POLITICAS PUBLICAS PARA EDUCAÇÃO DO GOVERNO DILMA

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6 LIODG OGBÈG [ZMHZGDG [GZG NP[GBLIZ NBVIBM \ÉFBIFM " 9

< [ZNVILNB\G LIODG VGBFIMBG ONI W^N FZIG M [ZMHZGDG

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> [ZMHZGDG LN FMDJG\N Ë [MJZNSG NP\ZNDG G\GFGZÇGBGOAGJN\IVDM NB\ZN GLÔ\MV """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 76

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8 LIZN\ZISNV LN HMQNZBM """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 70

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8"6 LGZ VNHÎDNB\M G ^D [ZMCN\M BGFIMBGO LN

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8"< LNANBLNZ M DNIM GDJINB\N N HGZGB\IZ ^D

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8"1 M HMQNZBM LN LIODG VNZÇ LN \MLMV MV JZGVIONIZMV N

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8"8 HGZGB\IZ NL^FGÈÆM [GZG IH^GOLGLN VMFIGO/ G FILGLGBIG

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8"9 ^BIQNZVGOISGZ G VGÓLN N HGZGB\IZ G W^GOILGLN LM

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8"77 QGOMZISGZ G FÔ\^ZG BGFIMBGO/ LIGOMHGZ FMD M^\ZGV

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>

IB\ZML^ÈÆM

M {znvnb|n |zgjgo`m |zçv ibamzdgèþnv znogfimbglgv ëv {moä|ifgv {ójoifgv/

lnvln m g~dnb|m lg fgzhg `mzçzig nvfmogz/ mv ag|mznv qmo|glmv ë nl~fgèæmbnv|n bmqm hmqnzbm Liodg/ mbln vn nbag|isg m fmdjg|n g {mjznsg n g

nzzglifgèæm lm gbgoagjn|ivdm nb|zn gl~o|mv/ |zgsnd dn|gv w~n fmb|nd bm

[ogbm Bgfimbgo ln Nl~fgèæm ([BN) nbqiglm gm fmbhznvvm nd lnsndjzm ln

:;7;/ {mznd giblg bæm ami g{zmqglm" Lianznb|nv qivþnv vmjzn m dnvdm

gvv~b|m"



1

7 G^DNB\M LG FGZHG @MZÇZIG \NZÇ ID[GF\M [MVI\IQM BG

G[ZNBLISGHND

M g~dnb|m lm bódnzm ln ligv on|iqmv/ ln :;; {gzg ::; ligv {mz gbm/ m~g gd{oigèæm lg cmzbglg liçzig {gzg fibfm `mzgv væm go|nzbg|iqgv nd nv|~lm {gzg

dno`mzgz g w~goilgln lg nl~fgèæm jçvifg" G ibamzdgèæm ami lglg {nom dibiv|zm

lg Nl~fgèæm/ Anzbgblm @gllgl/ l~zgb|n nb|znqiv|g fmon|iqg fmbfnlilg bg

|gzln lnv|g w~gz|g$anizg/ :7"

G Oni ln Lizn|zisnv n Jgvnv (OLJ) ‖ b³ 9"69</ ln :; ln lnsndjzm ln

7991 ‖ {znqã {gzg gv nvfmogv jzgvionizgv fgzhg `mzçzig däbidg gb~go ln 0;;

`mzgv/ liv|zij~älgv nd bm däbidm :;; ligv ln nan|iqm |zgjgo`m nvfmogz" Lngfmzlm fmd m dibiv|zm/ `ç nqilãbfigv ln w~n nvvg fgzhg `mzçzig é jgipg"

‟W~g|zm `mzgv {mz :;; ligv é ~d fgdib`m w~n bnb`~d {gäv nv|ç

|zio`gblm—/ mjvnzqm~ @gllgl" ‟Nv|gdmv fmbqnzvgblm fmd vnfzn|çzimv ln

nl~fgèæm/ |gb|m d~bifi{giv w~gb|m nv|gl~giv/ {gzg qnziaifgz vn böv {mlndmv

gd{oigz nvvg cmzbglg"—

G {zm{mv|g ln gd{oigèæm lg cmzbglg vn v~v|nb|g nd nv|~lmv w~n

g{mb|gd w~n m g~dnb|m lg np{mvièæm lmv go~bmv gm {zmanvvmz {zml~sid{gf|mv bg g{znblisghnd" Goéd lgv go|nzbg|iqgv ln g~dnb|m ln ligv on|iqmv n

ln gd{oigèæm lg cmzbglg liçzig/ {nbvg$vn |gdjéd b~dg {mvväqno fmdjibgèæm

lgv l~gv {zm{mv|gv"

Ln gfmzlm fmd m dibiv|zm/ nv|~lmv nv|æm vnblm ani|mv {gzg lnvfmjziz

w~go m{èæm é dnbmv mbnzmvg {gzg mv fmaznv {ójoifmv/ dgv vnd {nzlnz ln qiv|g

m nani|m vmjzn g w~goilgln lg nl~fgèæm" ‟Bæm gligb|g glm|gz ~dg dnlilg w~n

é dnbmv f~v|mvg/ dgv vnd id{gf|m bg g{znblisghnd" Böv w~nzndmv

nan|iqilgln {gzg g dno`mzig lg w~goilgln lg nl~fgèæm—/ livvn m dibiv|zm"

^d lnvvnv nv|~lmv nv|ç vnblm fmmzlnbglm {nom vnfzn|çzim ln gèþnv

nv|zg|éhifgv lg [znvilãbfig lg Zn{ójoifg/ Zifgzlm [gnv ln Jgzzmv" Vnh~blm

non/ m g~dnb|m lm |nd{m ln {nzdgbãbfig lmv go~bmv bg nvfmog {zml~s

id{gf|mv {mvi|iqmv bg g{znblisghnd" ^dg lgv dn|gv lm [ogbm Bgfimbgo ln

Nl~fgèæm ([BN) é g manz|g ln nl~fgèæm ib|nhzgo nd >;. lgv nvfmogv {ójoifgv

ln nl~fgèæm jçvifg g|é :;:;"



8

: DNF LNFILN [MZ G^DNB\M LN FGZHG @MZÇZIG ND QNS LN DGIV

LIGV ON\IQMV

Ibamzdgèæm ami liq~ohglg {nog vnfzn|çzig lg nl~fgèæm jçvifg lmdibiv|ézim" [zm{mv|g ibifigo lm dibiv|zm @gllgl nzg |nz dgiv :; ligv ln g~og bm

gbm"

Nd zn~biæm zngoisglg bg óo|idg |nzèg$anizg (70)/ m Fmbvno`m Bgfimbgo ln

Nl~fgèæm fmbvilnzm~ dgiv g{zm{ziglm gm Dibiv|ézim lg Nl~fgèæm nogjmzgz ~dg

{zm{mv|g ln g~dnb|m bg fgzhg `mzçzig liçzig lmv nv|~lgb|nv nd qns lg gd{oigèæm

lm fgonblçzim on|iqm ln :;; {gzg ::; ligv {mz gbm/ fmdm w~nzig m dibiv|zm

Anzbgblm @gllgl" G ibamzdgèæm ami liq~ohglg bnv|g w~ib|g$anizg (:;) {nogvnfzn|gzig ln Nl~fgèæm Jçvifg lm DNF/ Dgzig lm [iogz Ogfnzlg/ nd v~g {çhibg

{nvvmgo bm \xi||nz n bm Agfnjmme"

*Bæm |nzndmv g gd{oigèæm {gzg ::; ligv on|iqmv" M dibiv|zm @gllgl

fmbqmfm~ ~dg zn~biæm/ bm lig 70 {gvvglm/ fmd nb|ilglnv ln {zmanvvmznv/

nv|~lgb|nv/ {gzogdnb|gznv/ hnv|mznv n ~biqnzvilglnv" M fmbvnbvm é w~n é dno`mz

dgb|nz mv :;; ligv n gd{oigz g fgzhg `mzçzig liçzig" N lndmfzg|ifgdnb|n/ m

dibiv|zm Anzbgblm @gllgl gfg|m~ g {zm{mv|g*/ nvfznqn~ g vnfzn|çzig"Dgiv g~ogv bg znln {ójoifg {mlnd znl~siz lnvih~golgln/ lis @gllgl" M

dibiv|zm lg Nl~fgèæm/ Anzbgblm @gllgl/ g{znvnb|m~ `ç ~d dãv/ nd Jzgväoig/ m

znv~o|glm ln ~dg {nvw~ivg w~n onqm~ m DNF g gqgoigz m g~dnb|m ln g|é w~g|zm

vndgbgv bm fgonblçzim on|iqm lg nl~fgèæm jçvifg lm {gäv bm viv|ndg {ójoifm n

{ziqglm" G|~godnb|n/ m Jzgvio |nd :;; ligv/ fmdm {znqã g Oni ln Lizn|zisnv n Jgvnv

(b³ 9"69</ ln :; ln lnsndjzm ln 7991) bm gbm on|iqm n fgzhg `mzçzig ln 0;; `mzgv"

M dibiv|zm {zm{~b`g ~d gd{om lnjg|n vmjzn g gd{oigèæm lg fgzhg `mzçzig nvfmogz

{gzg ::; ligv gm gbm/ gd{oigblm g fgzhg `mzçzig {gzg 7";;; `mzgv"

@gllgl fmbqmfm~ ~dg zn~biæm fmd nl~fglmznv lm Fmbvno`m Bgfimbgo lg

Nl~fgèæm {gzg lnjg|nz m |ndg" Mv fmbvno`nizmv gf`gzgd dno`mz g~dnb|gz g

fgzhg liçzig lm w~n m bódnzm ln ligv on|iqmv" [gzg iv|m vnzç {znfivm w~n m

Fmbhznvvm Bgfimbgo g{zmqn g {zm{mv|g d~lgblm g Oni ln Lizn|zisnv n Jgvnv"

^dg {nvw~ivg fmmzlnbglg {mz Zifgzlm [gnv ln Jgzzmv/ v~jvnfzn|çzim lg

Vnfzn|gzig ln Gvv~b|mv Nv|zg|éhifmv lg {znvilãbfig/ dmv|zm~ w~n lns ligv g dgiv

ln g~og g~dnb|gd nd <<. m g{znblisglm lmv go~bmv n nd vn|n {mb|mv g bm|g lmv



0

nv|~lgb|nv bm Viv|ndg ln Gqgoigèæm lg Nl~fgèæm Jçvifg (Vgnj)" Nvvg dno`mzig

{mln vnz g|ibhilg g~dnb|gblm g np{mvièæm lm go~bm gm fmb`nfidnb|m"

Vnh~blm m {nvw~ivglmz/ m g~dnb|m lg np{mvièæm {mln vnz ani|m fmd

gd{oigèæm lg cmzbglg liçzig n fmd g lidib~ièæm lgv ago|gv lmv go~bmv n lmv

{zmanvvmznv l~zgb|n m gbm on|iqm" Dgv g go|nzbg|iqg dgiv g|zgnb|n/ vnh~blm Jgzzmv/

é g w~n |nd m dnbmz f~v|m" *Nd |nzdmv ln f~v|m é dno`mz {mzw~n bg go|nzbg|iqg

(dgiv `mzgv-g~og {mz lig m~ dnbmv go~bmv {mz vgog) qmfã {znfivg g~dnb|gz m

nv{gèm bg nvfmog fmomfgblm znv|g~zgb|nv n nv{gèmv nv{mz|iqmv"*

G m~|zg qgziçqno w~n {zmqmfg dno`mzg é g w~goilgln lm {zmanvvmz" M nv|~lm

dmv|zm~ w~n ~d jmd {zmanvvmz nd vgog ln g~og |nd m id{gf|m ln 9/1 {mb|mv bm

Vgnj/ :; {mb|mv bm Npgdn Bgfimbgo lm Nbvibm Délim (Nbnd) n 10. ln dno`mzig

lm lnvnd{nb`m lm go~bm" *\nd ~d nbmzdn id{gf|m nb|zn vn fmbv~o|gz ~d jmd m~

~d dg~ délifm" Fmd m {zmanvvmz |gdjéd é gvvid/ dgv g hnb|n bæm qgomzisg g

{zmaivvæm n lnipg m {zmaivvimbgo dgiv np{nzinb|n dihzgz {gzg g znln {ziqglg*/

lnv|gfm~ m {nvw~ivglmz" Giblg ln gfmzlm fmd non/ m id{gf|m bm Vgnj fmd

{zmanvvmz np{nzinb|n vnzig ln 6/6 {mb|mv"



9

6 LIODG OGBÈG [ZMHZGDG [GZG NP[GBLIZ NBVIBM \ÉFBIFM

JZGVÄOIG $ G {znvilnb|n Liodg Zm~vvnaa ogbèm~ bnv|g |gzln m [zmhzgdg

Bgfimbgo ln Gfnvvm gm Nbvibm \éfbifm n gm Nd{znhm ([zmbg|nf)/ ~dgfmb|ib~gèæm lg |æm {zm{goglg np{gbvæm lgv nvfmogv |éfbifgv/ zngoisglg

l~zgb|n m hmqnzbm lm np${znvilnb|n O~is Ibçfim O~og lg Vioqg $ g w~nd |gb|m g

{znvilnb|n Liodg Zm~vvnaa w~gb|m m dibiv|zm lg Nl~fgèæm/ Anzbgblm @gllgl/

aisnzgd w~nv|æm ln ondjzgz" Fmd g ibifig|iqg/ w~n é m f~d{zidnb|m ln ~dg

{zmdnvvg ln fgd{gb`g ln Liodg/ fmdm nog dnvdg lnv|gfm~/ m hmqnzbm

anlnzgo nv{nzg znl~siz ~d {zmjondg fzübifm {gzg m fznvfidnb|m lg iblóv|zig

bgfimbgo3 g ago|g ln dæm ln mjzg nv{nfigoisglg" M mzègdnb|m lnv|n gbm {gzgnvvg aibgoilgln vnzç ln Z, 7 jio`æm/ vnblm Z, 8;; dio`þnv {gzg jmovgv ln

nv|~lm n Z, 6;; dio`þnv {gzg aibgbfigdnb|m nv|~lgb|io" G qnzjg {gzg g

fmbv|z~èæm lgv nvfmogv cç nv|ç bm Mzègdnb|m lm Dibiv|ézim lg Nl~fgèæm"

M mjcn|iqm lm [zmbg|nf/ ln gfmzlm fmd @gllgl/ é fmbv|z~iz dgiv :;;

nvfmogv |éfbifgv g|é :;7<" Vmdglgv gv 7<; npiv|nb|nv g|é :;;: n gv :7<

ibg~h~zglgv l~zgb|n g hnv|æm O~og/ vn g {zmdnvvg amz f~d{zilg/ nd w~g|zm

gbmv m {gäv |nzç >>; ~bilglnv nvfmogznv fmd nvvg aibgoilgln" @gllgl livvnw~n 0; bmqgv nvfmogv cç nv|æm nd fmbv|z~èæm n lnqnzæm vnz nb|znh~nv g|é m

ibäfim lm gbm w~n qnd" M Jgbfm Bgfimbgo ln Lnvnbqmoqidnb|m Nfmbüdifm n

Vmfigo (JBLNV) |nzç Z, 6/> jio`þnv {gzg nvfmogv lm viv|ndg V $ Vnvi/ Vnbgi/

Vnvf n Vnbgf"

$ [zn|nblndmv gd{oigz g np{gbvæm lg znln ln nvfmogv |éfbifgv lg

anlnzgèæm/ g{mz|gblm znf~zvmv lm JBLNV {gzg w~n {mvvgd gb|nfi{gz vn~

{ogbm ln ibqnv|idnb|m" Gw~iom w~n vnzig ani|m nd 7; gbmv/ qgdmv gd{oigz n

lmjzgz g fg{gfilgln lnvvgv l~gv ibv|i|~ièþnv $ livvn @gllgl"

M dibiv|zm gaizdm~ w~n m hmqnzbm |gdjéd izç fmbfnlnz znf~zvmv fmd

c~zmv dgiv jgipmv w~n mv {zg|ifglmv bm dnzfglm ëv nd{znvgv {ziqglgv w~n vn

fmd{zmdn|gd g amzdgz |zgjgo`glmznv" [gzg |gb|m/ izç ~vgz m [zmhzgdg ln

Aibgbfigdnb|m Ibagb|io (Ainv)/ f~cg |gpg ln c~zmv {gzg mv nv|~lgb|nv w~n

fmb|zgnd nd{zév|idmv {gzg ~biqnzvilgln é ln 6/<. gm gbm" [gzg lndmbv|zgz g

{znfgzinlgln bg amzdgèæm |éfbifg ln nv|~lgb|nv/ @gllgl ondjzm~ w~n m

nbvibm v~{nzimz |nqn 1 dio`þnv ln dg|zäf~ogv bm {gäv/ nbw~gb|m m nbvibm



7;

|éfbifm ln bäqno délim ami ln g{nbgv ~d dio`æm" G {znvilnb|n Liodg livvn w~n

é d~i|m id{mz|gb|n {gzg m fznvfidnb|m lm {gäv g~dnb|gz m bódnzm ln

{zmaivvimbgiv |éfbifmv" Qgdmv fmb|ib~gz gd{oigblm gw~iom w~n m {znvilnb|n O~og

lisig fmd d~i|m mzh~o`m w~n böv `gqägdmv fmbvnh~ilm agsnz dgiv nd mi|m gbmv

lm w~n bmv óo|idmv 7;; gbmv $ gaizdm~"

[gzg Liodg/ m [zmbg|nf agzç {nom nbvibm délim m w~n m [zm~bi ans {nom

nbvibm v~{nzimz"



77

< [ZNVILNB\G LIODG VGBFIMBG ONI W^N FZIG M [ZMHZGDG

BGFIMBGO LN GFNVVM GM NBVIBM \ÉFBIFM N ND[ZNHM

G {znvilnb|g lg Zn{ójoifg/ Liodg Zm~vvnaa/ vgbfimbg bnv|g w~gz|g$anizg(:1-7;)/ ëv 77`6;/ nd fnzidübig bm [goçfim lm [ogbgo|m/ g Oni w~n fzig m

[zmhzgdg Bgfimbgoln Gfnvvm gm Nbvibm \éfbifm n gm Nd{znhm ([zmbg|nf)"

Fmd m [zmhzgdg/ m hmqnzbm {zn|nbln lgz fmblièþnv {gzg w~n cmqnbv n

|zgjgo`glmznv f`nh~nd dgiv fg{gfi|glmv gm dnzfglm ln |zgjgo`m/

goéd ln g~dnb|gz g {zml~|iqilgln lg nfmbmdig n g znblg lg {m{~ogèæm"

L~zgb|n g vmonbilgln vnzæm gvvibglmv giblg lmiv lnfzn|mv n ~dg

dnlilg {zmqivözig" ^d lmv lnfzn|mv ibv|i|~i g Znln n$\nf Jzgvio/ w~n manznfnf~zvmv |éfbifmv ln nbvibm délim g liv|êbfig" M m~|zm lnfzn|m znh~ogdnb|g m

G~päoim ln Gqgoigèæm Nl~fgfimbgo (GGN) {gzg {zmanvvmznv w~n {gz|ifi{gznd lm

[zmbg|nf"

M [zmbg|nf |nd fmdm mjcn|iqm np{gbliz/ ib|nzimzisgz n lndmfzg|isgz g

manz|g lnf~zvmv ln nl~fgèæm {zmaivvimbgo |éfbifg ln bäqno délim nd

fmogjmzgèæm fmd nv|glmv/ Liv|zi|m Anlnzgo n d~bifä{imv" M {zmhzgdg lnqn

amdnb|gz n g{migz g np{gbvæm lg znln aävifg ln g|nblidnb|m lg nl~fgèæm{zmaivvimbgo n |nfbmoöhifg n fmb|zij~iz {gzg g dno`mzig lg w~goilgln lm

nbvibm délim {ójoifm/ {mz dnim lg gz|if~ogèæm fmd g nl~fgèæm {zmaivvimbgo"

M hmqnzbm anlnzgo ibqnv|izç Z, :< jio`þnv bm [zmhzgdg/ g|é :;7<" Nvvnv

znf~zvmv vnzæm lnv|ibglmv ë manz|g ln 0 dio`þnv ln qghgv nd

f~zvmv ln amzdgèæm |éfbifg n {zmaivvimbgo/ vnblm w~n 6;. lmv ibqnv|idnb|mv

vnzæm g{oifglmv bgv znhiþnv Bmz|n n Bmzlnv|n" Vnh~blm m DNF/ |nzæm

{zimzilgln bm gfnvvm gm [zmbg|nf nv|~lgb|nv lm nbvibm délim lg znln {ójoifg/

jnbnaifiçzimv lg Jmovg Agdäoig/ ghzif~o|mznv/ {mqmv iblähnbgv n |zgjgo`glmznv

nd hnzgo" @gqnzç znvnzqg ln qghgv {gzg g amzdgèæm ln {nvvmgv

fmd lnaifiãbfig"

[gzg hgzgb|iz m bódnzm ln qghgv/ nv|æm vnblm fmbv|z~älgv :;0 bmqgv

~bilglnv lmv Ibv|i|~|mv Anlnzgiv ln Nl~fgèæm/ Fiãbfig n \nfbmomhig/ vnblm

w~n 6> lnogv aifgzæm {zmb|gv giblg nv|n gbm" Goéd livvm/ m hmqnzbm aizdm~

{gzfnzig fmd m Viv|ndg V ‖ Vnbgi n Vnbgf ‖ {gzg gd{oigz g

manz|g ln f~zvmv {zmaivvimbgoisgb|nv hzg|~i|mv bnv|gv nb|ilglnv" Cç amzgd



7:

ibqnv|ilmv/ |gdjéd/ Z, 7/8 jio`æm bg fmbv|z~èæm ln 781 nvfmogv |éfbifgv

nv|gl~giv n bg znamzdg/ gd{oigèæm n fmd{zg ln nw~i{gdnb|mv {gzg m~|zgv ><6

~bilglnv"

M [zmhzgdg qgi aibgbfigz giblg f~zvmv |éfbifmv

nd nvfmogv {ziqglgv ln nl~fgèæm {zmaivvimbgo/ {mz dnim lm

A~blm ln Aibgbfigdnb|m Nv|~lgb|io (Ainv)" Mv ib|nznvvglmv {mlnzæm vmoifi|gz m

aibgbfigdnb|m bgv nvfmogv |éfbifgv `gjioi|glgv {nom Dibiv|ézim lg Nl~fgèæm"

Nd{znvçzimv {mlnzæm ~vgz m A~blm {gzg fg{gfi|gz vn~v |zgjgo`glmznv/ fmd

|gpgv ln c~zmv gjgipm lg ibaogèæm"

Jzgvio vnd Divézig ‖ M [zmbg|nf qgi lnv|ibgz 7/7 dio`æm ln qghgv nd

f~zvmv ln nl~fgèæm {zmaivvimbgo {gzg mv jnbnaifiçzimv lm {zmhzgdg Jzgvio vnd

Divézig/ w~n |nd fmdm mjcn|iqm |izgz 71 dio`þnv ln {nvvmgv lg np|zndg

{mjznsg nd |mlm m {gäv" [gzg ivvm/ vnzæm aizdglgv {gzfnzig fmd gv {znani|~zgv/

w~n vnzæm gv znv{mbvçqniv {nog dmjioisgèæm lg {m{~ogèæm gl~o|g lm Jmovg

Agdäoig w~n |nzç gfnvvm gmv f~zvmv" M hmqnzbm anlnzgo qgi aibgbfigz/ goéd lgv

qghgv/ |zgbv{mz|n n ogbf`n {gzg nvvnv go~bmv" Ln gfmzlm fmd m DNF/ giblg

bnv|n gbm vnzæm manznfilgv >> dio qghgv {gzg mv jnbnaifiçzimv lm Jzgvio vnd

Divézig"



76

> [ZMHZGDG LN FMDJG\N Ë [MJZNSG NP\ZNDG G\GFGZÇ

GBGOAGJN\IVDM NB\ZN GLÔ\MV

M {zmhzgdg ln nzzglifgèæm lg {mjznsg np|zndg/ w~n vnzç ogbèglm {nomhmqnzbm bm {zöpidm dãv/ |nzç fmdm |übifg {zmdmqnz g g~|mbmdig ln agdäoigv

w~n amzgd zn|izglgv lg divézig {nom Jmovg Agdäoig"Ln gfmzlm fmd m dibiv|zm

Hiojnz|m Fgzqgo`m/ lg Vnfzn|çzig$Hnzgo lg [znvilãbfig lg Zn{ójoifg/ ~d lmv

{mb|mv dgiv id{mz|gb|nv lm {zmhzgdg vnzç m fmdjg|n gm gbgoagjn|ivdm nb|zn

mv gl~o|mv/ anbüdnbm w~n/ g|~godnb|n/ giblg zn{znvnb|g ~d nb|zgqn {gzg g

w~goiaifgèæm {zmaivvimbgo"

*M {zmhzgdg Uln nzzglifgèæm lg {mjznsg np|zndgT {gvvg |gdjéd {nom{zmhzgdg ln goagjn|isgèæm" Böv |ndmv ~d {zmjondg hzgbln ln gbgoagjn|ivdm

ln gl~o|mv" Nv|gdmv {nbvgblm nd znogbègz ~d {zmhzgdg ln goagjn|isgèæm"

Nvvg w~nv|æm é ~dg qnzhmb`g {gzg m Jzgvio giblg*/ livvn m dibiv|zm/ nd

nb|znqiv|g ë Ghãbfig Jzgvio"

M gbgoagjn|ivdm nb|zn gl~o|mv bm {gäv é ~dg w~nv|æm fzübifg w~n

f`nhm~ g vnz |zg|glg {nomv hmqnzbmv dioi|gznv fmd g fzigèæm lm Dmjzgo

(Dmqidnb|m Jzgvionizm ln Goagjn|isgèæm) n/ g{öv g lndmfzg|isgèæm lm {gäv/|mlmv mv hmqnzbmv |iqnzgd {ogbmv {gzg znl~si$om"

Mv bódnzmv lm gbgoagjn|ivdm væm go|mv" Ln gfmzlm fmd g óo|idg

[nvw~ivg Bgfimbgo {mz Gdmv|zg ln Lmdifäoim ([bgl)/ lm Ibv|i|~|m Jzgvionizm ln

Hnmhzgaig n Nv|g|äv|ifg (IJHN)/ liq~ohglg bm gbm {gvvglm/ g |gpg ln

gbgoagjn|ivdm bm Jzgvio nb|zn {nvvmgv fmd 7> gbmv m~ dgiv fgi~ ;/6 {mb|m

{nzfnb|~go/ nb|zn :;;0 n :;;9" M äblifn vgi~ ln 7;./ `ç lmiv gbmv/ {gzg 9/8.

nd :;;9" Ivvm zn{znvnb|g 7</7 dio`þnv ln gbgoagjn|mv"

G dgimzig lmv gbgoagjn|mv (9:/1.) nv|ç fmbfnb|zglg bm hz~{m fmd dgiv

ln :> gbmv ln ilgln" Bm Bmzlnv|n/ g |gpg ln gbgoagjn|ivdm nb|zn g {m{~ogèæm

fmd >; gbmv m~ dgiv f`nhg g <;/7." Goéd livvm/ ~d nd fglg fibfm jzgvionizmv

(:;/6.) é gbgoagjn|m a~bfimbgo" Vn amznd onqglmv nd fmbvilnzgèæm g{nbgv mv

bódnzmv lg Znhiæm Bmzlnv|n/ g |gpg ln gbgoagjn|ivdm a~bfimbgo f`nhg g

6;/0." [gzg g Mzhgbisgèæm lgv Bgèþnv ^bilgv {gzg g Nl~fgèæm/ g Fiãbfig n

g F~o|~zg (^bnvfm)/ gbgoagjn|m a~bfimbgo é m ibliqäl~m fmd dnbmv ln w~g|zm



7<

gbmv ln nv|~lm fmd{on|mv" Non/ nd hnzgo/ oã n nvfznqn azgvnv vid{onv/ dgv bæm

é fg{gs ln ib|nz{zn|gz |np|mv n fmomfgz ilnigv bm {g{no

Fgzqgo`m gqgoim~ w~n m bmqm {zmhzgdg ln fmdjg|n gm gbgoagjn|ivdm

nb|zn gl~o|mv |nzç w~n |nz ~d nbamw~n dgiv gd{om w~n gv lndgiv gèþnv cç

lnvnbqmoqilgv fmd m dnvdm mjcn|iqm" *M Dmjzgo |izgqg g {nvvmg lm

gbgoagjn|ivdm/ dgv bæm agsig g {nvvmg gqgbègz dgiv lm w~n ivvm" G ilnig é

agsnz fmd w~n g {nvvmg {mvvg gqgbègz dgiv*/ livvn m dibiv|zm"

M hmqnzbm giblg bæm liq~ohm~ m lig lm ogbègdnb|m lm {zmhzgdg ln

nzzglifgèæm lg {mjznsg np|zndg/ w~n nv|ç vnblm {nbvglm fmdm {zimzilgln

{nom hmqnzbm lg {znvilnb|g Liodg Zm~vvnaa" M w~n vn agog é ln ~d {ogbm dgiv

gd{om/ w~n g{mv|gzç bg w~goiaifgèæm {zmaivvimbgo n nd amzdgv ln ibfo~iz mv

jnbnaifiglmv {nom Jmovg Agdäoig bg fglnig {zml~|iqg" Bg vndgbg {gvvglg/

gb|nv lm anziglm lg Vndgbg Vgb|g/ g dibiv|zg \nznsg Fgd{noom vn zn~bi~ fmd

Liodg/ bm [goçfim lm [ogbgo|m/ n |gdjéd fmd m dibiv|zm lg Agsnblg/ H~ilm

Dgb|nhg/ {gzg |zg|gz lm |ndg" Bnv|g vndgbg/ vnzç ghnblglg m~|zg zn~biæm

fmd g dibiv|zg {gzg |zg|gz lmv ln|go`nv aibgiv lm {ogbm"

*Væm dnlilgv |mdglgv |mlgv bg {nzv{nf|iqg ln fzigz g g~|mbmdig lgv

{nvvmgv" \iqndmv/ g|é ghmzg/ m Jmovg Agdäoig fmdm nondnb|m nvvnbfigo {gzg g

zn|izglg lgv {nvvmgv lg divézig" M hmqnzbm {nbvg nd dgb|nz m Jmovg Agdäoig/

{mzw~n bæm lç giblg {gzg qiqnz vnd non" Dgv m {zmhzgdg ln nzzglifgèæm lg

{mjznsg qgi agsnz fmd w~n nvvn fmb|ibhnb|n ln filglæmv/ w~n amzdg dgiv ln

77 dio`þnv ln agdäoigv/ {mvvg lgz mv {zöpidmv {gvvmv z~dm ë ibln{nblãbfig*/

np{oifm~ m dibiv|zm" Fgzqgo`m np{oifm~ giblg w~n g w~goiaifgèæm {zmaivvimbgo nv|ç

bm fnzbn lm {zmhzgdg" *Bnvvn vnb|ilm/ qgi bg oib`g d~i|m amz|n ln w~goiaifgèæm/

ln |znibgdnb|m" [gzg ivvm/ g nfmbmdig |nd w~n fmb|ib~gz hizgblm/ vnbæm nvvg

hnb|n bæm qgi {mlnz ibhznvvgz bm dnzfglm ln |zgjgo`m" Böv |ndmv/ `mcn/ ~dglndgblg fglg qns dgimz ln dæm ln mjzg w~goiaifglg*/ mjvnzqm~"

M~|zm {mb|m id{mz|gb|n/ ln gfmzlm fmd m dibiv|zm/ vnzç m ibqnv|idnb|m

nd fznf`nv {gzg lgz g~|mbmdig lgv d~o`nznv w~n |ãd aio`mv/ fmd{zmdivvm ln

fgd{gb`g gvv~dilm {nog {znvilnb|g" *M {zmhzgdg {gvvg {nog w~nv|æm lg

ibaêbfig n/ bnvvn fmb|np|m/ m hmqnzbm {znqã g fzigèæm ln 1 dio fznf`nv" [mz ~d

oglm/ g fznf`n |nd g a~bèæm ln lgz ë fzigbèg g goidnb|gèæm glnw~glg bmv

{zidnizmv gbmv n g {znvilnb|g nv|ç d~i|m g|nb|g g ivvm/ goéd lg oijnzgèæm lgd~o`nz/ lg dæn/ {gzg m |zgjgo`m*/ lnv|gfm~"



7>

1 DN\GV [ZNQIV\GV BG [ZM[MV\G LM [BN :;77$:;:;

Ibqnv|idnb|mv {ójoifmv

G|é :;:;3 gd{oigz {zmhznvviqgdnb|n m ibqnv|idnb|m {ójoifm ndnl~fgèæm g|é g|ibhiz/ bm däbidm/ 8. lm [zml~|m Ib|nzbm Jz~|m ([IJ) lm [gäv"

[zmanvvmznv

G|é :;763

$ gvvnh~zgz g npiv|ãbfig ln {ogbmv ln fgzznizg {gzg mv {zmaivvimbgiv lm

dghiv|ézim nd |mlmv mv viv|ndgv ln nbvibm"

G|é :;:;3

$ hgzgb|iz w~n ^biæm/ nv|glmv/ Liv|zi|m Anlnzgo n d~bifä{imv fmogjmznd{gzg w~n |mlmv mv {zmanvvmznv lg nl~fgèæm jçvifg {mvv~gd amzdgèæm

nv{nfäaifg ln bäqno v~{nzimz/ mj|ilg nd f~zvm ln oifnbfig|~zg bg çzng ln

fmb`nfidnb|m nd w~n g|~gd5

$ amzdgz >;. lmv {zmanvvmznv lg nl~fgèæm jçvifg nd bäqno ln {öv$

hzgl~gèæm og|m n v|zif|m vnbv~5

$ hgzgb|iz g |mlmv mv lmfnb|nv/ amzdgèæm fmb|ib~glg nd v~g çzng ln

g|~gèæm5$ qgomzisgz m dghiv|ézim {ójoifm lg nl~fgèæm jçvifg {gzg g{zmpidgz m

vgoçzim délim lm {zmanvvmz fmd dgiv ln mbsn gbmv ln nvfmogzilgln gm

znblidnb|m délim lmv lndgiv {zmaivvimbgiv fmd nvfmogzilgln nw~iqgonb|n"

Lizn|mznv ln nvfmogv

G|é :;:;3

$ hgzgb|iz/ dnligb|n oni nv{nfäaifg g{zmqglg bm êdji|m lmv nv|glmv/ lm

Liv|zi|m Anlnzgo n lmv d~bifä{imv/ g bmdngèæm ln lizn|mznv qibf~oglg g fzi|ézimv

|éfbifmv ln dézi|m n lnvnd{nb`m n ë {gz|ifi{gèæm lg fmd~bilgln nvfmogz"

Nl~fgèæm ibagb|io

G|é :;713

$ ~biqnzvgoisgz m g|nblidnb|m nvfmogz lg {m{~ogèæm ln w~g|zm n fibfm

gbmv ln ilgln"

G|é :;:;3

$ gd{oigz g manz|g ln nl~fgèæm ibagb|io {gzg g|nblnz g >;. lg {m{~ogèæm

ln g|é |zãv gbmv ln ilgln"



71

Nbvibm a~blgdnb|go

G|é :;:;3

$ ~biqnzvgoisgz m nbvibm a~blgdnb|go ln bmqn gbmv {gzg |mlg g

{m{~ogèæm ln vniv g 7< gbmv ln ilgln"

Nbvibm délim

G|é :;:;3

$ nonqgz g |gpg ln dg|zäf~ogv bm nbvibm délim {gzg 0>. lg {m{~ogèæm

nb|zn 7> n 78 gbmv"

Nl~fgèæm {zmaivvimbgo

G|é :;:;3

$ manznfnz {nom dnbmv :>. lgv dg|zäf~ogv lmv f~zvmv ln Nl~fgèæm ln

Cmqnbv n Gl~o|mv (NCG) ln amzdg ib|nhzglg ë nl~fgèæm {zmaivvimbgo bmv gbmv

aibgiv lm nbvibm a~blgdnb|go n bm nbvibm délim5

$ l~{oifgz gv dg|zäf~ogv lg nl~fgèæm {zmaivvimbgo |éfbifg ln bäqno délim/

gvvnh~zgblm g w~goilgln lg manz|g"

Nbvibm v~{nzimz

G|é :;:;3

$ nonqgz g |gpg jz~|g (äblifn w~n onqg nd fmbvilnzgèæm |mlgv gv agipgv

n|çzigv) ln dg|zäf~og bg nl~fgèæm v~{nzimz {gzg >;. n g |gpg oäw~ilg {gzg 66.

lg {m{~ogèæm ln 70 g :< gbmv/ gvvnh~zgblm g w~goilgln lg manz|g5

$ gd{oigz g g|~gèæm ln dnv|znv n lm~|mznv bgv ibv|i|~ièþnv ln nbvibm

v~{nzimz {gzg/ bm däbidm/ 8>. lm fmz{m lmfnb|n nd nan|iqm npnzfäfim" Lnvvn

hz~{m/ {nom dnbmv 6>. lnqnd vnz lm~|mznv5

$ np{gbliz hzgl~godnb|n m bódnzm ln dg|zäf~ogv bg {öv$hzgl~gèæm

v|zif|m vnbv~/ g aid ln amzdgz gb~godnb|n 1; dio dnv|znv n :> dio lm~|mznv"

Nl~fgèæm nd |nd{m ib|nhzgoG|é :;:;3

$ manznfnz nl~fgèæm nd |nd{m ib|nhzgo nd >;. lgv nvfmogv {ójoifgv ln

nl~fgèæm jçvifg"

G|nblidnb|m ibfo~viqm

G|é :;:;3

$ ~biqnzvgoisgz/ {gzg g {m{~ogèæm ln w~g|zm g 78 gbmv ln ilgln/ m

g|nblidnb|m nvfmogz gmv nv|~lgb|nv fmd lnaifiãbfig/ |zgbv|mzbmv homjgiv lm



78

lnvnbqmoqidnb|m n go|gv `gjioilglnv (m~ v~{nzlm|gèæm) bg znln znh~ogz ln

nbvibm"

Goagjn|isgèæm

G|é :;7>3

$ nonqgz g |gpg ln goagjn|isgèæm lg {m{~ogèæm fmd 7> gbmv m~ dgiv {gzg

96/>."

G|é :;:;3

$ goagjn|isgz |mlgv gv fzigbègv g|é/ bm dçpidm/ mv mi|m gbmv ln ilgln5

$ nzzglifgz m gbgoagjn|ivdm gjvmo~|m n znl~siz nd >;. g |gpg ln

gbgoagjn|ivdm a~bfimbgo (w~gblm g {nvvmg oã n nvfznqn/ dgv bæm fmd{znnbln

mv |np|mv)"

Ih~golgln

G|é :;:;3

$ nonqgz g nvfmogzilgln délig lmv filglæmv ln 70 g :< gbmv/ g aid ln

gvvnh~zgz/ {nom dnbmv/ 7: gbmv ln nv|~lm {gzg gv {m{~ogèþnv lm fgd{m/ lgv

znhiþnv ln dnbmz nvfmogzilgln n lmv :>. dgiv {mjznv5

$ ih~gogz g nvfmogzilgln délig nb|zn bnhzmv n bæm bnhzmv/ fmd m ib|~i|m

ln znl~siz g lnvih~golgln nl~fgfimbgo"

Äblifn ln Lnvnbqmoqidnb|m lg Nl~fgèæm Jçvifg (Ilnj)

G|é :;:;3

$ g|ibhiz gv vnh~ib|nv déligv bgfimbgiv bm Ilnj/ (\gjnog {zöpidg {çhibg)

fziglm {nom Ibv|i|~|m Bgfimbgo ln Nv|~lmv n [nvw~ivgv Nl~fgfimbgiv (Ibn{) nd

:;;8 {gzg gqgoigz m lnvnd{nb`m lmv nv|~lgb|nv lmv nbvibmv a~blgdnb|go n

délim nd oäbh~g {mz|~h~nvg n dg|ndç|ifg3

\gjnog 7 $ Äblifnv lm Ilnj

Ilnj :;77 :;76 :;7> :;78 :;79 :;:7

Gbmv ibifigiv lm nbvibm a~blgdnb|go </1 </9 >/: >/> >/8 1/;

Gbmv aibgiv lm nbvibm a~blgdnb|go 6/9 </< </8 >/; >/: >/>

Nbvibm délim 6/8 6/9 </6 </8 >/; >/:

Amb|n3 `||{3--xxx:"fgdgzg"hmq"jz



70

8 LIZN\ZISNV LN HMQNZBM

Lizn|zisnv ln Hmqnzbm lg [znvilnb|g lm Jzgvio/ Liodg Zm~vvnaa" Onig

gjgipm gv |znsn lizn|zisnv lm hmqnzbm lg [znvilnb|g lm Jzgvio/ Liodg Zm~vvnaa"

8"7 NP[GBLIZ N AMZ\GONFNZ G LNDMFZGFIG [MOÄ\IFG/ NFMBÜDIFG

N VMFIGODNB\N

M amz|gonfidnb|m lg lndmfzgfig {moä|ifg vnzç fmbvmoilglm {mz dnim lg

fmb|ib~ilgln lg znamzdg lm Nv|glm5 {nog {znvnzqgèæm lg g~|mbmdig lmv{mlnznv fmbv|i|~älmv5 izznv|zi|g oijnzlgln ln id{znbvg n ln np{znvvæm lg

oijnzlgln znoihimvg5 g{zma~blgdnb|m lm znv{ni|m gmv Lizni|mv @~dgbmv n

ibfnb|iqm ë {gz|ifi{gèæm {m{~ogz {gzg w~n `gcg ~dg znamzdg {moä|ifg w~n

amz|gonèg gv ibv|i|~ièþnv" Nvvg znamzdg vnzç lnfililg nd ~d gd{om liçomhm

nb|zn g vmfinlgln n v~gv mzhgbisgèþnv {mz dnim lm Fmbhznvvm Bgfimbgo/ fmd

m mjcn|iqm ln lgz dgimz fmbviv|ãbfig ë zn{znvnb|gèæm {m{~ogz n gmv {gz|ilmv"

8": FZNVFNZ DGIV/ FMD NP[GBVÆM LM ND[ZNHM N LG ZNBLG/ FMD

NWÎOÄJZIM DGFZMNFMBÜDIFM/ VND QÔBNZGJIOILGLN

NP\NZBG N LNVIH^GOLGLNV ZNHIMBGIV

Gv {moä|ifgv w~n dgb|iqnzgd n np{gblizgd mv bäqniv ln fznvfidnb|m

gofgbèglmv bmv óo|idmv gbmv vnzæm dgb|ilgv {mz dnim lg gd{oigèæm ln

ibqnv|idnb|mv/ {m~{gbèg n fmbw~iv|gv vmfigiv" G {moä|ifg dgfzmnfmbüdifg vnzç

fmd{g|äqno fmd m nw~ioäjzim aivfgo/ fmd gèþnv ln fmb|zmon ë ibaogèæm n g~päoim gm

fznvfidnb|m ln znblg lgv fgdglgv dgiv {mjznv lg {m{~ogèæm" Nv|æm

{znqiv|gv d~lgbègv |zij~|çzigv w~n zgfimbgoisnd n znl~sgd mv nani|mv lg

nv|z~|~zg g|~go fmd m mjcn|iqm ln jnbnaifigz g {zml~èæm bgfimbgo n g

np{mz|gèæm" Goéd livvm/ m hmqnzbm glm|gzç {moä|ifgv znhimbgiv {gzg w~n omfgiv

fmdm g Gdgsübig/ Bmzlnv|n n Fnb|zm$Mnv|n vn glnw~nd ë libêdifg lm V~o n

V~lnv|n/ {zmdmqnblm gvvid ~d lnvnbqmoqidnb|m dgiv `gzdübifm gm [gäv"



79

8"6 LGZ VNHÎDNB\M G ^D [ZMCN\M BGFIMBGO LN

LNVNBQMOQIDNB\M W^N GVVNH^ZN HZGBLN N V^V\NB\ÇQNO

\ZGBVAMZDGÈÆM [ZML^\IQG LM JZGVIO

Gv {moä|ifgv ibl~v|zigo/ ghzäfmog/ nbnzhé|ifg n ln ibazgnv|z~|~zg vnzæm

ibv|z~dnb|mv fnb|zgiv {gzg |zgbvamzdgèæm {zml~|iqg lm [gäv" G {moä|ifg

ibl~v|zigo qgi fmbfioigz m lnvnbqmoqidnb|m lgv hzgblnv fmd gv difzm/ {nw~nbgv

n déligv nd{znvgv/ znv{mbvçqniv {nog hnzgèæm lg dgimz {gz|n lmv nd{znhmv

lm Jzgvio" [gzg nv|id~ogz m nd{znnblnlmzivdm/ vnzæm lnaibilgv {moä|ifgv

nv{nfigiv |zij~|çzigv/ {zmcn|mv ln w~goiaifgèæm {zmaivvimbgo n gd{oigèæm ln

dnzfglmv bgfimbgiv n ib|nzbgfimbgiv" Cç g {moä|ifg ghzäfmog amz|gonfnzç gghzif~o|~zg agdioigz n m ghzmbnhöfim/ gd{oigzç m fzéli|m n m g{mim finb|äaifm n

|nfbmoöhifmv g mzhgbisgèþnv fmdm g Nd{znvg Jzgvionizg ln [nvw~ivg

Ghzm{nf~çzig (Ndjzg{g) n lgzç {zmvvnh~idnb|m ë znamzdg ghzçzig nd

gblgdnb|m" Goéd livvm/ m g{zma~blgdnb|m lm g|nblidnb|m ëv lndgblgv

omhäv|ifgv |nzæm m mjcn|iqm ln gfnonzgz n jgzg|ngz m nvfmgdnb|m n m

gzdgsnbgdnb|m lg {zml~èæm ghzäfmog |gb|m {gzg m dnzfglm ib|nzbm w~gb|m

{gzg m np|nzbm" G {moä|ifg nbnzhé|ifg/ {mz v~g qns/ lgzç ãbagvn ë {zml~èæm lnnbnzhig znbmqçqno n ë {nvw~ivg ln bmqgv amb|nv oid{gv/ goéd ln {zmvvnh~iz

fmd g ib|nzbgfimbgoisgèæm ln v~g {moä|ifg nbnzhé|ifg" [mz aid/ {gzg d~lgbèg lg

ibazgnv|z~|~zg/ fmdm cç qnd vnblm |zg|glg bm [zmhzgdg ln Gfnonzgèæm lm

Fznvfidnb|m ([GF)/ noidibgzç mv mjv|çf~omv w~n oidi|gd m fznvfidnb|m

nfmbüdifm/ nv{nfigodnb|n bm |zgbv{mz|n anzzmqiçzim n zmlmqiçzim/ bmv {mz|mv/

gnzm{mz|mv n bgv fmblièþnv ln gzdgsnbghnd" M~|zgv w~nv|þnv znogfimbglgv ë

dgimzig lg {m{~ogèæm jzgvionizg fmdm vgbngdnb|m jçvifm/ |zgbv{mz|n n

`gji|gèæm |gdjéd znfnjnzæm g|nbèæm nv{nfigo"

8"< LNANBLNZ M DNIM GDJINB\N N HGZGB\IZ ^D

LNVNBQMOQIDNB\M V^V\NB\ÇQNO

G {moä|ifg gdjinb|go f~ilgzç {gzg w~n m [gäv |nb`g ~d dmlnom ln

lnvnbqmoqidnb|m gm dnvdm |nd{m v~v|nb|çqno n ibfo~viqm" M {zmhzgdg ln



:;

fmdjg|n gm lnvdg|gdnb|m/ gvvid fmdm g {zm|nèæm ln bmvvmv jimdgv ‖ nd

nv{nfigo g Gdgsübig/ Fnzzglm n Dg|g G|oêb|ifg ‖ vnzæm dgb|ilmv" Ibifig|iqgv

w~n gd{oind g manz|g ln çh~g/ nvhm|gdnb|m vgbi|çzim/ fmon|g n {zmfnvvgdnb|m

ln oipm bgv filglnv jzgvionizgv |gdjéd vnzæm fmb|ib~glgv" Gv nd{znvgv

lnqnzæm onqgz nd fmb|g mv fzi|ézimv ln {zm|nèæm gdjinb|go" Mv |zgjgo`mv ln

smbngdnb|m ghzmnfmoöhifm/ ln znf~{nzgèæm ln |nzzgv lnhzglglgv n ln

id{ondnb|gèæm ln {zmcn|mv ln dgbncm aomznv|go vnzæm g{zma~blglmv" Goéd

livvm/ m hmqnzbm vn fmd{zmdn|n fmd gv dn|gv g{znvnb|glgv qmo~b|gzigdnb|n

nd Fm{nb`gh~nb n fmb|ib~gzç g lnanblnz/ nd amzmv ib|nzbgfimbgiv/ {moä|ifgv

w~n nv|gjnonègd znv{mbvgjioilglnv gdjinb|giv ih~goi|çzigv {gzg |mlmv mv

{gävnv"

8"> NZZGLIFGZ G [MJZNSG GJVMO^\G N [ZMVVNHÎZ ZNL^SIBLM

GV LNVIH^GOLGLNV" [ZMDMQNZ G IH^GOLGLN/ FMD HGZGB\IG

LN A^\^ZM [GZG MV VN\MZNV LIVFZIDIBGLMV BG VMFINLGLN

M [zmhzgdg Jmovg Agdäoig fmb|ib~gzç |nblm {g{no znonqgb|n bg ibfo~væm

vmfigo" Gv {moä|ifgv vmfigiv vnzæm fmd{ondnb|glgv fmd g gd{oigèæm lg hnzgèæmln nd{znhm n znblg/ amz|gonfidnb|m lg nfmbmdig vmoilçzig n ln {zmhzgdgv ln

fg{gfi|gèæm n fzéli|m w~n agqmznègd m nd{znnblnlmzivdm" Vnzæm gd{oiglgv

|gdjéd ibifig|iqgv onhgiv n gldibiv|zg|iqgv ln ih~golgln ln lizni|mv n

m{mz|~bilglnv {gzg d~o`nznv/ bnhzmv/ {m{~ogèþnv iblähnbgv/ ilmvmv n m~|zmv

vn|mznv lg vmfinlgln w~n vncgd livfzidibglmv"

8"1 M HMQNZBM LN LIODG VNZÇ LN \MLMV MV JZGVIONIZMV N

JZGVIONIZGV N LGZÇ G\NBÈÆM NV[NFIGO GMV \ZGJGO@GLMZNV

Gèþnv w~n agfioi|nd m gfnvvm amzdgo gm |zgjgo`m/ nd {gz|if~ogz gmv

cmqnbv n vnhdnb|mv `mcn livfzidibglmv/ vnzæm {zimzisglgv" M Hmqnzbm {znqã

giblg go|nzbg|iqgv {gzg ibvnzèæm mf~{gfimbgo ln jnbnaifiçzimv lm Jmovg Agdäoig5

{zm|nèæm gm nd{znhm n znblg lmv |zgjgo`glmznv n fmdjg|n g |mlg n w~gow~nzamzdg ln |zgjgo`m ibagb|io/ {znfçzim m~ lnhzglgb|n" Goéd livvm/ {zmdmqnzç



:7

znogèþnv n fmblièþnv ln |zgjgo`m vg~lçqniv ln gfmzlm fmd w~goiaifgèæm lg

Mzhgbisgèæm Ib|nzbgfimbgo lm \zgjgo`m (MI\)" G ib|nbviaifgèæm lm liçomhm fmd

mv viblifg|mv |nzç {mz mjcn|iqm lnaibiz gv hzgblnv oib`gv lgv {moä|ifgv

|zgjgoìv|gv" [gzg dno`mzgz g w~goilgln ln qilg lmv |zgjgo`glmznv/ nv|æm

{znqiv|gv ibifig|iqgv w~n gjzgbhnd `gji|gèæm/ vgbngdnb|m/ |zgbv{mz|n/

nl~fgèæm n vgóln"

8"8 HGZGB\IZ NL^FGÈÆM [GZG IH^GOLGLN VMFIGO/ G FILGLGBIG N

M LNVNBQMOQIDNB\M

Vnzç hgzgb|ilm gmv jzgvionizmv ‖ nd nv{nfigo gmv cmqnbv ‖ gfnvvm g

nvfmog ln w~goilgln w~n fmdjibn nbvibm ln w~goilgln n fg{gfi|gèæm

{zmaivvimbgo" M Hmqnzbm f~ilgzç lg {zé$nvfmog ë {öv$hzgl~gèæm/

liv{mbijioisgblm dgiv qnzjg {gzg nv|id~ogz {nvw~ivgv n amz|gonfnz m nbvibm

v~{nzimz" M {zmhzgdg [zm^bi vnzç dgb|ilm n {m|nbfigoisglm/ {nzdi|iblm w~n

dgiv nv|~lgb|nv ln jgipg znblg ibhznvvnd bg ~biqnzvilgln" M {zmcn|m ln

fmbv|z~èæm lgv Ibv|i|~ièþnv Anlnzgiv ln Nl~fgèæm \nfbmoöhifg (Ian|) vnzç

gd{oiglm n gv filglnv {öom fmd dgiv ln >; dio `gji|gb|nv |nzæm/ {nom dnbmv/~dg nvfmog |éfbifg"

M Hmqnzbm Anlnzgo gvv~dizç g znv{mbvgjioilgln lg fzigèæm ln 1 dio

fznf`nv n {zé$nvfmogv n 7; dio w~glzgv nv{mz|iqgv fmjnz|gv" Goéd livvm/

`gqnzç ~dg gd{og dmjioisgèæm nbqmoqnblm {mlnznv {ójoifmv n vmfinlgln fiqio

{gzg w~n m gbgoagjn|ivdm vncg nzzglifglm"

8"0 \ZGBVAMZDGZ M JZGVIO ND [M\ÃBFIG FINB\ÄAIFG N

\NFBMOÖHIFG

M Hmqnzbm Anlnzgo np{gblizç mv znf~zvmv lnv|ibglmv ë [nvw~ivg n

Lnvnbqmoqidnb|m/ gd{oigblm v~jv|gbfigodnb|n m bódnzm ln jmovgv ln nv|~lm

manznfilm {nog Fmmzlnbgèæm ln G{nzanièmgdnb|m ln [nvvmgo ln Bäqno V~{nzimz

(Fg{nv) n {nom Fmbvno`m Bgfimbgo ln Lnvnbqmoqidnb|m Finb|äaifm n\nfbmoöhifm (FB[w)" Vnzæm {ziqionhiglgv gv {nvw~ivgv nd jim|nfbmomhig n



::

bgbm|nfbmomhig/ zmjö|ifg n bmqmv dg|nzigiv/ |nfbmomhig lg ibamzdgèæm n

fmd~bifgèæm/ vgóln n {zml~èæm ln açzdgfmv/ jimfmdj~v|äqniv n nbnzhigv

znbmqçqniv/ ghzif~o|~zg/ vndiçzilm/ çzngv b~fongz n nv{gfigo/ znf~zvmv lm dgz n

lnanvgv" G ibfo~væm lihi|go vn lgzç fmd g np{gbvæm lg jgblg ogzhg {gzg |mlm

[gäv/ nd nv{nfigo {gzg gv nvfmogv"

8"9 ^BIQNZVGOISGZ G VGÓLN N HGZGB\IZ G W^GOILGLN LM

G\NBLIDNB\M LM V^V

M g{nzanièmgdnb|m lm Viv|ndg Óbifm ln Vgóln (V^V) n vn~v

dnfgbivdmv ln hnv|æm/ aivfgoisgèæm n fmb|zmon ln w~goilgln lmv vnzqièmv

{znv|glmv væm {zimzilgln bm bmqm Hmqnzbm Anlnzgo" Vnzæm fmb|ib~glgv gv

{moä|ifgv {ójoifgv ln gd{oigèæm lm Vnzqièm ln G|nblidnb|m Döqno ln ^zhãbfig

(Vgd~)/ m {zmhzgdg Jzgvio Vmzzilnb|n/ gv Agzdçfigv [m{~ogznv/ g np{gbvæm

lgv nw~i{nv lm [zmhzgdg Vgóln lg Agdäoig n g id{ogb|gèæm lgv ^bilglnv ln

[zmb|m G|nblidnb|m (^[G) n [moifoäbifgv" \mlgv gv gèþnv vnzæm

fmd{ondnb|glgv {mz ~dg {moä|ifg ln znnv|z~|~zgèæm lg g|nbèæm `mv{i|gogz"

@gqnzç nv{nfigo g|nbèæm gmv {zmhzgdgv ln vgóln dnb|go/ |zg|gdnb|m lmgofmmoivdm/ ln{nblãbfig gm fzgfe n m~|zgv lzmhgv w~n gan|gd g c~qnb|~ln lm

[gäv" G ~biqnzvgoisgèæm lg vgóln vn lgzç {mz dnim lg manz|g hzg|~i|g ln

zndélimv fmb|zg ì{nz|nbvæm n m ligjn|nv/ lnvnbqmoqidnb|m ln {zmhzgdgv

bgfimbgiv ln {znqnbèæm lm fêbfnz/ zngjioi|gèæm ln {nvvmgv fmd lnaifiãbfig n

g|nbèæm gmv ilmvmv" Nv|ç {znqiv|m m lnvnbqmoqidnb|m lm fmd{onpm {zml~|iqm lg

vgóln ‖ zngoisglm nd fmbc~b|m fmd g {moä|ifg ln Fiãbfig n \nfbmomhig $ {gzg

agsnz fmd w~n m [gäv vn |mzbn g~|mvv~aifinb|n nd znogèæm ë {zml~èæm lnzndélimv n bg gd{oigèæm lg agjzifgèæm ln hnbézifmv"



:6

8"7; [ZMQNZ GV FILGLNV LN @GJI\GÈÆM/ VGBNGDNB\M/

\ZGBV[MZ\N N [ZM[IFIGZ QILG LIHBG N VNH^ZG GMV

JZGVIONIZMV

M {zmhzgdg `gji|gfimbgo Dib`g Fgvg/ Dib`g Qilg {znqã g fmbv|z~èæm ln

dgiv ln : dio`þnv ln dmzgligv" M Hmqnzbm lgzç {zmvvnh~idnb|m ë

lndmfzg|isgèæm lm gfnvvm g |nzzg ~zjgbg n g znh~ogzisgèæm lg {zm{zinlgln bmv

|nzdmv lg oni/ jnd fmdm g ~biqnzvgoisgèæm lm vgbngdnb|m n g{mim g hnv|æm

ib|nhzglg ln znväl~mv vöoilmv" Fmd m mjcn|iqm ln {znqnbiz lnvgv|znv

gdjinb|giv/ nv|ç {znqiv|g g fzigèæm ln ~d {zmhzgdg bgfimbgo ln lnanvg ~zjgbg"

Vnzç fmb|ib~glm m {zmhzgdg w~n mjcn|iqg lm|gz gv filglnv ln |zgbv{mz|nfmon|iqm naifinb|n/ np{gbliblm m dn|zü bgv {zibfi{giv filglnv lm [gäv" \mlgv gv

{moä|ifgv ~zjgbgv vn gz|if~ogzæm fmd g bnfnvvilgln ln lnvnbqmoqidnb|m

nfmbüdifm n gdjinb|go lmv |nzzi|özimv/ ln ibfo~væm vmfigo n ln {zmdmèæm ln

~dg f~o|~zg ln {gs bgv filglnv"

8"77 QGOMZISGZ G FÔ\^ZG BGFIMBGO/ LIGOMHGZ FMD M^\ZGV

FÔ\^ZGV/ LNDMFZG\ISGZ MV JNBV FÔ\^ZGIV N AGQMZNFNZ GLNDMFZG\ISGÈÆM LG FMD^BIFGÈÆM

Vnzæm gd{oiglmv mv {mb|mv ln f~o|~zg n m~|zmv nw~i{gdnb|mv n

id{ondnb|glm m Qgon F~o|~zg" G fmd~bifgèæm oiqzn/ {o~zgo n fg{gs ln znaon|iz gv

liv|ib|gv np{znvvþnv lg vmfinlgln jzgvionizg vnzç agqmznfilg" M amz|gonfidnb|m

lm Viv|ndg Bgfimbgo ln F~o|~zg {nzdi|izç ~dg {znvnbèg dgimz ln ibifig|iqgv nd

liqnzvgv filglnv lm [gäv" G dndözig n m {g|zidübim ìv|özifm n f~o|~zgo

bgfimbgo vnzæm qgomzisglmv" Goéd livvm/ m Dibiv|ézim lg F~o|~zg {zm{mzç

ibifig|iqgv {gzg amz|gonfnz g iblóv|zig g~limqiv~go bgfimbgo/ fmbnf|gblm$g fmd g

ln m~|zmv {gävnv/ nd nv{nfigo mv lg Gdézifg lm V~o" Vnzæm g{nzanièmglmv mv

dnfgbivdmv ln aibgbfigdnb|m lg f~o|~zg"



:<

8"7: HGZGB\IZ G VNH^ZGBÈG LMV FILGLÆMV N FMDJG\NZ M FZIDN

MZHGBISGLM

M Hmqnzbm Anlnzgo lgzç fmb|ib~ilgln gm [zmhzgdg Bgfimbgo lnVnh~zgbèg [ójoifg fmd Filglgbig ([zmbgvfi)/ ibifiglm {nom Dibiv|ézim lg

C~v|ièg" Fmbvmoilgzç g gz|if~ogèæm nb|zn g zn{znvvæm w~goiaifglg n ib|noihnb|n gm

fzidn/ ib|nhzgblm viv|ndg ln ibamzdgèæm lg vnh~zgbèg n {zmaivvimbgoisgblm g

hnv|æm fmd lnvnbqmoqidnb|m ln ib|noihãbfig {moifigo n go|g |nfbmomhig" Fmomfgzç

nd {zç|ifg {zmcn|mv ln ~zjgbisgèæm ln çzngv ln dgimz fmbaoi|m n {zmhzgdgv

vmfigiv n ln vgóln {gzg g|nblnz gmv cmqnbv ~v~çzimv ln lzmhgv" Amz|gonfnzç

{zmhzgdgv ln fg{gfi|gèæm {moifigo fmdm Jmovg$Amzdgèæm n gd{oigzç mv\nzzi|özimv ln [gs n gv ^[[v (^bilglnv ln [moäfig [gfiaifglmzg)"

M |zgjgo`m lg [moäfig Zmlmqiçzig Anlnzgo vnzç znamzèglm" [zmvvnh~izç

fmd mv nvamzèmv ln d~lgz gv oniv {zmfnvv~giv {nbgiv n nd ~dg znamzdg

{zma~blg lm viv|ndg {nbi|nbfiçzim" Goéd livvm/ g [moäfig Anlnzgo n gv Amzègv

Gzdglgv ib|nbviaifgzæm m fmb|zmon n lnanvg ln bmvvgv azmb|nizgv {gzg id{nliz m

|zçaifm ln lzmhgv n ln gzdgv"

8"76 LNANBLNZ G VMJNZGBIG BGFIMBGO" [MZ ^DG [ZNVNBÈG G\IQG

N GO\IQG LM JZGVIO BM D^BLM

G {moä|ifg np|nzbg lm Hmqnzbm lgzç ãbagvn nv{nfigo gmv {zmfnvvmv ln

ib|nhzgèæm v~o$gdnzifgbg n og|ibm$gdnzifgbg/ ë fmm{nzgèæm V~o$V~o (Jzif/ Ijgv)

n ë vmoilgzinlgln fmd {gävnv {mjznv n nd lnvnbqmoqidnb|m" Gv {gzfnzigv

|zglifimbgiv vnzæm dgb|ilgv n gd{oiglgv n g {moä|ifg np|nzbg vnzç ibv|z~dnb|m

id{mz|gb|n {gzg g liqnzviaifgèæm lm fmdézfim np|nzimz n np{gbvæm lmv

ibqnv|idnb|mv n fmd{ondnb|gèæm {zml~|iqg"

M Jzgvio fmb|ib~gzç aino gmv {zibfä{imv ln bæm ib|nzqnbèæm/ ln Lnanvg lmv

Lizni|mv @~dgbmv/ ln o~|g {nog {gs d~bligo n {nom lnvgzdgdnb|m" M Jzgvio

fmb|ib~gzç dgb|nblm ~d liçomhm fmbv|z~|iqm n vmjnzgbm fmd mv {gävnv

lnvnbqmoqilmv n nd lnvnbqmoqidnb|m bg nvanzg jiog|nzgo m~ nd mzhgbivdmv

d~o|iog|nzgiv/ fmdm m H:;" G fmbvmoilgèæm n g id{ondnb|gèæm lg bmqg {moä|ifg



:>

ln lnanvg/ bmv |nzdmv lg Nv|zg|éhig Bgfimbgo/ vnzç gfmd{gb`glg lm

znnw~i{gdnb|m lgv Amzègv Gzdglgv n lg {onbg id{ogb|gèæm lm Dibiv|ézim lg

Lnanvg ibifiglg bm hmqnzbm O~og"



:1

ZNANZÃBFIGV

LIZN\ZISNV" Hmqnzbm/ [znvilãbfig" Lizn|zisnv lm Hmqnzbm" Liv{mbäqno nd3 ?

`||{3--xxx:"{ogbgo|m"hmq"jz-{znvilnb|g-lizn|zisnv$ln$hmqnzbm2" Gfnvvm nd37>-77-:;77"

NL^FGFGM$N$FÔ\^ZG-79790<$DN\GV$[ZNQIV\GV$BG$[ZM[MV\G$LM$

[BN$:;77$:;:;"`|do2" Gfnvvm nd3 7>-77-:;77"

NL^FGÈÆM" M Homjm" Liodg ogbèg {zmhzgdg {gzg np{gbliz nbvibm |éfbifm"

Liv{mbäqno nd3 ? `||{3--mhomjm"homjm"fmd-nl~fgfgm-liodg$ogbfg${zmhzgdg${gzg$

np{gbliz$nbvibm$|nfbifm$:89;;;92" Gfnvvm nd3 7>-77-:;77"

ID[ZNBVG" Dibiv|ézim lg Nl~fgèæm" [znvilnb|n Liodg vgbfimbg Oni w~n fzig

m [zmhzgdg Bgfimbgo ln Gfnvvm gm Nbvibm \éfbifm" Liv{mbäqno nd3 ?

`||{3--xxx:"{ogbgo|m"hmq"jz-id{znbvg-znongvnv-{znvilnb|g$liodg$vgbfimbg$oni$

w~n$fzig$m${zmhzgdg$bgfimbgo$ln$gfnvvm$gm$nbvibm$|nfbifm$n$gm$nd{znhm$72"

Gfnvvm nd3 7>-77-:;77"

H7" Nv|~lgb|nv nd vgog ln g~og" DNF lnfiln {mz g~dnb|m bg fgzhg `mzçzignd qns ln dgiv ligv on|iqmv" Liv{mbäqno nd3 ? `||{3--h7"homjm"fmd-qnv|ij~ogz$

n$nl~fgfgm-bm|ifig-:;77-7;-dnf$lnfiln${mz$g~dnb|m$ln$fgzhg$`mzgzig$nd$qns$

ln$dgiv$ligv$on|iqmv"`|do2" Gfnvvm nd3 7>-77-:;77"

MOIQNIZG N [MD[N^" Dgzfnom n Fgzmoibg" Dn|gv {znqiv|gv bg {zm{mv|g lm

[BN :;77$:;:;" Liv{mbäqno nd3 ? `||{3--xxx:"fgdgzg"hmq"jz-ghnbfig-bm|ifigv-

ZMF@G" Linhm" Nl~fgèæm" Liv{mbäqno nd3 ?`||{3--{mz|go"dnf"hmq"jz-iblnp"{`{

=m{|imb4fmd]fmb|nb|!qinx4gz|ifon!il478;812" Gfnvvm nd3 7>-77-:;77"

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