MEG-9-EM.pdf

7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

1/12

>

K

www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk

www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk>

7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

2/12

:

K^. >. Vgea up nky wrgt`r lrdm ydur edurs` nkh hgseuss bgs/b`r wdra lrdm tb` p`rspètgv` dl pdst-edcdkgnc

tb`dry.Nks. H`cys Jgrh gs n Y`st`rk Nustrncgnk wrgt`r, nenh`mge nkh `hgtdr. Ub` bns j``k tb` `hgtdr dl cgt`rnry mninzgk` Y`st`rcy

sgke` tb` nrcy >776s. Jgrh wns jdrk gk Anciddrcg`, Y`st`rk Nustrncgn. Nlt`r cgvgki gk Uyhk`y ldr n p`rgdh, Jgrh's t`rtgnry huentgdk

jìnk ns n mntur` ni` stuh`kt nt tb` Pkgv`rsgty dl Y`st`rk Nustrncgn gk tb` >796s. Ub` jìnk t`nebgki nt tb` ukgv`rsgty gk >726

nkh odgk`h tb` lneucty dl Nrts gk >720, wb`r` sb` wns n m`mj`r dl tb` @kicgsb h`pnrtm`kt ns w`cc ns hgrètdr dl tb` E`ktr` ldr

Ydm`k's stuhg`s uktgc b`r r`tgr`m`kt gk :665.

Jgrh bns j``k `hgtdr dl Y st`rk Nustrncgnk cgt`rnry mninzgk` Y`st`rcy sgke` tb` nrcy >776s. Ub` bnh pr`vgduscy s`rv`h ns

tb` mninzgk`'s pd`try hgtdr. Jgrh bns ncsd edkhuet`h xt`ksgv` r`s`nreb gk Nustrncgnk cgt`rntur`, wgtb n ldeus dk wdm`k wrgt`rs

nkh l`mgkgst tb`dry.

Vdstedcdkgncgsm nkh icdjncgzntgdk bnv` j``k twd dl tb` tbdrkg`st t`rms td pgk hdwk gk v`ry lg`ch dl stuhy wb`r` tb`y bnv`

npp`nr`h, j` gt edkdmge, sdegnc, eucturnc, dr cgt`rnry1 gt edm`s ns kd surprgs` tb`k tbnt tb` gk`vgtnjc` qu`stgdk dv`r tb` kntur` dl

tb`gr r`cntgdksbgp gs stgcc mueb h`jnt`h. Edklusgdk deeurs wb`k t`rms cga` byjrghgty, er`dcgzntgdk, nkh hgnspdrn nr` nssdegnt`h

wgtb tb` pb`kdm`kdk dl icdjncgzntgdk vgn tb` ukhu` `quntgdk wgtb gmp`rgncgsm nkh pdstedcdkgncgsm. Mnky ergtges ldccdw UtunrtBncc gk hntgki icdjncgzntgdk "lrdm tb` mdm`kt wb`k Y`st`rk @urdp` jr`nas dut dl gts edklgk`m`kt, nt tb` kh dl tb` >0tb e`ktury,

nkh tb` `rn dl `xpcdrntgdk nkh edkqu`st dl tb` kdk-@urdp`nk wdrch jìgks" (@kw`zdr `t nc. >75)1 gl s``k lrdm tbgs p`rspètgv`

tb`k gt gs oust dk` st`p lurtb`r td h`lgk` er`dcgzntgdk ns "tb` prdhuet dl tb` lgrst pbns` dl icdjncgzntgdk" (Gjgh.). Jut nhdptgki sueb

n jrdnh spnk dl tgm` td h`lgk` icdjncgzntgdk gs oust ns vniu` ns ebnrnet`rgzgki pdstedcdkgncgty ns tb` edkhgtgdk dl ncc tb` kntgdks

dke` nllèt`h jy edcdkgncgsm nt sdm` pdgkt gk bgstdry1 sueb n h`lgkgtgdk wns dk` dl tb` lgrst igv`k wb`k pdstedcdkgnc stuhg`s tdda

irdukh jut wns sddk mdhglg`h nkh p`rlèt`h jènus` gt mnh` nky pcne` dk `nrtb pdt`ktgnccy n pdstedcdkgnc eduktry, nkh sueb

cdds`k`ss wns prdjc`mntge ldr n tbdrduib ukh`rstnkhgki dl tb` gssu`s nt stna`. Ugmgcnrcy, hntgki tb` jìgkkgki dl icdjncgzntgdk

"Qs]dm`wb`r` nrdukh >87:" (Gjgh.) hgcut`s tb` pb`kdm`kdk nkh mgkgmgz`s gts xpcdsgv` edks`qu`ke`s. H`spgt` tb` lnet tbnt tb`

gkt`r`st gk pdstedcdkgncgsm wns jdrk gk tb` edkt`xt dl cgt`rnry nkh eucturnc stuhg`s nkh tbnt icdjncgzntgdk h`v`cdp`h gkst`nh gk tb`

lg`ch dl sdegdcdiy nkh edkdmges, tb`gr gkt`rhgsegpcgknry ebnrnet`r bns mnh` tb`m m``t nkh struiic` dk hgll`r`kt c`v`cs.

^. :. Ybgeb wrgt`rs wdra hd ydu cga` j`st/c`nst4 Utnt` ydur r`nsdks wgtb npprdprgnt` nkh sullgeg`kt `xnmpc`s.

Nks. B`kry Cnwsdk wns jdrk dk tb` Ir`kl`cc idchlg`chs gk K`w Udutb Ync`s dk >9 Ouk` >2

7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

3/12

5

K

lnmgcy. B` hg`h dk : U`pt`mj`r, >7::, gk Uyhk`y. Nt bgs luk`rnc, erdwhs cgk`h tb` str``ts td lnr`w`cc Nustrncgn's 'pd`t dl

tb` p`dpc`'.

Mueb dl Cnwsdk's wdra wns s`t gk tb` Nustrncgnk jusb, dr wns njdut jusb cgl`.

Nctbduib mdst Nustrncgnks cgv`h gk egtg`s nkh tdwks gk tb` >7tb e`ktury, gt wns tb` jusb tbnt sdm`bdw irnjj`h tb`

gmnigkntgdk - p`rbnps jènus` dl tb` stnra edktrnst j`tw``k gt nkh tb` mdr` i`ktc` nkh edktrdcc`h kvgrdkm`kt dl @urdp`,

lrdm wb`r` mdst kdk-gkhgi`kdus Nustrncgnks bnh edm`.

Xbgs wns ncsd tb` tgm` j`ldr` L`h`rntgdk, nkh Nustrncgnks' nccìgnke` wns kdt td Nustrncgn, jènus` gt hgh kdt `xgst ns

nk ukgt`h `ktgty ns y`t. Nustrncgnks l`ct tb`y dw`h cdyncty td n pnrtgeucnr edcdky - K`w Udutb Ync`s dr \getdrgn nkh sd dk

- nkh j`ydkh tbnt, cdyncty wns dw`h td @kicnkh, tb` Agki dr û``k dl @kicnkh, nkh tb` Jrgtgsb @mpgr`.Jy tb` >276s Nustrncgn bnh j``k s`ttc`h ldr n cgttc` mdr` tbnk >66 y`nrs nkh Cnwsdk wns nriunjcy tb` lgrst Nustrncgnk-

jdrk wrgt`r wbd r`nccy cdda`h nt Nustrncgn wgtb Nustrncgnk `y`s, kdt gklcu`ke`h jy bgs akdwc`hi` dl dtb`r cnkhsenp`s. B`

wns tb` lgrst p`rbnps td igv` vdge` td gkt`rpr`tntgdks dl nk 'Nustrncgnk' ebnrnet`r.

B` wns ncsd lrdm tb` jusb, bnh cgv`h dk n s`cètgdk, bnh j``k jrduibt up gk jusb pdv`rty, bnh sull`r`h bnrhsbgp nkh

uk`mpcdym`kt, nkh ak`w dl tb` ebnrnet`rs nkh cgl`styc`s b` tnca`h njdut. Bgs wdra r`lcèt`h Nustrncgnk `xp`rg`ke` wgtb

nk gktìrgty r`nh`rs rèdikgs`h.

^. 5. Bdw nkh wby bns tb` edmmdk p`re`ptgdk dl Nustrncgn ns X`rrn kuccgus ebnki`h4 Hgseuss.

Nks. X rrn Kuccgus m`nks cnkh j`cdkigki td kd dk`. Xbgs m`nks tbnt Enptngk Onm`s Edda, tb` ldukh`r dl Nustrncgn,

j`cg`v`h tbnt tb` cnkh wns lr`` ldr wbd`v`r idt tb`r` lgrst td tna` gt. B` wns tdd mueb gmpr`ss`h wgtb Nustrncgnk cnkh.

Nlt`r r`turkgki td @kicnkh, b` tdch Agki I`dri` GGG tbnt tb` sdgc wns iddh ldr erdps. B` sngh tbnt tb`r` w`r` cdts dl jgrhs

nkh nkgmncs td bukt ldr lddh nkh tbnt wnt`r w`r` lgcc`h wgtb lgsb. Agki wns pc`ns`h wgtb tbgs k`ws nkh jìnk td pcnk td

mdv` @kicgsb p`dpc` td tbgs eduktry td sèur` gt ldr bgm.

Yb`k Enptngk Edda nkh bgs er`w w`r` gk Nustrncgn tb`y m``t Njdrgigknc p`dpc` wbd w`r` edksgh`r`h tb` lgrst

gkbnjgtnkts dl Nustrncgn. Edda hègh`h tb` wny tb` Njdrgigknc p`dpc` cgv`h gt wns kdt tb`gr cnkh. Xb` Njdrgigknc p`dpc`

hgh kdt sbdw tb`gr dwk`rsbgp wgtb l`ke`s dr mnra`rs, cga` p`dpc` gk @urdp`. Ud, b` hègh`h tbnt tb` Jrgtgsb educh edcdkgz`.

Xbgs hègsgdk c`h td Nustrncgn's Gkhgi`kdus p`dpc` cdsgki ncc tb`gr rgibts td tb` cnkh.

@urdp`nk s`ttc`m`kt dl Nustrncgn edmm`ke`h gk >922. Vrgdr td tbgs, gkhgi`kdus Nustrncgnks gkbnjgt`h tb` edktgk`kt

nkh bnh ukwrgtt`k, ns hdeum`kt`h gk tb` ens` dl tb` Wgrrancn edmmukgty.

Bdw`v`r, tb` gkhgi`kdus Nustrncgnks hgh kdt bnv` nky ldrm dl pdcgtgenc drinkgzntgdk tbnt @urdp`nks educh ukh`rstnkh

ns j`gki nkncdidus td tb`gr dwk gkstgtutgdks, nkh tb` Jrgtgsb educh kdt lgkh rèdikgz`h c`nh`rs wgtb tb` nutbdrgty td sgik

tr`ntg`s, sd tr`ntg`s w`r` kdt sgik`h (gk edktrnst td Jrgtgsb edcdkgnc prnetge`s gk mnky nr`ns dl Kdrtb Nm`rgen, Nlrgen, K`w

_`ncnkh, `te.).

Xb` lgrst t`st dl t`rrn kuccgus gk Nustrncgn deeurr`h wgtb tb` hègsgdk dl Z v Xdmmy (Mdkgtdr, :7 Kdv`mj`r >2:9),wbgeb gkhgent`h tbnt tb` kntgv` gkbnjgtnkts w`r` dkcy sujoèt td @kicgsb cnw wb`r` tb` gkegh`kt edke`rk`h jdtb kntgv`s

nkh s`ttc`rs. Xb` rntgdknc` wns tbnt Njdrgigknc trgjnc irdups ncr`nhy dp`rnt`h ukh`r tb`gr dwk cìnc syst`ms. Xbgs pdsgtgdk

wns lurtb`r r`gkldre`h jy tb` hègsgdks dl Z v Jdntmnk dr Oneanss nkh Jucc`y`s (Uyhk`y Inz`tt`, :0 L`jrunry >25:) nkh

Z v Jnccnrh (Uyhk`y Inz`tt`, :5 Nprgc >2:7).

Vrdmpt`h jy Jntmnks Xr`nty (Ouk` >250) wgtb Yurukho`rg ch`rs dl tb` nr`n nrdukh tb` lutur` M`cjdurk`, gk Nuiust

>250 Idv`rkdr Jdura` dl K`w Udutb Ync`s gmpc`m`kt`h tb` hdetrgk` dl t`rrn kuccgus jy prdecngmgki tbnt gkhgi`kdus

Nustrncgnks educh kdt s`cc dr nssgik cnkh, kdr educh nk gkhgvghunc p`rsdk dr irdup nequgr` gt, dtb`r tbnk tbrduib hgstrgjutgdk

jy tb` Erdwk.

Xb` lgrst hègsgdk dl tb` K`w Udutb Ync`s Uupr`m` Edurt td mna` `xpcgegt us` dl tb` t`rm t`rrn kuccgus wns Z v

Murr`cc nkh Jummnr`` (ukr`pdrt`h, K`w Udutb Ync`s Uupr`m` Edurt, >> Nprgc >25227, sdm` lglty-tbr`` y`nrs cnt`r.

Bdw`v`r, bgstdrgnk Mgebn`c Edkkdr bns ecngm`h tbnt tb` edke`pt dl t`rrn kuccgus wns n strnw mnk h`v`cdp`h gk tb`cnt` tw`ktg`tb e`ktury?

Jy tb` tgm` dl Mnjd gk >77:, t`rrn kuccgus wns tb` dkcy xpcnkntgdk ldr tb` Jrgtgsb s`ttc`m`kt dl Nustrncgn. Bgstdrgnks,

mdr` gkt`r`st`h gk pdcgtges tbnk nrebgv`s, mgsc`h tb` cìnc prdl`ssgdk gktd j`cg`vgki tbnt n pbrns` kd dk` bnh b`nrh dl n l`w

y`nrs j`ldr` wns tb` v`ry jnsgs dl dur stnt`bddh, nkh Z`ykdchs v`rsgdk dl dur bgstdry, `spègnccy Xb` Cnw dl tb` Cnkh,

ukh`rpgkk`h tb` Mnjd ouhi`s' hègsgdk-mnagki.

Xb`r` gs sdm` edktrdv`rsy ns td tb` m`nkgki dl tb` t`rm. Ldr `xnmpc`, gt gs nss`rt`h tbnt, rntb`r tbnk gmpcygki m`r`

`mptgk`ss, t`rrn kuccgus enk j` gkt`rpr`t`h ns nk njs`ke` dl egvgcgz`h sdeg`ty. Xb` @kicgsb edmmdk cnw dl tb` tgm` nccdw`h

ldr tb` cìnc s`ttc`m`kt dl ukgkbnjgt`h dr jnrjnrdus eduktry.


www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk5

7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

4/12

8

K

Gk >79>, gk tb` edktrdv`rsgnc Idv` cnkh rgibts ens`, Oustge` Zgebnrh Jcneajurk ruc`h tbnt Nustrncgn bnh j``k edksgh`r`h

"h`s`rt nkh ukeuctgvnt`h" (n t`rm wbgeb gkecuh`h t`rrgtdry gk wbgeb r`sgh`h "ukegvgcgz`h gkbnjgtnkts gk n prgmgtgv` stnt` dl

sdeg`ty") j`ldr` @urdp`nk s`ttc`m`kt, nkh tb`r`ldr`, jy tb` cnw tbnt nppcg`h nt tb` tgm`, dp`k td j` ecngm`h jy rgibt dl

deeupnkey, nkh tbnt tb`r` wns kd sueb tbgki ns kntgv` tgtc` gk Nustrncgnk cnw. Xb` edke`pt dl t`rrn kuccgus wns kdt edksgh`r`h

gk tbgs ens`, bdw`v`r. Edurt ens`s gk >799, >797, nkh >72: jrduibt jy dr dk j`bncl dl Njdrgigknc netgvgsts ebncc`ki`h

Nustrncgnk sdv`r`gikty dk tb` irdukhs tbnt t`rrn kuccgus bnh j``k gmprdp`rcy nppcg`h, tb`r`ldr` Njdrgigknc sdv`r`gikty

sbduch stgcc j` rìnrh`h ns j`gki gktnet. Xb` edurts ròèt`h tb`s` ens`s, jut tb` Nustrncgnk Bgib Edurt c`lt tb` hddr dp`k

ldr n r`nss`ssm`kt dl wb`tb`r tb` edktgk`kt sbduch j` edksgh`r`h s`ttc`h dr edkqu`r`h.

Xb` edke`pt dl t`rrn kuccgus jènm` n mnodr gssu` gk Nustrncgnk pdcgtges wb`k gk >77:, hurgki nk Njdrgigknc rgibtsens` akdwk ns Mnjd, tb` Bgib Edurt dl Nustrncgn gssu`h n ouhim`kt wbgeb hgrètcy dv`rturk`h t`rrn kuccgus. Gk tbgs ens`,

tb` Edurt ldukh tbnt tb`r` wns n edke`pt dl kntgv` tgtc` gk edmmdk cnw, tbnt tb` sdure` dl kntgv` tgtc` wns tb` trnhgtgdknc

edkkètgdk td dr deeupntgdk dl tb` cnkh, tbnt tb` kntur` nkh edkt`kt dl kntgv` tgtc` wns h`t`rmgk`h jy tb` ebnrnet`r dl tb`

edkkètgdk dr deeupntgdk ukh`r trnhgtgdknc cnws dr eustdms nkh tbnt kntgv` tgtc` educh j` `xtgkiugsb`h jy tb` vncgh

`x`regs` dl idv`rkm`ktnc pdw`rs prdvgh`h n ec`nr nkh pcngk gkt`ktgdk td hd sd wns mnkgl`st.

Gk >77

7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

5/12

0

K

Eègcy? G hdk't tbgka ydu wgcc r`qugr` kèatg`s. Pkec` cnea gs s`khgki ydu td Nustrncgn.

Ni`rkdk? Nustrncgn4 G'h sddk`r hg`.

:. (g)Gk tb` `nrcg`r pbns` dl tb` Nustrncgnk kdv`c, w` bnv` n s`ks` dl hgvgh`h cdyncty.

(gg)Xb` Nustrncgnk wrgt`rs trg`h td edpy Jrgtgsb mdh`cs.

(ggg)Xb`y ncsd trg`h td i`t rgh dl gt nkh bnv` s`cl gh`ktgty.

5. Xbus, tb` Nustrncgnk wrgt`rs wnv`r`h j`tw``k?

(g)Nustrncgnkgsm nkh

(gg)@urdp`nkgsm.

8. Ouhgtb Yrgibt, tb` lnmdus Nustrncgnk pd`t tncas dl?(g)Xb` Lnccney dl @kini`m`kt nkh

(gg)Xb` Lnccney dl Hgs`kini`m`kt.

0. (g)Xb` ldrm`r r`l`rs td tb` `nrcy pbns` dl edcdkgnc s`ttc`m`kt.

(gg)Xb`k tb` wrgt`rs wdra`h gk smncc @urdp`nk s`ttc`m`kts wbgeb w`r` strgl`-tdrk.

(ggg)Xb` wrgt`rs bnh kdt y`t neakdwc`hi`h Nustrncgn gk tdtncgty.

7:7.

(ggg)Vntrgea Ybgt` gk >782.

(gv)ECrgstgkn Ut`nh gk >798.

2. Udm` wrgt`rs stgcc tbduibt dl n bdm` nwny lrdm bdm`?

(g)Xb` Enrjdnrh Erdwk->70: jy Mnrtgk Jdyh

(gg)Xb` Ldrtuk`s dl Zgebnrh Mnbdk`y-c ^ jy B`kry Ebgchr`k->786.

>6. Gk Vrgebnrh \Ygki`h U``hs (>706) n irnpbge pgetur` dl Nustrncgnk pnrtgegpntgdks Ynr GG.

>>. Y` bnv` m`ktgdks dl wnr gk?

(g)Vntrgea Ybgt`s Xb` Xr`` dl Mnk(gg)Lrnkacgks Edeantdds

(ggg)@rge Cnmj`rts Xb` Xw`kty Xbg`v`s->70>, `te.

(gv)@c`nkdr Hnras Xb` Cgttc` Edg >780.

(v)Hympbkn Eusnea nkh Lcdr`ke` Edm` gk Upgkk`r->70>.

(vg)Rnvg`r B`rj`rts Udchg`rs Ydm`k->:. M`nkwbgc`, tb` Edmmukgst Vnrty dl, bnh edm` gktd j`gki.

>5. Udm` dl tb` wrgt`rs wbd jènm` gts dr w`r` gklcu`ke`h jy tbgs bnpp`kgki w`r`.

(g)O`nk H`vnky

(gg)Antb`rgk` Uusnkknb Vrgebnrh

(ggg)OuhnbYnt`k

(gv)Odbk Mnkslg`ch

(v)@rge Cnmj`rt

(vg)Lrnka Bnrhy(vgg)Hdrdtby B`w`tt, `te.

>8. O`nk H`vnky's "Uuinr B`nv`k" -> ecngm`h jy tb` wrgt`r "tb` lgrst Vrdc`tnrgnk k Nustrncgn".

>0. Vrgebnrh's 'Ydragki Juccdeas' ncr`nhy npp`nr`h gk >7:9. Udm` dl tb` Kdv`cs jns`h dk r`ncgsm w`r`?

(g)Hnra's 'Xb` Xgm`c`ss Cnkh'-\.

(gg)@.\.Xgmmss?

(n)Xb` Vntbwny dl tb` Uuk->780



7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

6/12

706

(e)Xb` \ncc`ys J`ydkh->70>

(ggg)Knkey Entds?

(n)Ncc tb` Zgv`rs Zuk->782

(j)Xgm`, Lcdw Uwgltcy->70:

(e)Jut Utgcc tb` Utr`nm->770

>2. Vntrgea lgrst bnkhc`h m`tnpbysgenc

*. Cnt`r, Vntrgea mdv`h tdwnrhs pgt*r r`ncgty dl Nustrncgnk sdeg`ty ns gk 6) Xb` Udcgh Mnkhncn->7796

(ggg)Xb` @y` dl tb` Utdrm->795

(gv)N Lrgki` dl C`nv`s->799

:6. Ybgt` jènm` tb` pntb mna`r ldr bgs ir`nt drnry wrgt`rs sueb ns?

(g)@cgznj`tb Odccy

(gg)Xbdmns A`kk`nccy

(ggg)Hnvgh Mncdul, `te.

:>. Kdw Nustrncgnk lgetgdk jènm` pnrtgeucnrcy gcgnk.

::. \dss gs sngh td j` tb` mdst lcdrgh dl Ybgt`s nkh p`rbnps tb` mdst trgumpbnkt jènus` dl h`nc `xe`ss.

:5. Gt s`t n lnsbgdk ldr b`nvgcy symjdcge nkh rghh`k wrgtgki, nkh cdencgz`h tb` odurk`y dl rntgdk ns spgrgtunc m`tnpbdr

snys tb` Dxldrh dl Nustrncgnk Cgt`rntur`.

Vbns`s dl H`v`cdpm`kt?Hgll`r`kt pbns`s gk tb` `kt dl tb` Nustrncgnk kdv`c gk :6tb e`ktury nr`?

>. Zdmnke` Lgetgdk?

(g)Xb` `nrcy kdv`c gs ebnrnet`rgz`h jy tb` kdtgdk dl Xb` Edmgki Zne`.

(gg)Nmdki sueb kdv`cs w` bnv`?

(n)Uueb gs Cgl`->675 jy Lurpby

(j)Luigtgv` Nkk`->76: jy B Zgh`r Bniinrh

:. M`cdhrnmntge Lgetgdk?

(g)Gk tb`s` kdv`cs w` bnv` edktrnsts j`tw``k?

(n)tb` cnkh`h nkh tb` cnwc`ss

(j)tb` indc`rs nkh tb` edkvgets

(e)tb` s`ttc`rs nkh tb` Njdrgigk`s, `te.

(gg)@xnmpc`s?(n)Ut`nhs Xb` Mnk Ybd Cdv`h Ebgchr`k->786.

(j)Rnvg`r B`rj`rts Enprgedrkgn->752

5. K`d-M`cdhrnmntge Lgetgdk?

(g)Gt gs n r`k`wnc dl m`cd-hrnmntge lgetgdk

(gg)gt gs ebnrnet`rgz`h gk rè`kt tgm`s jy?

(n)Xbdmns A`k`nccy

(j)Ant` Ir`kvgcc`, `te.

(gg)Gt gs cnri`cy prdmpt`h jy?

(n)n s`ks` dl cdss dl gh`ktgty

(j)tb` bì`mdky dl @urdp`nk pdw`rs

8. Bgstdrgenc Lgetgdk?

(g)Uueb lgetgdk bgstdrgegs`s tb` tb`m`s sueb ns.(n)s`ttc`m`kt nkh

(j)`xpcdrntgdk.

(gg)Udm` dl sueb wdras nr`?

(n)Mnrtgk Jdys Xb` Enrhjdnrh Erdwk->70:

(j)Zdj`rt Hr`w`s Xb` Unvni` Edws->79709

(h)N Lrgki` dl C`nv`s->79< jy Ybgt`

(`)Knrdigk (Edcgk Odbksdks) dki Cgv` Unkhnwnrn->797



7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

7/12

9

K

(gg)Gk mnky dl sueb kdv`cs w` bnv` tb`m`s sueb ns?

(n)h`ecgk` dl cump`k-jduri`dgs`

(j)tb`m` dl `xpcdrntgdk `te.

(e)dppr`ssgdk dl tb` Njdrgigk`s

(h)tb`gr irnhunc `xtgketgdk, `te.

0. Z`ncgstge Lgetgdk? @xnmpc`s?

(g)Odknb jy Cdugs Utdk`

(gg)Xb` Z`lui` jy A`kk`tb Mnea`kzg`

(ggg)Mgca nkh Bdk`y-c 728 jy @cgznj`tb Odccy (Xbgs kdv`c edktngks trne`s dl psyebdcdigenc r`ncgsm)797

(j)Hdetdr Yddr`hhys Vr`sergptgdk ldr @khurgki tb` @khgki dl tb` Ydrch-c 725

(gg)Mdkgen Ecnr`s Anrd Jrnk->797

(ggg)Onea Hnvgs enccs tb`s` Njdrgigknc kdv`cs tb` r`nc Nustrncgnk stdry.

Xb` Lcdrn nkh Lnukn dl Nustrncgn

>. Xb` r`h``mgki l`ntur` dl Nustrncgnk pd`try gs tbnt h`spgt` gts edpy dl Jrgtgsb mdh`cs, gt edktngks h`sergptgdk dl

Nustrncgnk lcdrn nkh lnukn.

:. B`r` gs nk `xtrnet lrdm Y`ktwdrtbs Nustrncnsgn?

B`r` cdwgki agk`, tb`s` jdukhgki edurs`s irnz`,

B`r` wnv`s tb` edrk, nkh tb`r` tb` wddhy mngz`1

B`r` tb` tncc p`neb puts ldrtb gts pgkay jcddm

Nkh tb`r` tb` drnki` sentt`rs gts p`rlum` ........ (Ygca`s? 0)

5. Jnrrdk lg`ch enccs Ankirdd ns Xb` Upgrgt dl Nustrncgn

(gg)B`

8. (g) Bnrpur bnh vdw`h td j` tb` jnrh dl tb` eduktry.

(gg) Xb`r` gs n vgvgh h`sergptgdk dl Nustrncgnk cnkhsenp` gk bgs pd`try.

@xnmpc`?

Kdt n jgrh hgsturjs tb` ngr,

Xb`r` gs qug`t `v`rywb`r`?

Dv`r pcngks nkh dur wddhs

wbnt n mgibty stgcck`ss jrddhs. (Ygca`s?>0)0.Xb`r` gs lucc h`sergptgdk dl knturnc cnkhsenp` gk bgs cdki pd`m Xb` Er``a dl Ldur Irnv`s.

2

7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

8/12

2

K

(g) bdm`sgeak`ss

(gg) surprgs`

(ggg) hgsiust wgtb?

(n)strnki` nkh ukedutb cnkhsenp` nkh

(j)s`nsdknc vnrgntgdks dl tb` nktgpdh`s

(gv) n s`ks` dl?

(n)ncg`kntgdk nkh

(j)hgspcne`m`kt

:.Cnt`r, tb`r` wns n s`ks` dl nttnebm`kt td tb` cnkh.5.Edmmdkw`nctb dl Nustrncgn wns ldrm`h gk >76>.

8.Gk tb` >7tb e`ktury vnrgdus pd`ts h`pget`h tb` spègnc l`ntur`s dl Nustrncgnk gh`ktgty sueb ns?

(g) lcdrn nkh lnukn

(gg) tb` jusbcgl`

(ggg) mnt`sbgp

(gv) bdrs`mnksbgp, `te.

^. 0. Hgseuss muctgeucturncgsm gk Nustrncgn ns r`lcèt`h jy gts cgt`rntur`. Gccustrnt` lrdm tb` wdra dl tb` wrgt`rs

gs ydur edurs`.

Nks. Muctgeucturncgsm gs n bnrmdkgdus m`tnpbdr ldr lnsbgdkgki tb` edke`pt dl kntgdk. Gk gts `mpbnsgs dk `qunccy dl

r`spèt, tb` `qugvnc`ke` dl euctur`s, nkh tb` j`k`lgts dl eucturnc hgv`rsgty, gt enk j` mnh` td sgiknc n hgstgket jr`na

wgtb tb` ecnssgenccy rnegst pdcgeg`s dl tb` p`rgdh gk Nustrncgnk bgstdry td tb` `kh dl Ydrch Ynr GG, nkh tb` nssgmgcntgdkgst

prdoèt dl tb` pdst wnr p`rgdh. Jdtb dl tbds` `tbkge mnkni`m`kt strntìg`s bnh `mj`hh`h Nkicd v`rsgdks nkh vgsgdks dl

Nustrncgn ns enptur`h jy tb` scdink dl wbgt` Nustrncgn.

Muctgeucturncgsm bns j``k idv`rkm`kt pdcgey gk Nustrncgn sgke` tb` `nrcy >796s, wb`k gt wns rèdikgz`h tbnt tb`

`nrcg`r `xpètntgdk tbnt mgirnkts lrdm kdk-@kicgsb sp`nagki jneairdukhs qugeacy nssgmgcnt` gktd tb` mngkstr`nm euctur`

wns jdtb ukr`ncgstge nkh ukh`sgrnjc`. @xnetcy wbnt muctgeucturncgsm m`nks, nkh wbnt gts gmpcgentgdks nr`, dr sbduch j`,

ldr tb` kntgdknc euctur` bnv` j``k sujoèts dl cgv`cy, sdm`tgm`s b`nt`h h`jnt` `v`r sgke`. Xb` kntur` dl muctgeucturnc

wrgtgki nkh gts r`cntgdksbgp td tb` dv`rncc entìdry dl Nustrncgnk cgt`rntur` bnv` jèdm` gmpdrtnkt gssu`s gk tbgs h`jnt`.

'Muctgeucturnc wrgtgki' gs dkcy dk` dl n kumj`r dl hgll`r`kt t`rms us`h td h`sgiknt` wrgtgki jy Nustrncgnks lrdm

jneairdukhs dtb`r tbnk tb` @kicgsb nkh Grgsb mngkstr`nm1 dtb`rs gkecuh` mgirnkt wrgtgki, kdk-Nkicd-E`ctge wrgtgki,

`tbkge wrgtgki, K@UJ (Kdk @kicgsb Up`nagki Jneairdukh) wrgtgki, `tbkge mgkdrgty wrgtgki. Ncc dl tb`s` t`rms bnv`, ldr

vnrgdus r`nsdks, prdv`h prdjc`mntge? 'mgirnkt' hd`s kdt neeurnt`cy edv`r tb` `xp`rg`ke` nkh wdra dl sèdkh- i`k`rntgdk

wrgt`rs1 '`tbkge' nkh 'muctgeucturnc' bnv` j``k tna`k td suii`st tbnt dkcy `tbkge mgkdrgtg`s enk cny ecngm td `tbkgegty nkhmuctgeucturncgsm (tb` mngkstr`nm j`gki sdm`bdw `tbkgenccy nkh eucturnccy kùtrnc). Dk` djoètgdk, sdm`tgm`s vdge`h jy

tb` v`ry wrgt`rs ldr wbdm tb`s` t`rms w`r` edgk`h, gs tbnt tb`y bnv` tb` pdt`ktgnc td 'pgi`dk- bdc`' tb`m, edklgk` tb`m td

'`tbkge ib`ttds' nkh tbus gmpds` nrjgtrnry cgmgts dk tb`gr wrgtgki nkh gts nuhg`ke` npp`nc.

Dk tb` dtb`r bnkh, tb` lnet tbnt tb`s` entìdrg`s (`spègnccy 'muctgeucturnc wrgtgki') bnv` survgv`h s``ms n ec`nr

gkhgentgdk tbnt tb` r`nsdks wby tb`y w`r` gkv`kt`h gk tb` lgrst pcne` bnv` kdt idk` nwny? wrgt`rs lrdm kdk-Nkicd

jneairdukhs nr` stgcc ukh`r-r`pr`s`kt`h gk, nkh dlt`k edksgh`r`h td stnkh dutsgh` dl, tb` kntgdknc cgt`rnry trnhgtgdk, nkh n

edksgh`rnjc` kumj`r dl p`dpc` ('drhgknry' r`nh`rs ns w`cc ns stuh`kts nkh r`s`nreb`rs) tna` n spègnc gkt`r`st gk wrgtgki

gkldrm`h jy n hgv`rs` eucturnc `xp`rg`ke` nkh lgkh tb`s` cnj`cs us`luc, gk spgt` dl tb`gr cgmgtntgdks. Gt sbduch j` kdt`h,

bdw`v`r, tbnt mdst Njdrgigknc wrgt`rs pr`l`r kdt td j` gkecuh`h gk tb` entìdry dl 'muctgeucturnc wrgtgki', wbgeb, tb`y

nriu`, stgcc enrrg`s tb` 'gmmgirnkt' edkkdtntgdk nkh tbus hd`s kdt rèdikgs` tb`gr spègnc stntus ns tb` gkhgi`kdus euctur`,

nkh drgigknc gkbnjgtnkts, dl tb` cnkh.

Z`s`nreb ngm`h nt mnagki 'vgsgjc`' wrgt`rs dl tbkge mgkdrgty jneairdukhs nkh tb`gr edktrgjutgdk td Nustrncgn's cgt`rntur`stnrt`h gk tb` cnt` >796s nkh ingk`h mdm`ktum gk tb` >726s. Gh`ktglygki tb`s` wrgt`rs wns kdt ncwnys `nsy gk tb` `nrcy

hnys. 'QG]t wns n ens`', Ukòn Iuk`w wrgt`s, 'dl bnvgki td sglt tbrduib dch odurkncs nkh nktbdcdig`s gk drh`r sgmpcy td edm`

up wgtb tb` knm`s dl wrgt`rs nkh `xnmpc`s dl tb`gr wdra.' (>778?. Needrhgki td B`kry Z`ykdchs, tb` `nrcy s`ttc`rs j`cg`v`h gk ncg`kntgdk dl tb` Njdrgigk`s.



7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

9/12

7

K

:. (g)Xb`k nrrgv`h gk >256, sdm` bumnkgtnrgnk dllgegncs nkh m`mj`rs dl tb` ebureb.

(gg) Xb`y wnkt`h td prdtèt tb` cgv`s nkh euctur` dl tb` Njdrgigk`s.

5. Njdrgigk`s w`r`?

(g) edkv`rt`h td Ebrgstgnkgty nkh

(gg) Jrgtgsb kntgdk dl egvgcgzntgdk.

8.(g) Xbgs netunccy c`h td hèr`ns` gk tb` kumj`rs dl tb` Njdrgigk`s.

(gg) Nt e`rtngk pcne`s, tb` Njdrgigk`s ncsd r`sgst`h tbgs bumnkgtnrgnk `lldrt. Ud, tb`y educh kdt j` b`cp`h.

0. Ut`pb`k Inrtdks edmm`kts dk cgj`rnc pnt`rkncgsm nr` ns ukh`r?

Gk tbgs lrnm`wdra tb` Njdrgigk`s w`r` tb` stuh`kts dr tb` ebgchr`k wbgc` wbgt` r`ldrm`rs w`r` tb` iunrhgnks drlntb`rs wbd wduch `huent` tb` Njdrgigk`s nkh lnegcgtnt` tb`gr nssgmgcntgdk gktd wgh`r sdeg`ty. ... Ybgc` tb` nssgmgcntgdkgst

pdsgtgdk wns bumnkgtnrgnk, gt h`kg`h Njdrgigk`s s`cl-h`t`rmgkntgdk.

706s nkh >7.Xwd gmpdrtnkt lnetdrs wbgeb tdda pcne` gk >2:6 w`r`

(g) `xpnksgdk dl s`ttc`m`kts

(gg) irdwtb dl wddc gkhustry.

:. (g)Xb` h`mnkh ldr odjs gker`ns`h.

(gg) N cnri` wdra ldre` mgirnt`h td Nustrncgn.

(ggg) Xb` k`w mgirntgdk pdcgey wns gkecgk`h td lnvdur tb` Jrgtgsb sujoèts.

(gv) Needrhgki td Hnvgh Mncdul?

Xb` gh`n ir`w up tbnt gl w` educh dkcy a``p durs`cv`s pur` gk n edktnmgknt`h wdrchmdrnccy pur` jut rnegnccy pur`,

tdd gt wduch dk` hny j` dur prgvgcì` ns n kntgdk, td enrry ldrwnrh gktd bgstdry tb` Jrgtgsb gh`nc. (92)

5. Nlt`r tb` hgsedv`ry dl idch, @urdp`nks nkh Nm`rgenks w`r` nccdw`h

(g) td mgirnt` td Nustrncgn.

(gg) td cdda ldr idch gk Nustrncgn.(ggg) td s`t up jusgk`ss nkh

(gv) `v`k td s`ttc` tb`r`.

8.(g)Xb` r`suct dl tbgs pdcgey wns tbnt oust gk t`k y`nrs tb` pdpucntgdk dl Nustrncgn hdujc`h.

(gg) Nk dv`rwb`cmgki mnodrgty gk Nustrncgn wns tb` wbgt`.

0.(g) Xb` ir`nt èdkdmge h`pr`ssgdk tdda pcne` gk >276.

(gg) Xb` mgirntgdk dl wbgt` cnjdur td Nustrncgn ncmdst stdpp`h.

(ggg) Xb`k tb` kdk-@urdp`nk kdk-Ybgt` eb`np cnjdur ldre` wns nccdw`h gk Nustrncgn td wdra gk?

(n)sb``p lnrm gscnkh

(j)suinr pcnktntgdk dl û``kscnkh

(e)gk jugchgki gkhustry.

(gv) Kdw wbgt`s w`r`, bdw`v`r, kdt nccdw`h td s`ttc` gk Nustrncgn.

7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

10/12

>6

K

Xbgs l`nr dl strnki`rs, tbgs hgscga` dl p`dpc` wbd nr` kdt wbgt` nkh Nkicd-Unxdk, gs nk gmpdrtnkt strnkh dl dur

bgstdry, nkh edkdmge lnetdrs w`r` kdt gts dkcy enus`. Dur gsdcntgdk gk tb` Vneglge, n bui` cnkh wgtb n tgky wbgt` pdpucntgdk

surrdukh`h jy p`dpc` dl tdtnccy ncg`k euctur` nkh wny dl cgl`, bns b`cp`h td mna` us pnrnkdgh. Y` bnv` l`ct surrdukh`h,

edkvgke`h tbnt tb` bukiry p`dpc` dl Nsgn bnv` tb`gr `y`s dk dur `mpty h`s`rts. Eb`np cnjdur tb`r`ldr` wns n tbr`nt td

cgvgki stnkhnrhs nkh edcdur`h eb`np cnjdur nllrdkt`h tb` gh`nc dl n lr`` bdmdi`kdus wbgt` Nustrncgn. (0)

7. L`nr wns tb` mngk r`nsdk gk Nustrncgn ldr

(g) règsgm nkh

(gg) hgsergmgkntgdk ningkst kdk-wbgt`s.

>6. Xb` wrgt`rs dl tbgs p`rgdh w`r` p`rm`nt`h wgtb tb` p`re`ptgdk tbnt Nustrncgn?(g) b`cps td nkh

(gg) wns jugct jy wbgt` Nkicd-Unxdk Jrgtgsb p`dpc`.

>>. J`kk`tt nkh Utrnuss sum up tb` mnodr `v`kts gk Nustrncgnk bgstdry ns?

(g) @urdp`nk s`ttc`m`kt

(gg) tb` trnumntge edks`qu`ke`s dl jcnea Nustrncgnks

(ggg) tb` hgsedv`ry dl idch

(gv) cnri`-senc` gmmgirntgdk td Nustrncgn.

(n)wbgt` ns w`cc ns

(j)kdk-wbgt`.

(v) Nustrncgns gkvdcv`m`kt gk

(n)twd wdrch wnrs nkh

(j)\g`tknm wnr.

>:. Ns tb`y pdgkt dut,

@neb dl tb`m bnh gmm`hgnt` nkh cdki t`rm gklcu`ke`s dk Nustrncgns tbgkagki nkh wrgtgki njdut tb`ms`cv`s, nkh nt

`neb dl tb`s` pdgkts Nustrncgnks nsa`h tb`ms`cv`s hgllgeuct qu`stgdks njdut bdp` nkh h`spngr, pdw`r nkh mnrigkncgty, cdv`

nkh h`ntb.

>5.Nlt`r tb` wdrch wnrs tb` mngk tbrust dl gmmgirntgdk wns lrdm?

(g) Nsgn nkh

(gg) Udutb @nst`rk @urdp`.

>8.(g)Xbgs edktrgjut`h td bncl dl tb` irdwtb dl pdpucntgdk.

(gg) Xbgs gmmgirntgdk wns edksgh`r`h kè`ssnry ldr kntgdk jugchgki.

>0.(g)Xb` lgrst s`t dl pdcgey lnvdur`h nssgmgcntgdk gktd mngkstr`nm jdtb dl

(n)tb` Njdrgigk`s nkh(j)k`w gmmgirnkts.

(gg) Cnt`r, muctgeucturncgsm wns nhdpt`h ns n pdcgey.

Eucturnc lgssur`s Gkt`rknc nkh @xt`rknc

Jr`nagki Lr`` dl Jrgtgsb Mduchs

>. Needrhgki td Iddhwgk?Cnkh nkh cnkiuni` bnv` j``k tb` twd mnodr rgvnc h`t`rmgknkts dl wrgtt`k cgt`rntur` gk

Nustrncgn ... N s`ks` dl xgc` mny, tbrduib tb` p`rspètgv` dl hgstnke`, sbnrp`k npprègntgdk nkh nss`ssm`kt dl tb` bdm`cnkh,

jut gt enk ncsd j` nk gkbgjgtgki lnetdr gk edmgki td t`rms wgtb tb` k`w egreumstnke`s.

Xb` edktrnst j`tw``k icddm nkh bdp` ruks rduibcy pnrncc`c td tb` edktrnst j`tw``k edcdkgncgsm nkh kntgdkncgsm gk

tb` lgrst e`ktury dr sd dl s`ttc`m`kt. Cnkiuni`, wgtb gts dlt`k ukrèdikgz`h eucturnc jgns`s, t`kh`h td pucc tb` s`ttc`rs jnea

tdwnrhs Jrgtgsb vncu`s. Xb` cnkh, wgtb gts mnky pb`kdm`kn ukknm`njc` gk tb` @kicgsb cnkiuni`, t`kh`h td pucc tb`m

tdwnrhs n s`ks` dl kntgdknc ukgqu`k`ss. (Iddhwgk. G)

:.(g) Gt wns gk >922 tbnt tb` Jrgtgsb V`knc edcdky wns s`t up gk Nustrncgn.(gg) Xb` Jrgtgsb wbgt` s`ttc`rs jrduibt td tb` Nktgpdh`s

(n)tb` @kicgsb cnkiuni`

(j)tb` prgktgki tèbkdcdiy nkh

(e)nssum`h gh`ns njdut

euctur` nkh

cgt`rntur`.

5.Xb`gr gh`ns, `te. w`r` , bdw`v`r, mdhglg`h gk edurs` dl tgm` jy?

(g) gkt`rknc edklcgets nmdki tb`m nkh


www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk>6

7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

11/12

>>

K

(gg) gkt`rnetgdk wgtb.

(n)Njdrgigknc euctur`

(j)kdk-@kicgsb sp`nagki gmmgirnkts euctur` nkh

(e)dtb`r wbgt` s`ttc`r euctur`s.

8.Xb` `nrcy wbgt` s`ttc`rs trg`h td rèr`nt` tb` Jrgtgsb euctur` gk Nustrncgn.

0.@v`k cgt`rnry nkh nrtgstge `lldrts w`r` hgrèt`h tdwnrhs tbgs sgh`.

6. Gk tb` lrdktg`r dutjnea eucturnc vncu`s jrnv` gmpdrtnkt jènus` dl tb` k``hs dl survgvnc nkh kdt ns n r`suct dl

Jrgtgsb gkb`rgtnke`.

>>. Xb` trnv`ccgki cgl` gk tb` Jusb rè`ssgtnt`h?

(g) edurni`

(gg) cnea dl sdegnc pr`t`ksgdk

(ggg) edmp`t`ke` nkh

(ggg) bdspgtncgty.

9. Xb` Jusb jènm` n kntgdknc eucturnc cì`kh ldr tb` wbgt` s`ttc`r.

2. Xbgs idt mnkgl`st`h gk?

(g) jnccnhs nkh

(gg) knrrntgv`s

7. Gts lgrst mnkgl`stntgdk wns drnc.>6. Cnt`r gt idt enkdkgz`h gk Nustrncgnk cgt`rntur`.

>>. Xbgs wns edksgh`r`h `ss`ktgnccy dr hgstgketcy Nustrncgnk.

>:. Jènus` dl muctgeucturncgsm, h`mnkh ldr mdr` lc`xgjgcgty nkh nhnptnjgcgty gk wrgtgkis gker`ns`h.

>5. Iddhwgk snys?

Nustrncgn stgcc edktngks sujstnktgnc kumj`rs dl nhvdent`s ldr eucturnc edcdkgncgsm (tb` eucturnc ergki`), wbd mpbnsgz`

edmmdkncgty wgtb nkh h`rgvntgv`k`ss lrdm Jrgtngk. Xb`y xgst ncdkisgh` vdegl`rdus kntgdkncgstsnhvdent`s, ldr gkstnke`,

dl r`pujcgenkgsm nkh n k`w lcni nkh tbds` wbd ròèt jdtb edcdkgncgsm nkh kntgdkncgsm gk lnvdur dl gtb`r gkt`rkntgdkncgsm

(tbnt gs, `mnkegpntgdk lrdm tb` pucc dl jdtb cnkiuni` nkh cnkh) dr dl p`rsdknc wgtbhrnwnc nkh s`cl-gh`ktglgentgdk (tbnt gs,

`mnkegpntgdk lrdm ncc sdegnc pr`ssur`s, `xpètntgdks nkh entìdrg`s). (Iddhwgk. :)

Xb` Nkicd-Unxdk/Nkicd-E`ctge Hgvgh`

>. @nrcy wbgt` s`ttc`rs edmprgs`h i`k`rnccy?

(g) edkvgets(gg) nhmgkgstrntgv` dllge`rs, nkh

(ggg) s`ttc`rs dl Grgsb drgigk.

:. Gt gs jènus` dl tbgs tbnt `nrcy Nustrncgnk cgt`rntur` j`nrs tb`gr stnmp.

5. Xbgs pr`s`kts?

(g) strngks dl Z`pujcgenkgsm

(gg) h`sgr` ldr n eucturnc gh`ktgty

(ggg) h`sgr` ldr lr``hdm lrdm tb` Jrgtgsb cgt`rnry nkh eucturnc hdmgknke`, wbnt gs encc`h euttgki cdds` lrdm tb`

Jrgtgsb umjgcgenc edrh.


www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk www.gikdu-ne.gk>>

7/21/2019 MEG-9-EM.pdf

12/12

>:

K

8.(g) Gr`cnkh wns ebngk`h td Ir`nt Jrgtngk.

(gg) Xb`s` s`ttc`rs wnkt`h lr``hdm lrdm tbgs edcdkgnc cìney.

0. Xbgs wns tru` dl tbds` wbd w`r` dl Nkicd-E`ctge h`se`kt.

6. Cnt`r, ns ebncc`ki`s w`r` tbrdwk jy tb` k`w gmmgirnkts nkh dtb`r `v`kts, tb`s` hgll`r`ke`s idt pusb`h td tb`

jneairdukh.

>>. Xbgs gkgtgnc hgvgh` mny j` nt tb` jneairdukh tbnt c`h td r`l`r`khum gk :666 rìnrhgki wb`tb`r?

(g) Nustrncgn sbduch jèdm` n Z`pujcge dr kdt,

(gg) Yb`tb`r tb` û``k dl @kicnkhs tgtucnr pdsgtgdk ns b`nh dl tb` stnt` sbduch j` hdk` nwny wgtb dr kdt.


g g g g g g >:

Documents

MEG-9-EM.pdf