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Direitos Humanos e Cidadania p/ PRF - Policial - 2014/2015

Professor: Alyson Barros

Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF Professor Alyson Barros

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Professor Alyson Barros 1

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Direitos Humanos e Cidadania PRF -2014/15

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!∀#∃%&∋(Considerações Iniciais ......................................................................................... 2 Teoria geral dos direitos humanos. Conceito, terminologia, estrutura normativa, fundamentação. ................................................................................. 5

Conceitos e Terminologia ................................................................................ 5 Estrutura normativa dos Direitos Humanos .................................................... 11 Direitos Humanos e o cenário Internacional .................................................. 11 Fundamentação dos Direitos humanos .......................................................... 14 Teoria Jusnaturalista de Direitos Humanos .................................................... 15 Teoria Positivista e Histórica de Direitos Humanos ........................................ 18 Teoria Moralista, Ética ou de Perelman ......................................................... 19 Resumo das Teorias ....................................................................................... 20 Direitos Humanos x Direitos Fundamentais ................................................... 21 Características dos Direitos Humanos ............................................................ 22 Os princípios dos direitos humanos ............................................................... 27 Gerações/Dimensões dos Direitos Humanos ................................................. 28

Referências ........................................................................................................ 32 Indicações Bibliográficas ................................................................................... 33 Questões ........................................................................................................... 34 Questões com Comentários e Gabaritos .......................................................... 38 Considerações Finais ......................................................................................... 44 !!

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Observação importante: este curso é protegido por direitos autorais (copyright), nos termos da Lei 9.610/98, que altera, atualiza e consolida a legislação sobre direitos autorais e dá outras providências. Grupos de rateio e pirataria são clandestinos, violam a lei e prejudicam os professores que elaboram o curso. Valorize o trabalho de nossa equipe adquirindo os cursos honestamente através do site Estratégia Concursos. (


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Considerações Iniciais (

( E ai galera, beleza? Estamos nos adiantando para o próximo edital e

lançando em primeira mão o curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para

o concurso da Polícia Rodoviária Federal.

O edital do concurso anterior pode ser acessado aqui:

http://www.cespe.unb.br/concursos/DPRF_13/. Na época foram 1.000 vagas e

a remuneração foi de atrativos R$ 6.106,81! A banca, como sempre, foi o

Centro de Seleção e Promoção Eventos Universidade de Brasília – CESPE, uma

grande conhecida nossa e que orientará nosso curso atual. Caso mudem de

banca, reformularemos uma grande parte do nosso curso e não deixaremos

nenhum aluno para trás! Esse é o compromisso Estratégia Concursos. O

que importa é ter todas as questões da prova contempladas aqui e aprovar em

massa!!! A batida será pesada para aproveitarmos o tempo que temos.

Trabalharemos com 6 aulas, além da aula demonstrativa, contendo toda

a teoria necessária para você ficar fera nos conteúdos. Além de uma

quantidade enorme de questões para você afiar sua caneta para a prova.

Mas Alyson, ouvi falar de vídeo-aulas pera esse concurso, isso procede?

Procede caro concurseiro. Disponibilizaremos alguns tópicos, os fundamentais

para o CESPE, em vídeos de revisão. Não precisa desembolsar nada a mais

para ter acesso!

Além disso, temos o nosso fórum de perguntas, onde o aluno poderá

entrar em contato diretamente comigo para fazer perguntas, comentários ou

até sugestões - não vale chorar pitangas! Vamos trabalhar muito, faremos o

que for necessário para você ir bem nesse concurso.


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Antes de começarmos, vou me apresentar. Sou Alyson Barros, sou

Analista do Planejamento e Orçamento do Ministério do Planejamento,

Orçamento e Gestão. Graduado em psicologia, com algumas especializações e

um mestrado. Trabalho com Coach para concurso e orientação de candidatos.

Já trabalho com o conteúdo de direitos humanos há algum tempo e posso

garantir que não há segredo. Não se inventa muita coisa em termos de

pegadinhas, tão comum dessa banca, ou de questões em nível Jedi. Como já

falei, uma boa abordagem da matéria já é capaz de te dar um excelente

subsídio para a prova. Aliais, No decorrer das aulas irei dar algumas dicas de

estudos e macetes para pegar bem a matéria e não errar nenhuma questão na

prova, combinado?

Vejamos o nosso calendário então.

Aula 0 Teoria geral dos direitos humanos. Conceito, terminologia,

estrutura normativa, fundamentação. 10/06

Aula

EXTRA Resolução da última prova da PRF! 14/06

Aula 1 Afirmação histórica dos direitos humanos. Direitos humanos e

responsabilidade do Estado. 14/06

Aula 2 Direitos humanos na Constituição Federal. Institucionalização

dos direitos e garantias fundamentais. 21/06

Aula 3 Política nacional de direitos humanos. Programas nacionais de

direitos humanos. 28/06

Aula 4

Globalização e direitos humanos. As três vertentes da

proteção internacional da pessoa humana. Direitos humanos,

direito humanitário e direito dos refugiados.

5/07

Aula 5 A Constituição brasileira e os tratados internacionais de 12/07


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direitos humanos.

Aula 6

Aplicações da perspectiva sociológica a temas e problemas

contemporâneos da sociedade brasileira: a questão da

igualdade jurídica e dos direitos de cidadania, o pluralismo

jurídico, acesso à justiça. Práticas judiciárias e policiais no

espaço público. Administração institucional de conflitos no

espaço público.

19/07

Você está lendo a nossa aula demonstrativa. Ela é mais curta, por

natureza e mais leve. Alguns dos tópicos aqui estudados serão extensamente

retomados nas aulas subsequentes. Mesmo assim, já tire suas dúvidas em

nosso fórum!

Vamos começar?

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Teoria geral dos direitos humanos. Conceito, terminologia, estrutura normativa, fundamentação. (

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Μ15+#(=1%/+(.+(/∋.1(1(,∀1(+8&,/Π2<&1≅(

( ϑ/%17;,(.∋,(/+#=∋,?(.1,(Μ&Β∋,∋Μ&1,(+(.1,(,∋<&+.1.+,?(∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(.∋(β∋#+#(

/+#( 1=%+,+2/1.∋( .+2∋#&21ΕΨ+,( /1&,( <∋#∋6( .&%+&/∋,( 21/∀%1&,?( .&%+&/∋,( &21/∋,( ∋∀(


Aula 0 !


∋%&Χ&2∃%&∋,?( .&%+&/∋,( &2.&7&.∀1&,?( ∴.&%+&/∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#( +( .∋( <&.1.−∋_?( .&%+&/∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(∋∀(+,,+2<&1&,(.∋(0∋#+#≅(

( +#∃%#&∋(! ,−&.∃−#(( ο( ,+∀,( =%&2<Κ=&∋,( 2∋,( ,−∋( %+7+Β1.∋,( +#( Μ∀2Ε−∋( .1(

21/∀%+51(0∀#121?(,∀1,(2+<+,,&.1.+,(+(1,=&%1ΕΨ+,≅(π?(=∋%/12/∋?(.+(+,=;<&+(.&Μ+%+2/+(

.∋(.&%+&/∋(=∋,&/&7∋?(∗∀+(;(∋(Ω&%+&/∋(/1Β(<∋#∋(,+(#12&Μ+,/1(2∋(<∋,/∀#+?(21,(Β+&,?(21,(

.+<&,Ψ+,(Θ∀.&<&∃%&1,≅(

( +#∃%#&∋(!#,−&∋(!∋.!∋∃#/#,0∃#∋((ο(21,<+#(<∋#(∋(0∋#+#(+(2−∋(2+<+,,&/1#(

.+( 2+20∀#1( ∋∀/%1( <∋2.&Ε−∋( =1%1( ,∀1( +8&,/Π2<&1≅( 4∋2/%1=Ψ+#χ,+( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,(

1.∗∀&%&.∋,( ∋∀( .+%&71.∋,?( ∋,( ∗∀1&,( 2+<+,,&/1#( .+( ∀#( <1%∃/+%( =∋,&/&7∋≅( Ζ,/1(

/+%#&2∋Β∋Χ&1(2−∋(;(#∀&/∋(+#=%+Χ1.1(1/∀1Β#+2/+≅(

( +#∃%#&∋(!#,∀#1#∀.−#((ο(+,/1(+8=%+,,−∋(∴/+#(∀#(,+2/&.∋(.+#1,&1.∋(+,/%+&/∋?(

#1&,( Β&#&/1.∋( ∗∀+( ∋( .∋,( 12/&Χ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 21/∀%1&,( +( .∋,( ∗∀+( 0∋Θ+( <01#1#∋,( .+(

.&%+&/∋( .∋( 0∋#+#≅( 4∋#∋( ∋( 0∋#+#( ;( ∀#( ,+%( ,∋<&∃7+Β( =∋%( 21/∀%+51?( /∋.∋,( ∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(,−∋(,∋<&1&,?(∀#1(7+5(∗∀+( &2.&7&.∀1&,≅(ϑ,,&#?(<∋Β∋<1#∋χ2∋,(.&12/+(.+(.∋&,(

Χ%∀=∋,( ∗∀+( =1,,1%1#( 1( ,+( /∋%21%( <Β∃,,&<∋,6( .&%+&/∋,( &2.&7&.∀1&,( .∋( 0∋#+#( +(

.&%+&/∋,( ,∋<&1&,?( +<∋2[#&<∋,( +( <∀Β/∀%1&,( .∋( 0∋#+#?( +,,+,( <∋2<+%2+2/+,( Ν,(

<∋2∗∀&,/1,( .1( Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋( ,∋<&1Β≅( )( +,/1.∋?( +#( Μ∀2Ε−∋( .+Β+,?( /+#( 1( ∋∆%&Χ1Ε−∋( .+(

+,/1∆+Β+<+%( ∀#1( ∋%.+#( Θ∀%Κ.&<1( 21( ∗∀1Β( =∋,,1( ∋( &2.&7Κ.∀∋( ∀,∀Μ%∀&%( +( +8+%<+%( ∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(=Β+21#+2/+(1,,+Χ∀%1.∋,≅(

( +#∃%#&∋(!∀∋!)∋∗%∗!%!∀∋!2#∀−∀3∋(ο(<∋2.∀5+#χ2∋,(1∋(#∋#+2/∋(0&,/Ο%&<∋(

+#( ∗∀+( ∋<∋%%+( 1( .+Μ+,1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#?( <∋2,&.+%1.∋( &2.&7&.∀1Β#+2/+( +(

<∋#∋(<&.1.−∋?(Μ%+2/+(1∋(=∋.+%(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋≅(Ζ,/1(.+,&Χ21Ε−∋(;(1#=Β&1.1(=1%1(.&%+&/∋,(

.∋(0∋#+#?(.∋( <&.1.−∋( +(.∋( /%1∆1Β01.∋%(=∋%(Φ+Β&<+(δ1/1ΧΒ&1?( Β+712.∋( +#( <∋2/1(∋(

=1=+Β(.+/+%#&212/+(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(,∋<&1&,(2∋(#+%<1.∋(.+(/%1∆1Β0∋≅(

( +#∃%#&∋(! 4.,∀−∗%,&−#(! ∋.! ∀#∃%#&∋(! %((%,2#−#(! ∀∋! )∋∗%∗( ο( ,−∋(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( =∋%∗∀+( ,+%7+#( .+( Μ∀2.1#+2/∋( 1( ∋∀/%∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+%&71.∋,( ∋∀(

,∀∆∋%.&21.∋,( 1( +Β+,?( ,+2.∋( Χ1%12/&.∋,( 1∋( &2.&7Κ.∀∋( =+Β1( 4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋?( ∗∀+( ;( Β+&(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1Β( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋Τ( +( ,−∋( +,,+2<&1&,( ∗∀12.∋( ,−∋( =+%#12+2/+,( +( &271%&∃7+&,?(

&2+%+2/+,(1(/∋.∋,(∋,(0∋#+2,≅(

( ς∋( .&%+&/∋( =%&71.∋?( ∋( %+ΜΒ+8∋( .1( /+∋%&1( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( +,/∃(

+8=%+,,∋( 2∋,( <01#1.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .1( =+%,∋21Β&.1.+?( ∗∀+( =%∋/+Χ+#( ∋,( 1,=+</∋,(

+,,+2<&1&,(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121≅(


Aula 0 !


5∋,&%6(ϑ%1Χ−∋(ΡααΓΣ(

(

Λ1%1( ϑΒ+812.%+( .+( φ∋%1+,( ΡααγΣ?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(

<∋Β∋<1#χ,+( <∋#∋( ∀#1( .1,( =%+7&,Ψ+,( 1∆,∋Β∀/1#+2/+( 2+<+,,∃%&1,( 1( /∋.1,( 1,(

4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,?(2∋(,+2/&.∋(.+(<∋2,1Χ%1%(∋(%+,=+&/∋(Ν(.&Χ2&.1.+(0∀#121?(Χ1%12/&%(1(

Β&#&/1Ε−∋(.+(=∋.+%(+(7&,1%(1∋(=Β+2∋(.+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋(.1(=+%,∋21Β&.1.+(0∀#121≅(),(

.&%+&/∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#( ,−∋( Μ1<∀Β.1.+,( 21/∀%1&,?( &21Β&+2∃7+&,?( &#=%+,<%&/Κ7+&,≅( !−∋(

.&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121?( /12/∋(2∋(,+∀(1,=+</∋( &2.&7&.∀1Β(∗∀12/∋(

+#(%+Β1Ε−∋(Ν(<∋#∀2&.1.+≅(Ω+7+#(,+%(Χ1%12/&.∋,?( %+<∋20+<&.∋,(+(%+,=+&/1.∋,(=∋%(

/∋.∋,(∋,(=∋.+%+,?(<+.+2.∋(+#(,+∀(+8+%<Κ<&∋(1=+21,(.&12/+(.1,(+8&ΧΠ2<&1,(.∋(∆+#(

<∋#∀#≅(

Ζ#( +,,Π2<&1?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( %+=%+,+2/1#( ∀#( <∋2Θ∀2/∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,(

&2+%+2/+,( Ν( =%Ο=%&1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121?( ∋∀( ,+Θ1?( ,−∋( ∀#( <∋2Θ∀2/∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,(

%+=∀/1.∋,( &#=%+,<&2.Κ7+&,( =1%1( ∗∀+( ,+( <∋2<%+/&5+( 1( .&Χ2&.1.+( .1,( =+,,∋1,≅( ),(

.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(%+Β1<&∋21#χ,+(.&%+/1#+2/+(<∋#(1(Χ1%12/&1(.+(2−∋χ

&2Χ+%Π2<&1(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋(21(+,Μ+%1( &2.&7&.∀1Β( +(1( <∋2,1Χ%1Ε−∋(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(0∀#121?(

/+2.∋( ∀#( ∀2&7+%,1Β( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( =∋%( =1%/+( .1( #1&∋%&1( .∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,?( ,+Θ1( +#(

2Κ7+Β( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β?( &2Μ%1<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β?( ,+Θ1( +#(2Κ7+Β( .+(.&%+&/∋( <∋2,∀+/∀.&2∃%&∋(

∋∀(#+,#∋(=∋%(/%1/1.∋,(+(<∋27+2ΕΨ+,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(

4∋#∋(Μ∋&(=∋,,Κ7+Β(=+%<+∆+%?(.+Μ&2&%(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(;(∀#1(/1%+Μ1(,+#=%+(

&2<∋#=Β+/1?(,∋∆%+(&,,∋?(;(,1Β∀/1%(Μ&21Β&51%(+,,1(=1%/+(.∋(1,,∀2/∋(<∋#(∀#(+8<+%/∋(.∋(

θ+Β1/Ο%&∋(Φ&21Β(.1(:Ξ(4∋2Μ+%Π2<&1(ς1<&∋21Β(.+(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(ΡααλΣ6(

Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(;(∀#(<∋2<+&/∋(=∋Β&,,Π#&<∋?(<∋2/%∋7+%,∋(+(+,/%∀/∀%12/+≅(π(

=∋Β&,,Π#&<∋?( =∋&,?( =∋%( #1&,( ∗∀+( /+201( Χ+%1.∋( 1<∋%.∋,( +( <∋2,+2,∋,( Ρ<∋#∋( 21(

4∋2Μ+%Π2<&1(.+(Α&+21Σ?( &,/∋(2−∋(Β0+(.∃(∀#(,+2/&.∋(Υ2&<∋≅(π(<∋2/%∋7+%,∋?(=∋&,(1∆%+(

+,=1Ε∋,( Ν( .&,<∀,,−∋( +( 1∋( .+∆1/+?( +#( Χ+%1Β?( =∋ΒΠ#&<∋,≅( π( +,/%∀/∀%12/+?( =∋&,( .&5(

%+,=+&/∋(Ν,(∗∀+,/Ψ+,(.+(Μ∀2.∋(∗∀+(/∋<1#(1(7&.1(.+(/∋.∋,ρ1,(+(.+(<1.1(∀#ρ1≅(

ς∋ΕΨ+,( Μ%1Χ#+2/∃%&1,?(+,/1Χ21.∋%1,(+(+Β&/&,/1,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋( ( <∋#∀2,≅(

ΖΒ1,(.&,/12<&1#(1(7&ΧΠ2<&1(<∋/&.&121(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(.1(7&.1(.+( ( /∋.1,(+(.+(

<1.1(=+,,∋1≅(

ϑ,( =∋,&ΕΨ+,( Μ%1Χ#+2/∃%&1,( +2/+2.+#( ∗∀+( +8&,/+#( .&%+&/∋,( .+( #1&∋%((

&#=∋%/ϕ2<&1( +( .&%+&/∋,( .+( #+2∋%( &#=∋%/ϕ2<&1Τ( .&%+&/∋,( .+( =%&#+&%1( <1/+Χ∋%&1( +((


Aula 0 !


.&%+&/∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( <1/+Χ∋%&1Τ( .&%+&/∋,( ΒΚ∗∀&.∋,( +( <+%/∋,( +( .&%+&/∋,( &2<+%/∋,( ∋∀((

∗∀1,+(&#=∋,,Κ7+&,(.+(,+%+#(%+1Β&51.∋,≅(Ζ,/1,(=∋,&ΕΨ+,(<∋2Μ∀2.+#(1((&2/+Χ%1Β&.1.+(

+(1(&2/+%.+=+2.Π2<&1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(<∋#(1(2+<+,,&.1.+(.+((+,/%1/;Χ&1,(.&Μ+%+2<&1.1,(

.+(%+1Β&51Ε−∋?(<∋#(1(2+<+,,&.1.+(.+(+,/1∆+Β+<+%((=%&∋%&.1.+,(21(1Ε−∋≅((

ϑ,( =∋,&ΕΨ+,( +,/1Χ21.∋%1,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( /%1∆1Β01#( <∋#(1( &.+&1( ( .+(

∗∀+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ο( +( /1#∆;#( ∗∀+#( 1/∀1( <∋#( +Β+,( ο( ,+( <∋2Μ∀2.+#( <∋#( ( 1(

.+Μ+,1(.+(∴∆12.&.∋,(+(#1%Χ&21&,_?(2∀#(+8/%+#∋Τ(+?(2∋∀/%∋?(∗∀+(.&%+&/∋,((0∀#12∋,(

<∋2Μ∋%#1#(∀#1( &.+&1( /−∋(=∋,&/&71(+( /−∋( Μ12/∃,/&<1(∗∀+(;(,Κ2/+,+(.∋( (∗∀+(.+(#1&,((

+Β∋( 1( 0∀#12&.1.+( =%∋.∀5&∀≅( Λ+Β1,( .∀1,( =∋2/1,?( &#∋∆&Β&516( ,+Θ1( ( =∋%∗∀+( /∋<1%( 2∋(

1,,∀2/∋(<∋#=%∋#+/+(2+Χ1/&71#+2/+Τ(,+Θ1(=∋%∗∀+(/∋<1%(21((&.+&1(1(∴+,/%1Χ1_≅((

ϑ,( 7&,Ψ+,( +Β&/&,/1,( +2/+2.+#( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#∋( 1,,∀2/∋( =1%1( Χ+2/+((

#∀&/∋( ∆+#( &2&<&1.1?( =1%1( /;<2&<∋,?( =1%1( +,=+<&1Β&,/1,≅( π( Ο∆7&∋( ∗∀+( .&%+&/∋,((

0∀#12∋,(;(1,,∀2/∋(=1%1(+,=+<&1Β&,/1,≅(φ1,?(%+.∀5&χΒ∋,(1(&,,∋(;(=%∋∆Β+#∃/&<∋?(Θ∃((∗∀+(

∋,(.&,/12<&1(.∋(<&.1.−∋(#1&,(<∋#∀#?(∗∀+(/1#∆;#(;(,∀Θ+&/∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,( (0∀#12∋,(

+81/1#+2/+( 21( ,&/∀1Ε−∋( +( 21( <∋2.&Ε−∋( +#( ∗∀+( ,+( +2<∋2/%1≅( ( Ζ,/1,( =∋,&ΕΨ+,?( +#(

Χ+%1Β?(Β+71#(1(∀#1(1/∀1Ε−∋(=∋2/∀1Β?(%+,&.∀1Β?((,∋<∋%%&,/1(+(∆∀%∋<%∃/&<1(+#(.&%+&/∋,(

0∀#12∋,≅(Ω&,/12<&1#(1(=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+(.+((1/∀1Ε−∋(&2/+Χ%1Β(Ρ∗∀+(&#=Β&<1(=%∋#∋Ε−∋?(

=%∋/+Ε−∋(+(%+=1%1Ε−∋Σ(+(/1#∆;#((1Μ1,/1#(∋(<∋#=%∋#+/&#+2/∋(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋(Ρ1/%17;,(

.+( =∋ΒΚ/&<1,( =Υ∆Β&<1,( =1∀/1.1,( ( =+Β∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,Σ?( .1( ,∋<&+.1.+( <&7&Β(

Ρ∋%Χ12&51.1(+(=1%/&<&=12/+(.+( Μ∋%#1( (1∀/[2∋#1(+( &2.+=+2.+2/+Σ?(.1(<∋#∀2&.1.+(

&2/+%21<&∋21Β( Ρ2∋( ,+2/&.∋( 1#=Β∋Σ( +( ( .+( <1.1( =+,,∋1( Ρ+#( ,+2/&.∋( +,=+<ΚΜ&<∋Σ≅( Ζ#(

,∀#1?(+,/1,(=∋,&ΕΨ+,(.+,<∋#=%∋#+/+#≅(

ϑ,(=%∃/&<1,(,∋<∋%%&,/1,(+(=∋2/∀1&,(,+(Β+#∆%1#(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,((∗∀12.∋(

1ΒΧ∀#1(/%1Χ;.&1(1,,∋Β∋∀(1ΒΧ∀;#(∋∀(∀#(Χ%∀=∋(,∋<&1Β≅(π(<Β1%∋(∗∀+((.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(

=%+<&,1#( +,/1%( =%+,+2/+,( 2+,/1,( ,&/∀1ΕΨ+,?( #1,( 2−∋( ,Ο≅( Ζ,/1( ( =∋,/∀%1( =%∃/&<1(

+,∗∀+<+χ,+(.+(∗∀+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(.&5+#(%+,=+&/∋(1∋(<∋2Θ∀2/∋(.1,(<∋2.&ΕΨ+,(.+(

7&.1?(&2<Β∀,&7+(+(+,=+<&1Β#+2/+?(Ν(<%&1Ε−∋(.+((<∋2.&ΕΨ+,(=1%1(∗∀+(,+Θ1#(+7&/1.1,(1,(

7&∋Β1ΕΨ+,( +( 1( 7&.1( .1,( =+,,∋1,( ,+Θ1( ( =%∋#∋7&.1( 1∋( #∃8&#∋?( ,+#( 1.#&/&%(

%+/%∋<+,,∋,≅((

ϑ,( =∋,/∀%1,( =%∃/&<1,( ∗∀+( /%1/1#( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+( Μ∋%#1( %+,&.∀1Β( ∋∀((

∆∀%∋<%∃/&<1( .−∋( #1&,( Π2Μ1,+( Ν( <∋%%+Ε−∋( .∋( =%∋<+.&#+2/∋( .∋( ∗∀+( 1∋( #;%&/∋( .∋((

1,,∀2/∋?(.+(%+Χ%1(<∋#∋(Μ∋%#1(.+(=%∋/+Β∃χΒ∋(∋∀(.+(Μ15ΠχΒ∋(,+#(∗∀+(+,/+Θ1(2∋((2Υ<Β+∋(


Aula 0 !


<+2/%1Β(.1(.+<&,−∋(+(.1(1Ε−∋≅(Ζ,/+(/&=∋(.+(=∋,&<&∋21#+2/∋(+,∗∀&71χ,+((.+(1Μ&%#1%(1(

&#=∋%/ϕ2<&1(Μ∀2.1#+2/1Β(.+(Μ∋%/1Β+<+%(1(∋%Χ12&51Ε−∋(&2.+=+2.+2/+((.1(,∋<&+.1.+(

<&7&Β( +?( 1∋( #+,#∋( /+#=∋?( /1#∆;#( .+( 1712Ε1%( 2∋( ( <∋#=%∋#+/&#+2/∋( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋(

<∋#∋(1Χ+2/+(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(π( Μ1/∋(∗∀+(∋( (Ζ,/1.∋(;( 7&,/∋( <∋#∋(∀#(Χ%12.+(

7&∋Β1.∋%?(#1,(&,,∋(2−∋(∋(+,<∀,1(.+(,+%(∀#((1Χ+2/+(%+1Β&51.∋%(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(

Ζ,/+( /&=∋( .+( =∋,/∀%1( 1∆%+( #−∋( .1( ( 2+<+,,&.1.+( .+( +,/1∆+Β+<+%( &2/+%1Ε−∋( +2/%+( 1(

,∋<&+.1.+(<&7&Β(+(∋(=∋.+%(=Υ∆Β&<∋?((21(=+%,=+</&71(.+(+,=1Ε∋,(.+(=1%/&<&=1Ε−∋(.&%+/1(

+(%+1Β#+2/+(=Υ∆Β&<1?(∋(∗∀+((,∋#+2/+(;(=∋,,Κ7+Β(<∋#(∋(Μ∋%/1Β+<&#+2/∋(.1(1∀/∋2∋#&1(

.1(,∋<&+.1.+(<&7&Β(+(∀#((Χ%1∀(1Β/∋(.+(∋%Χ12&51Ε−∋(<&.1.−≅(

5∋,&%6(

0//=6ρρσσσ≅.02+/≅∋%Χ≅∆%ρ.&%+&/∋,ρ#&Β&/12/+,ρ<1%∆∋21%&ρ<1%∆∋21%&τ,∀∆,&.&∋,τ.&,<

&=Β&21τ<∋27+&/∋,τ.0≅=.Μ((

(

(

0(∋+1∋1+/)#∀+,/∋&2/)3∀()4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()

( (

Ζ#(∗∀+( <∋2Θ∀2/∋(.+(2∋%#1,( Θ∀%Κ.&<1,( ∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,( ,+( +8=%+,,1#≅(

Ζ#(/+,+?(+#(/∋.1,≅(φ1,?(<∋#∋(7+%+#∋,(1(=1%/&%(.1(=%Ο8&#1(1∀Β1?(∋,(&2,/%∀#+2/∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( ∗∀+( =%∋.∀5+#( +Μ+&/∋,( =1%1( 1( .+,<%&Ε−∋( +( Χ1%12/&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,(

0∀#12∋,( 2∋( #∀2.∋?( ,+#( =%+Θ∀Κ5∋( .∋,( /+8/∋,( &2Μ%1<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,?( ,−∋( ∋,( /+8/∋,(

<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,(+(∋,(/%1/1.∋,(+(1<∋%.∋,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(

( Α+%+#∋,( ∆1,/12/+( +,,+,( <∋2<+&/∋,( 21( 1∀Β1( ,+Χ∀&2/+( +( 1∋( Β∋2Χ∋( .+( /∋.∋( ∋(

<∀%,∋≅( Φ15χ,+( #&,/+%?( 2+,,+( #∋#+2/∋?( /%1Ε1%( ∆%+7+,( <∋2,&.+%1ΕΨ+,( 1<+%<1( .∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(∋(<+2∃%&∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(

(

4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()%)∀)∃%#6+&∀)7#∋%+#/∃&∀#/−)

(

4∋2,&.+%12.∋(1(0&,/∋%&<&.1.+(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,?(.+,/1<1χ,+(1(<01#1.1(<∋2<+=Ε−∋(

<∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+1(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(∗∀+(7+&∋(1(,+%(&2/%∋.∀5&.1(=+Β1(Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋(.+(

Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( .+( Α&+21( .+( ΓΗΗη≅( Ζ,,1( <∋2<+=Ε−∋( ;( ∀#1( +7∋Β∀Ε−∋?( 21/∀%1Β( +(


Aula 0 !


0&,/Ο%&<1?( .1( ∆1,+( .1,( 7&,Ψ+,( 1<+%<1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+,+27∋Β7&.1,( 1=Ο,( 1(

!+Χ∀2.1(υ∀+%%1(φ∀2.&1Β≅((

( Α∋Β/12.∋(∀#(=∋∀<∋(2∋( /+#=∋?( +#(∀#(=1,,1.∋(2−∋( /−∋(.&,/12/+?( ∋(#∀2.∋(

=%+,+2<&∋∀(1/%∋<&.1.+,(1/;(+2/−∋(&2;.&/1,(=1%1(1(0∀#12&.1.+≅(ς−∋(,Ο(1,(∆1%∆∃%&+,(

.∋(215&,#∋(1,,∋Β1%1#(1(Ζ∀%∋=1(<∋#∋(∋(#∀2.∋(,+(7&∀(.&12/+(.1(&#&2Π2<&1(.∋(Μ&#(

1/%17;,(.1(0+<1/∋#∆+(2∀<Β+1%≅(

( π( 2+,,+( <+2∃%&∋( ∗∀+( ∋<∋%%+( ∀#( +,Μ∋%Ε∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( .+( %+<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋( .+(

.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#∋( =1%1.&Χ#1( +( %+Μ+%+2<&1Β( ;/&<∋( 1( ∋%&+2/1%( 1( ∋%.+#(

&2/+%21<&∋21Β( <∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+1( ΡΛ&∋7+,12?( αΓΓΣ≅( ϑ( .&,<∀,,−∋( ,∋∆%+( .&%+&/∋,(

0∀#12∋,( 2∋( <+2∃%&∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( 7&,∋∀( 1( +Β+71Ε−∋( .∋( <∋2<+&/∋( .+( 0∋#+#( ,+#(

71Β∋%(+(,+#(.&%+&/∋,(=1%1(∀#(0∋#+#(∗∀+(=∋,,∀&(+,,Π2<&1(+(∗∀+(.+7+(,+%(%+,=+&/1.∋(

+/&<1#+2/+( =1%1( 1Β;#( .1,( <∋2<+=ΕΨ+,( &.+∋ΒΟΧ&<1,( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋( ∋∀( 1/;( .∋(

∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋≅(!∋∆%+(+,/+(ΥΒ/&#∋?(∋(=Ο,χΧ∀+%%1(<1∀,∋∀(∀#(,;%&∋(%+=Υ.&∋(Ν(

<1%1</+%&51Ε−∋(.∋(0∋#+#(1=+21,(=+Β∋(,+∀(7&;,(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(Μ∋%#1Β?(=&,(/12/∋(∋(215&,#∋(

<∋#∋( ∋( Μ1,<&,#∋( 1,<+2.+%1#( 1∋( =∋.+%( .+2/%∋( .∋( ∗∀1.%∋( .+( Β+Χ1Β&.1.+( +(

=%∋#∋7+%1#(Χ+2∋<Κ.&∋,(+#(2∋#+(.1(Β+&≅((ϑ( ∋%.+#( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( %+/∋#∋∀( ∋,(

<∋2<+&/∋,(ϖ12/&12∋,(.+(#∋%1Β&.1.+?(.&Χ2&.1.+?(Ω&%+&/∋(4∋,#∋=∋Β&/1(+(=15≅(

( 4∋#∋( <∋2,+∗∀Π2<&1( .∋( =Ο,χΧ∀+%%1?( +( .∋( +,Μ∋%Ε∋( .+( %+<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋( .∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(1(<∋#∀2&.1.+(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(7&∀(+#+%Χ&%(∋(Ω&%+&/∋(:2/+%21<&∋21Β(

.∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( +( 1( 2∋71( Μ+&Ε−∋( .∋( Ω&%+&/∋( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( ∋<&.+2/1Β≅( ς∋(

Ω&%+&/∋(:2/+%21<&∋21Β?(<∋#+Ε∋∀(1(,+%(.+Β&2+1.∋(∋(,&,/+#1(2∋%#1/&7∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(

.+(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(Ζ2∗∀12/∋(∗∀+(∋(Ω&%+&/∋(4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(∋<&.+2/1Β(

/+,/+#∀20∋∀( 1( 1∆+%/∀%1( 1∋,( =%&2<Κ=&∋,( .1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121( 21( +Β1∆∋%1Ε−∋( .∋,(

/+8/∋,(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,(ΡΛ&∋7+,12?(αΓΓΣ≅(

( κ#(,&Χ2&Μ&<1/&7∋( Μ+2[#+2∋( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(+(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋(<∋#+Ε1(1(∋<∋%%+%(+#( Μ∀2Ε−∋(

.+,,1,(#∀.12Ε1,(18&∋ΒΟΧ&<1,(21(%+Β1Ε−∋(+2/%+(∋,(=1Κ,+,(+(2∋(#∋.∋(<∋#∋(∋,(=1Κ,+,(

/%1/1#(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,6(1(Μ∋%#1(=+Β1(∗∀1Β(∋(Ζ,/1.∋(/%1/1(,+∀,(21<&∋21&,(2−∋(;(

#1&,( ∀#( =%∋∆Β+#1( .+( Θ∀%&,.&Ε−∋( .∋#;,/&<1≅( :,,∋( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1( ∗∀+( 1( =%∋/+Ε−∋( .∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(2−∋(.+7+(%+.∀5&%χ,+(1∋(.∋#Κ2&∋(%+,+%71.∋(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋?(=∋&,(1Χ∋%1(

1( =%∋#∋Ε−∋( .1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121( ;( .+( &2/+%+,,+( &2/+%21<&∋21Β≅( ϑ( <∋2,+∗∀Π2<&1(

&#+.&1/1( .+,,1( 2∋Ε−∋( ;( ∗∀+( 1( ,∋∆+%12&1( 1∆,∋Β∀/1( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋( =1,,∋∀( 1( ,+%(


Aula 0 !


%+Β1/&7&51.1(21(#+.&.1(+#(∗∀+(,−∋(1.#&/&.1,( &2/+%7+2ΕΨ+,(2∋(=Β12∋(21<&∋21Β(+#(

=%∋Β(.1(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅((

( )( Χ%12.+( #1%<∋( .+,,1( /%12,&Ε−∋( ;( 1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( κ2&7+%,1Β( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,(

β∀#12∋,?( .+( ΓΗλΙ≅( ΖΒ1( +Β+71( &#=∀Β,&∋21( ∋( Ω&%+&/∋( :2/+%21<&∋21Β( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,(

β∀#12∋,( #+.&12/+( 1( 1.∋Ε−∋( .+( &2Υ#+%∋,( &2,/%∀#+2/∋,( &2/+%21<&∋21&,( .+(

=%∋/+Ε−∋?( <∋2Μ+%&2.∋( Β1,/%∋( 18&∋ΒΟΧ&<∋( +( ∀2&.1.+( 71Β∋%1/&71( 1( +,,+( <1#=∋( .∋(

Ω&%+&/∋?( <∋#( Π2Μ1,+( 21( ∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+?( &2.&7&,&∆&Β&.1.+( +( &2/+%.+=+2.Π2<&1( .∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(ΡΛ&∋7+,12?(αΓΓΣ≅(

( )(=%∋<+,,∋(.+(∀2&7+%,1Β&51Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(=+%#&/&∀(1(Μ∋%#1Ε−∋(.+(

∀#(,&,/+#1(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(.+(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.+,,+,(.&%+&/∋,≅(Ζ,,+(,&,/+#1(;(<∋#=∋,/∋(=∋%(

/%1/1.∋,( &2/+%21<&∋21&,( .+( =%∋/+Ε−∋( ∗∀+( %+ΜΒ+/+#?( ,∋∆%+/∀.∋?( 1( <∋2,<&Π2<&1( ;/&<1(

<∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+1( <∋#=1%/&Β01.1( =+Β∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,?( 21( #+.&.1( +#( ∗∀+( &27∋<1#( ∋(

<∋2,+2,∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(1<+%<1(.+(/+#1,(<+2/%1&,(1∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(21(∆∀,<1(.1(

,1Β71Χ∀1%.1( .+( =1%ϕ#+/%∋,( =%∋/+/&7∋,( #Κ2&#∋,( ο( .∋( ∴#Κ2&#∋( ;/&<∋( &%%+.∀/Κ7+Β_(

ΡΛ&∋7+,12?(αΓΓΣ≅(

( ϑ(Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋(.∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(.+(Α&+21(.+(ΓΗΗη?(%+&/+%1(1(<∋2<+=Ε−∋(

.1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( κ2&7+%,1Β( .+( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( .+( ΓΗλΙ?( 1∋( 1Μ&%#1%( +#( ,+∀(

=1%∃Χ%1Μ∋(γ(∗∀+6(

∴>∋.∋,( ∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#( ,−∋( ∀2&7+%,1&,?( &2.&7&,Κ7+&,?(

&2/+%.+=+2.+2/+,( +( &2/+%χ%+Β1<&∋21.∋,≅( ϑ( <∋#∀2&.1.+(

&2/+%21<&∋21Β( /+#( .+( <∋2,&.+%1%( ΧΒ∋∆1Β#+2/+( ∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( .∋(

0∋#+#?( .+( Μ∋%#1( Θ∀,/1( +( +∗∀&/1/&71( +( <∋#( &Χ∀1Β( Π2Μ1,+≅(

Ζ#∆∋%1( ,+( .+71#( /+%( ,+#=%+( =%+,+2/+( ∋( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1.∋( .1,(

+,=+<&Μ&<&.1.+,( 21<&∋21&,( +( %+Χ&∋21&,( +( ∋,( 12/+<+.+2/+,(

0&,/Ο%&<∋,?( <∀Β/∀%1&,( +( %+Β&Χ&∋,∋,?( <∋#=+/+( 1∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,?(

&2.+=+2.+2/+#+2/+( .∋,( ,+∀,( ,&,/+#1,( =∋ΒΚ/&<∋?( +<∋2Ο#&<∋( +(

<∀Β/∀%1Β?(=%∋#∋7+%(+(=%∋/+Χ+%( /∋.∋,(∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(.∋(0∋#+#(+(

Β&∆+%.1.+,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,_≅(

Ζ,<Β1%+<&.∋,(+,/+,(=%&#+&%∋,(<∋2<+&/∋,?(71Β+(1Β+%/1%(∗∀+(2∋(<1#=∋(.∋(Ω&%+&/∋(

;( <∋#∀#(+2<∋2/%1%#∋,(.∋∀/%&21.∋%+,( <∋#(=∋,/∀%1,( 1∆,∋Β∀/1#+2/+( 12/1Χ[2&<1,?(

=∋%/12/∋?( 71Β+( +,<Β1%+<+%?( Θ∃( ∗∀+( +,/1#∋,( 1&2.1(∆+#(2∋( &2Κ<&∋(.+,,+( 1=%+2.&51.∋(

,∋∆%+(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,?(1ΒΧ∀2,(=∋2/∋,(2∋,(∗∀1&,(1(.∋∀/%&21(1/∀1Β(=∋.+(∴∆1Χ∀2Ε1%_(


Aula 0 !


<∋#(1(<1∆+Ε1(.+(7∋<Π,≅(Λ∋%(&,,∋(71#∋,(+,/∀.1%(1,(Χ%12.+,(+,<∋Β1,(.+(=+2,1#+2/∋(

1<+%<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(

(

(

81#3/,%#∋/9:∀)3∀()4&+%&∋∀();1,/#∀()

(

Λ1%1(ϑΒ+812.%+(.+(φ∋%1+,(ΡααγΣ?(&2Υ#+%1,(,−∋(1,(/+∋%&1,(.+,+27∋Β7&.1,(2∋(

,+2/&.∋(.+(Θ∀,/&Μ&<1%(+(+,<Β1%+<+%(∋(Μ∀2.1#+2/∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(.+,/1<12.∋χ

,+?(=∋%;#?(1(&%∋∃#−! 6.(,−&.∃−7#(&−?( 1(&%∋∃#−!8∋(#&#1#(&−( +(1(&%∋∃#−!∗∋∃−7#(&−!∋.!

∀%! 9%∃%7∗−,≅( ϑ( &2<∋#=1%∃7+Β( &#=∋%/ϕ2<&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(

2−∋( <∋2,+Χ∀+( ,+%( +8=Β&<1.1(=∋%(∗∀1Β∗∀+%(.1,( /+∋%&1,( +8&,/+2/+,?( ∗∀+( ,+(#∋,/%1#(

&2,∀Μ&<&+2/+,≅((

ϑ(&%∋∃#−! 6.(,−&.∃−7#(&−( Μ∀2.1#+2/1(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+#(∀#1(∋%.+#(

,∀=+%&∋%(∀2&7+%,1Β?( &#∀/∃7+Β(+(&2.+%%∋Χ∃7+Β≅(Λ∋%(+,,1(/+∋%&1?(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( 2−∋( ,−∋( <%&1Ε−∋( .∋,( Β+Χ&,Β1.∋%+,?( /%&∆∀21&,( ∋∀( Θ∀%&,/1,?( +?(

<∋2,+∗∀+2/+#+2/+?(2−∋(=∋.+#(.+,1=1%+<+%(.1(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(.∋,(0∋#+2,≅(

( ϑ( &%∋∃#−! 8∋(#&#1#(&−( Μ∀2.1#+2/1( 1( +8&,/Π2<&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 21(

∋%.+#( 2∋%#1/&71?( +2∗∀12/∋( Β+ΧΚ/&#1( #12&Μ+,/1Ε−∋( .1( ,∋∆+%12&1( =∋=∀Β1%≅( Ω+,/1(

Μ∋%#1?( ,∋#+2/+( ,+%&1#( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( 1∗∀+Β+,( +8=%+,,1#+2/+(

=%+7&,/∋,(2∋(∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(=∋,&/&71.∋≅(

( ϑ( &%∋∃#−! ∗∋∃−7#(&−! ∋.! ∀%! 9%∃%7∗−,( +2<∋2/%1( 1( Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋( .∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(21(=%Ο=%&1(+8=+%&Π2<&1(+(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(#∋%1Β(.+(∀#(

.+/+%#&21.∋(=∋7∋?(∗∀+(1<1∆1(=∋%(<∋2Μ&Χ∀%1%(∋(.+2∋#&21.∋(!∀#∃%∃&∋∀(%)∗+,)−.!∀≅(

5∋,&%6(φ∋%1+,?(ααγ≅(

( ϑΒ+812.%+(.+(φ∋%1+,(<∋#=Β+#+2/16(∴ς1(%+1Β&.1.+?(1,(/+∋%&1,(,+(<∋#=Β+/1#?(

.+7+2.∋( <∋+8&,/&%+#?(=∋&,( ,∋#+2/+( 1( =1%/&%( .+(∀#1( <∋2,<&Π2<&1( ,∋<&1Β( Ρ/+∋%&1( .+(

Λ+%+Β#12Σ?( ∆1,+1.1( =%&2<&=1Β#+2/+( +#(71Β∋%+,( Μ&81.∋,( 21( <%+2Ε1( .+( ∀#1( ∋%.+#(

∀2&7+%,1Β?( ,∀=+%&∋%( +( &#∀/∃7+Β( Ρ/+∋%&1( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,/1Σ?( ;( ∗∀+( ∋( Β+Χ&,Β1.∋%( ∋∀( ∋,(

/%&∆∀21&,(+2<∋2/%1#(,∀∆,/%1/∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋(+(,∋<&1Β(=1%1(%+<∋20+<+%+#(1(+8&,/Π2<&1(.+(

.+/+%#&21.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(<∋#∋( &2/+Χ%12/+,(.∋(∋%.+21#+2/∋(

Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(Ρ/+∋%&1(=∋,&/&7&,/1Σ_≅(


Aula 0 !


( ϑ=+,1%( .+,,1( .&,/&2Ε−∋( ∆1,/12/+( .&.∃/&<1( +( +Β∀<&.1/&71?( =%+<&,1%+#∋,(

1=%∋Μ∀2.1%(∀#(=∋∀<∋(#1&,(2+,,1,( /+∋%&1,(=1%1(+,<Β1%+<+%#∋,(1ΒΧ∀2,(.+/1Β0+,≅()(

=%&#+&%∋( +,<Β1%+<&#+2/∋( 1∗∀&( ,+%∃( ,∋∆%+( 1( <∋%%+2/+( 6.(,−&.∃−7#(&−?( ∗∀+( 1<%+.&/1(

21( 12/+%&∋%&.1.+( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( <∋#( %+Β1Ε−∋( 1∋( ,+∀( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(

=∋%(=1%/+(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋≅((

(

(

∗%∀+&/)<1(#/∋1+/−&(∋/)3%)4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()

(

Ζ,,1(=%&#+&%1(Χ%12.+(=+%,=+</&71(Μ1Β1(.∋(Ω&%+&/∋(ς1/∀%1Β≅()(Ω&%+&/∋(ς1/∀%1Β(χ(

,&2[2&#∋( .+( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,#∋?( %+=%+,+2/1( 1( +8&,/Π2<&1( .+( ∀#( .&%+&/∋( Μ∀2.1.∋( 21(

21/∀%+51( .1,( <∋&,1,( +?( .+,,+( #∋.∋?( 1( +8=%+,,−∋( .1( Θ∀,/&Ε1( ∋<∋%%+( =+Β∋(

%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(+(1=Β&<1Ε−∋(.+,,+(.&%+&/∋( &2+%+2/+(Ν(%+1Β&.1.+≅(Ζ8&,/+(∀#1(∋%.+#(

,∀=+%&∋%( Ν( %1<&∋21Β&.1.+( +( 7∋2/1.+( 0∀#121≅( θ+Χ+χ,+?( +#( %+Χ%1?( =∋%( =%&2<Κ=&∋,(

Μ&8∋,?(1∆,∋Β∀/∋,(+(&2/+#=∋%1&,(<∋#∋?(=∋%(+8+#=Β∋?(1(∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+≅(ϑΒ;#(.&,,∋?(;(

∀#(.&%+&/∋(<∋Χ2∋,<Κ7+Β(ο(=∋.+(,+%(<∋20+<&.∋(21/∀%1Β#+2/+(=∋%( /∋.∋,(∋,(0∋#+2,≅(

Ζ#( ,∀#1?( ;( ∀#( .&%+&/∋( &2+%+2/+( Ν( 21/∀%+51( 0∀#121( +( ∗∀+( .+7+( ,+%( %+,=+&/1.∋(

&2.+=+2.+2/+#+2/+( .+( ,∀1( =∋,&/&71Ε−∋( 2∋( ∋%.+21#+2/∋( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋( &2/+%2∋≅( )(

%+,=+&/∋( 1∋( .&%+&/∋( 21/∀%1Β( &2.+=+2.+( .+( Μ%∋2/+&%1,( /+%%&/∋%&1&,( +( /+#=∋%1&,≅( π( ∋(

∋=∋,/∋(.∋(.&%+&/∋(=∋,&/&7&,/1≅(

!∀1(&2ΜΒ∀Π2<&1(21(0&,/Ο%&1(∋<∋%%+(+#(.&7+%,∋,(#∋#+2/∋,≅(4∋#∋(+8+#=Β∋6(

4∋#∋( %+,∀Β/1.∋( .1( .&Μ∀,−∋( .∋( +#∃%#&∋! :−&.∃−7( +( 2∋( <∋2/+8/∋( .1,(

θ+7∋Β∀ΕΨ+,(δ∀%Χ∀+,1,?(,−∋(&#=∋,/∋,(Β&#&/+,(1∋(=∋.+%(%+1Β( =∋%( #+&∋( .1(

Β&2Χ∀1Χ+#( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,≅( π( 2+,,+( <∋2/+8/∋( +#( ∗∀+( ,+( Μ∋%#∀Β1#( 1,( =%&#+&%1,(

.+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,(.+(Ω&%+&/∋,≅(Ω+,/1<1#χ,+(1∗∀&6(21( :2ΧΒ1/+%%1?(∋(/)−!)∀(0+%#∋∀(12&( .+(

ΓιεΗ(+(∋(3∃..( +4(5∃67&∀( .+(ΓιΙΗΤ(2∋,(Ζ,/1.∋,(κ2&.∋,?( 1(8!2.)%)9:+(;!(<∃%6=,∃)( .+(

ΓεειΤ(+(21(Φ%12Ε1?(1(8!2.)%)9:+(;+∀(8∃%!∃&+∀(;+(/+>!>(!(;+(0∃;);:+(.+(ΓεΙΗ?(/∋.1,(

&2,=&%1.1,(2∋(.&%+&/∋(21/∀%1Β≅(

),(0∋#+2,(,−∋(.∋/1.∋,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(&21/∋,?(<1∆+2.∋(1∋(=∋.+%(+,/1/1Β(.+<Β1%∃χ

Β∋,?( +,/1( +%1( 1( 7&,−∋( =%+,+2/+( +#( 1ΒΧ∀2,( .∋<∀#+2/∋,( &#=∋%/12/+,( =1%1( 1(

<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋(.∋(<∋2<+&/∋(.+(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,?(<∋2Μ∋%#+(.+#∋2,/%1.∋(1(,+Χ∀&%6(


Aula 0 !


+%27−∃−;3∋!∀%!<#∃/=,#−>!?≅≅Α! +%27−∃−;3∋!∀∋(!+#∃%#&∋(!∀∋!Β∋∗%∗!%!

∀∋!Χ#∀−∀3∋>!?≅∆Ε!

Φ%∀/∋( .1( θ+7∋Β∀Ε−∋( ϑ#+%&<121( ο(

7&,171#(%+,/1∀%1%(∋,(12/&Χ∋,(.&%+&/∋,(.+(

<&.1.12&1( /+2.∋( +#(7&,/1( ∋,( 1∆∀,∋,(.∋(

=∋.+%(#∋2∃%∗∀&<∋Τ(

Φ%∀/∋( .1( θ+7∋Β∀Ε−∋( Φ%12<+,1( ο( ∋,(

Μ%12<+,+,( ,+( 7&1#( +#( ∀#1( #&,,−∋(

∀2&7+%,1Β(.+(Β&∆+%/1Ε−∋(.∋,(=∋7∋,Τ(

φ1%<∋( .∋( 21,<&#+2/∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,(

0∀#12∋,(21(0&,/Ο%&1Τ(

ϑ%/≅( ΞΑ:6( ∆1,+1.∋( 21( Β&Ε−∋( <Β∃,,&<1( .+(

φ∋2/+,∗∀&+∀(ο(/+∋%&1(.∋(Χ∋7+%2∋(#&,/∋(

<∋#∆&21.1( <∋#( ∀#1( .+<Β1%1Ε−∋( .+(

.&%+&/∋,?( 1#∆1,(+8=%+,,1,( +#(∀#( /+8/∋(

+,<%&/∋(Ρ1(<∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋ΣΤ(

θ+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .1( &Χ∀1Β.1.+( +2/%+( ∋,(

&2.&7Κ.∀∋,( =+Β1( ,∀1( =%Ο=%&1( 21/∀%+51( +(

.∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(=%∋=%&+.1.+≅(

4∋2,1Χ%1Ε−∋(.∋,(=%&2<Κ=&∋,(&Β∀#&2&,/1,6(

&Χ∀1Β.1.+?(Β&∆+%.1.+(+(=%∋=%&+.1.+≅(

π( &#=∋%/12/+( %+,,1Β/1%(∗∀+(1#∆1,(1,(Ω+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,( <∋2,1Χ%1%1#(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(

0∀#12∋,( .1( =%&#+&%1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( 1∋( =1,,∋( ∗∀+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1(

Χ+%1Ε−∋(Ρ+#∆∋%1(1(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(Μ%12<+,1(.+(ΓεΗΓ(Θ∃(+,/&=∀Β1,,+(.+7+%+,(,∋<&1&,(.∋(

Ζ,/1.∋?(2−∋(.&,=∀201(,∋∆%+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(<∋%%+Β1/&7∋,(.∋,(<&.1.−∋,Σ(,Ο(/&7+%1#(,∀1(

=Β+21( 1Μ&%#1Ε−∋( <∋#(1( +Β1∆∋%1Ε−∋(.1( 4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(#+8&<121( Ρ+#(.+<∋%%Π2<&1( .1(

θ+7∋Β∀Ε−∋(φ+8&<121Σ?(+#(ΓΗΓε?(+(.1(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(.+(ω+&#1%(+#(ΓΗΓΗ≅(Ζ2/%+(+,,1,?(

1/+2.+χ,+(=1%1(∋(=∋2/∋(<∋#∀#6(1(&2,∀Μ&<&Π2<&1(.1(1∆,/+2Ε−∋(+,/1/1Β(<∋#∋(Μ∋%#1(.+(

Χ1%12/&1( .+( .&%+&/∋,≅( Ζ#( Μ1<+( .+( 1ΒΧ∀2,( .&%+&/∋,?( <∋#∋( ;( ∋( <1,∋( .∋( .&%+&/∋( 1∋(

/%1∆1Β0∋?(Ν(+.∀<1Ε−∋(+(Ν(,1Υ.+?(,∋#+2/+(1(&2/+%7+2Ε−∋(+,/1/1Β(;(<1=15(.+(Χ1%12/&χ

Β∋,≅(ξ∃(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(.+(/+%<+&%1(Χ+%1Ε−∋(,Ο(Μ∋%1#(<∋2,1Χ%1.∋,(1=Ο,(1(!+Χ∀2.1( υ∀+%%1(

φ∀2.&1Β?( <∋#( ∆1,+( 21( &.+&1( .+( ∗∀+( +8&,/+#( .&%+&/∋,( ∆1,+1.∋,( 21( <∋Β+/&7&.1.+?(

<∋2Μ∋%#+( ,+%−∋( +,/∀.1.∋,( 1∋( Β∋2Χ∋( .∋( <∀%,∋≅( >∋.17&1?( 1( &.+&1( .+( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( ο(

&#=∋%/12/+( <∋#∋( #+<12&,#∋( .+( <∋#=%++2,−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( ο( #+%+<+( ,+%( <%&/&<1.1(

.+,.+(+,,+(#∋#+2/∋?(∀#1(7+5(∗∀+(<∋Β∋<1((+#((<0+∗∀+((1((&.+&1((<∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+1((.+((

&2.&7&,&∆&Β&.1.+((+((&2/+%.+=+2.Π2<&1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(

5∋,&%6(4∀201(+(!=&+Β+%?(ααΗ≅(

(


Aula 0 !


4∋#∋(<∋2,+∗∀Π2<&1(.+,,1(7&,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(2−∋(,−∋( (=1,,Κ7+&,(.+(

∗∀1Β∗∀+%( <∋2,+2,∀1Β&51Ε−∋?( =∋&,( ,−∋( 21/∀%1&,( +( &2+%+2/+,( 1∋( 0∋#+#?( <1∆+2.∋?(

=∋%/12/∋?( ,+∀( =∀%∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( +( =%∋/+Ε−∋≅( ς−∋( Χ1%12/&χΒ∋,( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1?( 2+,,+(

<∋2/+8/∋?(∋=∋%χ,+(Ν(=%Ο=%&1((21/∀%+51≅(ϑ.∋/12.∋(+,,1(=+%,=+</&71?(∋(Ζ,/1.∋(/+%&1(∋(

=1=+Β(.+(%+<∋20+<+%(/∋.∋,(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(<∋2,&.+%1.∋,(21/∀%1&,?(&2+%+2/+,(Ν(<∋2.&Ε−∋(

0∀#121(Ρ.&%+&/∋,(21/∀%1&,Σ≅((

Λ1%1(%+∆1/+%(+,/1(7&,−∋( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,/1?(121Β&,+#∋,(1(+8<+Β+2/+(<%Κ/&<1(.+(Λ&+%∋/0(+(

!<0Β&2ϖ(ΡααΙΣ6(

∴ϑ∗∀&(,+(+,/∃(.&12/+(.+(∀#(.&Μ∀2.&.∋(#&/∋(.1(/+∋%&1(+(.∋∀/%&21(

.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(∗∀+(;(1.∋/1.∋(=∋%(1∀/∋%+,(.1,(#1&,(

71%&1.1,( +,<∋Β1,( Θ∀%Κ.&<1,≅( 4∋#( +Μ+&/∋?( +,,1( /+,+( ;( 1Μ&%#1.1(

/12/∋(=∋%(∀#(Χ%12.+(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β&,/1(1Β+#−∋(.1(.;<1.1(.+(

7&2/+(∗∀+(.+=∋&,(7&%&1(1(,+(/%12,Μ∋%#1%(2∋(∴Θ∀%&,/1(,∋∆+%12∋_(

Ρ?%+,≅∋%∃∀&Σ( .∋( %+Χ&#+( 215&,/1( 41%Β( !<0#&//( ∗∀12/∋( .&,<∀/&.1(

=∋%(.∋&,(1∀/∋%+,(.+(∀#(<∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+∋(ο(+(#∀&/∋(∀/&Β&51.∋(21(

ϑΒ+#1201( ο( #12∀1Β( .+( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( .+( ∋%&+2/1Ε−∋(

<Β1%1#+2/+(Β&∆+%1Β≅(

((((((((((()(#&/∋(.1(=%;χ+,/1/1Β&.1.+(<%∋2∋ΒΟΧ&<1(+(18&∋ΒΟΧ&<1(.∋,(

.&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( .+<∋%%+( .1( &.+∋Β∋Χ&1( .∋,( 1∀/∋%+,( .1,(

=%&#+&%1,( Ω+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,( .+( Ω&%+&/∋,( 2∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( κ2&.∋,( +( 21(

Φ%12Ε1?( ∗∀+( <∋2,&.+%171#( +,/+,( Ω&%+&/∋,( <∋#∋( 21/∀%1&,?(

&21Β&+2∃7+&,(+(#+,#∋(,1Χ%1.∋,?(+(,∀1(=%∋<Β1#1Ε−∋(<∋#∋(#+%∋(

%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(.1∗∀&Β∋(∗∀+(60!%Φ#(&#−_≅(ΡΧ%&Μ∋,(#+∀,Σ(

(

Ω&#∋∀Β&,(+(φ1%/&2,(ΡαΓΓΣ(+(Ω&#∋∀Β&,(ΡααΣ(<∋#=Β+#+2/1#(1(<%Κ/&<16(

ϑ( ∴21/∀%+51( .∋( 0∋#+#_( ,Ο( ,+( +2<∋2/%1( 2∋,( .1.∋,( .+(

,∀1( <∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋( ∆&∋ΒΟΧ&<1≅( ς+20∀#( .&%+&/∋( ∋∀( ∋∆%&Χ1Ε−∋?(

2+20∀#1( %+Χ%1( .+( <∋2.∀/1( ,∋<&1Β( =∋.+( ,+%( .+.∀5&.1( .1(

21/∀%+51(0∀#121≅(:,,∋(;(.+(Μ∃<&Β(<∋#=%∋71Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1(Θ∃(∗∀+(

∴∋(0∋#+#_(7&7+∀(,∋∆(∋,(#1&,(71%&1.∋,(%+Χ&#+,(,∋<&1&,(+( &,,∋(

,3∋! (%∃#−! 8∋((=1%7! (%! −! (.−! ,−&.∃%Γ−! 4∋((%! (%∗8∃%! −!

∗%(∗−! ∋.! (%! &−7! (.8∋(&−! ,−&.∃%Γ−! 4∋((%! ∀%&%∃∗#,−,&%!


Aula 0 !


8−∃−!−!∋.&∋∃/−!∀%!∀#∃%#&∋(!Η.%!,−∀−!∗−#(!(%∃#−!∀∋!Η.%!∋!

(%.! ∃%2∋,)%2#∗%,&∋! 8%7∋! 8∋∀%∃! 8∋7=&#2∋≅( ς−∋( ,+( =∋.+(

&#1Χ&21%(∀#1(,∋<&+.1.+?(21(∗∀1Β(∋,(0∋#+2,(2−∋(.∀%#1#(∋∀(

2−∋( ,+( 1Β&#+2/+#?( =∋%( &,,∋( Μ15( =1%/+( .+( ,∀1( 1%∃∀−∀%#∃−!

,−&.∃%Γ−≅(Ω+(∋∀/%∋(Β1.∋?(0∃(#∀&/1,(,∋<&+.1.+,(∗∀+(=%&7171#(

71,/∋,( Χ%∀=∋,( .+( ,+%+,( 0∀#12∋,( .+( Β&∆+%.1.+?( &2,/&/∀&2.∋( 1(

.+,&Χ∀1Β.1.+( =∋ΒΚ/&<1( 1( .+,=+&/∋( .+( ,∀=∋,/1( &Χ∀1Β.1.+( ∋∀(

#+,#∋(+#(%15−∋(.∋(%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(.+(,∀=∋,/1(.+,&Χ∀1Β.1.+(

21/∀%1Β≅( :,,∋( &2.&<1( ∗∀+( 1( /+∋%&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 21/∀%1&,( =∋.+(

/1#∆;#( %+.∀2.1%( 2∋( /∋/1Β&/1%&,#∋( %1<&1Β?( /1Β( ∗∀1Β( ∋<∋%%&.∋(

+2/%+(ΓΗηη(+(ΓΗλγ(,∋∆(∋(%+Χ&#+(.∋(/+%<+&%∋(5!∃27(1Β+#−∋_≅((

ϑ(&2,&,/+2/+(%+Μ+%Π2<&1(1(.&%+&/∋,(21/∀%1&,(∋∀(0∀#12∋,(

∋∆Θ+/&71( Β+Χ&/&#1%( ∋( ∋%.+21#+2/∋( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋≅( ∴ς1/∀%1Β&51_( ,+∀,(

+Β+#+2/∋,?( ,∀Χ+%&2.∋( ∗∀+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( 0∋Θ+(

%+<∋20+<&.∋,( 21,( ,∋<&+.1.+,( <1=&/1Β&,/1,( ,−∋( &#=∋,/∋,( =+Β1(

21/∀%+51( 0∀#121( +?( <∋2,+∗∀+2/+#+2/+?( 1( ,∋<&+.1.+(

<1=&/1Β&,/1( ;( Β+Χ&/&#1.1( =∋%( +,/1%( +#( <∋2Μ∋%#&.1.+( 1∋,(

#12.1#+2/∋,(.1(∴21/∀%+51(0∀#121_≅((

ΡΩ&#∋∀Β&,?(αα?(=≅ειαΣ≅(ΡΧ%&Μ∋,(#+∀,Σ(

(

(

∗%∀+&/)=∀(&∋&2&(∋/)%)5&(∋>+&∃/)3%)4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()

(

ϑ=+,1%(.+(/+%#∋,(1∀/∋%+,(∗∀+(,+=1%1#(1(7&,−∋(=∋,&/&7&,/1(.1(7&,−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1?(

1/∀1Β#+2/+( 1,( .∀1,( =+%,=+</&71,( ,−∋( +2/+2.&.1,( +#( <∋2Θ∀2/∋≅( φ+,#∋( 1,,&#?(

<∋2<+&/∀1%+&( 1,( .∀1,( +#( ,+=1%1.∋≅( ϑ( <∋2<+=Ε−∋( =∋,&/&7&,/1( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(

1.7∋Χ1( 1( &.+&1( .+( ∗∀+( ( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,−∋( 1∗∀+Β+,( &2,<%&/∋,( +#( <Ο.&Χ∋,( +(

Β+Χ&,Β1ΕΨ+,( +( ∗∀+( /Π#( ( Μ∋%Ε1( 7&2<∀Β1/&71( ,∋#+2/+( ∗∀12.∋( +8=%+,,∋,( 21( Β+&≅( Ω+,,+(

#∋.∋?(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,∋#+2/+(=∋.+#(,+%(&27∋<1.∋,(,+(+,/&7+%+#(.+Μ&2&.∋,≅(

ς−∋( ;( =∋,,Κ7+Β?( .+( 1<∋%.∋( <∋#( +,,1( <∋%%+2/+?( =%∋.∀5&%( +Μ+&/∋,( ,+#( 1( 12/+%&∋%(

=%+7&,−∋(Β+Χ1Β(.1(1/∀1Ε−∋(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋?(=∋%(+8+#=Β∋≅(


Aula 0 !


Ζ#(/+%#∋,(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋,?(+,/1(.&,<∀,,−∋(1=1%+<+(2∀#(.+∆1/+(#∀&/∋(<∋#∀#((∗∀+(

=Ψ+(+#(<∋#=1%1Ε−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,≅(Ζ#((%+,∀#∋?(1(

&.+&1(.+Μ+2.&.1(=+Β∋,(1.+=/∋,(.1(/+∋%&1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(;((∗∀+(,∋#+2/+(

,−∋( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +8&ΧΚ7+&,( 1∗∀+Β+,( ∗∀+( Μ∋%+#( &2<∋%=∋%1.∋,( ( 21( Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋(

<∋#∋(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(Μ∋%1(.+,/1(=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,((0∀#12∋,(2−∋(/Π#(

Μ∋%Ε1(#1&,(.∋(∗∀+(<∋#∋(∋%&+2/1Ε−∋(.∋∀/%&2∃%&1(+(#∋%1Β(Ρ41%∆∋21%&?(αΓαΣ≅(

ϑ(<∋2<+=Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1?(=∋%(,∀1(7+5?(+2/+2.+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(<∋#∋(∀#1!

<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1(#1%<1.1(=+Β1,(<∋2/%1.&ΕΨ+,(+(<∋2.&ΕΨ+,(.1(%+1Β&.1.+( (,∋<&1Β≅((

ς+,/1( <∋2<+=Ε−∋?( =+%.+χ,+( 1( 7&2<∀Β1Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 1( ∀#1( ( 21/∀%+51(

0∀#121?(Θ∃(∗∀+(+Β1(=%Ο=%&1(;(+2/+2.&.1(<∋#∋(<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1≅(ϑ/;(1(.&Χ2&.1.+(

0∀#121(;(∀#1(<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1≅((

Λ∋%( ∋∀/%∋( Β1.∋?( +,,1( 7&,−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( %+<∋20+<+( ∗∀+( ∋( +,/1∆+Β+<&#+2/∋( .∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+#((Β+&,(;(,+#=%+(=%+<∃%&∋?(=∋&,(=∋.+(,&Χ2&Μ&<1%(∋(+,/%+&/1#+2/∋(

.1(=%Ο=%&1(.&Χ2&.1.+(0∀#121?(∀#1(7+5(∗∀+(1,(Β+&,(2−∋(,+Χ∀+#(1(ΒΟΧ&<1(.1(21/∀%1Β(

<∋2.&Ε−∋(0∀#121(∗∀+(.+7+(,+%(=%+,+%71.1≅(

(

∗%∀+&/)?∀+/−&(∋/≅)Α∋&∃/)∀1)3%)=%+%−,/#)

( (

Λ+%+Β#12?( 2∋( ,+∀( Β&7%∋( π/&<1( +( Ω&%+&/∋?( +Β∀<&.1( 1,( ,+&,( <∋2<+=ΕΨ+,( #1&,(

<∋%%+2/+,( .1( Θ∀,/&Ε1( <∋2<%+/1( ∗∀+( ,+( 1Μ&%#1%1#( 21( <&7&Β&51Ε−∋( ∋<&.+2/1Β?( .+,.+( 1(

ϑ2/&Χ∀&.1.+(1/;(2∋,,∋,(.&1,6(

1Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(1(#+,#1(<∋&,1Τ(

∆Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(,+∀,(#;%&/∋,Τ(

<Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(,∀1,(∋∆%1,Τ(

.Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(,∀1,(2+<+,,&.1.+,Τ(

+Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(,∀1(=∋,&Ε−∋Τ(

ΜΣ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(∋(∗∀+(1(Β+&(Β0+(1/%&∆∀&≅(

( !−∋(18&∋#1,(Χ+%1&,(+(+#=Κ%&<∋,?(,+Χ∀2.∋(∋(1∀/∋%?(+(∗∀+(.+/+%#&21#(1,(Β+&,(

;/&<1,( #1&∋%+,( .1( 0∀#12&.1.+≅( :2/+%+,,1%1χ2∋,( 1( ,∀1( ∗∀1%/1( <∋2<+=Ε−∋6( 1( <1.1(

∗∀1Β( ,+Χ∀2.∋( ,∀1,( 2+<+,,&.1.+,≅( ϑ∋( Μ∀2.1#+2/1%( 1( ,∀1( ∗∀1%/1( <∋2<+=Ε−∋( .1(

Θ∀,/&Ε1( <∋2<%+/1?( +#( 7+5( .+( Β+71%( +#( <∋2,&.+%1Ε−∋( #;%&/∋,( .∋,( &2.&7Κ.∀∋,( ∋∀( .+(

,∀1(=%∋.∀Ε−∋?(/+2/1(%+.∀5&%(∋,(,∋Μ%&#+2/∋,(.+(∗∀+(%+,∀Β/1#(.1(&#=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+(+#(


Aula 0 !


∗∀+( ∋( 0∋#+#( ,+( +2<∋2/%1( .+( ,1/&,Μ15+%( ,∀1,( 2+<+,,&.1.+,( +,,+2<&1&,≅( ϑ,,&#?(

1∗∀+Β+,( ∗∀+( ,+( +2<∋2/%1#( +#( ,&/∀1Ε−∋( =%+<∃%&1?( <1%+<+2.∋( .+( <∋2.&ΕΨ+,(

<∋2,&.+%1.1,(<∋#∋(∀#(#Κ2&#∋(7&/1Β?(.+7+#(/+%(∀#(/%1/1#+2/∋(.&Μ+%+2<&1.∋≅(:,,∋(

,&Χ2&Μ&<1(∋(%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1(=1%/&%(.1(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(#∋%1Β(.+(

2+<+,,&.1.+(1Β0+&1≅((

Λ+%+Β#12(1Μ&%#1(∗∀+(1(Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋(.∋,(=1Κ,+,(∋<&.+2/1&,(∗∀+(<%&∋∀?(2∋(,;<∀Β∋(ΞΞ?(∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(,∋<&1&,?(<∋#∋(∋(,1Β∃%&∋χ#Κ2&#∋(+(∋(,+Χ∀%∋χ.+,+#=%+Χ∋?(&2,=&%∋∀χ,+(2+,,1(

ΜΟ%#∀Β1(.+(Θ∀,/&Ε1?(2+,,1(Μ∋2/+(.∋(.&%+&/∋≅(

( (

(

Β%(1,∀)3/()∗%∀+&/()

(

! Χ∋,2%#&∋(!∀%!+#∃%#&∋(!Β.∗−,∋(!

Ι%∋∃#−!

ϑ.(,−&.∃−7#(&−!

),(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(12/+%&∋%+,(Ν(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(+(

&2+%+2/+,(Ν(21/∀%+51(0∀#121(

Ι%∋∃#−!Β#(&∋∃#2#(&−!

∋.!!9∋(#&#1#(&−(!

),(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(∋,(∗∀+(+,/−∋(=%+,+2/+,(21(

<∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(Ρ2∋%#1(=∋,/1Σ(

Ι%∋∃#−!Κ&#2−>!

Λ∋∃−7#(&−!∋.!∀%!

9%∃%7∗−,!

),(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(.+<∋%%+#(.1(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(#∋%1Β(

(

(

( 4∋2,&.+%12.∋(∗∀+(7∋<Π(Θ∃(.∋#&21(+,,1(<∋2<+&/∀1Ε−∋?(7∋<Π(Θ∃(=∋.+(+2/+2.+%(

∋(/%+<0∋(1(,+Χ∀&%≅(

(

4∋#( ∆1,+( +#( ϑ22∋2&( ΡααΙ?( =≅( ΓιΣ?( &.+2/&Μ&<1#χ,+( /%Π,( +,=;<&+,( .+(

.+Μ&2&ΕΨ+,( 1<+%<1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,6( 1( /1∀/∋ΒΟΧ&<1?( 1( Μ∋%#1Β( +( 1( Μ&21ΒΚ,/&<1( ∋∀(

/+Β+∋ΒΟΧ&<1?(7+Θ1#∋,(ΡααΙ?(=≅(ΓιΣ6(

1Σ( 1( ∀%4#,#;3∋! &−.&∋7Μ/#2−( .+Μ&2+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#∋( 1∗∀+Β+,( .&%+&/∋,(

<∋%%+,=∋2.+2/+,(1(=+,,∋1(=+Β∋(,&#=Β+,( Μ1/∋(.+Β1( ,+%(0∀#121≅( ∴Ζ,,1(<∋2<+&/∀1Ε−∋(

%+#+/+( Ν( /+∋%&1( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,/1( +( Ν( Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋( .+( ∗∀+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( /Π#(


Aula 0 !


∋%&Χ+#( 2∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 21/∀%1&,≅_( ϑ,,&#?( ∋( ,&#=Β+,( Μ1/∋( .1( =+,,∋1( ,+%( 0∀#121(

1,,+Χ∀%1(1(+Β1(1(=%∋/+Ε−∋(=+Β∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(

∆Σ(ϑ(2∋,2%#&.−;3∋! 4∋∃∗−7( %+Μ+%+χ,+(1∋( ∴]≅≅≅⊥( %+Χ&#+( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(+( Ν(=%∋/+Ε−∋(+,/1/1Β?(

1<∋Β0&.1(=+Β∋,(/+Ο%&<∋,(.∋(Θ∀,=∋,&/&7&,#∋≅_(∴!−∋(1∗∀+Β+,(.&%+&/∋,(∗∀+(=+%/+2<+#(∋∀(

.+7+#( =+%/+2<+%( 1( /∋.∋,( ∋,( 0∋#+2,( +( 2&2Χ∀;#( =∋.+( ,+%( =%&71.∋( .+Β+,≅_(

ΡϑψΑϑθΖςυϑ?( ΓΗΙΙ?( =≅( λΓΣ≅( Λ1%1( +,/1( .+Μ&2&Ε−∋( 1=+21,( ,−∋( <∋2,&.+%1.∋,( <∋#∋(

.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1∗∀+Β+,(=%+7&,/∋,(+8=%+,,1#+2/+(2∋(∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋≅(

<Σ( Ζ( 1( ∀%4#,#;3∋! 4#,−7=(&#2−! ∋.! &%7%∋7Μ/#2−?( <∋2<+&/∀1( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#∋(

1∗∀+Β+,(.&%+&/∋,(&#=%+,<&2.Κ7+&,(=1%1(∋(1=+%Μ+&Ε∋1#+2/∋(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121?(=1%1(∋(

=%∋Χ%+,,∋( ,∋<&1Β( +( =1%1( ∋( .+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋( .1( <&7&Β&51Ε−∋≅( Ζ,/1( .+Μ&2&Ε−∋( /+#(

Β&Χ1Ε−∋( <∋#( 1( /+∋%&1( ;/&<1( ∋∀( #∋%1Β&,/1?( =+Β1( ∗∀1Β( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,−∋( /&.∋,(

<∋#∋(.&%+&/∋,(#∋%1&,(,∀%Χ&.∋,(+#(.+<∋%%Π2<&1(.+(∀#1(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(,∋<&1Β(∆∃,&<1(.+(

+8&ΧΠ2<&1,(&2.&,=+2,∃7+&,(1∋(,+%(0∀#12∋(=1%1(,∀1(,∋∆%+7&7Π2<&1(<∋#(.&Χ2&.1.+≅(

5∋,&%6(θ∋,1?(αΓα≅(

(

(

(

4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()Χ)4&+%&∋∀()81#3/,%#∋/&()

(

ϑ( +8=%+,,−∋( ∴Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,_( ;( ,&2[2&#1( .+( ∴Ω&%+&/∋,( Φ∀2.1#+2/1&,_≅(

ϑ8&∋Β∋Χ&<1#+2/+?( ∗∀12.∋( Μ1Β1#∋,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?( Μ1Β1#∋,( .∋,( #+,#∋,(

.&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( Ρ1∗∀+Β+,( .∋( ϑ%/≅( γζ( .1( 4ΦρΙΙΣ?( =∋&,( 1,( .∀1,( +8=%+,,Ψ+,(

Μ∋%#1#(1(∆1,+(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(%+Β1/&7∋,(Ν(7&.1?(Ν(Β&∆+%.1.+?(Ν(=%∋=%&+.1.+?(Ν(,+Χ∀%12Ε1(

+(Ν(&Χ∀1Β.1.+≅((

φ1,( ϑΒ,∋2?( =1%1( ∗∀+( ∀,1#∋,?( +2/−∋?( .∋&,( /+%#∋,( .&Μ+%+2/+,3( ϑ( .&Μ+%+2Ε1(

+2/%+( 1,( .∀1,( +8=%+,,Ψ+,( %+,&.+( 2∋( =Β12∋( .+( =∋,&/&71Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( +?( 2−∋?( 2∋(

<∋2/+Υ.∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(ϑ(+8=%+,,−∋(∴Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,_(;(<∋,/∀#+&%1#+2/+(∀,1.1(

+#( .&%+&/∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( =Υ∆Β&<∋( +( =%&71.∋( +( 21( Μ&Β∋,∋Μ&1( .∋( .&%+&/∋≅( ϑ( +8=%+,,−∋(

∴Ω&%+&/∋,( Φ∀2.1#+2/1&,_?( =∋%( ,∀1( 7+5?( ;( ∀,1.1( 2∋( Ω&%+&/∋( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( +( ;(

121Β&,1.∋(,∋∆(∋(+2Μ∋∗∀+(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%2∋≅((

(


Aula 0 !


+ΝΧΟ6(ϑ=+,1%( (.1( (71%&1Ε−∋( (2∋( (=Β12∋( (.+( (=∋,&/&71Ε−∋(Ρ&2/+%21<&∋21Β(∋∀( &2/+%2∋Σ(

2−∋( ( 0∃( .&Μ+%+2Ε1( .+( <∋2/+Υ.∋( +2/%+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,((

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(Ρ7&.+(4Ζ!ΛΖΣ≅(

(

(

(

(

!/+/∃∋%+∆(∋&∃/()3∀()4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()

( (

!+Χ∀2.∋( δ∋/+Β0∋( ΡααγΣ?( 1,( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,−∋( 1,(

,+Χ∀&2/+,6(

Γ≅(Ω&#&2∀&%( 1( ∃%+1(.+( 1/∀1Ε−∋(.1( ,∋∆+%12&1(.∋(+,/1.∋(=∋%( ,+%(∀#(<1#=∋(∋2.+(∋(

+,/1.∋(2−∋(=∋.+(1.+2/%1%?(&2/+%Μ+%&%?(%+,/%&2Χ&%≅(

≅( θ+<&=%∋<&.1.+( ∋2.+( 2−∋( =∋.+( 017+%( .+,%+,=+&/∋( ∋∀( 1#+1Ε1( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,(

0∀#12∋,( ∗∀12.∋( .1( %+Β1Ε−∋( .+( %+<&=%∋<&.1.+( +8&,/+2/+( +2/%+( ∋,( +,/1.∋,(

=%&2<&=1Β#+2/+(∗∀12/∋(1∋(1,=+</∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋(+(+<∋2[#&<∋≅(Λ∋.+#∋,(1&2.1(<&/1%(<∋#∋(

<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,6( /+%( 1,=+</∋( &.+∋ΒΟΧ&<∋( ∆1,/12/+( .+,+27∋Β7&.∋?( =∋%( ,+%( ∀#( .&%+&/∋(

=∋Β&/&51.∋(7+%,12.∋(,∋∆%+(1(%+Β1Ε−∋(+2/%+(=∋.+%(+(=+,,∋1(<1%1</+%&512.∋(∋(=∋.+%(

<∋#∋(1(2+<+,,&.1.+(.+(=%∋/+Ε−∋( +( 1( Χ1%12/&1?( 1∋(#+,#∋( /+#=∋?( .1( Β&∆+%.1.+(.∋(

0∋#+#≅(

η≅( Λ%∋Χ%+,,&7&.1.+( Θ∃( ∗∀+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +8&Χ+#( ∀#1( Β∀/1( <∋2,/12/+( .∋(

&2.&7Κ.∀∋(<∋#(∋(+,/1.∋?(<∋2,+Χ∀&2.∋(Β+2/1#+2/+(+(=%∋Χ%+,,&71#+2/+(,+∀,(.&%+&/∋,?(

∀#(1(∀#≅(

λ≅(ς−∋( 7&∋Β1Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(∗∀12.∋(.∋( %∋#=&#+2/∋(.1(=15(#∀2.&1Β?( ;(

∀#1( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( +8/%+#1#+2/+( &#=∋%/12/+( =1%1( ∋( .&%+&/∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( ∋2.+(

2+#(#+,#∋(1(#1&,(Χ%17+(1#+1Ε1(Ν(∋%.+#(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(=∋.+(,∀=%&#&%(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(

0∀#12∋,≅(

ϑ,(ς∋%#1,(∗∀+(7+%,1#(,∋∆%+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(<∋Χ+2/+,?(&#=+%1/&71,≅(β∃(∀#1(

∋∆%&Χ1Ε−∋(Χ+%1Β?(!%6)(+>∃,!∀?(.+(%+,=+&/∋(1(+,/+,(.&%+&/∋,≅(

Λ∋.+χ,+(/1#∆;#(<&/1%(<∋#∋(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(1(1∀/∋2∋#&1?(2∋(

,+2/&.∋( .+( ,+%( ∋( .&%+&/∋( ∗∀+( 7&,1( =%∋/+Χ+%( ∋( 0∋#+#( <∋2/%1( 1,( 1/%∋<&.1.+,( .∋,(


Aula 0 !


+,/1.∋,?(2∀#(=Β12∋( &2/+%2∋(+( &2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(Λ∋%( &,,∋?(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(.+7+#(

,+%( +2/+2.&.∋,( 2−∋( <∋#∋( ,&#=Β+,( Β&#&/+,( &#=∋,/∋,( 1∋( +,/1.∋?( #1,?( <∋#∋( ∴∀#(

<∋2Θ∀2/∋(.+(71Β∋%+,(=1%1(1Ε−∋(=∋,&/&71(.∋,(=∋.+%+,(=Υ∆Β&<∋,≅_(

ϑ( ΥΒ/&#1( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( ∗∀+( =∋.+( ,+%( 1=∋2/1.1( ;( 1( =%+,∀2Ε−∋( .+( 1=Β&<1∆&Β&.1.+(

.&%+/1( .∋,( /%1/1.∋,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 2∋( ϕ#∆&/∋( &2/+%2∋≅( Ω+7+( ,+%( +2/+2.&.1(

<∋#∋(1(Μ1<∀Β.1.+(.+(&27∋<1%(+,/+,(.&%+&/∋,(.+Μ&2&.∋,(&2/+%21<&∋21Β#+2/+(

2∋,(/%&∆∀21&,(&2/+%2∋,≅(

5∋,&%6(δ∋/+Β0∋?(ααγ≅(

(

( ϑ=+,1%( .+,,1( &2/+%+,,12/+( =+%,=+</&71( %+1Β&51.1( =+Β1( 1∀/∋%1?( .+7+#∋,(

+2/+2.+%(∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(=+Β1,(,∀1,(<Β∃,,&<1,(.+,<%&ΕΨ+,≅()(+,/∀.∋(.∋(.&%+&/∋(

<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(+(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(1<+%<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(2∋,(=+%#&/+(

1Μ&%#1%(∗∀+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1=%+,+2/1#(1,(,+Χ∀&2/+,(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,6(

1Σ β&,/∋%&<&.1.+(

∆Σ κ2&7+%,1Β&.1.+(

<Σ θ+Β1/&7&.1.+(

.Σ Ζ,,+2<&1Β&.1.+(

+Σ :%%+2∀2<&1∆&Β&.1.+(

ΜΣ :21Β&+21∆&Β&.1.+(

ΧΣ :#=%+,<%&/&∆&Β&.1.+(

0Σ :27&∋Β1∆&Β&.1.+(

&Σ 4∋#=Β+#+2/1%&.1.+(

ΘΣ ΖΜ+/&7&.1.+(

ϖΣ :2/+%.+=+2.Π2<&1(

Ζ,,1,( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,( ,+%7+#( 2−∋( ,Ο( <∋#∋( =1%ϕ#+/%∋,( .+( ∋%Χ12&51Ε−∋( .1(

,∋<&+.1.+?( <∋#∋( %+=%+,+2/1#( 71Β∋%+,( .1( 2−∋( &2/+%Μ+%Π2<&1( +,/1/1Β( 21( +,Μ+%1( .1(

&2.&7&.∀1Β&.1.+?(%+,=+&/12.∋(∋(71Β∋%(;/&<∋(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121≅(

Α+Θ1#∋,(.+/1Β01.1#+2/+(<1.1(∀#(.+,,+,(<∋2<+&/∋,6((

(

Β#(&∋∃#2#∀−∀%6( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,−∋( Μ%∀/∋,( .∋( =%∋<+,,∋( 0&,/Ο%&<∋≅( ΖΒ+,( ,−∋(

<∋2,/%∀Κ.∋,( Χ%1.∀1Β#+2/+( +( +8=12.+#( ,∀1( ∆1,+( 1∋( Β∋2Χ∋( .1,( .;<1.1,≅( Ζ,,1(

+7∋Β∀Ε−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1( ∗∀+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 2−∋(


Aula 0 !


Μ∋%1#(<%&1.∋,(1=+21,(.+(∀#1(7+5?(#1,(Β+2/1#+2/+(+7∋Β7&.∋,(=1%1(∋(∗∀+(/+#∋,(0∋Θ+(

ο( +,,1( 0&,/∋%&<&.1.+( ;( +8=12,&71?( 2−∋( ,+( 1.#&/&2.∋( 1( ,∀=%+,,−∋( ( .+( .&%+&/∋,( Θ∃(

%+<∋20+<&.∋,(21(∋%.+#(Θ∀%Κ.&<1≅(ϑ(1Μ&%#1Ε−∋(.+(Χ%∀=∋,?(=∋%(+8+#=Β∋?(/+#(Μ∋%Ε1.∋(

Β+&,(+(<∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,(1(1#=Β&1%+#(∋(1%<1∆∋∀Ε∋( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(1<+%<1(.∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/∋,(.1(

.&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121≅( Ζ,,1( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( ;( 1( ∆1,+( =1%1( 1,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,ρ.&#+2,Ψ+,( .∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(∗∀+(7+%+#∋,(1.&12/+≅((

Ο8∃%,∀#Γ−∀∋!8−∃−!∋!ΧΠΘ9Π6((

Γχ π(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1(,∀1(/+#=∋%1Β&.1.+(+#(

%+Β1Ε−∋(Ν(0&,/∋%&<&.1.+(.+(<1.1(21Ε−∋≅(

χ ΖΜ+&/∋( 0.∃Α∋!&6( ;( 1( =%∋&∆&Ε−∋( .+( ,∀=%+,,−∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,(

Ρ=%∋&∆&Ε−∋( .+( ( %+/%∋<+,,∋Σ≅( )∆,+%7+( ∗∀+( 1( =%∋&∆&Ε−∋( .+( %+/%∋<+,,∋(

=%∋Κ∆+(1(,∀=%+,,−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,(+(2−∋(1(%+,/%&Ε−∋(1((.&%+&/∋,?(1Μ&21Β?(.+(

∀#1(#12+&%1(Χ+%1Β?(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(<∋#=∋%/1#(Β&#&/1ΕΨ+,≅(

(

Ρ,#1%∃(−7#∀−∀%Σ! 1( 1∆%12ΧΠ2<&1( .+,,+,( .&%+&/∋,( +2ΧΒ∋∆1( /∋.∋,( ∋,( &2.&7Κ.∀∋,?(

&2.+=+2.+2/+(.+(21<&∋21Β&.1.+?( ,+8∋?( %1Ε1?( <%+.∋(∋∀( <∋27&<Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋( Μ&Β∋,ΟΜ&<1≅(

θ+=%+,+2/1( ∋( %+Β1/&7&,#∋( <∀Β/∀%1Β?( ,+Θ1( 2∋( ,+2/&.∋( .+( ∗∀+( +,,+,( .&%+&/∋,( ,+(

.+,/&21#( 1( /∋.1,( 1,( =+,,∋1,( Ρ,+#( ∗∀1Β∗∀+%( /&=∋( .+( .&,<%&#&21Ε−∋Σ?( ,+Θ1( 21(

1∆%12ΧΠ2<&1( /+%%&/∋%&1Β( ∀2&7+%,1Β( Ρ+#( /∋.∋( ∋( #∀2.∋Σ≅( Ω+,,+( #∋.∋?( 2−∋( 0∃(

Β&#&/1ΕΨ+,( /+%%&/∋%&1&,( Ν( =%∋/+Ε−∋( .1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121≅( ϑ( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( .1(

∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,&Χ2&Μ&<1(∗∀+(+,,+,(.&%+&/∋,(.+&81%1#(.+(,+%(

1=+21,( &2/+%2∋,(=1%1(,+%+#(.+( /∋.∋,(∋,(=∋7∋,?(+(+,,1(∗∀+,/−∋(#∀2.&1Β(.+#12.1(

1/&/∀.+,(.1(<∋#∀2&.1.+(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(ς+,,+(,+2/&.∋(Μ1Β1χ,+(+#(∴!&,/+#1(υΒ∋∆1Β(.+(

Λ%∋/+Ε−∋(1∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,_≅(

Φ∋&( .+=∋&,( .1( !+Χ∀2.1( υ∀+%%1( φ∀2.&1Β?( +( .1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( κ2&7+%,1Β( .∋,(

Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(∗∀+(+,,+(=%&2<Κ=&∋(Χ120∋∀(#1&,(Μ∋%Ε1≅(ς1(Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋(κ2&7+%,1Β(

.∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( ∀2&7+%,1&,( ,−∋( +2∀2<&1.∋,( 1( /∋.∋,( ∗∀+( /Π#( 1(

<∋2.&Ε−∋(.+(0∀#12∋,?(,+#(2+20∀#1(.&,<%&#&21Ε−∋≅(

>+#∋,(=%∋∆Β+#1,(<∋#(+,,1(.+Μ&2&Ε−∋3(!&#?(=∋&,?(1=+,1%(.+(1<%+.&/1%#∋,(21(

∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( 1( ,∀1( ∆∀,<1( =+Β1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121?( ;(

<∋#=Β+8∋( +( .&ΜΚ<&Β( =%∋#∋7+%( /1Β( <∋2<+&/∋( +2/%+( <∀Β/∀%1,( .&Μ+%+2/+,≅( ϑ,,&#?( +,,1(

<∋2<+=Ε−∋( ∀2&7+%,1Β&,/1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋,/∀#1( ,+%( <∋2Μ%∋2/1.1( <∋#( ∋(


Aula 0 !


∃%7−&#1#(∗∋! ! 2.7&.∃−76( 1,( 7&<&,,&/∀.+,( <∀Β/∀%1&,( .+( <1.1( =1Κ,( ,+%&1( ∀#( +2/%17+( Ν(

1Μ&%#1Ε−∋( .1( 71Β&.1.+( .+( ∀#( #+,#∋( Χ%∀=∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,( +#( /∋.∋,( ∋,( =1Κ,+,≅( ϑ(

4∋%%+2/+( θ+Β1/&7&,/1( 1Β+Χ1( ∗∀+( ∋,( #+&∋,( <∀Β/∀%1&,( +( #∋%1&,( .+( ∀#1( ,∋<&+.1.+(

.+7+#(,+%(%+,=+&/1.∋,?(1&2.1(∗∀+(+#(=%+Θ∀Κ5∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(.+,,1(#+,#1(

<∋#∀2&.1.+≅( ς+,,1( =+%,=+</&71?( ∗∀+( +2Μ%1∗∀+<+( ∋( ∀2&7+%,1Β&,#∋?( +8&,/+( ∀#1(

=%+=∋2.+%ϕ2<&1( .∋,( Μ1/∋%+,( <∀Β/∀%1&,( .+( <1.1( =∋7∋( 21( .+/+%#&21Ε−∋( .+( ∗∀1&,(

,+%&1#( ∋,( Μ1/∋%+,( ∀2&7+%,1&,( .1( <∋2.&Ε−∋( 0∀#121≅( ϑ=+,1%( .1,( &2/+%#&2∃7+&,(

.&,<∀,,Ψ+,( 1<+%<1( .+( Β&#&/+,( +2/%+( +,,1,( .∀1,( <∋%%+2/+,?( =%+71Β+<+( 1( &.+&1( .+(

=%∋/+Ε−∋(∀2&7+%,1Β(1∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1<&#1(.∋(%+Β1/&7&,#∋(<∀Β/∀%1Β( χ(+,/+(2−∋(

=∋.+( ,+%( &Χ2∋%1.∋?( /1#=∋∀<∋( Θ∀,/&Μ&<1( ∋∀( Β+Χ&/&#1( <∋2.∀/1,( ∗∀+( 1/+2/+#( Ν(

.&Χ2&.1.+(0∀#121≅(

Ο8∃%,∀#Γ−∀∋!8−∃−!∋!ΧΠΘ9Π6((

Γχ ϑ( ( <∀Β/∀%1( ( 21<&∋21Β( ( 2−∋( ( =∋.+( ( %+,/%&2Χ&%( ( ∋,( ( .&%+&/∋,( .+(

∗∀1Β∗∀+%( Χ%∀=∋( 0∀#12∋( Ρ#∀Β0+%+,?( 2+Χ%∋,?( 0∋#∋1Μ+/&7∋,?(

.+,∗∀&/1.∋,?(+/<≅Σ≅(

(

Τ%7−&#1#∀−∀%! Υ7#∗#&−ς#7#∀−∀%Ω6( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( =∋.+#( ,∋Μ%+%( Β&#&/1ΕΨ+,(

Ρ=∋.+#( ,+%( %+Β1/&7&51.∋,Σ( .+,.+( ∗∀+( ,+Θ1( =1%1( 1( 1.+∗∀1Ε−∋( 1( ∋∀/%∋,( 71Β∋%+,(

<∋+8&,/+2/+,(21(∋%.+#(Θ∀%Κ.&<1(∗∀12.∋(+,/&7+%+#(<∋Β&.&2.∋≅()(+8+#=Β∋(#1&,(∆121Β(

.+,,1( <∋Β&,−∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,( ;( 1( Β&∆+%.1.+( .+( +8=%+,,−∋?( ∗∀+( .+7+( ,+%( 01%#∋2&51.∋(

<∋#( 1( =%∋/+Ε−∋( .1( &#1Χ+#( +( .1( 7&.1( =%&71.1≅( )( <∋2<+&/∋χ<017+( 1∗∀&( ;( 1(

01%#∋2&51Ε−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(

Ο8∃%,∀#Γ−∀∋!8−∃−!∋!ΧΠΘ9Π6((

Γχ ς+#(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,−∋(1∆,∋Β∀/∋,≅(

χ Λ∋.+( ,+%( +8+%<&.∋( +#( %+Χ&#+( .+( <∋2<∋%%Π2<&1(

Ρ<∀#∀Β1/&7&.1.+( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,Σ?( <∋#∋?( =∋%( +8+#=Β∋?( ∗∀12.∋(

∀#( Θ∋%21Β&,/1( /%12,#&/+(∀#1(2∋/Κ<&1(+(+8=Ψ+(,∀1(∋=&2&−∋(ΡΒ&∆+%.1.+(

.+(&2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋?(<∋#∀2&<1Ε−∋(+(∋=&2&−∋Σ≅(

ηχ ϑ=+,1%( .+( 2−∋( 017+%( .&%+&/∋( 1∆,∋Β∀/∋( Ρ.)&∋( ∀!,∀∋Σ?( +8&,/+#(

.&%+&/∋,(.+(<1%∃/+%(1∆,∋Β∀/∋(Ρ∀&%∃2&∋(∀!,∀∋Σ(<∋#∋(∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(=%∋&∆&Ε−∋(

.+(/∋%/∀%1(<∋#∋(+(∋(.&%+&/∋(.+(=%∋&∆&Ε−∋(.+(+,<%17&.−∋≅(

(


Aula 0 !


Π((%,2#−7#∀−∀%6(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(&2+%+2/+,(1∋(,+%(0∀#12∋?(/+2.∋(=%∋(∆1,+(

∋,( 71Β∋%+,( ,∀=%+#∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#( +( ,∀1( .&Χ2&.1.+( Ρ1,=+</∋( #1/+%&1ΒΣ?( 1,,∀#&2.∋(

=∋,&Ε−∋(2∋%#1/&71(.+(.+,/1∗∀+(Ρ1,=+</∋(Μ∋%#1ΒΣ≅(

(

Ν∃∃%,.,2#−ς#7#∀−∀%6(2−∋(;(=∋,,Κ7+Β(1( %+2Υ2<&1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(=∋&,?( <∋#∋(

,−∋(.&%+&/∋,(&2+%+2/+,(Ν(<∋2.&Ε−∋(0∀#121?(2&2Χ∀;#(=∋.+(1∆%&%(#−∋(.+(,∀1(=%Ο=%&1(

21/∀%+51≅( Ω+,,1( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( ,∀%Χ+#( .&,<∀,,Ψ+,( &#=∋%/12/+,( =1%1( 1( .∋∀/%&21?(

<∋#∋(1(%+2Υ2<&1(1∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(7&.1(+(1(+∀/12∃,&1?(∋(1∆∋%/∋(+(∋(,∀&<Κ.&∋≅(

(

Ν,−7#%,−ς#7#∀−∀%6(2−∋(;(=∋,,Κ7+Β(1Β&+21%(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(ο(+,,+,(.&%+&/∋,(2−∋(,−∋(

/%12,Μ+%Κ7+&,(1(∗∀1Β∗∀+%(/Κ/∀Β∋(ΡΧ%1/∀&/∋(∋∀(∋2+%∋,∋Σ≅(

(

Ν∗8∃%(2∃#&#ς#7#∀−∀%6( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 2−∋( ,+( .+Μ1,1#( ∋∀( ,+( =+%.+#( <∋#( ∋(

.+<∀%,∋(.∋(/+#=∋(Ρ2−∋(=%+,<%+7+#Σ≅(

(

Ν,1#∋7−ς#7#∀−∀%6( &#=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+( .+( .+,%+,=+&/∋( =∋%( .+/+%#&21ΕΨ+,(

&2Μ%1<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,( ∋∀( =∋%( 1/∋,( .1,( 1∀/∋%&.1.+,( =Υ∆Β&<1,?( ,∋∆( =+21( .+(

%+,=∋2,1∆&Β&51Ε−∋(<&7&Β?(1.#&2&,/%1/&71(+(<%&#&21Β≅(

(

Χ∋∗87%∗%,&−∃#∀−∀%Σ! ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+7+#( ,+%( ∋∆,+%71.∋,( 2−∋(

&,∋Β1.1#+2/+?( #1,( .+( Μ∋%#1( <∋2Θ∀2/1( +( &2/+%1/&71( <∋#( 1,( .+#1&,( 2∋%#1,?(

=%&2<Κ=&∋,(+(∋∆Θ+/&7∋,(+,/1/∀Κ.∋,(=+Β∋(Β+Χ&,Β1.∋%≅(

(

4∋#=Β+#+2/1%( 1( +,,1( <Β1,,&Μ&<1Ε−∋?( ϑΒ+812.%+( .+( φ∋%1+,( ΡααγΣ( 1&2.1(

.+,<%+7+(.∀1,(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,(ο(Β&Χ1.1,(1∋(<∋2/+8/∋(∆%1,&Β+&%∋6(

(

Π4%&#1#∀−∀%6( 1( 1/∀1Ε−∋( .∋( Λ∋.+%( ΛΥ∆Β&<∋( .+7+( ,+%( 2∋( ,+2/&.∋( .+( Χ1%12/&%( 1(

+Μ+/&71Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( +( Χ1%12/&1,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( =%+7&,/∋,?( <∋#( #+<12&,#∋,(

<∋+%<&/&7∋,?(=1%1(/12/∋?(∀#1(7+5(∗∀+(1(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(Φ+.+%1Β(2−∋(,+(,1/&,Μ15(<∋#(∋(

,&#=Β+,(%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(1∆,/%1/∋≅(

(


Aula 0 !


Ν,&%∃∀%8%,∀Ξ,2#−6( 1,( 7∃%&1,( =%+7&,Ψ+,( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,?( 1=+,1%( .+( 1∀/[2∋#1,?(

=∋,,∀+#( .&7+%,1,( &2/+%,+<ΕΨ+,( =1%1( 1/&2Χ&%+#( ,∀1,( Μ&21Β&.1.+,≅( ϑ,,&#?( =∋%(

+8+#=Β∋≅(ϑ(Β&∆+%.1.+(.+(Β∋<∋#∋Ε−∋(+,/∃(&2/&#1#+2/+(Β&Χ1.1(Ν(Χ1%12/&1(.+(01∆+1,(

<∋%=∀,?(∆+#(<∋#∋(1(=%+7&,−∋(.+(=%&,−∋(,∋#+2/+(+#(ΜΒ1Χ%12/+(.+Β&/∋(∋∀(=∋%(∋%.+#(

.+(1∀/∋%&.1.+(Θ∀.&<&1Β(<∋#=+/+2/+≅(

(

(

Ε()Φ+&#∃∆Φ&∀()3∀()3&+%&∋∀();1,/#∀()

(

Λ1%1(4∋#=1%1/∋( ΡααΓΣ?(∋,(=%&2<Κ=&∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(

<Β1,,&Μ&<1#χ,+(+#(.∀1,(∋%.+2,6(

1Σ ),(∗∀+(.&5+#(%+,=+&/∋(1∋,(71Β∋%+,(;/&<∋,(,∀=%+#∋,(

1≅ ψ&∆+%.1.+(

∆≅ :Χ∀1Β.1.+(

<≅ Φ%1/+%2&.1.+(

∆Σ ),(∗∀+(.&5+#(%+,=+&/∋(Ν(ΒΟΧ&<1(+,/%∀/∀%1Β(.∋(<∋2Θ∀2/∋≅((

1≅ :%%+7∋Χ1∆&Β&.1.+(

∆≅ 4∋#=Β+#+2/1%&+.1.+(,∋Β&.∃%&1(

|∀12/∋( 1∋,( =%&2<Κ=&∋,( %+Β1<&∋21.∋,( 1∋,( 1−7∋∃%(! Ψ&#2∋(! (.8∃%∗∋(?(

.+,/1<1#χ,+(Ν(<01#1.1( /%Κ1.+(.1(%+7∋Β∀Ε−∋( Μ%12<+,16(∋,(71Β∋%+,(.1( Β&∆+%.1.+?(.1(

&Χ∀1Β.1.+(+(.1(Μ%1/+%2&.1.+(Ρ∋∀(,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+Σ≅(ϑ(&.+&1(.+(7#ς%∃∀−∀%(Μ15(%+Μ+%Π2<&1(

Ν(,∀∆#&,,−∋(.+(/∋.∋,(+#(Μ1<+(.1,(2∋%#1,(=∋%(+Β+,(+.&/1.1,≅(4∋#∋(∆+#(+8=%+,,1(∋(

1∀/∋%?( ∀#1( ∴]≅≅≅⊥( ,∋<&+.1.+( Β&7%+( ;( 1∗∀+Β1( ∗∀+( ∋∆+.+<+( Ν,( Β+&,( ∗∀+( +Β1( =%Ο=%&1(

+,/1∆+Β+<+( +( 1∋,( Χ∋7+%212/+,( =∋%( +Β1( +,<∋Β0&.∋,≅_( )( =%&2<Κ=&∋( .1( #/.−7∀−∀%( Μ15(

%+Μ+%Π2<&1(Ν(1∆∋Β&Ε−∋(.∋,(=%&7&Β;Χ&∋,?(/%1/12.∋(/∋.∋,(.+(#12+&%1(&,∋2[#&<1(=+%12/+(

1( Β+&≅( ξ∃( 1( 4∃−&%∃,#∀−∀%( ∋∀( ,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+( =%+2.+χ,+( 1,( &.+&1,( ∗∀+( /∋.∋,( ,−∋(

%+,=∋2,∃7+&,( =+Β1,( <1%Π2<&1,( ∋∀( 2+<+,,&.1.+,( .+( ∗∀1Β∗∀+%( &2.&7Κ.∀∋( ∋∀( Χ%∀=∋(

,∋<&1Β≅(

|∀12/∋( 1∋,( 8∃#,2=8#∋(! %(&∃.&.∃−#(! ∀∋(! ∀#∃%#&∋(! ).∗−,∋(?( ∋( 1∀/∋%(

<Β1,,&Μ&<1χ∋,(+#(.∀1,(+,=;<&+,6(1(<01#1.1(&%%+7∋Χ1∆&Β&.1.+(+(1(<∋#=Β+#+2/1%&.1.+(

,∋Β&.∃%&1≅( ϑ( #∃∃%1∋/−ς#7#∀−∀%( /+#( <∋#∋( <∋2,+∗∀Π2<&1( Ν( =%∋&∆&Ε−∋( .+( ,∀=%&#&%(

.&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( =∋%( 7&1( .+( 2∋71,( %+Χ%1,( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,( ∋∀( <∋27+2ΕΨ+,(


Aula 0 !


&2/+%21<&∋21&,?( ,+2.∋( ∀#1( 7+5( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( %+<∋20+<&.∋,( 2−∋( ;( =∋,,Κ7+Β(

,∀1( +8/&2Ε−∋≅( 4∋#( %+Β1Ε−∋( Ν( 2∋∗87%∗%,&−∃#∀−∀%( (∋7#∀0∃#−?( +,/1( ,+( Θ∀,/&Μ&<1( 2∋(

=∋,/∀Β1.∋( ∋2/∋ΒΟΧ&<∋( .+( ∗∀+( 1( +,,Π2<&1( .∋( ,+%( 0∀#12∋( ;( ∀#1( ,Ο?( &2.+=+2.+( .1(

+8&,/Π2<&1( .1( #∀Β/&=Β&<&.1.+( .+( .&Μ+%+2Ε1,?( &2.&7&.∀1&,( +( ,∋<&1&,?( ∆&∋ΒΟΧ&<1,( +(

<∀Β/∀%1&,?(∗∀+(+8&,/+#(21(0∀#12&.1.+≅(

(

(

Γ%+/9Η%(Ι4&,%#(Η%()3∀()4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()

( (

!1∆+#∋,(.1( +7∋Β∀Ε−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( 21( <∋2∗∀&,/1( .+(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,( +( +,,1,(

<∋2∗∀&,/1,( 1Β1%Χ1%1#( 1( ∆1,+( <∋2<+&/∀1Β( .+( /%1∆1Β0∋( .+,,+,( .&%+&/∋,≅( κ,∀1Β#+2/+(

Μ1Β∃71#∋,(.1(,∀<+,,−∋(.+(Χ+%1ΕΨ+,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(ϑ/∀1Β#+2/+(=%+Μ+%&#∋,(1(

+8=%+,,−∋( ∴.&#+2,−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,_(∗∀+( ∴Χ+%1Ε−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,_≅(Ζ8=Β&<∋6( 1( +8=%+,,−∋(

∴Χ+%1ΕΨ+,(.+(.&%+&/∋,_(&2.∀5(1∋(%1<&∋<Κ2&∋(.+(,+∗∀Π2<&1?(,∀<+,,−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,(+(∗∀+(

+,/+,(,−∋(,∀∆,/&/∀Κ.∋,(∀#(=+Β∋(∋∀/%∋≅(ς1(7+%.1.+?(2−∋(0∃(,∀∆,/&/∀&Ε−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,?(

#1,(<∋#=Β+#+2/1Ε−∋≅(),(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,+(,∋#1#(+(%+=%+,+2/1#(1(/+2.Π2<&1(

21/∀%1Β( .+( 1Β1%Χ1#+2/∋≅( ϑΒ;#( .&,,∋?( 1( +8=%+,,−∋( ∴.&#+2,Ψ+,( .+( .&%+&/∋,_( ;(

+8=%+,,−∋(#1&,(∀/&Β&51.1(+(1<+&/1(=+Β1(.∋∀/%&21(#∀2.&1Β(#∋.+%21≅(ϑ(.+,=+&/∋(.+,,1(

.&Μ+%+2Ε1(.+(1=Β&<1Ε−∋?(<1,∋(,1&1(+#(,∀1(=%∋71?(,1&∆1(∗∀+(,−∋(,&2[2&#∋,≅((

ϑ(.∋∀/%&21(<Β1,,&Μ&<1(+#(γ(.&#+2,Ψ+,(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(

Ω&%+&/∋,(.+(=%&#+&%1(.&#+2,−∋(Ρ&2.&7&.∀1&,(∋∀(2+Χ1/&7∋,Σ(

Ω&%+&/∋,(.+(,+Χ∀2.1(.&#+2,−∋(Ρ,∋<&1&,?(+<∋2[#&<∋,(+(<∀Β/∀%1&,(

∋∀(.&%+&/∋,(=∋,&/&7∋,Σ(

Ω&%+&/∋,(.+(/+%<+&%1(.&#+2,−∋(Ρ.&Μ∀,∋,(+(<∋Β+/&7∋,Σ(

Ω&%+&/∋,( .+( ∗∀1%/1( .&#+2,−∋( Ρ.+#∋<%1<&1?( &2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋( +(

=Β∀%1Β&,#∋Σ(

Ω&%+&/∋,(.+(∗∀&2/1(.&#+2,−∋(ΡΛ15Σ(

(

Α+Θ1#∋,6(

(

−Ω +#∃%#&∋(!Β.∗−,∋(!∀%!9∃#∗%#∃−!+#∗%,(3∋!ΥΖ#ς%∃∀−∀%Ω!


Aula 0 !


),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(.+(=%&#+&%1(.&#+2,−∋(,−∋(∋,(<01#1.∋,(.+(

.&%+&/∋,(<&7&,(+(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋,?(∗∀+(+2ΧΒ∋∆1#(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Ν(7&.1?(Ν(Β&∆+%.1.+?(

1( =%∋=%&+.1.+?( Ν( &Χ∀1Β.1.+( Μ∋%#1Β( 1,( Β&∆+%.1.+,( .+( +8=%+,,−∋(

<∋Β+/&71?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( =1%/&<&=1Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<1( +( 1&2.1?( 1ΒΧ∀#1,(

Χ1%12/&1,( =%∋<+,,∀1&,≅( θ+=%+,+2/1#( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( <&7&,( +( =∋ΒΚ/&<∋,( .∋(

=∋7∋?( /%1.∀5&.∋,( 2∋( 71Β∋%( ψ&∆+%.1.+≅( !−∋( <∋2,&.+%1.∋,( 2+Χ1/&7∋,(

=∋%∗∀+( /+2.+#( 1( +7&/1%( 1( &2/+%7+2Ε−∋( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋( 21( Β&∆+%.1.+(

&2.&7&.∀1Β?( <1%1</+%&512.∋χ,+( <∋#∋( ∀#1( 1/&/∀.+( 2+Χ1/&71( =∋%( =1%/+(

.∋,(=∋.+%+,(=Υ∆Β&<∋,≅(

(

ςΩ +#∃%#&∋(!Β.∗−,∋(!∀%!Θ%/.,∀−!+#∗%,(3∋!ΥΝ/.−7∀−∀%Ω!

),( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( .&#+2,−∋( ,−∋( <1%1</+%&51.∋,( =∋%(

∀#1(.&#+2,−∋(=∋,&/&71(Ρ.+(Μ15+%Σ(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋(.+(Μ∋%#1(1(=%∋=&<&1%(∀#(

.&%+&/∋( .+( =1%/&<&=1%( .∋( ∆+#χ+,/1%χ,∋<&1Β≅( π( 1( ∆∀,<1( .1( &Χ∀1Β.1.+?(

Θ∀,/&Ε1(,∋<&1Β(+(.+(Β&∆+%.1.+,(,∋<&1&,(1/%17;,(.1(1/∀1Ε−∋(=Υ∆Β&<1≅(Ζ,,1(

Χ+%1Ε−∋( ;( <∋2,/&/∀Κ.1( =+Β∋,( .&%+&/∋,( +<∋2[#&<∋,?( ,∋<&1&,( +( <∀Β/∀%1&,(

<∋#(1(Μ&21Β&.1.+(.+(∋∆%&Χ1%(∋(Ζ,/1.∋(1(,1/&,Μ15+%(1,(2+<+,,&.1.+,(.1(

<∋Β+/&7&.1.+?( <∋#=%++2.+2.∋( ∋( .&%+&/∋( 1∋( /%1∆1Β0∋?( Ν( 01∆&/1Ε−∋?( Ν(

,1Υ.+?( +.∀<1Ε−∋( +( &2<Β∀,&7+( ∋( Β15+%≅( δ∀,<1χ,+?( 1∗∀&?( %+.∀5&%( 1,(

.+,&Χ∀1Β.1.+,(.+(<∋2.&ΕΨ+,(.+(1<+,,∋(1(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Ρ∆∀,<1(.1(

&Χ∀1Β.1.+( .+( 1<+,,∋Σ( ∋<1,&∋21.∋,( =∋%( 1,,&#+/%&1,( +<∋2[#&<1,( +(

,∋<&1&,≅(

(

2Ω +#∃%#&∋(!Β.∗−,∋(!∀%!Ι%∃2%#∃−!+#∗%,(3∋!Υ5∃−&%∃,#∀−∀%Ω!

!−∋( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+( ∋∀( .+( Μ%1/+%2&.1.+( +( ∆∀,<1#( 1(

,1/&,Μ1Ε−∋( .+( &2/+%+,,+,( .&Μ∀,∋,( +( <∋#∀2,( χ( /+2.+#( 1( =%∋/+Χ+%( ∋,(

Χ%∀=∋,( 0∀#12∋,≅( ϑ∗∀&( =∋.+#∋,( <&/1%( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν( =15?( ∃(

1∀/∋.+/+%#&21Ε−∋(.∋,(=∋7∋,?(1∋(#+&∋(1#∆&+2/+?(∗∀1Β&.1.+(.+(7&.1?(1(

∀/&Β&51Ε−∋(+(<∋2,+%71Ε−∋(.∋(=1/%&#[2&∋(0&,/Ο%&<∋(+(<∀Β/∀%1Β(+(∋(.&%+&/∋(

Ν( <∋#∀2&<1Ε−∋≅( π( &#=∋%/12/+( .+,/1<1%( ∗∀+( 1( #1&∋%( =1%/+( .+,,+,(

.&%+&/∋,( 2−∋( +,/∃( .+,<%&/1( +8=Β&<&/1#+2/+( 2∋( /+8/∋( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β?(

,+2.∋( <∋2,1Χ%1.∋,( <∋#( #1&,( &2/+2,&.1.+( 2∋( ϕ#∆&/∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β?(


Aula 0 !


=%&2<&=1Β#+2/+(2∋(∗∀+(,+(%+Μ+%+(1∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(=15?(1∋(.+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋(

+(=%∋Χ%+,,∋(,∋<&1Β≅((

(

Ζ,∗∀+#1/&<1#+2/+( =∋.+#∋,( +2/+2.+%( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 1/;( 1Χ∋%1( +8=Β&<1.∋,( .1(

,+Χ∀&2/+(#12+&%16((

( ?[!/%∃−;3∋! ∴]!/%∃−;3∋! ⊥[!/%∃−;3∋!

Ι#&.7−∃#∀−∀%! :2.&7Κ.∀∋( υ%∀=∋,(,∋<&1&,( Ω&Μ∀,1(

:−&.∃%Γ−! ς+Χ1/&7∋,( Λ∋,&/&7∋,( !∀=%1&2.&7&.∀1&,(

(

(

.Σ +#∃%#&∋(!∀%!_.−∃&−!+#∗%,(3∋! Υ∀%∗∋2∃−2#−>! #,4∋∃∗−;3∋!%!

87.∃−7#(∗∋Ω6(((

ϑ=+,1%( .+( 2−∋( ,+%( <∋2,+2,∀1Β?( 1ΒΧ∀2,( .∋∀/%&21.∋%+,( .+Μ+2.+#( 1(

+8&,/Π2<&1( .+,,1( .&#+2,−∋( Ρ1=+,1%( .1,( .&7+%ΧΠ2<&1,( 1<+%<1( .+( ,+∀(

<∋2/+Υ.∋(+,=+<ΚΜ&<∋Σ≅((

Λ1%1(δ∋∆∆&∋6(

∴>%1/1#χ,+(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(%+Β1<&∋21.∋,(Ν(+2Χ+201%&1(Χ+2;/&<1≅_≅((

Λ1%1( δ∋217&.+,?( /%1/1#χ,+( .+( .&%+&/∋,( &2/%∋.∀5&.∋,( =+Β1( ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋(

=∋ΒΚ/&<1?(%+Β1<&∋21.∋,(Ν(.+#∋<%1<&1?(Ν(&2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋(+(1∋(=Β∀%1Β&,#∋6(

∴ϑ( ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<1( 2+∋Β&∆+%1Β( <1#&201( ,&Β+2<&∋,1?(

,+#( 2+20∀#1( %+Μ+%Π2<&1( .+( 71Β∋%+,≅( Ρ≅≅≅Σ( β∃?( <∋2/∀.∋?( ∋∀/%1(

ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<1?(∗∀+(∋%1(,+(.+,+27∋Β7+?(,∋∆%+(1(∗∀1Β(2−∋(

/+#(Θ∀%&,.&Ε−∋(1( &.+∋Β∋Χ&1(2+∋Β&∆+%1Β≅(θ1.&<1χ,+(21(/+∋%&1(.∋,(

.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,≅(ϑ(Υ2&<1(7+%.1.+&%1#+2/+(∗∀+(&2/+%+,,1(

1∋,( =∋7∋,( .1( =+%&Μ+%&1≅( υΒ∋∆1Β&51%( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(

+∗∀&71Β+( 1( ∀2&7+%,1Β&5∃χΒ∋,( 2∋( <1#=∋( &2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅( Ρ≅≅≅Σ( ϑ(

ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<1( 21( +,Μ+%1( .1( 2∋%#1/&7&.1.+( Θ∀%Κ.&<1(

&2/%∋.∀5( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ∗∀1%/1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( ∗∀+?( 1Β&∃,?(

<∋%%+,=∋2.+#( Ν( .+%%1.+&%1( Μ1,+( .+( &2,/&/∀<&∋21Β&51Ε−∋( .∋(

Ζ,/1.∋( ,∋<&1Β≅( π( .&%+&/∋( .+( ∗∀1%/1( Χ+%1Ε−∋( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν(

.+#∋<%1<&1?(∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν( &2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋(+(∋(.&%+&/∋(1∋(=Β∀%1Β&,#∋≅(

Ω+Β+,(.+=+2.+(1(<∋2<%+/&51Ε−∋(.1(,∋<&+.1.+(1∆+%/1(.∋(Μ∀/∀%∋?(


Aula 0 !


+#( ,∀1( .&#+2,−∋( .+( #∃8&#1( ∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+?( =1%1( 1( ∗∀1Β(

=1%+<+(∋(#∀2.∋( &2<Β&21%χ,+(2∋(=Β12∋(.+(/∋.1,(1,(%+Β1ΕΨ+,(.+(

<∋27&7Π2<&1≅( Ρ≅≅≅Σ( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .1( =%&#+&%1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( .&%+&/∋,(

&2.&7&.∀1&,?( ∋,( .1( ,+Χ∀2.1?( .&%+&/∋,( ,∋<&1&,?( +( ∋,( .1( /+%<+&%1?(

.&%+&/∋,( 1∋( .+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋?( 1∋( #+&∋( 1#∆&+2/+?( Ν( =15( +( Ν(

Μ%1/+%2&.1.+?( =+%#12+<+#( +Μ&<15+,?( ,−∋( &2Μ%1χ+,/%∀/∀%1&,?(

Μ∋%#1#(1(=&%ϕ#&.+(<∀Θ∋(∃=&<+(;(∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(.+#∋<%1<&1≅_(

Λ1%1(φ1%<+Β∋(ς∋7+Β&2∋6((

∴/1&,( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∋%1#( &2/%∋.∀5&.∋,( 2∋( ϕ#∆&/∋( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋( =+Β1(

ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<1?( <∋#=%++2.+#( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν( .+#∋<%1<&1?(

&2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋(+(=Β∀%1Β&,#∋≅(),(.&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(.+(∗∀1%/1(

.&#+2,−∋(<∋#=+2.&1#(∋(Μ∀/∀%∋(.1(<&.1.12&1(+(<∋%%+,=∋2.+#(

Ν( .+%%1.+&%1( Μ1,+( .1( &2,/&/∀<&∋21Β&51Ε−∋( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋( ,∋<&1Β(

,+2.∋( &#=%+,<&2.Κ7+&,( =1%1( 1( %+1Β&51Ε−∋( +( Β+Χ&/&#&.1.+( .1(

ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<1≅_≅(

(

+Σ(+#∃%#&∋(!∀%!_.#,&−!+#∗%,(3∋6(Λ1%1(δ∋217&.+,(+,,+(;(∋(.&%+&/∋(1(

Λ15≅(Ζ2/%+/12/∋?(,+Χ∀2.∋(Ο./.(&∋!#∗∗%∃∗−,,(,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(∗∀+(

<∋%%+,=∋2.+#(Ν(∃%−7#∀−∀%!1#∃&.−7?((1(.&Μ∀,−∋(.1(<&∆+%2;/&<1?(&2/+%2+/(

+(,+∀(.+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋(21(1/∀1Β&.1.+((

(

Λ∋%( Μ&#?( δ∋217&.+,( 1Μ&%#1?( 1&2.1?( 2∋( ∗∀+( /12Χ+( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ∗∀1%/1( +(

∗∀&2/1( Χ+%1Ε−∋( ∗∀+( Β∋2ΧΚ2∗∀∋( +,/∃( ∋( /+#=∋( .1( =∋,&/&71Ε−∋( .+,,+,( .&%+&/∋,?( =∋&,(

<∋#=%++2.+#(∋(Μ∀/∀%∋(.1(<&.1.12&1(+(∋(=∋%7&%(.1(Β&∆+%.1.+(.+(/∋.∋,(∋,(=∋7∋,≅(>−∋(

,∋#+2/+( <∋#(+Β+,( ,+%∃( =∋,,Κ7+Β( 1( ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<1_?( &,/∋( ;?( 1( ∗∀1%/1( +( ∗∀&2/1(

.&#+2,−∋( .+( .&%+/∋,?( +,/∃( Β∋2Χ+( .+( ∋∆/+%( ∋( .+7&.∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( 2∋( .&%+&/∋(

=∋,&/&7∋?(,+Θ1(+Β+(&2/+%2∋(∋∀(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(

(

(

(

(

(


Aula 0 !


(

(

(

(

(

(

Referências (

ϑςς)ς:?(Ω12&+ΒΒ+≅(Λ+%,=+</&71(0&,/Ο%&<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(∋,(2∋7∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(:26(!:ψΑϑ?(θ&<1%.∋(Λ+%+&%1(+(Ρ4∋∋%.≅Σ≅(( ς∋7∋,( .&%+&/∋,6( <∋2∗∀&,/1,( +( .+,1Μ&∋,≅(4∀%&/&∆16(ξ∀%∀∃?(ααΙ≅((ϑθΖςΩ>?( β12210?( ϑ,( ∋%&Χ+2,( .∋( >∋/1Β&/1%&,#∋≅( ΓΗεΗ≅( Ω&,=∋2Κ7+Β( +#6(0//=6ρρσσσ≅.02+/≅∋%Χ≅∆%ρ.&%+&/∋,ρ12/0&,/ρ#1%<∋,ρ0.0τ1%+2./τ∋%&Χ+2,τ/∋/1Β&/1%&,#∋≅=.Μ≅(ϑ<+,,1.∋(+#(Θ∀20∋(.+(αΓη≅(((δ)δδ:)?(ς∋%∆+%/∋≅(ϑ(Ζ%1(.∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,?(=≅(ι≅(θ&∋(.+(ξ12+&%∋6(41#=∀,?(ΓΗΗ≅((δ)ςϑΑ:ΩΖ!?(Λ1∀Β∋≅(4∀%,∋(.+(.&%+&/∋(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(φ1Β0+&%∋,?(ΓΗΗη≅((4ϑθδ)ςϑθ:?(Λ≅(4≅?(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(ο(!∀Χ+,/Ψ+,(Λ+.1ΧΟΧ&<1,≅(:Φ:δΖ?(Λ1,,∋(Φ∀2.∋?(αΓα≅((4)φΛϑθϑ>)?( Φ∃∆&∋( ∼∋2.+%≅( ϑ( 1Μ&%#1Ε−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,≅( !−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(!1%1&71?(ααΓ≅((τττττττ≅(ϑ(1Μ&%#1Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(!1%1&71?(ααι≅((4κςβϑ?( ξ≅(θ≅?( !=&+Β+%?(Λ≅( +(φ+ΒΒ∋?(4≅(4≅(Ω&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,( (θ∋/+&%∋(.+(4∀%,∋≅(ΦυΑ(ο(Ω&%+&/∋(θ&∋≅(ααΗ≅((Ωϑψϑθθ:?( Ω1Β#∋( .+( ϑ∆%+∀≅( Ω&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( <&.1.12&1≅( !−∋( Λ1∀Β∋6( φ∋.+%21?(ΓΗΙΙ≅((Ω:φ)κψ:!?( Ω&#&/%&Τ( φϑθ>:ς!?( ψ+∋21%.∋≅( >+∋%&1( Χ+%1Β( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,≅(η1(+.≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(Ζ.&/∋%1(θ+7&,/1(.∋,(>%&∆∀21&,?(αΓΓ≅((ς)ΑΖψ:ς)?(φ1%<+Β∋≅( (Ω&%+&/∋(4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅( ≅+.≅(θ+7≅(ϑ/∀1Β≅( +( 1#=Β≅( ( !−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(φ;/∋.∋?(ααΙ≅(=χΗ≅((φϑθ>:ς!?( 4Β;Β&1( ϑ=1%+<&.1≅( ς∋%#1,( χ( ς∋%#1,( χ( )( Ζ,/1∆+Β+<&#+2/∋( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,≅(>%12,ρΦ∋%#ρϑΕ−∋?(φ1%ΚΒ&1?(7≅(ηι?(=≅(ΓΓχΓλΙ≅(Ζ.&Ε−∋(Ζ,=+<&1Β≅(αΓη≅(


Aula 0 !


(ΛΖθΖψφϑς?(401&#≅(Β&∃2)(!(8∃%!∃&+≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(φ1%/&2,(Φ∋2/+,?(ααα≅((Λ:)ΑΖ!ϑς?( ΦΒ∃7&1≅( Ω&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( Θ∀,/&Ε1( &2/+%21<&∋21Β6( ∀#( +,/∀.∋(<∋#=1%1/&7∋(.∋,(,&,/+#1,(%+Χ&∋21&,(+∀%∋=+∀(&2/+%1#+%&<12∋(+(1Μ%&<12∋≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(!1%1&71?(ααι≅((θΖϑψΖ?(φ&Χ∀+Β≅(Φ&Β∋,∋Μ&1(.∋(.&%+&/∋≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(!1%1&71?(ΓΗΙε≅((

(

(

Indicações Bibliográficas (

( !+(7∋<Π(∗∀&,+%(<∋#=%1%(1ΒΧ∀2,(Β&7%∋,(=1%1(,+(+2/%+/+%(+#(,+∀(#∋#+2/∋(.+(

Μ∋ΒΧ1(.∋,(+,/∀.∋,?(Β&,/∋(1ΒΧ∀2,(∗∀+?(21(#&201(∋=&2&−∋?(,−∋(∋,(#+Β0∋%+,(.∋(#+%<1.∋≅(

!−∋( 1,( #1&∋%+,( %+Μ+%Π2<&1,( =1%1( 1,( ∆12<1,( 1/∀1&,( +( .−∋( ∀#( ∆∋#( +#∆1,1#+2/∋(

,∋∆%+(1(#1/;%&1(∗∀+(/%1∆1Β01%+#∋,≅()∆7&1#+2/+(∗∀+(2−∋(<∋∆%+#(/∋.∋(∋(+.&/1Β?(#1,(

Θ∃(1Θ∀.1%−∋(1(%+7&,1%(∆∋1(=1%/+(.1(#1/;%&16(

(

!(Φ∃7&1(Λ&∋7+,12( χ(+#∃%#&∋(!Β.∗−,∋(!%! ϑ.(&#;−! Ν,&%∃,−2#∋,−7≅(Ζ.&/∋%1(!1%1&71≅(

λ(Ζ.≅(αΓη≅(

(

!( ΦΒ∃7&1( Λ&∋7+,12( χ( Ω&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( ∋( Ω&%+&/∋( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( :2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(

Ζ.&/∋%1(!1%1&71≅(Γλ((+.&Ε−∋≅(αΓα≅(

(

!(Φ∃∆&∋(∼∋2.+%(4∋#=1%1/∋(χ(ϑ(1Μ&%#1Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(Ζ.&/∋%1(

!1%1&71(χ(Ι(+.&Ε−∋≅(αΓη≅(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(


Aula 0 !


(

(

Questões (

( 41%∋,( <∋Β+Χ1,?( ,+=1%+&( 1ΒΧ∀2,( +8+%<Κ<&∋,( =1%1( 1( 1∀Β1( .+( 0∋Θ+( 1=+21,( =1%1(

1∗∀+<+%#∋,≅(φ&201(#+/1(;(/+%(∀#1(#;.&1(.+(ηα(∗∀+,/Ψ+,(.+(<∋2<∀%,∋(1(<1.1(1∀Β1≅(

ϑ( ,+Χ∀&%( 7∋<Π( &%∃( %+,=∋2.+%( 1( Ι( ∗∀+,/Ψ+,( %∃=&.1,( 1<+%<1( .∋( <∋2/+Υ.∋( ∗∀+(

+,/∀.1#∋,(0∋Θ+(+(∗∀+(+,/∀.1%+#∋,(21,(=%Ο8&#1,(1∀Β1,(ΡΘ∃(Μ1Ε∋(∋(Χ12<0∋(.+Β1,9Σ≅((

( δ∋1(,∋%/+9(

?α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(αΓ(χ(!ΖυΛ(ο(ϑΒ1Χ∋1,(χ()Μ&<&1Β(4∋#∆1/+2/+≅(

4∋#( %+Β1Ε−∋( 1∋( <∋2<+&/∋?( Ν( +7∋Β∀Ε−∋( +( Ν( 1∆%12ΧΠ2<&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?(

1,,&21Β+(1(∋=Ε−∋(<∋%%+/1≅(

1Σ( ),( <01#1.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+( <∋%%+,=∋2.+#?( 2∋( =Β12∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( ∗∀+( ,+( &.+2/&Μ&<1#( <∋#( 1,(

Β&∆+%.1.+,(<∋2<%+/1,?(1<+2/∀12.∋(∋(=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(&Χ∀1Β.1.+≅(

∆Σ(ς∋(,;<∀Β∋(ΞΞ?(&21∀Χ∀%∋∀χ,+(∀#1(2∋71(Μ1,+(2∋(,&,/+#1(.+(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( 21( #+.&.1( +#( ∗∀+( Μ∋&( 2+Β+( ∗∀+( ∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( =1,,1%1#( 1( 1<∋Β0+%( 1,(

.+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(+#(,∀1,(4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,≅((

<Σ(ϑ(&2.&7&.∀1Β&.1.+(;(∀#1(.1,(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(

+?(2+,,+(,+2/&.∋?(+Β+,(,−∋(.&%&Χ&.∋,(1(<1.1(,+%(0∀#12∋(&,∋Β1.1#+2/+(<∋2,&.+%1.∋?(∋(

∗∀+( ,+( Θ∀,/&Μ&<1( +#( %15−∋( .1,( .&Μ+%+2Ε1,( .+( 21<&∋21Β&.1.+?( ,+8∋?( %1Ε1?( <%+.∋( ∋∀(

<∋27&<Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋χΜ&Β∋,ΟΜ&<1≅(

.Σ(),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(%+<∋20+<&.∋,(<∋#∋(/1&,(=+Β1,(

1∀/∋%&.1.+,(Ν,(∗∀1&,(,+(1/%&∆∀&(∋(=∋.+%(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋(.+(+.&/1%(2∋%#1,?(/12/∋(2∋(&2/+%&∋%(

.∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( ∗∀12/∋( 2∋( =Β12∋( &2/+%21<&∋21ΒΤ( ,−∋?( 1,,&#?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(

=∋,&/&71.∋,(21,(4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,?(21,(Β+&,?(2∋,(/%1/1.∋,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(

+Σ(4∋#(∋(Μ&#(.1(Λ%&#+&%1(υ∀+%%1(φ∀2.&1Β?(1(+,/%∀/∀%1(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(.∋,(

.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#+Ε∋∀( 1( ,+( <∋2,∋Β&.1%≅( ϑ( +,,1( ;=∋<1?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(

/∋%21%1#χ,+( ∀#1( Β+ΧΚ/&#1( =%+∋<∀=1Ε−∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( +?( +2/−∋?( Μ∋%1#( <%&1.∋,(

#+<12&,#∋,( &2,/&/∀<&∋21&,( +( .+( &2,/%∀#+2/∋,( ∗∀+( Β+71%1#( /1&,( .&%+&/∋,( 1( ∋<∀=1%(

∀#(+,=1Ε∋(<+2/%1Β(21(1Χ+2.1(.1,(∋%Χ12&51ΕΨ+,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(


Aula 0 !


(

∴α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(αΓ(χ(Λ4χ4Ζ(χ(:2,=+/∋%(.+(Λ∋ΒΚ<&1(χ(4&7&Β(

ϑ<+%<1(.1(/+∋%&1(Χ+%1Β(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121?(

Θ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋,(&/+2,(1(,+Χ∀&%≅(

ϑ(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121(;(∀#(Μ∀2.1#+2/∋(.1(θ+=Υ∆Β&<1(Φ+.+%1/&71(.∋(

δ%1,&Β≅(

Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(

(

⊥α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(ααε(χ(ΩΛκ(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(

ξ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋,(&/+2,(,∀∆,+∗∀+2/+,≅(

ϑ=Β&<1χ,+(1∋,(.&%+&/∋,( ,∋<&1&,?( +<∋2[#&<∋,(+( <∀Β/∀%1&,(∋(=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(=%∋&∆&Ε−∋(

.∋(%+/%∋<+,,∋≅(

Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(

(

βα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(ααΗ(χ(ΩΛΖχΛ:(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(

ϑ(%+,=+&/∋(.∋(.+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋(0&,/Ο%&<∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(,+∀,(#1%<∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(1,,&21Β+(1(∋=Ε−∋(<∋%%+/1≅(

1Σ(),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,∀%Χ+#(/∋.∋,(.+(∀#1(7+5?(2−∋(,+(∋%&Χ&21#(.+(=%∋<+,,∋(

0&,/Ο%&<∋(=1∀Β1/&2∋≅(

∆Σ( ς−∋( 0∃( ∀#1( <∋%%+Β1Ε−∋( +2/%+( ∋( ,∀%Χ&#+2/∋( .∋( <%&,/&12&,#∋( +( ∋( %+,=+&/∋( Ν(

.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121≅(

<Σ( ϑ,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( #1&,( %+<+2/+,( ,∀∆,/&/∀+#( 1,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( .+(

.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(#1&,(12/&Χ1,≅(

.Σ(ϑ(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(;(∋∆Θ+/∋(/1#∆;#(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(

+Σ( ϑ( )ςκ( ;( ∋( Ο%Χ−∋( %+,=∋2,∃7+Β( =+Β1( κΩβθ( +( =+Β1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( ϑ#+%&<121( .+(

Ω&%+&/∋,≅(

(

χα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααι(χ(>θΦ(η(θ+Χ&−∋(

!∋∆%+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(+(Χ1%12/&1,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(;(<∋%%+/∋(1Μ&%#1%χ,+(∗∀+6(

1Σ( ∋,( .+( =%&#+&%1( Χ+%1Ε−∋( ,−∋( .+2∋#&21.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 2+Χ1/&7∋,?( .+( 1∆,/+2Ε−∋?(

Μ∋<1.∋,(2∋((=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(&Χ∀1Β.1.+(+(Μ%1/+%2&.1.+(∀2&7+%,1Β≅(


Aula 0 !


∆Σ( ∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( 1∋( <∋2/%∃%&∋?( +2Μ1/&51#( ∋( =%&2<Κ=&∋( .1( Β&∆+%.1.+( .∋(

<&.1.−∋( +#( Μ1<+(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋?( 1( ∆∀,<1(.+(#+Β0∋%+,( <∋2.&ΕΨ+,(.+( 7&.1?( 1( <%&1Ε−∋(.+(

=∋ΒΚ/&<1,(,∋<&1&,(.+(&2/+%7+2Ε−∋(<∋2/%1(∋(1%∆Κ/%&∋(.1(Β&∆+%.1.+(&2.&7&.∀1Β≅(

<Σ( 1,( Χ1%12/&1,( /Π#( <1%∃/+%( &2,/%∀#+2/1Β?( ,−∋( #+&∋,( .+,/&21.∋,( 1( 1,,+Χ∀%1%( ∋(

+8+%<Κ<&∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,?( =%+,+%7∃χΒ∋,( ∋∀( %+=1%∃χΒ∋,?( ∗∀12.∋( 7&∋Β1.∋,?( <∋#∋( ∋<∋%%+(

∗∀12.∋?( 2∋( 1%/&Χ∋( γζ?( Ξ?( .1( 4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋( Φ+.+%1Β?( ;( 1,,+Χ∀%1.∋( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν(

&2.+2&51Ε−∋?( =+Β∋( .12∋( #1/+%&1Β( ∋∀( #∋%1Β( .+<∋%%+2/+( .1( 7&∋Β1Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Ν(

&2/&#&.1.+?(Ν(7&.1(=%&71.1?(Ν(0∋2%1(+(Ν(&#1Χ+#(.1,(=+,,∋1,≅(

.Σ( /Π#( <∋#∋( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,( +,,+2<&1&,( 1( /+#=∋%1%&+.1.+?( +8<+=<&∋21Β&.1.+?(

&%%+2∀2<&1∆&Β&.1.+(+(<∋2<∋%%Π2<&1≅(

(

Αα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααε(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(.1(κ2&−∋(

ξ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋(&/+#(,∀∆,+∗∀+2/+≅(

Ω+(1<∋%.∋(<∋#(1(Θ∀%&,=%∀.Π2<&1(.∋(!>Φ?(.+,.+(ΓΗΙΙ(∋,(/%1/1.∋,(,∋∆%+(.&%+&/∋,(

0∀#12∋,(=∋.+#(,+%(&2<∋%=∋%1.∋,(1∋(∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(21<&∋21Β(<∋#(Μ∋%Ε1(.+(

+#+2.1(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅(

Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(

(

≅α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(αΓΓ(χ(>θΦ(χ(η(θΖυ:)(χ(ξ∀&5(Φ+.+%1Β(

4∋2Μ∋%#+(1( Θ∀%&,=%∀.Π2<&1(.∋(!>Φ?( /%1/1.∋,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(12/+%&∋%+,(Ν(

Ζ#+2.1( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( 2≅ν( λγρααη( =∋,,∀+#?( 2∋( .&%+&/∋( ∆%1,&Β+&%∋?( ,/1/∀,(

0&+%∃%∗∀&<∋(

1Σ(,∀=%1<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅(

∆Σ(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(∋%&Χ&2∃%&∋≅(

<Σ(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(.+%&71.∋≅(

.Σ(,∀=%1Β+Χ1Β≅(

+Σ(Β+Χ1Β≅(

(

∆α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααε(ο(ΩΛΖρ!Λ(

ϑ( %+,=+&/∋( .1( %+Β1Ε−∋( +2/%+( ∋( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,#∋( +( ∋( Θ∀,=∋,&/&7&,#∋?( ∋( Ω&%+&/∋(

:2/+%21<&∋21Β(.∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(<∋2,1Χ%1(1(2∋Ε−∋?(,+Χ∀2.∋(1(∗∀1Β(


Aula 0 !


1Σ( ∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 21,( 4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,( <1%1</+%&51( 1(

/%12,&Ε−∋(.1((Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋(.1∗∀+Β+,?(.∋(.&%+&/∋(21/∀%1Β(1∋(.&%+&/∋(=∋,&/&7∋≅(

∆Σ( ,Ο( ,+(=∋.+( 1.#&/&%( 1( Μ∋%#∀Β1Ε−∋(.+(2∋7∋,(.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(=∋%(=1%Β1#+2/∋,(

Β+Χ&/&#1#+2/+(+Β+&/∋,?(/+2.∋(+#(7&,/1(∋(=%&#1.∋(.1(,∋∆+%12&1(+,/1/1Β?(1/∀1Β#+2/+≅(

<Σ( ;( %+<∋#+2.∃7+Β( 1(=∋,&/&71Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,( ,+#?( <∋2/∀.∋?(∋Β7&.1%( ,∀1(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋( 2∋( Ω&%+&/∋( ς1/∀%1Β?( =+%#&/&2.∋( ∋( =1∀Β1/&2∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .+(

2∋7∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(

.Σ( ;( &%%+Β+712/+( ,+∀( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( =+Β1( Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋( &2/+%21( .∋,( =1Κ,+,?(

<∋2,&.+%12.∋(∗∀+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(&2+%+2/+,(1∋(,+%(0∀#12∋≅(

+Σ( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?( 0&,/∋%&<1#+2/+( Μ∀2.1.∋,( 2∋( Ω&%+&/∋( ς1/∀%1Β?( 2+<+,,&/1#(

,+%(%+<∋20+<&.∋,(=+Β∋(Ω&%+&/∋(Λ∋,&/&7∋(=1%1(,+(/∋%21%+#(+8&ΧΚ7+&,≅(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(


Aula 0 !


(

Questões com Comentários e Gabaritos (

?α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(αΓ(χ(!ΖυΛ(ο(ϑΒ1Χ∋1,(χ()Μ&<&1Β(4∋#∆1/+2/+≅(

4∋#( %+Β1Ε−∋( 1∋( <∋2<+&/∋?( Ν( +7∋Β∀Ε−∋( +( Ν( 1∆%12ΧΠ2<&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?(

1,,&21Β+(1(∋=Ε−∋(<∋%%+/1≅(

1Σ( ),( <01#1.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+( <∋%%+,=∋2.+#?( 2∋( =Β12∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( ∗∀+( ,+( &.+2/&Μ&<1#( <∋#( 1,(

Β&∆+%.1.+,(<∋2<%+/1,?(1<+2/∀12.∋(∋(=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(&Χ∀1Β.1.+≅(

∆Σ(ς∋(,;<∀Β∋(ΞΞ?(&21∀Χ∀%∋∀χ,+(∀#1(2∋71(Μ1,+(2∋(,&,/+#1(.+(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( 21( #+.&.1( +#( ∗∀+( Μ∋&( 2+Β+( ∗∀+( ∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( =1,,1%1#( 1( 1<∋Β0+%( 1,(

.+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(+#(,∀1,(4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,≅((

<Σ(ϑ(&2.&7&.∀1Β&.1.+(;(∀#1(.1,(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(

+?(2+,,+(,+2/&.∋?(+Β+,(,−∋(.&%&Χ&.∋,(1(<1.1(,+%(0∀#12∋(&,∋Β1.1#+2/+(<∋2,&.+%1.∋?(∋(

∗∀+( ,+( Θ∀,/&Μ&<1( +#( %15−∋( .1,( .&Μ+%+2Ε1,( .+( 21<&∋21Β&.1.+?( ,+8∋?( %1Ε1?( <%+.∋( ∋∀(

<∋27&<Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋χΜ&Β∋,ΟΜ&<1≅(

.Σ(),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(%+<∋20+<&.∋,(<∋#∋(/1&,(=+Β1,(

1∀/∋%&.1.+,(Ν,(∗∀1&,(,+(1/%&∆∀&(∋(=∋.+%(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋(.+(+.&/1%(2∋%#1,?(/12/∋(2∋(&2/+%&∋%(

.∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( ∗∀12/∋( 2∋( =Β12∋( &2/+%21<&∋21ΒΤ( ,−∋?( 1,,&#?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(

=∋,&/&71.∋,(21,(4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,?(21,(Β+&,?(2∋,(/%1/1.∋,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(

+Σ(4∋#(∋(Μ&#(.1(Λ%&#+&%1(υ∀+%%1(φ∀2.&1Β?(1(+,/%∀/∀%1(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(.∋,(

.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#+Ε∋∀( 1( ,+( <∋2,∋Β&.1%≅( ϑ( +,,1( ;=∋<1?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(

/∋%21%1#χ,+( ∀#1( Β+ΧΚ/&#1( =%+∋<∀=1Ε−∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( +?( +2/−∋?( Μ∋%1#( <%&1.∋,(

#+<12&,#∋,( &2,/&/∀<&∋21&,( +( .+( &2,/%∀#+2/∋,( ∗∀+( Β+71%1#( /1&,( .&%+&/∋,( 1( ∋<∀=1%(

∀#(+,=1Ε∋(<+2/%1Β(21(1Χ+2.1(.1,(∋%Χ12&51ΕΨ+,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(

δ−ς−∃#&∋6(Ω(

Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6(Α1#∋,(<∋#+2/1%(<1.1(∗∀+,/−∋6(

1Σ(Ζ,,+,(,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(.+(/+%<+&%1(Χ+%1Ε−∋≅(


Aula 0 !


∆Σ( !+( 1=%∋Μ∀2.1%#∋,( 21( 0&,/Ο%&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?( Θ∃( =∋.+#∋,(

&.+2/&Μ&<1%(.+,.+(ΓΓγ(1(=%+,+2Ε1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(21(41%/1(φ1Χ21(.1(

:2ΧΒ1/+%%1≅(

<Σ( )( ∗∀+( #1/1( 1( 1,,+%/&71( ;( 1( +8=%+,,−∋( ∴&,∋Β1.1#+2/+( <∋2,&.+%1.∋_≅(

ψ+#∆%1(.∋(=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+3(

.Σ(Λ+%Μ+&/1(.+Μ&2&Ε−∋≅(Α+Θ1(∗∀+(∋(4Ζ!ΛΖ(#+,#∋(1.∋/∋∀(∀#1(=∋,/∀%1(1<+%<1(

.∋( #∋#+2/∋( ∗∀+( ∀,1#∋,( 1( +8=%+,,−∋( ∴.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,_( +( ∴.&%+&/∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,_≅(

+Σ( ς1( 7+%.1.+?( &,,∋( ∋<∋%%+∀( 1∋( Μ&#( .1( !+Χ∀2.1( υ∀+%%1( φ∀2.&1Β9( ϑ(

Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( κ2&7+%,1Β( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( 7+#( .+,,+( #∋#+2/∋( .1(

0&,/Ο%&1≅(

(

∴α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(αΓ(χ(Λ4χ4Ζ(χ(:2,=+/∋%(.+(Λ∋ΒΚ<&1(χ(4&7&Β(

ϑ<+%<1(.1(/+∋%&1(Χ+%1Β(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121?(

Θ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋,(&/+2,(1(,+Χ∀&%≅(

ϑ(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121(;(∀#(Μ∀2.1#+2/∋(.1(θ+=Υ∆Β&<1(Φ+.+%1/&71(.∋(

δ%1,&Β≅(

Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(

δ−ς−∃#&∋6(4(

Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6(>+#(∋(∗∀+(=+2,1%(1∗∀&3(ς−∋(/+#≅(Ζ,/∃(2∋(=%&#+&%∋(1%/&Χ∋(.1(4ΦρΙΙ6(

Ο∃&α! ?]( ϑ(θ+=Υ∆Β&<1( Φ+.+%1/&71( .∋(δ%1,&Β?( Μ∋%#1.1(=+Β1( ∀2&−∋( &2.&,,∋ΒΥ7+Β(

.∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( +( φ∀2&<Κ=&∋,( +( .∋( Ω&,/%&/∋( Φ+.+%1Β?( <∋2,/&/∀&χ,+( +#( Ζ,/1.∋(

Ω+#∋<%∃/&<∋(.+(Ω&%+&/∋(+(/+#(<∋#∋(Μ∀2.1#+2/∋,6(

:(χ(1(,∋∆+%12&1Τ(

::(χ(1(<&.1.12&1Τ(

:::(χ(1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121Τ(

:Α(χ(∋,(71Β∋%+,(,∋<&1&,(.∋(/%1∆1Β0∋(+(.1(Β&7%+(&2&<&1/&71Τ(

Α(χ(∋(=Β∀%1Β&,#∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋≅(

9−∃0/∃−4∋!ε,#2∋≅(>∋.∋(∋(=∋.+%(+#121(.∋(=∋7∋?(∗∀+(∋(+8+%<+(=∋%(#+&∋(.+(

%+=%+,+2/12/+,(+Β+&/∋,(∋∀(.&%+/1#+2/+?(2∋,(/+%#∋,(.+,/1(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋≅(

(

⊥α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(ααε(χ(ΩΛκ(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(


Aula 0 !


ξ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋,(&/+2,(,∀∆,+∗∀+2/+,≅(

ϑ=Β&<1χ,+(1∋,(.&%+&/∋,( ,∋<&1&,?( +<∋2[#&<∋,(+( <∀Β/∀%1&,(∋(=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(=%∋&∆&Ε−∋(

.∋(%+/%∋<+,,∋≅(

Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(

δ−ς−∃#&∋6(4(

Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6(ψ+#∆%1(.∋(+Μ+&/∋(2.∃Α∋!&3(ϑ∗∀+Β+(.1(7+.1Ε−∋(1∋(%+/%∋<+,,∋3(π(.+Β+(

#+,#∋( ∗∀+( +,/1#∋,( Μ1Β12.∋≅( Α+Θ1( ∗∀+( /∋.∋,( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( +Β+2<1.∋,( ,−∋( .&%+&/∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,9(

(

βα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(ααΗ(χ(ΩΛΖχΛ:(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(

ϑ(%+,=+&/∋(.∋(.+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋(0&,/Ο%&<∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(,+∀,(#1%<∋,(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(1,,&21Β+(1(∋=Ε−∋(<∋%%+/1≅(

1Σ(),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,∀%Χ+#(/∋.∋,(.+(∀#1(7+5?(2−∋(,+(∋%&Χ&21#(.+(=%∋<+,,∋(

0&,/Ο%&<∋(=1∀Β1/&2∋≅(

∆Σ( ς−∋( 0∃( ∀#1( <∋%%+Β1Ε−∋( +2/%+( ∋( ,∀%Χ&#+2/∋( .∋( <%&,/&12&,#∋( +( ∋( %+,=+&/∋( Ν(

.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121≅(

<Σ( ϑ,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( #1&,( %+<+2/+,( ,∀∆,/&/∀+#( 1,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( .+(

.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(#1&,(12/&Χ1,≅(

.Σ(ϑ(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(;(∋∆Θ+/∋(/1#∆;#(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(

+Σ( ϑ( )ςκ( ;( ∋( Ο%Χ−∋( %+,=∋2,∃7+Β( =+Β1( κΩβθ( +( =+Β1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( ϑ#+%&<121( .+(

Ω&%+&/∋,≅(

δ−ς−∃#&∋6(Ω(

Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6(ς−∋?(∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(2−∋(,∀%Χ+#(/∋.∋,(.+(∀#1(7+5≅(ΖΒ+,(,−∋(

0&,/Ο%&<∋,(+(7−∋(.+,+27∋Β7+2.∋(1∋(Β∋2Χ∋(.∋(/+#=∋≅()(<%&,/&12&,#∋(/+7+(∀#1(Μ∋%/+(

&2ΜΒ∀Π2<&1(21(=+%,=+</&71(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121( Ρ1ΒΧ∀2,(.∋∀/%&21.∋%+,(

<%+.&/1#(1∋(<%&,/&12&,#∋(∋(21,<+.∋∀%∋(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121Σ≅(!∋∆%+(1(

Β+/%1( 4?( Β+#∆%1χ,+( .1( .&,<∀,,−∋( .+( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( +( .&#+2,Ψ+,3( )( ∀,∋( .∋( /+%#∋(

∴Χ+%1ΕΨ+,_(;( &21.+∗∀1.∋( Θ∀,/1#+2/+(=∋%(.1%(#1%Χ+#(Ν(=+%<+=Ε−∋(.+(,∀<+,,−∋?(∋(

∗∀+( 2−∋( ∋<∋%%+( .+( Μ1/∋( ΡΒ+/%1( 4( +%%1.1Σ≅( Ζ( .+( ∋2.+( /&%1%1#( ∗∀+( 1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋(

ϑ#+%&<121(.+(Ω&%+&/∋,(;(%+,=∋2,1∆&Β&.1.+(.1()ςκ3(θ,≅(

(

χα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααι(χ(>θΦ(η(θ+Χ&−∋(


Aula 0 !


!∋∆%+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(+(Χ1%12/&1,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(;(<∋%%+/∋(1Μ&%#1%χ,+(∗∀+6(

1Σ( ∋,( .+( =%&#+&%1( Χ+%1Ε−∋( ,−∋( .+2∋#&21.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 2+Χ1/&7∋,?( .+( 1∆,/+2Ε−∋?(

Μ∋<1.∋,(2∋((=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(&Χ∀1Β.1.+(+(Μ%1/+%2&.1.+(∀2&7+%,1Β≅(

∆Σ( ∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( 1∋( <∋2/%∃%&∋?( +2Μ1/&51#( ∋( =%&2<Κ=&∋( .1( Β&∆+%.1.+( .∋(

<&.1.−∋( +#( Μ1<+(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋?( 1( ∆∀,<1(.+(#+Β0∋%+,( <∋2.&ΕΨ+,(.+( 7&.1?( 1( <%&1Ε−∋(.+(

=∋ΒΚ/&<1,(,∋<&1&,(.+(&2/+%7+2Ε−∋(<∋2/%1(∋(1%∆Κ/%&∋(.1(Β&∆+%.1.+(&2.&7&.∀1Β≅(

<Σ( 1,( Χ1%12/&1,( /Π#( <1%∃/+%( &2,/%∀#+2/1Β?( ,−∋( #+&∋,( .+,/&21.∋,( 1( 1,,+Χ∀%1%( ∋(

+8+%<Κ<&∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,?( =%+,+%7∃χΒ∋,( ∋∀( %+=1%∃χΒ∋,?( ∗∀12.∋( 7&∋Β1.∋,?( <∋#∋( ∋<∋%%+(

∗∀12.∋?( 2∋( 1%/&Χ∋( γζ?( Ξ?( .1( 4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋( Φ+.+%1Β?( ;( 1,,+Χ∀%1.∋( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν(

&2.+2&51Ε−∋?( =+Β∋( .12∋( #1/+%&1Β( ∋∀( #∋%1Β( .+<∋%%+2/+( .1( 7&∋Β1Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Ν(

&2/&#&.1.+?(Ν(7&.1(=%&71.1?(Ν(0∋2%1(+(Ν(&#1Χ+#(.1,(=+,,∋1,≅(

.Σ( /Π#( <∋#∋( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,( +,,+2<&1&,( 1( /+#=∋%1%&+.1.+?( +8<+=<&∋21Β&.1.+?(

&%%+2∀2<&1∆&Β&.1.+(+(<∋2<∋%%Π2<&1≅(

δ−ς−∃#&∋6(4(

Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6( ϑ( &Χ∀1Β.1.+( Μ15( =1%/+( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( .&#+2,−∋?( 1(

Μ%1/+%2&.1.+( .∋,( .+( /+%<+&%1( Ρ1,,+%/&71( ∴1_( +%%1.1Σ≅( ϑ( 1,,+%/&71( ∴∆_( %+Μ+%+χ,+( 1∋,(

.&%+&/∋,( .+( =%&#+&%1( .&#+2,−∋≅( ϑ( 4( +,/∃( =+%Μ+&/1≅( Ζ( .+( ∋2.+( 1( ∆12<1( /&%∋∀( ∗∀+(

<1%1</+%&51#( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 1( +8<+=<&∋21Β&.1.+( +( 1( <∋2<∋%%Π2<&13( ς1.1(

.&,,∋?( 71#∋,( %+Β+#∆%1%6( β&,/∋%&<&.1.+?( κ2&7+%,1Β&.1.+?( θ+Β1/&7&.1.+?(

Ζ,,+2<&1Β&.1.+?( :%%+2∀2<&1∆&Β&.1.+?( :21Β&+21∆&Β&.1.+?( :#=%+,<%&/&∆&Β&.1.+( +(

4∋#=Β+#+2/1%&.1.+≅(

(

Αα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααε(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(.1(κ2&−∋(

ξ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋(&/+#(,∀∆,+∗∀+2/+≅(

Ω+(1<∋%.∋(<∋#(1(Θ∀%&,=%∀.Π2<&1(.∋(!>Φ?(.+,.+(ΓΗΙΙ(∋,(/%1/1.∋,(,∋∆%+(.&%+&/∋,(

0∀#12∋,(=∋.+#(,+%(&2<∋%=∋%1.∋,(1∋(∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(21<&∋21Β(<∋#(Μ∋%Ε1(.+(

+#+2.1(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅(

Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(

δ−ς−∃#&∋6(Ζ(

Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6( )( +%%∋( +,/∃( +#( Μ1Β1%( ∴.+,.+( ΓΗΙΙ_≅( ϑ=+21,( 1( =1%/&%( .+( ααλ( +,,1(

=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+(Μ∋&(1∆+%/1≅(Α+Θ16(

Ο∃&>!χ]>!Χ5φ∆∆!


Aula 0 !


µ(ην(),(/%1/1.∋,(+(<∋27+2ΕΨ+,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,(,∋∆%+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(

∗∀+(Μ∋%+#(1=%∋71.∋,?(+#(<1.1(41,1(.∋(4∋2Χ%+,,∋(ς1<&∋21Β?(+#(.∋&,(/∀%2∋,?(

=∋%(/%Π,(∗∀&2/∋,(.∋,(7∋/∋,(.∋,(%+,=+</&7∋,(#+#∆%∋,?(,+%−∋(+∗∀&71Β+2/+,(Ν,(

+#+2.1,( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,≅( Ρ:2<Β∀Κ.∋( =+Β1( Ζ#+2.1( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( 2ν( λγ?( .+(

ααηΣ≅(

(

≅α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(αΓΓ(χ(>θΦ(χ(η(θΖυ:)(χ(ξ∀&5(Φ+.+%1Β(

4∋2Μ∋%#+(1( Θ∀%&,=%∀.Π2<&1(.∋(!>Φ?( /%1/1.∋,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(12/+%&∋%+,(Ν(

Ζ#+2.1( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( 2≅ν( λγρααη( =∋,,∀+#?( 2∋( .&%+&/∋( ∆%1,&Β+&%∋?( ,/1/∀,(

0&+%∃%∗∀&<∋(

1Σ(,∀=%1<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅(

∆Σ(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(∋%&Χ&2∃%&∋≅(

<Σ(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(.+%&71.∋≅(

.Σ(,∀=%1Β+Χ1Β≅(

+Σ(Β+Χ1Β≅(

δ−ς−∃#&∋6(Ω(

Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6( ς+,,+( <1,∋( +,/1#∋,( Μ1Β12.∋( .+( /%1/1.∋,( ,∀=%1Β+Χ1&,≅( )( !>Φ( Ρ21(

=+,,∋1( .+( υ&Β#1%( φ+2.+,Σ( 1<%+.&/1( ∗∀+( ∋,( /%1/1.∋,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(

Ρ12/+%&∋%+,(∋∀(=∋,/+%&∋%+,(Ν(Ζ4(λγρααηΣ(=∋,,∀+#?(1∋(#+2∋,?(+,/1/∀%1((,∀=%1Β+Χ1Β(

ο( =∋.+2.∋( 1.∗∀&%&%( 1( +,/1/∀%1( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( <1,∋( ,+Θ1#( 1=%∋71.∋,( ,+Χ∀2.∋( ∋(

=%∋<+.&#+2/∋( .∋( µ( ην( .∋( 1%/≅( γν( .1( 4ΦρΓΗΙΙ≅( Α&.+( θΖ( λιι≅ηλη?( %+Β≅( #&2≅( 4+51%(

Λ+Β∀5∋≅(

(

(

∆α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααε(ο(ΩΛΖρ!Λ(

ϑ( %+,=+&/∋( .1( %+Β1Ε−∋( +2/%+( ∋( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,#∋( +( ∋( Θ∀,=∋,&/&7&,#∋?( ∋( Ω&%+&/∋(

:2/+%21<&∋21Β(.∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(<∋2,1Χ%1(1(2∋Ε−∋?(,+Χ∀2.∋(1(∗∀1Β(

1Σ( ∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 21,( 4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,( <1%1</+%&51( 1(

/%12,&Ε−∋(.1((Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋(.1∗∀+Β+,?(.∋(.&%+&/∋(21/∀%1Β(1∋(.&%+&/∋(=∋,&/&7∋≅(

∆Σ( ,Ο( ,+(=∋.+( 1.#&/&%( 1( Μ∋%#∀Β1Ε−∋(.+(2∋7∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(=∋%(=1%Β1#+2/∋,(

Β+Χ&/&#1#+2/+(+Β+&/∋,?(/+2.∋(+#(7&,/1(∋(=%&#1.∋(.1(,∋∆+%12&1(+,/1/1Β?(1/∀1Β#+2/+≅(


Aula 0 !


<Σ( ;( %+<∋#+2.∃7+Β( 1(=∋,&/&71Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,( ,+#?( <∋2/∀.∋?(∋Β7&.1%( ,∀1(

Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋( 2∋( Ω&%+&/∋( ς1/∀%1Β?( =+%#&/&2.∋( ∋( =1∀Β1/&2∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .+(

2∋7∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(

.Σ( ;( &%%+Β+712/+( ,+∀( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( =+Β1( Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋( &2/+%21( .∋,( =1Κ,+,?(

<∋2,&.+%12.∋(∗∀+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(&2+%+2/+,(1∋(,+%(0∀#12∋≅(

+Σ( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?( 0&,/∋%&<1#+2/+( Μ∀2.1.∋,( 2∋( Ω&%+&/∋( ς1/∀%1Β?( 2+<+,,&/1#(

,+%(%+<∋20+<&.∋,(=+Β∋(Ω&%+&/∋(Λ∋,&/&7∋(=1%1(,+(/∋%21%+#(+8&ΧΚ7+&,≅(

δ−ς−∃#&∋6(4(

Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6(κ/&Β&51%+#∋,(∀#(/%+<0∋(=1%1(%+,=∋2.+%#∋,(1,(1,,+%/&71,6(

)( 2%∃)9:+(;!(∋>( ∀∃∀&!>)(#+∀∃&∃Χ);+(,:+( ∃>#.∃2)(+()−),;+,+(;)( %)∃∗( ≅∋∀,)&∋%).∃∀&)(

;+∀( ;∃%!∃&+∀( 7∋>),+∀∆( 1+( 2+,&%Ε%∃+Φ( Γ( #.!,)>!,&!( %!2+,7!2∃;+( Α∋!( !∀&!∀( ∀:+(

∃,!%!,&!∀( )+( ∀!%( 7∋>),+Φ( ;!2+%%!,;+( ;)=( Α∋!( !.!∀( ,:+( ∀∋%6!>( ;)( Χ+,&);!( ;+∀(

Η∀&);+∀Φ(>)∀(∀:+(#+%(!∀∀!∀(#+∀∃&∃Χ);+∀(Ι∆∆∆ϑ((

5∋,&%6( ω+&,?( 41%Β∋,≅(Κ∀( ;∃%!∃&+∀( 7∋>),+∀( 2+,&!>#+%Λ,!+∀∆(Γ( +.≅( !−∋( Λ1∀Β∋6(

φ1Β0+&%∋,?(ααι?(=∃Χ≅(η≅(

( !1∆+#∋,( ∗∀+( 1( 4( +,/∃( =+%Μ+&/1≅( Ζ( 1,( ∋∀/%1,3( 4∋#( ∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .∋,(

.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 21,( 4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,( 2−∋( 0∃( ∀#1( /%12,&Ε−∋( .∋( .&%+&/∋( 21/∀%1Β( 1∋(

.&%+&/∋( =∋,&/&7∋?( =∋&,?( <∋2Μ∋%#+( .+,/1<1.∋( =∋%( 41%Β∋,( ω+&,( 2∋( /%+<0∋( 1<&#1?( )(

2%∃)9:+(;!(∋>(∀∃∀&!>)(#+∀∃&∃Χ);+(,:+(∃>#.∃2)(+()−),;+,+(;)(%)∃∗(≅∋∀,)&∋%).∃∀&)(;+∀(

;∃%!∃&+∀( 7∋>),+∀( Ρ1Β/+%21/&71(ϑ( +%%1.1Σ≅(),(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,( ,−∋( &2+%+2/+,( 1∋(

,+%( 0∀#12∋≅( Λ∋%/12/∋?( 2−∋( ,−∋( <%&1ΕΨ+,( .+( =1%Β1#+2/1%+,?( +8&,/&2.∋(

&2.+=+2.+2/+#+2/+( .1( 7∋2/1.+( +,/1/1Β( Ρ1Β/+%21/&71( δ( +%%1.1Σ≅( π( .+( Χ%12.+(

%+Β+7ϕ2<&1( ∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( =+Β1( Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋( &2/+%21( .∋,(

=1Κ,+,?()(4∃>(;!(.7!∀(2+,4!%∃%(∋>)(Α∋).∃;);!(≅∋%=;∃2+Μ,+%>)&∃Χ)Φ(#+∀∀∃−∃.∃&),;+(Α∋!(

∀!≅)>( %!2+,7!2∃;+∀( 2+>+( 4+,&!∀( 4+%>)∃∀( ;!( ;∃%!∃&+∀( ∀∋−≅!&∃Χ+∀( !Φ( ∀!( 2)∀+( 4+%Φ( Α∋!(

∀!≅)>(;!;∋∗∃;+∀(!>(≅∋=∗+(+∋(#!%),&!(Ν%6:+∀(∃,&!%,)2∃+,)∃∀≅(Ρ1Β/+%21/&71(Ω(+%%1.1Σ≅(

Ζ?( =∋%( Μ&#?( ;( %+<∋#+2.∃7+Β?( #1,( 2−∋( 2+<+,,∃%&∋?( ∗∀+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,+Θ1#(

=∋,&/&71.∋,(=1%1(,+%+#(%+<∋20+<&.∋,?(∀#1(7+5(∗∀+(+Β+,(,−∋( &2+%+2/+,(1∋(0∋#+#?(

&2.+=+2.+2/+#+2/+(.1(7∋2/1.+(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋(Ρ1Β/+%21/&71(Ζ(+%%1.1Σ≅(

(

(

(


Aula 0 !


(

Considerações Finais (

(

( 41%∋,(<∋Β+Χ1,?(+∀(+,=+%∋(∗∀+(/+201#(Χ∋,/1.∋(.+(2∋,,1(1∀Β1(.+#∋2,/%1/&71≅(

π(1,,&#(∗∀+(&%+&(<∋2.∀5&%(/∋.∋(∋(<∀%,∋?(#∀&/1(/+∋%&1(+(#∀&/∋,(+8+%<Κ<&∋,≅(4∋#∋(+,,1(

;(1(1∀Β1(.+#∋2,/%1/&71?(+,/∀.1#∋,(1=+21,(∀#(/Ο=&<∋(+(Μ&5+#∋,(=∋∀<∋,(+8+%<Κ<&∋,≅(

ς1,(1∀Β1,(,+Χ∀&2/+,(/+%+#∋,(1∀Β1,(∆+++++#(#1&,(%+<0+1.1,(Ρ∗∀+#(;(#+∀(1Β∀2∋(.+(

∋∀/%∋,( <∀%,∋,( ,1∆+( .∋( ∗∀+( +,/∋∀( Μ1Β12.∋Σ( +( ∋( #∃8&#∋( .+( +8+%<Κ<&∋,( ∗∀+( +∀(

<∋2,+Χ∀&%(<∋Β∋<1%≅(Λ1%1(&,,∋(Μ1%+&(∀,∋(.1,(=%∋71,(.∋(4Ζ!ΛΖ(+(.+(∆12<1,(<∋#(+,/&Β∋,(

=1%+<&.∋,(=1%1(/%+&21%#∋,(∋(<∋2/+Υ.∋≅((

( κ#(Χ%12.+(1∆%1Ε∋(+(∆∋2,(+,/∀.∋,9(

(

(

Λ%∋Μ+,,∋%(ϑΒ,∋2(δ1%%∋,(

1Β,∋2=,&<∋Β∋Χ&12∋71≅<∋#≅∆%(

(

(

83!).&/!21!&.:;∃.:1+1!&.:!.4<1+∗).!0#!)∗+,∃∗#−!.3!∋=.7!

>?∃+.∋!≅1∋∋#!

(

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Aula 00