OS DOIS LADOS DO BALCÃO Análise do relacionamento entre assessores de imprensa e jornalistas dos diários Estado de Minas, O Tempo e Hoje em Dia

8/8/2019 OS DOIS LADOS DO BALCÃO Análise do relacionamento entre assessores de imprensa e jornalistas dos diários Estad…

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@úlhe Yh|nh`he C|wz Caste

AS DAHS KEDAS DA LEKCÃAE`åkhsg da |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se g ja|èkhstes das dhå|has

Gsteda dg Ohès+ A Tgova g Bajg go Dhe

Lgka Ba|hza`tg

Cg`t|a W`hyg|shtå|ha dg Lgka Ba|hza`tg "W@H/LB(<656



@úlhe Yh|nh`he C|wz Caste

AS DAHS KEDAS DA LEKCÃAE`åkhsg da |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se g ja|èkhstes das dhå|has

Gsteda dg Ohès+ A Tgova g Bajg go Dhe

Oaàn|eihe ev|gsg`tede ea cw|sa dg Ja|èkhsoa da Cg`t|aW`hyg|shtå|ha dg Lgka Ba|hza`tg "W@H/LB( caoa |guwhshta ve|chek æaltg`îãa da n|ew dg Lecbe|gk go Ja|èkhsoa.

A|hg`teda|: V|ai. Oew|ïcha Nwhkbg|og de Shkye Jú`ha|

Lgka Ba|hza`tg

Cg`t|a W`hyg|shtå|ha dg Lgka Ba|hza`tg "W@H/LB(<656



En|edgîa e Dgws go v|hogh|a kwne|+ va| tg| og deda ia|îes ve|e

ca`ckwh| e ja|ède. Ea ogw a|hg`teda|+ Oew|hcha Nwhkbg|og+ va| tg|

ecghteda g ca`t|hlwïda ve|e e ca`c|gthzeîãa dgstg dgseiha+ vgkevechê`che g swva|tg. Æ oh`be ieoïkhe g eohnas+ uwg sgov|g

ec|gdhte|eo go ogw vatg`chek. G+ caoa `ãa vadg|he dghre| dg sg|+ a

ogw al|hneda eas v|aihsshaèhs uwg ecghte|eo caove|thkbe| swes

grvg|hê`ches+ vahs sgo gkgs gstg t|elekba `ãa sg|he vassïygk. Al|hnede%



‛A ja|èkhsoa è woe vehrãa h`sechåygk uwg só sg vadg dhng|h| g

bwoe`hze| ogdhe`tg e caì|a`teîãa dgsce|ède cao e |gekhdedg.

Uwgo `ãa sai|gw gsse sg|yhdãa uwg sg ekhog`te das hov|gyhstas de

yhde+ `ãa vadg hoenh`å/ke. Uwgo `ãa yhygw e vekvhteîãa sal|gètw|ek

de àtïche+ a a|nesoa da iw|a+ e dgoakhîãa oa|ek da i|ecessa+ `ãa

vadg sguwg| ca`cglg| a uwg sãa. @h`nwèo uwg `ãa tg`be èschda ve|e

hssa g gstgje dhsvasta e yhyg| só ve|e hssa vadg|he vg|shsth| `woev|aihssãa tãa h`caov|gg`sïygk g ya|ez+ cwje al|e tg|ohè dgvahs dg

cede àtïche+ caoa sg ia|e ve|e sgov|g+ oes uwg `ãa ca`cgdg wo

h`ste`tg dg vez gùwe`ta `ãa ta|è e caogîe| cao oehs e|da| da uwg

`w`ce à oh`wta sgnwh`tg.‟

Nel|hgk Ne|che Oå|uwgz



\GSWOA

A v|gsg`tg t|elekba v|acw|e eèkhse| a |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se g

ja|èkhstes dg t|ês dhå|has oh`gh|as: Gsteda dg Ohès+ A Tgova g Bajg go Dhe. A aljgthya

v|h`chvek da t|elekba è eèkhse| a oada caoa |gkechaèo/sg as essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se g as

|gig|hdas ja|èkhstes des |gdeî÷gs – owhtes ygzgs+ cao ogtes dhsth`tes –+g yg|hihce| e grhstê`che

dg caìkhtas+ v|gca`cghtas g dgsg`tg`dhog`tas à ca`teta dhå|ha g`t|g tehs v|aihsshaèhs+ essho

caoa e ca`st|wîãa dg ‛va`tgs‟ dg h`tg|kacwîãa g`t|g gkgs. E v|gsg`tg vgsuwhse è |gkgye`tg

ve|e e å|ge go iw`îãa dg |gygke| e |athè dg t|elekba das v|aihsshaèhs de hìa|oeîãa

yg|tg`tgs va| ygzgs avastes de v|åthce ja|èkïsthce.

Vekey|es/cbeyg: Ja|èkhsoa= Essgssa|he dg hov|g`se= \gkechaèog`ta essgssa|!ja|èkhste.



KHSTE DG HKWST\EÎ×GS

N|åihca 5 – Gstetïsthces da vg|cg`twek da sgra das g`t|gyhsteda ............................................. 43

N|åihca < – Gstetïsthces da vg|cg`twek de ia|oeîãa ecedêohce das g`t|gyhstedas .................. 43

N|åihca 3 – Gstetïsthces da vg|cg`twek de ia|oeîãa ecedêohce das g`t|gyhstedas .................. 44

N|åihca 4 – Gstetïsthces de å|ge dg etweîãa das g`t|gyhstedas ................................................. 44



SWOÅ\HA

5 H@T\ADWÎÃA .................................................................................................................. 62

< E CAOW@HCEÎÃA G A JA\@EKHSOA DG@T\A DES A\NE@HZEÎ×GS...........56

<.5 Ja|èkhsoa a|ne`hzechaèk: wo ca`cghta.............................................................................56

<.< Ja|èkhsoa g àtïche h`sthtwchaèk....................................................................................... 5<

<.3 Essgssa|he dg hov|g`se: woe bhstó|he................................................................................ 57

<.4 Bhstó|he des essgssa|hes dg hov|g`se a L|eshk.................................................................. 5>

<.7 V|adwtas g sg|yhîas dg woe essgssa|he dg hov|g`se...........................................................52

<.9 \gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes................................................................... <6

3 JA\@EKHSOA+ YHDE SACHEK G CA@ST\WÎÃA DE @ATÏCHE .................................. <7

3.5 Ja|èkhsoa: bhstó|he g ca`cghtas ......................................................................................... <7

3.5.5 A eca`tgchog`ta ............................................................................................................. <>

3.5. < E atïche ....................................................................................................................... <8

3.5.3 E s ce|ectg|ïsthces de àtïche .. ....................................................................................... 35

3.5.4 A yeka| àtïche ................................................................................................................ 33

4 OGTADAKANHE G E@ÅKHSG ........................................................................................ 39

4.5 Ogtadakanhe ....................................................................................................................... 394.5.5 Dgih`hîãa dg c|htè|has dg e`åkhsg ..................................................................................... 3>

4.< Ja|èhs+ a|ne`hzeî÷gs g v|aihsshaèhs eèkhsedas g g`t|gyhstedas ...................................... 3>

4.<.5 As ja|èhs ........................................................................................................................ 3>

4.<.5.5 Gsteda dg Ohès............................................................................................................32

4.<.5.< A Tgova.......................................................................................................................32

4.<.5.3 Bajg go Dhe .................................................................................................................32

4.<.< Es a|ne`hzeî÷gs ..............................................................................................................38

4.<.<.5 Essacheîãa das Oenhst|edas de Jwsthîe da T|elekba de 3ª \gnhãa "Eoet|e3(.............384.<.<.< Sgèc Ohès..................................................................................................................38

4.<.<.3 Caìgdg|eîãa des W`hogd da Gsteda dg Ohès Ng|ehs................................................38

4.<.<.4 Basvhtek Oetg| Dgh........................................................................................................46

4.<.<.7 Oh`hstè|ha Vúlkhca da T|elekba....................................................................................46

4.<.<.9 Enê`che OBD Caow`hceîãa........................................................................................46

4.<.3 As v|aihsshaèhs................................................................................................................46

4.3.<.5 Yh|nh`he Cest|a..............................................................................................................46

4.3.<.< Yg|wsme Kgek.................................................................................................................45

4.3.<.3 \a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs.....................................................................................................43

4.3.<.4 Khkhe Naogs Ig||gh|e ....................................................................................................45



4.3.<.7 L|ïnhde Ekyho...............................................................................................................45

4.3.<.9 Kghke Yhgh|e dg Vh`ba....................................................................................................45

4.3.<.> \alg|t ên`g|..............................................................................................................45

4.3.<.2 Jeèïè Oe|th`s.............................................................................................................4< 4.3.<.8 E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs........................................................................................................4<

4.3.<.56 Shkyhe dg I|ghtes Deklg`..............................................................................................4<

4.3.<.55 Kghde \ghs...................................................................................................................4<

4.4 E`åkhsg................................................................................................................................43

4.4.5 Dedas uwe`thtethyas.........................................................................................................43

4.4.< As essgssa|gs g es |athès v|adwthyes...............................................................................43

4.4.3 As ja|èkhstes g es |athès v|adwthyes...............................................................................42

4.4.4 Vg|cgvîãa sal|g e etw|gze ja|èkïsthce da aiïcha das essgssa|gs....................................48

4.4.7 Ja|èkhsoa ighta e uwet|a oãas: e ca`t|hlwhîãa oútwe g`t|g as v|aihsshaèhs.................75

4.4.9 Dhces dg ca`yhyê`che: ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs swng|go oadas dg be|oa`hze| |gkeîãa..7>

4.4.9.5 \gkgesgs – A |gkgesg hdgek tg|he+ à oårhoa+ woe vånhè+ cao hìa|oeî÷gs cke|es galjgthyes....................................................................................................................................7>

4.4.9.< Iaca des vewtes............................................................................................................ 7>

4.4.9.3 Sakhchteîãa dg dgoe`des.............................................................................................. 7>

4.4.9.4 I|eùwgze g dhåkana elg|ta.......................................................................................... 72

7 CA@CKWSÃA ..................................................................................................................... 96

\GIG\Ê@CHES .................................................................................................................... 9<



2

5 H@T\ADWÎÃA

A ow`da owdaw g+ ca`sguwg`tgog`tg+ es ia|oes dg caow`hceîãa teolèo ia|eo

t|e`sia|oedes. E nkalekhzeîãa igz cao uwg es a|ne`hzeî÷gs vg|cglgssgo uwg sg caow`hce| è

woe eîãa hova|te`tg ve|e as h`dhyïdwas g+ teolèo+ ve|e es h`sthtwhî÷gs. \gkechaè|/sg cao e

hov|g`se ta|àw/sg woe oe`gh|e dg h`tg|enh| ogkba| cao e sachgdedg. @gstg sg`thda+ es

essgssa|hes ia|eo c|hedes ve|e v|ava|chaè| ogkba| |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g gov|gses g

hov|g`se. Bajg+ a |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs vasswh n|e`dg |gkgyì`che ve|e

e ca`st|wîãa des àtïches t|e`sohthdes ve|e e sachgdedg.

As v|aihsshaèhs uwg etweo às dhå|has Gsteda dg Ohès+ A Tgova g Bajg go Dhe

|gv|gsg`teo a iaca dgste vgsuwhse. T|ete/sg dg ja|èkhstes das t|ês ja|èhs dg oeha|

|gv|gsg`tethyhdedg jw`ta eas kghta|gs oh`gh|as+ essho caoa g`t|g e vavwkeîãa de \gnhãa

Ogt|avakhteè dg Lgka Ba|hza`tg. Dgsse ia|oe+ as |gig|hdas dhå|has ta|èo/sg ekya dg

h`tg|gssg dg n|e`dg ve|tg das essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se g das ckhg`tgs uwg |gv|gsg`teo.

Ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se sãa v|aihsshaèhs uwg vasswgo e ogsoe ia|oeîãa

ecedêohce+ oes etweo go å|ges dhsth`tes de caow`hceîãa.

@gste oaàn|eihe+ va|te`ta+ eèkhseoas es |athès dg t|elekba+ es c|ïthces g swngst÷gs dg

vassïyghs ia|oes dg ogkba|he da |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes. Lwsceoas

caov|gg`dg|+ eh`de+ e hova|tì`che da t|elekba dgsg`yakyhda vgkas v|aihsshaèhs g`t|gyhstedas.

Go àsse h`ygsthneîãa+ teolèo v|gtg`dgoas caov|gg`dg|+ g`t|g awt|as va`tas+ e vg|cgvîãa

das ja|èkhstes sal|g a t|elekba dgsgovg`beda vgkas essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se+ e |athè dg

t|elekba dg eolas g+ v|h`chvekog`tg+ e grhstê`che dg v|gca`cghtas g caìkhtas a|hw`das da

dgsca`bgchog`ta oútwa ecg|ce des ethyhdedgs grg|chdes va| uwgo gstå+ dhe|heog`tg+ go‛kedas avastas da lekcãa‟.

Ve|e dgsg`yakyhog`ta dgste vgsuwhse+ g`t|gyhsteoas 55 v|aihsshaèhs+ sg`da sghs essgssa|gs dg

hov|g`se+ dg h`sthtwhî÷gs vúlkhces g v|hyedes+ g ch`ca ja|èkhstes das t|ês dhå|has oh`gh|as euwh

chtedas. E h`tg`îãa v|h`chvek de g`t|gyhste iah grt|eh| grvg|hê`ches vgssaehs das v|aihsshaèhs+

essho caoa |gkete| vg|cgvî÷gs+ c|ïthces g swngst÷gs uwg vwdgssgo gscke|gcg| ekna ecg|ce da

ca`teta dhå|ha gstelgkgchda g`t|g essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes. @a gstwda h|goas às |gig|h| ea

v|aihsshaèk dg |gdeîãa sgov|g caoa ja|èkhste g+ ea v|aihsshaèk dg essgssa|he dg hov|g`se+

caoa essgssa|. Ca`twda+ e vgsuwhse `ãa dgsgje+ cao hssa+ t|e`sohth| e hdèhe dg uwg as



8

essgssa|gs `ãa sãa ja|èkhstes aw eh`de iezg| e dhsth`îãa g`t|g as v|aihsshaèhs. T|ete/sg+

evgès+ dg wo oada dg iechkhte| e dhscwssãa+ à uwg dhz |gsvghta æ àog`cketw|e.

@a v|hogh|a cevïtwka dgstg gstwda+ t|eteoas dg ca`cghtas dg caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk+ dg ja|èkhsoa g dg àtïche h`sthtwchaèk+ et|eyès de h`tg|v|gteîãa dg ewta|gs caoa Newdê`cha

Ta|uweta da \gna "5829+ 582> g <664(+ Oe|ne|hde Oe|he M|abkh`n Mw`scb "<663( g ^hksa`

de Caste Lwgà "<663(. @a ogsoa cevïtwka+ ela|deoas e bhstó|he de c|heîãa des essgssa|hes

dg hov|g`se g sgw sw|nhog`ta à L|eshk. Tek ela|dengo è hova|te`tg ve|e caov|gg`dg|oas

as vassïyghs dgsg`tg`dhog`tas g`t|gs gssgs v|aihsshaèhs. Ekèo dhssa+ ev|gsg`teoas as

v|adwtas g as sg|yhîas wthkhzedas è |athè dg t|elekba da essgssa| dg hov|g`se+ et|eyès das

ewta|gs Ja|ng Dwe|tg "<663( g Oe|hstgke Oeigh "<667(. Va| iho+ ev|gsg`teoas dhscwssãa sal|g

a |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes.

@a cevïtwka <+ v|aoaygoas |gikgrãa sal|g e ca`t|hlwhîãa da ja|èkhsoa ve|e e ca`st|wîãa de

àtïche g+ teolèo+ de yhde sachek das h`dhyïdwas. Ev|gsg`teoas+ eh`de+ a ca`cghta dg

‛eca`tgchog`ta‟ sgnw`da Ed|heà Dwe|tg \ad|hnwgs "5888( g ela|deoas ca`cghtas dg

àtïche. Ekèo dhssa+ ev|gsg`teoas e gst|wtw|e g es v|h`chvehs ce|ectg|ïsthces da tgrta

ja|èkïsthca.

Va| iho+ à cevïtwka 3+ |gekhzeoas e e`åkhsg des g`t|gyhstes go v|aiw`dhdedg |gekhzedes cao

as v|aihsshaèhs dg essgssa|he g dg |gdeîãa. Va| ogha des g`t|gyhstes+ v|acw|eoas h`ygsthne| e

oe`gh|e caoa è vg|cglhda a |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g as v|aihsshaèhs vgsuwhsedas. @gstg sg`thda+

|gkechaèoas e yhyê`che dhå|he das v|aihsshaèhs cao es hdghes grvastes vgkas ewta|gs uwg

ela|deo a tgoe.



56

< E CAOW@HCEÎÃA G A JA\@EKHSOA DG@T\A DES A\NE@HZEÎ×GS

<.5 Ja|èkhsoa a|ne`hzechaèk: wo ca`cghta

Dg eca|da cao I|e`chsca Newdê`cha Ta|uweta da \gna "5829(+ gov|gses sãa shstgoes cao

khohtgs dgih`hdas va| sgws caova`g`tgs edoh`hst|ethyas. Va|èo sãa dh|gteog`tg eigtedes va|

ieta|gs h`tg|às g grtg|às. Va| hssa+ è `gcgsså|ha uwg aca||e wo h`tg|cìolha uwg vasshlhkhtg e

t|ace dg hìa|oeî÷gs g`t|g tehs khohtgs. A ewta| eih|oe uwg e caow`hceîãa è dg grt|goe

hova|tì`che ve|e uwg e gov|gse+ caoa wo shstgoe+ ca`shne sal|gyhyg|+ vahs gstå h`tg|khnede e

awt|as shstgoes. ‛Ve|e ogkba| cke|hihce| e uwgstãa v|acw|goas vashchaè| e gov|gse caoa

woe w`hdedg dg`t|a dg wo yesta g caovkgra gsvgct|a des a|ne`hzeî÷gs‟ "\GNA+ 5829+ v.54(.

\gna "5829+ v.57( dgih`g e caow`hceîãa cao wo ‛shstgoe elg|ta+ sgogkbe`tg æ gov|gse‟.

Sgnw`da a ewta|+ woe gov|gse+ ve|e sg a|ne`hze|+ `gcgsshte de grhstê`che dg wo shstgoe dg

caow`hceîãa+ a uwek gke c|he g oe`tèo. Saog`tg dgsse oe`gh|e e h`sthtwhîãa ne|e`th|å

caow`hceîãa gihchg`tg g`t|g as shstgoes sachavakïthca g gca`ôohca go uwg gstå h`sg|hde g+

teolèo+ cao sgw v|óv|ha shstgoe h`tg|à. Oe|ne|hde Oe|he M|abkh`n Mw`scb "<663( teolèo

et|hlwh n|e`dg hova|tì`che æ caow`hceîãa dg`t|a des gov|gses+ vahs+ e caow`hceîãa

a|ne`hzechaèk tgo a vevgk dg ca`t|hlwh| ve|e e oe`wtg`îãa dg wo dhåkana elg|ta g`t|g eh`sthtwhîãa g sgws vúlkhcas h`tg|às g grtg|às.

@e khtg|etw|e l|eshkgh|e+ eh`de è caowo g`ca`t|eoas dhig|g`tgs àog`cketw|es go |gig|ê`che æ

caow`hceîãa |gekhzede dg`t|a des a|ne`hzeî÷gs. Mw`scb "<663+ v.548( eih|oe uwg

‒caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk‘+ ‒caow`hceîãa gov|gse|hek‘ g ‒caow`hceîãa ca|va|ethye‘ sãa

tg|ohàkanhes wsedes h`dhsth`teog`tg à L|eshk ve|e dgshnè| tada a t|elekba dg caow`hceîãa

kgyeda e gighta vgkes a|ne`hzeî÷gs go ng|ek‟. Ca`twda+ e ewta|e oe`higste swe v|gig|ê`chevgka tg|oa ‛caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk‟+ vahs ‛ele|ce tada a gsvgct|a des ethyhdedgs

caow`hcechaèhs+ ev|gsg`te oeha| eovkhtwdg+ evkhce`da/sg e uwekuwg| thva dg a|ne`hzeîãa

"...(+ `ãa sg |gst|h`nh`da ea ìolhta da uwg sg dgàohè gov|gse‟ "MW@SCB+ <663+ v.576(.

\gna "<664( è awt|a ewta| uwg `ãa sg khohte ea tg|oa caow`hceîãa gov|gse|hek+ h`ckwshyg

wthkhzeda va| gkg ogsoa go vwlkhceî÷gs e`tg|ha|gs. \gna eyekhe uwg e ektg|eîãa sg jwsthihce+

dgyhda æs owde`îes uwg yêo aca||g`da è å|ge. ‛@ãa bå oehs sg`thda+ va|te`ta+ go sg

|gst|h`nh| e caow`hceîãa ea grckwshya ow`da des gov|gses‟ "\GNA+ <664+ v.65(.



55

E caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk l|eshkgh|e+ dg eca|da cao ^hksa` de Caste Lwgà "<663( è

caov|gg`dhde bajg+ caoa sgta| gst|etènhca. Shtweîãa dhig|g`tg de yhyg`chede eàs et|ås+

uwe`da g|e yhste caoa dgs`gcgsså|he g dg vawce wthkhdedg. E bhstó|he da ja|èkhsoa

a|ne`hzechaèk à L|eshk è ca`shdg|ede |gcg`tg. E`tgs de dècede dg 58>6+ vawces gov|gses

vasswïeo wo dgve|teog`ta dg caow`hceîãa+ g as uwg grhstheo `ãa vasswïeo e hì|egst|wtw|e

edguwede+ `go as v|aihsshaèhs `gcgsså|has ve|e grgcwte| es te|gies. A ja|èkhsoa+

v|av|heog`tg dhta+ |gcglhe vawcas h`ygsthog`tas. E vwlkhchdedg g e v|avene`de è uwg

ca`teyeo cao es oeha|gs etg`î÷gs g as |gcw|sas oehs dhsvg`dhasas "LWG@A+ <663(.

E ve|th| de dècede dg 58>6+ e bhstó|he de caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk vesse va| shn`hihcethyes

owde`îes. Sgnw`da Lwgà "<663(+ oehs v|aihsshaèhs sãa h`sg|hdas è å|ge+ gov|gses dgoèdha g n|e`dg va|tg+ dg sgnog`tas dhsth`tas+ caogîeo e h`ygsth| è caow`hceîãa. Ekèo

dhssa+ a ceova ecedêohca då sgws v|hogh|as vessas g a og|ceda ne`be hova|te`tgs

vwlkhceî÷gs sal|g a tgoe. \gna "<664(+ ca`twda ca`shdg|e uwg e bhstó|he de caow`hceîãa

a|ne`hzechaèk à L|eshk h`hche/sg go 589>+ uwe`da è iw`dede+ go Sãa Vewka+ e Essacheîãa

L|eshkgh|e dg Gdhta|gs dg \gyhstes g Ja|èhs dg Gov|gse "Elg|jg(+ uwg oehs te|dg sg ta|è|he e

Essacheîãa dg Caow`hceîãa Gov|gse|hek. E ve|th| de c|heîãa de Elg|jg+ a tgoe de

caow`hceîãa dg`t|a des h`sthtwhî÷gs vesse e sg| oehs dhscwthda+ a uwg ca`t|hlwh ve|e eogkba|he de hoengo da sgta| vg|e`tg gov|gså|has+ ecedêohcas g caow`hceda|gs.

Teolèo è dècede dg 58>6+ owhtas v|aihsshaèhs dgve|e|eo/sg cao wo og|ceda dg vawces

ava|tw`hdedgs dg t|elekba dg`t|a des |gdeî÷gs. Ve|e owhtas ja|èkhstes+ etwe| go sgta|gs dg

caow`hceîãa dg a|ne`hzeî÷gs g|e woe oe`gh|e dg sg oe`tg| gov|gneda g ethya è å|ge. A

h`n|gssa dg tehs v|aihsshaèhs às dgve|teog`tas dg caow`hceîãa yeka|hzaw g et|hlwhw yeka| ea

t|elekba uwg jå yh`ba sg`da dgsg`yakyhda "\GNA+ <664(.

Iah è dècede dg 5826+ uwg e caow`hceîãa esswog dgih`hthyeog`tg a vevgk dg å|ge

gst|etènhce. Mw`scb "<663( eih|oe uwg e caow`hceîãa è woe ig||eog`te uwg ewrhkhe es

a|ne`hzeî÷gs e dhekane| cao sgws vúlkhcas h`tg|às g grtg|às g ca`t|hlwh ve|e e |gekhzeîãa

des |athès edoh`hst|ethyes+ et|eyès de c|heîãa g oe`wtg`îãa de hoengo h`sthtwchaèk de

a|ne`hzeîãa. A sgta| cakela|e+ eh`de+ ve|e ogkba|e| a ikwra des hìa|oeî÷gs+ ‛t|ete/sg dg wo

v|acgssa |gkechaèk g`t|g h`dhyïdwas+ dgve|teog`tas+ w`hdedgs g a|ne`hzeî÷gs‟ "Mw`scb+ <663+

v.>5(. E caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk+ uwe`da grgcwtede dg oe`gh|e edguwede+ vg|ohtg uwg

tadas as eng`tgs g`yakyhdas+ sgjeo gkgs+ vet|÷gs+ gov|gnedas+ caow`hceda|gs aw chdedãas+



5<

ta|`go/sg awyh`tgs des hìa|oeî÷gs dhsva`hlhkhzedes vgkes h`sthtwhî÷gs+ oes uwg teolèo

tg`beo e vasshlhkhdedg dg sg oe`higste| g ca`t|hlwh| cao a v|acgssa dg ca`st|wîãa de

hìa|oeîãa.

Lwgà "<663( ec|gdhte uwg e caow`hceîãa ‛dghraw dg sg| wo og|a ca`jw`ta dg ethyhdedgs

dgsg`yakyhdes dg oe`gh|e i|enog`tede+ ve|e ca`sthtwh|/sg go wo v|acgssa h`tgn|eda uwg

a|hg`te a |gkechaèog`ta de gov|gse aw g`thdedg cao tadas as sgws vúlkhcas dg h`tg|gssg‟

"LWG@A+ <663+ v.6>(.

\gna "5829( ca`ca|de uwg es owde`îes aca||hdes ihzg|eo cao uwg e caow`hceîãa eth`nhssg

stetws dg n|e`dg hova|tì`che dg`t|a des h`sthtwhî÷gs. Ve|e Mw`scb "<663+ v.98(+ ‛esa|ne`hzeî÷gs têo dg sg caow`hce| g`t|g sh. A shstgoe a|ne`hzechaèk sg yhelhkhze n|eîes ea

shstgoe dg caow`hceîãa `gkg grhstg`tg+ uwg vg|ohth|å swe ca`tï`we |gekhog`teîãa g swe

sal|gyhyê`che‟. Lwgà "<663( teolèo eih|oe uwg e caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk gstå à tava

das a|neàn|eoes:

Woe sè|hg dg ieta|gs tgo ca`ca||hda ve|e ektg|e| a vg|ihk t|edhchaèk de Caow`hceîãagov|gse|hek+ uwg sg ev|arhoe dg wo àya ve|edhnoe. Iw`deog`tek+ gke sg cakace caoa

gst|etènhce g yhtek ve|e a v|acgssa dg taoede dg dgchs÷gs+ acwve`da+ vewkethèog`tg+vashîãa dgstecede à a|neàn|eoe des a|ne`hzeî÷gs. "LWG@A+ <663+ v.59(

@e dècede dg 5826+ es owde`îes uwg t|e`sia|oe|eo e caow`hceîãa gov|gse|hek teolèo

eigte|eo g grhnh|eo owde`îes das v|aihsshaèhs uwg etweo è å|ge+ a caow`hceda| tgyg uwg

edate| vastw|e dg ngsta|+ dghre`da dg sg| evgès wo og|a grgcwta| dg te|gies. Ekèo dhssa+

ia|eo `gcgsså|hes owde`îes è grgcwîãa des ethyhdedgs. Ea caow`hceda| `ãa caovgthe oehs

evgès æ v|adwîãa dg bawsg/a|ne` cao ia|oeta g ca`tgúda uwg `ãa etg`dhe ea h`tg|gssg das

vúlkhcas e uwg sg dgsthèye. Iah v|gchsa woe edevteîãa g es àyes tgcàkanhes thyg|eo uwg sg|

h`ca|va|edes æ |athè dg t|elekba "LWG@A+ <663(.

A vke`gjeog`ta des eî÷gs teolèo ta|àw/sg h`gyhtåygk è lwsce va| |gswktedas sethsietó|has.

Teolèo iah è dècede dg 5826 uwg e caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk caogîe e sg gst|wtw|e| às

oakdgs caoa e ca`bgcgoas etwekog`tg. ‛A oadgka dg gst|wtw|e caova|teye essgssa|he dg

hov|g`se+ vwlkhceî÷gs h`tg|ès!gdhta|eîãa+ oe|mgth`n!v|avene`de h`sthtwchaèk g

og|cedakónhce+ |gkeî÷gs vúlkhces!gyg`tas g vgsuwhse‟ "\GNA+ <664+ v. 64(.





54

v|ha|hdedgs ve|e uwg wo ieta sgje ca`shdg|eda àtïche: ‛etwekhdedg+ h`tg|gssg+ hova|tì`che g

iechkhdedg dg esshohkeîãa‟.

As yeka|gs et|hlwïdas eas ietas+ ve|e uwg sg ta|`go àtïches+ gsle||eo às h`tg|gssgs g

`gcgsshdedgs des a|ne`hzeî÷gs. Ogsoa sgo ele`daè| es ce|ectg|ïsthces ja|èkïsthces+ e

àtïche h`sthtwchaèk è teolèo wthkhzede ve|e oalhkhze| e avh`hãa vúlkhce go v|ak de

h`sthtwhîãa. Caìa|og grvkhce Oa`tgh|a "<663+ v.549(+ e àtïche h`sthtwchaèk teolèo vasswh

h`tg|gssgs+ ‛esswoh`da+ va|te`ta+ wo ce|åtg| h`tg`chaèk g `gnacheda‟. Va|èo+ e àtïche

h`sthtwchaèk teolèo è wthkhzede caoa ig||eog`te uwg vasshlhkhte e v|gsteîãa dg ca`tes æ

sachgdedg+ a uwg vg|ohtg a dhåkana cao as vúlkhcas dg h`tg|gssg g eh`de ca`t|hlwh ve|e

ia|tekgcg| e hoengo de h`sthtwhîãa+ vahs+ sgnw`da Oa`tgh|a "<663(+ gste è woe oe`gh|e dg ea|ne`hzeîãa sg| yhste cao oehs c|gdhlhkhdedg vgke sachgdedg.

Sg es àtïches h`sthtwchaèhs vasswgo vúlkhcas g ca`tgúdas dhsth`tas+ è h`gyhtåygk uwg teolèo

grhsteo aljgthyas dhig|g`tgs. Eihèk+

E caow`hceîãa è gov|gse aljgthye oadhihce| g edevte| a caova|teog`ta des vgssaes+hìkwg`che| ethtwdgs g v|gig|ê`ches+ ce||ge| tades es eî÷gs cao yhstes æ grgcwîãa des ogtes

v|an|eoedes. Grtg|èog`tg+ e caow`hceîãa gov|gse|hek aljgthye ca`bgcg| g v|aoayg| woegov|gse+ cao yhstes æ altg`îãa dg ethtwdgs ieya|åyghs va| ve|tg das vúlkhcas grtg|às."\GNA+ 5829+ v. 5<7(

@ãa leste+ ca`twda ‛gsvekbe|‟ es àtïches. Sgnw`da Oa`tgh|a+ e dhywkneîãa ja|èkïsthce des

h`sthtwhî÷gs è wo v|acgssa uwg |guwg| cewtgke g ca`bgchog`ta sal|g e å|ge. A caow`hceda|

v|gchse gste| etg`ta ea uwg vadg aw `ãa sg| t|e`sia|oeda go àtïche+ vahs `go twda uwg

eca`tgcg à eolhg`tg a|ne`hzechaèk vadg aw dgyg sg| dhywkneda. Eihèk+ `go tades es

hìa|oeî÷gs sãa dg h`tg|gssg de hov|g`se. @e |athè dg woe a|ne`hzeîãa+ eca`tgcgo dhyg|sas

ietas+ oes `go tadas sãa vessïyghs dg dhywkneîãa. Va| hssa+ as |gsva`såyghs vgke caow`hceîãa

v|gchseo ca`bgcg| as c|htè|has dg dhywkneîãa uwg vasshlhkhteo uwg dedas g hìa|oeî÷gs

h`tg|ès sgjeo t|e`sia|oedas go ekna dg h`tg|gssg grtg|à g og|gîeo sg| vwlkhcedas vgke

hov|g`se. Ve|e Oa`tgh|a "<663+ v.57<(+ grhstgo teolèo es hìa|oeî÷gs uwg dgygo sg|

gyhtedes+ ‛es uwg t|eteo dg hìa|oeîãa shnhkase g es uwg cewsgo deàs æ c|gdhlhkhdedg+

caìhelhkhdedg+ caovgtê`che de h`sthtwhîãa‟. Dgsse oe`gh|e e àtïche h`sthtwchaèk+ ‛vesse e sg|

g`ce|ede caoa wo v|acgssa dg h`tg|eîãa sachek g dg woe sè|hg dg `gnacheî÷gs+ a uwg

gov|gste e gke wo vevgk sachavakïthca ès sachgdedgs ca`tgova|ì`ges‟ "OA@TGH\A+ <663+v.54<(.



57

Teolèo dg eca|da cao Oa`tgh|a "<663+ v.577(+ ogsoa grhsth`da dhyg|sas c|htè|has wsedas

vgkas caow`hceda|gs ve|e t|e`sia|oe| eca`tgchog`tas h`tg|às go àtïches+ ‛ve|gcg beyg|

woe wè`hohdedg g`t|g ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se go |gkeîãa ea uwg+

v|ha|hte|heog`tg+ dgih`g a uwg è àtïche ès h`sthtwhî÷gs: ‒a àya‘‟. E vwlkhchzeîãa das

eca`tgchog`tas a|ne`hzechaèhs vadg aca||g| dg dwes oe`gh|es: dgoe`de de v|óv|he hov|g`se

aw dhywkneîãa ighte e ve|th| das h`tg|gssgs de v|óv|he h`sthtwhîãa.

Vadg/sg+ va|te`ta+ ca`ckwh| uwg gst|etènhes g e|thcwkeî÷gs iezgo ve|tg da v|acgssa dgv|adwîãa des àtïches h`sthtwchaèhs g dgsohsthihceo a ce|åtg| ewtaoåthca dgssg v|acgssa.Oast|eo teolèo uwg ia`tgs h`sthtwchaèhs engo h`tg`chaèkog`tg ve|e acwve| gsveîa èoïdhe+ ta|è|/sg yhsïyghs g+ essho+ sethsiezg| es swes `gcgsshdedgs a|ne`hzechaèhs."OA@TGH\A+ <663+ v.577(

<.3 Essgssa|he dg hov|g`se: woe bhstó|he

Es sachgdedgs vesse|eo va| h`tg`sa v|acgssa dg t|e`sia|oeî÷gs g dg nkalekhzeîãa. Hssa eigtaw

teolèo es |gkeî÷gs bwoeès g sgws ikwras dg caow`hceîãa. @gstg ca`tgrta+ es a|ne`hzeî÷gs

hdg`thihce|eo e hova|tì`che de dhywkneîãa dg ietas uwg h`tg|gsseo æ sachgdedg+ g+ dg eca|da

cao Cbeve||a "<663+ v.33( iah va| hssa uwg es h`sthtwhî÷gs caogîe|eo e wthkhze|+ ‛]..._ e

gihcåche dhiwsa|e da ja|èkhsoa‟.

A ja|èkhsoa è |gsva`såygk vgke dhywkneîãa dg ietas dg h`tg|gssg de avh`hãa vúlkhce g

ca`t|hlwh ve|e a dgletg dg hdghes g ia|owkeîãa dg avh`h÷gs e |gsvghta dg eca`tgchog`tas. A

ja|èkhsoa v|ava|chaè yhshlhkhdedg eas ietas g+ va| hssa+ es a|ne`hzeî÷gs vúlkhces g v|hyedes

vg|cglg|eo uwg ‛àthche| sg ta|àw e oehs gihcez ia|oe dg enh| à ow`da g cao gkg h`tg|enh|

g es |gkeî÷gs cao e hov|g`se vesse|eo e ca`sthtwh| e v|gacwveîãa v|ha|htå|he è gst|etènhe des

h`sthtwhî÷gs‟ "CBEVE\\A+ <663+ v.33(.

@athche| ietas g eca`tgchog`tas ta|àw/sg e oe`gh|e oehs ètw|ek dg h`tg|enh| cao e

sachgdedg. Hssa sg t|e`sia|oaw go v|gacwveîãa v|ha|htå|he ve|e es a|ne`hzeî÷gs. Cbeve||a

"<663( eih|oe uwg es h`sthtwhî÷gs vúlkhces g v|hyedes dgsthè|eo gsia|îas ve|e es uwgst÷gs

|gkethyes æ caow`hceîãa dgàohède h`sthtwchaèk+ gov|gse|hek aw a|ne`hzechaèk.

Go 522<+ a gov|gså|ha da |eoa ig||ayhå|ha hkkhe` Bg`|x Ye`dg|lhkt ihcaw ca`bgchda uwe`da

v|a`w`chaw e bhstó|hce i|esg ‛a vúlkhca uwg sg de`g‟. A ieta aca||gw uwe`da gkg yh`be

|gcglg`da c|ïthces g cal|e`îes dg grvkhceî÷gs sal|g e oå uwekhdedg das sg|yhîas aig|gchdas

eas sgws ckhg`tgs. Gssg gvhsódha dgoa`st|e caoa+ èuwgkg vg|ïada+ es gov|gses `ãa sg



59

hova|teyeo cao e v|óv|he hoengo vg|e`tg ckhg`tgs g hov|g`se. Ca`twda+ dg eca|da cao

Oeigh "<667+ v.3<(+ ea ogsoa tgova+ ‛gssg cg`å|ha dgoa`st|eye a ceova v|avïcha ve|e uwg

es a|ne`hzeî÷gs vessessgo e dgoe`de| sg|yhîas v|aihsshaèhs go lwsce dg ogkba| grvashîãa‟.

Ea vg|cglg| gssg ceova v|aihsshaèk v|ósvg|a g eh`de `ãa grvka|eda+ a ja|èkhste à|tg

eog|hceà Hyx Kgg caogîaw e aig|gcg| sgws sg|yhîas ea og|ceda. Caìa|og grvkhce Oeigh

"<667+ v.33(+ go 5869+ ‛gkg h`yg`taw e ethyhdedg gsvgchekhzede e uwg cbeoeoas dg essgssa|he

dg hov|g`se aw essgssa|he dg caow`hceîãa‟. A ja|èkhste ele`daàw e v|aihssãa+ g c|haw a

v|hogh|a gsc|htó|ha dg |gkeî÷gs vúlkhces da ow`da+ g sg ta|àw a v|hogh|a v|aihsshaèk e etwe|

è å|ge. Hyx Kgg caogîaw e aig|gcg| eas ja|èkhstes tgrtas lgo |gdhnhdas g evw|edas+ cao

hìa|oeî÷gs go ia|oeta ja|èkïsthca+ a uwg dgsvg|taw a h`tg|gssg de hov|g`se uwg caogîaw evwlkhce| es vewtes h`sthtwchaèhs.

Oeigh "<667( grvkhce uwg as sg|yhîas dg |gkeî÷gs vúlkhces ia|eo owhta wthkhzedas à vg|ïada

de V|hogh|e Nwg||e Ow`dhek "5854/5852( ve|e h`chte| a vet|hathsoa à|tg/eog|hceà g

teolèo ve|e uwg daeî÷gs esshstg`chehs iassgo ightes. @euwgkg vg|ïada+ as v|gshdg`tgs das

Gstedas W`hdas wthkhzeyeo+ ca`ste`tgog`tg+ es g`t|gyhstes cakgthyes g teolèo e dhst|hlwhîãa

dg v|gss |gkgesgs ve|e e hov|g`se. Go 58<8+ cao e uwgl|e de lakse dg yeka|gs dg @aye Xa|m+dhyg|sas veïsgs thyg|eo e gcaàohe g awt|as sgta|gs de sachgdedg eigtedas. Tek shtweîãa igz

cao uwg e avh`hãa vúlkhce à|tg/eog|hceè lwscessg |gsvastes g sethsieî÷gs sal|g es vg|des

sai|hdes g+ teolèo+ sal|g es vg|svgcthyes dg sakwî÷gs "OEIIGH+ <663(.

Evós a vg|ïada dg nwg||es+ e gcaàohe eog|hceè yakteye e v|asvg|e| g as gov|gså|has

yhyg`cheyeo as |gikgras dgssg lao oaog`ta g kwc|eyeo ca`shdg|eygkog`tg. @gsse

ca`jw`tw|e dg c|gschog`ta gca`ôohca+ t|e`sia|oeî÷gs g h`ygsthog`tas+ owhtas gov|gså|hasesswoh|eo vastw|es |gjghtedes vgke hov|g`se+ a uwg eovkheye a `úog|a dg dg`ú`ches ca`t|e

tehs h`sthtwhî÷gs. Hyx Kgg+ cao swe grvg|hê`che dg ja|èkhste+ esswohw e te|gie dg oadhihce| e

yhsãa de hov|g`se sal|g a gov|gså|ha \acmgigkkg|+ yhsta cao oews akbas vgke sachgdedg g

vgke hov|g`se. Swe v|hogh|e eîãa iah teolèo woe des oehs hova|te`tgs. Kgg c|haw woe

dgcke|eîãa dg v|h`cïvhas g g`ceoh`baw eas gdhta|gs das ja|èhs+ ve|e caùwhste| e caìhe`îe

das ja|èkhstes g+ eh`de+ grvkhce| sgw t|elekba. Cbeve||a "<663( et|hlwh ea iw`deda| des

essgssa|hes dg hov|g`se g des |gkeî÷gs vúlkhces wo hova|te`tg oè|hta:

A dg tg| c|heda a ca`cghta g e v|åthce da hìa|oe`tg v|aihsshaèk caovgtg`tg. Hyx Kgga|ne`hzaw/sg ve|e etwe| às v|acgssas ja|èkïsthcas caoa ia`tg dg hìa|oeî÷gs g





52

grvkhce uwg ‛cao as dgve|teog`tas a nayg|à gstelgkgcg woe swvg|gst|wtw|e dg oe`hvwkeîãa

de avh`hãa vúlkhce va| ogha de cg`sw|e+ ihscekhzeîãa+ ca`t|akg g dhst|hlwhîãa go ke|ne gsceke

dg àthchå|ha kewdetó|ha‟ "DWE\TG+ <663+ v.23(.

@a vg|ïada de Dhtedw|e Ohkhte| à veïs+ dw|e`tg a nayg|à dg Goïkha Ne||estezw Oèdhch

"5898/58>7(+ iah c|hede e Essgssa|he Gsvgchek dg \gkeî÷gs Vúlkhces "Eg|v(+ uwg wthkhzeye a

v|gss |gkgesg caoa wo h`st|wog`ta ve|e sg hova| dg`t|a des |gdeî÷gs. Teolèo iah `gssg

vg|ïada uwg owhtas ja|èkhstes h`hche|eo woe dwvke ja|ède dg t|elekba+ vahs vesse|eo e etwe|

ès |gdeî÷gs g+ teolèo+ ès essgssa|hes vúlkhces+ ‛cao e te|gie dg vwlkhce| às |gsvgcthyas

àthchå|has+ as v|gss |gkgesgs gkela|edas vgka nayg|à‟ "OEIGH+ <667+ v.37(.

Ve|e Dwe|tg "<663(+ e |gdgoac|ethzeîãa aca||hde evós e G|e Ye|nes eovkhaw a h`tg|gssg da

Gsteda vgke etweîãa das ja|èkhstes g+ caoa ca`sguûê`che+ bawyg ewog`ta à `úog|a dg

ja|èkhstes uwg sg ta|è|eo iw`cha`å|has vúlkhcas+ jå uwg as ce|nas da nayg|à ta|è|eo/sg

oagde dg t|ace. Tek ig`ôogà |gswktaw è ‛cwktw|e dg ca`t|akg dg hìa|oeî÷gs às ó|nãas

vúlkhcas‟ "DWE\TG+ <663+ v.24(.

Dg eca|da cao Dwe|tg "<663(+ è dècede dg 5876+ gov|gses gst|e`ngh|es h`t|adwzh|eo àL|eshk eî÷gs |gkechaèdes cao e caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk+ oes eh`de `ãa grhsthe wo sgta|

gsvgcïihca ve|e sg |gkechaè| cao e hov|g`se. @e dècede dg 26 da sècwka vesseda+ as

ja|èkhstes eh`de `ãa gsteyeo v|gsg`tgs ès a|ne`hzeî÷gs+ shtweîãa uwg caogîaw e owde|

uwe`da owhtas dgssgs v|aihsshaèhs vesse|eo e g`rg|ne| wo iwtw|a v|aihsshaèk ia|e des

|gdeî÷gs+ g yh|eo uwg es essgssa|hes vasswïeo wo og|ceda v|aohssa|.

<.7 V|adwtas g sg|yhîas dg woe essgssa|he dg hov|g`se

Grhstgo ig||eog`tes g v|acgdhog`tas dg t|elekba+ jå ved|a`hzedas+ ve|e uwg a t|elekba da

essgssa| g a ikwra dg hìa|oeîãa g`t|g essgssa|eda g hov|g`se ca||e dg oe`gh|e edguwede.

G`t|g es ig||eog`tes oehs wthkhzedes vgka essgssa| dg hov|g`se gstãa v|gss mht+ iakka~ wv+oehkh`n khst+ v|gss |gkgesg+ ckhvvh`n+ ecaove`beog`ta a` kh`g+ ogdhe t|eh`h`n+ ~a|msbavs g~glshtgs. Ia|e gssgs tg|oas uwg dgshnèo eknwoes eî÷gs leste`tg ca`bgchdes+ bå eh`deawt|as ca`cghtas |gkechaèdas es ethyhdedgs caovkgog`te|gs ea t|elekba de essgssa|he dghov|g`se+ caoa ewdhta|he dg hoengo+ og`sw|eîãa dg |gswktedas g e`åkhsg gst|etènhce dgoïdhe. "OEIGH+ <667+ v. 93(



58

Sgnw`da Dwe|tg "<663( tadas gssgs v|adwtas g sg|yhîas sg|ygo ve|e |gekhze| g oe`tg| a ikwra

dg hìa|oeîãa g dgygo sg| wthkhzedas à |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|eda g sgws vúlkhcas dg

h`tg|gssg. A ewta| |gssekte uwg grhstg dhig|g`îe g`t|g as v|adwtas g sg|yhîas+ vahs vadgo tg|

wsa h`tg|à aw grtg|à. ‛H`tg|às+ as dh|gchaèdas eas gov|gnedas+ essgssa|edas+ echa`hstes g

æ v|óv|he å|ge dg caow`hceîãa. Grtg|às+ ve|thcwke|og`tg dh|hnhda ea ja|èkhste+ oes uwg

vadgo ekce`îe| dg ia|oe dh|gte e sachgdedg aw vúlkhcas gsvgcïihcas‟ "DWE\TG+ <663+

v.<3>(.

Es ig||eog`tes teolèo sãa ckesshihcedes caoa avg|echaèhs aw gst|etènhces. Dwe|tg "<663(

grgovkhihce tek dhig|g`îe: ‛A g`yha dg |gkgesgs aw a sg|yhîa dg ckhvvh`n+ uwe`da shovkgs

te|gie+ oe`tèo/sg avg|echaèk. Uwe`da wthkhzeda yh`cwkeda e vakïthces g vkeàs dg eîãa dea|ne`hzeîãa lwsce`da dgtg|ohède ihèkhdedg+ iez uwg sg ta|`g gst|etènhca‟ "DWE\TG+ <663+

v.<3>(. Evgse| dg grhsth|go yå|has v|adwtas g sg|yhîas Dwe|tg eih|oe sg| `gcgsså|ha tg|

ig||eog`tes edevtedes æs ca`dhî÷gs de gov|gse g+ v|h`chvekog`tg eas aljgthyas g vúlkhca/

ekya.

Oeigh "<667( |gekhze dgsc|hîãa des v|h`chvehs ig||eog`tes wthkhzedes à dhe/e/dhe das

essgssa|gs:

• A v|gss mht : ‛È woe veste aw e|uwhya gkgt|ô`hca ca`tg`da as tgrtas v|h`chvehs sal|g a

essgssa|eda+ sãa hìa|oeî÷gs ved|a`hzedes ve|e sg|go dhst|hlwïdes æ hov|g`se‟. "OEIGH+

<667+ v. 9>(.

• A iakka~ wv ca`shstg à eta dg yg|hihce| et|eyès da tgkgia`g+ sg es hìa|oeî÷gs g`yhedes eas

ja|èkhstes ia|eo |gcglhdes.

• Caìa|og grvkhce Oeigh oehkh`n khst + è ‛woe khste uwg ca`tèo |gkeîãa das ygïcwkas g das

ja|èkhstes ca`tetedas ve|e e dhywkneîãa‟. "OEIGH+ <667+ v+ 92(

• A |gkgesg è dgih`hda va| Dwe|tg caoa ‛oetg|hek dhst|hlwïda æ hov|g`se ve|e swngstãa dg

vewte‟. "DWE\TG+ <663+ v. <7<(

• Ogdhe t|eh`h`n è a t|ghèog`ta uwg as essgssa|gs aig|gcgo eas essgssa|edas ve|e uwg gkgs

sehleo etg`dg| e hov|g`se dg oe`gh|e edguwede.



<6

• ^glshtg sãa es vånhès è h`tg|`gt uwg aig|gcgo hìa|oeî÷gs g dedas sal|g e a|ne`hzeîãa.

Ekèo dhssa+ ~glshtg è wo hova|te`tg ceèk dg caow`hceîãa cao as vúlkhcas grtg|às+

ca`swohda|gs+ sachgdedg g hov|g`se.

• Oeigh teolèo ev|gsg`te e dgih`hîãa dg ckhvvh`n: |gw`hãa dg oetè|hes g |gva|teng`s uwg

h`tg|gsseo ea essgssa|eda+ g uwg ejwde e ‛eyekhe| e grvashîãa das ca`ca||g`tgs g da sgta| dg

etweîãa‟ g ‛gyhdg`che e hoengo da ckhg`tg è oïdhe‟ "OEIGH+ <667+ v. ><(.

Ca`twda+ go ogha e te`tes ig||eog`tes `ãa sg vadg gsuwgcg| uwg caovgtg ea essgssa| wthkhze/

kes dg oe`gh|e edguwede g caìa|og es `gcgsshdedgs+ g v|h`chvekog`tg uwg a essgssa| dg

hov|g`se è e ig||eog`te iw`deog`tek dgssg t|elekba:

@ãa sg vadg gsuwgcg|+ eh`de+ uwg a cevhtek låshca dg wo essgssa| è c|gdhlhkhdedg uwg vasswhcao es ia`tgs g ja|èkhstes. T|e`sve|ê`che+ aljgthyhdedg+ enhkhdedg+ h`hchethye+ cevechdedg dghdg`thihce| g c|he| dgoe`des g dg ev|gsg`te| ektg|èthyes ve|e etg`dê/kes sãa uwekhdedgs uwgvg|oe`gcgo oehs hova|te`tgs da uwg woe swvg|gst|wtw|e. "CBEVE\\A+ <663+ v.<77(

<.9 \gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes

Cao te`tes owde`îes às v|acgssas dg caow`hceîãa a|ne`hzechaèk+ as v|aihsshaèhs teolèothyg|eo uwg vesse| va| ejwsteog`tas+ caoa ia|oe dg sg edguwe| æs owde`îes sachehs g

tgcàkónhces uwg eigte|eo dh|gteog`tg e |athè dg t|elekba. Dg`t|g es ektg|eî÷gs+ e oehs

shn`hihcethye iah e ohn|eîãa+ ve|e es essgssa|hes dg hov|g`se+ das ja|èkhstes uwg etweyeo

grckwshyeog`tg go |gdeî÷gs+ oes uwg ès dècedes dg 58>6 g 5826 da sècwka vesseda+

vg|cglg|eo uwg e hov|g`se `ãa sg|he e ú`hce avîãa dg t|elekba. Kgtïche Oe|he V. de Caste "<(

"<663+ v.55( grvkhce uwg es owde`îes aca||g|eo dgyhda e dahs oathyas: ‛a g`rwneog`ta des

|gdeî÷gs g e v|aihsshaèkhzeîãa g enhkhdedg des essgssa|hes‟ "CASTE"<(+ <663+ v.55(. A|gswkteda dgstes owde`îes è uwg owhtas ja|èkhstes cao grvg|hê`che à dhe/e/dhe des |gdeî÷gs

g`ca`t|e|eo+ ès essgssa|hes dg hov|g`se+ wo v|ósvg|a kacek dg t|elekba. Sgnw`da Caste "<(

"<663(+ e |athè des |gdeî÷gs g a |htoa ecgkg|eda aceshaèo a sgnwh`tg chcka:

A ekta n|ew dg v|aihsshaèkhsoa g enhkhdedg des essgssa|hes vasshlhkhteo wo etg`dhog`taogkba| æ dgoe`de des |gdeî÷gs= / ecaoadeîãa das |gvó|tg|gs+ va| ca`te|go cao iechkhdedgdg |gcglg| ‛twda v|a`ta‟des essgssa|hes "tgrtas+ iatas+ eng`deog`ta dg g`t|gyhstes+ owhtesygzgs+ es v|óv|hes g`t|gyhstes va| g/oehk – è ‛cavhe| g cake|‟( / ele`daà+ uwesg va|

caovkgta+ da ja|èkhsoa h`ygsthnethya. "CASTE"<(+ <663+ v.5<(



<5

CASTE"<( "<663( c|hthce tek chcka g uwgsthaè es uwgst÷gs èthces g`t|g essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes+

essho caoa e |gsva`selhkhdedg sachek dgstgs dahs v|aihsshaèhs. Ve|e e ewta|e e èthce dgyg

sgov|g |gng| a t|elekba da ja|èkhste+ ‛h`dgvg`dg`tg dg uwg keda da ‛lekcãa‟ gkg gstgje‟

"CASTE"<(+ <663+ v. 5<(.

Ca`twda+ a |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes+ v|h`chvekog`tg ès dècedes dg 58>6

g 5826+ vessaw va| oaog`tas dg tw|lwkê`che g dgsg`tg`dhog`tas. Ve|e Oeigh "<667+ v.<<(+

eh`de grhstg cg|te oå ya`tedg das v|aihsshaèhs dg |gdeîãa cao a t|elekba das essgssa|gs+ ieta

uwg e ewta|e jwsthihce ea eih|oe| uwg ‛ygha de èvace go uwg e dhtedw|e ohkhte| gov|gneye

ve|tg das v|óv|has ja|èkhstes caoa essgssa|gs+ iechkhte`da essho e vwlkhceîãa ewtaoåthce das

v|gss |gkgesgs‟.

È a uwg teolèo eih|oe Oe|he dg Iåthoe Caste dg Akhygh|e "s!d+ s!v(+ ve|e uwgo ‛a ja|èkhste

dg |gdeîãa iez wo v|è/jwkneog ta da sgw cakgne essgssa| dg hov|g`se+ ce|ectg|hze`da/a caoa

ve|chek à ieya|gchog`ta des hìa|oeî÷gs‟ "AKHYGH\E+ s!d+ s!v(. Ve|e e ewta|e+ tek v|è/

jwkneog`ta jwsthihce/sg vgke a|hngo da sw|nhog`ta des essgssa|hes dg hov|g`se+ uwg+ à

v|h`cïvha+ th`beo swes ethyhdedgs |gkechaèdes eas ó|nãas vúlkhcas g ea ieya|gchog`ta dg

vakïthcas. Ekèo dhssa+ ès dècedes dg 58>6 g 5826+ woe des et|hlwhî÷gs das essgssa|gs g|edhihcwkte| a ecgssa das ja|èkhstes æs hìa|oeî÷gs+ v|h`chvekog`tg euwgkes uwg heo ca`t|e as

h`tg|gssgs dg sgws ckhg`tgs.

A va|tek dg caow`hceîãa Caow`huwg/sg5 |gekhzaw vgsuwhse cao 5.684 v|aihsshaèhs+ g`t|g as

uwehs |gvó|tg|gs+ dh|gta|gs g i|gg/ke`cg|s. Tadas |gsva`dg|eo e wo uwgstha`å|ha caovasta va|

<< vg|nw`tes+ g+ g`t|g as essw`tas ela|dedas+ beyhe e uwgstãa sal|g caoa a ja|èkhste de

hov|g`se eèkhse a t|elekba da essgssa|. E uwgstãa gsthowkaw e sgnwh`tg ca`ckwsãa:

E lehre uwekhdedg dg eknw`s tgrtas g`ceoh`bedas vgkes essgssa|hes ecele vgèkhze`da as ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa vgka dgsca`bgchog`ta da v|acgssa dg v|adwîãa ja|èkïsthce àsyå|has ceovas de oïdhe caoa ja|èk+ |gyhste+ |ådha+ tgkgyhsãa g h`tg|`gt+ essho caoa e|gsvghta dg eknw`s essw`tas uwg sãa ela|dedas uwg `ãa è da en|eda da ygïcwka dgcaow`hceîãa. As essgssa|gs `ãa sãa ca`shdg|edas caoa ve|cgh|as ewtê`thcas woe ygz uwggstãa caov|aogthdas cao sgws ckhg`tgs+ yekg`da/sg de oïdhe ve|e dhywkne| sgws |gkgesgs.

5 E vgsuwhse iah |gekhzede vgka shtg Caow`huwg/sg "~~~.caow`huwg/sg.cao.l| ( g`t|g as dhes <> g 35 dg oe|îa dg<668+ ea ka`na da Ca`n|gssa dg Ja|èkhsoa Gov|gse|hek+ \gkeî÷gs Vúlkhces g Essgssa|hes dg Caow`hceîãa +|gekhzeda à Gsteda dg Sãa Vewka+ vgka OgneL|eshk.



<<

Evgse| dg owhtas v|aihsshaèhs ec|gdhte|go è grhstê`che dg caìkhtas g`t|g essgssa|gs g

ja|èkhstes+ G`ha Oecbeda "<663( |gssekte uwg e |gkeîãa g`t|g tehs v|aihsshaèhs jå iah oehs

dgscaìhede g v|gca`cghtwase. Etwekog`tg+ as sg`thog`tas têo shda eog`hzedas g e

ca`yhyê`che |gygke/sg oehs vecïihce. Ca`twda+ ve|e a ewta|+ `go tadas as et|htas ia|eo

grth`tas g+ è |athè dhå|he dg t|elekba+ dgsg`tg`dhog`tas eca`tgcgo. Uwghre i|guûg`tg das

ja|èkhstes+ dg eca|da cao Cekdes "<667+ v.36>(+ è e dg uwg as essgssa|gs sg gsuwgcgo uwg

teolèo sãa ja|èkhstes g ‛esswogo wo vevgk guwhyaceda dg gsca`dg| hìa|oeî÷gs g+ go

awt|as oaog`tas+ cal|eo da ja|èkhste e dhywkneîãa dg essw`tas og|eog`tg h`sthtwchaèhs‟.

Sg as ja|èkhstes |gckeoeo+ as essgssa|gs teolèo têo uwghres uwe`ta ea t|elekba das

ja|èkhstes: ‛è ca||hde da dhe/e/dhe+ a ja|èkhste khne ve|e e essgssa|he go lwsce dg woe

hìa|oeîãa aw dg woe ia`tg gsvgcïihce g gsvg|e uwg a essgssa| tg`be twda v|a`ta. Gkg uwg|gihchê`che g enhkhdedg à etg`dhog`ta‟ "CEKDES+ <667+ v.368(.

Ekèo des uwgst÷gs èthces+ Caste"<( "<663( eèkhse es i|guûg`tgs dhscwss÷gs sal|g sg a

v|aihsshaèk dg essgssa|he dg hov|g`se vadg+ |gekog`tg+ sg| ca`shdg|eda ja|èkhste. Ve|e eknw`s

v|aihsshaèhs dg |gdeîãa+ a essgssa| `ãa sg|he ja|èkhste. Caste"<( "<663( grvkhce uwg ‛e nê`gsg

dgste dh`ìohce gstå è ca`cgvîãa uwg owhtas |gvó|tg|gs g gdhta|gs têo go |gkeîãa eas

essgssa|gs+ aw sgje+ as ja|èkhstes uwg t|elekbeo go |gdeî÷gs ca`shdg|eo a essgssa| dghov|g`se wo ‒e`th/ja|èkhste‘+ va| |gv|gsg`te| as h`tg|gssgs dg woe dgtg|ohède gov|gse‟.

"CASTE"<(+ <663+ v.53(

@a g`te`ta+ Caste"<( "<663+ v.54( gscke|gcg uwg as ygïcwkas dg caow`hceîãa teolèo vasswgo

h`tg|gssgs+ oes ‛owhtes ygzgs vesseo dgsvg|cglhdas vgkas ja|èkhstes uwg `gkgs t|elekbeo‟+ jå

uwg caovgtg æ dh|gîãa da ygïcwka ja|èkïsthca dgchdh| a uwg sg|å aw `ãa vwlkhceda. A ewta|

eih|oe+ eh`de+ uwg ‛dhihchkog`tg vwlkhce|ãa ekna uwg yå dg g`ca`t|a eas sgws h`tg|gssgs dggov|gse ja|èkïsthce‟ "CASTE"<(+ <663+ v.57(. Sg`da essho+ Caste"<( kgol|e uwg ja|èkhstes g

essgssa|gs t|elekbeo ve|e gov|gses uwg têo h`tg|gssgs v|óv|has.

A t|elekba da ja|èkhste dgyg tg| caoa ogte cakela|e| ve|e a dgsg`yakyhog`ta de sachgdedg g

ne|e`th| a dh|ghta æ hìa|oeîãa. Ve|e ne|e`th| e dhywkneîãa dg hìa|oeî÷gs+ cg|tas ygïcwkas dg

caow`hceîãa vwlkhceo àtïches sgo e dgyhde evw|eîãa. Jå as essgssa|gs vgceo ca`t|e e èthce

uwe`da+ go oaog`tas dg c|hsg+ aohtgo hìa|oeî÷gs g dhihcwkteo a ecgssa æ hìa|oeîãa

"CASTE"<(+ <663(.



<3

Sgnw`da Caste"<( "<663( g Cekdes"<663( evgse| des dhsca|dì`ches+ a t|elekba dg ja|èkhstes g

essgssa|gs caovkgog`teo/sg g+ bajg+ è caowo uwg wo essgssa| dg hov|g`se sgje wo

ja|èkhste uwg jå etwaw go |gdeîãa+ a uwg tgo ca`t|hlwïda ve|e ogkba|e| es |gkeî÷gs g`t|g tehs

v|aihsshaèhs. A ‛v|hogh|a då t|eteog`ta+ da va`ta dg yhste oehs ca`yg`hg`tg ea oetg|hek

aig|gchda ea sgnw`da. Eolas tg|heo iw`î÷gs shohke|gs yhsta uwg ‒v|adwzgo‘ jw`tas es

hìa|oeî÷gs‟ "CASTE"<(+ <663 g CEKDES+ <663(. Ve|e Bèkha Caste"5( "<663(+ sg ja|èkhstes g

essgssa|gs ca`sgnwhssgo ca`bgcg| es |athès dg v|adwîãa w`s das awt|as+ as caìkhtas

vadg|heo sg| |gdwzhdas. Ve|e uwg a |gkechaèog`ta vasse sg| a oehs v|ayghtasa g be|oa`hasa

vassïygk+ è v|gchsa uwg eolas as v|aihsshaèhs dêgo swe ca`t|hlwhîãa.

E alsg|yì`che e eknwoes |gn|es dg ca`yhyê`che g v|h`cïvhas låshcas dg |gkechaèog`taekhedas ea lao/sg`sa go shtweî÷gs h`gsvg|edes è a va`ta dg ve|thde ve|e wo|gkechaèog`ta edguweda g`t|g ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs. Vadgoas gste| oaog`te`geog`tg+go dhig|g`tgs kedas da lekcãa. G`t|gte`ta+ eihèk+ saoas tadas ja|èkhstes%. "CEKDES+<663+ v. 35<(

Oe|cgka Vgd|asa "<663( eih|oe uwg ea essgssa| dg hov|g`se è `gcgsså|he woe etweîãa

lesgede è t|e`sve|ê`che+ ve|e uwg a |gkechaèog`ta cao e hov|g`se sgje ogàs caìkhtwasa.

È hova|te`tg uwg a essgssa| t|elekbe`da go a|ne`hzeîãa vúlkhce aw v|hyede+ tg`be

ca`schê`che de hova|tì`che da ca`teta cao e oïdhe g sg v|gacwvg go etg`dg| æs dgoe`des de

hov|g`se dg oe`gh|e edguwede.

Caste"5( "<663+ v.>3( gscke|gcg uwg ‛|gvó|tg|gs+ |gdeta|gs g gdhta|gs vg|tg`cgo æ ogsoe ‛|eîe‟

das essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se. Saoas tadas ja|èkhstes‟. A ewta| ca`shdg|e hova|te`tg

caov|gg`dg| tek vakêohce+ jå uwg a lao |gkechaèog`ta vadg ca`t|hlwh| ve|e iechkhte| a

t|elekba dgsg`yakyhda vgkas v|aihsshaèhs. G ec|gscg`te uwg ‛as ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa `ãa sãa

ogkba|gs `go vha|gs uwg as v|aihsshaèhs dg woe essgssa|he+ só t|elekbeo go eolhg`tgs

dhig|g`tgs‟ "CASTE"5( + <663+ v.>3(.

Ve|e Caste"5( + sg ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs ca`sgnwhssgo ca`bgcg| swes |athès dg v|adwîãa+ as

caìkhtas vadg|heo sg| gyhtedas. A ewta| hdg`thihce va`tas `gnethyas go |gkeîãa æ etweîãa das

essgssa|gs+ sgnw`da gkg owhtas dgsca`bgcgo a vg|ihk g a |htoa dg v|adwîãa das ygïcwkas uwg

oe`tèo ca`teta+ eknw`s essgssa|gs uwg|go vewte| ca`ste`tgog`tg as ygïcwkas dg

caow`hceîãa+ a uwg `ãa è vassïygk+ jå uwg hssa caovgtg æs gov|gses ja|èkïsthces. Ve|e awt|as+

as l|h`dgs g e eohzedg sãa e oagde è t|ace dg ieya|gs "CASTE"5( + <663(.



<4

As ja|èkhstes teolèo vgceo ca`t|e e èthce uwe`da: g`ce|eo as essgssa|gs caoa wo g`t|eyg

ea ecgssa æ àtïche= ogàsv|gzeo g dgs|gsvghteo a t|elekba das essgssa|gs. Va| hssa+ Caste "5(

"<663( ca`shdg|e hova|te`tg uwg tehs v|aihsshaèhs oe`tg`beo ca`ste`tg dhåkana. Ekèo dhssa+

swng|g uwg a sgn|gda ve|e woe lae |gkeîãa sgje a ewta/ca`bgchog`ta g a lao/sg`sa das

v|aihsshaèhs.

Gkhe`g Og`da`îe "<663+ v.88( dgih`g e |gkeîãa g`t|g ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs caoa ‛dhiïchk g

dgkhcede‟. Og`da`îe |gssekte e hova|tì`che dg as v|h`cïvhas èthcas `ãa sg|go dghredas dg

keda. È v|hoa|dhek uwg eolas as v|aihsshaèhs+ cede wo da sgw keda da lekcãa+ ca`shne

dgsgovg`be| swes iw`î÷gs cao èthce g |gsvghta oútwa ea t|elekba dgsg`yakyhda.



<7

3 JA\@EKHSOA+ YHDE SACHEK G CA@ST\WÎÃA DE @ATÏCHE

3.5 Ja|èkhsoa: bhstó|he g ca`cghtas

A baogo yhyg go sachgdedg+ caove|thkbe grvg|hê`ches cao awt|as h`dhyïdwas g+ va| hssa+ è

`gcgsså|ha uwg h`tg|eje g gstelgkgîe |gkeî÷gs+ vahs e lesg de yhde go sachgdedg sãa es |gkeî÷gs

sachehs. Ve|e Yg|e Yghne I|e`îe "5882+ v.43(+ ‛e yhde sachek+ es h`tg|eî÷gs sachehs ca`shstgo

go wo jana dg vevèhs – wo shstgoe dg |gn|es dg caow`hceîãa‟. E |athè dhå|he è ca`st|wïde

et|eyès das ietas g des eî÷gs uwg aca||go è sachgdedg. Tehs eca`tgchog`tas dhå|has grhstgo g

h`dgvg`dgo dg ya`tedg+ oes sãa gstgs ogsoas eca`tgchog`tas uwg cakela|eo ve|e e

ca`st|wîãa de |gekhdedg sachek.

Go tek shstgoe+ tadas as h`dhyïdwas ca`t|hlwgo ve|e e ca`st|wîãa de hìa|oeîãa+ vahs e

caow`hceîãa è ca`st|wïde et|eyès de |gkeîãa gstelgkgchde g`t|g as h`dhyïdwas g g`t|g e

sachgdedg g as h`dhyïdwas. E yhde go sachgdedg grhng da baogo a wsa dg v|acgssas

caow`hcechaèhs uwg a ewrhkheo go sgw cathdheà. Ve|e Ja|ng Vgd|a Sawze "5888(+ a

ja|èkhsoa ve|thchve de ca`st|wîãa de |gekhdedg sachek. Eihèk+

]..._ vadgoas h`twh| uwg e caow`hceîãa ja|èkïsthce è wo gkgog`ta hova|te`tg èa|ne`hzeîãa de yhde cathdheè. Dg eknwoe ia|oe+ es àtïches+ g`t|g oúkthvkes awt|esiw`î÷gs+ ve|thchveo de dgih`hîãa dg woe àîãa ve|thkbede da uwg è ectwek g hova|te`tgg da uwg `ãa è+ v|ava|chaèo va`tas dg yhste sal|g e |gekhdedg+ vasshlhkhteon|ethihceî÷gs sal|g a sgw ca`swoa+ vadgo ng|e| ca`bgchog`tas g teolèo swng|h|+dh|gcte aw h`dh|gcteog`tg+ |gsvastes ve|e as v|alkgoes uwg uwathdheèog`tg aschdedãas gì|g`teo. "SAWZE+ 5888+ s!v(

A sw|nhog`ta da ja|èkhsoa gstå khneda æ `gcgsshdedg da baogo dg sg caow`hce|+ h`tg|enh|

cao e sachgdedg+ ieke| sal|g as eca`tgchog`tas eas awt|as h`dhyïdwas cao uwgo ca`yhyg.

Ve|e I|e`îe "5882+ v.<9(+ ‛a ja|èkhsoa iez ve|tg da ‒dhzg|‘ sachek‟. Ve|e uwg e |gekhdedg

sachek sgje ca`st|wïde+ è `gcgsså|ha uwg wo h`tg|cìolha dg hìa|oeî÷gs sgje |gekhzeda+ vahs

saog`tg dgsse oe`gh|e es |gkeî÷gs sãa vassïyghs. Ve|e \wbe`h Oehe Neoe g Oe|he C|hsthè

Dedekta "<668(+ a ja|èkhsoa gstå dh|gteog`tg |gkechaèda æ ca`st|wîãa de |gekhdedg sachek.

A ja|èkhsoa gstå dh|gteog`tg |gkechaèda æ sachakanhe da ca`bgchog`ta. Eve|thchveîãa de ethyhdedg ja|èkïsthce è |gekhdedg sachek aca||g dgsdg e dgtg|ohèîãada uwg è àtïche etè swe |gsshn`hihceîãa vgka |gcgvta|. Lesgede às ietas dgca||g`tgsdes eî÷gs à ogha sachek+ gca`ôohca+ vakïthca g cwktw|ek+ e àtïche grhng g dgvg`dgdgste ve|thchveîãa. E yh`cwkeîãa de ethyhdedg ja|èkïsthce cao e |gekhdedg de yhde

cathdheè è |gcïv|ace. Aw sgje+ ea ogsoa tgova go uwg v|atena`hze dhyg|saseca`tgchog`tas à ow`da |gek+ a swjghta teolèo è a |gcgvta| g |gsshn`hihce gstgs ietasv|adwzhdas vgkas ygïcwkas dg caow`hceîãa+ a uwg vasshlhkhte e ce|ectg|hzeîãa deàtïche caoa woe ca`st|wîãa sachek. A ce|åtg| dg ca`st|wîãa sachek de àtïche è+



<9

essho+ jwsthihceda vgke yhnê`che des ch|cw`stì`ches aljgthyes g+ sal|gtwda+ deshìkwê`ches swljgthyes da cathdheà dg dhyg|sas ogol|as de sachgdedg à v|acgssa dgv|adwîãa des hìa|oeî÷gs. "NEOE G DEDEKTA+ <668+ s!v(.

Es v|hogh|es vwlkhceî÷gs vg|hódhces da ja|èkhsoa sw|nh|eo à ihèk da sècwka RYH+ g eaka`na da sècwka RYHH+ à ca`th`g`tg gw|avgw. Oes iah go ogedas da sècwka RHR uwg a

ja|èkhsoa dghraw dg tg| ce|åtg| vakïthca g sg ta|àw woe h`sthtwhîãa caog|chek. Ca`twda+ e`tgs

dgssg vg|ïada+ e sachgdedg jå lwsceye ia|oes dg iezg| cao uwg e hìa|oeîãa ch|cwkessg g sg

ta|èssg caowo eas h`dhyïdwas. Shkyhe Oa|gtzsab` "<666( eih|oe uwg woe des iw`î÷gs da

ja|èkhsoa è ca`t|hlwh| ve|e uwg as chdedãas tg`beo ca`dhî÷gs dg gscke|gcg| as

eca`tgchog`tas yhyg`chedas go sachgdedg. Ve|e uwg hssa aca||e+ è `gcgsså|ha uwg e

hìa|oeîãa sgje dhiw`dhde. Va| hssa+ I|e`îe "5882+ v.<2( ca`shdg|e uwg ‛"...( a ja|èkhsoa sg|gekhze et|eyès de sachekhzeîãa de hìa|oeîãa‟.

Sawze "5888( eih|oe uwg a ja|èkhsoa vasswh wo vevgk sachek g è cevez dg eigte| e yhde go

sachgdedg g v|aoayg| t|e`sia|oeî÷gs sachehs. È et|eyès da ja|èkhsoa uwg as h`dhyïdwas têo

ecgssa eas eca`tgchog`tas g+ va| ogha dgkgs+ caove|thkbeo es hìa|oeî÷gs. A ja|èkhsoa è

grt|eïda das eca`tgchog`tas g grvg|hê`ches yhyg`chedes vgke sachgdedg g sgws h`dhyïdwas+ aw

sgje+ è et|eyès de dh`ìohce sachek uwg a ja|èkhsoa sg ca`st|óh. Dg eca|da cao I|e`îe "5882+

v.3<(+ ‛"...( as eca`tgchog`tas ca`sthtwgo e oetè|he/v|hoe de hìa|oeîãa‟.

I|e`îe "5882+ v.37( grvkhce es iw`î÷gs de hov|g`se+ uwg+ sgnw`da gke+ tgo a vevgk cg`t|ek uwg

‛è e hìa|oeîãa+ oes |gsva`dg|he eh`de va| yå|hes awt|es iw`î÷gs: h`tgn|eîãa sachek+ iw`îãa

|gc|gethye+ iw`îãa vshcatg|åvhce+ grv|gssãa dg avh`h÷gs+ ia|oeîãa de avh`hãa vúlkhce+

dg`ú`che+ dgoac|ethzeîãa de hìa|oeîãa "g de cwktw|e(+ h`tgn|eîãa sachek+ oalhkhzeîãa+ g

awt|es oehs‟. Va|èo+ es iw`î÷gs grg|chdes vgka ja|èkhsoa `ãa sãa gståthces+ oes sg

oadhihceo+ sg oakdeo g sg edevteo æs `gcgsshdedgs da ca`tgrta go uwg gstãa h`sg|hdes.

Sgnw`da Sawze "5888(+ es hìa|oeî÷gs ja|èkïsthces vg|ohtgo a ecgssa eas ietas vakïthcas+

eca`tgchog`tas da cathdheà+ essw`tas |gkechaèda e e|tg+ gcaàohe g chê`che. ‛Yhsta dg awt|a

v|hsoe+ as oghas ja|èkïsthcas ogdhethzeo a àssa ca`bgchog`ta des |gekhdedgs uwg `ãa

ca`bgcgoas g v|av÷go/às+ kana e ve|th| dg dgtg|ohèdes h`tg|v|gteî÷gs "...(‟. Cao hssa+

ca`ckwh/sg uwg e caow`hceîãa ja|èkïsthce h`tg|yèo à v|acgssa dg ca`st|wîãa sachek de

|gekhdedg.



<>

@a v|acgssa dg ca`st|wîãa des àtïches+ a ja|èkhste `ãa g`ca`t|e a ieta caoa sg|å

ev|gsg`teda eas h`dhyïdwas. Es àtïches sãa e saoe des h`tg|eî÷gs g |gkeî÷gs das h`dhyïdwas

cao e sachgdedg. Uwe`da e hìa|oeîãa è dhywknede+ a uwg cbgne etè e sachgdedg `ãa vasswh

saog`tg a sg`thda g shn`hihceda uwg a ja|èkhste et|hlwhw ea ieta. Eihèk+ cede h`dhyïdwa |gekhze

wo v|acgssa ve|thcwke| dg h`tg|v|gteîãa das ietas dg eca|da cao swe swljgthyhdedg. Cede

h`dhyïdwa |gekhze woe kghtw|e ve|thcwke| sal|g es àtïches uwg |gcglg. Sg`da essho+ ‛"...( e

e`åkhsg des iw`î÷gs da ja|èkhsoa+ da sgw vevgk sachek `ãa vadg dgsca`shdg|e| a tg||gà des

og`seng`s |gehs yghcwkedes vgkas ja|èhs+ es |gkeî÷gs ca`c|gtes gstelgkgchdes g`t|g a

ja|èkhste!kghta|!ow`da‟ "I\E@ÎE+ 5882+ v.4<(.

Sawze "5888( teolèo dhscwtg a vevgk das oghas ja|èkïsthcas è sachgdedg+ ‛"...( ea ta|è|goe sachgdedg tg`dg`chekog`tg oehs ca`bgchde g |gca`bgcïygk va| gke v|óv|he+ ca`t|hlwï|eo+

dgsdg uwg eve|gcg|eo+ ve|e e aca||ê`che dg oadhihceî÷gs sachehs v|aiw`des‟ "SAWZE+ 5888+

s!v(. Ekèo dhssa+ a ja|èkhsoa ca`t|hlwh ve|e uwg a h`dhyïdwa ca`bgîe as ietas g ca`shne

h`tg|v|gtå/kas+ ekèo dg eduwh|h| e cevechdedg dg ia|owke| avh`h÷gs g hdghes e |gsvghta da

eca`tgchog`ta.

3.5.5 A eca`tgchog`ta

Dhe|heog`tg+ ohkbe|gs dg eca`tgchog`tas aca||go è sachgdedg. Va|èo+ è hovassïygk uwg

tadas gkgs ta|`go/sg vúlkhcas. Va| hssa+ caovgtg eas oghas ja|èkïsthcas sgkgchaè| as ietas

uwg sg|ãa hìa|oedas eas h`dhyïdwas. Sgnw`da Vbgkhvvg Nehkke|d "58>5(+ a t|elekba da

ja|èkhste ca`shstg go iezg| cao uwg as eca`tgchog`tas sgjeo t|e`sia|oedas go àtïches.

Ed|heà Dwe|tg \ad|hnwgs "5888+ v.<>( dgih`g a ca`cghta dg eca`tgchog ta+ uwg+ sgnw`da gkg+

sg|he ‛wo eca`tgchog`ta dg ètw|gze gsvgchek+ dhsth`nwh`da/sg da `úog|a h`dgtg|ohèda das

eca`tgchog`tas vassïyghs go iw`îãa dg woe ckesshihceîãa aw dg woe a|dgo dhtede vgkes kghs

de v|alelhkhdedg+ sg`da h`yg|seog`tg v|ava|chaèk æ v|alelhkhdedg dg aca||ê`che‟.

E lwsce va| hìa|oeî÷gs è a t|elekba da ja|èkhste. Ekèo dhssa+ è iw`îãa dgkg evw|e|+ lwsce|

dedas g |gdhnh| a tgrta. Oes+ ve|e uwg a ja|èkhste ca`shne sgkgchaè| as eca`tgchog`tas+

|gssekte+ \ad|hnwgs "5888+ v.<2(+ è `gcgsså|ha a |gnhst|a ‛de àtekhdedg das iectas‟+ uwg vadg

sg| dgih`hda caoa c|htè|ha uwg ca`t|hlwh ve|e e sgkgîãa des àtïches.



<2

A |gnhsta da grgssa "shc( è dg tada a oehs ca||g`tg yhsta sg| h||wvîãa va| grcgkê`che daiw`chaèog`ta eà|oek de à|oe "...(. Wo awt|a |gnhsta dg àtekhdedg dgeca`tgchog`ta è a de iekbe. V|acgdg va| dgighta+ va| h`swihchê`che à iw`chaèog`taà|oek das ca|vas. E h`yg|sãa è awt|a |gnhsta dg àtelhkhdedg da eca`tgchog`ta."\AD\HNWGS+ 5888+ v.<2(

Sgnw`da \ad|hnwgs "5888(+ a dhscw|sa da eca`tgchog`ta |gig|g/sg eas ietas uwg ektg|eo e

a|dgo ètw|ek de |athè des vgssaes g de yhde go sachgdedg. G as eca`tgchog`tas sãa

hov|gyhsïyghs. @e E`thnwhdedg+ as h`dhyïdwas |gca||heo æs edhyh`beî÷gs g v|gyhs÷gs ve|e

tg`te| |gdwzh| e hov|gyhshlhkhdedg das eca`tgchog`tas+ vahs e iekte dg ‛ca`t|akg‟ sal|g as ietas

ng|eye woe ‛eve|g`tg dgsa|dgo da ow`da. G|e woe v|gyg`îãa |echaèkhze`tg vg|e`tg a uwg

dg h||echaèk g h`grvkhcåygk vwdgssg aca||g|‟. Bajg+ evgse| dg e sachgdedg eh`de vasswh|

h`dhyïdwas uwg |gca||eo æs v|åthces dg edhyh`beî÷gs+ dg oada ng|ek tek |gcw|sa èdgsec|gdhteda vgke oeha|he des vgssaes. Va| hssa+ iah v|gchsa ‛c|he| àyes ió|owkes dg

|gnwkeîãa das eca`tgchog`tas hov|gyhsïyghs. A dhscw|sa ja|èkïsthca h`sc|gyg/sg

h`guwhyaceog`tg gssg v|acgssa dg |gnwkeîãa‟ "\AD\HNWGS+ 5888+ v.<8(.

Ekèo das eca`tgchog`tas+ grhstgo+ sgnw`da \ad|hnwgs "5888(+ as ogte/eca`tgchog`tas+ uwg

grhstgo go |ezãa de grhstê`che da eca`tgchog`ta g da dhscw|sa ja|èkïsthca+ gstg sg`da

|gsva`såygk va| et|hlwh| yhshlhkhdedg ea ogte/eca`tgchog`ta. Sgnw`da \ad|hnwgs "5888+ v.36(+a ogte eca`tgchog`ta sg|he+ ‛|gnhda vgkes |gn|es da ow`da sholókhca+ a ow`da de

g`w`cheîãa. È sgov|g woe a|dgo dhtede go iw`îãa des dhog`s÷gs essachedes da uwg|g|/

dhzg|+ selg|/dhzg| g da vaya/dhzg|. E|thcwke es h`stì`ches e`w`chethyes da swjghta g da aljgcta

de g`w`cheîãa+ h`dhyhdwek aw cakgcthyes‟ "\AD\HNWGS+ 5888(.

Uwe`da as oghas ja|èkïsthcas àthcheo wo eca`tgchog`ta+ è hovassïygk uwg tek dhscw|sa `ãa

ev|gsg`tg e hov|gssãa da g`w`cheda|+ vahs+ dg eca|da cao \ad|hnwgs "5888+ v.36/35(+ ‛]..._

wo dhscw|sa og|eog`tg ca`stetethya sg|he hkgnïygk‟. Uwe`da wo eca`tgchog`ta è àthcheda

vgkas oghas ja|èkïsthcas+ è caoa sg aca||gssg a v|acgssa dg ca`st|wîãa dg wo awt|a

eca`tgchog`ta+ sg`da uwg gssg eca`tgchog`ta ta|è/sg wo eta hkacwtó|ha+ vahs edguwe/sg eas

yeka|gs da kacwta|+ h`dgvg`dg`tgog`tg de sh`cg|hdedg+ de cke|gze aw de ve|chekhdedg da

h`dhyïdwa+ uwg då yhshlhkhdedg ea ieta. Va|èo+ as ogte/eca`tgchog tas teolèo vadgo ta|è|/

sg etas vg|kacwtó|has+ aw sgje+ ‛`ãa sãa vw|e ca`steteî÷gs dg gstedas dg cahses v|gyheog`tg

grhstg`tgs swjghtes æ v|aye de yg|hihceîãa das iectas+ v|adwzgo |gekog`tg wo àya gsteda dg

cahse‟ "\AD\HNWGS+ 5888+ v.35(.



<8

@e |athè da t|elekba+ a h`dhyïdwa uwg grg|cg e v|aihssãa dg ja|èkhste dgyg |gkete| as ietas dg

oe`gh|e aljgthye. Oes+ uwe`da a ieta è è||eda va| wo h`dhyïdwa uwg `ãa etwe caoa

ja|èkhste g+ va|te`ta+ `ãa vasswh tek caov|aohssa+ à|oekog`tg a ieta è è||eda cao jwïzas

dg yeka| g dg oada swljgthya. Va|èo+ dg eca|da cao \ad|hnwgs "5888(+ ogsoa uwe`da a

h`dhyïdwa dhywkne eca`tgchog`tas g grg|cg a sgw vevgk dg ja|èkhste+ sgw dhscw|sa teolèo

vasswh jwïzas dg yeka| et|hlwïdas dg eca|da cao swe |gkeîãa cao a ieta. Ca`twda+ \ad|hnwgs

dhsca|de de vasshlhkhdedg dg wo ja|èkhsoa tatekog`tg hsg`ta.

E gscakbe das tg|oas+ e a|dgo dg swe ev|gsg`teîãa+ e sgkgcîãa dg iectas grvastasv|gsswv÷go h`gyhteygkog`tg e grhstê`che dg jwïzas dg yeka| iw`deog`tedas go c|htè|hasve|thkbedas ve|e woe caow`hdedg dg vekey|e cao wo ca`jw`ta dg dgih`hî÷gs dg c|htè|has+eknw`s guwïyacas+ awt|as `ãa guwïyacas+ ecg|ce das uwehs sg grhng a gstelgkgchog`ta dg

eca|da. "\AD\HNWGS+ 5888+ v.3<(

3.5.< E àtïche

@e Hdedg Oèdhe+ a ecgssa æ hìa|oeîãa+ |gst|hta+ só g|e vassïygk et|eyès dg dgc|gtas+

vwlkhceî÷gs g sg|o÷gs de hn|gje. Ekèo dhssa+ n|e`dg ve|tg de vavwkeîãa g|e eèkielgte. Oes e

hìa|oeîãa caogîaw e owde| e ve|th| da sècwka RHHH+ uwe`da aca||gw a v|acgssa dg grve`sãa

caog|chek+ vahs a caoè|cha gstelgkgchda g`t|g a A|hg`tg g e Gw|ave igz cao uwg+ ekèo dg

og|ceda|hes+ iassgo t|acedes+ teolèo+ tèc`hces g hìa|oeî÷gs. E grve`sãa caog|chek

v|ava|chaàw a ecúowka dg |huwgzes+ uwg igz cao uwg oehs vgssaes thygssgo e ava|tw`hdedg

dg sg| ekielgthzedes+ a uwg iechkhtaw e ch|cwkeîãa des hìa|oeî÷gs. Awt|e n|e`dg owde`îe iah a

ieta dg uwg e sachgdedg jå `ãa |gcglhe hìa|oeî÷gs saog`tg dg lhsvas+ oaè|ces aw dwuwgs.

@gssg vg|ïada+ as leùwgh|as g caog|che`tgs g|eo n|e`dgs h`tg|gssedas go iezg| cao uwg e

hìa|oeîãa iassg dhssgohède ve|e a oeha| `úog|a dg vgssaes vassïyghs "KENG+ 5888+ v.7/

53(.

@es dècedes sgnwh`tgs+ eca`tgcg|eo owhtes t|e`sia|oeî÷gs è bhstó|he de bwoe`hdedg. Veïsgs

gw|avgws h`hche|eo e caka`hzeîãa de Eoè|hce g+ `gssg ogsoa vg|ïada+ tgyg h`ïcha a v|acgssa

dg ecúowka dg |huwgzes dg cg|tes èî÷gs gw|avèhes. Sgnw`da Keng "5888+ v.56(+ ‛às

v|hogh|as ja|èhs+ e àtïche eve|gcg caoa ieta| dg ecwowkeîãa dg cevhtek og|ce`thk‟+ vahs as

essw`tas ela|dedas sgov|g iezheo og`îãa e essw`tas |gkechaèdas æs tg||es+ vke`teî÷gs g

ecúowka dg lg`s. Oes kana e lw|nwgshe vg|cglgw e wthkhdedg de hov|g`se g caogîaw e wthkhze|

as ja|èhs cao e ihèkhdedg dg ogkba|e| swe vashîãa è sachgdedg. @e ogtedg da sècwka RHR+

e \gyakwîãa H`dwst|hek ca`t|hlwhw ve|e uwg es v|åthces ja|èkïsthces iassgo dhiw`dhdes.



36

Oa|gtzsab` "<666( eih|oe uwg+ go iw`îãa da ca`tgrta go uwg a ja|èkhsoa sw|nhw g sg

dgsg`yakygw `ãa sg vadg gsuwgcg| uwg e àtïche è woe og|ceda|he+ ogsoa uwg sgje wo lgo

sholókhca. Oå|ha G|laketa "5885( ec|gscg`te uwg caog|chekhze| àtïches è e iw`îãa låshce das

ja|èhs+ jå uwg es àtïches sãa v|adwtas yg`dhdas æ sachgdedg.

As ygïcwkas dg caow`hceîãa sãa bajg |gsva`såyghs vgke dhssgohèîãa des àtïches. Oes e

dgih`hîãa dg àtïche eh`de ve|gcg gste| dhste`tg dg sg| |gekog`tg g`ca`t|ede+ vahs+ sgnw`da

G|laketa "5885+ v.73(+ e dgih`hîãa sal|g a uwg è àtïche `ãa è ekna cke|a: ‛as tgó|hcas dhzgo

caoa gke dgyg sg|+ oes `ãa a uwg |gekog`tg è‟. ‛Es àtïches sãa e oetè|he/v|hoe da

ja|èkhsoa+ vahs saog`tg dgvahs dg ca`bgchdes aw dhywknedes è uwg as essw`tas eas uwehs sg

|gig|go vadgo sg| caog`tedas+ h`tg|v|gtedas g vgsuwhsedas‟ "G\LAKETA+ 5885+ v.73(.

Jå @gksa` T|euwhè "5888+ v.598( dgih`g àtïche caoa ‛a |gswkteda dg wo v|acgssa dg

v|adwîãa+ dgih`hda caoa e vg|cgvîãa+ sgkgcîãa g t|e`sia|oeîãa dg woe oetè|he/v|hoe "as

eca`tgchog`tas( `wo v|adwta "es àtïches(‟. Awt|a ca`cghta ev|gsg`teda è a dg Oa|gtzzsa`

"<666(+ ve|e uwgo ‛es àtïches iekeo dg ietas uwg h|ãa h`tg|ig|h| à cw|sa da cathdheà de

yhde‟. Va|èo+ dg`t|g as owhtas eca`tgchog`tas uwg aca||go dhe|heog`tg+ è v|gchsa uwg sgje

ighte woe t|hengo+ ve|e uwg as ietas uwg h`tg|gsseo æ sachgdedg vasseo sg| sgkgchaèdas gdhywknedas. Sgnw`da Neoe g Dedekta "<668(+ ‛e àtïche vadg sg| dgih`hde caoa a |gketa

h`tgn|ek dg wo ieta da ow`da |gek‟.

Sgnw`da T|euwhè "5888(+ go swe |athè dg t|elekba+ uwe`da a ja|èkhste sgkgchaè g

|gt|e`sohtg es àtïches+ gkg iez hssa teolèo a|hg`teda va| swes c|g`îes g vg|cgvî÷gs

ve|thcwke|gs sal|g a eca`tgchog`ta. Va| hssa+ a dhscw|sa ja|èkïsthca `w`ce è hsg`ta des

ca`yhcî÷gs da |gsva`såygk vgke è||ethye. Awt|a ieta| uwg hìkwg`che a v|acgssa dg v|adwîãades àtïches è e a|ne`hzeîãa ve|e uwek a ja|èkhste v|gste sg|yhîas+ jå uwg a v|aihsshaèk è

sgov|g hìkwg`cheda va| sgw eolhg`tg dg t|elekba g+ teolèo+ vgke kh`be gdhta|hek da ygïcwka

dg caow`hceîãa ve|e a uwek v|gste sg|yhîa.

T|euwhè "5888( teolèo ela|de e uwgstãa de a|dgo à gsveîa. Sgnw`da a ewta|+ es gov|gses

ja|èkïsthces tg`teo grve`dh| woe |gdg dg v|aihsshaèhs ve|e iechkhte| e hdg`thihceîãa g

evw|eîãa des àtïches g gste |gdg è vke`gjede sgnwh`da c|htè|has dg gsveîa ngan|åihca. Ekèo

dhssa+ eknwoes gov|gses edateo e gsvgchekhzeîãa tgoåthce+ uwg ca`shstg go dhyhdh| as

v|aihsshaèhs go gdhta|hes sal|g tgoes dhsth`tas. Awt|a ieta| uwg hìkwg`che a v|acgssa dg



35

ca`st|wîãa des àtïches è a tgova. Eihèk+ ‛a t|elekba ja|èkïsthca è woe ecthyhdedg v|åthce

a`dg as v|aihsshaèhs kwteo ca`t|e e th|e`he de ba|e dg igcba‟ "T\EUWH@E+ 5888+ v. 5>7(.

Sawze "5888( eih|oe uwg e àtïche è iw`îãa dg yå|hes ia|îes. Dg eca|da cao a ewta|+ tehsia|îes sg|heo ckesshihcedes de sgnwh`tg oe`gh|e: ia|îe vgssaek= ia|îe hdgakónhce= ia|îe

cwktw|ek= ia|îe da ogha iïshca= ia|îe das dhsvashthyas tgcàkónhcas g ia|îe bhstó|hce.

Ia|îe vgssaek: es àtïches |gswkteo ve|chekog`tg des vgssaes g des swes h`tg`î÷gs+ decevechdedg vgssaek das sgws ewta|gs g das ecta|gs uwg `gke g sal|g gke h`tg|yêo. Ia|îesachek: es àtïches sãa i|wtas des dh`ìohces g das ca`st|e`nhog`tas da shstgoe sachek " ia|îesachek grt|e/a|ne`hzechaèk / Isga( g da ogha a|ne`hzechaèk go uwg ia|eo ca`st|wïdes giel|hcedes " ia|îe sócha/a|ne`hzechaèk / Isa(. Ia|îe hdgakónhce "Ih(: es àtïches sãaa|hnhèdes va| ca`jw`tas dg hdghes uwg oakdeo v|acgssas sachehs+ v|ava|chaèo |gig|g`tgscaow`s g dãa cagsãa eas n|wvas+ à|oekog`tg go iw`îãa dg h`tg|gssgs+ ogsoa uwe`da

gssgs h`tg|gssgs `ãa sãa ca`schg`tgs g esswohdas. Ia|îe cwktw|ek "Ic(: es àtïches sãa wov|adwta da shstgoe cwktw|ek go uwg sãa v|adwzhdes+ uwg ca`dhchaè uwg| es vg|svgcthyes uwgsg têo da ow`da uwg| e shn`hihceîãa uwg sg et|hlwh e gssg ogsoa ow`da "ow`dhyhdê`che(.Ia|îe da ogha iïshca "Ioi(: es àtïches dgvg`dgo da ogha iïshca go uwg sãa iel|hcedes. Ia|îe das dhsvashthyas tgcàkónhcas "Idt(: es àtïches dgvg`dgo das dhsvashthyastgcàkónhcas wsedas à sgw v|acgssa dg iel|hca g dhiwsãa. Ia|îe bhstó|hce "Ib(: es àtïchessãa wo v|adwta de bhstó|he+ dw|e`tg e uwek enh|eo es |gste`tgs ia|îes uwg gìa|oeo esàtïches uwg grhstgo à v|gsg`tg. E bhstó|he v|ava|chaè as ia|oetas+ es oe`gh|es dg è||e| gdgsc|gyg|+ as oghas dg v|adwîãa g dhiwsãa+ gtc.= a v|gsg`tg ia|`gcg a |gig|g`tg uwg swstg`te aca`tgúda g es ch|cw`stì`ches ectwehs dg v|adwîãa. "SAWZE+ 5888+ s!v(

3.5.3 E s ce|ectg|ïsthces de atïche

G|laketa "5885+ v.77( eih|oe uwg ‛a kghta| uwg| àyhdedgs. Dgsgje selg| a uwg eh`de

dgsca`bgcg‟ g è va| ogha des àtïches uwg as h`dhyïdwas |gcglgo es hìa|oeî÷gs. E hov|g`se

dgyg dhywkne| evgès hìa|oeî÷gs yg|dedgh|es+ vahs+ caìa|og grvkhce G|laketa+ e ihcîãa dgyg

ihce| |gst|hte eas |aoe`cgs. Awt|e ce|ectg|ïsthce hova|te`tg è e aljgthyhdedg+ vahs uwg e àtïche

‛dgyg sg| vwlkhcede dg ia|oe sh`tèthce+ sgo |adghas g dg oe`gh|e e de| e àîãa ca||gte da

essw`ta iacekhzeda‟ "G\LAKETA+ 5885+ v.79(.

Sgnw`da G|laketa "5888+ v.7>(+ woe àtïche só è caovkgte uwe`da ‛v|ava|chaè ea kghta| e

hdèhe grete g oh`wchase sal|g wo eca`tgchog`ta‟. Ve|e uwg hssa aca||e+ a ja|èkhste dgyg

evw|e| hìa|oeî÷gs dg oe`gh|e uwg ca`shne |gvesså/kes cao hove|chekhdedg g ca`sgnwh|

dgsvg|te| a h`tg|gssg de sachgdedg vgka ieta. Teolèo è hova|te`tg uwg e àtïche cbgnwg etè æ

sachgdedg dg oe`gh|e cke|e g ca`chse. Awt|e ce|ectg|ïsthce vg|th`g`tg æ àtïche è e cevechdedg

dg dgsvg|te| g v|ayace| a h`tg|gssg da h`dhyïdwa vgka ieta è||eda+ vahs saog`tg dgsse

oe`gh|e a eca`tgchog`ta h|å sg ta|è| ekya dg dhscwss÷gs g caog`tå|has. E ce|ectg|ïsthce de

aljgthyhdedg è teolèo wo das va`tas oehs dhiïcghs ve|e a ja|èkhste+ vahs sg| aljgthya g

hove|chek `go sgov|g è te|gie iåchk ve|e gstg v|aihsshaèk.



3<

Go sgw t|elekba dhå|ha+ a ja|èkhste v|gchse sgkgchaè| es oetè|hes uwg h|ãa caova| a gsveîa

des vånhès da ja|èk aw a tgova dhsva`ïygk ve|e yghcwkeîãa go tgkgyhsãa aw |ådha. E gscakbe

dgstg ca`tgúda dgyg sg lesge| à h`tg|gssg uwg tehs oetè|hes dgsvg|te|ãa è sachgdedg. As

c|htè|has dg gscakbe des àtïches ye|heo g e kacekhzeîãa ngan|åihce da eca`tgchog`ta è wo das

ieta|gs uwg hìkwg`cheo e sgkgîãa. Cede gov|gse ja|èkïsthce vasswh sgws v|óv|has c|htè|has dg

sgkgîãa des àtïches+ aw sgje+ cede ygïcwka edate woe kh`be gdhta|hek uwg eigte a v|acgssa dg

sgkgîãa das eca`tgchog`tas "G\LAKETA+ 5888+ v.78(.

E àthche teolèo dgyg sg| cevez dg |gsva`dg| e sghs vg|nw`tes låshces: uwgo1 Uwê1 Uwe`da1

A`dg1 Va| uwê1 Caoa1. Uwe`ta æ gst|wtw|e de àtïche+ grhstgo t|ês oe`gh|es dg |gdhnh| g

ev|gsg`te| a tgrta ea kghta|. E v|hogh|e oe`gh|e è dgàohède dg vh|ìohdg h`yg|thde+ esgnw`de |gcglg a àog dg ia|oe khtg|å|he "aw vh|ìohdg à|oek( g e tg|cgh|e+ shstgoe ohsta.

@e vh|ìohdg h`yg|thde e sguûê`che è gste: e( g`t|ede aw ietas cwkohè`tgs= l(ietas hova|te`tgs khnedas æ g`t|ede= c( va|ogà|gs h`tg|gsse`tgs= d( dgtekbgsdhsvg`såyghs. @e ia|oe khtg|å|he "aw vh|ìohdg à|oek( oa`te/sg gstggsuwgoe: e( dgtekbgs de h`t|adwîãa= l( ietas dg c|gscg`tg hova|tì`che"yhse`da c|he| swsvg`sg(= c(ietas cwkohè`tgs= d( dgsg`kecg. @a shstgoeohsta: e( ietas cwkohè`tgs "g`t|ede(= l( è||eîãa go a|dgo c|aàkónhce."G\LAKETA+ 5885+ v.99/9>(

Uwe`ta æ gst|wtw|e de àtïche+ dg eca|da cao Keng "5888+ v.<5(+ à|oekog`tg e hìa|oeîãa

oehs hova|te`tg g h`tg|gsse`tg ygo go v|hogh|a kwne|. Va| hssa+ dw|e`tg a v|acgssa dg

v|adwîãa de àtïche+ a ja|èkhste vesse ea ogàs va| t|ês iesgs dgstg v|acgssa. V|hogh|a+ a

ja|èkhste sgkgchaè as ietas= dgvahs+ gkg a|dgè es hìa|oeî÷gs g+ va| úkthoa+ |gekhze e

àogeîãa des cahses aw vgssaes g`yakyhdes à eca`tgchog`ta. Teolèo è ce|ectg|ïsthce de

àtïche e dhywkneîãa dg ietas uwg sgjeo yg|dedgh|as+ vahs+ sgnw`da G|laketa "5885+ v.79(+ ‛e

ihcîãa è aljgta dg |aoe`cgs‟.

A v|hogh|a ve|ån|eia da tgrta ja|èkïsthca è dgàohèda dg kged. G+ sgnw`da Keng "5888+

v.<>(+ sg|he ‛a |gketa da ieta v|h`chvek dg woe sè|hg+ a uwg è oehs hova|te`tg aw h`tg|gsse`tg‟.

A kged è a ve|ån|eia uwg sg g`ce||gne dg |gsva`dg| uwgo igz a uwê+ e uwgo+ uwe`da+ caoa

va|uwg g ve|e uwê.

Es àtïches vadgo eh`de sg| ckesshihcedes dg eca|da cao e ètw|gze go uwg aca||go.

Caìa|og grvkhce G|laketa "5885(+ es àtïches vadgo sg| ckesshihcedes dg eca|da cao as

gkgog`tas uwg e caov÷go+ aw sgje+ gkes vadgo sg| sh`tèthces aw eèkïthces. Es àtïches



33

ckesshihcedes caoa v|gyhsïyghs sãa es uwg a ja|èkhste tgo ca`schê`che dg uwg h|ãa eca`tgcg|.

Es hov|gyhsïyghs sãa es àtïches uwg aca||go sgo uwg a ja|èkhste vasse v|gyg| aw vke`gje|

e`tgchvedeog`tg e calg|tw|e.

Grhstgo+ eh`de+ es àtïches ohstes+ uwg eca`tgcgo uwe`da a ja|èkhste gstå h`da cal|h| wo ieta

v|gyhsïygk g+ dw|e`tg a t|ejgta aw dw|e`tg a gyg`ta uwg gsteye eng`deda+ eca`tgcg wo ieta

hov|gyhsïygk+ caoa e uwgde dg wo eyhãa. Es àtïches vadgo eh`de sg| ckesshihcedes caoa

uwg`tgs aw i|hes. Es uwg`tgs |gig|go/sg eas eca`tgchog`tas uwg v|gchseo sg| dhywknedas

hogdheteog`tg. Jå es i|hes sãa es àtïches uwg vadgo gsvg|e| ve|e sg| vwlkhcedes+ vahs hssa `ãa

caov|aogtg sgw yeka|.

3.5.4 A yeka| àtïche

E iw`îãa das ja|èhs è |gekhze| e dhywkneîãa dg ietas uwg h`tg|gsseo æ sachgdedg+ oes+

dhe|heog`tg+ aca||g wo `úog|a hog`sw|åygk dg eca`tgchog`tas. Va| hssa+ è v|gchsa uwg as

ja|èkhstes sgkgcha`go as ietas e sg| t|e`sia|oedas go àtïche. Ca`twda+ grhstgo ieta|gs uwg

hìkwg`cheo tek v|acgssa dg sgkgîãa+ caoa e vakïthce gdhta|hek da ygïcwka ve|e e uwek a

ja|èkhste v|gste sg|yhîas+ as jwïzas dg yeka| da v|óv|ha ja|èkhste g+ etè+ as h`tg|gssgs de

sachgdedg. Va| hssa+ wo v|acgssa uwg tg`dg|he æ shovkhchdedg ta|è/sg woe ethyhdedg

caovkgre+ oes+ ve|e ca`t|hlwh| cao e ethyhdedg ja|èkïsthce+ ‛gstelgkgcg/sg+ essho+ wo

ca`jw`ta dg c|htè|has+ dg |gkgyì`che uwg dgih`go e àthchelhkhdedg "`g~s~a|tbh`gss( dg cede

eca`tgchog`ta+ hsta è+ e swe ;;evthdãa00 ve|e sg| t|e`sia|oeda go àtïche‟ "ÂKI+ <66<+

v.528(.

Ve|e âki "<66<+ v.586(+ e ‛àthchelhkhdedg è ca`sthtwïde vgka ca`jw`ta dg |guwhshtas uwg sg

grhngo das eca`tgchog`tas / da va`ta dg yhste de gst|wtw|e da t|elekba às ó|nãas dghìa|oeîãa g da va`ta dg yhste da v|aihsshaèkhsoa das ja|èkhstes – ve|e eduwh|h|go e

grhstê`che vúlkhce dg àtïches‟. Sg`da essho+ e àthchelhkhdedg vadg sg| dgih`hde caoa sg`da

as c|htè|has uwg as ja|èkhstes wthkhzeo ve|e dgih`h| uwehs eca`tgchog`tas ta|è|eo/sg àtïches

g ne`be|eo yhshlhkhdedg et|eyès das ygïcwkas dg caow`hceîãa.

As yeka|gs!àtïche aw `g~s yekwgs vadgo sg| ca`shdg|edas gkgog`tas de àthchelhkhdedg+ vahs

sãa gkgs uwg ca`t|hlwgo ve|e uwg as ohkbe|gs dg eca`tgchog`tas uwg aca||go dhe|heog`tg



34

vasseo sg| sgkgchaèdas dg oe`gh|e ca||gte. As yeka|gs!àtïche sãa caoa |gn|es uwg à|tgheo

a t|elekba das ja|èkhstes+ vahs nwheo gstgs v|aihsshaèhs go swes gscakbes "âki+ <66<(.

âki "<66<+ v.587/589( |gekhze hova|te`tgs alsg|yeî÷gs go |gkeîãa eas yeka|gs!àtïche+ vahs

gssgs c|htè|has dg sgkgîãa `ãa dgygo sg| yhstas caoa ‛wo h`yg`tå|ha+ woe khste dg shovkgs

yeka|gs!àtïche+ gssgs yeka|gs iw`chaèo+ è v|åthce+ dg woe ia|oe caovkgog`te|‟. Eihèk+ è e

caolhèîãa dgssgs c|htè|has uwg yeh vasshlhkhte| e sgkgîãa des àtïches. Eh`de dg eca|da cao

âki "<66<+ v.589(+ ‛wo sgnw`da esvgcta ng|ek è uwg as yeka|gs!àthche sãa c|htè|has dg

|gkgyì`che gsvgkbedas ea ka`na dg tada a v|acgssa dg v|adwîãa+ hsta è+ `ãa gstãa v|gsg`tgs

evgès è sgkgcîãa "shc( des àthches+ ve|thchveo teolèo ès avg|eî÷gs vastg|ha|gs+ gola|e

cao wo |gkgya dhig|g`tg‟. As yeka|gs!àtïche ev|gsg`teo/sg caoa hova|te`tg ig||eog`te dgewrïkha ea t|elekba das ja|èkhstes.

As c|htè|has dgygo sg| iåchk g |evhdeog`tg evkhcåyghs dg ia|oe uwg es gscakbes vasseosg| ightes sgo dgoeshede |gikgrãa. Ve|e ekèo+ dhssa+ e shovkhchdedg da |echacï`ha ejwdeas ja|èkhstes e gyhte|go h`cg|tgzes grcgsshyes uwe`ta ea iecta dg tg|go aw `ãagigctweda e gscakbe ev|av|hede. Va| awt|a keda+ as c|htè|has dgygo sg| ikgrïyghs ve|evadg|go edevte|/sg æ hìh`hte ye|hgdedg dg eca`tgchog`tas dhsva`ïyghs+ ekèo dhssa+dgygo sg| |gkecha`åyghs g caove|åyghs+ deda uwg e ava|tw`hdedg dg woe àtïchedgvg`dg sgov|g des awt|es àtïches hnwekog`tg dhsva`ïyghs. As c|htè|has dgygo

teolèo sg| iechkog`tg |echaèkhzedas ve|e uwg+ à cesa dg woe àtïche sg| swlsthtwïdeva| awt|e+ beje sgov|g dhsva`ïygk wo oathya ecghtåygk ve|e tek swlsthtwhîãa.Ihèkog`tg+ oes `ãa ogàs hova|te`tg+ as c|htè|has sãa a|hg`tedas ve|e e gihchê`che+dg ia|oe e ne|e`th|go a `gcgsså|ha |gelestgchog`ta dg àtïches edguwedes+ cao aoï`hoa dhsvê`dha dg tgova+ gsia|îa g dh`bgh|a. A |gswkteda è wo yesta `úog|a dgc|htè|has. "ÂKI+ <66<+ v.58>(

Sg`da essho+ woe hova|te`tg iw`îãa et|hlwïde eas yeka|gs!àtïche è e dg enh| caoa iechkhteda|

da v|acgssa dg sgkgîãa des àtïches. Ekèo dhssa+ v|gchseo sg| ikgrïyghs+ vahs `ãa dgygo sg|

vg|cglhdes vgkas ja|èkhstes caoa c|htè|has howtåyghs g ihras+ vahs è ieta uwg as yeka|gs

vesseo va| wo v|acgssa dg owde`îes. A tgova g es shtweî÷gs yhyg`chedes vgke sachgdedg

ektg|eo g iezgo cao uwg as c|htè|has dg sgkgîãa `ãa vg|oe`gîeo sgov|g as ogsoas. V|aye

dhssa è uwg eknwoes gdhta|hes+ uwg e`tgs `ãa grhstheo+ ia|eo c|hedes g essw`tas uwg e`tgs `ãa

g|eo yhstas caoa àtïches t|e`sia|oe|eo/sg go essw`ta dg h`tg|gssg de sachgdedg. @gstg

sg`thda+ è vassïygk eih|oe| uwg+ cao a sw|nhog`ta dg àyas tgoes dg h`tg|gssg de sachgdedg+

eovkhe/sg g sãa |gdgih`hdas as yeka|gs!àtïche "ÂKI+ <66<+ v.588(.

Dg`t|g as yeka|gs!àtïche+ grhstgo as cbeoedas c|htè|has swlste`thyas+ uwg sg |gig|go æ

hova|tì`che g ea h`tg|gssg uwg as eca`tgchog`tas dgsvg|teo è sachgdedg. Oes a h`tg|gssg è

dgtg|ohèda va| uwet|a ye|håyghs. E v|hogh|e dhz |gsvghta ea n|ew g ea `ïygk bhg|å|uwhca das



37

h`dhyïdwas g`yakyhdas à eca`tgchog`ta. Aw sgje+ gstg c|htè|ha |gkechaè/sg æ hova|tì`che das

nayg|è`tgs g!aw h`sthtwhî÷gs g`yakyhdes g ea n|ew dg hova|tì`che g yhshlhkhdedg uwg sg|å

et|hlwïda ea gyg`ta ia|e da n|wva go uwg aca||gw aw gstå dh|gteog`tg khneda. A sgnw`da

c|htè|ha |gkechaè/sg ea hovecta da eca`tgchog`ta sal|g e èîãa a`dg aca||gw g a h`tg|gssg

uwg vasse dgsvg|te| è sachgdedg. Tek c|htè|ha dgtg|ohè uwg ‛e hova|tì`che dg wo

eca`tgchog`ta è e swe cevechdedg dg hìkwh| aw dg h`chdh| à h`tg|gssg da veïs‟ "ÂKI+ <66<+

v.<6<(.

A tg|cgh|a c|htè|ha ev|gsg`teda va| âki "<66<( |gkechaè/sg æ uwe`thdedg dg vgssaes

g`yakyhdes à eca`tgchog`ta+ vahs hssa shn`hihce uwg+ ve|e as ja|èkhstes+ uwe`ta oeha| a

`úog|a dg vgssaes eigtedes vgka ieta+ oeha| e yhshlhkhdedg et|hlwïde æ àtïche. Awt|a c|htè|hauwg hìkwg`che à v|acgssa dg sgkgîãa das ietas è a g`yakyhog`ta dg vgssaes hova|te`tgs à

eca`tgchog`ta. A uwe|ta c|htè|ha dg sgkgîãa des atïches |gig|g/sg æ |gkgyì`che g shn`hihceda da

eca`tgchog`ta uwe`ta æ gyakwîãa dg dgtg|ohède shtweîãa. A |gswkteda dg woe gkghîãa+ va|

grgovka+ è ieta uwg dgsvg|te a h`tg|gssg de sachgdedg.

Grhstgo+ eh`de+ as c|htè|has |gkethyas ea v|adwta+ uwg+ dg eca|da cao âki "<66<+ v.<69( ‛dhz

|gsvghta æ dhsva`hlhkhdedg dg oetè|hes g æs ce|ectg|ïsthces gsvgcïihces da v|adwta hìa|oethya‟.E dhsva`hlhkhdedg shn`hihce selg| sg a eca`tgchog`ta g es hìa|oeî÷gs uwg a g`yakygo sãa

ecgssïyghs ea ja|èkhste. @gstg c|htè|ha+ âki "<66<( teolèo ev|gsg`te e l|gyhdedg+ uwg

shn`hihce uwg es àtïches dgygo sg| aljgthyes+ khohte`da/sg ea gsveîa aw tgova dhsva`ïyghs

ve|e swe dhywkneîãa.

Ve|e G|laketa "5885+ v.96(+ bå <4 c|htè|has uwg ca`t|hlwgo ve|e e sgkgîãa da eca`tgchog`ta

caoa àtïche: v|arhohdedg+ oe|ca ngan|åihca+ hovecta+ g`yakyhog`ta dg cgkgl|hdedgs+eyg`tw|es g caìkhtas+ ca`sguûê`ches+ bwoa|+ |e|hdedg+ v|an|gssa+ sgra g hdedg+ h`tg|gssg

vgssaek+ h`tg|gssg bwoeà+ hova|tì`che+ |hyekhdedg+ wthkhdedg+ vakïthce gdhta|hek da ja|èk+

ava|tw`hdedg+ dh`bgh|a+ grvgctethye+ a|hnhèkhdedg+ cwkta dg bg|óhs+ dgscalg|tes g h`yg`î÷gs+

|gvg|cwssãa g caìhdê`ches. @g`bwo dgssgs ieta|gs è vg|cglhda caoa wè`hohdedg vgkas

ja|èkhstes g ewta|gs. Eihèk+ owhtas sãa as c|htè|has wthkhzedas dw|e`tg a v|acgssa dg sgkgîãa g

v|adwîãa des àtïches+ vahs uwg tadas sãa owtåyghs.



39

4 OGTADAKANHE G E@ÅKHSG

4.5 Ogtadakanhe

Ekèo de vgsuwhse lhlkhan|åihce uwg dgw swstg`teîãa ea oe|ca tgó|hca+ a v|gsg`tg gstwda

edataw e g`t|gyhste go v|aiw`dhdedg caoa tèc`hce v|h`chvek ve|e cakgte dg dedas uwg

vasshlhkhtessgo e etwekhzeîãa de dhscwssãa sal|g a |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g essgssa|gs dg

hov|g`se g ja|èkhstes. Ea tada+ ia|eo |gekhzedes 55 g`t|gyhstes+ tades n|eyedes g t|e`sc|htes+

cao dw|eîãa oårhoe dg woe ba|e. E oeha|he des g`t|gyhstes aca||gw à v|óv|ha kacek dg

t|elekba da g`t|gyhsteda+ gùwe`ta awt|es ia|eo |gekhzedes go awt|a kacek de v|gig|ê`che das

v|aihsshaèhs.

As g`t|gyhstedas `gstg gstwda ia|eo dhyhdhdas go dahs n|wvas+ wo ia|oeda va| sghs

v|aihsshaèhs "essgssa|gs( g awt|a n|wva caovasta va| ch`ca v|aihsshaèhs "ja|èkhstes(. A

v|hogh|a è caovasta va| v|aihsshaèhs uwg etweo go essgssa|hes dg hov|g`se vúlkhces g

v|hyedes dg Lgka Ba|hza`tg+ g a sgnw`da+ dg ja|èkhstes uwg etweo às ja|èhs dhå|has Gsteda

dg Ohès+ A Tgova g Bajg go Dhe. As g`t|gyhstedas ia|eo gscakbhdas et|eyès dg h`dhceî÷gs

dg vgssaes v|órhoes aw et|eyès dg ca`teta cao as kacehs go uwg as ogsoas t|elekbeo.

Tadas as v|aihsshaèhs sgkgchaèdas< dgyg|heo sg| essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se aw ja|èkhstes uwg

t|elekbeo go |gdeî÷gs. Es g`t|gyhstes ia|eo eng`dedes v|gyheog`tg g aca||g|eo g`t|g as

dhes 5< g <> dg el|hk.

Ve|e es ca`yg|ses cao as v|aihsshaèhs+ dgsg`yakygw/sg wo |atgh|a sgoh/gst|wtw|eda+

caovasta va| vg|nw`tes cao e ihèkhdedg dg gsthowke| a g`t|gyhsteda e ieke| sal|g swes

grvg|hê`ches v|aihsshaèhs. A |atgh|a `ãa è ihra g es vg|nw`tes edevteo/sg ea g`t|gyhsteda+ æ

ogdhde uwg àyas essw`tas g hìa|oeî÷gs sw|ngo. As |atgh|as – wo ve|e as essgssa|gs= awt|a

ve|e as ja|èkhstes des |gdeî÷gs – è caovasta va| cg|ce dg 57 uwgst÷gs elg|tes g uwg t|eteo dg

< Yh|nh`he Cest|a "Essgssa|e de Essacheîãa das Oenhst|edas de Jwsthîe da T|elekba de Tg|cgh|e(Yg|wsme Kgek "Essgssa|e da Sgèc Ohès(\a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs "Ngsta| dg Caow`hceîãa de Igdg|eîãa des W`hogds Ohès(Khkhe Naogs Ig||gh|e "Essgssa|e da Oh`hstè|ha da T|elekba dg Ohès Ng|ehs(L|ïnhde Ekyho "Caa|dgèda|e dg etg`dhog`ta de enê`che OBD Caow`hceîãa(Kghke Yhgh|e dg Vh`ba "Essgssa|e da Basvhtek Oetg| Dgh(\alg|t ên`g| "Gdhta| dg v|hogh|e vånhè da Ja|èk A Tgova(

E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs "\gvó|tg| da va|tek A Tgova(Jeèïè Oe|th`s "Gdhta|e/edjw`te da cedg|à Ohès da Ja|èk Bajg go Dhe(Kghde \ghs "Gdhta|e da cedg|à Ohès da ja|èk Bajg go Dhe(Shkyhe dg I|ghtes Deklg` "\gvó|tg| da Va|tek Weh(



3>

esvgctas caoa |athè dg t|elekba+ |gkechaèog`ta v|aihsshaèk g`t|g as g`yakyhdas+ grhstê`che

dg caìkhtas+ etw|gze ja|èkïsthce da t|elekba da essgssa| dg hov|gsse g vassïyghs ethtwdgs ve|e

uwg a |gkechaèog`ta g`t|g as v|aihsshaèhs sgje a oehs be|oô`hca vassïygk.

@a h`ïcha dg tades es g`t|gyhstes+ a g`t|gyhsteda| grvkhcaw e v|avaste da gstwda g |gia|îaw e

hdghe dg uwg es |gsvastes dgyg|heo sg lesge| go grvg|hê`ches vgssaehs g v|aihsshaèhs da

g`t|gyhsteda. Ea tè|ohà dg cede g`t|gyhste+ as v|aihsshaèhs ia|eo gsthowkedas e dgoa`st|e|

sgw va`ta dg yhste g grv|gsse| avh`h÷gs ecg|ce de shtweîãa vgsuwhsede.

4.5.5 Dgih`hîãa dg c|htè|has dg e`åkhsg

Cao a aljgthya dg yg|hihce| caoa è e |gkeîãa v|aihsshaèk g`t|g ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa g

essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se+ lwsceoas grt|eh| es sgnwh`tgs hìa|oeî÷gs:

e( Essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se:

◁ \athè dg t|elekba go woe essgssa|he=

◁ \gkechaèog`ta cao e hov|g`se=

◁ Ia|oes dg ela|dengo wthkhzede à ca`teta cao e hov|g`se=

◁ Ca`bgchog`ta da essgssa| sal|g es |athès dg t|elekba das ja|èhs hov|gssas=

◁ Vg|cgvîãa sal|g e ela|dengo |gekhzede vgkas ja|èkhstes cao as essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se=

◁ Grhstê`che dg caìkhtas aw dhig|g`îes go |gkeîãa eas ja|èkhstes.

l( Ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa:

◁ \athè dg t|elekba go |gdeîãa=

◁ \gkechaèog`ta cao es essgssa|hes=

◁ Ela|dengo wthkhzede ve|e sakhchte| hìa|oeî÷gs jw`ta eas essgssa|gs=

◁ Vg|cgvîãa sal|g a t|elekba dgsg`yakyhda vgkas essgssa|gs=

◁ Vg|cgvîãa sal|g e ètw|gze ja|èkïsthce da aiïcha das essgssa|gs=

◁ Grhstê`che dg caìkhtas aw dhig|g`îes go |gkeîãa eas essgssa|gs.

4.< Ja|èhs+ a|ne`hzeî÷gs g v|aihsshaèhs eèkhsedas g g`t|gyhstedas

4.<.5 As ja|èhs



32

4.<.5.5 Gsteda dg Ohès3

A Gsteda dg Ohès iah caov|eda va| Esshs Cbetgwl|he`d g vg|tg`cg eas Dhå|has Essachedas.

Swe v|hogh|e gdhîãa aca||gw go > dg oe|îa dg 58<2. Gdhteda go ia|oeta ste`de|d + a Gstedadg Ohès tgo ch|cwkeîãa dhå|he g ca`tgúda dhig|g`cheda teolèo è H`tg|`gt+ a`dg vessaw e

ihnw|e| go 5887+ h`hchekog`tg cao sgw cedg|à dg Hìa|oåthce. A Gsteda dg Ohès+ g`t|g

tadas as ja|èhs uwg ch|cwkeo è N|e`dg Lgka Ba|hza`tg+ è a uwg ev|gsg`te a oeha| `úog|a dg

kghta|gs uwg acwveo ce|nas go `ïygk swvg|ha| go swe ethyhdedg v|aihsshaèk+ n|edwedas+ vós/

n|edwedas aw uwg v|gtg`dgo iezg| cw|sas dg vós/n|edweîãa= vasswgo |g`de ieohkhe| e ve|th|

dg 56 sekå|has oï`hoas. Sgw vúlkhca/ekya è caovasta va| 73' dg baog`s g 4>' dg owkbg|gs.

Eas daoh`nas+ e ch|cwkeîãa da ja|èk è dg+ ev|arhoedeog`tg+ 55< ohk grgovke|gs g+ às dhesútghs+ swvg|e as >5 ohk grgovke|gs.

4.<.5.< A Tgova4

A Tgova iah iw`deda go <5 dg àygol|a dg 5889 vgka Dgvwteda Igdg|ek Yhtta|ha Ogdhakh g

iez ve|tg da n|wva Sgov|g Gdhta|e. A ve|uwg n|åihca g |gdeîãa gstãa kacekhzedas go

Ca`tengo+ \gnhãa Ogt|avakhteè dg Lgka Ba|hza`tg. A Tgova iah vke`gjeda dw|e`tg t|ês eàs

e ve|th| dg vgsuwhses dg og|ceda+ è wo ja|èk dhå|ha yakteda ve|e as h`tg|gssgs da kghta|. Ekèoda ia|oeta ved|ãa das awt|as ja|èhs vasswh cedg|às tgoåthcas lwsce`da etg`dg| dg oe`gh|e

gsvgcïihce sgw vúlkhca. @a dhe 57 dg oeha dg <663+ iah |ggst|wtw|eda a Ve|uwg N|åihca+ tg`da

shda ighta wo h`ygsthog`ta ektïsshoa è caov|e dg àya oeuwh`å|ha+ t|ghèog`ta+ cevechteîãa

da sgta| h`dwst|hek+ ekèo de hovke`teîãa de tgcàkanhe CTV "Caovwtg| Ta Vketg( uwg gkhohè

a wsa da Iatakhta.

4.<.5.3 Bajg go Dhe

7

Iw`deda go <4 dg igyg|gh|a dg 5822 va| wo n|wva dg ja|èkhstes a ja|èk Bajg go Dhe

"Gdhohès S E( vasswh etwekog`tg+ 866 cakela|eda|gs+ gstå kacekhzeda go Lgka Ba|hza`tg+

oes ca`te cao swcw|sehs go Oa`tgs Cke|as+ Nayg|èda| Yekede|gs+ Ye|nh`be+ Dhyh`óvakhs+

Yekg da Eîa g L|esïkhe. A ckhg`tg da ja|èk è a kghta| ia|oeda| dg avh`hãa+ vg|tg`cg`tg æ

Ckessg ELC+ sg`da 75' baog`s g 48' Owkbg|gs. Ch|cwke go oehs dg 366 ow`hcïvhas

3 Caìa|og hìa|oeî÷gs dhywknedes à shtg ~~~.dhe|hasessachedas.cao.l| ecgsseda go 56!56!<668.4 Caìa|og hìa|oeî÷gs althdes et|eyès dg |gsvaste dg Nel|hgk Ekygs "ckwlg dg esshè`tgs( g`yhede va| g/oehkgo <4!67!<656.7 Caìa|og hìa|oeî÷gs althdes et|eyès dg |gsvaste dg C|hsthè de Shkye Laètth "sgta| dg oe|mgth`n( g`yhedeva| g/oehk go <4!67!<656.





46

4.<.<.4 Basvhtek Oetg| Dgh8: hèwnw|eda go 5º dg jw`ba dg 5826+ gsthowkeda vgka hdgek dg

ca`st|wh| wo Basvhtek uwg iassg úthk æ caow`hdedg caoa wo tada. Swe ihkasaihe gstå

iw`deog`tede sal|g t|ês v|h`cïvhas låshcas: a chg`tïihca+ a cwktw|ek g a bwoe`ïsthca. Go

v|hogh|a kwne|+ a Oetg| Dgh |gekhze/sg caoa cg`t|a dg chê`che uwe`da gkgng caoa aljgthyas

v|hoa|dhehs+ e esshstê`che oèdhce+ a g`shà g e vgsuwhse. A sgta| dg caow`hceîãa da Oetg|

Dgh grhstg bå oehs dg <6 eàs. Ca`twda+ à h`ïcha das eàs 5886+ a sgta| dg Caow`hceîãa g|e

h`tgn|eda ea sgta| dg oe|mgth`n. Etwekog`tg+ as dahs sgta|gs gstãa sgve|edas. @a g`te`ta+

t|elekbeo go sh`g|nhe. A sgta| vasswh dahs v|aihsshaèhs+ sg`da woe ja|èkhste+ woe

vwlkhchtå|he g awt|as uwet|a gstenhå|has.

4.<.<.7 Oh`hstè|ha Vúlkhca da T|elekba56: |gsva`såygk vgke dgigse de a|dgo jw|ïdhce

t|elekbhste g das dh|ghtas g h`tg|gssgs h`dhsva`ïyghs das t|elekbeda|gs. Tgo caoa ia`tg

à|oethye h`dhsvg`såygk+ ve|e swe etweîãa+ e Ca`sthtwhîãa Igdg|ek+ es kghs hì|eca`sthtwchaèhs

g e ie|te kgnhskeîãa h`tg|èchaèk |gkethye eas Dh|ghtas Bwoeàs g ea Dh|ghta da T|elekba+

gsvgchekog`tg es à|oes gkela|edes à sgha de A|ne`hzeîãa H`tg|èchaèk da T|elekba.

4.<.<.9 Enê`che OBD Caow`hceîãa55: iw`dede bå oehs dg woe dècede+ e OBD

Caow`hceîãa gov|gne e Caow`hceîãa Gov|gse|hek dg ia|oe h`tgn|ede g grt|goe+ edate`daig||eog`tes dg essgssa|he dg hov|g`se+ t|ghèog`tas+ |gkeî÷gs vúlkhces+ c|heîãa g dgshn`

n|åihca+ g`t|g awt|es+ go lwsce da aljgthya oeha| v|gtg`dhda vgkas ckhg`tgs: e ogkba|he das

|gswktedas. Caoa ckhg`tgs+ h`tg|às g grtg|às+ e gov|gse g`tg`dg ia|`gcgda|gs+ hov|g`se+

ia|oeda|gs dg avh`hãa+ nayg|à+ g`thdedgs g caow`hdedg.

4.<.3 As v|aihsshaèhs

4.3.<.5 Yh|nh`he Cest|a: ia|oede vgke WION+ go 5827+ t|elekbe è Essgssa|he dg

Caow`hceîãa Sachek de Essacheîãa das Oenhst|edas de Jwsthîe da T|elekba de Tg|cgh|e

\gnhãa+ uwg è Ohès Ng|ehs "Eoet|e 3(+ dgsdg el|hk dg <663. Jå iah |gvó|tg| da Dhå|ha dg

Ohès+ da Bajg go Dhe "gdhta|he dg Chdedgs g Vakïthce(+ t|elekbaw caoa v|adwta|e de TY

Oe`cbgtg+ g è TY \gca|d. Teolèo jå t|elekbaw caoa essgssa|e è Cìoe|e Ow`hchvek+ è

8 Caìa|og dedas dhywknedas à shtg ~~~.oetg|dgh.cao.l| ecgsseda go+ 56!64!<656 g dw|e`tg e g`t|gyhsteca`cgdhde va| Kghke Vh`ba+ go <3!64!<656+ ve|e @úlhe Caste.56 Caìa|og dedas dhywknedas à shtg ~~~.v|t3.ovt.nay.l| ecgsseda go 56!64!<656.55 Hìa|oeî÷gs althdes dw|e`tg g`t|gyhste ca`cgdhde va| L|ïnhde Ekyho+ go <<!64!<656+ ve|e @úlhe Caste.



45

Essacheîãa Oèdhce dg Ohès Ng|ehs+ à Sh`dhceta das Oèdhcas dg Ohès Ng|ehs g teolèo jå

iah v|av|hgtå|he dg woe enê`che dg caow`hceîãa.

4.3.<.< Yg|wsme Kgek: ia|oede go ja|èkhsoa cao gsvgchekhzeîãa g vós/n|edweîãa go

oe|mgth`n g gsvgchekhzeîãa go ja|èkhsoa è Gsve`be+ ia|oede bå dgz eàs è WION. Jå

t|elekbaw caoa |gvó|tg| è \gdg Nkala+ dgvahs è v|óv|he gohssa|e avtaw va| t|elekbe| à

sgta| dg caow`hceîãa. Gstå bå sghs eàs à Sgèc Ohès.

4.3.<.3 \a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs: ia|oeda go Caow`hceîãa Sachek cao belhkhteîãa go

Ja|èkhsoa vgke Ieih/LB+ etwek W`h/LB. Vasswh OLE go Grgcwthya g Oe|mgth`n vgke

Iw`deîãa Ngtúkha Ye|nes g gsvgchekhzeîãa go Caow`hceîãa Ca|va|ethye. Jå t|elekbaw à ja|èk Bajg go Dhe+ Gsteda dg Ohès g \gyhste Ygje+ etwekog`tg+ è ngsta| dg caow`hceîãa de

Igdg|eîãa des W`hogds Ohès g v|aigssa| de Iecwkdedg Vhtåna|es+ kgchaè à cw|sa dg

Caow`hceîãa.

4.3.<.4 Khkhe Naogs Ig||gh|e: ia|oede go Ja|èkhsoa vgka W`h/LB g go \gkeî÷gs Vúlkhces à

Cg`t|a W`hyg|shtå|ha @g~ta` Vehye. T|elekbaw go |gyhstes+ ja|èhs g tgkgyhsãa. @e TY

t|elekbaw caoa gdhta|e. Ejwdaw e iw`de| a sgta| dg Caow`hceîãa da Oh`hstè|ha da T|elekba ggstå è h`sthtwhîãa bå dgz eàs.

4.3.<.7 L|ïnhde Ekyho: ia|oede go Ja|èkhsoa vgka W`h/LB+ go <66>. È vós/n|edwede go

Ngstãa Gst|etènhce de Caow`hceîãa vgke VWC!Ohès. Igz gstånha è essgssa|he das Ca||ghas+

g teolèo+ è Iw`deîãa Gzguwhgk Dhes. Dgvahs dg ia|oede+ t|elekbaw caoa essgssa|e da

Basvhtek Oetg| Dgh g bajg+ g caa|dgèda|e dg etg`dhog`ta de enê`che OBD Caow`hceîãa.

4.3.<.9 Kghke Yhgh|e dg Vh`ba: ia|oede go Ja|èkhsoa vgke VWC!Ohès+ jå iah gstenhå|he è

\gdg Ohès g è TY Ektg|ase+ jå t|elekbaw è essgssa|he dg hov|g`se de Vakïche Chyhk g go

wo ja|èk dg vguwgè ch|cwkeîãa. Bajg+ è eèkhste dg Caow`hceîãa da Basvhtek Oetg| Dgh.

4.3.<.> \alg|t ên`g|: ia|oeda go Ja|èkhsoa vgka Cg`t|a W`hyg|shtå|ha @g~ta` Vehye+

vasswh vós/n|edweîãa go \gyhsãa dg Tgrtas vgke VWC! Ohès. Bajg+ è gdhta| dg v|hogh|e

vånhè da ja|èk A Tgova+ go Lgka Ba|hza`tg. E`tgs+ iah gdhta| dg Chdedgs de vwlkhceîãa+

vesse`da eh`de vgkas ce|nas dg |gvó|tg| g |gdeta| dg Vakïthce. Teolèo t|elekbaw è TY

Nkala+ a`dg ihcaw wo tatek dg sgtg eàs+ cao t|elekbas à va|tek Nkala.cao g às v|an|eoes



4<

tgkgyhshyas Nkala Gsva|tg g Gsva|tg Gsvgtecwke|. Ve|thchvaw eh`de de calg|tw|e des Caves da

Ow`da dg <66< g <669 g das Janas Ve`/Eog|hceàs da \ha+ go <66>.

4.3.<.2 Jeèïè Oe|th`s: ia|oede go Ja|èkhsoa g \gkeî÷gs Vúlkhces vgke VWC!Ohès. Gstå

bå 55 eàs à Bajg go Dhe g jå t|elekbaw go tades es gdhta|hes da ja|èk+ te`ta caoa |gvó|tg|

caoa gdhta|e. Bajg+ è gdhta|e edjw`te da cedg|à Ohès.

4.3.<.8 E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs: ia|oede go Ja|èkhsoa vgka W`h/LB+ go <668. Etwekog`tg è

|gvó|tg| jú`ha| da Va|tek A Tgova a`/kh`g. T|elekbe bå dahs eàs à ja|èk+ caogîaw caoa

gstenhå|he+ iah v|aoayhde e |gvó|tg| t|eh`h`n g bajg è |gvó|tg| jú`ha|+ t|elekbe è gdhta|he dg

chdedgs. T|elekbaw è essgssa|he dg hov|g`se da Cakènha+ Iecwkdedg g Iw`deîãa E|èkda.Teolèo jå t|elekbaw è essgssa|he da Ca`sgkba \gnhaèk dg Edoh`hst|eîãa dg Ohès Ng|ehs

"C\E/ON( g caoa essgssa|e e Dacwog`te|+ gov|gse dg tgcàkanhe de hìa|oeîãa.

4.3.<.56 Shkyhe dg I|ghtes Deklg`: ia|oede go ja|èkhsoa vgke WION. T|elekbaw è TY

WION+ a`dg iah v|adwta|e g |gvó|tg| da v|an|eoe Ch|cwhta H`tgn|eda. T|elekbaw è

Essgssa|he da Cakènha Se`ta E`tô`ha+ è C|he+ gov|gse jú`ha| de WION+ a`dg etweye à

`úckga dg hov|g`se g ja|èkhsoa. T|elekbaw è essgssa|he de Ievgohn+ cao e v|adwîãa de

|gyhste Ohès iez Chê`che. T|elekbaw caoa v|adwta|e dg yïdga è v|adwta|e Seke < g+ bå <

eàs+ t|elekbe à va|tek Weh g às cedg|às Ng|ehs g Dhyh|te/sg "Cwktw|e(da ja|èk Gsteda dg

Ohès.

4.3.<.55 Kghde \ghs: ia|oede go Ja|èkhsoa vgke WION+ go 5822. Caogîaw swe ce||gh|e

ja|èkïsthce à Dhå|ha da Caoè|cha+ caoa |gvó|tg| g gdhta|e dg vakïthce. Teolèo iah |gvó|tg|

dg gcaàohe+ |gdeta|e da Gsteda dg Ohès g gdhta|e dg Vakïthce da ja|èk A Tgova+ a`dg

oe`tgyg cakwè dg àtes. Iah+ eh`de+ caog`te|hste dg vakïthce è \ådha Eoè|hce g gdhtaw a

ja|èk da Sgl|eg. Bå ch`ca eàs+ è gdhta|e da Cedg|à Ohès da Bajg go Dhe. Yg`cgw a

V|êoha Ihet Ekkhs dg Ja|èkhsoa Gca`ôohca+ go 5884+ g iah+ va| dwes ygzgs+ ihèkhste da

V|êoha Gol|etgk. È teolèo gsc|hta|e+ oe`tg`da c|ô`hce sgoeèk à cedg|à dg Cwktw|e da

Bajg go Dhe. Ewta|e da khy|a dg ca`tas As cãgs eoe|gkas+ dg 5885+ g da |aoe`cg E h`yg`îãa

da c|hog+ vgke Gdhta|e \gca|d+ ke`îeda go <656.



43

4.4 E`åkhsg

4.4.5 Dedas uwe`thtethyas

Dg eca|da cao a n|åihca 5+ dg`t|g as g`t|gyhstedas a oeha| vg|cg`twek sg |gig|g e

v|aihsshaèhs da sgra igoh`hà.

N|åihca 5: Gstetïsthces da vg|cg`twek da sgra das g`t|gyhsteda

Dg eca|da cao a n|åihca <+ a ieta| iehre gtå|he sg oast|aw guwhkhl|ede g`t|g as g`t|gyhstedas+

vahs ch`ca v|aihsshaèhs ev|gsg`teyeo hdedg swvg|ha| e 36 eàs g as awt|as sghs ev|gsg`teyeohdedg hìg|ha| e 36 eàs.

N|åihca <: Gstetïsthces da vg|cg`twek de oèdhe dg hdedg das g`t|gyhstedas

@a tg|cgh|a n|åihca è vassïygk alsg|ye| uwg dahs das v|aihsshaèhs g`t|gyhstedas vasswgo

caoa ia|oeîãa ecedêohce dwes å|ges de caow`hceîãa+ a ja|èkhsoa g e |gkeî÷gs vúlkhces. A

Va|cg`tengo dg Baog`s g Owkbg|gs G`t|gyhstedas

<

8

Oescwkh a Igoh`h a

Va|cg`tengo de oèdhe dg h dedg das g `t|gyhstedas

9

7

Oehs dg 36 Ogàs dg 36



44

h`tg|gsse`tg è uwg wo dgssgs v|aihsshaèhs t|elekbe etwekog`tg go woe |gdeîãa+ gùwe`ta a

sgnw`da è essgssa| dg hov|g`se.

N|åihca 3: Gstetïsthces da vg|cg`twek de ia|oeîãa ecedêohce das g`t|gyhstedas

Dg eca|da cao a uwe|ta n|åihca+ e oeha| ve|tg das v|aihsshaèhs g`t|gyhstedas jå yhyg`chaw e

|athè das dahs kedas da lekcãa+ tg`da etweda te`ta go essgssa|he caoa go |gdeîãa. Evgès

dahs v|aihsshaèhs ãa yhyg`che|eo gsse grvg|hê`che.

N|åihca 4: Gstetïsthces de å|ge dg etweîãa das g`t|gyhstedas

4.4.< As essgssa|gs g es |athès v|adwthyes

A ja|èkhsoa vasswh woe iw`îãa hova|te`tg dg`t|a de sachgdedg+ vahs caovgtg e gkg et|hlwh|

yeka| e wo eca`tgchog`ta+ ve|e uwg gssg ieta ta|`g/sg àtïche. Sg`da essho+ a t|elekba da

V a | c g ` t e n g o s a l | g I a |o e î ã a E c e d ê o h c e d a s G` t | g y h s te d a s

8

<

J a |` e k hs te J a| ` ek h ste g \ g k eî÷ g s Vú l k h ce s

Va|cg`tengo sal|g es grvg|hê`ches v|aihshsaèhs das g`t|gyhstedas

7

4

55

Ja| ekhste uwg jå t|elekbaw go essgssa|he Essgssa| uwg jå t|elekbaw go |gdeîãa

Ja|èkhste uwg só t|elekbaw go |gdeîãa Essgssa| uwg só t|elekbaw go essgssa|he



47

ja|èkhste è dg grt|goe hova|tì`che+ vahs ca`t|hlwh ve|e e vg|cgvîãa g h`tg|v|gteîãa de

|gekhdedg yhyg`chede vgke sachgdedg "VG\GH\E= KECG\DE= SE@TAS+ s!d+ s!v(.

Ca`twda+ ès úkthoes dècedes+ e sachgdedg vessaw va| dhyg|ses owde`îes g e v|aihssãa da

ja|èkhste `ãa ihcaw hsg`te dg t|e`sia|oeî÷gs. As eye`îas tgcàkónhcas g es `gcgsshdedgs des

a|ne`hzeî÷gs ihzg|eo cao uwg as v|aihsshaèhs thygssgo uwg sg edevte| e gste àye |gekhdedg.

A sw|nhog`ta des essgssa|hes dg hov|g`se è woe dgsses oadhihceî÷gs: as ja|èkhstes uwg

dgsgovg`beyeo swes iw`î÷gs grckwshyeog`tg ès |gdeî÷gs ohn|e|eo ve|e a h`tg|ha| dg

h`sthtwhî÷gs `ãa gsvgchekhzedes go v|adwîãa ja|èkïsthces+ te`ta v|hyedes uwe`ta vúlkhces.

A ja|èkhsoa ta|àw/sg ekya dg h`tg|gssg des a|ne`hzeî÷gs g |gygkaw/sg caoa ig||eog`te ve|e

uwg es h`sthtwhî÷gs h`tg|ejeo cao as vúlkhcas dg h`tg|gssg. Cao tades es àyes i|g`tgs dgetweîãa+ a ja|èkhste uwg h`n|gssaw ès essgssa|hes dg hov|g`se vessaw e dgsgovg`be| woe

|athè+ essho caoa iw`î÷gs dg t|elekba dhsth`tes da aiïcha da v|aihsshaèk des |gdeî÷gs. Dg

eca|da cao Mavvkh` g Ig||e|gtta "<666(+ woe des et|hlwhî÷gs das essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se è

zgke| vgka ‛|gkechaèog`ta cao as ygïcwkas dg Caow`hceîãa Sachek+ elestgcg`da/as cao

hìa|oeî÷gs |gkethyes ea essacheda ]..._+ h`tg|ogdhe`da es |gkeî÷gs dg eolas g etg`dg`da es

sakhchteî÷gs das ja|èkhstes‟ "MAVVKH@= IG\\E\GTA+ <666+ v.53(. Sg`da essho+ as

ja|èkhstes uwg e`tgs de c|heîãa des essgssa|hes th`beo swes ethyhdedgs yaktedesgrckwshyeog`tg ve|e a v|acgssa dg v|adwîãa dg àtïches – ès |ådhas+ tgkgyhs÷gs+ ja|èhs g

|gyhstes – vesse|eo e etwe| caoa gka g`t|g es h`sthtwhî÷gs+ iassgo gkes vúlkhces aw v|hyedes+ g

e hov|g`se.

Ogsoa uwg ‛ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs vasseo sg| g`tg`dhdas caoa eta|gs dg wo ogsoa

v|acgssa dg ca`st|wîãa de eng`de ja|èkïsthce+ gkgs etweo go h`sthtwhî÷gs dhsth`tes‟

"VG\GH\E= KECG\DE= SE@TAS+ s!d+ s!v(. G gstg ieta| iez cao uwg gssgs v|aihsshaèhsgst|wtw|go sgw t|elekba et|eyès dg |athès v|adwthyes dhig|g`tgs. Sgnw`da dgvahog`tas das

v|aihsshaèhs g`t|gyhstedas+ tadas têo vkgè ca`schê`che dgsse dhsth`îãa dg |athès g ethyhdedg.

Mavvkh` g Ig||e|gtta "<666( ev|gsg`teo et|hlwhî÷gs uwg caovgtgo eas essgssa|gs: a

|gkechaèog`ta cao e hov|g`se sg|he evgès woes des iw`î÷gs+ vahs gssg v|aihsshaèk vasswh

owhtes awt|es te|gies+ g`t|g es uwehs:

ca`t|akg g e|uwhya dg hìa|oeî÷gs sal|g a essgssa|eda dhywknedes às oghas dgcaow`hceîãa+ lgo caoa eyekheîãa dg dedas v|ayg`hg`tgs da grtg|ha| de a|ne`hzeîãa g uwgvasseo h`tg|gsse| eas sgws dh|hng`tgs+ a|ne`hzeîãa g ca`ste`tg etwekhzeîãa dg wo oehkh`n/



49

khst+ gdhîãa dg vg|hódhcas dgsthèdas eas vúlkhcas grtg|à g h`tg|à "lakgth`s+ |gyhstes g ja|èhs(+ gkela|eîãa dg awt|as v|adwtas ja|èkïsthcas+ caoa iatan|eihe+ yïdgas+ v|an|eoes dg|ådha aw dg tgkgyhsãa+ ve|thchveîãa è dgih`hîãa dg gst|etènhes dg caow`hceîãa. "MAVVKH@+Gkhse g IG\\E\GTTA+ Kwhz E|tw|. <666+ v.54(

Uwe`da vg|nw`teda sal|g swes ethyhdedgs dhå|hes+ a g`t|gyhsteda \a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs5<+

ngsta| dg caow`hceîãa de Igdg|eîãa des W`hogds Ohès+ |gkete e vkw|ekhdedg dg swes

et|hlwhî÷gs:

Dg`t|a da sgta| dg Caow`hceîãa g Oe|mgth`n de Igdg|eîãa e shtweîãa è leste`tg eovke. Eoh`be etweîãa euwh dg`t|a è dgsg`yakyg| v|ajgtas+ v|an|eoes+ ceove`bes ve|e e Igdg|eîãag teolèo ve|e es W`hogds da h`tg|ha| da gsteda+ te`ta dg caow`hceîãa uwe`ta dgoe|mgth`n. Gw tg`ba wo ja|èk g woe |gyhste hov|gsse+ uwg tgo woe th|engo dg 57 ohkgrgovke|gs. Gke è dgsg`yakyhde ve|e as oèdhcas caavg|edas de W`hogd dg Ohès Ng|ehs+ a

àssa vúlkhca/ekya. Teolèo v|adwzhoas woe |gyhste gkgt|ô`hce+ uwg è og`sek. Tg`bateolèo wo hìa|oethya gkgt|ô`hca. Tg`ba a ja|èk ow|ek+ woe |gyhste g wo ja|èkhov|gssa+ tadas yaktedas grckwshyeog`tg ve|e a vúlkhca h`tg|à. Ekèo dhssa+ gw tg`ba eessgssa|he dg hov|g`se uwg e ng`tg |gekhze dg eca|da cao e dgoe`de.

Eèkhste dg caow`hceîãa da Basvhtek Oetg| Dgh+ Kghke Yhgh|e dg Vh`ba53 teolèo caog`te e

dhyg|shdedg des te|gies uwg |gekhze dw|e`tg swe |athè dg t|elekba. G`t|g tehs ethyhdedgs `ãa

gstãa v|gsg`tgs evgès eiezg|gs ja|èkïsthcas:

A ogw ce|na è dg eèkhste dg caow`hceîãa+ oes es iw`î÷gs sãa dhyg|ses+ woe dgkes è eessgssa|he dg hov|g`se+ oes è só woe dgkes. Gw cakela|a cao e v|adwîãa dg ca`tgúdas ve|eas ja|èhs h`tg|às g grtg|às. Ca`tgúda ve|e lakgtho+ ve|e a ja|èk ow|ek g caow`hcedasuwg gyg`twekog`tg iezgoas va| g/oehk g uwg teolèo tgo hìa|oeî÷gs ja|èkïsthces+ gssgssãa as v|adwtas+ ekèo da shtg+ vahs e ng`tg teolèo iez v|adwîãa dg àtïches ve|e a shtg.Tg`ba woe et|hlwhîãa gsvgchihce+ uwg `ãa tgo yÏ`cwka cao a ja|èkhsoa+ oes va| uwgstãadg a|dgo+ woe |gnê`che h`tg|è è dgtg|ohède ea sgta| dg caow`hceîãa iezg|.

Yh|nï`he Oe|he Ia`sgce dg Cest|a54+ essgssa|e dg hov|g`se de Eoet|e 3+ ca`shdg|e tek

dhyg|shdedg dg å|ges dg etweîãa woe ye`tengo ve|e a v|aihsshaèk+ uwg tgo e ava|tw`hdedg dg

t|elekbe| go woe essgssa|he:

Gw ecba uwg e essgssa|he dg hov|g`se è ekna uwg tg caovkgog`te à sg`thda dg yacê vadg|etwe| go yå|hes å|ges dhig|g`tgs. Bajg+ va| grgovka+ euwh è essgssa|he gw |gekhza dgsdg eå|ge dg vke`gjeog`ta dg caow`hceîãa+ vesse`da va| shtg+ `ós tgoas lakgtho a`/kh`g+ yacêiez dg twda wo vawca+ ja|èk a`/kh`g+ ja|èk hov|gssa. Bajg+ gw ieîa cao a v|ajgthste g caong`tg de å|ge de caow`hceîãa yhswek+ `ós iezgoas tada a oetg|hek dg dhywkneîãa deEoet|e. E ng`tg iez iakdg|+ ca`yhtg+ le``g|+ tade e ve|tg dg c|heîãa gke è ighte dg`t|a deessgssa|he. G`tãa+ è cke|a uwg e essgssa|he dg hov|g`se gke tg då wo kguwg owhta oeha| dgava|tw`hdedg ve|e yacê t|elekbe| go yå|hes oïdhes.

5< G`t|gyhste dg \a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 5<!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.53 G`t|gyhste dg Kghke Yhgh|e Vh`ba ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 5<!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.54 G`t|gyhste dg Yh|nh`he Oe|he Ia`sgce dg Cest|a ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 54!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



4>

Dg eca|da cao Dwe|tg "<663(+ tade e dhyg|shdedg dg ethyhdedgs |gekhzedes vgka essgssa| dg

hov|g`se è jwsthihcede vgka ieta dg es h`sthtwhî÷gs tg|go vg|cglhda e hova|tì`che de

caow`hceîãa g+ owhtes ygzgs+ de| v|gig|ê`che vgke etweîãa h`tgn|ede. Va| hssa+ `ãa è dhiïchk

g`ca`t|e| ja|èkhstes+ |gkeî÷gs vúlkhces+ vwlkhchtå|has+ gsvgchekhstes go oe|mgth`n g+ etè

ogsoa+ gsvgchekhstes go \gcw|sas Bwoeàs etwe`da go ca`jw`ta. Cao v|aihsshaèhs cao

ia|oeî÷gs dhsth`tes t|elekbe`da jw`tas+ è h`gyhtåygk uwg as v|adwtas g sg|yhîas aig|gchdas vgka

sgta| dg caow`hceîãa iassgo eovkhedas. Va| hssa+ owhtes ygzgs+ a v|aihsshaèk `ãa sg khohte

evgès ea |gkechaèog`ta cao e hov|g`se g ea t|elekba ja|èkïsthca. Va| hssa+ ve|e Dwe|tg

"<663(+ a tg|oa ‛essgssa| dg hov|g`se‟ è khohteda. Go iw`îãa des eovkhtwdg de å|ge dg

caow`hceîãa è etwekhdedg+ a tg|oa oehs ev|av|heda sg|he ‛essgssa| dg caow`hceîãa‟+ jå uwg

swes te|gies yãa owhta ekèo de essgssa|he dg hov|g`se.

Khkhe Naogs Ig||gh|e57+ caa|dgèda|e dg caow`hceîãa da Oh`hstè|ha Vúlkhca da T|elekba dg

Ohès Ng|ehs+ è n|edwede go ja|èkhsoa g go |gkeî÷gs vúlkhces. Swe dwvke ia|oeîãa

ca`t|hlwh ve|e e grgcwîãa des ethyhdedgs dhå|hes. Uwe`da vg|nw`tede sal|g swe |athè dg

t|elekba+ gke |gssekte e ye|hgdedg des te|gies uwg grgcwte dhe|heog`tg:

Cbgna cgda ve|e igcbe| e vewte dhå|he da àssa hìa|oethya+ g`tãa go <668+ vesseoas va|

wo v|acgssa dg oadg|`hzeîãa dg àsses ig||eog`tes+ bajg a hìa|oethya è tada ighta vgka~a|d v|gss + woe ig||eog`te dg lkan. Hssa `ós vasshlhkhte wo t|elekba oehs h`tgn|eda g este|gies lgo dhst|hlwïdes. Cbgna vgke oe`bã+ vgna as vasts uwg gstãa kå g ygja a uwg è oehsuwg`tg+ oehs hova|te`tg g gscakba a uwg yeh g`t|e| à ja|èk g jå dghra æ dhsvashîãa ve|e evgssae uwg yeh dhen|eoe| a ja|èk. Ieîa e dhst|hlwhîãa dg vewtes g`t|g e guwhvg+ |gyhsa astgrtas. V|adwza oetè|hes g ieîa v|adwî÷gs ve|e e TY+ æs ygzgs uwe`da tg`ba ava|tw`hdedgieîa oetè|hes ve|e e TY+ `ós tgoas tada a guwhveog`ta+ gstúdha+ vadgoas iezg| g`t|gyhstes+ihkoe| gyg`tas ia|e de h`sthtwhîãa. G a|ne`hzeîãa dg gyg`tas teolèo+ va|uwg gw teolèosaw caa|dgèda|e dg cg|hoa`hek. Tada a vke`gjeog`ta dg gyg`tas è oh`be iw`îãa teolèo.

L|ïnhde Ekyho+ 59 ja|èkhste g caa|dgèda|e dg etg`dhog`ta de Enê`che OBD Caow`hceîãa+

ec|gdhte uwg |gekhze| et|hlwhî÷gs `ãa ja|èkïsthces vadg etè sg| v|ayghtasa ve|e a v|aihsshaèk.Ca`twda+ tehs ethyhdedgs dgygo gste| |gkechaèdes cao e å|ge dg caow`hceîãa+ vahs+ cesa sgje

`gcgsså|he e grgcwîãa dg te|gies uwg iwjeo dgsses ce|ectg|ïsthces+ a t|elekba da ja|èkhste

vadg sg| dgsce|ectg|hzeda+ gke eih|oe eh`de uwg:

owhtes ygzgs+ hssa aca||g va| woe iekte dg ca`bgchog`ta des iw`î÷gs. Gw ecba uwg hssa `ãaè lao+ ecba uwg hssa v|gjwdhce e |athè+ a t|elekba+ va|uwg a ja|èkhste uwg| sg| grckwshyave|e es ethyhdedgs ja|èkïsthces. Ja|èkhste tgo uwg tg| tgova ve|e kg| ja|èk+ iezg| |a`de èh`tg|`gt+ ve|e khne| iezg| ca`teta. Va| grgovka+ a essgssa| dg hov|g`se gkg `ãa vadg seh| des

ethyhdedgs dg caow`hceîãa sg `ãa gkg yeh seh| da iaca dgkg g+ yeh te wse`da a tgova dgkg

57 G`t|gyhste dg Khkhe Naogs Ig||gh|e ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <6!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.59 G`t|gyhste dg L|ïnhde Ekyho ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <9!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



42

ve|e iezg| awt|es cahses. Gw ygja hssa caoa iekte dg ca`bgchog`ta g iekte dg |gsvghta cao av|aihsshaèk. Ecba uwg è v|gjwdhchek h`ckwshyg ve|e uwgo dgoe`de va|uwg gkg yeh tg| woegihcåche ogà| go caow`hceîãa.

Ekèo dhssa+ e owkthvkhchdedg dg iw`î÷gs vadg iezg| cao uwg a essgssa| dghrg dg etwe| caoa ja|èkhste. Ghs a vg`seog`ta dg Kghde \ghs+ gdhta|e/cbgig da cedg|à Ohès da ja|èk Bajg go

Dhe+ ve|e uwgo as essgssa|gs dgygo ihce| etg`tas g `ãa iezg| ohscgkì`ge cao te`tes

hìa|oeî÷gs g ethyhdedgs:

Go eknw`s cesas a essgssa| dgig`dg te`ta e h`sthtwhîãa uwg gkg ecele ohstw|e`da e essgssa|hedg hov|g`se cao a oe|mgth`n. Æs ygzgs+ yacê gstå lwsce`da e hìa|oeîãa ve|e iezg| e swe|gva|tengo g a uwg yêgo è woe ohstw|e dg |gkeî÷gs vúlkhce+ cao vwlkhchdedg g yacê ecele`ãa tg`da euwgke hìa|oeîãa uwg yacê v|gchse.

4.4.3 As ja|èkhstes g es |athès v|adwthyes

Dhe|heog`tg+ as ja|èkhstes+ va| ogha dg wo vevgk gst|etènhca+ sgkgchaèo eca`tgchog`tas g as

ckesshihceo caoa àtïches. T|ete/sg das ietas eas uwehs sãa et|hlwïdas yeka|/àtïche g h|ãa

eigte| dh|gteog`tg e ca`st|wîãa de |gekhdedg yhyg`chede vgke sachgdedg. Ve|e e grgcwîãa dgsse

ethyhdedg+ as ja|èkhstes gstelgkgcgo |athès v|adwthyes uwg à|tgheo a sgw t|elekba

"VG\GH\E= KECG\DE= SE@TAS+ s!d+ s!v(.

@a g`te`ta+ woe n|e`dg dhig|g`îe iah vg|cglhde+ `gstg gstwda+ dw|e`tg es g`t|gyhstes. Tadas as

ja|èkhstes eih|oe|eo uwg+ swes ethyhdedgs sãa grckwshyeog`tg yaktedes ve|e a ceova

ja|èkïsthca. \alg|ta Sgel|e "<663( ela|de e `gcgsshdedg dg ca`bgcg| a iw`chaèog`ta g es

|athès des |gdeî÷gs. A ewta| dgsc|gyg es gteves uwg g`yakygo e v|adwîãa des àtïches g+

teolèo+ e oe`gh|e caoa a ja|èkhste etwe `gssg v|acgssa. A ewta| eih|oe uwg es dhyhs÷gs dg

te|gies+ e lwsce va| vewtes g es |gw`h÷gs ve|e dgih`hî÷gs dg oetè|hes dg ceve g sgkgîãa dg

iatan|eihes sãa eknwoes des et|hlwhî÷gs da ja|èkhste uwg t|elekbe go |gdeîãa. Sgel|e "<663(eih|oe eh`de uwg ‛e tg`tethye dg grvkhce| a iw`chaèog`ta dg woe |gdeîãa ja|èkïsthce g e

eîãa das ja|èkhstes go sgws kacehs dg t|elekba è woe te|gie+ va| ygzgs h`nkó|he. Cede |gdeîãa

dg cede ygïcwka nwe|de ce|ectg|ïsthces v|óv|hes‟ "SGEL\E+ <663+ s!v(.

E |gekhdedg |gketede va| Sgel|e "<663(+ va|èo+ `ãa è dhste`tg de dgsc|hte vgkas g`t|gyhstedas.

È a uwg vadgoas alsg|ye| è ieke dg Kghde \ghs5>+ gdhta|e/cbgig da cedg|à Ohès da ja|èk

Bajg go Dhe+ uwe`da gke dgsc|gyg swe |athè dhå|he:

5> G`t|gyhste dg Kghde \ghs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 53!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



48

E oh`be |athè è e sgnwh`tg: gw cbgna æs 55 ba|es+ e ng`tg tgo woe |gw`hãa cao e cbgihe dg|gdeîãa+ woe |gw`hãa das gdhta|gs+ iezgoas woe eyekheîãa da ja|èk da dhe g cede wo kê eswe vewte uwg gstå sg`da ighte dgsdg 6>ba|es de oe`bã+ t|elekbede vgka vewtgh|a dgsdg es

6> ba|es de oe`bã g `gsse |gw`hãa e ng`tg dgchdg uwek yeh sg| àssa h`ygsthog`ta v|h`chvekg a uwg yeh ve|e e ceve da cedg|à. Eh as |gvó|tg|gs cbgneo va| yakte dg woe ba|e de te|dg+as de oe`bã gstãa eï dgsdg sgtg de oe`bã. Gw yaw a|hg`te`da gssgs |gvó|tg|gs+ a|hg`te`daas awt|as gdhta|gs uwg yãa igcbe`da es awt|es ceves. Æs uwet|a ba|es às tgoas woe awt|e|gw`hãa uwg è teolèo cao e cbgihe g cao as gdhta|gs de ceve da ja|èk+ cede gdhta| iekeswes v|h`chvehs àtïches+ a uwg è dgsteuwg g a uwg yekg sg| cbeoede dg ceve. G a àssaigcbeog`ta è va| yakte des ahta+ ahta g oghe de àhtg.

\alg|t ên`g|52+ gdhta| dg v|hogh|e vånhè da ja|èk A Tgova+ teolèo eih|oe uwg+ dw|e`tg

sgw dhe dg t|elekba+ caovgtgo/kbg+ evgès+ ethyhdedgs ja|èkïsthces.

Bajg+ caoa gdhta| dg v|hogh|e vånhè+ gw saw |gsva`såygk+ v|ethceog`tg ú`hce ggrckwshyeog`tg+ vgke ceve da ja|èk. Ieîa oe`cbgtgs g cbeoedes+ og v|gacwva cao esiatas+ cao e|tgs. Gw cbgna va| yakte des 59 ba|es+ jå gsteye ecaove`be`da a dhe go ceseàs shtgs+ go |ådha+ tgkgyhsãa. Cbgna æs 59 ba|es g+ æs 59b36+ e ng`tg tgo woe |gw`hãa gouwg tades es gdhta|hes iekeo swes v|h`chvehs oetè|hes+ sgws h`ygsthog`tas ve|e a dhe. È woe|gw`hãa uwg è ighte ve|e e v|hogh|e vånhè da ja|èk g dgsse |gw`hãa e ng`tg dgih`g eoe`cbgtg g es v|h`chvehs cbeoedes uwg e ng`tg yeh t|elekbe|. E |gw`hãa dw|e etè woes52b36. È woe |gw`hãa ka`ne g+ essho uwg tg|ohè+ e ng`tg caogîe e t|elekbe| gigthyeog`tge ceve da ja|èk. Eï+ a dhen|eoeda| iez a dgsg`ba de vånhè g gw caogîa e v|gg`cbg| eceve da ja|èk.

4.4.4 Vg|cgvîãa sal|g e ètw|gze ja|èkïsthce da aiïcha das essgssa|gsA ieta da essgssa| dg hov|g`se |gekhze| oúkthvkes ethyhdedgs g tg| et|hlwhî÷gs dhsth`tes des

grg|chdes vgkas ja|èkhstes uwg t|elekbeo ès |gdeî÷gs iez cao uwg owhtas v|aihsshaèhs g

gstwde`tgs ckesshihuwgo a t|elekba da essgssa| caoa `ãa ja|èkïsthca. ên`g| Sghres "5888(

vwlkhcaw woe sè|hg cao sghs e|thnas+ go uwg eih|oeye+ cetgna|hceog`tg+ uwg a essgssa| `ãa è

ja|èkhste+ g+ ve|e |gia|îe| swe eih|oeîãa+ wthkhzaw yå|has e|nwog`tas+ g`t|g gkgs a ieta dg a

T|hlwèk Swvg|ha| da T|elekba tg| ca`shdg|eda uwg a t|elekba da essgssa| dg hov|g`se `ãa sg

gùwed|eye æs dgsc|hî÷gs des ethyhdedgs ja|èkïsthces gstelgkgchdes à e|thna 36< deCa`sakhdeîãa des Kghs da T|elekba g à Dgc|gta 8><!98. Sgnw`da e gog`te+ ‛essgssa| dg

hov|g`se `ãa grg|cg ethyhdedgs tïvhces dg ja|èkhsoa+ vahs a dgsgovg`ba dgsse iw`îãa `ãa

caov|gg`dg e lwsce dg hìa|oeî÷gs ve|e e |gdeîãa dg àtïches g e|thnas‟ "SGHRES+ 5888(.

E yhsãa dg Sghres "5888( dhig|g leste`tg de avh`hãa das a`zg v|aihsshaèhs g`t|gyhstedas+ vahs

tadas ia|eo w`ì`hogs go eih|oe| uwg essgssa| dg hov|g`se è ja|èkhste g+ sg`da essho+ grg|cg

52 G`t|gyhste dg \alg|t ên`g| ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 58!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



76

ethyhdedgs ja|èkïsthces. Jeèhè Oe|th`s58+ gdhta|e/edjw`te da cedg|à Ohès da ja|èk Bajg

go Dhe+ eyekhe a t|elekba da essgssa| caoa sg`da woe ethyhdedg ja|èkïsthce+ vahs+ dg eca|da

cao gke+ ‛ve|e gkg "essgssa|(+ dhywkne| hìa|oeî÷gs gkg v|gchse tg| àîãa dg ja|èkhsoa+

v|gchse selg| a uwg è àtïche‟. Gsse avh`hãa è ve|thkbede va| E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs<6+ |gvó|tg| da

va|tek A Tgova:

Gw ygja+ sho+ caoa ja|èkhste. Gw só ecba uwg tgoas et|hlwhî÷gs dhig|g`tgs+ oes saoas ja|èkhstes+ sho. Gkg tgo kå e al|hneîãa dgkg+ va|uwg owhtes ygzgs a vgssaek dgsuwekhihce aessgssa| dg hov|g`se va|uwg selg uwg gkg `ãa è wo ce|e uwg só iez |gkgesg g tg`te govkece|a essw`ta= selg uwg a ce|e iez sg|yhîas dg caow`hceîãa h`tg|è+ tgo awt|es cahses. Oes èólyha uwg `ãa è só hssa. G`tãa+ gkg tgo uwg v|aoayg| wo vawuwh`ba a kacek a`dg gkgt|elekbe+ oes gw `ãa ygja dhig|g`tg. Gw ecba uwg gkg è ja|èkhste+ sho+ g+ sg `ãa iassg+ eng`tg `ãa gste|he ev|g`dg`da essgssa|he dg hov|g`se è iecwkdedg. Gkg è ja|èkhste essho

caoa gw+ oes iezgoas cahses wo vawca dhig|g`tgs.

Eh`de dg eca|da cao Sghres "5888(+ ‛a yg|dedgh|a ja|èkhste dgsneste/sg goachaèkog`tg

ve|e v|adwzh| dhe|heog`tg+ e hìa|oeîãa+ gùwe`ta a essgssa| è wo og|a h`tg|ogdhå|ha de

àtïche+ caov|aogthda saog`tg cao wo v|adwta+ aw oe|ce‟ "SGHRES+ 5888+ s!v(. Tek

e|nwog`ta teolèo è dhsca|deda va| tadas as essgssa|gs g`t|gyhstedas+ jå uwg tadas as

v|aihsshaèhs |gketeo uwg+ g`t|g swes ethyhdedgs dhå|hes+ gstå e v|adwîãa dg tgrtas ve|e e

hov|g`se+ as |gkgesgs+ caoa teolèo e lwsce+ evw|eîãa g v|adwîãa dg tgrtas ja|èkïsthcas+

sgjeo ve|e as vúlkhcas h`tg|à aw grtg|à. È a uwg eih|oe e caa|dgèda|e dg caow`hceîãa da

Oh`hstè|ha Vúlkhca da T|elekba dg Ohès Ng|ehs+ Khkhe Naogs<5: ‛Saoas ja|èkhstes+ sho.

Euwh+ va| grgovka+ `ós tgoas wo hìa|oethya dhå|ha cao tgrtas ja|èkïsthcas uwg+ owhtes

ygzgs+ sãa ev|ayghtedas è ï`tgn|e go ygïcwkas dg hov|g`se‟.

Ea ca`t|å|ha da uwg eyekhe Sghres "5888(+ ve|e \a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs<<+ ngsta| dg caow`hceîãa

de Igdg|eîãa des W`hogds Ohès+ ea essgssa| dg hov|g`se `ãa caovgtg saog`tg v|aoayg| e

h`sthtwhîãa ve|e e uwek v|gste sg|yhîa. A essgssa| dgyg v|gacwve|/sg cao a ca`tgúda

ja|èkïsthca des hìa|oeî÷gs evw|edes g dhywknedes. \a`x chte wo grgovka: ‛Caoa gw etwa è

å|ge dg seúdg+ v|acw|a oast|e| va|uwg è h`tg|gsse`tg v|aoayg| wo dgletg sal|g e v|aoaîãa æ

seúdg g tg`ta oast|e| uwehs sãa a hovecta da ieta ve|e e sachgdedg+ v|acw|a dhywkne| essw`tas

uwg sgjeo dg h`tg|gssg vúlkhca g teolèo ve|e e hov|g`se. Dgsse ia|oe+ gw gstaw |gekhze`da+

58 G`t|gyhste dg Jeèïè Oe|th`s ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 53!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.<6 G`t|gyhste dg E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <3!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.<5 G`t|gyhste dg Khkhe Naogs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <6!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.<< G`t|gyhste dg \a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 5<!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



75

sho+ woe ethyhdedg ja|èkïsthce. @ãa vg`sa só go dhywkne| as sg|yhîas de gov|gse ve|e uwek

v|gsta sg|yhîas‟.

Dhywkne| hìa|oeî÷gs è a h`tg|gssg ve|thkbeda va| ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs. Ca`twda+ as

essgssa|gs dhig|go das ja|èkhstes à ieta dg sg|go |gsva`såyghs va| ‛oast|e| ve|e e avh`hãa

vúlkhce a vevgk g e v|adwîãa dg sgw vet|ãa/ckhg`tg‟+ gùwe`ta eas ja|èkhstes uwg etweo às

ygïcwkas caovgtg sgkgchaè| as ietas uwg ca`shdg|eo oehs hova|te`tgs ve|e e avh`hãa vúlkhce

"CEKDES+ <663+ v.362(.

4.4.7 Ja|èkhsoa ighta e uwet|a oãas: e ca`t|hlwhîãa oútwe g`t|g as v|aihsshaèhs

Sè|nha Oetas "5884+ v.<(+ chteda va| Caste"<( "<663(+ ev|gsg`te dhyg|ses |gsva`selhkhdedgs

uwg caovgtgo eas ja|èkhstes. G`t|g gkes+ gste|he a dgyg| dg v|atgng| as h`tg|gssgs de

sachgdedg. Vahs+ dg vassg:

dg cg|tes hìa|oeî÷gs+ ]è v|gchsa_ gohth| avh`hãa+ de`da sgw evaha e tade g uwekuwg|h`hchethye uwg ca`t|hlwe ve|e a dgsg`yakyhog`ta g yhse lgo gste| de caow`hdedg+ awca`dgè`da tade g uwekuwg| ethtwdg g dgchs÷gs esswohdes va| vgssaes – h`dhyhdwekog`tg awgo n|wvas – uwg dg eknwoe ia|oe yg`be v|gjwdhce| a grg|cïcha das dh|ghtas da chdedãa.

"CASTE"<(

evwd Sè|nha Oetas+ 5884+ v.<(

Ca`twda+ G`ha Oecbeda "<663( caog`te es yå|hes owde`îes aca||hdes às úkthoas sècwkas+

uwg eigte|eo e ia|oe dg t|elekba das ja|èkhstes: e gscessgz dg tgova ve|e e |gekhzeîãa dg

tades es ethyhdedgs= e |gdwîãa à `úog|a dg v|aihsshaèhs ès |gdeî÷gs= es àyes tgcàkanhes+

uwg ea ogsoa tgova go uwg iechkhteo al|hneo cao uwg a ja|èkhste ta|è/sg oehs dh`ìohca g

ånhk. Tadas gssgs ieta|gs iezgo cao uwg as |gvó|tg|gs+ v|adwta|gs g gdhta|gs wthkhzgo cede ygz

oehs as sg|yhîas des essgssa|hes+ vahs as essgssa|gs iechkhteo a ecgssa æs ia`tgs+ ca`t|hlwgo

cao woe evw|eîãa v|èyhe da essw`ta+ a uwg iez cao uwg e te|gie sgje grgcwtede cao ogà|

nesta dg tgova.

Caste"<( "<663( eih|oe uwg+ bajg+ es essgssa|hes dg hov|g`se dgsgovg`beo iw`îãa hova|te`tg

à v|acgssa dg sgkgîãa das eca`tgchog`tas g è v|adwîãa des àtïches uwg |gcglg|eo

yhshlhkhdedg è sachgdedg. Aw sgje+ as essgssa|gs ca`t|hlwgo ve|e uwg as ja|èkhstes cwov|eo

sgw dgyg| cao e sachgdedg+ vahs ejwdeo e iezg| cao uwg e hìa|oeîãa ch|cwkg oehs

iechkog`tg. Dg eca|da cao E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs<3+ |gvó|tg| jú`ha| da va|tek A Tgova+ a

<3 G`t|gyhste dg E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <3!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.





73

\alg|t ên`g|<>+ gdhta| dg v|hogh|e vånhè da ja|èk A Tgova+ eyekhe uwg eolas as

v|aihsshaèhs dgygo t|elekbe| caoa ve|cgh|as+ ‛e ve|th| da oaog`ta go uwg e gov|gse uwg|

dhywkne| eknwoe cahse+ as essgssa|gs tg v|acw|eo g uwe`da yacê ]ja|èkhste_ uwg| eknwoe

hìa|oeîãa sal|g woe dgtg|ohède gov|gse+ e ng`tg sg yakte ve|e gkgs. Wo v|gchse da awt|a‟.

Cao lesg as |gketas das v|aihsshaèhs g`t|gyhstedas+ vadg/sg eih|oe| uwg+ bajg+ grhstg |gkeîãa

dg h`tg|dgvg`dê`che g`t|g ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se.

4.4.4 Ja|èkhstes yg|sws essgssa|gs: caìkhtas+ v|gca`cghtas+ g v|avastes ve|e wo

|gkechaèog`ta gihcez

Sgnw`da Caste"5( "<663+ v.>3(+ essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes vasswgo es ca`dhî÷gs edguwedes ve|eoe`tg| wo ca`yïyha be|oô`hca g v|ayghtasa+ oes hssa só aca||g|å sg ‛sawlg|go ca`st|wh|

woe |gkeîãa lesgede à |gsvghta g à lao dgsgovg`ba v|aihsshaèk‟. Eh`de dg eca|da cao a

ewta|+ as caìkhtas aca||go va| iekte dg ca`bgchog`ta sal|g es `gcgsshdedgs g |athès+ jå uwg

‛wo keda `ãa ca`bgcg a awt|a tãa v|aiw`deog`tg caoa ec|gdhte ca`bgcg|‟.

Dw|e`tg e |gekhzeîãa des g`t|gyhstes dgstg v|ajgta+ tadas as v|aihsshaèhs eih|oe|eo sg|

`gcgsså|ha uwg a essgssa| ca`bgîe e |athè dg t|elekba das ygïcwkas cao as uwehs gstelgkgcgca`teta. Ca`twda+ iah vassïygk àte| uwg as essgssa|gs eih|oeo uwg ca`bgcgo g sg v|gacwveo

cao gssg ieta|+ vahs ec|gdhteo uwg a ca`bgchog`ta des |athès dg t|elekba sgje v|hoa|dhek

ve|e a swcgssa des h`ygsthdes æ hov|g`se. È a uwg àteoas è eih|oeîãa dg Yh|nh`he Oe|he

Ia`sgce dg Cest|a<2+ essgssa|e dg hov|g`se de Eoet|e 3:

Ve|e a essgssa| dg hov|g`se è iw`deog`tek uwg gkg ca`bgîe gsse |athè. Sg`ãa gkg `ãa tgocaoa sg| essgssa| dg hov|g`se+ hssa iez ve|tg de àsse v|aihssãa+ yacê tgo uwg ca`bgcg| es

|athès dg t|elekba das ja|èhs+ selg| ba|e dg igcbeog`ta+ sg yacê khne| v|e ja|èkhste èba|e da igcbeog`ta+ yacê ca||g a |hsca dgkg dgskhne| a tgkgia`g è swe ce|e g yacê yeh ieke|uwg gkg è sgo gdwceîãa g gkg `ãa è. Gkg "essgssa|( tgo uwg selg| e ba|e dg khne|+ gkg tgo uwgselg| e oe`gh|e ca||gte ve|e oe`de| wo |gkgesg+ gkg tgo uwg selg| e ogkba| ba|e g aogkba| dhe ve|e oe|ce| woe cakgthye.

Jå e gdhta|e/cbgig da cedg|à Ohès da ja|èk Bajg go Dhe+ Kghde \ghs<8+ `ãa tgo dúyhdes dg

uwg essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se `ãa ca`bgcgo e |athè dg t|elekba das ygïcwkas. Dg eca|da cao

gke+ woe dgoa`st|eîãa cke|e dhssa è a ieta dg e hìa|oeîãa+ |guwhshtede vgka |gvó|tg|+ `ãa sg|

t|e`sohthde e tgova: ‛Æs ygzgs+ e ng`tg tgo uwg el|h| wo sgnw`da ckhcbê+ va|uwg e

<> G`t|gyhste dg \alg|t ên`g| ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 58!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.<2 G`t|gyhste dg Yh|nh`he Oe|he Ia`sgce dg Cest|a ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 58!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.<8 G`t|gyhste dg Kghde \ghs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 53!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



74

hìa|oeîãa de ewta|hdedg `ãa cbgnaw e tgova. G`tãa+ tgoas a t|elekba g a cwsta dg el|h| wo

sgnw`da ckhcbê ve|e cakace| euwgke vashîãa só ve|e e oetè|he ihce| guwhkhl|ede‟. Caste"5(

"<663( ec|gscg`te uwg ca`bgcg| a |htoa dg t|elekba g a vg|ihk das ygïcwkas è gssg`chek ve|e wo

lao |gkechaèog`ta.

Ve|e Dwe|tg "<663(+ a |gkgesg è a ceèk oehs wthkhzeda ve|e gstelgkgcg| ca`teta cao as

ja|èkhstes. Ca`twda+ e h`tg|`gt g a g`yha des hìa|oeî÷gs et|eyès dg g/oehks iezgo cao uwg

owhtas essgssa|gs vessgo e g`ceoh`be| wo `úog|a hog`sw|åygk dg tgrtas ve|e e |gdeîãa. Sg

grhstgo ye`teng`s à |gkgesg+ caoa v|ethchdedg+ enhkhdedg g |gdwîãa dg cwstas+ teolèo bå

va`tas `gnethyas+ jå uwg sg ewog`te e ‛iekte dg cg|tgze sal|g a |gcglhog`ta g kghtw|e‟

"DWE\TG+ <663+ v.36<(.

A |gkgesg gkgt|ô`hca+ sg wseda sgo oadg|eîãa vgkas essgssa|gs+ ecele+ owhtes ygzgs+ va|

cewse| e`thvethe às ja|èkhstes. Go |gkeîãa e hssa+ \a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs36+ ngsta| dg

caow`hceîãa de Igdg|eîãa des W`hogds Ohès+ tgo vkgè ca`schê`che de hova|tì`che da

dh|gchaèog`ta da oetg|hek ve|e e gdhta|he edguwede+ ygïcwka aw |gvó|tg| uwg vasse e yh|

oe`higste| h`tg|gssg vgke swngstãa dg vewte. Gkg ec|gdhte+ eh`de+ uwg gsse sgje woe oe`gh|e dg

gyhte| vassïyghs caìkhtas cao as ja|èkhstes:

@a oaog`ta uwg yacê hdg`thihce sgw vúlkhca "ja|èkhste(+ uwek è e og`sengo+ a uwg è uwgeuwgkg vúlkhca uwg| a yakwog dg hìa|oeîãa uwg gkg jå tgo sal|g euwgkg essw`ta aw uwg gkg`ãa tgo+ uwek è e dhsvashîãa da vúlkhca go t|ete| sal|g a essw`ta. Vahs æs ygzgs a ja|èkhste`ãa gstå dhsvasta e ieke| sal|g gssg essw`ta. Gssg t|elekba ejwde uwgo gstå è |gdeîãa+ vahsalyheog`tg gw `ãa yaw g`cbg| e cehre dg g/oehk das ja|èkhstes.

Kghke Yhgh|e dg Vh`ba 35+ eèkhste dg caow`hceîãa da Basvhtek Oetg| Dgh+ eih|oe caov|gg`dg|

as dahs kedas da lekcãa+ vahs+ uwe`da t|elekbeye è |gdeîãa dg woe TY+ vg|cglhe e

h`sethsieîãa das ja|èkhstes ea |gcglg| |gkgesgs oek dh|gchaèdas. Ena|e+ caoa essgssa|e+

Kghke eih|oe uwg+ go swe |athè dg t|elekba+ `ãa tgo a bålhta dg dh|gchaè| a g`yha da

oetg|hek. G sg jwsthihce:

Wo grgovka v|åthca: uwe`da gw dhywkna wo |gkgesg+ tg`ba woe eng`de dg dedas dehov|g`se+ cao as g/oehks das ja|èkhstes. Só uwg e ng`tg `ãa iez gsse sgve|eîãa. E ng`tgtgo wo dacwog`ta lkaceda cao yå|has g/oehks+ va|uwg+ è ba|e dg yacê g`yhe| wo |gkgesg+hoenhè yacê cao wo oehkh`n n|e`dg+ g yacê tgo uwg oe`de| a |gkgesg+ uwg è wo `gnóchaewtaoåthca. Sg yacê ia| ihzg| gsse sgve|eîãa+ hssa iez t|ezg| wo ewog`ta à tgova nesta

36 G`t|gyhste dg \a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 5<!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.35 G`t|gyhste dg Kghke Yhgh|e Vh`ba ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <3!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



77

cao e ethyhdedg+ vahs+ sg gw ihzg| gssg ihkt|a+ gw yaw vesse| e neste| owhta tgova. Gw `ãatg`ba tgova ve|e hssa.

Shkyhe dg I|ghtes Deklg`3<+ |gvó|tg| da Va|tek Weh+ eih|oe `ãa yg| oathyas ve|e as ja|èkhstes

|gckeoe|go da grcgssa dg |gkgesgs uwg |gcglgo+ vahs+ sgnw`da gke+ wo |gcw|sa shovkgs vadggyhte| et|htas g`t|g as v|aihsshaèhs. E swngstãa dg Shkyhe è uwg c|he| vestes ve|e uwg as g/oehks

sgjeo sgve|edas caìa|og a h`tg|gssg das ja|èkhstes.

Gw tg`ba vestes g vestes. Grhstgo as dgsthètå|has uwg gw uwg|a selg| a uwg gkgs gstãadhywkne`da+ as iacedas go cwktw|e+ uwg gw dgsthà ve|e e oh`be veste. Bå w`s oehs ng|ehs+uwg gw dghra è veste ng`è|hce. Va|uwg teolèo tgo owhta ja|èkhste uwg+ ve|e ogrg| gocaovwteda|+ è dhiïchk. Æs ygzgs+ gkgs `ãa g`tg`dgo hssa. Oes è só yacê vgdh| ve|e a ce|e dehìa|oåthce uwg gkg iez hssa ve|e yacê. Gw `ãa ecba g||eda |gcglg| wo oa`tg dg g/oehks+`ãa. Ena|e+ gw ecba g||eda+ æs ygzgs. Tgo owhta essgssa| uwg oe`de oehs dg woe ygz a

ogsoa g/oehk.

Jå \alg|t ên`g|33+ gdhta| dg v|hogh|e vånhè da ja|èk A Tgova+ ogsoa t|elekbe`da è

|gdeîãa g cao vawce grvg|hê`che go essgssa|he dg hov|g`se+ caov|gg`dg es `gcgsshdedgs das

essgssa|gs:

È dhiïchk g gw ygja a keda da essgssa|. @gssg wo oês go uwg gw t|elekbgh go essgssa|he+ g|eowhta dhiïchk va|uwg a essgssa| teolèo tgo ogte. Gkg tgo uwg govkece| dgz àtïches va|oês g+ æs ygzgs+ `h`nwèo uwg| euwgke àtïche. A `gnócha è woe cbethcg. Æs ygzgs+ etè gkgselg uwg a essw`ta `ãa è tãa lao g tg`te ca`yg`cg| a awt|a keda uwg euwhka è h`tg|gsse`tg.

Awt|a v|alkgoe dhenàsthceda vgke |gvó|tg| da Va|tek Weh+ Shkyhe Deklg`+ è a g`yha das v|gss

mhts. Dg eca|da cao gke+ owhtas essgssa|gs vg|dgo a sg`sa èthca g g`yheo oetg|hek

caovkgteog`tg dgs`gcgsså|ha: ‛Nasta owhta dg v|gss mht + oes `ãa ygo uwg|g| og caov|e|+

`ãa. \gcgla owhta v|gss mhts+ cahses sgo àîãa+ cahses ce|es. Cke|a uwg grhstgo cahses

h`tg|gsse`tgs g uwg celgo+ oes+ ve|e oho+ `ãa è hssa uwg yeh og iezg| de| oehs aw ogàs

etg`îãa‟.

Ca`twda+ as g||as g iekbes sãa caogthdas dg eolas as kedas+ vahs as essgssa|gs uwg

g`t|gyhsteoas teolèo c|hthceo as ja|èkhstes uwg `ãa caov|gg`dgo uwg+ owhtes ygzgs+ es

hìa|oeî÷gs sãa |gvessedes go wo tgova bålhk+ `ãa va| oå ya`tedg+ oes va|uwg a essgssa|

teolèo tgo khohtgs g dgvg`dg dg awt|es vgssaes ve|e grgcwte| sgw t|elekba. Kghke Yhgh|e dg

Vh`ba34+ eèkhste dg caow`hceîãa da Basvhtek Oetg| Dgh+ c|hthce e ia|oe caoa e dgoe`de è

sakhchtede: ‛E ng`tg iez a vassïygk+ oes teolèo tgoas khohteî÷gs. A t|elekba `ãa dgvg`dg só

3< G`t|gyhste dg Shkyhe I|ghtes Deklg` ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <9!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.33 G`t|gyhste dg \alg|t ên`g| ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 58!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.34 G`t|gyhste dg Kghke Yhgh|e Vh`ba ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <3!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



79

dg yacê+ dgvg`dg dg wo ikwra. A essgssa| tgo uwg dghre| cke|a uwg e dgoe`de ygha cao wo

v|eza cw|ta+ oes uwg yacê yeh sg gsia|îe| ve|e etg`dg|+ oes sgo ne|e`thes‟.

G`t|g essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes+ a v|gca`cghta `ãa vg|oghe gssg |gkechaèog`ta. Gste è e

avh`hãa dg tadas as g`t|gyhstedas `gste vgsuwhse. Sgnw`da Caste"5( "<663(+ woe ‛|gkeîãa

oe|cede vgka v|gca`cghta – uwg dhoh`whw leste`tg às úkthoas eàs+ oes eh`de grhstg – è |who

ve|e es dwes ve|tgs‟. Ve|e Yh|nh`he Oe|he Ia`sgce dg Cest|a37+ essgssa|e dg hov|g`se de

Eoet|e 3+ es c|ïthces go |gkeîãa ea t|elekba da cakgne vadgo etè grhsth|+ oes `ãa grhstg

oathya ve|e v|gca`cghtas.

Te`ta dg woe ve|tg+ uwe`ta dg awt|e+ æs ygzgs grhstgo c|ïthces+ ygkedes aw `ãa. Va| oathyasetè uwg då ve|e g`tg`dg|+ uwg sãa jwstas. As ja|èkhstes dg ygïcwka c|hthceo ve|tg das

essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se+ `ãa sãa tadas+ oes grhstgo essgssa|gs uwg sãa h`ca`yg`hg`tgs+ sãaeiahtas+ `ãa sãa èthcas. Oes+ hìgkhzog`tg+ caoa go tade v|aihssãa+ yacê tgo gssg thva dgv|aihsshaèk. È a essgssa| uwg uwg| hova| dg uwekuwg| oe`gh|e es hìa|oeî÷gs+ uwg letglace cao ja|èkhste+ gssgs sãa as c|hthcedas. Oes as ja|èkhstes dg oe`gh|e ng|ek+ `ãa têov|gca`cghta ca`t|e essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se+ t|eteo lgo as essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se+ selgo ehova|tì`che da t|elekba das essgssa|gs+ selgo uwg bajg+ gkgs vadgo gste| è |gdeîãa geoe`bã go woe essgssa|he+ vahs hssa è owhta caowo go àsse å|ge. È owhta caowo gsset|ace dg iw`îãa.

Gsse avh`hãa teolèo è caove|thkbede va| Kghde \ghs39+ gdhta|e/cbgig da cedg|à Ohès da

ja|èk Bajg go Dhe g va| Shkyhe Deklg`3>+ |gvó|tg| da Va|tek Weh. Eoles ec|gdhteo uwg `ãa

grhstg v|gca`cghta cao a t|elekba grg|chda vgkas ja|èkhstes ès essgssa|hes. Shkyhe caog`te

uwg:

Twda è owhte ca`svh|eîãa dg iecwkdedg+ uwe`da yacê gstå ia|e da og|ceda. Hssa `ãa grhstg.Grhstgo v|aihsshaèhs uwg t|elekbeo cao essgssa|hes+ grhstgo v|aihsshaèhs uwg t|elekbeocao ygïcwkas g grhstgo v|aihsshaèhs uwg yãa t|elekbe| caoa eèkhste dg caow`hceîãa+ caoagrhstgo v|aihsshaèhs uwg yãa t|elekbe| go awt|es å|ges. Ve|e oho+ `ãa tgo dhig|g`îe`g`bwoe.

Dhe`tg des eih|oeî÷gs das g`t|gyhstedas+ vg|cglg/sg woe |gkeîãa ca|dhek g`t|g asv|aihsshaèhs. Te`ta essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se uwe`ta ja|èkhstes selgo de hova|tì`che da

t|elekba dg eolas ve|e e ca`st|wîãa des vewtes g àtïches uwg ca`t|hlwgo ve|e uwg e

sachgdedg oe`tg`be/sg hìa|oede g gst|wtw|g es v|óv|hes avh`h÷gs ecg|ce das ietas. \a`x

Bwdsa` Ika|gs32+ ngsta| dg caow`hceîãa de Igdg|eîãa des W`hogds Ohès+ ec|gdhte è

ca|dhekhdedg g`t|g gssgs v|aihsshaèhs: ‛A oehs hova|te`tg è uwg as v|aihsshaèhs tg`beo e

vg|cgvîãa de owde`îe da og|ceda uwg bajg el|g gsveîa ve|e etweîãa da v|aihsshaèk uwg

37 G`t|gyhste dg Yh|nh`he Oe|he Ia`sgce dg Cest|a ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 54!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.39 G`t|gyhste dg Kghde \ghs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste <3!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.3> G`t|gyhste dg Shkyhe I|ghtes Deklg` ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <9!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.32 G`t|gyhste dg \a`x Bwdsa` Ika|gs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 5<!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



7>

e`tgs só ihceye iaceda go |gdeî÷gs‟. E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs38+ |gvó|tg| da Va|tek A Tgova+

eih|oe uwg e ca|dhekhdedg dgyg grhsth| sgov|g+ vahs a t|elekba dg ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs è

dgvg`dg`tg:

Gke ]e |gkeîãa_ è ca|dhek. Etè va|uwg e ng`tg v|gchse owhta des essgssa|hes. @ãa edhe`te eng`tg ecbe| uwg só va|uwg `ós gsteoas dgvg`dg`da de essgssa|he+ e ng`tg tgo uwg grhnh|+tgo uwg sg| n|assa. Tgo uwg sg| ca|dhek+ sho. Tgo uwg en|edgcg| g vgdh|+ va| ieya|+ grvkhce|e shtweîãa+ ca`yg|se| cao cekoe. @a kacek go uwg t|elekba e àsse |gkeîãa è owhta lae+ eng`tg `ãa tgo à ng|ek v|alkgoes `g`bwo. A uwg vadg eca`tgcg| sãa |hsuwh`bes+ oewsg`tg`dhdas æs ygzgs va| àsse ve|tg+ æs ygzgs vgke ve|tg des essgssa|hes+ oes ède uwget|evekbg e |gkeîãa. Eknwoes ygzgs as ja|èkhstes gsuwgcgo uwg teolèo dgvg`dgo dasessgssa|gs dg hov|g`se. @a ogw cesa+ gw tg`ba vkgè ca`schê`che dg uwg a ogw t|elekbadgvg`dg owhta dg essgssa|he dg hov|g`se g etè va| hssa+ gw v|acw|a t|ete| tada ow`da owhtalgo+ va|uwg e ng`tg `ãa selg a dhe dg eoe`bã. Eoe`bã gw vassa h| ve|e| dg`t|a dg woeessgssa|he g eknwèo vadg kgol|e| uwg gw iwh |wdg+ n|asse g hssa `ãa è lao. Gw ecba uwg

tadas têo uwg kgol|e| uwg tada ow`da è ja|èkhste+ g e ng`tg gstå khde`da cao cakgnes.

4.4.9 Dhces dg ca`yhyê`che: ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs swng|go oadas dg be|oa`hze| |gkeîãa

Ea ka`na des g`t|gyhstes dgstg v|ajgta+ essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa eva`te|eo oadas

dg ogkba|e| e ca`yhyê`che g`t|g eolas+ à uwg te`ng eas sgnwh`tgs htg`s g ethyhdedgs:

4.4.9.5 \gkgesgs – A |gkgesg hdgek tg|he+ à oårhoa+ woe vånhè+ cao hìa|oeî÷gs cke|es g

aljgthyes. Ve|e Shkyhe Deklg`46

+ |gvó|tg| da Va|tek Weh+ a essgssa|+ ea gsc|gyg| wo |gkgesg+dgyg|he kgol|e|/sg das ca`cghtas dg |gva|teng`s g àtïches: ‛@e àtïche+ yacê gsc|gyg a kged

à|oek+ wo ve|ån|eia cao eknwoe hìa|oeîãa g awt|a igcbe`da a tgrta. @e |gva|tengo+ yacê

yeh vgne| a uwg eca`tgcgw g dgsogol|e|. @es essgssa|hes+ sãa vawces es uwg dgsogol|eo wo

tgoe uwg tg`be sg`thda ve|e e sachgdedg‟.

4.4.9.< Iaca des vewtes – Ja|èkhste ãa naste uwg essgssa|gs dh|gcha`go aw dhscwteo e vewte.

Jeèïè Oe|th`s

45

+ gdhta|e/edjw`te da cedg|à Ohès da ja|èk Bajg go Dhe+ |gssekte uwg+ èsvawces ygzgs go uwg tgyg et|hta cao as essgssa|gs+ a oathya iah a uwgsthaèog`ta+ va| ve|tg

de essgssa|he+ de v|óv|he vewte: ‛Gkgs ]essgssa|gs_ iekeo uwg a essw`ta `ãa yekg oetè|he. G gw

|gsva`da: ‒Yacê `ãa tgo uwg eyekhe| sg yekg oetè|he= a uwg yacê tgo uwg og ieke| è sg e

gov|gse yeh sg vashchaè| aw `ãa‘‟.

38 G`t|gyhste dg E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <3!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.46 G`t|gyhste dg Shkyhe I|ghtes Deklg` ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <9!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.45 G`t|gyhste dg Jeèïè Oe|th`s ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 53!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



72

4.4.9.3 Sakhchteîãa dg dgoe`des – As essgssa|gs ec|gdhteo uwg+ owhtes ygzgs+ as ja|èkhstes

`ãa caov|gg`dgo a iw`chaèog`ta dg woe essgssa|he g+ va| hssa+ sakhchteo dgoe`des cao

wo v|eza owhta cw|ta ve|e e |gekhzeîãa. L|ïnhde Ekyho4<+ caa|dgèda|e dg etg`dhog`ta de

Enê`che OBD Caow`hceîãa+ eih|oe uwg e caov|gg`sãa è `gcgsså|he dg eoles es ve|tgs:

Gw ecba uwg grhstgo `ïyghs dg v|aihsshaèkhsoa. Bå ja|èkhstes uwg sãa owhta v|aihsshaèhs g

g`tg`dgo e hova|tì`che da àssa t|elekba ve|e gkgs. Oes tgo ja|èkhste uwg `ãa tgo gsse

ogsoe caov|gg`sãa+ vahs `ós+ essgssa|gs+ teolèo tgoas e àsse |athè. E ng`tg teolèo è

ja|èkhste+ tgoas v|ezas. @asse |athè teolèo è kawce+ g`tãa tgo ja|èkhste uwg khne g ieke:

‛Gw v|gchsa dhssa go oghe ba|e‟+ g owhtes ygzgs gkg `ãa selg uwg hssa `ãa dgvg`dg só dg

oho g gkgs têo uwg g`tg`dg| hssa+ ecba uwg a uwg tgo uwg ogkba|e| è uwg: de ogsoe ia|oe

caoa `ós tgoas uwg dgsg`yakyg| e caov|gg`sãa g ca`bgchog`ta de |athè è |gdeîãa

eca`tgcg owhta deuwgkg ja|èkhste só ca`bgcg| de |gdeîãa g `ãa ca`bgcg| de essgssa|he+

owhtes ygzgs gkgs ogàsv|gzeo g `ãa g`tg`dgo. È cke|a uwg e essgssa|he tgo uwg iezg| a

oårhoa ve|e etg`dg| as ja|èkhstes. Gke tgo uwg sg edguwe|. Oes gw teolèo ecba uwg th`be

uwg tg| wo vawca dgsse cwovkhchdedg da awt|a keda. @ãa gstaw dhzg`da uwg `ãa eca`tgîe.

Etè ecba uwg hssa dgvg`dg da `ïygk da v|aihsshaèkhsoa de vgssae uwg gstå da keda dg kå+

dgvg`dg da essgssa| g da ja|èkhste ve|e gsse |gkeîãa iw`chaè| lgo.

4.4.9.4 I|eùwgze g dhåkana elg|ta – As g`t|gyhstedas ec|gdhteo uwg a dhåkana i|e`caca`t|hlwh ve|e uwg as v|aihsshaèhs uwg dgvg`dgo w`s das awt|as vasseo ca`sgnwh| oe`tg|

|gkeîãa ca|dhek g v|ayghtase. Yh|nh`he Oe|he Ia`sgce dg Cest|a43+ essgssa|e dg hov|g`se de

Eoet|e 3+ ec|gdhte uwg a dhåkana è iw`deog`tek ve|e e oe`wtg`îãa da |gkechaèog`ta. Dg

eca|da cao gke+ gste t|ace è lg`èihce ve|e a ja|èkhste+ uwg+ æs ygzgs+ tgo e al|hneîãa dg iezg|

woe oetè|he sal|g wo essw`ta uwg dgsca`bgcg. A lao essgssa| dgyg gste| elg|ta e grvkhce| a

essw`ta. Tek ethtwdg teolèo è óthoe ve|e a essgssa|+ uwg tgo e ava|tw`hdedg dg h`sg|h| è

oïdhe wo essw`ta dg h`tg|gssg dg sgw ckhg`tg+ g de oe`gh|e ca||gte.

Ve|e Jeèhè Oe|th`s44+ gdhta|e/edjw`te da cedg|à Ohès da ja|èk Bajg go Dhe+ ‛e

sh`cg|hdedg ejwde e oe`tg| gsse ve|cg|he ca`ste`tg‟. E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs47+ |gvó|tg| da Va|tek

A Tgova+ teolèo yeka|hze a dhåkana g e sh`cg|hdedg. E ja|èkhste caog`te uwg `go sgov|g a

essgssa| vadg |gvesse| tades es hìa|oeî÷gs sakhchtedes vgke hov|g`se+ oes uwg e ogkba|

oe`gh|e dg `ãa c|he| et|htas è e sh`cg|hdedg.

4< G`t|gyhste dg L|ïnhde Ekyho ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <<!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.43 G`t|gyhste dg Yh|nh`he Oe|he Ia`sgce dg Cest|a ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 54!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.44 G`t|gyhste dg Jeèïè Oe|th`s ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go 53!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.47 G`t|gyhste dg E`è Ikåyhe @w`gs ca`cgdhde e @úlhe Caste go <3!64!<656+ Lgka Ba|hza`tg.



78

Gw ecba uwg ve|e a essgssa| ca`t|hlwh| cao a ogw t|elekba+ sg gkg `ãa vwdg| og vesse| tadeses hìa|oeî÷gs dg uwg gw v|gchsa+ uwg vgka ogàs og g`rg|nwg caoa ja|èkhste+ caoa woe|gvó|tg| uwg v|gchse des hìa|oeî÷gs+ g iekg ve|e oho: ‛Akbe+ gw só vassa tg vesse| etè euwh.

Gw g`tg`da uwg yacê v|gchse des hìa|oeî÷gs+ oes à oaog`ta gw só vassa tg vesse| etèeuwh‟. G `ãa+ shovkgsog`tg+ ieke| cao n|assg|he+ ieke| uwg è só hssa g v|a`ta. Gkg tgo uwgg`rg|ne| a awt|a caoa ja|èkhste g ieke|: ‛Gw sgh uwg yacê v|gchse dg oehs+ oes gw só vassatg vesse| etè euwh‟+ caoa jå eca`tgcgw caohna yå|hes ygzgs aw caoa teolèo jå eca`tgcgwda essgssa| ieke| uwg `ãa selhe g v|gchseye evw|e| e hìa|oeîãa+ uwg gw ca`shdg|a uwg sgje eogkba| sakwîãa.

Essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes g`t|gyhstedas |gygkeo/sg owhta ca`schg`tgs da vevgk dgsgovg`beda

vgka awt|a v|aihsshaèk dg`t|a da v|acgssa dg ca`st|wîãa de àtïche. Ve|e \wtb \ghs "5888(+ as

vguwgàs et|htas g e dhsca|dì`che dg vg`seog`tas iezgo ve|tg de |athè dg t|elekba. Eihèk+

gkgs etweo go i|a`ts dhig|g`tgs. As v|gca`cghtas g as vassïyghs dgsg`tg`dhog`tas dgca||go+owhtes ygzgs+ de etweîãa das essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se go dgtg|ohèdas vg|ïadas bhstó|hcas.

Hova|te`tg |gssekte|+ eh`de+ uwg e |gekhdedg dg t|elekba dgssgs caow`hcókanas owdaw g es

`gcgsshdedgs g e vg|cgvîãa sal|g a t|elekba uwg dgyg sg| dgsg`yakyhda iah oadhihcede.



96

7 CA@CKWSÃA

Et|eyès de vgsuwhse |gekhzede `gste oaàn|eihe+ iah vassïygk caov|gg`dg| caoa è e |athè dgt|elekba dg wo essgssa| dg hov|g`se g teolèo e dg wo ja|èkhste uwg v|gste sg|yhîas e wo

ygïcwka dg caow`hceîãa. Ihcaw gyhdg`tg uwg ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se+ ogsoa

sg`da v|aihsshaèhs dg caow`hceîãa+ vasswgo ethyhdedgs dhå|hes owhta dhsth`tes. Uwgo

dgsg`yakyg es ethyhdedgs yaktedes ve|e a ja|èkhsoa hov|gssa+ acwve/sg saog`tg dg ethyhdedgs

ja|èkïsthces+ go uwe`ta eas essgssa|gs è oeha|he des ygzgs caovgtgo ethyhdedgs dg

oe|mgth`n+ gyg`tas+ |gkeî÷gs vúlkhces g etè dg ce|åtg| vwlkhchtå|ha. Ca`twda+ as v|aihsshaèhs

g`t|gyhstedas sg oast|e|eo owhta ca`schg`tgs dgsse dhig|g`îe g caov|gg`dgo uwg gkes sgjeo

`gcgsså|hes+ vahs grhstgo ce|ectg|ïsthces dhig|g`tgs à t|elekba grgcwteda va| gssgs

v|aihsshaèhs.

Sal|g es |athès dg t|elekba+ eolas ec|gdhteo uwg sgje iw`deog`tek uwg wo essgssa| ca`bgîe

es te|gies g ba|å|has dg woe |gdeîãa. Dg eca|da cao as ja|èkhstes g`t|gyhstedas gssg

ca`bgchog`ta iechkhte a t|elekba das dahs v|aihsshaèhs+ vadgo v|ava|chaè| oehs êrhta æs

h`ygsthdes das essgssa|gs g eh`de ca`t|hlwh ve|e uwg a ja|èkhste cwov|e v|ezas g etg`desethsieta|heog`tg e swe dgoe`de. As essgssa|gs teolèo ec|gdhteo uwg gssg ca`bgchog`ta

sgje úthk+ oes ve|e eknw`s ja|èkhstes g`t|gyhstedas+ eh`de grhstgo essgssa|gs uwg dgsca`bgcgo

aw hnà|eo a t|elekba dgsg`yakyhda go woe |gdeîãa+ g è `gssg oaog`ta uwg as caìkhtas

vadgo sw|nh|. Ve|e as ja|èkhstes g`t|gyhstedas uwe`da a essgssa| ca`bgcg e |athè des

|gdeî÷gs è vassïygk uwg a t|elekba sgje dgsg`yakyhda cao oeha| iechkhdedg. Ve|e eknw`s

v|aihsshaèhs gssg ca`bgchog`ta è dg grt|goe hova|tì`che+ vahs dgsse oe`gh|e a essgssa|

ca`sgnwg sg shtwe| go |gkeîãa eas v|ezas+ |htoa dg t|elekba g teolèo c|htè|has dgàthchelhkhdedg wthkhzedas vgkas v|aihsshaèhs uwg gstãa ès |gdeî÷gs.

Hdg`thihceoas eh`de uwg as ja|èkhstes yeka|hzeo a t|elekba das essgssa|gs dg hov|g`se g

caov|gg`dgo uwg gkgs ca`t|hlwgo ve|e uwg es hìa|oeî÷gs sgjeo eduwh|hdes oehs iechkog`tg

vgkas ygïcwkas+ ekèo dg owhtes ygzgs enhkhze| a v|acgssa dg evw|eîãa. Da awt|a keda+

essgssa|gs têo vkgè ca`schê`che da vevgk uwg acwveo à v|acgssa dg ca`st|wîãa des

àtïches+ as g`t|gyhstedas dghre|eo cke|a uwg vg|cglgo uwg bajg+ es essgssa|hes ewrhkheo a



95

t|elekba das |gvó|tg|gs g tadas as essgssa|gs ca`shdg|eo uwg a t|elekba dgsg`yakyhda va| gkgs

sgje iw`deog`tek ve|e es te|gies uwg sãa |gekhzedes dg`t|a des |gdeî÷gs.

As |gkgesgs sãa yhstas vgkas v|aihsshaèhs caoa wo hova|te`tg ceèk dg caow`hceîãa+ va|èo

eolas |gssekte|eo uwg ve|e uwg gkg sgje gihcez è v|gchsa uwg sgje lgo dh|gchaèda+ cao

hìa|oeî÷gs swch`tes g dgyg ca`tg| hìa|oeî÷gs dg h`tg|gssg ja|èkïsthca+ aw sgje+ hìa|oeî÷gs

uwg og|gîeo sg| dhihcwkdedgs è oïdhe+ vahs sãa |gkgye`tgs ve|e e sachgdedg. As ja|èkhstes sg

uwghre|eo das tgrtas vwlkhchtå|has+ go uwe`ta as essgssa|gs eih|oe|go uwg dhywkne|

hìa|oeî÷gs dg h`tg|gssg vúlkhca sgje sgov|g kgyeda go ca`shdg|eîãa ve|e uwg as essw`tas

sgjeo sgkgchaèdas. Eih|oe|eo uwg têo vkgè ca`schê`che dg uwg `ãa edhe`te g`yhe| |gkgesgs

dg og|e dhywkneîãa ve|e uwg e hìa|oeîãa dgsvg|tg a h`tg|gssg de hov|g`se a tgrta v|gchse

ca`tg| essw`tas uwg hovectgo è sachgdedg.

Evgse| dg eknw`s ewta|gs eih|oe|go uwg essgssa|gs g ja|èkhstes dg ygïcwkas vasswgo

|gkechaèog`ta caìkhtwasa g oe|ceda va| v|gca`cghtas+ è v|åthce+ ca`steteoas uwg as

v|aihsshaèhs g`t|gyhstedas yêgo gsse |gkeîãa caoa sg`da be|oô`hce+ gcgsså|he ve|e eolas g

uwg bajg+ è vg|cglhde caoa woe ve|cg|he+ a`dg as dahs eng`tgs g`yakyhdas ca`t|hlwgo g`gcgsshteo de ethyhdedg grg|chde vgka awt|a. Ve|e owhtas g`t|gyhstedas a v|gca`cghta g es

|hres sãa h`grhstg`tgs. Owhtas v|aihsshaèhs eih|oeo uwg a uwg grhstg sãa as dgsg`tg`dhog`tas

uwg aca||go g`t|g dahs v|aihsshaèhs uwg sg |gkechaèo dhe|heog`tg g uwg vadgo vasswh|

avh`h÷gs g h`tg|gssgs dhsth`tas g hssa vadg ng|e| sho dgsg`tg`dhog`tas+ oes `ãa v|gca`cghtas.

Etè as dgsg`tg`dhog`tas sãa yhstas cao ètw|ekhdedg vgkas v|aihsshaèhs+ vahs as

g`t|gyhstedas ec|gdhteo uwg ieîeo ve|tg de |athè dg t|elekba. Ca`twda+ tadas ec|gdhteo uwg

a |gsvghta+ e èthce g a dhåkana i|e`ca dgygo |gng| gssg |gkechaèog`ta+ vahs sãa gssgsgkgog`tas uwg ie|ãa cao uwg gssgs caow`hcókanas uwg `gssg oaog`ta gstãa etwe`da go

kedas avastas da lekcãa ca`shneo sg |gkechaè| g grg|cg| cede uwek e swe iw`îãa.



9<

\GIG\Ê@CHES

LWG@A+ ^hksa` de Caste. Caow`hceîãa Gov|gse|hek: tga|he g vgsuwhse. Le|wg|h: Oeàkg+<663.

CEKDES+ N|eîe. \gkechaèog`ta Essgssa| dg Hov|g`se!Ja|èkhste: Saoas tadas Ja|èkhstes.H`: DWE\TG+ Ja|ng "a|n.(. Essgssa|he dg hov|g`se g |gkechaèog`ta cao e oïdhe – Tga|he gtèc`hce. Sãa Vewka: Etkes+ < ª gdhîãa+ <663.

CBEVE\\A+ Oe`wgk Ce|kas. Cgo eàs dg Essgssa|he dg Hov|g`se. H`: DWE\TG+ Ja|ng"a|n.(. Essgssa|he dg hov|g`se g |gkechaèog`ta cao e oïdhe – Tga|he g tèc`hce. Sãa Vewka:Etkes+ <ª gdhîãa+ <663.

CBEVE\\A+ Oe`wgk Ce|kas. V|enoåthce da Ja|èkhsoa: lwsces v|åthces ve|e woe tga|he deeîãa ja|èkïsthce. Sãa Vewka: Swoows. 5884.

CASTE "5(+ Bèkcha. @aya vecta g`t|g |gdeî÷gs g essgssa|hes. Hsta è vassïygk1 H`: CASTE+Kgtïche Oe|he de. R de uwgstãa: ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa g dg essgssa|he dg hov|g`se. Tewletè:Vevgk L|eshk+ <663.

CASTE "<(+ Kgtïche Oe|he de. A ja|èkhsoa e uwet|a oãas: |gvg`se`da e |gsva`selhkhdedgsachek. H`: CASTE+ Kgtïche Oe|he de. R de uwgstãa: ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa g dg essgssa|he dghov|g`se. Tewletè: Vevgk L|eshk+ <663.

DWE\TG+ Ja|ng. \gkgesg: Bhstó|he+ tèc`hce+ wsas g elwsas "v.<29/367(. H`: DWE\TG+ Ja|ng"a|n.(. Essgssa|he dg hov|g`se g |gkechaèog`ta cao e oïdhe – Tga|he g tèc`hce. Sãa Vewka:Etkes+ <ª gdhîãa+ <663.

DWE\TG+ Ja|ng. V|adwtas g sg|yhîas dg woe essgssa|he dg hov|g`se. H`: DWE\TG+ Ja|ng"a|n.(. Essgssa|he dg hov|g`se g |gkechaèog`ta cao e oïdhe – Tga|he g tèc`hce. Sãa Vewka:Etkes+ <ª gdhîãa+ <663.

DWE\TG+ Ja|ng. Essgssa|he dg Hov|g`se à L|eshk. H`: DWE\TG+ Ja|ng "a|n.(. Essgssa|he dghov|g`se g |gkechaèog`ta cao e oïdhe – Tga|he g tèc`hce. Sãa Vewka: Etkes+ < ª gdhîãa+ <663.

G\LAKETA+ Oå|ha. Tèc`hces g cadhihceîãa go ja|èkhsoa: |gdeîãa cevteîãa g gdhîãa à ja|èk dhå|ha. Sãa Vewka. 7 gdhîãa. Åthce. 5885.

I\E@ÎE+ Yg|e Yghne. A Ja|èkhsoa g Yhde Sachek: E bhstó|he dg wo ja|èk oh`gh|a. LgkaBa|hza`tg: WION. 5882.

NEHKKE\D+ Vbhkhvvg. A Ja|èkhsoa. Chdedg. Gdhta|e Vwlkhceî÷gs Gw|ave/Eoè|hce.3 gdhîãa+58>5. "Cakgîãa Selg|(

NEOE+ \wbe`h Oehe= DEDEKTA Oe|he C|hsthè. E àtïche caoa ca`st|wîãa sachek à

w`hyg|sa ja|èkïsthca. Dhsva`ïygk go: ; bttv:!!~~~.lacc.wii.l|!ven!ygkbe/dedekta/neoe/àthche/caoa/ca`st|wcea/sachek.vdi 0. Ecgsseda go <5 dg el|hk dg <656.



93

MAVVKH@+ Gkhse g IG\\E\GTTA+ Kwhz E|tw|. Essgssa|he dg Hov|g`se: Tga|he g V|åthce.Va|ta Ekgn|g: Gdhta|e Sen|e Kwzzetta+ 3ª gdhîãa+ <666.

MW@SCB+ Oe|ne|hde Oe|he M|abkh`n. Vke`gjeog`ta dg \gkeî÷gs Vúlkhces è Caow`hceîãa

H`tgn|ede. Chdedg: Swoows+ gdhîãa.5884.

KENG+ @hksa`. Gst|wtw|e de atïche. Sãa Vewka. Åthce+ 7 gdhîãa+ 5888. "Sè|hg V|h`cïvhas(

OECBEDA+ G`ha. \gdeîãa R Essgssa|he: v|aihsshaèkhsoa swvg|e`da v|gca`cghta. H`:CASTE+ Kgtïche Oe|he de. R de uwgstãa: ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa g dg essgssa|he dg hov|g`se.Tewletè: Vevgk L|eshk+ <663.

OEIGH+ Oe|hstgke. Essgssa|he dg Hov|g`se: caoa sg |gkechaè| cao e oïdhe. Sãa Vewka:Ca`tgrta+ <ª gdhîãa+ <667. "Cakgîãa Caow`hceîãa(

OG@DA@ÎE+ Gkhe`g. E dhiïchk |gkeîãa g`t|g ja|èkhstes g essgssa|gs. H`: CASTE+ KgtïcheOe|he de. R de uwgstãa: ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa g dg essgssa|he dg hov|g`se. Tewletè: VevgkL|eshk+ <663.

OA@TGH\A+ I|e`îe N|eîe. E àtïche h`sthtwchaèk. H`: DWE\TG+ Ja|ng "a|n.(. Essgssa|he dghov|g`se g |gkechaèog`ta cao e oïdhe – Tga|he g tèc`hce. Sãa Vewka: Etkes+ < ª gdhîãa+ <663.

OA\GTZSAB@+ Sxkyhe. E ygkachdedg caoa igthcbg – a dhscw|sa ja|èkïsthca è g|e da,tgova |gek,. Dhsva`ïygk go: ; bttv:!!lacc.wlh.vt!ven!oa|gtzsab`/sxkyheygkachdedg/

ja|èkhsoa/6.btok 0. Ecgssa go: <5 dg el|hk dg <656.

AKHYGH\E+ Oe|he dg Iåthoe Caste dg. Ja|èkhste yg|sws Essgssa|: uwg gtbas h`ca|va|e1.Dhsva`ïygk go: ; bttv:!!~~~.caotgrta.cao.l|!<ca`yhcaocessgssa|heIeietg.bto0. Ecgssa go<5 dg el|hk dg <656.

VGD\ASA+ Oe|cgka. \gkechaèog`ta cao e hov|g`se: wo cesa dg eoa|+ ódha g kged. H`:CASTE+ Kgtïche Oe|he de. R de uwgstãa: ja|èkhstes dg |gdeîãa g dg essgssa|he dg hov|g`se.Tewletè: Vevgk L|eshk+ <663.

VG\GH\E+ Iålha Bg`|huwg= KECG\DE+ Eè Nwg||gh|a= Se`tas+ Ohcbgkkg Oettas das. Es|athès v|adwthyes è calg|tw|e ja|èkïsthce de V|gshdê`che à L|eshk. Dhsva`ïygk go ;

bttv:!!~~~.lacc.wii.l|!ven!vg|gh|e/ielha/bg`|huwg/|athès/v|adwthyes.vdi 0. Ecgssa go: <5 dgel|hk dg <656.

\GNA+ I|e`chsca Newdê`cha Ta|uweta da. Ja|èkhsoa Gov|gse|hek:Tga|he g V|åthce. 4ªgdhîãa. Sãa Vewka: Swoows+ 582>. "@ayes lwsces go caow`hceîãa+ y.<<(

\GNA+ I|e`chsca Newdê`cha Ta|uweta da. Caow`hceîãa gov|gse|hek+ caow`hceîãa

h`sthtwchaèk: ca`cghtas+ gst|etènhes+ shstgoes+ gst|wtw|e+ vke`gjeog`ta g tèc`hces. 7ª gdhîãa.Sãa Vewka: Swoows+ 5829. "@ayes lwsces go caow`hceîãa+ y.55(

\GNA+ I|e`chsca Newdê`cha Ta|uweta da. T|eteda dg Caow`hceîãa A|ne`hzechaèk g v|åthce.

Sãa Vewka: Vha`gh|e Tbaosa` Kge|`h`n+ <664.



94

\GHS+ \wtb. E Yg|dedg das ietas: a vevgk des essgssa|hes dg caow`hceîãa g da ja|èkhsoa èogdheîãa das dhscw|sas sachehs. Dhsva`ïygk go:bttv:!!~~~.w`hyg|chg`che.a|n!h`dgr.vbv!l|a~sg!h`dgr!56>1sa|tA|dg|Hd?)|gca|dsVeng?<0.Ecgsseda go <5 dg el|hk dg <656.

\AD\HNWGS+ Ed|heà Dwe|tg. A eca`tgchog`ta. H`: T\EUWH@ES+ @gksa` "a|n.(.Ja|èkhsoa: uwgst÷gs+ tga|hes g ‛bhsta|hes‟. Khslae: Ygne+ <ª gdhîãa. 5888.

\WBE@H+ Oehe Neoe= DEDEKTA+ Oe|he C|hsthè. E àtïche caoa ca`st|wîãa sachek àw`hyg|sa ja|èkïsthca. Dhsva`ïygk go ;bttv:!!~~~.lacc.wii.l|!ven!ygkbe/dedekta/neoe/àthche/caoa/ca`st|wcea/sachek.vdi 0. Ecgssa go: <5 dg el|hk dg <656.

SGEL\E+ \alg|ta. V|adwîãa de àtïche: e |gdeîãa g a ja|èkhste. H`: DWE\TG+ Ja|ng "a|n.(.Essgssa|he dg hov|g`se g |gkechaèog`ta cao e oïdhe – Tga|he g tèc`hce. Sãa Vewka: Etkes+ <ªgdhîãa+ <663.

SGHRES+ en`g|. Essgssa| ãa è ja|èkhste. 5888.

SAWSE. Ja|ng Vgd|a. Es àtïches g as sgws gightas. Es ‛Tga|hes‟ da ja|èkhsoa g das gightas

sachehs das ogdhe ja|èkïsthcas. Dhsva`ïygk go: ; bttv:!!lacc.wlh.vt!ven!sawse/vgd|a/ja|ng/àthches/gightas.btok 0. Ecgssa go: <5 dg el|hk dg <656.

T\EUWH@ES+ @gksa`. Es àtïches. H`: T\EUWH@ES+ @gksa` "a|n.(. Ja|èkhsoa: uwgst÷gs+tga|hes g ‛bhsta|hes‟. Khslae: Ygne+ <ª gdhîãa. 5888.

ÂKI+ Oew|a. Tga|hes de Caow`hceîãa. Khslae: V|gsg`îe+ >ª gdhîãa+ <66<.

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OS DOIS LADOS DO BALCÃO Análise do relacionamento entre assessores de imprensa e jornalistas dos diários Estado de Minas, O Tempo e Hoje em Dia