwmevn oiqnevnbievm en`kmeno‒% Nppkb `mbm em IB / n óek`n amevi

yvkoksnfn amk m w|ipkfievi fn @EB/ Wnyom Skyojmpjk%

Ib <1 fi emqibl|m fi <7>7/ M Vibwm wylok`my ybn emvâ`kn `mb vâvyom3 ‟@|kneèn oyvn `mev|n

qâ`km ib `|n`j‒/ pihykfm fm lkhmfi3 ‟hn|mvm vi|î ybn emqn `dneì: ioi pi|î nfmvnfm fiwmkp~yi n`nln| m v|nvnbievm‒% @mb yb oinf f|nbîvk`m/ |ionvnefm ~yi ie~ynevm mp `moihnp fi

ip`mon l|ke`nqnb fi lmon/ m hn|mvm/ fi nwienp mkvm nemp/ nefnqn `mb mp v|nak`nevip i aybnqn

`|n`j% Dmci/ nmp 7; nemp/ yb nem nwðp kek`kn| m qâ`km/ ioi oyvn wn|n fiktn| n fiwiefãe`kn/

kevi|enfm en MEH W|mcivm fi Qkfn% M qnom|"emvâ`kn fipvn |iwm|vnhib ë m anvm fi pi| ybn

`|kneèn qk`knfn ib f|mhnp%

N bnvë|kn `mevn nkefn `mb fynp |iv|ne`np3 ybn anonefm pml|i n bî keaoyãe`kn wn|n m hn|mvm/~yi vkedn n bài `mbm ypyî|kn fm ievm|wiìevi: i myv|n anonefm fm keâ`km fm v|nvnbievm i fm

|i`mbièm fi qkfn/ `mb n emvâ`kn fi ybn anbâokn ~yi fi`kfky nfmvî"om%

Noëb fkppm/ dî yb pylvâvyom/ ~yi anon pml|i m v|nvnbievm3 ‟Fipnakm ë w|mqn| ~yi qk`knfm eàm ë

`|kbkempm‒% Ipvi wn|îh|nam ë kevi|ippnevi/ wm|~yi bmpv|n nm oikvm| n kbwm|vìe`kn fi wmoâvk`np

pm`knkp wn|n n pmoyèàm fn w|mloibîvk`n%

M bnkm| fipnakm em v|nvnbievm fi cmqiep qk`knfmp ib `|n`j/ pihyefm m `mm|fienfm| fnMEH w|mcivm fi Qkfn/ Hkmqneek Pkoqn/ ë `meqieì| n pm`kifnfi fi ~yi ioip eàm pàmbn|hkenkp% ‟N |ipwmepnlkokfnfi eàm ë pð fm hmqi|em/ fn wmoâ`kn/ fn kepvkvykèàm% Ë w|i`kpm



97

oibl|n| ~yi ippip nfmoipìevi amk w|kqnfm fi ify`nèàm/ pnófi/ anbâokn ipv|yvy|nfn i onsi|%Vibmp ~yi `mepv|yk| yb emqm `meìkvm fi qkfn wn|n ~yi ippip biekemp wmppnb pihyk| ybnemqn `nbkednfn‒/ nak|bmy $Cm|eno M Vibwm/ w% >8/ ifkèàm fi <1 fi emqibl|m fi <7>7+%

N |iwm|vnhib v|ns ybn okehynhib pib vi|bmp wicm|nvkqmp my ~yi keaoyie`kib m oikvm| n ybieviefkbievm fkpvm|`kfm fm anvm% N ~ynokfnfi vitvyno ë itìoievi/ bmpv|nefm n `mepi~ÿãe`kn

fm w|mloibn/ oiqnefm eóbi|mp nm oikvm| i fnefm mwèùip fi pmoyèàm wn|n m bipbm%

N amvm bmpv|n n pmbl|n fm hn|mvm $wm| pi| biem| eàm ë |iqionfn pyn kfievkfnfi+ i vib `mbm

oihiefn3 ‟Ipwi|neèn% Biekem `mevn ~yi v|nak`nevip m ncyfnqnb i fnqnb `mbkfn ie~ynevm pyn

bài pi f|mhnqn‒%

M `|kvë|km fi emvk`knlkokfnfi yvkoksnfm wn|n wylok`n| n bnvë|kn/ fiqi"pi nm anvm fi pi| nohm ~yi

amhi fm `mbyb i ~yi kevi|ippn ç pm`kifnfi/ ybn qis ~yi pi v|nvn fi ybn `|kneèn ~yi pi

ieqmoqi i qk`kn ib f|mhnp koâ`kvnp i ë kevi|enfn ib ybn MEH/ mefi vib hn|nevkn fi nfmèàm

nwðp m v|nvnbievm% Anvmp nppkb `mbmqib n wmwyonèàm%

Ib >; fi myvyl|m fi <7>7/ n emvâ`kn ‟Hmqi|em qnk keqipvk| \& 6 bk ib wip~ykpn pml|i

`mepybm fi `|n`j‒/ amk wmpvnfn en wîhken 74/ fm `nfi|em @kfnfip/ fksiefm ~yi m hmqi|em

aifi|no qnk keqipvk| \& 6 bkodùip ib ipvyfmp wn|n m|kievn| wmoâvk`np wólok`np i w|mbmqi| m

fipieqmoqkbievm fi nèùip iak`nsip fi w|iqieèàm i fi `mblnvi nm `|n`j/ noëb fi ipvkbyon|

emqnp nlm|fnhiep vi|nwãyvk`np%

N bnvë|kn vib okehynhib i ~ynokfnfi vitvyno lmn/ pib piepn`kmenokpbm my itw|ippùip

wicm|nvkqnp% Noëb fkppm/ bmpv|n nm oikvm| am|bnp fi w|iqieèàm/ nv|nqëp fi ipvyfmp pml|i n

f|mhn/ m wi|ako fm ypyî|km/ mp wnf|ùip fi `mepybm/ np qyoei|nlkokfnfip i mp bmfiomp fi

kevi|qieèàm/ oibl|nefm ~yi m qâ`km ë ybn fmieèn i eiìppkvn fi v|nvnbievm% M vâvyom v|ns m

|ipybm fm oinf / anonefm itnvnbievi pml|i m ~yi n |iwm|vnhib qnk nlm|fn| i dî nwienp ybn

amevi yvkoksnfn/ ~yi ë m hipvm| fm w|mcivm/ Bn|`mp Qkeâ`km Lm|hip Bmvn%



9>

9 @MEPKFI\NÈÙIP AKENKP

Mp n`mevi`kbievmp ~yi |iìlib `n|îvi| fi emvâ`kn wn|vib fn nèàm w|makppkmeno fm hnvijiiwi| /

~yi nqnokn m ~yi fiqi my eàm pi| emvâ`kn/ piefm/ ib pihykfn/ nwi|aikèmnfn wiom eixpbnjkeh%

N `mepv|yèàm fi ybn emvâ`kn qik`yonfn en bâfkn kevi|ai|i en am|bnèàm fi mwkekàm/ `meìkvmp/

nvkvyfip i itwi`vnvkqnp fn pm`kifnfi/ anvm|ip ipvip ~yi n`n||ivnb ib byfneèn em bmfm fi

ie`n|n| n ~yipvàm% Eippi pievkfm/ mp ipvyfmp fi eixpbnjkeh wi|ìli|nb ~yi itkpvi ybn

am|bn fi bnekwyonèàm fn emvâ`kn/ fiembkenfn ‟fkpvm|èàm ke`mep`kievi‒/ en ~yno np emvâ`knp

pàm fkpvm|`kfnp en |ifnèàm wn|n bnevi| n okedn ifkvm|kno"wmoâvk`n fi yb cm|eno/ nm keqëp fi

fkqyohî"onp itwok`kvnbievi/ pib novi|nèùip fm anvm m`m||kfm% Mp w|ke`kwnkp anvm|ip ~yi

`mev|klyib wn|n ~yi ippi bi`nekpbm fi w|mfyèàm picn nyvmbîvk`m/ pàm np okbkvnèùip fivibwm i ipwnèm wn|n np wylok`nèùip fnp emvâ`knp $N\LIT C|%/ <77>/ XMOA/ <77</ <770+%

Fi n`m|fm `mb \mf|khyip $>;;;+/ fiqi"pi nw|ipievn| fivi|bkenfnp `n|n`vi|âpvk`np ~yi

cypvkak~yib n wylok`nèàm fn~yioi anvm `mbm emvâ`kn% ^ynevm biemp w|iqkpâqio m anvm/ bnkp

w|mqîqio n `mefkèàm wn|n pi vm|en| emvâ`kn% Fknevi fnp qî|knp |iwm|vnhiep wylok`nfnp wm| ippip

v|ãp cm|enkp em wi|âmfm fi v|ãp bipip/ enp bnvë|knp nenokpnfnp ak`nb òn|np np w|iqkpklkokfnfip

fmp anvmp ~yi fi|nb m|khib nmp vitvmp3 wip~ykpn fi `mblnvi nm `|n`j: qâ`km fi `|kneèn `mb m`|n`j: w|mloibîvk`n fn f|mhn en pm`kifnfi i nybievm fn `|kbkenokfnfi% Vmfnp ippnp nèùip

`nypnb kbwn`vm eybn pm`kifnfi i `mepkfi|nb mp `|kvë|kmp fi emvk`knlkokfnfi fi yb cm|eno%

M vitvm fi ybn emvâ`kn fiqi pi| pibw|i lib ip`|kvm i fi aî`ko ieviefkbievm/ `mb itwok`nèùip

i òn|isn fmp anvmp nlm|fnfmp/ oiqnefm mlcivkqkfnfi i kbwn|`knokfnfi nm oikvm|% N nlm|fnhib

fiqi pi| `mevitvynoksnfn i wi|wnppn| wm| qî|kmp npwi`vmp/ `mbm3 pm`kmi`meöbk`m/ `yovy|no/

ify`nèàm iv`% M |iwð|vi| fiqi/ pibw|i/ `mom`n|"pi em oyhn| fm oikvm|% Wn|n Jmvp`dm $<777+/fiqi"pi fip`|iqi| m ~yi ë ie`mev|nfm wion a|ievi/ `mb m mlcivkqm fi ansi| m oikvm| ‟qkncn|‒

cyevm ç bnvë|kn i vi| m bipbm ieviefkbievm fm |iwð|vi|/ cî ~yi ~yib oã eàm ipvnqn w|ipievi%

Ë `mbm pi ip`|iqãppibmp ybn `n|vn n yb nbkhm% M akeno fn bnvë|kn3 ‟Np ìenp qàm pi|iwivkefm bmemvmenbievi nvë n wmevi fm okbàm/ ~ynefm m |ilm`nfm| ie`nodn fi qis% —Fn~ykeàm fî w|n wnppn|‛/ itwok`n m `nwkvàm Isi~ykio/ fiwmkp fi vmwn| eybn wif|n ~yi ~ynpifi||yln m Hko en îhyn% —M |km eàm vib `nonfm/ ipvî bykvm lnktm‛% N wë/ çp bn|hiep fm Vkivã/pð emp |ipvn pylk| m ln||ne`m nvë n Bn|hkeno/ ib a|ievi nm Won{ @ievi|% M bmvm|kpvn fi vîtk~yi emp |i`modiy fiqi vi| oiqnfm yb pypvm/ ~yib pnli n`dnefm ~yi pi v|nvnqn fi ~ynv|mbn|`knemp fi `moivip nbn|iomp wi|fkfmp en biv|ðwmoi wnyokpvnen $Amodn fi Pàm Wnyom/ <8fi cyodm/ w%>7+‒ $JMVP@DM/ <777/ w%>1+%



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N emvâ`kn fiqi/ vnblëb/ pi| |iìevi/ qi|fnfik|n/ keëfkvn/ mlcivkqn i fi kevi|ippi wólok`m%

Dmeipvkfnfi i kbwn|`knokfnfi pàm fiqi|ip fm |iwð|vi|% N okehynhib fiqi pi| aî`ko i `m||ivn/

iqkvnefm n yvkoksnèàm fi vi|bmp wicm|nvkqmp my/ nvë bipbm/ ~ynokvnvkqmp/ n akb fi iqkvn| ~yi n

emvâ`kn wi|pynfn m oikvm|% Fiqi"pi v|nlnodn| np keam|bnèùip |ipwikvnefm n |inokfnfi% Pð nppkb m

cm|enokpvn nw|mtkbn|î m piy |ionvm nm qi|fnfik|m n`mevi`kbievm fmp anvmp/ w|m`y|nefm n

itnvkfàm i eàm n itòypàm fi keam|bnèùip ippie`knkp $JMVP@DM/ <777+%

Em cm|enokpbm/ n amvmh|nakn vnblëb ë ippie`kno% Iti|ì ayeèàm fi `dnbn| nvieèàm fm oikvm|

wn|n m vitvm i/ ib nohyep `npmp/ fivi|bkenfnp amvmh|naknp v|nsib npwi`vmp ~yi pàm kbwmppâqikp

fi fip`|iqi|% Np amvmp vãb n bipbn kbwm|vìe`kn ~yi n w|ðw|kn |iwm|vnhib fiev|m fm cm|eno

$LY@@K/ <777: JMVP@DM/ <777+%

Nm akb fipvi v|nlnodm fi wip~ykpn/ n `meòypàm n ~yi pi `dihn ë ~yi ib vmfmp mp cm|enkp

nenokpnfmp/ m bmfm `mbm ë v|nvnfm m vibn ib ~yipvàm eàm ë wnf|meksnfm `mbm mp nyvm|ip

n`kbn fksib ~yi fiqi pi|% Kppm wmfi pi| itwok`nfm wion |ionvkqn nyvmembkn fmp qiâ`yomp%

Vnevm em cm|eno Ipvnfm fi Bkenp/ ~ynevm em Dmci ib Fkn i em M Vibwm/ dmyqi emvâ`knp ~yi

v|nvn|nb mp ieqmoqkfmp `mb vi|bmp wicm|nvkqmp `mbm/ vnblëb/ bnvë|knp ~yi keìevkqnb n`mep`kievksnèàm fn pm`kifnfi fi ~yi m ypyî|km fi `|n`j eàm ë yb bn|hkeno i ~yi anovnb nèùip

en pnófi wólok`n wn|n n pmoyèàm fm w|mloibn% Em ievnevm/ m cm|eno M Vibwm/ nwipn| fn hnbn

fi |iwm|vnhiep ie`mev|nfn/ ë bnkp py`kevm nm nlm|fn| m vibn fm `|n`j i bnkp piepn`kmenokpvn/

viefm/ w|ke`kwnobievi/ `mbm amevip/ n wmoâ`kn i wn|ievip fi ieqmoqkfmp/ `mbm am|bn fi

f|nbnvksn| m anvm%

N ~yipvàm ë lnpvnevi fkp`yvkfn ib nblmp mp qiâ`yomp i/ bykvnp qisip/ `mb nlm|fnhiepfkpvkevnp fi ybn emvâ`kn wn|n n myv|n em bipbm cm|eno% Fiqibmp |ippnovn|/ em ievnevm/ ~yi m

`mea|mevm fi kfiknp vib wnwio fi fipvn~yi en `mepv|yèàm fn oihkvkbkfnfi fibm`|îvk`n i n

bâfkn/ wm| pyn qis/ |iw|ipievn n akhy|n ~yi ipvnlioiì m filnvi `|knefm m wmfi| `mbyek`nvkqm

~yi keaoyie`kn|î n ipai|n wólok`n%

N qi|fnfi ë ~yi w|i`kpnbmp ieviefi| ~yno ë |inobievi n ayeèàm fm cm|enokpvn ~yi w|iviefi

v|nlnodn| `mb emvâ`knp ~yi ieqmoqib/ nm bipbm vibwm/ ~yipvùip hmqi|enbievnkp i pm`knkp/

`mbm ë m `npm fm `|n`j: fi ~yi bneik|n ippi w|makppkmeno pi w|iwn|my wn|n |ionvn| yb anvm/ pi

ais cyohnbievm fi qnom| my eàm: fi ~yi bneik|n mp w|makppkmenkp pi w|iwn|n|nb wn|n ie`n|n|



90

amevip `mbm v|nak`nevip/ ypyî|kmp fi f|mhnp/ wmoâvk`np/ wmok`knkp ‐ ~yi/ òn|m/ eib pibw|i

fksib n qi|fnfi% Ë eiìppî|kn n itkpvãe`kn fi bnkp ipvyfmp pml|i m vibn/ `ycnp `mepi~ÿãe`knp

vãb pkfm fnempnp wn|n emppn pm`kifnfi%



96

9 \IAI\ÃE@KNP LKLOKMH\ÎAK@NP

NOITNEF\I/ A|ne`kp`m% \n`kmenokfnfi i oihkvkbkfnfi fn wmoâvk`n fi |iw|ippàm nm v|îak`m fi

f|mhnp3 ybn w|mqm`nèàm eiìppî|kn% Ipvyfmp Nqneènfmp / Pàm Wnyom/ q%<>/ e%1>/ w%>;0"<7;/piv%-fis%<778%

NEFK ‐ Nhãe`kn fi Emvâ`knp fmp Fk|ikvmp fn Keaìe`kn% Bâfkn i F|mhnp3 M wi|ako fm ypm i fmypyî|km en kbw|iepn l|npkoik|n/ <779/ 47 w%

NEH\KBNEK/ Fnekom% Ipw|ibi ~yi pnk pnehyi3 yb ipvyfm fm piepn`kmenokpbm en kbw|iepn%Pàm Wnyom3 Pybbyp/ >;;9%

N\LIT C|%/ Cmpë% Pdmx|enokpbm3 n emvâ`kn `mbm ipwivî`yom% Pàm Wnyom/ @npn Nbn|ion/ <77>%<;< w%

LY@@K/ Iyhãekm% Pml|i ëvk`n i kbw|iepn% @mbwnedkn fnp Oiv|np3 Pàm Wnyom/ <777%

LY@DIOI/ Aîvkbn: @MIODM/ Iosn Li|hi| Pnoibn ! OKEFEI\/ Pdikon \ylkn% N w|mbmèàmfn pnófi ie~ynevm ipv|nvëhkn fi w|iqieèàm nm ypm fnp f|mhnp% @kãe`kn i pnófi `moivkqn ZmeokeiR% <77;/ qmo%>6/ e%>/ ww% <18"<80% KPPE >6>0"4><0%

@N\OKEK"@MV\KB/ L% ! FYN\VI/ W%@%N%Q% Îo`mmo i qkmoãe`kn3 ipvyfm fmp w|mìppmp fidmbk`âfkmp cyohnfmp emp V|klyenkp fi Có|k fi @y|kvkln/ W\/ iev|i >;;9 i >;;4% Cm|eno

L|npkoik|m fi Fiwiefãe`knp ^yâbk`np/ <777/ w% >8"<9%

@N\\NVM/ Ìehion% Kbw|iepn Bkeik|n/ yb bmemwðokm w|ðtkbm nm akb% Ke3 BMYKOONYF/Bny|â`km ! FN[\IO/ Pë|hkm $M|h%+% M cm|eno3 fn am|bn nm pievkfm% Ifkvm|n YeL/ L|npâokn/<77</ w% 61;"64>

@MKBL\N/ @i`âokn Bn|kn Lmyènp% Bâfkn i w|mfyèàm fi bmfmp fi itkpvãe`kn% Wpk`%3 Vim|% iWip~% ZmeokeiR% <77>/ qmo%>8/ e%>/ ww% >"6% KPPE 7>7<"088<%

AI\\IK\N/ Ny|ëokm% Emqm Ny|ëokm Pë`yom TTK 3 m fk`kmeî|km fn oâehyn wm|vyhyipn% 0£ if%/ \kmfi Cneik|m/ Emqn A|mevik|n/ >;;;% >>16 w%

A\NEÈN/ Qi|n Qikhn% Cm|enokpbm i Qkfn Pm`kno% Liom Dm|ksmevi/ YABH/ >;;4/ <9; w%HM\HYODM/ Böek`n% N Keaoyãe`kn fn Bâfkn en \inokfnfi L|npkoik|n fm Aieöbiem fnpPylpvìe`knp Wpk`mnvkqnp% Ke3 BM\IK\N/ Ai|enefn Hmeènoqip ! PKOQIK\N/ Fn|vky Tnqki|%Wnem|nbn nvyno fi f|mhnp i fiwiefãe`knp% Pàm Wnyom/ Ifkvm|n Nvdieiy/ <771% 6;0 w%

DIEBNE/ Nevdme{% N hyi||n çp f|mhnp ë ybn hyi||n ivem`kfn% Ke3 SNOYN\/ Noln $M|h%+% F|mhnp i `kfnfnekn3 |iw|ippàm my |ifyèàm fi |kp`mp% Pàm Wnyom3 L|npkokiepi/ >;;6%

JMVP@DM/ \k`n|fm% N w|îvk`n fn |iwm|vnhib% Pàm Wnyom3 Îvk`n/ <777%

BN@\NI/ Ifxn|f% Nev|mwmomhkn3 Npwi`vmp pm`knkp/ @yovy|nkp i \kvynoâpvk`mp% Ke3 PIKLIO/Pë|hkm Fn|km ! VMP@NEM C|/ Noa|ifm% Fiwiefãe`kn fi F|mhnp% Pàm Wnyom/ Ifkvm|nNvdieiy/ ww<9"06%



99

BNHNODÀIP/ Wnyom% A|nhbievmp pml|i m wmfi| fm v|îak`m fi f|mhnp enp anqionp `n|km`np% Fibm`|n`kn Qkqn / \km fi Cneik|m/ e%09/ ;%9;"1>/ cye%<778%

ENWWM/ Pmonehi Nwn|i`kfn iv no% @mbwm|vnbievm fi |kp`m fi byodi|ip ypyî|knp fi `|n`j ib|ionèàm çp FPV-NKFP% @iev|m L|npkoik|m fi Keam|bnèùip pml|i F|mhnp Wpk`mv|ðwk`np ‐

@IL\KF% Pàm Wnyom/ <776%

EMLONV/ \k`n|fm% N n|vi fi ansi| yb cm|eno fkî|km% Pàm Wnyom/ @mevitvm/ <770% >80 w%

EMVM/ Nen \ihken iv no% F|mhnp i pnófi en kbw|iepn l|npkoik|n3 ybn neîokpi fi n|vkhmpwylok`nfmp ib cm|enkp i |iqkpvnp% @nfi|em Pnófi Wólok`n3 \km fi Cneik|m/ cne"aiq/ <770/ wîh1;"8;%

EMVM/ Nen \ihken ! HNOFY\ÐS/ Cmpë @n|omp A% M ypm fi f|mhnp wpk`mv|ðwk`np i nw|iqieèàm em L|npko% @kãe`kn i Pnófi @moivkqn/ qmo% 6/ Eób% >/ >;;;/ w% >69">9>%

EMVM/ Nen \ihken ! BNPV\MKNEEK/ Aîlkm @% ‟M |iv|nvm fnp f|mhnp en kbw|iepnl|npkoik|n fm nem <7773 neîokpi fi `meviófm fmp n|vkhmp wylok`nfmp ib cm|enkp i |iqkpvnp‒ TQ

`meh|ippm fn NLINF/ Pàm Wnyom/ <770%

\NBMP/ Wnyom \mli|vm% N kbnhib/ m pmb i n aó|kn3 n |iw|ipievnèàm fn qkmoãe`kn emfm`ybievî|km l|npkoik|m% Ipvyfmp Nqneènfmp/ Pàm Wnyom/ q%<>/ e%1>/ w%<<>"<0;/ piv-fis%<778%

\MF\KHYIP/ Nf|knem Fyn|vi% Ipv|nvëhknp fn @mbyek`nèàm% Okplmn3 Ifkvm|kno W|ipieèn/>;;7%

PNWM\K/ Oykp Aoîqkm% N W|mloibîvk`n fm @|n`j en Pm`kifnfi L|npkoik|n3 m kbwn`vm en pnófiwólok`n i en pihy|neèn wólok`n% Liom Dm|ksmevi/ <7>7%

PMF\Ë/ B% M pm`kno k||nfknfm. Qkmoãe`kn y|lnen/ eimh|mvip`m i bâfkn% Pàm Wnyom3 @m|vis/>;;<

VMP@NEM C|/ Noa|ifm% Yb L|iqi Dkpvð|k`m Pml|i m Ypm fi F|mhnp% Ke3 PIKLIO/ Pë|hkmFn|km ! VMP@NEM C|/ Noa|ifm% Fiwiefãe`kn fi F|mhnp% Pàm Wnyom/ Ifkvm|n Nvdieiy/ <77>%

917 w%V\N^YKEN/ Eiopme% Vim|knp fm Cm|enokpbm% <£ if%/ Aom|kneðwmokp/ Kepyon|/ <779% <<6 w%

Y@DÖN/ Bn|`m Nevöekm% @|n`j3 m ̀ nbkedm fnp wif|np% Pàm Wnyom3 Îvk`n/ >;;1%

QNP@ME@IOMP/ @n|omp Ifyn|fm% Wmppklkokfnfip fi yb v|nvnbievm bnkp dybnem i pmokfî|kmfm w|mloibn fnp f|mhnp% Lmoivkb KL@@|kb/ nem ></ e³ >69/ fis% <776/ KPPE >181"011>/ w% >7">>%

QIODM/ Hkoli|vm% N fkbiepàm `yovy|no i wmoâvk`n fmp byefmp fnp f|mhnp% Ke3 SNOYN\/ Noln

$M|h%+% F|mhnp i ̀ kfnfnekn3 |iw|ippàm my |ifyèàm fi |kp`mp% Pàm Wnyom3 L|npkokiepi/ >;;6%

XMOA/ Bny|m% Vim|knp fn @mbyek`nèàm% 8%if% Okplmn3 W|ipieèn/ <77<%



91

XMOA/ Bny|m% Vim|kn fnp @mbyek`nèùip fi Bnppn% Pàm Wnyom/ Bn|vkep Amevip/ <770%

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|iw|ippàm my |ifyèàm fi |kp`mp% Pàm Wnyom3 L|npkokiepi/ >;;6n%

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O CRACK NA MÍDIA IMPRESSA Análise do espaço e tratamento dado ao crack nos jornais Estado de Minas, Hoje em Dia e O Tempo