PROVA_DE_INGLES_MESTRADO_2011

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Answer Questions 1-20 with reference to the text whichfollows. There is one and only one correct answer for eachquestion.

1. The title of the text and the introduction suggest that:a.

HIV vaccines may prove ineffective if insufficient numbers of peopleare willing to be inoculated

b.

an HIV vaccination campaign could be undermined by lack of availability of sufficient quantities of the vaccine

c.

there is a risk that the proposed HIV vaccine will not be absorbedinto the bodies of many individuals

d.

the general public have failed to respond to threats and promisesregarding HIV

2.

According to Paragraph 2, Peter Newman believes that:a. researchers searching for an HIV vaccine have been banging theirheads against a brick wall for years and are unlikely to come up with

a viable vaccine in the near futureb.

the proposed HIV vaccine amounts to little more than sympatheticmagic

c.

an HIV vaccine can easily be extracted from sandd.

health services need to educate the public regarding the HIV vaccinebefore launching a vaccination campaign

3.

The terms annually and currently in the first sentence of Paragraph 3could be replaced by:

a. seasonably and electricallyb.

each year and fashionablyc.

all year and at present

d.

per year and now

4.

Crucell, mentioned in the second sentence of Paragraph 3, is:a.

a piece of equipment used in the biotech industry

b.

a researcherc.

a Dutch town

d.

a company

5.

The term vaccine candidates, also in the second sentence of Paragraph 3,refers to:

a.

animals on which the vaccine could be testedb.

subjects that researchers believe may respond well to the vaccine

c.

people who have applied for a job working on the development of HIV vaccines

d.

vaccines that researchers believe may be effective

6.

The term meta-analysis in Paragraph 4 refers to:a.

an analysis of the organic chemicals used in previous experiments

b. a study of the terminology and language used to present previousstudies


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c.

a study of the goals of previous analyses of statistical datad.

a study that conducts a statistical analysis of the results of a numberof previous studies without presenting any first-hand empiricalevidence of its own

7. July in Paragraph 4 refers to:a.

July each yearb.

July 2010

c.

the annual deadline for the submission of reportsd.

an academic journal

8.

The term such a yet-to-be-developed vaccine in Paragraph 4 suggeststhat:

a.

a vaccine of this kind has still not been developedb.

the development of an HIV vaccine remains a distant fantasy

c.

some types of HIV vaccine have already been developedd. there is something wrong with the punctuation in this sentence

9.

Which of the following statements CANNOT be deduced withoutreasonable doubt from Paragraph 5?

a.

Seffanie Strathdee is a senior staff member at the San Diego Schoolof Medicine

b.

Steffanie Strathdee is a female employee of the University of California

c.

Steffanie Strathdee was not involved in Newman and Logiesresearch

d.

Steffanie Strathdee believes that HIV prevention strategies shouldnot be restricted to promoting awareness of a vaccination program

10. Which of the following drawings best illustrates the word needle in thelast sentence of Paragraph 5?

A. B.


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C. D.

11. Needle exchange programs are

a.

attempts to cut health-care costs by re-using needle-sticksb.

schemes providing clean needles for users of illicit intravenous drugs

c.

pointless attempts by doctors to share experiencesd.

government-funded international trips to investigate various types of

drug-delivery system12.

Which of the following fractions represents fewer than half? (Paragraph6)

a.

3/4b.

1/3

c.

3/2d.

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13. Paragraph 6 states that Seth Berkley thinks that:

a.

the questionnaire respondents used to give their opinion of the newvaccine was not impartial

b.

the current response to the vaccine initiative looks good but willprobably prove ineffective

c.

it is a relatively positive sign that some people would be willing totake a vaccine that is not 100% effective

d.

his election as CEO was the first significant step towards thecreation of a vaccine that more than 50% of people will be preparedto take

14. Berkley goes on to argue in Paragraph 7 that:

a.

people tend to stop taking medication as soon as they begin to see itseffects

b.

it is not unusual for the public to be somewhat reluctant to takepharmaceutical products when they are first introduced

c.

it will be easy to sell almost all stockpiles of the vaccine within thefirst few days after it is made available in drug stores

d.

people respond less positively to a theoretical drug than to one that isalready available on the market

15.

N. Engl. J. Med . probably stands for:a.

the UK medical establishment

b. discouraging the public from being too optimistic about futurevaccines


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c.

the New England Journal of Medicined.

Norman England and John Meddoes

16. Paragraph 8 suggests that:

a.

the fact that the study was based almost exclusively on data from the

United States and Canada may cast doubt on the validity of itsfindings in other parts of the worldb.

Katherine Kripke believes that the study gives a fair guide to thesituation outside North America

c.

More studies are needed in parts of the United States where there isgreater incidence of HIV

d.

All but three of the studies should be disregarded because they areunrepresentative and biased

17. Of the studies covered by the meta-analysis

a.

the best was conducted in Ugandab. 94% were subsequently also applied in Ugandac.

94% were conducted in Uganda

d.

the best 94% were carried out in North America

18. According to Paragraph 9, why did the STEP trial come to an end:

a.

because there was evidence that the vaccine may be harmfulb.

because people in Africa were demanding a better vaccine

c.

because it was only the first stage in a program scheduled to end in2007

d.

because communities were tired of experiments and wanted a realvaccine

19. the term hardest hit in Paragraph 10 could be replaced by:

a.

bearing the heaviest financial burdenb.

most severely afflicted

c.

least able to coped.

more troubled

20. The article as a whole

a.

denies that HIV causes AIDSb.

violently opposes any attempt to introduce an AIDS vaccine

c. is keen to promote the AIDS vaccine on behalf of pharmaceuticalcompaniesd.

adopts a generally positive attitude towards the possibility of theintroduction of an AIDS vaccine, despite its potential shortcomings


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Lack of uptake threatens promise of HIV vaccines

1. The news out of Thailand last year that an experimental vaccine reduced the risk of contracting HIV by as much as a third reinvigorated hopes that a vaccine against theelusive virus was possible. But new research showing that large swaths of the public

wouldnt bother getting immunized against HIV, were such a vaccine available, callsinto question the effectiveness of the approach in controlling the AIDS epidemic.

2. Even if youve got a vaccine, it doesnt magically get into the people who need it,says Peter Newman, a social science researcher at the University of Toronto. If we putour heads in the sand, then when an HIV vaccine comes out, were going to hit a lot of walls unless there have been good public awareness campaigns.

3. Around $1 billion is spent annually on HIV vaccine research, and there are currentlyaround 30 vaccines in early- to mid-stage clinical trials. The latest trial was announcedlast month by the Dutch biotech Crucell, which plans to test a two-shot combination of vaccine candidates in healthy adults in the US and Africa. But according to Newman,who studies the acceptability of HIV biomedical prevention tools, the rewards of thiseffort could be limited in the absence of a more ardent public health education strategy.

4. Newman and his graduate student Carmen Logie conducted a meta-analysis of 20studies involving more than 7,500 people evaluating their stated willingness to receive ahypothetical HIV vaccine. Reporting in July, the researchers found that, on average,around 65% of study participants said they would get an HIV vaccine, but only around40% were prepared to get immunized if such a yet-to-be-developed vaccine was onlymoderately effective against preventing infection ( AIDS 24, 17491756, 2010).

5. The study uncovers the challenges were going to have once were ready to roll outan HIV vaccine into the community, says Steffanie Strathdee, associate dean of globalhealth sciences at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, whowas not involved in the research. We need to make sure communities understand that avaccine is one component of a comprehensive prevention strategy, which should alsoinclude microbicides, needle exchange programs and antiretroviral therapy, amongother interventions.

6. Even though fewer than half of the respondents said theyd take a partially effectivevaccine, Seth Berkley, president and chief executive officer of the International AIDS

Vaccine Initiative, actually thinks thats a pretty good starting point.7. You never go from zero to 100% coverage with any vaccine; you always have aslow uptake, notes Berkley, who coauthored a paper in July calling the last year arenaissance in HIV vaccine development ( N. Engl. J. Med . 363, e7, 2010). After publichealth officials prove that a non-theoretical vaccine is safe and effective, then youdstart to see acceptance and thats what weve seen with every other vaccine, he says.

8. Given that all but three of the 20 studies included in the analysis were conducted inNorth America, some researchers question how widely applicable the findings are inregions of the world where HIV is more prevalent. Theres a need for more studies in

high-incidence populations, says Katherine Kripke, assistant director of the vaccineresearch program in the US National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Diseases


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division of AIDS in Bethesda, Maryland. I think the issues might be different in placeslike South Africa than they are here [in the US]. (The study with the highest rate of acceptability in Newmans analysis, 94%, was carried out in Uganda.)

9. Indeed, after Mercks STEP trial was halted in 2007 because the vaccine seemed to

increase the risk of HIV infection, many people in Africa were still clamoring to sign upfor the next vaccine trial, according to Alan Bernstein, executive director of the NewYorkbased Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise. The people in the communities have said,please, we need a vaccine.

10. For his part, Newman says he is now applying for funding to repeat the studysquestionnaires in African countries that are hardest hit by the epidemic.

Elie DolginNature Medicine volume 16 | number 9 | September 2010


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Centro de Pesquisas AGGEU MAGALHES

MESTRADO ACADMICO EM SADE PBLICA 2011

Prova de Ingls

Quarta feira dia 03 de novembro de 2010

09h00 12h00

Nome de candidato: ________________________________

RG de candidato: _____________

CPF de candidato: _____________

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1 A B C D 11 A B C D2 A B C D 12 A B C D3 A B C D 13 A B C D4 A B C D 14 A B C D5 A B C D 15 A B C D6 A B C D 16 A B C D7 A B C D 17 A B C D8 A B C D 18 A B C D9 A B C D 19 A B C D10 A B C D 20 A B C D

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