AFT II Ingles T2 Alineandrade Aula 05

8/14/2019 AFT II Ingles T2 Alineandrade Aula 05

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CURSO ON LINECURSO DE INGLS AFTTEORIA E EXERCCIOS

AULA 05

PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE

www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 1

Ol pessoal,

A partir desta 5 aula, comearemos o treinamento do

vocabulrio-chave de temas recorrentes nas provas da ESAF,

agrupando o vocabulrio das questes recentes em 3 reas

temticas.

Neste nosso encontro o foco ser a resoluo de questes

na rea de economia e finanas, de maneira a consolidar os

principais vocbulos desta rea temtica no quadro de

PALAVRAS-CHAVE DE ECONOMIA E FINANAS (apresentado

no final da aula). Tambm ser feita uma reviso dos pontos

gramaticais estudados nas quatro primeiras aulas.

Forte abrao e bons estudos.


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AULA 05 - ECONOMIA E FINANAS

Another country

Source: www.economist.com

Jul 21st 2005 (Adapted)

No matter where one goes in Argentina these days,

evidence of the countrys remarkable economic recovery is hard to

avoid. Since its collapse in 2001-02, Argentinas economy has

grown by a quarter. According to government estimates, it has

finally surpassed its previous peak of May 1998. In another sign

that the worst is over, on July 18th the government issued dollar

bonds for the first time since its massive debt default in 2001.

But while the economy may have recovered its former

size, it is different in many ways. Some of the imbalances of the

1990s have been fixed: budget deficits have turned into

surpluses; devaluation has ignited exports; and the public debt

has been restructured.

1. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The author refers to Argentinas recovery as

a) likely to happen.

b) already taking place.

c) on the verge of beginning.

d) unlikely to occur.

e) being severely criticized.


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Comentrios:

De acordo com o enunciado, a questo quer saber como o autor

se refere (refers) recuperao da Argentina (Argentinas

recovery).

No matter where one goes in Argentina these days, evidenceof the

countrys remarkable economic recoveryis hard to avoid.

Veja que o texto fala em evidncia e recuperao econmica, palavras

parecidas com o portugus.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

recovery:recuperao

evidence: evidncia

country: pas

remarkable: notvel

economic recovery: recuperao econmica

hard: difcil

avoid: evitar

likely: provvel

happen: acontecer

already:j

taking place: acontecendo

verge: beira

beginning: comeo, comeando

unlikely: improvvel

occur: ocorrer

severely: severamentecriticized: criticado


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ever:j, alguma vezyet: ainda

a) likely to happen.A opo A est incorreta. Aqui a alternativa afirma que a

recuperao econmica provvel (likely) de acontecer (happen),

enquanto o texto diz que a recuperao j evidente: (...) evidence

of the countrys remarkable economic recoveryis hard to avoid.


A opo B est correta. Sim, a recuperao econmica j

(already) est acontecendo (taking place). Veja que a frase est no

presente: (...) evidence of the countrys remarkable economic recovery

ishard to avoid.

IMPORTANTE

ADVRBIOS DE TEMPO

already: j

ever:j, alguma vez

yet: ainda


A opoC est incorreta. A recuperao no est a beira de

comear (on the vergeof beginning). J comeou.


A opoD est incorreta. Unlikelysignifica improvvel e occur(ocorrer), logo, a alternativa no est de acordo com o texto.


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2. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) In relation to Argentinas budget deficits, the

text states that they

a) may change into surpluses.

b) ought to be looked into.

c) have been dealt with.

d) must become surpluses.

e) have been deepened.

Comentrios:

O enunciado da questo traz a expresso budget deficits.

Vamos procurar no texto onde a expresso aparece.

()budget deficitshave turned intosurpluses(), ou seja, deficits

oramentrios se transformaram em supervits.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

budget deficits: dficits oramentrios

have turned: transformou, tem transformado

surpluses: supervit

may: pode (possibilidade)

change: trocar, mudar

ought: deveria, poderialooked into: examinou


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dealt with: tratar, lidarmust: dever (obrigao)

become: tornar-se

deepened: aprofundou

Qual das opes de resposta mais se aproxima da idia trazida

pelo texto:

a) may changeinto surpluses.

A opoA est incorreta. Como j estudamos, may tem a idia

de possibilidade. A frase do texto no traz nenhuma palavra que indique

possibilidade, apenas afirma que dficits oramentrios (budget

dficits) se transformaram em supervits (surpluses). S para

relembrar, veja o quadro a seguir:

IMPORTANTE

MODAL VERBS

Can: poder ou saber fazer

Could: poderia ou era capaz

Permisso

Habilidade

Possiblidade

GRAU DE

PROBABILIDADE

+May: poderia ou provvel

Might: talvez seja possvel

Possibilidade

Probabilidade

Should: poderia ou deveria

Ought:poderia ou deveria

Obrigao

Sugesto

Must: dever

Possibilidade

ObrigaoProibio


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Have to: ter que fazer algo Obrigao

b) oughtto be looked into.

A opoB est incorreta. Aqui a opo afirma que os dficits

devero ser examinados (looked into). O texto no diz isso.

c) have beendealtwith.

A opoC est correta. Se o texto diz que budget deficitshave

turned into surpluses, os dficits oramentrios j foram tratados

(havebeen dealt with) e se tornaram supervits. Nessa alternativa e

na frase do texto, o tempo verbal utilizado o Presente Perfeito

recorrente nas provas, importantssimo que voc esteja bem

entendido nesse assunto. Veja os quadros a seguir:

IMPORTANTE

MUST

CAN/MAY

COULD

MIGHT


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PRESENTE PERFEITO

I have

He

She has

It + been + verbo passado (1)

You (dealt)

We have + verbo no passado (2)

They (dealt)

O USO DESSE TEMPO VERBAL (tanto no 1 quanto no 2 modelo) PODE TER DOISSIGNIFICADOS DIFERENTES:

Acontecido em algum momento indeterminado no passado (foram tratados).

Repetidas vezes no passado ou iniciado no passado e ainda no terminado (tem sido tratados).


A opoD est incorreta. A alternativa est errada j que usa o

verbo must, que indica obrigao. O texto apenas afirma que dficits se

transformaram em supervit.


A opoE est incorreta. Aqui afirma-se que o dficit se agravou

(deepened). De acordo com o quadro explicativo do tempo verbal

Presente Perfeito acima, observe que a traduo correta aqui no

tem sido agravado, mas, apenas, agravou. Mesmo com o verbo

been, dependendo do contexto, a traduo no ser tem sidoagravado e sim agravou.

been(sido)pode ser usadoou no.


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Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra C.

3. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) According to the text,

a) Argentinas exports have been sparked.

b) Argentinas economic recovery should have been averted.

c) Argentinas economy grew by a quarter in 2001-02.d) Argentina should be able to grow by a quarter.

e) Argentinas public debt remains untouched.

Comentrios:

O enunciado desta questo no traz nenhum indicativo de onde

encontrar a resposta no texto. Vejamos as alternativas:


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A opo A est correta. A palavra-chave aqui exports

(exportaes). Procurando no texto, ela aparece na frase:

(...)devaluation has ignited exports (...) , que significa: A

desvalorizao (devaluation) inflamou (ignited) as exportaes. Na

alternativa aparece a palavra sparked um sinnimo de ignited(inflamar, acender).

DICA: Esta uma questo difcil. A

3 questo referente ao mesmo

texto geralmente a mais difcil

mesmo. Puro vocabulrio. Mas no

deixe de estudar o vocabulrio novo

que aparece aqui. Ele ser de grande

valia nas questes de economia.


A opoB est incorreta. O que o texto diz sobre a recuperao

econmica da Argentina est na frase: (...)countrys remarkable

economic recovery is hard to avoid.(...) Aqui o texto diz que huma notvel recuperao econmica no pas difcil de ser evitada

(avoid). A alternativa afirma que a recuperao econmica na

Argentina deveria ter sido evitada (should have been averted).

Observe que as palavras avoid e averted so sinnimos.

c) Argentinas economy grew by a quarter in 2001-02.

A opoC est incorreta. As palavras-chave aqui so quartere

2001-02. Vamos procur-las no texto:


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Since its collapse in 2001-02, Argentinas economy hasgrown by a quarter.

A alternativa afirma que a economia da Argentina cresceu (grew)

(quarter) em 2001-02. Agora veja que o texto fala em collapse in

2001-02 (colapso em 2001-02). No pode haver crescimento no

colapso, no mesmo? O texto diz que desde (since) o colapso em

2001-02, a economia argentina cresceu .

d) Argentina should be able to grow by a quarter.

A opoD est incorreta. Como vimos na alternativa anterior, o

texto no diz que a Argentina deveria ser capaz (should be able to

grow) de crescer .

e) Argentinas public debt remains untouched.

A opoE est incorreta. No texto, a palavra-chave public debt

est na frase: () and thepublic debthas been restructured() .

A alternativa afirma que a dvida publica continua (remains) intocada

(untouched). J no texto temos que a dvida pblica foi reestruturada

(restructured).

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

exports: exportao

sparked: inflamar

devaluation: desvalorizao


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ignited: inflamarrecovery: recuperao

should have been: deveria ter sido/estado

averte: evitar

avoid: evitar

hard : difcil

collapse: colapso

grow: crescergrew: passado de grow, cresceu

quarter:

should be able to: deveria ter sido capaz

public debt: dvida pblica

remain: continuar

untouched: intocado

restructured: restruturado

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra A.

Time to Toss the TextbookSource: Newsweek

July 4th 2005 (Adapted)

Do we know how much the world economy affects the

United States and vice versa?

Economics textbooks once described the U.S.

economy as mainly self-contained. Americans sold to each other;

Americans savings were invested mostly in American investments(stocks, bonds, bank deposits). Trade was small. Globalization has


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shattered this model. More industries face foreign competition ordepend on foreign markets. In 1960, exports and imports

together totaled 9.5 percent of gross domestic product; in 2004,

they were 25 percent of GDP. Savings and investments have also

gone global. In 2003, Americans mainly through pension funds,

banks and other big investors owned $3.1 trillion of foreign

stocks and bonds, while foreigners owned more than $4.1 trillion

of U.S. securities, says the International Monetary Fund. (Note:

the $4.1 trillion excluded China.) All these factors modify the U.S.

economy.

4. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The U.S. economy

a) could have been modified.

b) has hardly been affected at all.c) remains self-contained despite globalization.

d) has been altered by global trends.

e) should have restrained globalization.

Comentrios:

A questo trata da economia dos EUA (U.S. economy). Observe

que as alternativas trazem os verbos modified, affected ealtered. No

texto, a frase para responder a questo a ltima, veja:

All these factors modifythe U.S. economy.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

could have been: poderia ter sido/tido


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modified: modificouhardly: dificilmente

affected: afetou

remains: continua

self-contained: fechada

despite: apesar

globalization: globalizao

altered: alterouglobal trends: fatores globais

should have restrained: deveria ter contido

factors:fatores


A opoA est incorreta. A economia dos EUA foi modificada por

todos os fatores citados no texto (All these factors modify the U.S.

economy). Diferentemente, a alternativa afirma que a economia

poderia ter sido modificada.

b) has hardlybeen affectedat all.

A opoB est incorreta. Enquanto o texto afirma que a economia

mudou com a globalizao, esta alternativa diz que dificilmente

(hardly) foi afetada (affected).

c) remains self-containeddespiteglobalization.


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A opo C est incorreta. Aqui aparece a palavra self-contained, que no texto aparece em Economics textbooks once

describedthe U.S. economy as mainlyself-contained. Enquanto a

alternativa diz que a economia continua (remains) fechada (self-

contained) apesar da globalizao, o texto diz que os livros de

economia (economics textbooks) j descreveram (once described)

a economia assim. A economia dos EUA no fechada.

IMPORTANTE

PALAVRAS CONECTIVAS DE CONTRASTE

While Enquanto (que)

Whereas Ao passo que

By contrast J

But mas...

However, entretanto, ...

.. Though... no entanto

todavia,

Porm,

Contudo...

Even so Mesmo assim

Nevertheless Ainda assim

Still

In spite of No obstante

Despite Apesar de (disso)

Although Embora

Even though ... Ainda que

Unlike Ao contrrio de


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d) economists overconfidence in relation to the global markets.e) a set of policies which fully explains spending patterns.

Comentrios:

Considerando que o enunciado da questo no nos ajuda em

nada, ser preciso ver alternativa por alternativa:

a) the lack of economic changesover the last decades.

A opo A est incorreta. A expresso lack of economic

changes (falta, ausncia de mudanas econmicas) o erro da

questo. O texto trata das mudanas da economia dos EUA. Veja a

ltima frase do texto: All these factors modifythe U.S. economy.

b) an increasingly interdependentglobal economy.A opoB est correta. O ttulo do texto est de acordo com o

que afirma esta alternativa: economia global crescentemente

(increasingly) interdependente. Veja o ttulo: ()world economy

affects the United States and vice versa (). A economia mundial

afeta os EUA e vice e versa. Isso interdependncia.

c) ways of understanding and preventing recessions.A opoC est incorreta. O texto trata de globalizao, no fala

em preveno de recesso (preventing recessions).

d) economists overconfidence in relation to the global

markets.

A opo D est incorreta. O texto no trata de confiana

excessiva (overconfidence) de economistas.


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e) a set of policieswhich fully explains spending patterns.

A opoE est incorreta. O texto fala de globalizao como um

todo, no trata de conjunto de polticas (set of policies) que

expliquem (explains) completamente (fully) padres de gasto

(spending patterns).

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

lack: falta, ausncia

economic changes: mudanas econmicas

over the last decades: nas ltimas dcadas

increasingly: crescentemente

interdependent : interdependncia

global economy: economia globalways of: maneiras de

understanding: entender, entendimento

preventing: prevenir, preveno

recessions: recesses

overconfidence: excesso de confiana

global markets: mercado global

a set of policies: um conjunto de polticasfully explains: explica completamente

spending patterns: padres de despesas/gastos

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra B.

Source: http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/12/brazil-etf-emerging-intelligentinvesting- markets.html


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Buy Into BrazilDavid Serchuk [Forbes Magazine]

Theres a lot to like about South Americas biggest

economy. Hosting the Olympics and World Cup doesnt hurt

either.

Suddenly everyone is talking about Brazil. This makes sense

considering that the colossus of South America out-hustled

President Obama and his hometown of Chicago to land the 2016

Olympics. It has also benefited by being the B part of the BRIC

group of emerging nations, in addition to Russia, India and China.

Its an emerging power that some investors have just learned

about, though the pros have been hip to it for some time.

From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses, and

its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is the 10th largest in

the world. It has large and well-developed agricultural, mining,

manufacturing and service sectors, and its economy is bigger than

all other nations in South America combined. Brazil is expanding

its presence in world markets and, as we have seen, the worlds

playing fields.

There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil. Despite its

potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that its per capita

wealth is 102nd in the world, slightly behind the global average

and noted powerhouse Serbia. Brazils richest 10% reaps 43% of

its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. Brazils bottom 10%

earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like here, and our

industry observers are ready to buy.


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6. (ESAF/ MPOG/2010) Calling Brazil the B part of the BRIC

group of emerging nations [paragraph 1 line 4], indicates that

a) compared to Russia, India and China, Brazils growth is second-rate.

b) the acronym BRIC contains an explicit reference to Brazil.

c) Brazils economy is till only grade B for investors.

d) Brazil lags behind the A-rated industrialized countries.

e) emerging nations are now only slightly behind developed countries.

Comentrios:

Tomando como ponto de partida o enunciado da questo e suas

palavras-chave, vejamos o que diz a linha 4 do texto. (Voc j deve ter

observado que na provas da ESAF muito comum o enunciado j

indicar a linha onde o candidato encontrar a resposta, neste caso[paragraph 1 line 4]).

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

calling: chamar

Brazil : Brasil

the B part : a parte B

BRICgroup: grupo BRIC

emerging nations: naes emergentes

A linha 4 diz:


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the BRIC groupof emerging nations, in addition to Russia, Indiaand China.

Observe que, de acordo com o enunciado, a questo quer saber o que

indica chamar o Brasil de parte B do grupo BRIC.

Veja a opo b:

b) the acronymBRIC containsan explicit referenceto Brazil.

Veja que no precisava saber ingls para acertar a questo. Nos

quadros do vocabulrio-chave, quase todas as palavras so parecidas

com as nossas em portugus. Isso muitas vezes acontece. Existem sim

os falsos cognatos, aquelas palavras que na escrita se assemelham ao

portugus, mas que tm significados diferentes. Contudo, importante

lembrar que forte a presena de vocbulos de origem latina no ingls,

sendo que a porcentagem de ocorrncia dessas palavras como falsos

cognatos em relao ao portugus insignificante - menos de 0,1%.

Portanto, no se preocupe com qualquer probabilidade de erro ao

interpretar palavras do ingls parecidas com palavras do portugus. No

decorrer das nossas aulas sempre destacarei os falsos cognatos que por

ventura aparecerem.

acronym: acrnimo, sigla

contains: contm

explicit: explcita

reference: referncia


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Quanto questo, se a Banca queria saber o significado de B nasigla BRIC voc s precisava identificar na linha 4 os pases citados (

Rssia, ndia e China) para confirmar que o B=Brasil.

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra B.


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7.(ESAF/ MPOG/2010) The writers attitude to investment in Brazilis

a) out and out enthusiasm for the countrys prospects.

b) reluctant dismissal of Brazils potential.

c) encouragement with minor reservations.

d) unmitigated acclaim for the worlds 10th largest economy.

e) deliberate analysis of various pitfalls for investors.

Comentrios

A questo pede o posicionamento/atitude (attitude) do

autor acerca do investimento (investment) no Brasil. Vamos procurar

no texto, mas partindo das alternativas de respostas. Uma questo

bastante trabalhosa, mas com um vocabulrio-chave importantssimo.

a) out and outenthusiasm for the countrys prospects.A opoA est incorreta. Aqui temos a expresso out and out

enthusiasm(completo entusiasmo). Para verificar se a alternativa est

correta necessrio buscar no texto algo negativo quanto ao

investimento. Observe os pargrafos a seguir e as palavras em

destaque:

2. From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade

surpluses, and its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is

the 10th largestin the world. It has large andwell-developed

agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, and its

economy is bigger than all other nations in South America

combined. Brazil is expandingits presence in world markets and,

as we have seen, the worlds playing fields.

3. There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil.Despiteits potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that

itsper capita wealth is 102ndin the world, slightly behind the


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global average and noted powerhouse Serbia. Brazils richest 10%reaps 43% of its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. Brazils

bottom 10% earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like

here, and our industry observers are ready to buy.

Das palavras em destaque, observamos que o pargrafo 2 trata

de aspectos positivos: record trade surpluses, Gross domestic

product 10th largest, large, well-developed, bigger, expanding.

No pargrafo 3 temos: drawbacks, despite potent GDP,

ineguality, per capita wealth is 102nd, minuscule.

Se o autor descreve os pontos positivos e negativos do

investimento, o entusiasmo no pode ser considerado completo (out

and out). Logo, o item est errado.

b) reluctant dismissalof Brazils potential.

A opo B est incorreta. A alternativa diz que o autor tem

resistente recusa (reluctant dismissal) ao pontencial brasileiro. Como

vimos na explicao da alternativa anterior, o autor no nega o

potencial brasileiro. Veja a ltima frase do pargrafo 1:


about, thoughthepros have been hipto it for some time.

O autor reconhece que o Brasil um poder emergente (emerging

power) que alguns investidores acabaram de descobrir (have just

learned), mas que os profissionais (pros) j aplaudem h algum

tempo.


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c) encouragementwith minor reservations.

A opo C est correta. O autor posiciona-se no texto com

encorajamento e restries. Como vimos, o pargrafo 2 traa os pontos

positivos do Brasil e o 3 os negativos.

d) unmitigated acclaimfor the worlds 10th largest economy.A opoD est incorreta. Esta opo afirma que o posicionamento

do autor quanto aos investimentos no Brasil por aclamao (acclaim)

sem atenuantes (unmitigated). O pargrafo 3 traz os pontos negativos

que atenua o encorajamento dos investidores.

e) deliberate analysisof various pitfalls for investors.

A opoE est incorreta. A afirmativa diz que o posicionamento

do autor quanto aos investimentos no Brasil por anlise deliberada de

vrios perigos ou armadilhas (pitfalls) para investidores. Como vimos o

texto trata dos pontos positivos e negativos do pas para os

investidores.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

attitude: posicionamento, atitude

investment: investimento

out and out: completo

enthusiasm: entusiasmo

prospects: perspectiva

reluctant dismissal:resistente recusa

encouragement: encorajamento

minor: menor, inferior, secundrio


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reservations: restriesunmitigated: sem atenuantes

acclaim: aclamao

deliberate analysis : analise deliberada

pitfalls: perigos, armadilhas

record trade surpluses: supervit commercial recorde

gross domestic product: produto nacional bruto

largest: maior (superlative de large)well-developed: bem deselvolvido

bigger: maior (comparative de big)

expanding: desenvolvimento

drawbacks: desvantagens, prejuzos

despite: apesar de

GDP: gross domestic product: produto nacional bruto

ineguality: desigualdade

per capita wealth: renda per capita

minuscule: minsculo

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra C.


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Reason with him

Source: www.newsweek.com

22nd Sep, 2009 (Adapted)

Question (Q) 1: Margolis: When you took office, Brazil wasregarded as an underachiever, and the last among the

BRIC nations. Now Brazil is considered a star among

emerging countries. Whats happened?

Lula: No one respects anyone who doesnt respect themselves.

And Brazil always behaved like a second-class country. We always

told ourselves we were the country of the future. But we never

transformed these qualities into anything concrete. In a globalized

world you cannot sit still. You have to hit the road and sell your

country. So we decided to make strengthening Mercosul (the

South American trading bloc) a priority, and deepened our

relations with Latin America in general. We prioritized trade with

Africa and went into the Middle East aggressively. Our trade

balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion the blow of

the economic crisis.

Q2: Margolis: Has Brazils success in navigating the

economic crisis changed investorsviews?

Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domestic market.

We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. We reduced part of

the sales tax and asked the companies to offer consumers credit

on affordable items. Its the same case with refrigerators, stoves,

washing machines, and with computers and the housing

construction.


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A opoA est incorreta. No texto a palavra domestic marketest na frase: We had a strong domestic market. Observe que as

duas frases esto no passado. Enquanto a alternativa diz que o

mercado domstico brasileiro era frgil (frail), o presidente na sua

resposta afirma que ns tnhamos um mercado domstico forte

(strong).

b) a miracle did comeabout in Brazil.A opoB est incorreta. No texto a palavra miracle aparece

na frase: There was no miracle. A alternativa no est negando,

afirma que

aconteceu um milagre (miracle did come). O texto nega o milagre (no

miracle).

DID PARA DAR NFASE

A miracle did comeabout in Brazil = A miracle cameabout in Brazil.

DID verbo auxiliar, usado em negativas e interrogativas no passado.

Dida miracle come in Brazil?

A miracle didnt come in Brazil.

Mas nesse caso, est sendo utilizado para dar nfase e tambm indicar

que a frase est no passado.

c) crediton affordable itemswas halved.

A opoC est incorreta. No texto as palavras-chave esto nafrase:

Exemplos


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() askedthe companiesto offer consumerscrediton affordableitems. O presidente afirmou em sua resposta pergunta 2 que pediu

(asked) s empresas para oferecer aos consumidores crdito para os

itens disponveis (affordable items). J a alternativa diz que o crdito

para itens disponveis (affordable items) foi reduzido metade

(halved).

d) part of the sales taxwas lowered.A opo D est correta. No texto o presidente diz ()We

reduced part of the sales tax() , logo, imposto foi reduzido

(reduced). Na alternativa tambm est dito isso, lowered sinnimo

de reduced.

IMPORTANTE

FALSO COGNATO EM ECONOMIA

TAX: IMPOSTO

RATE: TAXA (TAXA DE JUROS: INTEREST RATE)

e) consumers were not willing to spend.

A opoE est incorreta. O texto diz We had a strong domestic

market. We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. J a

alternativa afirma que consumidores no estavam querendo (were not

willing) gastar (spend).

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

domestic market: mercado domstico

frail: frgil


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miracle: milagrescome about: acontecer

credit: crdito

affordable items: itens disponveis

halved: reduzido metade

sales tax: impostos sobre vendas

was lowered: foi reduzido

consumers: consumidoreswere: eram, estavam

willing: almejando, desejando

spend: gastar

PASSADO DO VERBO BE (SER, ESTAR)

I was

He

She was

It

You

We were

They

I wasnt

He

She wasnt

It

You

We werent

They

Was I ?

He ..?

Was She.?

It ?

You ?

Were We .?

They?

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra D.


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9. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In his answer to question 3, Brazilspresident

a) emphasizes the role played by the private sector.

b) criticizes initiatives derived from private ownership.

c) sees the private sector as an inducer of growth.

d) affirms the significance of the state.

e) disregards duties attributed to the state.

Comentrios:

O enunciado da questo nos remete resposta do presidente

pergunta 3 do texto, que foi a seguinte:

The great lesson is that thestatehas an importantroleto play, and

has great responsibility. We dont want the state to manage

business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work in harmony

with society.

Tendo em mente as palavras state, importante responsibility,

vamos partir para a anlise de cada dissertativa:

a) emphasizesthe role played by the private sector.

A opo A est incorreta. A alternativa fala que o presidente

enfatiza o setor privado (emphasizes the private sector). Nas

palavras-chave do texto temos importncia (important) e


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responsabilidade (responsability) do Estado (state) e no do setorprivado.

b) criticizes initiatives derivedfrom private ownership.

A opo B est incorreta. O presidente no critica iniciativasprivadas (initiatives derived fromprivate), como vimos ele enfatiza

a responsabilidade e importncia do Estado.

c) sees the private sectoras an inducerof growth.

A opoC est incorreta. Aqui novamente a banca fala de setor

privado (private sector) como indutor do crescimento (inducer of

growth).

d) affirmsthe significance of the state.

A opoD est correta. A alternativa diz que o presidente afirma

(affirms) a significncia (significance) do Estado. Isso mesmo!


A opo E est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que o presidente

despreza (disregards) as responsabilidades (duties) do Estado.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

State: Estado

important: importante

responsibility: responsabilidade

emphasize: enfatizar


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private sector: setor privadocriticize: criticar

initiatives: iniciativas

derived: derivado

private ownership: propriedade privada

inducer: indutor

growth: crescimento

affirms: afirmasignificance: significncia

disregard: desprezar

duties: obrigaes



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Comentrios:

O enunciado da questo nos remete resposta do presidente

pergunta 3 do texto, que foi a seguinte:

The great lesson is that thestatehas an importantroleto play, and

has great responsibility. We dont want the state to manage

business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work in harmony

with society.

Tendo em mente as palavras state, importante responsibility,

vamos partir para a anlise de cada dissertativa:

a) emphasizesthe role played by the private sector.

A opo A est incorreta. A alternativa fala que o presidente

enfatiza o setor privado (emphasizes the private sector). Nas


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palavras-chave do texto temos importncia (important) eresponsabilidade (responsability) do Estado (state) e no do setor

privado.

b) criticizes initiatives derivedfrom private ownership.

A opo B est incorreta. O presidente no critica iniciativasprivadas (initiatives derived fromprivate), como vimos ele enfatiza

a responsabilidade e importncia do Estado.

c) sees the private sectoras an inducerof growth.

A opoC est incorreta. Aqui novamente a banca fala de setor

privado (private sector) como indutor do crescimento (inducer of

growth).

d) affirmsthe significance of the state.

A opoD est correta. A alternativa diz que o presidente afirma

(affirms) a significncia (significance) do Estado. Isso mesmo!


A opo E est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que o presidente

despreza (disregards) as responsabilidades (duties) do Estado.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

State: Estado

important: importante

responsibility: responsabilidade

emphasize: enfatizar


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private sector: setor privadocriticize: criticar


derived: derivado


inducer: indutor

growth: crescimento

affirms: afirmasignificance: significncia

disregard: desprezar

duties: obrigaes



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Taxation Trends in the European UnionSource: www.ec.europa.eu

2009 Edition (Adapted)

1. This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the

European Union appears at a time of upheaval. The effects of the

global economic and financial crisis have hit the European Union

(EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008. Given

that the last year for which detailed data are available is 2007,

this years report cannot yet analyze the consequences of the

recession on tax revenues. Nevertheless, the report takes stock of

the tax policy measures taken by EU governments in response to

the crisis up to spring 2009.

2. The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax

area. In 2007, the overall tax ratio, i.e. the sum of taxes andsocial security contributions in the 27 Member States amounted to

39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage points above

those recorded in the United States and Japan.

3. The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back

essentially to the last third of the 20th century. In those years,

the role of the public sector became more extensive, leading to a

strong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to a lesserextent also in the 1980s and early 1990s.


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b) may still hitthe European Union.A opo B est incorreta. A frase do texto deixa claro que os

efeitos da crise (The effects of the global economic and financial

crisis) atingiram (have hit) a UE. A frase est no passado. J a

alternativa, no futuro: a crise ainda poder (may still) atingir a UE.

Lembrem que may, might e could so verbos com idia de

possibilidade, probabilidade.

c) has caused tax reductionsin the EU.

A opoC est incorreta. O texto no diz que a crise causou

reduo de impostos (tax reductions).

d) couldhave affected the EU.

A opoD est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que a crise poderia

ter afetado (could have affected) a UE. Como vimos, o texto diz o

contrrio.

e) might bring aboutgrowth in the EU.

A opoE est incorreta. No faz sentido afirmar que a crise

poder levar crescimento Unio Europia e o texto no diz isso.



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12. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In relation to the EUs overall tax ratio, it

a) must hit 39.8% of GDP.

b) is likely to reach 39.8% of GDP.

c) is soon to be defined.

d) exceeds half the GDP.

e) equals to 39.8% of GDP.

Comentrios:

Esta questo foi anulada, mas importante que vejamos as

razes e o vocabulrio importante.

VOCABULRIO-CHAVE

overall tax ratio: carga tributria global

tax: imposto

ratio: alquota, taxa

must: dever

hit: alcanar, atingir

GDP (Gross Domestic Product): PIB (Produto Interno Bruto)


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reach: alcanarsoon: logo

defined: definido.

exceed: exceder

half: metade

equal: igualar

amount: equivaler, corresponder, somar

No texto, encontramos a comparao entre a carga tributria

global da Unio Europia e o PIB (GDP) na frase:

In 2007,the overall tax ratio, i.e. the sum of taxes and social

security contributions in the 27 Member States amounted to

39.8% of GDP.

O texto afirma que em 2007, a carga tributria global equivalia

(amouted) a 39,8% do PIB, certo? Agora vejamos as alternativas:

a) must hit 39.8%of GDP. (deve alcanar 39,8% do PIB)

b) is likely to reach 39.8% of GDP. ( provvel que alcance

39,8%)

c) is soon to be defined. (logo ser definida)

d) exceeds halfthe GDP. (ultrapassa metade do PIB)

e) equals to 39.8% of GDP. (equivale a 39,8% do PIB)

O gabarito preliminar considerou como resposta a letra E, ocorre

que o texto fala que a carga tributria global equivalia (amouted) a

39,8% do PIB em 2007. Isso passado. O enunciado da questo no

faz remisso a 2007, apenas diz: Em reao carga tributria global da

EU, ........e as alternativas esto todas no presente ou no futuro.


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Logo, questo ANULADA.

13. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) According to paragraph 3, the role played

by the public sector

a) widened.

b) lessened.

c) diminished.

d) faded.

e) decreased.

Comentrios:

A questo quer saber como era a atuao, o papel desempenhado

(role played) pelo setor pblico (public sector). Mesmo que voc no

soubesse o significado de role played, voc saberia o significado de

public sectore poderia acertar a questo. Vejamos o que o texto diz:

In those years, the role of the public sector became more

extensive, leading to a strong upward trend in the tax ratio in

the 1970s, and to a lesser extent also in the 1980s and early

1990s.


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O papel do setor pblico se tornou (became) mais extensivo

(extensive). Analisando as alternativas de resposta, apenas uma delas

tm significado positivo.

a) widened. (alargou) +

b) lessened. (diminuiu) -

c) diminished. (diminuiu) -d) faded. (enfraqueceu) -

e) decreased. (diminuiu) -

VOCABULRIO-CHAVE

role played: papel desempenhado, atuao

public sector: setor publico

widened: alargou

lessened: diminuiu

diminished: diminuiu

faded: enfraqueceu

decreased: diminuiu

extensive: extensivo, extenso



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REVISO DO VOCABULRIO-CHAVE DE ECONOMIA E FINANAS

A partir deste momento vamos revisar a aula por meio do quadro

do vocabulrio-chave.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE DE ECONOMIA E FINANAS

recovery:recuperaoeconomic recovery: recuperao econmica

budget deficits: dficits oramentrios

surpluses: supervit

deepened: aprofundou

exports: exportao

sparked: inflamar

devaluation: desvalorizaoignited: inflamar


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collapse: colapsogrow: crescer

grew: passado de grow, cresceu

quarter:

public debt: dvida pblica

restructured: restruturado

modified: modificou

affected: afetouremains: continua

self-contained: fechada

globalization: globalizao

altered: alterou

global trends: fatores globais

restrained: contido

factors:fatores

lack: falta, ausncia

economic changes: mudanas econmicas

increasingly: crescentemente

interdependent : interdependncia

global economy: economia global

recessions: recesses

overconfidence: excesso de confiana

global markets: mercado global

a set of policies: um conjunto de polticas

spending patterns: padres de despesas/gastos/demanda

BRICgroup: grupo BRIC

emerging nations: naes emergentes

investment: investimento

prospects: perspectiva


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pitfalls: perigos, armadilhasrecord trade surpluses: supervit commercial recorde

gross domestic product: produto nacional bruto

well-developed: bem deselvolvido

expanding: desenvolvimento

drawbacks: desvantagens, prejuzos

ineguality: desigualdade

per capita wealth: renda per capitadomestic market: mercado domstico

miracle: milagres

credit: crdito

affordable items: itens disponveis

halved: reduzido metade

sales tax: impostos sobre vendas

was lowered: foi reduzido

consumers: consumidores

willing: almejando, desejando

spend: gastar

State: Estado

private sector: setor privado

criticize: criticar


derived: derivado


inducer: indutor

growth: crescimento

duties: obrigaes

global economic and financial crisis: crise financeira e econmica

global


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impacted: impactouhit: atingiu, atingir

caused: causou

tax reductions: reduces de impostos

affected: afetou

bring about: levar no sentido de causar

growth: crescimento

overall tax ratio: carga tributria globaltax: imposto

ratio: alquota, taxa

GDP (Gross Domestic Product): PIB (Produto Interno Bruto)

reach: alcanar

exceed: exceder

half: metade

equal: igualar

amount: equivaler, corresponder, somar

public sector: setor publico

widened: alargou

lessened: diminuiu

diminished: diminuiu

faded: enfraqueceu

decreased: diminuiu

extensive: extensivo, extenso


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QUESTES DA AULA

Another country

Source: www.economist.com

Jul 21st 2005 (Adapted)

No matter where one goes in Argentina these days,

evidence of the countrys remarkable economic recovery is hard to

avoid. Since its collapse in 2001-02, Argentinas economy has

grown by a quarter. According to government estimates, it has

finally surpassed its previous peak of May 1998. In another sign

that the worst is over, on July 18th the government issued dollar


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bonds for the first time since its massive debt default in 2001.But while the economy may have recovered its former

size, it is different in many ways. Some of the imbalances of the

1990s have been fixed: budget deficits have turned into

surpluses; devaluation has ignited exports; and the public debt

has been restructured.

1. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The author refers to Argentinas recovery as

a) likely to happen.




e) being severely criticized.

2. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) In relation to Argentinas budget deficits, the

text states that they

a) may change into surpluses.

b) ought to be looked into.

c) have been dealt with.



3. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) According to the text,



c) Argentinas economy grew by a quarter in 2001-02.

d) Argentina should be able to grow by a quarter.e) Argentinas public debt remains untouched.


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Time to Toss the TextbookSource: Newsweek

July 4th 2005 (Adapted)

Do we know how much the world economy affects theUnited States and vice versa?

Economics textbooks once described the U.S. economy

as mainly self-contained. Americans sold to each other;

Americans savings were invested mostly in American investments

(stocks, bonds, bank deposits). Trade was small. Globalization has

shattered this model. More industries face foreign competition or

depend on foreign markets. In 1960, exports and imports together

totaled 9.5 percent of gross domestic product; in 2004, they were

25 percent of GDP. Savings and investments have also gone

global. In 2003, Americans mainly through pension funds, banks

and other big investors owned $3.1 trillion of foreign stocks and

bonds, while foreigners owned more than $4.1 trillion of U.S.

securities, says the International Monetary Fund. (Note: the $4.1

trillion excluded China.) All these factors modify the U.S.

economy.

4. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The U.S. economy


b) has hardly been affected at all.c) remains self-contained despite globalization.


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d) has been altered by global trends.e) should have restrained globalization.

5. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The text refers to

a) the lack of economic changes over the last decades.

b) an increasingly interdependent global economy.

c) ways of understanding and preventing recessions.

d) economists overconfidence in relation to the global markets.

e) a set of policies which fully explains spending patterns.

Source: http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/12/brazil-etf-emerging-intelligentinvesting- markets.html

Buy Into Brazil

David Serchuk [Forbes Magazine]

Theres a lot to like about South Americas biggest

economy. Hosting the Olympics and World Cup doesnt hurt

either.

Suddenly everyone is talking about Brazil. This makes sense

considering that the colossus of South America out-hustled

President Obama and his hometown of Chicago to land the 2016


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Olympics. It has also benefited by being the B part of the BRICgroup of emerging nations, in addition to Russia, India and China.


about, though the pros have been hip to it for some time.

From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses, and

its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is the 10th largest in

the world. It has large and well-developed agricultural, mining,

manufacturing and service sectors, and its economy is bigger than

all other nations in South America combined. Brazil is expanding

its presence in world markets and, as we have seen, the worlds

playing fields.

There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil. Despite its

potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that its per capita

wealth is 102nd in the world, slightly behind the global average

and noted powerhouse Serbia. Brazils richest 10% reaps 43% of

its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. Brazils bottom 10%

earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like here, and our

industry observers are ready to buy.

6. (ESAF/ MPOG/2010) Calling Brazil the B part of the BRIC

group of emerging nations [paragraph 1 line 4], indicates that

a) compared to Russia, India and China, Brazils growth is second-rate.

b) the acronym BRIC contains an explicit reference to Brazil.

c) Brazils economy is till only grade B for investors.

d) Brazil lags behind the A-rated industrialized countries.

e) emerging nations are now only slightly behind developed countries.


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7.(ESAF/ MPOG/2010) The writers attitude to investment in Brazil isa) out and out enthusiasm for the countrys prospects.

b) reluctant dismissal of Brazils potential.

c) encouragement with minor reservations.

d) unmitigated acclaim for the worlds 10th largest economy.

e) deliberate analysis of various pitfalls for investors.

Reason with him

Source: www.newsweek.com

22nd Sep, 2009 (Adapted)

Question (Q) 1: Margolis: When you took office, Brazil was

regarded as an underachiever, and the last among the BRIC

nations. Now Brazil is considered a star among emerging

countries. Whats happened?

Lula: No one respects anyone who doesnt respect themselves.

And Brazil always behaved like a second-class country. We always

told ourselves we were the country of the future. But we never


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transformed these qualities into anything concrete. In a globalizedworld you cannot sit still. You have to hit the road and sell your

country. So we decided to make strengthening Mercosul (the

South American trading bloc) a priority, and deepened our

relations with Latin America in general. We prioritized trade with

Africa and went into the Middle East aggressively. Our trade

balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion the blow of the

economic crisis.

Q2: Margolis: Has Brazils success in navigating the

economic crisis changed investorsviews?

Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domestic market.

We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. We reduced part of

the sales tax and asked the companies to offer consumers credit

on affordable items. Its the same case with refrigerators, stoves,

washing machines, and with computers and the housing

construction.

Q3: Margolis: What are the lessons for other countries?

Lula: The great lesson is that the state has an important role to

play, and has great responsibility. We dont want the state to

manage business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work

in harmony with society.

8. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In his answer to question 2, Luiz Incio Lulada Silva says that

a) the Brazilian domestic market was frail.b) a miracle did come about in Brazil.


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c) credit on affordable items was halved.d) part of the sales tax was lowered.

e) consumers were not willing to spend.













Taxation Trends in the European UnionSource: www.ec.europa.eu

2009 Edition (Adapted)

1. This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the

European Union appears at a time of upheaval. The effects of the

global economic and financial crisis have hit the European Union

(EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008. Given

that the last year for which detailed data are available is 2007,this years report cannot yet analyze the consequences of the


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recession on tax revenues. Nevertheless, the report takes stock ofthe tax policy measures taken by EU governments in response to

the crisis up to spring 2009.

2. The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax

area. In 2007, the overall tax ratio, i.e. the sum of taxes and

social security contributions in the 27 Member States amounted to

39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage points above

those recorded in the United States and Japan.

3. The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back

essentially to the last third of the 20th century. In those years,

the role of the public sector became more extensive, leading to a

strong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to a lesser

extent also in the 1980s and early 1990s.

11. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) According to paragraph 1, the global

economic and financial crisis

a) has impacted on the EU.

b) may still hit the European Union.

c) has caused tax reductions in the EU.

d) could have affected the EU.

e) might bring about growth in the EU.


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12. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In relation to the EUs overall tax ratio, ita) must hit 39.8% of GDP.

b) is likely to reach 39.8% of GDP.

c) is soon to be defined.

d) exceeds half the GDP.

e) equals to 39.8% of GDP.

13. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) According to paragraph 3, the role played

by the public sector

a) widened.

b) lessened.

c) diminished.

d) faded.

e) decreased.

GABARITO

1-B 2-C 3-A 4-D 5-B

6-B 7-C 8-D 9-D 10-D


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11-A 12-X 13-A

Documents

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