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2 2Mbrja Brtcur @bvrhtta & Hmjej Gartaeao las Ybotas

Drbbs ejghrlblh joljvjlube quh as kojas (prjmhjras j-esa`as) gusibrbm hm phquhobs iaeojbs, aolh a ejvrh-brgtrja hrb mbjar quh obs drbolhs mhtrpaehs, thmas hotaiamhbla b hoiaotrbr rhspastbs, mhsma quh joiampehtbs,sagrh bs quhsths quh mbjs bssamgrbm b cumbojlblh; Lhaolh vjhmas1 brb aolh vbmas1 C vjlb bem la oassa peb-ohtb1 As phosblarhs lhstb paib prhdbvbm a usa lh um sjs-thmb rbijaobe, aolh bs phssabs lhvhrjbm thr b ejghrlblh lhpalhr lhs`ru tbr lh shus phosbmhotas sagrh a quh aiarrjb oauojvhrsa, shm bphebr pbrb ljvjolblhs. As quhstjaobmhotastm phrshdujla as cumboas lhslh quh hsths pbssbrbm b lh-shovaevhr shus prjoipjas lh jothejdoijb. Ruhstjaobmho-tas quh, b iblb ljb, vm dbocbola oavbs rhspastbs, par mhjalh oavbs tharjbs lb mbdo`jib Ijoijb h shus mtalas rbija-objs.

assuj-rjbm tbjs shrhs shotjmhotas1 \bevhz sjm, pajs mujta pravb-vhemhoth bqujea quh bs phssabs icbmbm lh shotjmhotas sa Rubola agshrvbmas umb bvh vabola, blmjrbmas b sub subphobs jostjotas. Yjm, jostjotas quh tbota lamjobm oassbs pastb ejghrlblh. Jo`hejzmhoth, b ejghrlblh lheb vbj samhothbhs ljrjbs. ar lhgbjxa lh talas as oassas btas ljtas rbij- bt baolh a bmgjhoth phrmjth.aobjs, shmprh c b samgrb lh oassas jostjotas bojmbehsias.

Mujtas blmjrbm bs bvhs pheb ghehzb lh subs iarhs h ibotas. Bt mhsma b mbjs saejtrjb lbs bvhs prhijsb gusibr umOa hotbota, hxjsth mujta mbjs pbrb shr blmjrbla, sa as bs- iampbocjb hm bedum mamhota lh sub vjlb.phitas hvaeutjvas h bt iampartbmhotbjs, quh aiuetbm as mjs-trjas quh sh pbssbm obs m hoths lhsths shrhs beblas. Phkb bs

bvhs quh vabm lh um ebla pbrb autra, qubjs bs prhaiupbhsquh hebs passuhm1 Rubota bjolb bs phssabs palhr a bprholhr Mbicas hmsagrh b vjlb agshrvbola hsths shrhs hmpeumblas! Yubs vjlbs gusib lh r hpralua, lh phrphtuba lh shus dhohs, ho`jmsa pbrb iam subs ohihssjlblhs gsjibs h pbrb sub praeh. Bph- pssbras quh gusibm mhjas lh trbzhrhm mbjs h mbjs las shusobs vjvhm. Bs bvhs sa ejvrhs1 Pabm pbrb a e aibe quh quhrhm1 Bs bvhs sa shrhs quh boshjbm par lhs`rutbrhm la ghea bta lh@bzhm a quh ghm hotholhm1 alhm shr mbjs ejvrhs la quh as vjvhr h iumprjrhm shu pbphe hvaeutjva6 lh shotjrhm b shosbcumboas. Mbs bjolb bssjm hsirbvas lh subs jmpasjhs hva- a lh ejghrlblh, mhsma quh hstb shkb a`usiblb hm bedumbeutjvbs h gjaedjibs. rhijsbm thr shu thrrjtrja, prhijsbm gus- apartuojlblhs.ibr iaostbothmhoth shu susthota, rhpraluzjrhm-sh h hluib- A cumboa quh iaostrj sub ibsb rhsjsthoth au arobmhotbrhm sub praeh. Ljsputbm par pbrihjras, iaostrahm ojocas h eu- lb, pbrb iaoqujstbr umb `mhb au pbrb bgrjdbr sub praehtbm par subs rhbs. Oa ta lj` hrhoth lbs phssabs h subs bmgj- Oa ta lj`hrhoth lb bvh quh iaostrj um ojoca iam bs mhshs saijbjs. mbs `jobejlblhs. b bvh quh ibotb pbrb iaoqujstbr a pbrihj-

Lhotra lb Ijoijb, hoiaotrbmas umb sugrhb, ob qube mu-jtas las ehjtarhs quh bquj pbssbm shus aecbrhs iaotrjguhm

lh bedumb armb; trbtb-sh lb Arojtaeadjb, quh iaodrhdb phs-sabs hm prae lb bqujsja lh iaochijmhota sagrh bs bvhs, ta-las iam shus matjvas mbjs vbrjblas pbrb blmjrbrhm hsshsgheas lhsiholh oths las ljoassburas . Bs bvhs quh cakh pueu-ebm phebs mbtbs surdjrbm boths quh a camhm6 agshrvbrbmoassb hspijh surdjr h mbotjvhrbm sub prhshob iaostboth.Yhdujmas hm iaokuota as ibmjocas a`hrtblas pheb hvaeu-a. Hebs oas agshrvbm h os bs agshrvbmas. Pjvhm hm oas-sas thrrjtrjas au os vjvhmas oas thrrjtrjas lhebs1

Yhm bejmhota h shm bgrjda, phrlh-sh b ejghrlblh h palh-sh dbocbr umb vjlb hm hthrob saej-la.

C ihrta thmpa, oas Bolhs, mbtbr um iaolar hrb vjsta pheascamhos iama `armb lh mbsiuejojlblh, tbe iama mujtas mb-

icas lh hspijhs lh bvhs usbm lh vrjas btrjgutas pbrb btrb-rhm subs pbrihjrbs hm paibs lh bibsbebmhota.

Arojtaeadjb jeas`jib

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ra. \be qube b shrhobtb quh a bpbjxaobla patjia `bzjb pbrb vus iarbx, Iarvus maohlueb h^sjttb ius hrjtcb ius (Hmhryiaoqujstbr sub bmblb. 7>>0). Bs bvhs tbmgm passuhm b ibpbijlblh lh irjbr prh-

vjshs pbrb a `utura hm quh b bvh irjb sjmuebhs pbrb apassv he iampar tbmhot a lh bedum autra ar dbojsm a, iama

^ar quh tbotas bsphitas hm iamum1 brbeheas hvaeutjvas par hxhmpea; a joljvlua Birjb umb sjmueba mhotbe lhlh umb iaovhrdoijb iampartbmhotbe1 B rhspastb palh hs- quh a joljvluaGjr raugbr shu bejmhota h bssjm ehvb-a pb-tbr oa `uoijaobmhota ihrhgrbe lh smjas h bvhs. As mbm`h- rb autra eudbr au irjb umb btjtulh lh`hosjvb bothijpblb. \beras h bvhs sh shpbrbrbm c phea mhoas 9>> mjechs lh boas sjmueba mujta pravbvhemhoth gbshblb hm hxphrjoij-btrs, h, bphsbr ljssa, btubemhoth a irhgra las mbm`hras bs bothrjarhs, pajs bedumbs bvhs usbm umb mhmrjb hpjs-bjolb passuj mujtbs camaeadjbs iam a lbs bvhs (Fjrsic ht ljib pbrb rhiarlbr `btas bothijpbola, bssjm, subs ohihssj-be. 7>>3). Hota bt quh paota palh ichdbr b jothejdoi jb lbs lblhs. (Fjrsic ht be. 7>>3).bvhs1 Yudhrh-sh quh iarvlhas h mbibias palhm rhprhsho- Mujtbs lbs hspijhs lh bvhs bquj mhoijaoblbs ibrbithrj-tbr um ibsa lh iaovhrdoijb hvaeutjvb mhotbe. ^raihssas zbm-sh par passurhm um tbmboca ihrhgrbe rhebtjvbmhothiadojtjvas shmhecboths, mbs iam irhgras ljvhrdhoths. drbolh (h iampehxa). Hssb ibrbithrstjib palh thr hvaeulaHsths shola mujta lj`hrhoth hm subs hstruturbs ihrhgrbjs. C pbrb bs hspijhs ejlbrhm iam mulbobs oa bmgjhot h. B jo-pjstbs ob o hurabobtam jb malhrob sudhrjola quh a irh gra ihrthzb bmgjhot be h b iampehxjlblh iampar tbmhotb e sa b-lh bvhs h mbm`hras, palhm thr ichdbla b saeuhs shmh- tarhs ihotrbjs hm mujtbs cjpthshs prapastbs pbrb hxpejibr becboths pbrb as mhsmas pragehmbs, bssjm lhmaostrbola hvaeua lh drbolhs irhgras, au shkb, thr um irhgra mbjarumb iaovhrdoijb hvaeutjvb mhotbe h ohurbe (^hpphrghrd palh mhecarbr bs cbgjejlblhs iadojtjvbs ghoh`jijbola b hs-7>>7, Hmhry & Iebytao 7>>8). pijh b sagrhvjvhr oa mhja hm quh sh hoiaotrb (Yae ht be.

Hmgarb b hstruturb `sjib las irhgras lh bvhs h mbm`h- 7>>8).ras shkb rbljibemhoth lj`hrhoth, c hvjloijb lh quh hxjs- Rubota lhssbs ibrbithrstjibs bquj mhoijaoblbs lb jothej-thm shmhecbobs ob hstruturb lh iaohitjvjlblh ohurbe. Bph- doijb h iampartbmhota lbs bvhs aCama sbpjhospassuj hmsbr lh hstbs shmhecbobs shrhm hoiaotrblbs prjoijpbemhothoas sjsthmbs rh ebijaoblas bas shotjlas, pebus vhe quh prjo- Bjolb bss jm agshrvbmas shmhecbobs 6 phr-ipjas shmhecboths passbm jdubemhoth shr bpejiblas bas sjs- ihptvhe a prjoipja lh jothejdoijb lbs bvhs hm shus mbjs vbrj-thmbs iadojtjv as lh bmgas as drupas (Hmhry & Iebytao blas bsphitas. Rubota mbjs sh bpra`uolb oa iaochijmhota,7>>8). mbjs sh tarob vjsvhe quh b pbjxa par hsths shrhs beblas hst

Bedumbs bvhs sa ibpbzhs lh drbolhs prahzbs iadojtjvbs. bem la sjmpehs bta lhehs sh `bzhrhm prhshoths hm oassbs mb-As iarvas-lb-oavb-ibehlojb (Iarvus maohlueajlhs) usbm tbs h kbrljos. Ya oassbs sjmjebrjlblhs h tula quh palhmasumb srjh lh `hrrbmhotbs lj`hrhoths pbrb thr bihssa s ebrvbs bprholhr agshrvbola bs bvhs quh tarobm b Arojtaeadjb ta bpb-

hoiaotrblbs obs holbs lbs rvarhs. Hstbs hrrbmhotbs sa irj- jxaoboth. b bvh quh boshjb par hsibpbr lh sub mjosiueb dbj-blbs b pbrtjr lh mbtrjbs-prjmbs vhdhtbjs (dbecas h aecbs, h aeb gusibola b ejghrlblh, bssjm iama aCama sbpjhosquh bo-oa ibsa lh hstulas ebgarbtarjbjs usbola bt mhsma brbmh) h shjb par hsibpbr lh subs lautrjobs h lh subs ratjobs, pbrb, oac umb sudhsta lh quh, iama as icjmpbozs, bs `hrrbmhotbs mhja obturbe, lhs`rutbr lb ejghrlblh vjsjaorjb a`hrtblb par hs-las iarvas passbm shr pbssblbs pbrb shus lhsiholhoths iama ths shrhs hmpeumblas. Lhs`rutbmas lh um boihstrbe hm ia-umb `armb lh iueturb (Thjr ht be. 7>>7, Hmhry & Iebytao mum iam bs bvhs, hvaeumas prxjmas uos las autras h, oa7>>8). Oa ebgarbtrja, Iarvus maohlueajlhssa jdubemhoth `jm, thrhmas a mhsma lhstjoa lh talas as shrhs. ^auia b pau-jmprhssjaoboths, supastbmhoth lhmaostrbola bedumb iam- ia, oassas tamas shra shpbrblas h aiupbra autra eudbr ohs-prhhosa lh iama a muola `uoijaob, beda shmhecboth b um sh pebohtb. Au bt autra eudbr lhssh iasma jo`jojta.shosa iamum (Hmhry & Iebytao ap ijt.).

B jothejdoijb lbs bvhs tbmgm palh shr hoiaotrblb obs mu- Wh`hroijbs gjgejadr`jibsjtbs hspijhs quh lhshovaevhm oavas mtalas lh hxtrba au Hmhry, O.K. & O. Y. Iebytao. (7>>8) Hvaeutjao a` tch bvjbo grbjo bol jotheej-agthoa lh bejmhotas, utjejzbola-sh tbmgm lh hrrbmhotbs, dhoih.Iurrhot Gjaeady28(79); W:.ibrbithrstjib quh pbrb mujtas shrjb hxieusjvb lh smjas (Eh- Hmhry, O.K. (7>>0) Iadojtjvh arojtcaeady; tch hvaeutjao a` bvjbo jotheejdho-

ih.^cjeasapcjibe \rbosbitjaos a` tch Waybe Yaijhty G902; 79->7, Hmhry 7>>0). Bs bvhs sa hxihpijaobe-Fjrsic, K.B., A. Dotrfo & K. Wash. (7>>3) Josjdct wjtcaut iarthx; ehssaosmhoth qubej`jiblbs oa rhiaochijmhota lh jmbdhos. \bjs jmb-

`ram tch bvjbo grbjo. Iaosijausohss bol Iadojtjao24; 7) \aaes bol grbjos jo gjrls.phrihptubjs, thola iama gbsh b prhshob cumbob au iaoihj-

Ghcbvjaur29:; :9:-:49.

tas bgstrbtas. As pamgas, par hxhmpea, palhm rhiaochihr ^hpphrghrd, J.M. (7>>7) Iadojtjvh bol iammuojibtjvh bgjejtjhs a` Drhy br-jmbdhos brhbs, phssabs, autras pamgas, rvarhs h umb drbo-rats. Iurrhot Ljrhitjaos jo syicaeadjibe Yijhoih22(9); 39-34.lh vbrjhlblh lh agkhtas (Hmhry ap ijt.).

Yae, L., W.^. Luoibo, \.M. Gebifguro, . Ibsshy & E. Eh`hgvrh. (7>>8) GjdH qubota ba bsphita saijbe lbs bvhs1 Ghm, hm bojmbjs saij- grbjos, hocboihl iadojtjao, bol rhspaosh a ` gjrls ta oavhe hovjrao-bjs, b ibpbijlblh lh bzhr jo`hroijbs sagrh eudbr lh autras jo- mhots.^raihhljods a` Obtjaobe Biblhmy a` Yijhoih2>7(28); 8-ljvluas hm rheba b umb pasja lamjoboth (cjhrbrqujb) h 8>7) Ycbpjod a` caafs jo Ohw

Ibehlaojbo Iraws. Yijhoih7:4; :32.ijb palh shr umb cbgjejlblh mujta tje, jdubemhoth hoiaotrb-lb oa hstula ebgarbtarjbe iam pamgas h tbmgm agshrvblboa iarvlha Dymoarcjous iyboaihpcbeus (Hmhry 7>>0). 2- Ijoijbs Gjaedjibs o`bsh hm

Ibpbijlblhs lh rhsaeua lh pragehmbs h irjba lh iao- Gjathioaeadjb, XOAHYI, Kabbgb.ihjtas oumrjias k arbm agshrvblas hm hstulas iam Iar- H-mbje;

Bs phssabs quh sh rhohm pbr b sjmj-ebr mhb quh hsiaech a mbica quh lbob mhecar quh lbo-b mhecar.

iamum iam hebs1 ^alhm sh mujtbs, mbs ihrtbmhoth oa oamhsma ovhe.

mbrjabrtcur.`bvrhttaNcatmbje.iam