Aula 01 fcc_ingles_7620

TRT 3 - Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios

Professor Leandro Cavalcanti

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AULA 01: Tempos Verbais

Sumário 1. Tempos Verbais. ............................................................................................................................ 2

2. Simple Present. .............................................................................................................................. 2

3. Present Continuous. ....................................................................................................................... 3

4. Simple Past ..................................................................................................................................... 5

5. Past Continuous ........................................................................................................................... 13

6. Simple Future (Will) ..................................................................................................................... 14

7. Simple Future (Going to) .............................................................................................................. 15

8. Will ou Be Going to? .................................................................................................................... 16

9. Present Perfect ............................................................................................................................ 16

10. Present Perfect Continuous ..................................................................................................... 17

11. Past Perfect .............................................................................................................................. 18

12. Past Perfect Continuous ........................................................................................................... 19

13. Future Continuous ................................................................................................................... 19

14. Future Perfect .......................................................................................................................... 20

15. Future Perfect Continuous ....................................................................................................... 21

16. Lista de Questões ..................................................................................................................... 23

17. Gabarito ................................................................................................................................... 38

18. Curiosidade .............................................................................................................................. 39

Olá pessoal! Nesta aula iremos ver sobre os tempos verbais e suas aplicacões e uma lista de

exercícios com gabarito para fixação do conteúdo estudado.




1. Tempos Verbais. Na língua inglesa os verbos são conjugados assim como na língua portuguesa, em três formas, o presente, o passado e o futuro, o que mudam são suas variações e são estas variações e a forma de usá-‐las que trataremos nesta unidade.

2. Simple Present.

As conjugações verbais em inglês praticamente não flexionam, um dos poucos casos em que se ocorre esta flexão é o Simple Present, na terceira pessoa do singular devemos acrescentar o s ao infinitivo sem o uso do to, a não ser pelos verbos terminados em o, ch, s, ss, sh, x ou z, em que se usa es, assim sendo go vira goes, brush vira brushes, fix passa a ser fixes e assim por diante, nos casos em que o verbo for terminado em y após um consoante trocamos por ies, try passa a ser tries, study vira studies, mas, somente nos casos em que o y precede uma consoante, nos caso em que o y é precedido por vogal permanece a regra inicial aonde é colocado s no fim do verbo, play passa a ser plays, toy vira toys. O Simple Present pode ser usado para: Expressar uma verdade absoluta, como por exemplo “The sky is blue”, o céu é azul e não passará a ser de outra coisa nem mesmo já foi de outra cor. Falarmos de hábitos, rotinas, situações ou ações que ocorrem com certa frequência, nestas situações é comum vermos advérbios de frequência como always, sometimes, usually , every day, every hour, mas o fato de ser comum não significa que o uso destes passa a ser regra. “I usually go to the cinema”, “She sometimes studies german”. Indicar uma situação atual, ou mesmo uma condição geral, “I live in Brasília”, “My wife works at the hospital”. Expressar opiniões, desejos, gostos ou preferências aonde é bem comum encontrarmos verbos como want, like, hate, think, hope. “I hate sweet fruits”, “She likes icecream”. Podemos também fazer uso do Simple Present para expressar uma condição futura ao qual não temos controle, ou seja, tem hora marcada para acontecer. “The Train goes to São Paulo at 10:00AM”, “The World Cup begins in July”. Agora vamos as diferentes formas de uso do Simple Present. Forma Afirmativa: Sujeito + Verbo (-‐ to) para 1ª e 2ª pessoa do singular Sujeito + Verbo (-‐ to) + s para a 3ª pessoa do singular Ex.: I study english She studies spanish We study different languages I play music She/He plays music We play music Forma Negativa: Sujeito + do not (don’t) + infinitivo (-‐ to) 1ª e 2ª pessoa




Sujeito + does not (doesn’t) + infinitivo (-‐to) 3ª pessoa Ex.: I don’t work She/He doesn’t like games They don’t eat too much Forma Interrogativa: Do + sujeito + infinitivo (-‐ to) 1ª e 2ª pessoa Does + sujeito + infinitivo (-‐to) 3ª pessoa Ex.: Do you like dogs? Does she/he write books? Do we go to the party? • Nas formas negativas e interrogativas o verbo auxiliar do passa a ser does nos casos de 3ª

pessoa do singular pois a flexão também é válida para o mesmo. • O do e o does podem ser utilizados em sentenças afirmativas caso seja necessário dar ênfase ao

que é dito e neste caso o verbo que sofre a flexão é o auxiliar ficando o verbo principal em sua forma original. “I do like music” “She does see movies everyday”.

3. Present Continuous.

Para formar uma frase no Present Continuous utilizamos a presente do verbo to be junto ao gerúndio (-‐ing) do verbo principal. O Present Continuous também pode ser chamado de Present Progressive portanto não se espante se você encontrar esta expressão ao estudar em outras fontes. Lembrando que existem verbos que sofrem variações gráficas com o acréscimo do ing, portanto ao final deste capítulo trarei uma lista com alguns dos verbos que sofrem estas variações. O Present Continuous pode ser usado para: Expressar ações que estão ocorrendo no momento do uso da frase. A ação já começou antes da fala, dura no momento em que se está falando e, quase certamente continuará mesmo após o fim da sentença. “My sister is sleeping”, “Are you still working?”, “I guess that i am getting sick”. Ao se tratar de um fato que está acontecendo durante o período atual da fala( dia, mês, ano), mas, não exclusivamente no exato momento. “My friend is working this week”, “My grandmother is living in Brasília”, “Is your daughter studying”. Para descrição de uma situação que está sofrendo uma mudança no momento da fala. “The price of gasoline is going up again”, “The sun is rising”. Tratar de ações que ocorrem frequentemente, e para este caso é usado o advérbio always. “He is always telling bad things to you”, “She is always drinking beer”, “The dog is always licking”. Referir a ações futuras planejadas ou previstas. “She is going back tomorrow”, “He is arriving this afternoon”. Existem alguns verbos que não devem ser usados em nenhuma hipótese mesmo eles sendo usados no português, são os verbos dos sentidos, verbos que envolvem alguma atividade mental, significam posse ou verbos que exprimem opinião, sentimento ou desejo. Segue um lista destes verbos:




To hear (ouvir) To taste (saborear) To smell (cheirar) To see (ver) To know (saber) To believe (acreditar)

To think (pensar) To understand (entender)

To recognize (reconhecer)

To remember (lembrar)

To forget (esquecer)

To mean (significar)

To have (ter) To own (possuir) To possess (possuir)

To belong (pertencer)

To want (querer) To prefer (preferir) To need (precisar) To appreciate (apreciar)

To like (gostar) To dislike (desgostar)

To love (amar) To hate (odiar) To detest (detestar)

To seem (parecer) To look (parecer com)

O Present Continuous apresenta assim como o Simple Present três formas frasais: Forma Afirmativa: Sujeito + be + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing I am working in Rio de Janeiro She is playing in the garden We are joking with you Forma Negativa: Sujeito + be + not + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing I am not working this weekend We are not speaking one each other She isn’t doing nothing now Forma Interrogativa: Be + sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Where is she going? What are they talking? Is she walking?

Tabela de alterações gráficas com o acréscimo do ing. Verbos terminados em e Elimina-‐se o e antes de acrescentar o –ing.

Ex.: Hope – Hoping Live – Living

Verbos de um sílaba terminados em consoante precedida de uma só vogal

Repete-‐se a consoante final antes do acréscimo do –ing. Ex.:




Stop – Stopping Rob – Robbing

Verbos de duas sílabas sendo a segunda sílaba tônica

Repete-‐se a consoante final antes do –ing. Ex.: Control – Controlling Prefer – Preferring

Verbos terminados em y Conserva-‐se o y e acrescenta-‐se –ing. Ex.: Play – Playing Say – Saying

Verbos terminados em ie O y substitui ie antes do acréscimo do –ing. Ex.: Die – Dying Lie -‐ Lying

4. Simple Past

O Simple Past pode ser comparado ao nosso pretérito perfeito e em alguns caso ao pretérito imperfeito também. A partir do momento que entendemos que para formar os verbos no passado somente precisamos incluir o –ed no final do verbo caso eles sejam regulares e, no caso de irregulares não há muita escolha a não ser decorar a lista de verbos irregulares que teremos no final deste capítulo, o estudo do Simple Past passa a ser fácil, pois não existe flexão nesta forma em nenhuma pessoa, assim sendo ela se repete em todas as formas. Forma Afirmativa: Sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to)+ ed (verbos regulares) Sujeito + pretérito do verbo (verbos irregulares) I opened the door She cleaned her room They wrote a book yesterday Forma Negativa: Sujeito + did not(didn’t) + infinitive(-‐to) (Verbos regulares e irregulars pois não há o uso do pretérito do verbo) She didn’t go to the cinema They did not clean the house We did not play alone




Forma Interrogativa Did + sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to) (Verbos regulares e irregulares) Did she come tonight? Did they arrive soon? Did it hurts? Abaixo segue a lista dos 202 verbos irregulares para serem aprendidos, não tente decora-‐los todos de uma vez, faça um cronograma para aprender uma pequena lista de cada vez pois, se tentar aprender todos de uma só vez ao chegar no fim da lista você não se lembrará de nenhum do princípio.

Present Tense Simple Past

Past Participle

Tradução

abide abode abode obedecer a lei; permanecer; sobreviver

awake awoke awoke awaked

acordar; despertar-‐se

be was been ser; estar; existir

bear bore borne born

dar a luz; sustentar; tolerar; sofrer; produzir; usar

beat beat beaten bater; espancar; superar; vibrar; palpitar

become became become se tornar; se transformar; ser digno de; assentar

begin began begun começar

bend bent bent curvar; entortar; franzir; dirigir; desistir

bet bet bet apostar

bid bade bidden oferecer; convidar; ordenar; desejar; leiloar

bind bound bound atar; amarrar; obrigar

bite bit bit bitten

morder; engolir a isca

bleed bled bled sangrar, perder sangue; destilar; tirar dinheiro de alguém

blow blew blown soprar, encher; ventar; assobiar; estourar; fazer soar

break broke broken quebrar; romper; violar; interromper; cancelar; falir

breed bred bred procriar; gerar; fazer criação; educar; ensinar

bring brought brought trazer; servir; causar; executar; induzir




build built built construir, edificar; fabricar

burn burnt burnt queimar; incendiar; carbonizar

burst burst burst arrebentar; explodir; brotar; exclamar

buy bought bougth comprar

cast cast cast arremessar, jogar; derrubar; sobrepujar; espalhar; computar; calcular; moldar; imaginar; (no teatro:) distribuir os papéis

catch caught caught pegar; capturar; entender; adquirir (uma doença); surpreender; complicar-‐se

choose chose chosen escolher, selecionar, preferir

cling clung clung pegar-‐se; unir-‐se; aderir

clothe clad clad vestir, cobrir

come came come vir; chegar; consentir; suceder; atingir o orgasmo

cost cost cost custar; importar em

creep crept crept engatinhar; arrastar-‐se no chão; andar de rasto

crow crew crowed cacarejar; vociferar; emitir som característico de prazer

cut cut cut cortar; partir; reduzir; recortar; castrar

deal dealt dealt dar; distribuir; repartir; dividir; espalhar; negociar

dig dug dug cavar; escavar; gostar; entender; começar; perceber

do did done fazer; funcionar; cuidar de ; parar; mostrar; jogar; enganar

draw drew drawn puxar; tirar; extrair; desenhar; descrever; traçar; adiantar-‐se; atrair

dream dreamt dreamt Sonhar

drink drank drunk drunken

Beber

drive drove driven dirigir; viajar; levar; conduzir; guiar; compelir; excitar

dwell dwelt dwelt residir; ficar por um tempo; enfatizar, insistir em

eat ate eaten comer; destruir; devorar; mastigar

fall fell fallen cair; descer; abaixar-‐se; diminuir; ceder; morrer; abandonar

feed fed fed alimentar; nutrir; abastecer; satisfazer; manter




feel felt felt sentir; perceber; experimentar; apalpar

fight fought fought lutar, disputar; batalhar, combater, guerrear

find found found achar; encontrar; descobrir; julgar; prover, fornecer, abastecer; perceber, notar; resolver

flee fled fled fugir, escapar; evitar; correr

fling flung flung lançar; arremessar; atirar; invadir; saltar; dedicar-‐se à-‐

fly flew flown voar; viajar (aérea); fazer voar; fugir; correr; pilotar; flutuar; saltar; lançar-‐se

forbear forbore forborne abster-‐se, deixar de-‐, conter-‐se; evitar

forbid forbade forbidden proibir; impedir; evitar; vetar

forget forgot forgotten Esquecer

forgive forgave forgiven perdoar; desculpar, absolver; abrir mão

forsake forsook forsaken abandonar, desertar, largar; abrir mão de

freeze froze frozen congelar; refrigerar; gelar

get got got receber; conseguir; obter; adquirir; pegar (doença); entender; chegar; causar; induzir; decorar; procriar; buscar

give gave given dar; entregar, conceder; render-‐se; premiar; pagar; enfraquecer-‐se; preparar (festas, etc)

go went gone ir; viajar; chegar; partir; caminhar; marchar; mover-‐se

grind ground ground triturar; pulverizar; afiar; amolar; ralar; esfregar; ranger os dentes; persistir (nos estudos)

grow grew grown crescer; vegetar; cultivar; brotar; desenvolver-‐se; progredir; tornar-‐se

hang hung hung enforcar; ser enforcado; (informática) travar, parar de funcionar

have had had ter; possuir; receber; pegar; necessitar; causar

hear heard heard escutar, ouvir

heave hove hove levantar, puxar; elevar; tirar; empurrar; arremessar

hew hewed hewn reduzir; cortar (com machado); talhar

hide hid hidden hid

esconder-‐se; esconder, ocultar

hit hit hit bater, ferir; atingir, alcançar




hold held held segurar; alimentar; guardar; pensar; acreditar; organizar; preparar; presidir

hurt hurt hurt ferir; doer; magoar; estragar; danificar

keep kept kept guardar; ficar; cumprir; sustentar; deixar; continuar; dirigir; criar; possuir

kneel knelt knelt ajoelhar-‐se

knit knit knit tricotar; atar; enlaçar; unir; ligar; fazer renda ou meia; trabalhar a ponto de malha

know knew known saber; conhecer; entender; perceber; ter conhecimento

lay laid laid deitar; descansar; estar deitado; encostar-‐se; repousar; estar situado

lead led led conduzir, guiar, comandar, pilotar, levar, dirigir; governar; dominar-‐se; capitanear

lean leant leant inclinar, reclinar, apoiar, recurvar; amparar; firmar; apoiar-‐se, recurvar-‐se, inclinar-‐se; abaixar; desviar

leap leapt leapt saltar, pular, transportar; cobrir (os animais)

learn learnt learnt estudar; aprender; descobrir; informar-‐se; decorar

leave left left deixar; largar; sair; separar-‐se; abandonar; cessar; desistir de; renunciar a

lend lent lent emprestar, conceder, dar, proporcionar, outorgar; doar; combinar com; acrescentar

let let let deixar; permitir; dar; alugar; fretar; conceder; descobrir

lie lay lain mentir; enganar

light lit lit clarear; acender; queimar; descer (do carro, etc); cair (escolha); pousar; acontecer

lose lost lost perder; desperdiçar; arruinar; gastar; sofrer perdas; escapar de-‐; não entender

make made made fazer; criar; causar; tornar

mean meant meant pensar; significar; ter em vista; tencionar; pretender; querer dizer

meet met met encontrar; encontrar-‐se; reunir-‐se; receber; conhecer; abastecer

melt melted molten derreter; fundir; gastar; evaporar; dissolver; enternecer; consumir




pay paid paid pagar; saldar; satisfazer

put put put colocar; pôr; enfiar; sinalizar; situar; propor; oferecer

read read read ler; aprender; aconselhar; avisar; estudar; interpretar

rend rent rent rasgar; arrancar

rid rid rid libertar; resgatar; livrar (-‐se)

ride rode ridden cavalgar; montar; passear

ring rang rung tocar (sino, campainha); telefonar; envolver

rise rose risen levantar; subir; elevar-‐se; erguer-‐se

run ran run correr; fugir; executar; executar um programa (informática); ativar; administrar; fazer; calcular; comprir; continuar; vazar; despir-‐se;

saw sawed sawn Serrar

say said said dizer; contar; recitar; pensar; alegar; afirmar

see saw seen ver; entender; preocupar-‐se; verificar; experimentar; acompanhar; encontrar-‐se; observar

seek sought sought procurar, pedir; liberar; exigir; perseguir atrás; tentar

sell sold sold vender; comerciar; negociar; liquidar; trapacear (gíria); atrair fregueses; trair (gíria)

send sent sent mandar; remeter; despachar; enviar; produzir; emitir; derramar; espalhar; dar prazer (gíria)

set set set pôr, colocar; preparar; usar; arrumar; causar; marcar; servir; ajustar

sew sewed sewn costurar; juntar, pregar

shake shook shaken sacudir; agitar; tremer; chocar; apertar (mãos)

shed shed shed derramar; vazar; deixar cair; tirar, tirar roupa ; fazer sangrar; projetar

shine shone shone brilhar, luzir, cintilar, resplandecer; lustrar (sapato); distinguir

shoe shod shod calçar; recobrir com finalidade de proteção ou reforço

shoot shot shot atirar; caçar; lançar; mandar; fotografar; voar; disparar; mandar; impor; arremessar

show showed shown mostrar; descobrir; testemunhar; provar;




apresentar; mostrar-‐se; aparecer; ensinar; exibir

shred shred shred cortar em pedaços; picar; retalhar; rasgar

shrink shrank shrunk shrunken

contrair-‐se; encolher-‐se; contrair, encolher; recuar

shut shut shut fechar; cerrar; tampar; trancar; tapar; fechar-‐se; trancar-‐se

sing sang sung cantar; murmurar; rugir; zumbir; uivar; alcagüetar; avisar; cortejar (gíria, como cantar)

sink sank sunk afundar; afogar; regar; mergulhar; descer, cair, descer; morrer, falecer; penetrar

slay slew slain matar, assassinar; destruir, arruinar

sleep slept slept dormir; descansar; deitar (com alguém)

slide slid slid deslizar, escorregar; chupar

sling slung slung atirar na funda; elevar, erguer; atar; atirar, arremessar; pendurar, colocar na presilha

smell smelt smelt cheirar; feder; perfurmar; sentir cheiro; farejar; perceber; suspeitar

smite smote smitten golpear; ferir; matar; bater; castigar; mover; excitar; destruir; bater-‐se; chocar-‐se

sow sowed sown semear; espalhar, disseminar

speak spoke spoken falar; dizer; contar; expressar; discursar; lembrar a-‐; afirmar

speed sped sped apressar-‐se; mover com velocidade; dirigir muito rápido; ser feliz; ser bem sucedido; adiantar; aviar; despachar

spell spelt spelt soletrar; escrever de forma certa; ser algo que significa

spend spent spent gastar, tirar; perceber; divertir-‐se, passar (tempo)

spill spilt spilt entornar; derramar; escorregar; deixar cair; alcagüetar, contar

spin span spun protelar; dilatar; prolongar, adiar; fiar; fazer girar; virar-‐se

spit spat spit cuspir; escarrar; vomitar; emitir o som do cuspe; expelir; pingar (chuva)

spoil spoilt spoiled estragar; corromper; mimar (de mais); estragar-‐se; roubar, saquear, furtar

spread spread spread dilatar-‐se, estender-‐se; espalhar, esparramar;




disseminar, difundir, propagar; arrumar (mesa); achatar

spring sprang sprung saltar, lançar-‐se; libertar-‐se; aparecer, mostrar-‐se; brotar, nascer; deixar cair; "cair" sobre-‐

stand stood stood pôr de pé; suster; sustentar; colocar; aguentar; honrar; manter-‐se; permanecer

steal stole stolen roubar; furtar; infiltrar-‐se

stick stuck stuck cravar, fincar, meter, enterrar; pregar; aderir, prender; afixar; vacilar; parar; enganar; lograr

sting stung stung picar, ferroar, ferretoar, aguilhoar; doer , atormentar; trapacear

stink stank stunk feder; enojar

strew strewed strewn espalhar, polvilhar, aspergir

stride strode stridden caminhar; cavalgar

strike struck struck stricken

golpear; ferir; bater; surpreender; descobrir

string strung strung amarrar; pendurar; enfiar; esticar

strive strove striven aspirar; tentar, esforçar-‐se

swear swore sworn jurar; prestar juramento; xingar

sweat sweat sweat Suar

sweep swept swept varrer; lavar; pentear; arrastar

swell swelled swelled swollen

inchar (-‐se); crescer; encher (os pneus)

swim swam swum nadar; flutuar; boiar

swing swung swung Balançar

take took taken pegar; tirar; tomar; segurar; agarrar; receber; capturar; aprisionar; aceitar; fotografar; empregar; adotar; entender; guiar; conseguir

teach taught taught ensinar; educar

tear tore torn chorar, lacrimejar; rasgar, rachar

tell told told contar; saber; perceber; descobrir; ordenar

think thought thought pensar; acreditar

thrive throve thriven ter sucesso

throw threw thrown jogar; parir; impressionar

thrust thrust thrust Empurrar




tread trod trodden pisar, andar, pôr os pés

wake woke waked acordar; despertar; acordar-‐se

wear wore worn vestir; trancar; experimentar (roupas, jóias, etc); colocar (óculos); exibir; mostrar; gastar; cansar; esgotar; durar

weave wove woven tecer, entrelaçar, trançar; contorcer-‐se (entre obstáculos); bordar; criar (trama); tramar

weep wept wept chorar; verter lágrimas; gotejar, deixar escapar; exudar, vazar

wet wet wet umedecer; sujar; molhar; fazer xixi na cama, molhar-‐se (à noite); urinar

win won won vencer; ganhar; conseguir; obter; conseguir; alugar; convencer; ganhar o coração de-‐

wind wound wound girar, rodar; enrolar-‐se; enroscar-‐se; recobrir, encobrir, encapar; recobrir-‐se, revestir-‐se; modificar a direção

wring wrung wrung arrancar; obrigar, forçar; tirar a força; entortar; pressionar; segurar com força; espremer

write wrote written escrever; anotar; compor; inscrever

5. Past Continuous

A formação do Past Continuous é tão simples quanto a do presente continuous, para isto basta utilizarmos o pretérito do verbo to be juntamente com o gerúndio(-‐ing) do verbo principal da frase. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + to be(pretérito) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing I was going to the party She was playing in the pool It was raining in the night Forma Negativa Sujeito + to be(pretérito) + not + infinitive(-‐to) + ing They was not running in this race It wasn’t raining last night She wasn’t selling the fruits Forma Interrogativa




To be(pretérito) + sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Were you sleeping? Was she Reading? Was he playing in the garden? Usamos o Past Continuous sempre que desejamos citar uma ação que estava acontecendo no passado, ou uma ação que estava em processo quando outra aconteceu, duas ações que aconteceram simultaneamente no passado ou até para indicar ações que se repetiam no passado, aonde fica muito comum de vermos o uso do Always entre o to be e o verbo principal da frase, como por exemplo “They didn’t come because they was always fighting one each other”.

6. Simple Future (Will)

O Futuro simples ou Simple Future é equivalente ao futuro do presente em nossa língua portuguesa, sendo o tempo verbal mais simples do inglês. Para ser formado basta utilizarmos o verbo modal auxiliar will com o infinitivo do verbo sem o to e a parte mais interessante é, sem flexão do verbo! Usamos o futuro simples para dizer algo que está para acontecer mas não imediatamente, em situações em que propomos no presente com um sentido de futuro ou mesmo concordando ou não em fazer algo. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + will + infinitivo(-‐to) I will stay one more night They will travel to other country She will go to the beach Nesta forma podemos fazer a contração do will com o pronome. I’ll They’ll She’ll E assim consecutivamente com todos os outros pronomes Forma Negativa Sujeito + will not(won’t) + infinitive(-‐to) It will not work like this She will not play with him They won’t come tomorrow Forma Interrogativa Will + sujeito + infitivo(-‐to)




When will she come? Will you go tonight? How will he spend the money? Ainda vale lembrar a vocês que caso o inglês seja o britânico, também é usado o shall no lugar do will, sem mudança de significado na frase. You shall not pass!

7. Simple Future (Going to)

Para explicar melhor o uso do going to é necessário nos lembrar que ao falarmos português coloquialmente, dificilmente usamos verbos como farei, comerei, trarei, pois normalmente damos preferência para vou fazer, vou comer, vou trazer. Seria como um presente com sentido de futuro. Esta morfologia também existe na língua inglesa, e, trata-‐se do uso do going to, que é o verbo to be no presente, seguido do going e após isto o infinitivo do verbo com o to. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + be + going + infinitivo We are going to buy this book They are going to work in this weekend Larissa is going to play with her sister Forma Negativa Sujeito + be + not + going + infinitive Luke isn’t going to color that paper The dog isn’t going to walk in the street today You are not going to see the movie Forma Interrogativa Be + sujeito + going + infinitive Is she going to travel to New York? What are they going to do now? Para explicar melhor como funciona o Going to darei algumas situações possíveis para seu uso.

• Fazer referência a uma ação planejada ou uma intenção. Today I’m going to work in this job

• Visando expressar uma ação que irá ou tem possibilidade de acontecer em um futuro imediato. The cloud is black. I think that is going to rain today.

• Advertir ou mesmo avisar de um situação perigosa.




Be careful. You’re going to fall down! O be going to pode também ser usado no pretérito quando queremos indicar uma ação planejada ou pretendida que não ocorreu. Ou mesmo se referir a uma ação que poderia ter acontecido, mas, não aconteceu, devido a ter sido interrompida por outra ação ou algo imprevisto. Nesta situação, usamos o verbo to be no passado. They were going to get married but the bride run away. She was going to play but she had to study.

8. Will ou Be Going to?

Existem várias ações em que podemos optar por fazer uso do will ou do going to sem perder o sentido da frase. No momento em que nos referirmos a algo que virá a acontecer muito em breve normalmente optamos pelo be going to. Outra situação que distingue o will do be going to é quando há o planejamento prévio ou não da ação. Will é usado quando a pessoa que fala toma a decisão no momento da fala fazer algo no futuro. Sem uma ideia prévia. Entretanto se a decisão já foi tomada usa-‐se o be going to. Para termos uma noção desta diferença, mostrarei um exemplo no diálogo abaixo. John -‐ I’d like to play soccer but we don’t have a ball Bob -‐ Ok! So I will go to the store buy a ball for us Podemos reparar que a decisão de comprar a bola foi tomada no agora. Algum tempo depois quando Bob está saindo para comprar a bola... Bob – I’m going to buy the ball do you want something else? Bob diz I’m going to buy ele faz uso do going to pois a decisão já havia sido tomada e comprar a bola ocorrerá em breve.

9. Present Perfect

O presente perfect é usado para expressar uma ação do passado que tem relação direta com o presente. Podemos empregar para designar fatos que ocorreram no passado em um tempo que não foi determinado podendo ser acompanhado ou não de um advérbio que se refere ao tempo passado, visando descrever um passado que inda não terminou, ou seja, a ação começou no passado e ainda está ativa no presente. Neste caso, podem ser expressas duas situações, que geralmente apresentam uma preposição ou um adjunto adverbial de tempo. Forma Afirmativa




Sujeito + have + particípio Sujeito + has + particípio – 3ª Pessoa do singular They have bought a new car. (Fato que ocorreu no passado sem referência ao tempo) Our company has exported a lot this month. (Ocorreu no passado, mas em um mês presente) I have often seen these kids here. (Referência um tempo indicando certa frequencia) Forma Negativa Sujeito + have not (haven’t) + particípio Sujeito + has not (hasn’t) + particípio – 3ª Pessoa do singular She hasn’t seen that film yet. It has not rained this month. You haven’t gone to the movies lately Forma Interrogativa Have + sujeito + particípio Has + sujeito + particípio – 3ª Pessoa do singular Have they gone already? How many exercises have you done this week? Has she travelled to Los Angeles?

10. Present Perfect Continuous

O Present Perfect Continuous nada mais é do que a formação do present perfect do verbo to be mais o gerúndio do verbo principal. Usado mais comumente com a função de denotação de continuidade, não interrupção da ação, ou seja, ela teve início no passado e continua até o presente, dando ênfase ao tempo de duração por meio do uso do since, for, all day, all moning, all month e etc. Usamos também quando desejamos expressar um fato em geral que está acontecendo em um período de tempo não especificado, podendo assim usarmos advérbios como lately, recently e etc. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + have been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Sujeito + has been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing – 3ª Pessoa do Singular I have been working since 9am. She has been thinking to move to another city The dog has been eating a lot lately Forma Negativa Sujeito + have not been (haven’t) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Sujeito + has not been (hasn’t) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing – 3ª Pessoa do singular




They haven’t been watching television since this mornig She hasn’t been studying for more than one day I haven’t been living in São Paulo this year Forma Interrogativa Have + sujeito + been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Has + sujeito + been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Have you been looking for a job? Has she been waiting a lot? How long have they living here?

11. Past Perfect

Agora que já aprendemos o present perfect, aprender os outros tempos verbais se tornam simples! O past perfect serve para expressar um fato acontecido no passado antes de outro fato que também já ocorreu, vale lembrar que o past perfect irá expressar o primeiro fato que sempre será relacionado a um outro fato no simple past. Muitos advérbios como when, by the time, already, never, ever, just, before e after, são claramente usados para expresser uma frase com o past perfect. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + had + particípio I thought that we had already done it I was already at the airport when I remembered that I had to close the house’s door The nurse closed the door after she had medicated the patient Forma Negativa Sujeito + had not(hadn’t) + particípio She doesn’t came to the cinema because she had not been invited The dog ate all the food because it hadn’t ate all day long The floor got all wet because I hadn’t closed the window’s room Forma Interrogativa Had + Sujeito + particípio Had they seen the movie before doing the homework? Had she already fall off when the help came? Had the plane already left when they got to the airport?




12. Past Perfect Continuous

O past perfect continuous nada mais é do que junção do past perfect do verbo to be mais o gerúndio do verbo principal. Sendo usado mais comumente para expressar um fato que estava em acontecimento em um certo período antes de outro fato passado. Normalmente a ênfase é dada ao tempo de duração do período em que a ação estava em acontecimento. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + had been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing I had been studying all day for the test that morning She didn’t go to the party last week because it had been raining all day When I looked out the window, I noticed that it had been raining Forma Negativa Sujeito + had not been(hadn’t been) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Everybody was rested except Luke, because he had not been sleeping over one week I knew that she hadn’t been working this week as she said. She had not been playing for more the 3 minutes that night, but she felt very excited Forma Interrogativa Had + sujeito + been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing How long had you been working in that company when she was dismissed? Why was the boy so angry when the others arrived? Had he been waiting too long? She looked exhausted last morning. What had she been doing?

13. Future Continuous

O future continuous assim como o simple future possui duas formas diferentes, will e going to, mas, diferentemente do simple future, no future continuous estas duas formas são praticamente intercambiáveis, não tendo uma regra específica para o uso de uma ou de outra. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + will be + infinitivo(-‐to) +ing Sujeito + be + going to be + infinitivo + ing You will be waiting for her when the train arrives this morning She is going to be eating the dinner when you are sleeping In that night, the dog will be coming back to his house Forma Negativa




Sujeito + will not be + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Sujeito + be + not + going to be+ infinitive + ing She will not be using the car until he come back They will not be watching TV at 10am this morning I am not going to be sleeping when you call me tonight Forma Interrogativa Will + sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Be + going to be+ infinitive Will you be playing soccer tomorrow? Are you going to be screaming in that horror movie when the monster appears? Is she going to be laughing when I tell the joke? Podemos usar o Future Continuous de diversas formas e para explicar melhor colocarei em tópicos as situações mais comuns do uso deste tempo verbal.

Algumas situações típicas que fazemos o uso do Future Continuous Demonstrar uma ação no futuro que virá a ser interrompida por uma ação mais curta também no futuro, podendo ser uma ação real ou simplesmente uma interrupção de tempo.

I will be waiting for you when the bus arrives

Visando demonstrar ação que virá a ser interrompida mas, fazendo uso de ações curtas como formas de interrupção, podendo especificar por exemplo um horário.

Tonight at 7PM, I am going to be eating the dinner

Quando você deseja usar o Future Continuous com duas ações, aonde expressa a ideia de que ambas estão ocorrendo ao mesmo tempo, ou seja, paralelamente

When she is studying, he’s going to be watching television

14. Future Perfect

O future perfect serve para indicar que uma ação já poderá ter sido realizada em um determinado tempo do futuro, ou antes de outra ação futura. Mesmo sendo um tempo verbal pouco empregado




na prática e a maioria dos livros e apostilas de língua inglesa darem pouco ou nenhuma atenção a este modo, ele existe e, por isto teremos aqui uma explicação não tão minuciosa quanto a dos outros tempo mais relevantes. Nas frases em que empregamos o future perfect, é muito comum fazermos uso de before, by, when, still, already, dentre outros. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + will have + particípio We are late! By the time we get to the airport, the plane will have already left. When you arrive, she will have already finished her homework. Forma Negativa sujeito + will not have( won’t have) + particípio By Tuesday, I won't have finished my report yet. By February, they won't have returned from their trip to Europe yet. Forma interrogativa Will + sujeito + have + particípio Will you have finished your essay by Monday ? Will they have already had dinner when we arrive?

15. Future Perfect Continuous

Podemos usar o future perfect continuous com a intenção de dar ênfase a um período de duração de certo fato ou ação que estará ocorrendo em um tempo determinado no futuro, tal fato poderá ou não estar em acontecimento no momento da fala. Vale lembrar que o fato pode ter tido seu início no passado. Este tempo verbal pode ainda indicar o período de duração de uma ação futura antes de outra ação que também virá a ocorrer, Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + will have been + infinitivo -‐to) + ing By 2005, we will have been working on this research project, for five years. I f the bus arrives at ten, I'll have been waiting here for nearly an hour. Forma Negativa sujeito + will not have been( won’t have been) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Don't worry about being a little late. By the time you get there, they won't have been working for more than a few minutes.




Forma interrogativa Will + sujeito + have been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing By next month, how long will we have been working on this research project? By December of this year, how long will you and your family have been living in Rio?




16. Lista de Questões

1 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2014 -‐ SEFAZ-‐RJ -‐ Auditor Fiscal da Receita Estadual

According to the context, the MODAL that adequately fills the blank is a) can. b) must. c) might. d) could. e) may. 2 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2014 -‐ SEFAZ-‐RJ -‐ Auditor Fiscal da Receita Estadual A synonym for earn, as the verb is used in the text, is a) make. b) win. c) award. d) gain.




e) rise. 3 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2013 -‐ TRT -‐ 9ª REGIÃO (PR) -‐ Técnico Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação

The meaning of “longing for”, underlined in the 3rd paragraph, as used in the text is a) downloading. b) objecting to. c) enjoying. d) using. e) wishing for. 4 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2012 -‐ TCE-‐SP -‐ Auxiliar de Fiscalização Financeira As questões de números 31 a 35 baseiam-‐se no texto seguinte. Making Performance Budgeting Work: New IMF Book October 04, 2007 Member countries will find valuable advice on how to reform their budgeting practices to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public expenditure in a major new work on performance budgeting produced by the Fiscal Affairs Department. The book, Performance Budgeting: Linking Funding and Results (500pp), came off the presses of the top UK publisher Palgrave Macmillan in September.




Edited by FAD staff member Marc Robinson, the book contains a comprehensive treatment of contemporary performance budgeting practice and theory. In a series of thematic chapters and case studies, the book discusses: -‐ The key forms of performance budgeting which [TO IMPLEMENT] around the world -‐ how they differ, and what they have in common points. Lessons from the experience of governments around the world -‐ ranging from OECD nations to developing, middle-‐income and transition countries -‐ bout what forms of performance budgeting work, under what circumstances, and with what implementation strategies. -‐ How successful performance budgeting can improve aggregate fiscal discipline. -‐ The information requirements of performance budgeting, and -‐ The links between performance budgeting and other budgeting and public management reforms. Many of the contributors to this work are leaders in performance budgeting implementation in their countries. Others are respected academics and technical experts from the International Monetary Fund and other international organizations. Countries covered in the case studies include the UK, USA, Australia, France, Chile, Spain, Russia, Colombia and Ethiopia. One major focus of the book is performance budgeting as a tool for improved expenditure prioritization -‐ that is, for helping to shift limited public resources to the services of greatest social benefit. A key finding is that this type of performance budgeting will only work if the budget process is fundamentally changed so that top politicians and bureaucrats systematically consider expenditure priorities when formulating the budget. This means more than just considering the priorities for new spending. It requires also having mechanisms to systematically review existing spending programs to identify what is ineffective and low priority and can, therefore, be cut. This is what countries such as Chile and the United Kingdom have successfully done, and the United States is currently attempting to achieve with its Program Assessment Rating Tool instrument. Conversely, it is a mistake to believe that merely changing the budget classification and developing performance indicators will in itself improve the allocation of resources in the budget. (Adapted from http://blog-‐pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/making-‐performa.html) The correct form of [TO IMPLEMENT] is a) implemented. b) was implemented. c) will be implemented. d) has been implemented. e) have been implemented. 5 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2012 -‐ TCE-‐SP -‐ Auxiliar de Fiscalização Financeira As questões de números 36 a 40 baseiam-‐se no texto seguinte. House G.O.P. Leaders Agree to Extension of Payroll Tax Cut By JENNIFER STEINHAUER Published: December 22, 2011 WASHINGTON -‐ Under a deal reached between House and Senate leaders, the House will now approve as early as Friday the two-‐month extension of a payroll tax holiday and unemployment benefits approved by the Senate last Saturday, and the Senate will appoint members of a House-‐Senate conference committee to negotiate legislation to extend both benefits through 2012. House Republicans -‐ who rejected an almost identical deal on Tuesday -‐ collapsed under the political




rubble that has accumulated over the week, much of it from their own party, worried that the blockade would do serious damage to their appeal to voters. The House speaker, John A. Boehner, announced the decision over the phone to members on Thursday, and did not permit the usual back and forth that is common on such calls, enraging many of them. After his conversation with lawmakers, the speaker conceded to reporters that it might not have been "politically the smartest thing in the world" for House Republicans to put themselves between a tax cut and the 160 million American workers who would benefit from it, and to allow President Obama and Congressional Democrats to seize the momentum on the issue. The agreement ended a partisan fight that threatened to keep Congress and Mr. Obama in town through Christmas and was just the latest of the bitter struggles over fiscal policy involving House conservatives, the president and the Democratic-‐controlled Senate. Under the deal, the employee's share of the Social Security payroll tax will stay at the current level, 4.2 percent of wages, through Feb. 29. In the absence of Congressional action, it would revert to the usual 6.2 percent next month. The government will also continue paying unemployment insurance benefits under current policy through February. Without Congressional action, many of the long-‐term unemployed would begin losing benefits next month. In addition, under the agreement, Medicare will continue paying doctors at current rates for two months, averting a 27 percent cut that would otherwise occur on Jan. 1. The new deal makes minor adjustments to make it easier for small businesses to cope with the tax changes and prevents manipulation of an employee's pay should the tax cut extension fail to go beyond two months. Mr. Obama, who has reaped political benefits from the standoff, welcomed the outcome. "This is good news, just in time for the holidays," he said in a statement. "This is the right thing [VERB 1] to strengthen our families, grow our economy, and create new jobs. This is real money that will [VERB 2] a real difference in people's lives." (Adapted from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/us/politics/senate-‐republican-‐leader-‐suggests-‐a-‐payroll-‐tax-‐deal.html?_r=1&nl=todays hea dlines & emc=tha2&pagewanted=all) The correct verb forms of VERB 1 and VERB 2 in the last paragraph are a) to do -‐ do b) to make -‐ make c) to make -‐ do. d) do -‐ to make. e) to do -‐ make.




6 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2012 -‐ TRT -‐ 11ª Região (AM) -‐ Analista Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação

In line 22, the appropriate verb to complete the gap is a) have made. b) have performed.




c) did. d) have done. e) have carried out. 7 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2011 -‐ TRT -‐ 14ª Região (RO e AC) -‐ Técnico Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação




Word 2010’s feature described above a) must be used with Windows Live Writer. b) cannot be used with WordPress. c) does not work well with Blogger. d) should be used with Windows Live Spaces. e) cannot be used with Excel. 8 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2011 -‐ TRT -‐ 14ª Região (RO e AC) -‐ Analista Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação Ten Tips for Microsoft Word and Excel Our latest tips tell you how to make Microsoft Office 2010's word processor and spreadsheet apps perform some handy tricks that Microsoft has documented poorly. By Edward Mendelson PCMag.com's Microsoft Office 2010 tips collection continues, this time with ten tips for Word and Excel users. Most of these tips are fairly straightforward, and most apply to the most recent versions of Office. Some of them, however, offer new twists for the latest version of Office. Expert users will be familiar with some of these ten tips, but we hope that any user will find at least a few of these to be useful. What kind of tips am I talking about this time? Finding ways to perform poorly documented functions in Word and Excel. One of these tips, for example, tells you what to do when Word inserts a horizontal line across the page when you only wanted to type a few dashes. In the past few months, everyone in my family has tried and failed to wrestle an unwanted horizontal line out of a Word document. It might not sound like a big issue, but once you've got it in your document, good luck finding help from Microsoft on how to get rid of it. Some software vendors, like Adobe, continue to provide help systems that work like improved versions of traditional software manuals. In those apps, every menu item, every toolbar icon, is carefully explained, and with a little patience you can find all the information you

need. Microsoft, provides you with a kind of information supermarket, with huge essays about topics you don't care about, dozens of selections when you only need one, and no consistent way to find the information you want. Combine Portrait and Landscape Pages in a Word Document Microsoft Word expects you to organize your documents in a highly-‐structured but not very intuitive way. If you want to format most of a document in portrait mode, but one or two

pages in landscape, you simply change the orientation of the current page. Instead you need to insert a section break before and after the text you want to format in landscape mode, and then apply landscape orientation to the section that you created. Place the insertion point at the point where you want landscape orientation to begin. On the Page Layout tab, choose Breaks, then, under Section Breaks, choose New Page. Then move the insertion point to the end of the text you want to format in landscape, and insert the same kind of break. Then put the insertion point anywhere between the two breaks; return to the Page Layout tab, and click the down-‐pointing arrow at the lower right of the Page Setup group. In the Page Setup dialog, on the




Margins tab, select Landscape orientation, then go to the "Apply to" dropdown and select This Section. (Adapted from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817, 2379207,00.asp#) O verbo que preenche corretamente a lacuna [modal] é a) should. b) can't. c) mustn't. d) might. e) ought. 9 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2011 -‐ TRE-‐RN -‐ Analista Judiciário -‐ Análise de Sistemas




A alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna é a) grew. b) grows. c) grown. d) has grown. e) was grown.




10 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ TRT -‐ 22ª Região (PI) -‐ Técnico Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação




Qual dos verbos abaixo não pertence ao mesmo grupo semântico? a) Grow. b) Increase. c) Augment. d) Research. e) Proliferate. 11 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ AL-‐SP -‐ Agente Legislativo de Serviços Técnicos e Administrativos -‐ Processamento de Dados Security: UAC Gets Tolerable Let's talk about User Account Control ? the Windows Vista security element that was a prominent example for everything that bothered people about that OS. UAC aimed to prevent rogue software from tampering with your PC by endlessly prompting you to approve running applications or changing settings. The experience was so grating that many users preferred to turn UAC [PARTICLE] and [VERB] their chances with Internet attackers. Those who left it active risked slipping into the habit of incautiously clicking through every prompt, defeating whatever value the feature might have had. Whereas Vista's notorious User Account Control gave users no control over the feature other than to turn it off, Windows 7's version of UAC lets users choose from two intermediate notification levels between 'Always notify' and 'Never notify'. Windows 7 gives you control over UAC, in the form of a slider containing four security settings. As before, you can accept the full-‐blown UAC or elect to disable it. But you can also tell UAC to notify you only when software changes Windows settings, not when you're tweaking them yourself. And you can instruct it not to perform the abrupt screen-‐dimming effect that Vista's version uses to grab your attention. If Microsoft had its druthers, all Windows 7 users [TO USE] UAC in full-‐tilt mode: The slider that you use to ratchet back its severity advises you not to do so if you routinely install new software or visit unfamiliar sites, and it warns that disabling the dimming effect is "Not

recommended." , Redmond: I have every intention of recommending the intermediate settings to most people who ask me for advice, since those settings retain most of UAC's theoretical value without driving users bonkers. (Adapted from http://www.pcworld.com/article/172602/windows_7_review.html) A palavra que substitui corretamente a lacuna [PARTICLE] é a) on. b) off. c) up. d) down. e) away.




12 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ AL-‐SP -‐ Agente Legislativo de Serviços Técnicos e Administrativos -‐ Processamento de Dados A alternativa que substitui corretamente a lacuna [VERB] é a) do. b) get. c) make. d) take. e) give. 13 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ METRÔ-‐SP -‐ Engenheiro Júnior -‐ Engenharia Elétrica Subways: The New Urban Status Symbol Business Week -‐ December 5, 2007 by Jennifer Fishbein It seems like everywhere you turn these days, a new high-‐speed train is whisking more passengers across longer distances faster than ever before. A [NOUN] to Paris from London is quicker than flying; Japanese bullet trains traverse the 320 miles from Tokyo to Osaka in two and a half hours; and magnetic levitating trains in Shanghai cut through the city at 268 miles per hour. But while high-‐speed trains may grab all the glamour, the more mundane business of subway construction is what's driving the biggest growth for transportation companies. Indeed, the world is seeing an unprecedented boom in new subways and expansion to existing systems. Thanks to surging economic growth and urban populations, demand for subways is soaring in China and India. Lots of other places around the world also are building new lines, from Dubai to Santo Domingo, capital of the Dominican Republic. And many European and American cities ? including even such improbable locales as Los Angeles and Phoenix ? have caught the transit bug. Problem-‐Solving and Prestige Some cities build out of necessity. Rising prosperity prompted Dubai residents to buy so many cars that they realized they could [ADVERB] longer drive these cars because they were stuck in traffic. Others are keen on the environmental benefits of metros, which produce far less pollution and encourage drivers to leave cars at home. Some places, mainly in the Middle East, are looking to diversify their oil-‐dependent economies. And others, to be honest, are chasing an urban status symbol. Building a metro won't turn any old town into Paris or London, but it does tell the world that you've arrived. "You have in some cases a prestige issue, which is more the case in young cities in need of an image," says Jean-‐Noël Debroise, vice-‐president for product and strategy at Alstom (ALSO.PA), the French transport company that has built a quarter of the world's metros. Rennes is an example of the new trend. The city of about 212,000 people in northwestern France was looking to raise its profile when it installed a metro in 2002. It raised the bar by opting for a driverless system made by Siemens ? just like the shiny new No. 14 line in Paris ? protecting passengers from the French penchant for transit strikes. Turin, Italy, did the same to help win its bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics; its driverless system opened just before the games. Even the Spanish island of Mallorca inaugurated a short metro line in April in hopes of luring even more tourists to its capital, Palma. Alas, it closed indefinitely in September due to flooding, amid charges of mismanagement.




A Boon for Transit Builders The world's three largest metro manufacturers, Montrealbased Bombardier (BBDB.TO), Alstom, and Munich-‐based Siemens (SI) report high demand for mass transit, including tramways and light-‐rail systems that run both under and [PREPOSITION] ground. The global subway market was worth 9.3 billion dollars in 2005 and is projected to grow at a rate of 2.7% per year until 2015, according to a 2007 study by the European Railway Industry Assn. Subway lines [TO BUILD] or extended in 20 European cities and five Middle Eastern ones, and dozens of towns are constructing light-‐rail systems, reports the Brussels-‐based International Association of Public Transport. The size of a city determines its need for a metro system. Cities of a few million people ? or those anticipating huge population growth ? really can't do without a mass transit system. But cities of one or two million inhabitants can choose between a subway and a surface tramway, which costs far less but also runs more slowly. [CONJUNCTION] funding is an issue, cities usually will spring for a subway, says Debroise. "The tramway has a very old image of the 19th century, with horses in the streets," he says. (Adapted from http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb2007125_600001.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business) In the text, you've arrived means a) you are environmentally conscious. b) you are setting a world trend. c) you are concerned about your passengers' satisfaction. d) you have reached your destination. e) you have succeeded. 14 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ AL-‐SP -‐ Agente Técnico Legislativo Especializado -‐ Tecnologia da Informação Old Tray, New Tricks: Windows 7's Taskbar and window management tweaks are nice. But its changes to the System Tray -‐ aka the Notification Area -‐ have a huge positive effect. Changes in Windows 7 transform the System Tray from an intrusive eyesore (in Windows Vista) into a useful set of shortcuts and other controls. In the past, no feature of Windows packed more frustration per square inch than the System Tray. It quickly grew dense with applets that users did not want in the first place, and many of the uninvited guests employed word balloons and other intrusive methods to alert users to uninteresting facts at inopportune moments. At their worst, System Tray applets behaved like belligerent squatters, and Windows did little to put users [PARTICLE] in charge. In Windows 7, applets can't pester you unbidden because software installers can't dump them into the System Tray. Instead, applets land in a holding pen that appears only when you click it, a much-‐improved version of the overflow area used in previous incarnations of the Tray. Applets in the pen can't float word balloons at you unless you permit them to do so. In Windows 7, applets can't pester you unbidden because software installers can't dump them into the System Tray. Instead, applets land in a holding pen that appears only when you click it, a much-‐improved version of the overflow area used in previous incarnations of the Tray. Applets in the pen can't float word balloons at you unless you permit them to do so. It's a cinch to drag them into the System Tray or out of it again, so you enjoy complete control over which applets reside there. More good news: Windows 7 largely dispenses with the onslaught of word-‐balloon warnings from the OS about troubleshooting issues,




potential security problems, and the like. A new area called Action Center -‐ a revamped version of Vista's Security Center -‐ queues up such alerts so you can deal with them at your convenience. Action Center does issue notifications of its own from the System Tray, but you can shut these off if you don't want them pestering you. All of this helps make Windows 7 the least distracting, least intrusive Microsoft OS in a very long time. It's a giant step forward from the days when Windows thought nothing of interrupting your work to inform you that it had detected unused icons on your desktop. (Adapted from http://www.pcworld.com/article/172602/windows_7_review.html) The alternative which correctly replaces [PARTICLE] is a) up. b) back. c) down. d) ahead. e) behind. 15 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ METRÔ-‐SP -‐ Analista Treinee -‐ Psicologia Subways Posted on Friday March 27th, 2009 by Jebediah Reed To give some sense of the pace of public works construction in China, the city of Guangzhou is planning to open 83 miles of new subway lines by the end of next year. Meanwhile, New York ? a city of about the same size ? has been playing around with the 1.7-‐mile Second Avenue line for decades now. China also builds subways rather cheaply ? $100 million per mile versus $ 2.4 billion per mile in the Big Apple. Not surprisingly, projects there are more aggressive in all respects: there are 60 tunnel boring machines operating in Guangzhou, while only one is slated for the Second Avenue project; workers put in five 12-‐hour shifts a week (and if they don't like it, they can go pound glacial till); and seizing property is a breeze. An article in the Business section of today's NY Times (Clash of Subways and Car Culture in Chinese Cities by Keith Bradsher) [VERB] a smart look at the forces at play as China goes on a transit infrastructure spending spree while it simultaneously becomes evermore sprawling and car-‐centric. Here's one interesting passage, [CONJUNCTION] the story is worth reading in its entirety: Western mass transit experts applaud China for investing billions in systems that will put less stress on the environment and on cities. But they warn that other Chinese policies, like allowing real estate developers to build sprawling new suburbs, undermine the benefits of the mass transit boom. Mr. Chan Shao Zhang , a 67-‐year-‐old engineer in charge of the works in Guangzhou, defended Guangzhou's combination of cars and subways, saying that the city built a subway line to a new Toyota assembly plant to help employees and suppliers reach it. Subways have been most competitive in cities like New York that have high prices for parking, and tolls for bridges and tunnels, discouraging car use. Few Chinese cities have been willing to follow suit, other than Shanghai, which charges a fee of several thousand dollars for each license plate. The cost and physical limitations of subways have discouraged most cities from building new ones. For instance, only Tokyo has a subway system that carries more people than its buses. The buses are cheaper and able to serve far more streets but move more slowly, pollute more and contribute to traffic congestion. China has reason to worry. It surpassed the United States in total vehicle sales for




the first time in January, although the United States remained slightly ahead in car sales. But in February, China overtook the United States in both, in part because the global downturn has hurt auto sales much more in the United States than in China. There are many countervaling forces ..X.. China has passed its own stimulus package and the government is eager to put people to work, create economic activity, and build modern infrastructure. The Guangzhou project is part of major national transit buildout. But the nation's cities are also sprawling beasts, and in that sense, more suited to cars than trains. Not shockingly, many Chinese prefer the former. (Adapted from http://www.infrastructurist.com/2009/03/27/-‐ building-‐a-‐subway-‐is-‐96-‐percent-‐cheaper-‐in-‐china/) The correct word that replaces [VERB] in the text is a) does. b) gives. c) makes. d) turns. e) takes.




17. Gabarito

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B A E E E A C B D D 11 12 13 14 15 B D E B E




18. Curiosidade

Há mais de 500 anos atrás não se falava inglês na América do Norte. Os índios americanos tinham seu próprio idioma, assim como os Inuit (Esquimós), os Aleuts no Canadá, os Aborígines na Austrália e os Maoris na Nova Zelândia. Os Ingleses chegaram e estabeleceram suas colônias, depois outros povos vieram com seus costumes, seus idiomas e suas culturas. Os EUA têm a maior mistura de culturas do mundo, "Melting Pot", uma conhecida expressão americana. No início da colonização eram os ingleses, irlandeses, franceses, alemães e escandinavos. Depois vieram os italianos, Judeus, Chineses, Japoneses e Russos. Os motivos que trouxeram os imigrantes à América do Norte foram, difícil condição econômica em seus países de origem, a corrida do ouro e mais tarde, a perseguição religiosa, como é o caso dos Judeus que deixaram a Rússia e outros países entre 1880 e 1910. E os mais recentes cidadãos americanos são os de língua espanhola, vindos do México, outros países da América Central e do Sul. A língua Inglesa atual resulta de uma grande mistura destes e outros povos. Veja, por exemplo de onde vem algumas das palavras abaixo: Exit, Circus, Video -‐ LATIM Psychology, Telephone, Cinema – GREGO Biscuit, Garage, Restaurant – FRANCÊS Piano, Concerto, Spaghetti – ITALIANO Hamburger, Kindergarten – ALEMÃO Guitar, Tango, Banana -‐ ESPANHOL Tomato, Potato, Tabacco -‐ LÍNGUA NATIVA AMERICANA Curry, Bungalow, Pyjamas -‐ INDIANO English as a Second Language A língua Inglesa é falada em mais de 60 países como um segundo idioma, considerado língua oficial ou governamental. Exemplo: Índia, Paquistão, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Malásia, Singapura, Filipinas, Papua Nova Guiné África do Sul, Tanzânia, Uganda, Nigéria, Gana, Serra Leoa, Camarões, Zimbábue, Zâmbia, Quênia Porto Rico e outros Um país como a Nova Zelândia, a língua inglesa é a primeira língua. Na verdade, é a única língua para a maioria das pessoas. Aproximadamente 100.000 Maoris, têm seu próprio idioma, mas todos




também falam inglês. Bem como a Austrália, Tasmânia, Inglaterra, Irlanda, Canadá, EUA, Jamaica, Trinidad e outros países do Caribe. Diferenças entre os países Hoje a língua inglesa, é quase a mesma em todo o mundo. É possível perceber a nacionalidade de uma pessoa pelo seu sotaque, um australiano, um canadense, um escocês ou um africano, mas as palavras são internacionais. Mas é interessante perceber as diferenças dentro do próprio inglês Britânico. Um Londrino pode entender o que um americano fala, facilmente, mas quase não consegue compreender o dialeto de um pessoa de Newcastle, no norte da Inglaterra. Porém, mesmo falando o mesmo idioma em diferentes países, existem diferenças na escrita entre um país e outro. Às vezes, uma letra a mais ou a menos... Veja algumas delas entre o inglês britânico (em vermelho) versus o inglês americano (em azul): Catalogue – Catalog Programme – Program Litre – Liter Theatre – Theater Colour – Color Neighbour -‐Neighbor Centre – Center Humour -‐ Humor ... e às vezes uma palavra completamente diferente. Veja algumas delas: Flat – Apartment Crisps/ chips -‐ Potato chips / French Fries Cinema -‐ Movie Theater Film – Movie Toilet – Bathroom Holiday – Vacation To phone -‐ To call Petrol – Gas Sweets – Candy Biscuit – Cookie Queue – Line Motorway – Highway Chemist – Drugstore Lorry -‐ Truck