hhumanitarul mecnierebaTa umanitarul mecnierebaTa ... · 6 rroin metrevelioin metreveli _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida _ andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis profesori,

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis

qarTuli universitetiqarTuli universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa humanitarul mecnierebaTa

fakultetis Sromebifakultetis Sromebi

I

gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~

TbilisiTbilisi

20142014

Sromebis krebulSi warmodgenilia samecniero statie-

bi, romlebic exeba saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli enisa

da qarTuli literaturis aqtualur problemebs.

mTavari redaqtori:

profesori sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe

saredaqcio kolegia:

akademikosi roin metreveliroin metreveli,

profesori vaxtang gurulivaxtang guruli,

profesori giorgi alibegaSviligiorgi alibegaSvili,

profesori eka duRaSvilieka duRaSvili,

profesori tariel futkaraZetariel futkaraZe,

profesori rozeta gujejianirozeta gujejiani,

profesori eTer SengeliaeTer Sengelia,

istoriis doqtori levan jiqia levan jiqia

(saredaqcio kolegiis mdivani).

SinaarsiSinaarsi

istoriaistoria.... ..................................................................................................................................... 5-304

roin metreveli. roin metreveli. ra akavSirebs petre pirvels

daviT aRmaSenebelTan (sxvaoba _ 600 weli) ................................................ .6-32

sergo vardosaniZe. sergo vardosaniZe. patriarq leonidesa da

mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias

dapirispirebis istoriidan ..........................................................................................33-49

vaxtang guruli. vaxtang guruli. mowameobrivi cxovrebis dasasruli

(ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba) .....................................................................................50-87

vaxtang guruli. vaxtang guruli. politikuri mkvlelobis fizionomia

(vin mokla rusi egzarqosi nikoni?) ...............................................................88-101

rozeta gujejiani. rozeta gujejiani. istoriuli maxsovrobis faqtebi

TurqeTis respublikis marmarilos zRvis regionebis

eTnikur qarTvelTa Soris ...................................................................................... 102-129

gvanca burduli gvanca burduli statistikuri cnobebi

saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi 1906 wlisaTvis

arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb ................................................................................. 130-144

levan jiqia. levan jiqia. baTumeli moswavleebis antisabWoTa

saqmianobis istoriidan (1955 w.) .........................................................................145-147

levan jiqia. levan jiqia. morwmuneTa marTlmadidebluri

sazogadoebebis Seqmna zugdidis raionSi ............................................... 148-163

gela qistauri. gela qistauri. sisxli rogorc warmarTuli

reliqti V-X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul

mwerlobasa da xalxuri yofis

rwmena-warmodgenebSi ......................................................................................................164-173

daviT malazonia. Tamar fxalaZe. daviT malazonia. Tamar fxalaZe.

interkulturuli ganaTleba, urTierTobebi da

kvlevebi saqarTveloSi. sitiuaciuri analizi ...................................174-188

daviT malazonia. daviT malazonia. socialur-ekonomikuri motivebi

TergdaleulTa mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ................................................189-202

maxare (miqael) bukia. maxare (miqael) bukia. wminda mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre

(oqropiriZe) ..............................................................................................................................203-233

maka kvaracxelia. maka kvaracxelia. qalaq Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde

(1917 wlis marti - 1918 wlis maisi) ............................................................... 234-245

maka kvaracxelia. maka kvaracxelia. Tbilisis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

xmosanTa 1919 wlis arCevnebi ............................................................................... 246-260

besik gafrindaSvili. besik gafrindaSvili.

nikorwmindeli mRvdelmTavrebi 1534-1822 wlebSi ............................261-286

saba saluaSvili. saba saluaSvili. „rifsimianeTa wamebidan _ wm. ninos

saqarTveloSi Semosvlamde ....................................................................................287-298

durmiSxan laSxi. durmiSxan laSxi. cota ram mecenatobisa da

qvelmoqmedebis warsulidan saqarTveloSi ......................................... 299-304

filologiafilologia ...........................................................................................................................305-396

tariel futkaraZe. tariel futkaraZe. ucxouri polisemantikuri terminebi

qarTul politikur konteqstSi (regioni, regionuli enebi,

regionalizmi...) ....................................................................................................................306-332

manana tabiZe. manana tabiZe. enobrivi politikis Teoria da praqtika ............ 333-348

inga RutiZe. inga RutiZe. enobrivi viTareba nigalis xeobaSi –

borCxisa da murRulis soflebi .................................................................... 349-367

eka duRaSvili. eka duRaSvili. giorgi mTawmidelis mTargmnelobiTi

meTodi bizantiuri himnografiis Targmanebis magaliTze .....368-376

giorgi alibegaSvili. giorgi alibegaSvili. beri – monazoni _ enkratisi ....................377-380

sofo gvaramaZe. sofo gvaramaZe. arCilis `samijnuroni~,

mistikur-alegoriuli leqsi ...............................................................................381-387

istoriaistoria

6

roin metreveliroin metreveli _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida

andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis

qarTuli universitetis profesori,

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

akademikosi

ra akavSirebs petre pirvels ra akavSirebs petre pirvels

daviT aRmaSenebelTan daviT aRmaSenebelTan

(sxvaoba _ 600 weli)(sxvaoba _ 600 weli)

paraleluri biografiebis Janri istoriografia-

Si plutarqem daamkvidra Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel

saukuneSi. `bio paraleloÁ~ _ Zveli berZeni gamoCenili

pirovnebis cxovrebis aRwerasTan erTad gadmoscems misi

badali romaeli moRvawis biografias da mkiTxvels aZlevs

saSualebas, erTmaneTs Seadaros es ori istoriuli piri.

ase magaliTad, Tezevsis biografiis gverdiT aRwerilia

romulusis cxovreba. aseve dawyvilebulia soloni _ pub-

likola, perikle _ fabius maqsimusi, alkibiade _ gaius

mariusi (koriolanusi), kimoni _ lukulusi, agesilae _

pompeusi, aleqsandre makedoneli _ iulius keisari, demos-

Tene _ ciceroni da sxv. plutarqes naSroms udidesi gamo-

Zaxili hqonda msoflio istoriaSi, misi ganviTarebis bevr

etapze. renesansis epoqaSi Tu safrangeTis burJuaziuli

revoluciis dros gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen `paralelur

biografiebs~. Seqspiri da rasini uxvad daewafnen plu-

tarqeseul Temebs. aRfrTovanebuli iyvnen am nawarmoebiT

volteri, ruso, belinski. plutarqes Zveli qarTuli mwer-

lobac kargad icnobda.

amjerad Cveni mizania, gavixsenoT es Janri da warmo-

vaCinoT paralularad ori istoriuli moRvawe _ daviT

7

aRmaSenebeli da petre pirveli: XI saukunis miwurulisa

da XII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelo da XVII

saukunis miwurulisa da XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis

ruseTi. 600 weli aSorebs erT mefes meore mefisagan, erT

epoqas meore epoqisagan. miuxedavad amisa, bevri ram metad

sainteresod emsgavseba erTmaneTs ori Zveli xalxis isto-

riaSi. umTavresi is aris, rom swored XII saukunis pirvel

meoTxedSi miaRwia saqarTvelom, xolo XVIII saukunis pir-

vel meoTxedSi ruseTma gansakuTrebul siZlieres; erTica

da meore saxelmwifoc swored zemoxsenebul mefeTa moR-

vaweobis dros iqcnen centralizebul qveynebad. Zlieri

iyo samefo xelisuflebac, rasac TavisTavad didi mniS-

vneloba hqonda, radgan centralizebuli samefo xelisu-

fleba Sua saukuneebSi (ganviTarebuli feodalizmis xa-

naSi) progresul elements warmoadgenda.

XII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi saqarTvelos saxelm-

wifos teritoria mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda. daviT aR-

maSeneblis 1125 wlis anderZi gvauwyebs: `... da uwoda magas

mefobaÁ, mamuli da axlad mogebuli Ruawli CemiTa da

TqueniTa: nikofsiTgan darubandisa zRuadmde da ovseTid-

gan soerad da aregawadmde~.1

aseve farToa ruseTis sazRvrebi XVIII saukunis pir-

vel meoTxedSi. aSkarad Cans qveynis siZliere petre pi-

rvelis erT sigelSi: `Божиею поспешествующею милостию мы, пресвятлейший да державнейший великий государь, царь и великий князь Петр Алексеевич, всея Великия и Малыя и Белыя России, самодержец московский, киевский, владимирский, новгородский, царь казанский, царь астраханский, царь сибирский, государь псковский да великий князь смоленский, тверский, югорский, пермский...~2 da sxv.

1 anderZi daviT aRmaSeneblisa (1125 w.)._ qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebi. II. Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 19.2 Полномочная грамота И. Х. Урбиху к австрийскому императору Карлу VI.- Письма и бумаги императора Петра Великого. т. XII. 1975, стр. 217.

8

swored petre pirvelis dros damkvidrda ruseTi

baltiis napirebze da moipova umoklesi savaWro gza ev-

ropasTan.

ai, yovelive amisTvis, arsebiTi msgavsebisaTvis mimovix-

ilavT daviT aRmaSeneblisa da petre pirvelis 600-wlovani

intervalis mqone moRvaweobas.

******

`daviT, mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somex-

Ta~

daviT aRmaSeneblis samefo tituli

(zedwerili daviTis monetaze, warwera mis oqros

jvarze).

`Божиею милостию мы, Петр Первый царь и самодержец всероссийский, и прочая, и прочая, и чая~

petre pirvelis samefo tituli.

amTaviTve movitanT ramdenime qronologiur faqts.

daviT aRmaSenebeli daibada 1072/3 wels, 600 wlis Semdeg

1672 wlis 30 maiss daibada petre pirveli. XI saukunis

80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan daviT aRmaSenebeli mefed

iwodeboda da nominalurad saxelmwifos TanammarTvelis

uflebebi hqonda. 600 wlis Semdeg 1682 wlidan petre pi-

rvelic nominalurad Seudga qveynis marTvas. 1089 wels

daviT aRmaSenebeli erTiani saqarTvelos mefe gaxda. 600

wlis Semdeg 1689 wels petre pirveli ruseTis faqtobrivi

erTmmarTveli Seiqna. daviT aRmaSenebeli gardaicvala 1125

wlis 24 ianvars. 600 wlis Semdeg 1725 wlis 28 ianvars gar-

daicvala petre pirveli.

axla ki metad saintereso damTxvevebs miRma ufro

Rrmad gadavixedoT saqarTvelosa da ruseTis warsulSi.

9

qveynis mdgomareobaqveynis mdgomareoba

nominaluri mefobanominaluri mefoba

XI saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos sagareo

politikuri viTareba erTgvarad garTulda, risi mizezic

Turquli modgmis tomebis _ selCukebis gamoCena iyo. sul-

Tanma alf-arslanma (1063-1072 ww.) araerTgzis dalaSqra

saqarTvelo (1065 w., 1068 w.). qarTvelebi mxned ebrZodnen

momxdur mters da cdilobdnen, rom Turq-selCukebs qar-

Tul miwaze fexi ar moekidebinaT. selCukTa Semosevebi

did zians ayenebda dapyrobil qveynebs. saqarTvelos ekono-

mikisaTvis damangreveli iyo Turq-selCukTa Semosevebi XI

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi

gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom `mooxrda qveyanaÁ da tyed

gardaiqca; nacvlad kacTa mxecni da nadirni daemkvidrnes

mas Sina; da iyo Wiri mouTmeneli yovelTa zeda mkÂdr-

Ta qveyanisaTa~.3 aseTi ubedureba saqarTvelos arasodes

enaxa. selCukebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebodnen sxva dampy-

roblebisagan (bizantia, arabeTi). isini momTabareebi iyvnen

da amitom dapyrobil adgilebze saxldebodnen. es ki, Tavis

mxriv, xels uSlida feodaluri meurneobis ganviTarebas,

mas safuZvels (miwas) aclida da erTianad gadaSenebis sa-

frTxes uqmnida. miuxedavad didi moZalebisa, saqarTvelom

damoukidebloba SeinarCuna, magram es damoukidebloba

qveyanas mZime tvirTad awva kiserze _ giorgi II (1072-1089

ww.) sulTnis sasargeblod yovelwliurad xarks ixdida,

Tanac mefe sulTans eaxla da morCileba gamoucxada. mSvi-

dobianoba mainc ar Canda _ momTabare Turqebis ricxvi

saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad matulobda.

3 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,

2008, gv. 303.

10

sagulisxmoa, rom XI saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasaw-

yisidan daviT aRmaSenebeli Cans mefis TanammarTvelad.

daviT garejis wignTsacavSi aRmoCenil 1085 wlis minaw-

erSi igi ukve mefed da sevastosad ixsenieba: `daesrula

saweliwadoÁ sawinaswarmetyveloÁ wessa, zeda berZulsa,

axalTargmnili wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi mTawmind-

elisa, sruli yovliTurT da unaklo. me suliTa sawyalo-

belman egnati davwere wmida ese wigni sawinaswarmetyve-

lo didebulisa lavrisa SatberdisaTvis, salocvelad

RvTiT-gÂrgÂnosanTa CuenTa giorgi mefeTa-mefisa da

kesarosisa da Zisa maTisa daviT mefisa sevastosisa~.4

bunebrivia, qveyanas ganagebda mefeTa-mefe giorgi, magram

masTan erTad samefos marTvis nominaluri uflebebi mis

mcirewlovan Svilsac hqonda. yuradsaRebia isic, rom ma-

ma-Svils Soris ierarqia mkveTrad aris daculi _ gior-

gi kesarosia, daviTi ki sevastosi _ SedarebiT dabali

rangis titulis matarebeli.

******

ra mdgomareobaa XVII saukunis ruseTSi? ruseTi

ucxoel interventTa Tavdasxmis obieqtadaa qceuli. mas

ar gaaCnia arc mosaxerxebeli sazRvao navsadgurebi, arc

ganviTarebuli mrewveloba, arc gawvrTnili armia da flo-

ti. ruseTis saxelmwifo Zalze nela viTardeboda. 60-70-ian

wlebSi ruseTs aSkara safrTxe Seeqmna TurqeTis mxridan.

am ukanasknelma, mas Semdeg, rac marjvena napiris ukrainis

getmani doroSenko TurqeTis mxareze gadavida, pretenzia

ganacxada mTels ukrainaze. erTi sityviT, ruseTs sWirde-

boda qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatareba TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,

saerTod aqtiuri sagareo politikis warmoeba...

4 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. qronikebi. I. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 232.

11

... 1672 wlis 30 maiss kremlis taZarTa zarebma mosax-

leobas ufliswulis dabadeba auwya. es ufliswuli petre

gaxldaT, ruseTis mefis aleqsi mixeilis Zis Svili. petre

42 wlis aleqsi mixeilis Zes SeeZina 21 wlis natalia kir-

iles asul nariSkinasTan qorwinebis Semdeg. vaJis SeZena

sasixarulo iyo mefisaTvis imitomac, rom pirvel col-

Tan maria ilias asul miloslavskaiasTan SeZenili xuTi

vaJidan _ sami mcirewlovani gardaicvala, Tevdore da ivane

ki avadmyofebi iyvnen. petres dabadeba zar-zeimiT aRiniSna.

oTxi wlisac ar iyo igi, rom aleqsi mixeilis Ze gardai-

cvala da misi adgili 1676 wels Tevdorem daikava. ufro

sworad, igi boiarebma xeliT gamoitanes da mefed gamoacx-

ades. 1682 wels Tevdore ise gardaicvala, rom STamomavlo-

ba ar dautovebia. taxtis memkvidre unda yofiliyo ivane

an petre. erTsac da meoresac TavianTi momxreebi hyavdaT.

ivanes mxars uWerdnen aleqsi mixeilis Zis pirveli colis

naTesavebi, romelTac saTaveSi edga boiari ivane mixeilis

Ze miloslavski. am dajgufebaSi did rols TamaSobda me-

fis asuli sofio _ energiuli da Zalauflebismoyvare

qali, romelic TviTon ocnebobda samefo gvirgvinze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom formalurad, rogorc ufross,

ivanes ekuTvnoda taxti, patriarqis winadadebiT mefed pe-

tre gamoacxades da regentad dedamisi natalia nariSkina

dauniSnes. es ukanaskneli, rogorc misi Tanamedrove Ta-

vadi boris ivanes Ze kurakini gadmogvcems, iyo `Доброго темпераменту, доброжелательного, токомо не была ни прилежная и не искусная в делах и ума легкого~.

sasaxlis karze saqmis viTareba imgvarad wavida,

rom strelecTa moTxovniT saxelmwifos marTva orive

Zmas _ petres da ivanes daekisraT, maTive daJinebiT, Zme-

bis mcirewlovanebis periodSi saxelmwifos faqtobrivi

gamgebeli mefis asuli sofio gaxda. amdenad, 1682 wlidan

7 wlis manZilze petre mxolod nominalurad iTvle-

boda ruseTis mefed.

12

gamefebagamefeba

XI s-is 70-80-ian wlebSi Zlierdebian mefis mowi-

naaRmdege Zalebi _ aRiniSneba saqarTvelos samefo karis

winaaRmdeg didgvarian feodalTa gamosvlebi. saqarTvelo

politikurad da ekonomikurad daqveiTebis gzas adga. qvey-

nis isedac garTulebul mdgomareobas daerTo stiqiuri

ubedurebani _ mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi didi miwisZvre-

bi yofila da mravali adamianic umsxverplia. yovelive

aman saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi iseTi STabeWdileba Se-

qmna, rom samefo kari da TviT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi

II codvilni iyvnen da RmerTmac es ubedurebani amisaTvis

mouvlina saqarTvelos (`bunebiT mowyale da saxieri Rmer-

Ti eseoden ganarisxes, vidremdis TviT moixades ganCineba

risxvisa~5).

aseTi mZime saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobisa da mw-

vave saxelmwifoebrivi krizisis pirobebSi saqarTvelos

samefo karze, rogorc Cans, garkveuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad,

moxda cvlileba, romlis Sedegadac jer kidev axalgazrda

giorgi II 1089 wels gadadga samefo taxtidan da misi ad-

gili daikava daviT giorgis Zem, istoriaSi aRmaSeneblad

wodebulma. `bnelsa ukunsa Sina, _ gadmogvcems daviTis is-

torikosi, _ iwyo aRmociskrebad mzeman yovelTa mefobaTa-

man, didman saxeliTa da udidesman saqmiTa, saxel-modgamman

daviT, RmrTisa mamisaman, da TÂT sameocdameaTurameteman

Svilman amis daviTisman daviT~.6


2008, gv. 305.6 qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 307.

13

mZime memkvidreoba xvda wilad Teqvsmeti wlis dav-

iTs _ selCukebisagan aklebuli da ganadgurebuli qveyana,

mTebSi gaxiznuli da damSeuli mosaxleoba, dacariele-

buli cixe-qalaqebi da soflebi: `mooxrebuli iyo qarTli

da TÂnier cixeTa sadame ara sada iyo kaci sofelsa Sina,

arcara Senebuloba~.

qveynis mosaRoniereblad gadamWreli zomebis miReba

iyo saWiro.

******

rogor midioda petres cxovreba 7 wlis manZilze _

misi nominaluri mmarTvelobis dros? igi dedasTan _ de-

dofal nataliasTan erTad cxovrobda moskovis maxlo-

blad soflebSi _ vorobiovoSi, kolomenskoesa da preob-

raJenskoeSi. sasaxlis karze petres, ise rogorc mis Zmas

ivanes, mxolod dekoratiuli roli hqonda gankuTvnili:

isini eswrebodnen sxvadasxva zeimebs, elCebis miRebas,

monawileobdnen saeklesio ceremonialebSi. ZmebisaTvis

oradgiliani samefo taxti daamzades. qveyanas faqtobri-

vad sofio ganagebda.

petres 17 welic ar Sesruleboda, rom dedamisma misi

daqorwineba gadawyvita. natalia nariSkinas varaudiT, qor-

winebis Semdgom srulwlovan da srulfasovan mefes misi

dis meurveoba aRar dasWirdeboda da preobraJenskoedan

kremlis palatebSi gadasaxldeboda.

dedam TviTon SeurCia Svils sacole evdokia lopuxina,

romelic TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT metad lamazi yofila

(`лицом изрядная, токомо ума посреднего и нравом несходного своему супругу~).

urTierToba preobraJenskoeSi myof petresa da kremls

dapatronebul sofios Soris TandaTan mwvavdeboda. es gan-

sakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gamoCnda, roca oficialur aqtebSi

daiwyes sofios moxsenieba (`благоверной царевны и великой

14

княжны Софьи Алексеевны~). sofio aSkarad amzadebda sasax-

lis gadatrialebas im mizniT, rom petresaTvis mefobis

uflebebi aeyara. 1689 wlis 7 agvistos RamiT petre iZule-

buli gaxda, daetovebina preobraJenskoe da sergi samebis

monastrisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi. petres gaqcevam gangaSi

gamoiwvia moskovSi. sofio amaod Seecada Serigebas Zmas-

Tan. verc patriarqis damociqulebam moagvara saqme. es

ukanaskneli petres did pativs scemda da masTan darCa.

sofios momxreebi gaifantnen, petres irgvliv ki Tavi moi-

yares misma erTgulma jarebma. petre da misi momxreebi

mdgomareobis baton-patronebi Seiqnen. mefe moskovisaken

gamoemarTa. mas miwaze garTxmuli egebebodnen erT dros

sofios momxre strelecebi da Sewyalebas sTxovdnen. pe-

trem adrianad gamougzavna werili ivanes sofios xelisu-

flebidan Camocilebis Sesaxeb: `Срамно, государь, при нашем совершенном возрасте тому зазорному лицу государством владеть мимо нас~.

amgvarad, petre 1689 wels 17 wlis asakSi qveynis faqto-

brivi erTmmarTveli gaxda.

garegnoba, xasiaTigaregnoba, xasiaTi

orive pirovnebas, daviT aRmaSenebelsa da petre pir-

vels, Tanamedroveni aRgviweren, rogorc axovani agebuleb-

isa da keTili Sesaxedaobis mamakacebs.

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi Tavisi weris obieqts

mTeli sisruliT aRwers, warmogvidgens rogorc didi fizi-

kuri Zalis mqone Zlier pirovnebas, Zliers xasiaTidanac.

daviT iyo `Suenier xatiTa, uSuenieres morTulobiTa gua-

misaTa, Sewyobil anagebiTa da axovan taniTa, Zlier Zal-

iTa, uZlieres simaxviliTa, sawadel RimiliTa, usawedels

mWmunvarebiTa, madlieri xedviTa, sazareli lomebr mkr-

15

TomelobiTa, brZen cnobiTa, ubrZnes gamorCeviTa, martiv

saxiTa, mravalsaxe marTebiTa, Semrisxvel myudroebiTa,

maqebel ganmswavlelobiTa...~7 aseve sainteresoa gelaTis

freska daviTis portretiT: axovan mamakacs, ùSvenieres

morTulobiTa guamisaTa, Sewyobil anagebiTa~, xelSi taZ-

ris maketi uWiravs. amgvarad hyavT warmosaxuli daviTi

Tanamedroveebs.

petre pirvelis aRnagobis Sesaxeb cnobebi uxvad aris

daculi TanamedroveTa (maT Soris ucxoelTa) mogonebeb-

Si. jer kidev sruliad yrma petre aRwera SvedeTis sael-

Cos mdivanma 1683 wlis erT-erTi miRebis dros: `Лицо у него открытое, красивое, молодая кровь играла в нем, как только обращались к нему с речью~.

TerTmeti wlis petre Tavisi simaRliTa da ganviTare-

biT 16 wlis Wabukis STabeWdilebas tovebda.

holandiaSi mimavali petre pirveli Sexvda branden-

burgis kurfiurstis meuRles sofia Sarlotas da mis de-

das. deda-Svilma dagvitoves petres saintereso aRweri-

loba (igi am dros 25 wlisa iyo):

`Царь очень высокого роста, лицо его очень красиво, он очень строен~.

ai kidev erTi Tanamedrovis mier aRwerili mefis por-

treti:

Царь Петр Алексеевич был высокого роста, скорее худощавый, чем полный; волосы у него были густые, короткие, темно-каштанового цвета, глаза большие, черные, с длинными ресницами, рот хорошей формы, но нижняя губа немного испорченная; выражение лица прекрасное, с первого взгляда внушающее уважение~.8


2008, gv. 344-345.8 Н. Павленко. Петр Первый. Москва, 1976, стр. 58.

16

rogorc erTi mefe, ise meore Sromasa da brZolaSi

pirad magaliTebs iZleodnen. roca daviTis istorikosi

mogviTxrobs mefis saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaze, gansa-

kuTrebiT aRniSnavs, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli glaxakebs uw-

yalobebda xolme `TÂsTa xeliTa~ namoRvawars: `da amas _

aRniSnavs istorikosi _ araTu xelosanTagan morTmeulisa

iqmodis, anu Tu saWurWliT, aramed xelTa TÂsTa nadirebu-

lisa. romelTagani TÂssa moZRuarsa iovanes misca odesme

drahkani, viTar ocdaoTxi aTasi, raTa ganuyos glaxakTa~.9

rac Seexeba petre pirvels, misTvis xelsaqme da xelos-

noba bavSvobis wlebidan iyo didi gataceba. kalatozoba,

durgloba, mWedloba _ petres Zalze itacebda es dargebi.

ukve srulwlovan mefes kargad scodnia 12 saxis xeloba.

gansakuTrebiT kargad exerxeboda culiT muSaoba da sax-

arato saqme. petre amayobda kidec Tavisi SromiT; branden-

burgis kurfiurstis meuRlis sofia Sarlotas deda ig-

onebda:

`Он нам сказал, что сам работает над постройкой кораблей, показал свои руки да заставил потрогат мозоли, образовавшиеся на них от работы~.

swored amgvarma damokidebulebam Sromisadmi, didma

fizikurma Zalam da simtkicem, amasTan, rogorc XII sauku-

nis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTveloSi, ise XIII saukunis pi-

rveli meoTxedis ruseTSi Seqmnilma saSinao mdgomareobam

da sagareo politikurma viTarebam gansazRvra erT SemTx-

vevaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi petre

pirvelis moRvaweobis xasiaTi.


2008, gv. 337.

17

pirveli RonisZiebebipirveli RonisZiebebi

pirveli periodebi daviT aRmaSeneblisa, Tu petre pi-

rvelis mefobisa, aRsavse iyo Sinapolitikuri brZolebiT.

saqarTvelo XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze, ise rogorc eqvsi

saukunis Semdegdroindeli ruseTi, Sinapolitikuri br-

Zolebis asparezs warmoadgenda.

ra saxis iyo daviT aRmaSeneblis pirveli RonisZiebebi?

saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebas kargad hqonda

awon-dawonili XI saukunis dasasrulis saqarTvelos

mdgomareoba da iTvaliswinebda kidec im winaaRmdegobebs,

romelic samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas win eRobebo-

da. upirveles yovlisa, qveyana unda moSenebuliyo da mefes

gabneuli da daqsaqsuli qveSevrdomebi Semoekriba. daviT

aRmaSenebelmac amiT daiwyo: Semoikriba Tavisi erTgule-

bi, raTa maTi mxardaWeriT warmatebiT waremarTa qveynis

saqmeebi. saqarTvelos samefo karma Tavi mouyara erTgul

mxedarTa razmebs da Tavs esxmoda Turq-selCukebs. mefem

wvril-wvrili gamarjvebebis wyalobiT selCukebi Tanda-

Tan ahyara qarTlidan. amiT ki qarTvel xalxSi garduvali

gamarjvebisa da sakuTari Zalis rwmenas aRvivebda; mtris

SiSiT mTaSi gaxiznul miwis muSas barad Camosvlis saSu-

aleba mieca. qveyana kvlav daubrunda soflis meurneobis

intensiur warmoebas, qalaqebi aRorZinebis gzas daadga.

saqarTvelos samefo karma XI saukunis bolos mkac-

ri brZola gamoucxada mefisa da qveynis centralizaciis

mowinaaRmdege didgvarian feodalebs.

daviT aRmaSenebelma Seipyro 1193 wels samefo karis

winaaRmdeg gamosuli kldekaris erisTavi liparit baRva-

Si. am ukanasknelma codvebi moinania da mefemac gaaTavisu-

fla igi. Tanac feodalis yvela Zveli ufleba Seucvle-

lad cno. rogorc Cans, liparitma Tavisi fici da piroba

ar Seasrula da saqarTvelos mefes kvlav gauorgulda _

18

`ganacxada mteroba da ukeTurebasa iwurTida~.10 saqarTve-

los mefe roca darwmunebula, rom liparitis morjuleba

ar SeiZleboda, `rameTu kudi ZaRlisa ara ganemarTebis,

arca kirCxibi marTlad vals~, kvlav Seupyria da ori wlis

patimrobis Semdeg bizantiaSi gauZevebia, sadac gardacvli-

la kidec es qedmaRali feodali. am aqtis Semdeg kldeka-

ris saerisTavom kidev ramdenime xans iarseba; saTaveSi mas

liparitis Ze rati edga. verc rati liparitis Zem gamoiCi-

na Tavi sikeTiTa da saqarTvelos mefisadmi erTgulebiT.

isic, misi winaprebis msgavsad, samefo xelisuflebisa da

erTiani qveynis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. ̀ kaci orguli da nand-

vilve naSobi iqednesi~. _ aseTi mware sityvebiT àmkobs~

istorikosi kldekaris ukanasknel erisTavs. bunebrivia,

roca saqarTvelos mefem kvlav orguloba ixila, baRvaSTa

gvaridan momdinare, mas isRa darCenoda, ukiduresi zomi-

saTvis miemarTa. es ukiduresi zoma saerisTavos gauqmeba

iyo. 1103 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma kldekaris saerisTa-

vo gaauqma da saqarTvelos samefos SemouerTa. 1099 wels

saqarTvelos mefem selCukebs xarkis micema Seuwyvita da

amiT sruli damoukidebloba aRidgina.

1104 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma adgilobriv didebul-

Ta aqtiuri mxardaWeris wyalobiT kaxeTi da hereTi Semoi-

erTa.

saqarTvelos mefis aseTi moqmedeba verafrad epitnava

sultans, radgan hereT-kaxeTi misi moxarke iyo da am qvey-

nis dakargva did danakliss warmoadgenda sasulTnosTvis.

sustdeboda Turqebis pozicia aRmosavleT amierkavkasia-

Si. sulTnis didmoxele, ganZis aTabagi, mravalricxovani

laSqriT gamoemarTa daviT aRmaSenebelTan SesabrZole-

blad da mis hereT-kaxeTidan gasadevnad. daviT aRmaSenebe-

li momzadebuli dauxvda mters. brZola gaimarTa erwuxSi


2008, gv. 308-309.

19

(axlandel saingiloSi) 1104 wels da qarTvelTa brwyin-

vale gamarjvebiT damTavrda (èrwuxs qmna wyobani didni

xma-gasmenili igi didi Zleva~), istorikosi aRtacebiT aR-

wers daviT aRmaSeneblis uSualo monawileobas erwuxis

brZolaSi: àra Tu viTarca sxua vinme zurgiT udga oden

spaTa TÂsTa, anu SoriT uzaxebda... aramed upirates yovel-

Tasa TÂT wina uvidoda, da viTa lomi Seuzaxebda xmiTa

maRliTa, da viTa grigali midamo iqceoda.~11

daviT aRmaSenebelma daimorCila mowinaaRmdege feo-

dalebi _ Zagan da modistos abuleTisZeebi. Zagani dav-

iTs sikvdiliT ar dausjia, magram misTvis yvela pativi

auyria. nawili misi miwebisa `naqoni misa-mimarT TÂsebuli

da mRvimes qonebani misni saavazakoni da wartyuenili~ mis-

Tvis dautovebia sikvdilamde. Zaganis gardacvalebis Sem-

deg ki misi STamomavloba kargavda yovelgvar uflebas

zemoaRniSnul qonebaze.

amgvarad, didgvariani feodalebis aRviraxsnilobis

alagmviT, selCukebisaTvis xarkis SewyvetiT, hereT-kaxeTis

SemoerTebiT daviT aRmaSenebelma did warmatebebs miaRwia.

amieridan ukve aSkarad Zlier, erTian saqarTvelos SeeZlo

farTo masStabis RonisZiebebis qmediTi gatareba _ ekono-

mikuri xasiaTisa iqneboda, Tu politikurisa.

******

avida Tu ara samefo taxtze, petre pirvels mouxda

opoziciur ZalebTan SebrZoleba. igi sruliad gansxvavde-

boda misi winamorbedi mefeebisagan. siaxle yvela saqmeSi,

brZola ruseTis Zlieri centralizebuli saxelmwifos

SeqmnisaTvis, _ ai ra iyo petre pirvelis sazrunavi. Tavga-

modebuli brZola imisaTvis, rom ruseTs hqonoda zRvaze


2008, gv. 312.

20

gasasvleli, petresTvis pirvel moTxovnilebad gadaiqca.

evropis bevr qveyanaSi imogzaura ruseTis mefem, ecnoboda

gemTmSeneblobasa Tu sxva sakiTxebs. igi didi STabeWdile-

bebiT datvirTuli dabrunda samSobloSi da Zlierma mefem

morCili Tayvaniscemis gunebaze daayena boiarebi. saocari

faqti moxda mefis rezidenciaSi _ preobraJenskoeSi, roca

boiarebi petres sanaxavad movidnen, raTa misalmebodnen ax-

lad dabrunebul mefes, am ukanasknelma makrateli moiTxo-

va da sakuTari xeliT mohkveca boiarebs wveri. pirveli

msxverpli boiari Seini gaxda. wvers Seelia Tavadi ro-

modanovskic. SemdgomSi ukve am movaleobas mefis masxara

asrulebda.

petrem wveris mokveca saxelmwifo politikis rangSi

aiyvana _ moiTxova, mTels mosaxleobas gaeparsa wveri. wv-

eris tarebis ufleba mxolod garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdis

gziT SeiZleboda. mdidar vaWrebs wveri weliwadSi 100

maneTi ujdebodaT, aznaurobasa da Cinovnikebs _ 60 maneTi,

sxva moqalaqeebi 30 maneTs ixdidnen. glexebi qalaqSi yo-

veli Sesvla-gamosvlisas TiTo kapiks ixdidnen.

petre pirvelma didi mniSvneloba mianiWa misi mowi-

naaRmdege strelecebis moZebna-dasjas. strelecebi jer

kidev petres sazRvargareT yofnis dros ajanydnen. stre-

lecTa mizani iyo petres mokvla da sofios gamefeba, ma-

gram isini mwared damarcxdnen mefis erTguli laSqris

mier, ajanyebis moTaveebi daisajnen. petre pirvelma roca

gaigo am ajanyebis Sesaxeb, Tavad romodanovskis werili

gamougzavna: `Min Her Kenih! Письмо твое, юня 17 день писанное мне отдано, в котором пишешь, ваша милость, что семья Ивана Михайловича растет, в чем прошу быть вас крепкими; а кроме сего ничем сей огнь угасить не можно.

Хотя зело нам жаль нынешнего полезного дела, однако сей ради причины будем к вам так, как вы не чаете~.

am werilidan aSkarad Cans, rom petres TavisTvis gad-

21

awyvetili hqonda strelecTa bedi. mefes isini adridanve ar

mosdioda TvalSi da ukve gamarjvebuli Zlieri pirovneb-

is lagamamoudebelma dauokebelma despotizmma udidesi

risxva daatexa strelecTa polkebs. petre pirvelma Tvi-

Ton aiRo xelT gamoZiebis xelmZRvaneloba, Tumca misTvis

naTeli iyo, rom `Смерти они достойны и за одну провинность, что забунтовали и бились против Большого дома~.

gamoZiebam daadastura, rom sofio aleqsis asuli

garkveulad iyo dakavSirebuli ajanyebasTan. petrem Tvi-

Ton dahkiTxa cxra wlis unaxavi da, magram am aqtma ver-

aviTari Sedegi ver gamoiRo, radgan uSualo mamxilebeli

sabuTi ar arsebobda. Zieba formaluri xasiaTisa iyo. igi

arc ki damTavrebula, ise daiwyo strelecTa dasja. maT

gadauwyvites sikvdili, rogorc `qurdebs da moRalateebs,

ficis gamtexebsa da mojanyeebs~. sagulisxmoa, rom stre-

lecTa sikvdiliT dasjas TviT petre pirveli eswreboda,

samefo karis maRal moxeleebTan da ucxoel diplomatebT-

an erTad. mefis Zlieri pirovneba mTeli simkveTriT war-

moisaxa TanamedroveTa winaSe. petre pirvelma morCilebis

gunebaze moiyvana aqa-iq jer kidev arsebuli mowinaaRmde-

geni da Semdeg did reformatorul saqmianobas Seudga.

reformatoruli saqmianobareformatoruli saqmianoba

daviT aRmaSenebelma samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkiceb-

is mizniT gatarebuli pirveli RonisZiebebis Semdeg mniS-

vnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis ganxorcieleba

daiwyo. dRis wesrigSi idga saqarTvelos eklesiis sak-

iTxi; qveyanaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis, agreTve, sasuliero

pirebis Tavgasulobisa da TviT eklesiis saxelmwifos-

Tan dapirispirebis gamo, aucilebeli iyo RonisZiebebis ga-

tareba sasuliero sferoSic. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo-

22

Si eklesia msxvil feodalur organizacias warmoadgenda.

gansakuTrebiT gaizarda da gaZlierda igi XI saukuneSi,

roca mis xelSi didZalma mamulebma moiyara Tavi. ufro

metic, eklesiam Seuvaloba moipova da saxelmwifoSi erTg-

var saxelmwifod iqca.

XI saukunis 60-ian wlebSi giorgi mTawmindelma sca-

da, eklesia swor gzaze daeyenebina, magram eklesiaSi ar-

sebuli uwesobani mainc ver mospo. saqarTvelos samefos

winaSe dasaxuli iyo amocana _ centralizebuli saxelm-

wifos gaZlierebisa da ganmtkicebis mizniT SebrZoleboda

reaqciul sasuliero aristokratias. pirveli didi nabiji,

romelic saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebam am mimarTule-

biT gadadga, 1104 wlis ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba iyo

_ `didTa wylulebaTa kurnebad Semokrba eri mravali~.12

vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, daviT aRmaSenebeli krebas

daswrebia, magram igi aq yofila àra viTarca mefe, aramed

viTarca mona~.

krebam daviT aRmaSeneblis momxreTa xazi gaatara:

gankveTa uRirsi samRvdelo pirebi, maT nacvlad Rirseule-

bi (daviT aRmaSeneblis politikis erTgulebi) SearCia; ga-

nawesa sasuliero Tanamdebobis damkavebelTa wlovaneba,

daadgina xeldasxmis wesi, akrZala gvirgvinis kurTxeva

`CCvilTa qal-yrmaTa~, agreTve zogi uwesoba, romelic dam-

kvidrebuli yofila saero da sasuliero pirTa Soris.

rogorc irkveva, pirveli RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdeg

eklesia-monastrebi daviT aRmaSenebels mkacr pirobebSi

hyolia Cayenebuli. saerTod, XII saukunis pirveli meoTxe-

dis saqarTveloSi mTeli es didi saqmianoba mimarTuli

iyo saxelmwifoze eklesiis saziano gavlenis winaaRmdeg.

amieridan didi feodalebi mRvdelmTavrebis saxiT Zlier

mokavSireebs kargavdnen.


2008, gv. 310.

23

XII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos saxelm-

wifos Zlierebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi udidesi mniSvnelo-

ba hqonda Wyondidelisa da mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamde-

bobebis gaerTianebas _ Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesobis

SemoRebas.

mwignobarTuxucesi monazoni iyo da miwismflobe-

lobisagan Sors idga. sxva didi feodalebisagan gansx-

vavebiT, ver gamoiCenda `xelis~ samemkvidreod gadaqcevis

midrekilebas. mwignobarTuxucesi mTlianad mefis cen-

tralur xelisuflebaze iyo damokidebuli, amitom iyo

aseTi xelisuflebis gaZlierebis Tavgamodebuli momxre.

daviT aRmaSenebelma swored mwignobarTuxucesis Tan-

amdeboba SeaerTa WyondidelobasTan. mefis erTguli mox-

ele mwignobarTuxucesi, amave dros, saeklesio sferoSi gav-

leniani Tanamdebobis, Wyondidelobis, matarebelic gaxda.

saqarTvelos mefes mis mier Seqmnili axali xelis meox-

ebiT SeeZlo, farTod Careuliyo saeklesio saqmeebSi. sava-

raudoa, rom es Tanamdeboba ruis-urbnisis krebis momdevno

periodSi 1104-05 ww. daarsda. daviTis istorikosi xmamaRla

acxadebs, rom amieridan `monasterni da saepiskoposoni da

yovelni eklesiani wessa da rigsa locvisasa da yovlisa

saeklesiosa gangebisasa darbazis kariT miiRebdian, viTar-

ca kanonsa ucTomelsa, yovlad Sueniersa da dawyobilsa,

keTilwesierebasa locvisa da marxvisasa~.13

daviT aRmaSeneblis saxels ukavSirdeba samxedro re-

formis gatarebac. mas jarSi mkacri samxedro disciplina

SemouRia. mefem yuradReba miaqcia laSqris kargad gawvrT-

nis saqmes, laSqris moqmedebis siswrafisaTvis gaamrav-

la mxedroba, cxenosani razmebi. brZolis dros laSqris

xelmZRvaneloba axal taqtikasa da strategiul gegmebs


2008, gv. 336.

24

mimarTavda. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier organizebuli qar-

Tuli laSqris wyalobiT saqarTvelos samefo xelisufle-

bam araerTi mniSvnelovani amocana gadawyvita. samxedro

reformis Semdgomi etapi iyo 1118-20 ww. yivCayTa gadmosax-

leba saqarTveloSi da maT bazaze mudmivi laSqris ga-

Zliereba. daviT aRmaSeneblis droindeli laSqari ase

SeiZleba warmovidginoT: qarTvelTa laSqari, `mona spa~

(mefis Tanmxlebi laSqari), yivCayTa laSqari, `roqis spa~

(daqiravebuli laSqari).

daviT aRmaSenebelma fulis kursis ganmtkicebis miz-

niT gaatara didmniSvnelovani finansuri RonisZiebebi,

moawesriga samoneto saqme. reformebi gatarda samarTlis

dargSic, daixvewa da gaumjobesda misi warmoeba. gardamqm-

neli moRvaweoba kulturis sferosac Seexo.

erTi sityviT, daviT aRmaSeneblis mier gatarebuli re-

formebi masStaburi iyo da qveynis politikur da ekonomi-

kur aRmavlobas ganapirobebda.

******

mravalmxrivi da yovlismomcveli iyo petre pirvel-

is mier gatarebuli saxelmwifoebrivi reformebi XVIII

saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi. sagulisxmoa, rom ruseTSi

meTvramete saukune axleburad daiwyo, axali 1700 weli

idResaswaules ara pirvel seqtembers, aramed pirvel ian-

vars. axali wlis mesame dRes petrem brZaneba gamosca, rom-

liTac rusuli Cacmuloba icvleboda _ Zveleburi grZeli

kaba mokle ùngrulma kaftanma~ Secvala.

brZanebulebebi sakmaod didi raodenobiT gamoicemo-

da. maTi erTi nawili mudmivmoqmedi iyo da `generaluri

daniSnuleba~ hqonda, zogierTi ki moklevadiani iyo. petres

mier gatarebuli administraciuli reformis wyalobiT

Seicvala saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi _ ruseTSi absolu-

turi monarqia damkvidrda.

25

Tuki winaT mefe boiarTa saTaTbirosTan erTad mar-

Tavda qveyanas, axla es instituti moZvelebulad gamoCnda

da mis nacvlad daarsda biurokratiuli dawesebulebebi,

romlebic sityvaSeubruneblad emorCilebodnen mefes. 1721

wels senatma petre pirvels imperatoris tituli miani-

Wa. mefis uflebaTa ganusazRvreloba naTlad Cans samxe-

dro wesdebaSi, sadac aRniSnulia, rom `его величество есть самовластный монарх, который никому на свете о своих делах ответу дать не должен, но силу и власть имеет свои государства да земли, яко христианский государь, по своей воли и благомнению управлять~.

monarqis absoluturi uflebianoba sagangebodaa aRniS-

nuli sasuliero reglamentSi:

`Император всероссийский есть монарх самодержавный и неограниченный. Повиноваться его верховной власти не токомо за страх, но и за совесть, сам бог повелевает~.

petre pirvelma Secvala taxtis memkvidreobis wesi,

romelic pirmSoobaze iyo damyarebuli. amieridan taxtis

memkvidris SerCeva imperatorze iyo damokidebuli (niSan-

doblivia, rom daviT aRmaSenebelmac 1125 wlis saanderZo

gankargulebaSi, winaaRmdeg arsebuli tradiciisa, SesaZle-

blad dauSva umcrosi Svilis gamefeba).

didi mniSvneloba hqonda XVIII saukunis pirveli me-

oTxedis ruseTSi sasamarTlo reformis gatarebas, rom-

liTac mTavroba Seecada, burJuaziuli iusticiisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli wesrigi daemyarebina _ administraci-

ul-politikuri xelisufleba gaecalkevebina sasamarT-

losagan.

udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda samxedro reformeb-

is gatarebas. farTo masStabiT warmoebulma gemTmSen-

eblobam ruseTis armias metad mniSvnelovani siZliere

Semata. jarSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad Seiqmna

pirvelxarisxovani samxedro armia da sazRvao floti.

26

mefis xelisuflebis ekonomikurma politikam mrewvelo-

bis zrda da vaWrobis ganviTareba uzrunvelyo. qveyana

mZlavr saxelmwifod iqca. ruseTma socialur-ekonomi-

kuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mZlavri

nabiji gadadga win _ didma gardaqmnebma daaCqara qveynis

èvropizacia~.

aRmavlobis gzazeaRmavlobis gzaze

XII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi masStaburi saxelmwi-

foebrivi reformebis gatarebis Semdeg saqarTvelos same-

fo kari aqtiur saSinao da sagareo politikas awarmoe-

bda. XII saukunis aTiani wlebidan daiwyo Tanamimdevruli

brZola qalaqebis SemosaerTeblad. jer samSvilde aiRes

(1110 w.), 1115 wels qarTvelebma selCukebs rusTavic gamoh-

glijes xelidan, 1117 wels _ giSi, 1118 wels _ lore.

saqarTvelos samefo mTeli gulisyuriT emzadeboda

gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis _ Tbilisis SemosaerTeblad.

es brZola moxda 1121 wels didgorTan da, rogorc cno-

bilia, qarTvelTa Zlevamosili gamarjvebiT damTavrda.

muslimurma koaliciam samarcxvino marcxi ganicada. am

gamarjvebas udidesi istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda. 1122

wels Tbilisi saqarTvelos erTian samefos daubrunda.

daviT aRmaSenebelma brZolis masStabebi gazarda, rac ar-

sebiTi mniSvnelobis iyo, rogorc saqarTvelos, ise mezobe-

li qveynebisaTvis. qarTvelTa da SirvanelTa erToblivma

brZolam uzrunvelyo Sirvanis damoukidebloba selCuki

dampyroblebisagan. 1124 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma Sir-

vani saqarTvelos SemouerTa. daviT aRmaSenebelma isarge-

bla somxeTis Crdilo raionebSi gaCaRebuli ganmaTavisu-

flebeli brZoliT da mters xelidan gamostaca somxeTis

cixeebi: gagni, terunakani, qavazni, noraberdi, minasgomni da

27

qalinjaqari. 1123 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma anisic aiRo.

amgvarad, XII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi TiTqmis mTe-

li amierkavkasia saqarTvelos garSemo gaerTianda.

gaerTianebuli da ekonomikurad Zlieri saxelmwifos

winsvla mis kulturaSi gamoixata. daviT aRmaSenebeli

TviTon friad ganswavluli adamiani iyo da eris ganaTle-

basa da dawinaurebazec fiqrobda.

daviTma 1106 wels àdgilsa yovelad Sueniersa da yo-

vliTurT unaklulsa~ aago taZari àmaRlebuli yovelTa

winandelTa qmnulebaTa~, ganTqmuli Tavis `sivrciTa da

nivTTa sikeTiTa~, gelaTSi dafuZnda qarTuli kulturis

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kera _ gelaTis akademia. daviT

aRmaSeneblis istorikosi gelaTs moixseniebs `yovlisa

aRmosavlisa meored ierusalimad, saswavlod yovlisa ke-

Tilisad, moZRurad swavlulebisad, sxuad aTinad, friad

uaRresa missa~.14

daviT aRmaSenebelma gelaTis akademiaSi Semoikriba

`kacni patiosanni cxovrebiTa da Semkulni yovliTa saT-

noebiTa, ara TÂsTa oden samefoTa Sina povnilni, aramed

queyanisa kideTaT sadaTca esma vieTme siwminde, sikeTe,

sisrule, sulieriTa da xorcieliTa saTnoebiTa aRsavs-

eoba, iZina da keTilad gamoiZina, moiyvanna da daamkvidr-

na mas Sina~.15

gelaTis akademia, rogorc varaudoben, daarsebulia

1106-1110 wlebSi.16 igi ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis pir-

veli akademiaa, romelic Seiqmna realuri inteleqtualuri

moTxovnilebis niadagze da gzas ukafavda qarTul rene-


2008, gv. 332.


2008, gv. 313.

16 roin metreveli.roin metreveli. meore ierusalimi da sxva aTina. Tbilisi,

2007.

28

sanss.17 daaxloebiT am periodSi movidnen gelaTSi samoR-

vaweod ioane petriwi da arsen iyalToeli.

daviT aRmaSeneblis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moR-

vaweobaze metad mniSvnelovan cnobas gvawvdis somexi is-

torikosi vardan barZberdeci: ìs Zlier zrunavda codn-

ismoyvare iveriis xalxze, romelTa ricxvidan man SearCia

ormoci axalgazrda da gagzavna saberZneTSi codnis mis-

aRebad. sami amaTgani SemdgomSi cnobili gaxda Tavisi

moRvaweobiT~.18 bizantiaSi codnis misaRebad axalgazrdeb-

is gagzavna, samSobloSi, xalxSi kulturis Setana mniS-

vnelovani saqme iyo. muslimi mwerlebi imasac gvamcno-

ben, rom daviT aRmaSenebels calke saxlic ki auSenebia

ucxo qveynebis mecnierTa, filosofosTa da poetTaTvis.

igi Turme nivTieradac exmareboda maT da xangamoSvebiT

sazeimo darbazobasac umarTavda.

daviT aRmaSeneblis droindel saqarTveloSi ga-

naTleba da kultura qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis Sesabamis simaRleze idga.

******

didi gardaqmnebi axal amocanebs ayenebda ruseTis

saxelmwifos winaSe. pirveli didi sakiTxi _ brZola

poloneTTan ruseTisa da ukrainis miwebisaTvis nawilo-

briv gadawyda andrusovos xelSekrulebiT (1667 w.) da

`saukuno zaviT~ (1686 w.); meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi _

samxreT ruseTis miwebis dabruneba da Sav zRvaze gasas-

vlelis mopoveba aseve mxolod nawilobriv gadawyda

ruseTisaTvis azovis SeerTebiT (konstantinopolis 1700

17 k. kekeliZe.k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. t. I. Tbilisi,

1980, gv. 251.

18 vardan barZberdecivardan barZberdeci. msoflio istoria (somxur enaze). 1861,

gv. 157.

29

wlis xelSekruleba); mesame didi sakiTxi _ Svedebis mier

ruseTisgan mitacebuli miwebisa da baltiis zRvaze gasas-

vlelis mopoveba iyo. am ukanaskneli problemis gadaWra

gansazRvravda XVIII saukunis pirveli aTwleulis ruse-

Tis sagareo politikis ZiriTad xazs.

ruseTis mokavSireebad gamovidnen dania, poloneTi

da prusia; es qveynebi SvedeTis dampyrobluri poli-

tikis msxverplni gaxdnen. Seiqmna antiSveduri koalicia.

TurqeTTan zavis dadebis Semdeg (1700 w.) petre pirvelma

brZaneba gasca, ruseTis jars maxvili CrdiloeTisaken

miemarTa. 1700 wlis 16 seqtembridan 19 noembramde ruse-

Tis 34 aTasiani armia warumateblad cdilobda narvis

aRebas. aq rusebma marcxi ganicades da didi gakveTili

miiRes. istoriografiaSi oficialuradaa aRiarebuli,

rom narvasTan marcxi _ es iyo gza gamarjvebisaken.

1702 wlidan gardatexa daiwyo CrdiloeTis omSi. pe-

trem pirveli damarcxebebi agema SvedeTs. amasTan, igi ama-

grebda ruseTis qalaqebs. ruseTis armia ise gaZlierda,

rom mrisxane Zalad iqca. 1708 wlisaTvis igi 135 aTas mebr-

Zols iTvlida. es iyo kargad gawvrTnili, brZolebSi gamo-

brZmedili, mtkice disciplinis mqone SeiaraRebuli armia.

petre pirvelma didi gamarjveba moipova poltavasTan 1709

wels. karlos XII-m mZime marcxi ganicada. Svedebma aTi

aTasamde meomari dakarges, sami aTasamde tyved Cavarda.

petre pirvelma zeimiT aRniSna gamarjveba, sadilad Svedi

tyve generlebic moiwvia da Sesva samxedro saqmeSi Tavisi

maswavleblebis sadRegrZelo. roca hkiTxes, Tu vin iyvnen

es maswavleblebi, petrem upasuxa: `Tqven, batono Svedebo!~

poltavis gamarjvebas hqonda udidesi strategiuli

mniSvneloba. politikuri TvalsazrisiTac ganumeorebeli

iyo igi. ruseTis avtoriteti ganusazRvrelad gaizarda

saerTaSoriso masStabiT. petre pirvelma axal-axali war-

matebebi Cawera ruseTis matianeSi.

30

petre pirvelis sagareo politika istoriulad pro-

gresuli xasiaTisa iyo. gaZlierda qveynis Tavdacvisunari-

anoba, ganmtkicda ruseTis kavSiri sxva saxelmwifoebTan.

Seiqmna damatebiTi wanamZRvrebi qveynis Semdgomi ekonomi-

kuri da kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis.

petre pirvelma didi yuradReba dauTmo ganaTlebis

saqmes, yovelmxriv axalisebda mecnierebis ganviTarebas.

1701 wels gamovida mefis brZaneba, romlis ZaliTac Seiqmna

sanavigacio skola. amis Semdeg saartilerio da sainJinro

skolebic daarsda. specialistTa momzadebis daCqarebis

mizniT petre axalgazrda rus aznaurebs gzavnida saz-

RvargareT codnis misaRebad. sagulisxmoa, rom ukan dab-

runebulT TviTon mefe utarebda gamocdas, Tu ramdenad

aiTvises esa Tu is saqme.

am dros mecniereba, bunebrivia, praqtikuli moTxovnileb-

is Sesabamisad viTardeboda. petre pirvelis saxelTan

aris dakavSirebuli ruseTis akademiis Seqmna. 1724 wels

senatma sagangebod ganixila akademiis debuleba. akademia

gaixsna 1725 wels. didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda mecnier-

ebis propagandasac, risTvisac sagangebo dawesebulebebic

Seiqmna. erTi sityviT, XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis

ruseTi rogorc politikurad, aseve ekonomikurad da kul-

turulad maRal doneze idga.

******

kidev erTi damTxveva... roca kvlav sakraluri cifri

600 urevia saqmeSi: 1125 wlis ianvarSi gardaicvala daviT

aRmaSenebeli, 1725 wlis ianvarSi ki _ petre pirveli.

sagulisxmoa, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma sikvdilis win

datova anderZi, romlis mixedviTac mefed demetre mtkicde-

boda, aseve nawildeboda mTeli misi qoneba. es momakvdavi

TviTmpyrobeli mefis neba iyo:

31

`xolo drahkani, kostanti cuatas da Cemni lalni da

Tual-margalitni xaxulisa RmrTismSoblisada Semiwiravs.

xolo dukati da potinati atenisa saWurWlisa igica Ce-

miTa sisxliTa mogebuli, Tu eleodes mefe dimitri, yoveli

misces moZRuarsa Cemsa...~

petre pirvelma, igrZno Tu ara sikvdilis moaxloe-

ba, moiTxova qaRaldi, romelzec ramdenime gaurkveveli

striqoni dawera. am striqonebSi gamoirCa mxolod ori

sityva: `Отдайте всё~...sikvdilis win qonebis gacema, etyoba, didi adamianebis

xvedri iyo.

POST SCRIPTUM

daviT aRmaSeneblisa da petre pirvelis moRvaweobis

ganxilvisas aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT is gare-

moeba, rom eqvsaswlovan periodTan erTad masStabebic gan-

sxvavebuli iyo. ruseTis imperia Tvaluwvden teritori-

aze iyo gadaWimuli da, bunebrivia, petres mier gatarebul

RonisZiebaTa masStabebi ufro didi iyo. mniSvneloba ki am

ori mefis moRvaweobisa TavianTi qveynebisaTvis daaxloe-

biT erTnairi iyo.

saerTod, roca daviT aRmaSeneblisa da petre pirvelis

moRvaweobis dadebiT mxareebze vlaparakobT, ar unda dag-

vaviwydes, rom rogorc erTi, ise meore mefis politika ga-

napirobebda mosaxleobis did daZabvas. mTeli gardaqmnebi

XII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTveloSi, Tu XVIII

saukunis pirveli meoTxedis ruseTSi, didgorisa da pol-

tavis gamarjvebebic xalxTa masebis kiserze gadadioda.

gardaqmnebs udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. daviT aR-

maSeneblis mier gatarebulma RonisZiebebma saqarTvelo

32

wina aziasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi cnobil, politi-

kurad da ekonomikurad mZlavr saxelmwifod aqcia, petre

pirvelisam ki ruseTi _ evropis udides imperiad.

600 weli... 600 aris cifri, romelic SemTxveviT aR-

moCnda xidad daviT aRmaSenebelsa da petre pirvels So-

ris. swored 600-ma gadagvawyvetina Cvenc am erTi SexedviT

uCveulo narkvevis dawera.

33

sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wmida andria pirvelwodebulis

saxelobis qarTuli

universitetis reqtori,

profesori, istoriis

mecnierebaTa doqtori

patriarq leonidesa da mTavrobis patriarq leonidesa da mTavrobis

Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias

dapirispirebis istoriidandapirispirebis istoriidan

urTules pirobebSi mouxda uwmidessa da unetaress

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq leonides

saqmianoba. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis (1918-

1921 ww.) xelisufleba aTeisturi iyo da deda eklesi-

isadmi misi damokidebuleba oficialuri da civi iyo.

xelisuflebis mier miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia mZime

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris

arsebul problemebs kargad asaxavs uwmidesi da unetaresi

leonides werilebi saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris

noe Jordaniasadmi gagzavnili.

`Zvirfaso mamuliSvilo batono noe nikolozis Zev bo-

diSs vixdi, rom Cemi ucilebeli movaleoba maiZulebs wa-

garTvaT ramdenime wami Zvirfasi droisa, romelic Tqven

Cveulebrivad andomebT saqveyno diadi saqmeebis mowyoba-

mogvarebas. me mainc nebas ar mivcemdi Cems Tavs Semewux-

ebineT, rom Cem mier wamosayenebeli sakiTxebis marTebul

gadasawyvet gzas vxedavde gareSe Tqveni saxelmwifoebrivi

gamWriaxoba- sibrZnisa...

34

1. pirveli razedac Tqvens yuradRebas miviqcev, aris

sasuliero wodebis yofili saswavleblebis qoneba-Se-

nobebi, romelic gadaeca saxalxo ganaTlebis ministris

gamgeobaSi, magram Cven varaudobdiT, rom aravin Seavi-

wroebda sasuliero wodebas. axla ganaTlebis saminis-

trom xeli Cahkida yvelafers da Cven sasuliero uwyebis

rogorc kanonier mflobelebs gvagzavnis sasamarTloSi,

iq dagvimtkiceT oficialuri sabuTebis wamoyenebiT risi

patronebica xarTo. samwuxaroa, rom saministros patrono-

bis Jams daikarga sasuliero saswvaleblisa da seminariis

pansionatis qoneba.

dasasruli aRar aqvs saministros usamarTlo miwer-

moweras Cvens uwyebasTan provinciis rwmunebulis Taobaze.

autaneli xdeba aseTi Zalmomreobis daTmena. samRvdeloe-

ba usaTuod SeebrZoleba saminastros im warmomadgenlebs,

romelnic mis daCagvras moindomebs. es ki xalxis TvalSi

saxels gautexavs rogorc saminastros, ise mTlad saero

mmarTvelobas.

2. amgvarsave usamarTlobas iTmens sasuliero uwye-

ba miwaTmoqmedebis saministrosagan, romelmac eklesiebs

CamoarTva miwebi, glexebi, saTibebi, wisqvilebi, tyeebi...

ver gagvigia, riT dagvayenes kanonis gareSe? monastrebSi,

eklesiebSi adamianebi cxovroben da riT iarsebon maT Tu

miwa ar eqnaT? vin upatronebs gelaTs, martvils, Semoqmeds,

alaverds, daviT-garejas, SuamTas, bodbes, SiomRvimes, qvaTax-

evs, mcxeTas?

romeli saxelmwifoebrivi saqme unda garigdes mSobe-

li berebis SimSilisagan gawyvetiT da Cveni qveynis saamayo

istoriuli naSTebis ganzrax dangreva-ganadgurebiT? us-

amarTlobaa rkinigzaze mRvdlis Tanamdebobis gauqmeba,

Cven mTavrobas Tavis bolodroindel deklaraciaSi Seuta-

nia eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofa. SeiZleba es kar-

gic iyos, Tu daculi iqneba samarTlianoba. saqarTvelos

35

eklesia umTavresi da uTvalsaCinoesi faqtoria Cveni eris

sulieri cxovrebisa. Cvens eklesias gansazRvruli damsax-

ureba miuZRvis im pirobebis SeqmnaSi, romelTa meoxebiTac

dRes Cvens samSoblos dahfrialebs erovnuli droSa da

saxelmwifoebriv Rvawls eweva Cvens dedaqalaqSi dam-

fuZnebeli kreba.

saqarTvelos eklesias moepoveba keTili SenaZeni sa-

kuTreba, romelsac xels upotineben ruseTis saero da sa-

suliero mTavrobani... dRes damoukidebelni varT, ruseTi-

sagan, maSasadame marjve dro gvaqvs aRvadginoT mSobeli

eklesiis qonobrivi uflebebis aRdgena-xelSeuxeblobisa.

axla TviTon Cvenma mTavrobam unda saqmiT daumtkicos

kacobriobas sruli samarTlianoba, Rirebuli fasis gaRe-

biT Seisyidos eklesiisagan misi uZravi qoneba da sruli

mSvidobianobiT gancalkevdes misgan.

Cveni mTavroba socialisturia da principulad ver

Seguebia eklesias. Tanaxma var, diaxac daSordnen erT-

maneTs, magram gaSorebaSic, savaldebuloa samarTlianoba

da Cvens marto samarTlian gayofas vTxoulobT saxelmwi-

fosagan da sxva arafers.

Cemma xangrZlivma sicocxlem ganvlo qarTveli eris

TvalTa winaSe, samsaxurSi Sesvlis pirveli dRidan mok-

idebuli aqamde gauwyvetliv davdivar saqarTvelos mTa da

barSi saxarebis sityvisa, humanitaruli swavla-ganaTleb-

isa da erovnuli Segnebis xelgaSliT……safrad qarTveli

eris maSvralTa klasis farTo wreebSi. pirvelad me wa-

vakiTxe ,,deda ena” mTis Svilebs da pirvelad me avamRere

mSobliur hangze dabeCavebuli Cemi moZmeni. dRevandlamde

vcxovrob mxolod imisaTvis, rom SeviZino da rame Sevmato

saTayvano samSoblos. es iyo da aris Cemi sunTqva, Cemi ganu-

Sorebeli Zraxva, Cemi erTaderTi lxini da uaRresi bed-

niereba. samSoblos keTildReobis samsaxurs vanacvale

yvela is, riTac ki saamo da sainteresoa sxvisTvis wuTi-

36

sofeli. moZmeTa gardametebuli samsaxuris gamo savsebiT

daviwyebuli mqonda da maqvs Cems pirad arsebobaze zrunva.

dResac am kerZo werils gwerT. mxolod samSoblos

erTgulebas eqneba raime Sedegi Cems nawers Tu ara damok-

idebulia Tqvenze. me ki amiT Tavisufali viqnebi momaval-

Si rogorc sazogadoebis, ise Tqvens winaSe yoveli pasux-

ismgeblobisagan.

1919 w. 5 maisi~1919 w. 5 maisi~

`mowyaleo xelmwifev, `mowyaleo xelmwifev,

batono noe nikolozis Zev!batono noe nikolozis Zev!

ganvlili maisis naxevarSi vikadniere Tqveni Sewuxeba

CemTvis audienciis miRebiT TqvenTan piradad da sxvadasxva

saeklesio sakiTxebze saTaTbirod. rogorc mosalodneli

iyo pativi damdeT, miRebis saaTi daminiSneT da gulmodg-

inebiTac moismineT Cemi sityvieri vrceli moxseneba.

momaxsenes, rom sul axlobel momavalSi ismineba sak-

iTxi monastrebisaTvis miwebis datovebisa kerZo mesakuTre-

TaTvis miRebuli normiTao da CemTanve ubrZaneT Tqvens

mdivans amis Taobaze Sesaferisi qaRaldis gamzadeba.

mas ukan ager Tve gadis da DdRevandelobamde am sak-

iTxisa ara vici ra, monastrebis mdgomareoba dRiTidRe

uaresdeba: berebi zogni SimSilisgan ixocebian da zog-

nic raki arafers saimedos aRara xedaven garSemo, garbian

monastrebidan da amis gamo saqarTvelos saamayo istoriu-

li naSTebi sul upatronod datovebulni, xdebian mglebis

da turebis sacxovrebel bunagebad. morwmuneni aRarafers

sikeTes aRar gamoelian mTavrobisagan da gamwarebulni

toveben monastrebs.

amis gamo, radganac saqme aRar iTmens gagrZeleba-ga-

dadebas da metad rTuldeba, umorCilesad gTxovT SesaZlo

37

siCqariT ineboT brZanebis micema, visdamic jer ars, raTa

miwis mimRebma komisiebma...

vsasoeb, rom am Tvis 16-mets misceT sasurveli mima-

rTuleba Cems Suamdgomlobas.

1919 w. 9 ivnisi~.1919 w. 9 ivnisi~.1

uwmidesma da unetaresma leonidem gulTan axlos mii-

tana 1920 wels gorSi damangreveli miwisZvriT gamowveuli

tragedia da mimarTa sruliad saqarTvelos.

`kaTolikos-patriarqi leonide, mona da msaxuri

uflisa ieso qristesi, RvTivkrZalulTa mRvdelmTavarTa,

mRvdelTa da morwmuneTa ZeTa da asulTa saqarTvelos

wminda eklesiisaTa: madli Tqvenda da mSvidoba RvTisa

mier mamisa Cvenisa da uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi!

mdgomare wlis Tebervlis oci Cveni qveynis isto-

riaSi darCeba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi wauSlel niSnad

uRrmesi erovnuli ubedurebisa da saSineli RvTis risx-

visa! am dRes CvenSi ar-gagonili simZlavris miwisZvrisa-

gan moispo da sakuTar nangrevebSi Caimarxa qarTlis

guli q. gori da misi mazris Cvidmeti sofeli. me vinax-

ule es saSinelebis alagi. davrwmundi, rom sinamdvile

bevrad aRemateba gazeTebSi aRweril suraTs. xalxis

Tavze datexil ubedurebis gamoTqma SeuZlebelia Cveni

eniTa da cremliT. uZlevel stiqiur Zalas mtvrad uqce-

via yvelaferi, ris Seqmnisa da mopoveba ASeZenisaTvis

Seulevia TviToeuli ojaxis wevrs Tavisi mxneoba, codna

da gamocdileba. esec cotaa: nangrevebs qveS mouqcevia

da ufskrulis ZirSi CaunTqavs ojaxebis amSenebelni,

marCenelni, momavlis imedni: vaJkacni, yrmani da moxucni!

zogierTi ojaxi mTlad mospobila, zogidan erTiRa dar-

1 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi. mitropolit leonides

fondi 6443, furceli 1-3.

38

Comila, zogni Tu saswaulebrivi ZaliT cocxlebi gadar-

Cenilan, nametani SiSisagan WkuaSeSlilad gamoiyurebian

da dedas Svili ver ucvnia.

uWerod da ukerZod darComilebs Tavi SeufarebiaT

mTavrobisagan miwodebul tilos karvebis qveS. romel

karavTanac ki mivedi nugeSis-misacemad, didma da pataram,

qalma da kacma, yvelam xelebis apyrobiT, erTxmad, cecx-

lis cremlebis frqveviT Semomtira: `mamao, gviSvele, Segvi-

brale, Segvavedre ufals, nuRar dagvsjis, nuRar gvkiTxavs

codvebs, aRara varT Rirsni misi Svilobisa, magram Semoa-

brunebie mas Cvenze mamobrivi gulio!~

`TanaZmano da Tanamsaxurno, mwyemsmTavarno da mwyemsno

sulierno Zeno da asulno!

bejiTad da gulmodgined SeusruloT ubedurebaSi

Cacvenil Cvens Zmebs da Svilebs maTi pirveli da mduRare

cremlebiT Cvendami momarTuli vedreba: yvela qalaqSi da

daba-sofelSi gadavixadoT sasinanulo savedrebeli, Se-

musvrili guliT SevavedroT zecier mamas miwisZvrisagan

gaWirvebaSi myofni da Svilebrivi kadnierebiT gamovTxo-

voT mas mTeli Cveni erisaTvis mSvidoba, simrTele da xsna

simSilisagan, Zvrisa da svrisa!

am texa-sicivis dros tilos karvebis qveS myofT es-

aWiroebaT sazrdoc da Sesamosic. RmerTmac uwyis da qvey-

anamac, ra xelmokleobas da nakluvanebasac ganicdis Cveni

samRvdeloeba, magram miwisZvrisagan dasjilebi sul usaxs-

roni arian, amitom gTxovT da gevedrebiT mRvdelmTavrebs

da mRvdlebs, mSierebs lukma gauyoT, Tavzed mexdatexil

Cvens Zmebs gacrecili anaforebiT SeumosoT yinvisagan

gaToSili sxeuli da Cveni xeliT movwmindoT mwuxare-

bis cremli. eklesiebSi, ojaxebSi, gzebze da yvelgan gvax-

sovdes gaWirvebulTa mdgomareoba, Tvalwin gvedgas maTi

mwuxareba da yoveli nabiji, yoveli moZraoba sulisa da

gulisa, mimarTuli gvqondes maT tanjvaTa Sesamsubuqeblad,

39

nu davzogavT da nu daviSurebT maT misawvdenad nurafers,

rac ki mogvepoveba.

sulierno Zeno da asulno! dRes didmarxvis pirveli

kvirikea. yvelani emzadebiT, rom eziaroT qristes sisx-

lsa da xorcs, qriste ki, miwisZvrisagan ubedurebaSi Cacvi-

nulTa saxiT, mwvave cremlebiT gevedrebaT qalsa da kacs

Sebraleba-gakiTxvas.

maS, eziareT, Zvirfasno, namdvilad Tqveni macxovris

sisxlasa da xorcs, gaikiTxeT, riTac ki SegiZliaT ubedu-

robaSi Cavinulni Tqveni moyvasni, mieciT maT sazrdo da

sakvebi, auSeneT ganadgurebuli binebi, mohbaneT maT mwux-

arebis cremlebi da amiT Tqvenc CamogexdebaT zecieri

mamisagan Tqveni codvebis mZime tvirTi.

Cveni qveynis dido imedo, qarTvelo axalgazrdobav!

siyvaruli, TanagrZnoba da sikeTisaTvis Tavdadeba Seni

bunebaa. Sen unda Seni gmiruli mkerdiT SeiWra im ube-

durebis zRvaSi, romelmac waleka gori da misi midamo, Sen

unda Seni uTvalavi gundebiT tarbisebr moedo stiqiisagan

aoxrebul kuTxes da seni madliani mklaviT isev aamoZravo

Yvelgan sicocxle, aanTo gamqrali kera da isev aamRero

sazareli movlenisagan Tavzardacemuli Seni TanaZmebi.

icode, exla Senken aqvs mopyrobili Tvali dangreul gors

da mis midamos!

Svilno! daumtkiceT kacobriobas, rom viciT TanaZmaTa

ubedurebis gaziareba da Rirseulad vatarebT RvTis xate-

basa da msgavsebas.

Sewiruleba grovdeba sakaTolikoso sabWoSi.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

leonideleonide~.2

2 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi. mitropolit leonides

fondi 6443, furceli 4-2.

40

kaTalikos-patriarq leonides mmarTvelobis periodSi

moxda metad SemaSfoTebeli faqti: gelaTisa da jruWis

monastris ganZeulobis CamorTmeva da maTi saxelmwifos

xazinaSi gadatana. gazeTma `saqarTvelom~ 1920 wlis #169-

Si gamoaqveyna gelaTis monasterSi momxdari ambebi, ri-

Tac saziogadoeba gaecno saqmis viTarebas: `noembris 24-s,

misma uwmidesobam, kaTolikosma leonidem aseTi xasiaTis

moulodneli depeSa miiRo quTaTel mitropolit nazar-

isagan: `23 noembers, Tbilisidan Camosulma mTavrobis war-

momadgenelma n. Jordanias piradma mdivanma g. cincaZem, adg-

ilobrivi prokuroris, erobis Tavmjdomaris da miliciis

ufrosis TanxlebiT, Cemda nebadaurTvelad da daukiTxavad

waiRo gelaTis monastridan Zvirfasi xatebi da ganZeulo-

ba ama monastrisa da jruWisa, gaenaTis monasterSi daculi,

dawvrilebiTi moxseneba igzavneba~.3

am cnobis miRebisTanave misma uwmindesobam mTavrobis

Tavmjdomares dauyonebliv gaugzavna Semdegi telegrama:

`mowyaleo batono, noe nikolozis Zev! _ quTaTel mitro-

politisgan momivida SemaZrwunebeli depeSa (moyvanilia

zemoT moyvanili cnoba). gacnobebT ra zemoaRniSnuls, pa-

tiviscemiT gTxovT, mowyaleo batono, gasceT gankarguleba

nivTebis gelaTSive datovebisaTvis~.4

am mimarTvazed misma uwmindesobam mTavrobis Tavmj-

domaris sammarTvelodan Semdegi pasuxi miiRo: `pasuxad

Tqveni telefonogramisa, mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris davale-

biT maqvs pativi mogaxsenoT, rom dRes an xval quTaisidan

dabrundeba sagangebo rwmunebuli, ris Semdeg dawvrile-

biT gecnobeba yvelaferi gelaTis monastris ganZeulobis

Sesaxeb _ mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTveli k. jafariZe~.5

3 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. 2009, gv. 100.



41

aRniSnuli saxiT, kaTolikos-patriarqma mTvarobis

Tavmjdomarisagan miiRo dapireba, rom Tavis droze yve-

lafers acnobebdnen. miuxedavad amisa, araferi acnobes.

rodesac am rwmunebulma mTeli ganZeuloba gamoitana

monastridan da dabrunda TbilisSi, kaTolikos-patriarqma

miswera werili mTavrobis Tavmjdomares:

`didad pativcemulo noe nikolozis Zev!

telefonogramiT, romelic Tqveni saxeliT gadmomca b.

jafariZem noembris 26-s, Tqven miTvlidiT: ,,dRes an xval

quTaisidan dabrundeba Cemi rwmunebuli da Sin dawvrile-

biT gecodinebaT gelaTis ambebio”. dRes dekembris 5-s,

Tqveni rwmunebuli, karga xania, dabrunda da TbilisSi imy-

ofeba, magram me mainc Rirsi ar gavxdi Tqvengan aRTqmuli

cnobebis miRebisa! dReidan es cnobebi aRar mWirdeba, me

ukve miviRe srulebiT saimedo wyarodan saWiro cnobebi

mTeli sisruliT.

vcdilob mivxvde, ram gaiZulaT Tbilisidan rwmunebu-

lis gagzavna gelaTSi monastris ganZeulobis gadmosa-

tanad da ver gamigia, ver mivxvedrilvar, ver gamovkrveul-

var, es ra CagideniaT da rogor agiyiravebiaT yvelaferi.

ueWvelia, Tqven mimiTiTebT social-demokratebis gazeTeb-

Si moyvanil cnobaze gelaTis monastris viTomda berebi-

sagan gaZarcvis Sesaxeb, magram es sabuTebi ar gamogadebaT,

radganac dRes CvenSi sami wlis bavSvmac ki kargad icis,

ra Rirebulebis da sisworis cnobebic ibeWdeba eklesie-

bze socialistebis organoebSi. davaneboT amas Tavi, war-

movidginoT SeuZlebeli, davijeroT, rom socialistebis

gazeTSi moyvanili SemTxvevebi gelaTis gaZarcvis Sesaxeb

da quTaisis miliciis ufrosis moxsenebac viTomda naqur-

dalis aRmoCenaze sinamdvilea, mere es garemoeba gikar-

naxebdaT im saxifaTo nabijis gadadgmas, romelic Tqven

gadagidgamT? gana Tqven gqondaT ufleba, Tu Tqvens garda

uflebas sxvebsac argunebT, rom monastris gaZarcvis am-

42

bavi imave dRes ar SegetyobinebinaT sakaTolikoso sab-

WosaTvis bejiTi moTxovniT, rom mas dauyovnebliv mieRo

ficxeli zomebi Cadenili borotmoqmedebis gamosarkvevad

da Sedegebi Ziebisa ecnobebia TqvenTvis!

sakaTolikoso sabWo xom Cveni respublikisagan jer-

jerobiT cnobili da Sewynarebuli uzenaesi saeklesio

organoa da romeli uflebamosilebiT am organos gausviT

ganadgurebis xazi?

meore, nuTu Cemi mdgomareoba, rogorc saqarTvelos

mTeli morwmune mosaxelobis mamaTmTavrisa da drouli

sazogado moRvawisa, sabuTia TqvenTvis imisi, rom araferi

angariSi ar gamizioT, CvariviT mTeloT da Cemda srule-

biT daukiTxavad zidoT tomrebidan Tqvens Zirgavardnil

xazinebSi viTomda dasacvelad saswaulTmoqmedi xarebi,

jvrebi, wminda nawilebi, Sesamoslebi, barZim-feSxumebi da

sxva. arc sicocxle, arc goneba da arc morwmune erisagan

miniWebuli uflebamosileba, RvTis madliT, jerjerobiT

ara damikargavs, da ver gamigia, romeli uflebiT ginebebi-

aT saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis kverTxis aReba

xelSi da brZanebis gacema aseTi rameebis gadmotana gela-

Tis monastridan, rasac morwmuneni muxls uyrian, wminda

sanTels unTeben da, Tu exebian maT, mxolod da mxolod

didi krZalva-mowiwebiTi amborisyofiT, isic samRvdelo

pirTa daxmarebiT da ara sxva romelime saxiT.

mesame, gana Tqven gqondaT an dRes gaqvT imis sabuTi,

rom SeiaraRebuli milicionerebis razmiT SeWriliyaviT

monasterSi cnobis miucemlad da srulebiT daukiTxa-

vad quTaisis eparqiaruli mwyemsmTavrisa, romelsac aseTi

Tqveni saqcieliT pativiscemas ukargavT da sazogadoebis

TvalSi saxavT ndobadakargul, saeWvo pirad!

meoTxe, Tqven Seuferxeblad SeexeT da SeuracxyaviT

morwmuneTa svindisi, im xalxisa romelic eklesiis ezodan

gamosuli fexs ibertyavs, wminda adgilis mtveri ar gamyve-

43

so, romelic eklesiis ezoSi napovn lursmans xels ar

hkidebs, RvTisa ariso, Tqven abuCad igdebT rodesac mis sa-

locav da saTayvano wminda nawilebiT saves xatebs, jvrebs

da barZim-feSxumebs tyemlis tylapebis yuTebSi ayrevinebT

ubralo nainebis msgavsad, Tqvengan gagzavnil saero pirs.

gana es Tvenis mxriT sxvisi svindisis Segineba ar aris

morwmuneTaTvis da brZolaSi gamosawvevi xelTaTmanis

gadagdeba ar aris? nuTu Tqven warmogidgeniaT, rom amgvar

profanacias morwmune qarTveloba apatiebs da SearCens

vinmes?! sastikad scdebiT.

gelaTSi danTebulia Tqvengan iseTi cecxli, romelic

Tu exlave Tqvenive xeliT ar CaaqreT, sul Cqara caSi ava-

rdnili grandiozuli Wiakokona wiTlad SeRebavs mTel

saqarTvelos aremares da am koconis garSemo momuSave

qristianebs gverdSi amoudgebian mahmadiani qarTvelebic,

romlebic xmamaRla gaiZaxian: socialistebi TavianTi sju-

lis eklesias rom spoben, gana Cven ki sikeTes dagvayrian,

Cven ki ar Segvibilwaven meCeTebs da yurans?

Tqven gagecinaT amaze, magram mogaxsenebT, rom Tqveni

gacineba Tu risxva ar aCerebs arc mtkvarsa da arc sxva

romelime mdinares.

guli sisxliT mewureba, rodesac viTvaliswineb Tqven-

gan Cadenili faqtis SesaZlo savalalo Sedegebs da sam-

Soblos saxeliT gemudarebiT, nu gaamwvavebT am saqmes, nu

gaitanT gelaTidan saeklesio gamotanis ambavs farTo sa-

zogadoebaSi, inebeT ukanve mibruneba monasterSi ganZeu-

lobisa da yvelaferi TavisTavad miCumdeba, Torem icodeT,

savsebiT gamomJRavndeba xalxSi Tqveni gankargulebisa _

navTis tbaSi anTebuli asanTis gadasrola iqneba.

Tu gelaTis monasters ar daubrundeba misi sakuTreba,

verc me SemiZlia gaCumeba d aim SemTxvevisaTvis vitoveb

moqmedebaTa Tavisuflebas.

TqvenTvis ucnobi ar aris wminda wylis qarTluri

44

didi moTmineba da mokrZaleba, arasodes am eniTa da kil-

oTi ar milaparaknia TqveTan. magram am qveynad yvelafers

sazRvari aqvs: ukanaskneli saqcieliT Tqven Saraze dasviT

qarTuli eklesiis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi da aseT SemTx-

vevaSi Cemi gaCumeba iqneboda Ralati, uromlisodac erT

wamsac ar msurs sicocxle.

Tqvengan usamarTlod uflebaayrili, Seuracxyofili

kaTolikos-patriarqi leonide~.

batonma noe Jordaniam arc am werils gauwia ara-

viTari angariSi da maSin, kaTolikos-patriarqi leonide

sakaTolikoso sabWos da mcxeTa-Tbilis-urbnisis saepar-

qio delegatTa TanxlebiT TviT gaemarTa mTavrobis Tavm-

jdomaresTan.

am darbazobis dros adgili hqonda aseT dialogs,

romelic Cven stenografiuli sisworiT mogvyavs:

misi uwmindesoba: batono noe nikolozis Zev!

Tqvens win dganan saqarTvelos Tavisufali da da-

moukidebeli eklesiis Tavi, am eklesiis mudmivi saRmrTo

krebis wevrebi da am sami dRis wined dasrulebuli mcx-

eTa-Tbilisi-urbnisis saeparqio krebis delegatTa warmo-

madgenlebi. am SemadgenlobiT movediT TqvenTan im mizniT,

rom gangimeoroT, Cemda, saeklesio uzenaesi organos da

quTaisis mRvdelmTavris daukiTxavad Tqvens rwmunebuls

gadauzidia gelaTidan quTaisis xazinaSi, viTomda dasacve-

lad, jvrebi, xatebi, wminda nawilebi da sxva. 25 noembers

telefonogramiT gTxovT gankarguleba nivTebis ukanve da-

brunebisaTvis, Tqven aRmiTqviT damakmayofilebeli pasuxis

mocema rwmunebulis dabrunebis Semdeg. magram me aseTi

ar mimiRia, Tumca Tqveni rwmunebuli didi xania dabrunda

TbilisSi. amis gamo me gicxadebT uRrmes guliswyromas da

usastikes gakicxvas.

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare: me vswyvet am sxdomas, am kilo-

Ti laparaks da guliswyromas me, rogorc mTavrobis Tavm-

45

jdomare, ver movismen. amas me vauwyeb mTavrobas.

misi uwmindesoba: Cven swored imisaTvis movediT, rom

damoukidebeli eklesiis saxeliT mogveTxova Tvqeni rwmu-

nebulis mier gelaTis monastridan waRebuli nivTebis

ukan dabruneba.

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare: saqarTvelos eklesia damouk-

idebeli da Tavisufali ar aris, is jer saxelmwifosagan

gamouyofelia, verc SevqmniT saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi.

rac Seexeba saeklesio nivTebs, isini Seadgenen saxelmwi-

fos sakuTrebas da saxelmwifos saqmea, sad Seinaxavs maT...

unda icodeT, visTan midixarT...

misi uwmindesoba: Tqven ufleba gaqvT, cixeSidac CamsvaT,

me vasruleb Cems saRrmTo movaleobas, Cven mxolod is

gvindoda gagvego, rom saeklesio nivTebs Tqven sTvliT

saxelmwifo sakuTrebad... mSvidobiT brZandebodeT!

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare: kargad brZandebodeT! 6

yovelive amis Semdeg mTavrobam quTaisSi gagzavna

sagangebo rwmunebuli, romelTac daavala dauyovnebliv

Camoitanon TbilisSi gelaTis da jruWis monasterTa mTe-

li ganZeuloba.

rogorc ki, sazogadoebaSi xma gavrcelda am aRmaS-

foTebeli ambavis Sesaxeb, kaTolikos-patriarqi inaxules

mravalma sazogado moRvaweT da aRSfoTeba ganucxades mas

mTavrobis moqmedebis gamo.

èklesias yvelaferi CamoarTves, rac ruseTis sasuli-

ero mTavrobam daaklo Cvens ubedur eklesias, is saero

mTavrobam Seusrula, fexqveS gaTeles naamagari qarTveli

erisa da kulturis aRmzrdeli deda eklesia~ _ werda

dananebiT dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. aseTi rTuli ur-

TierTobis miuxedavad rodesac bolSevikuri saokupacio

jarebi mouaxlovdnen dedaqalaqs eklesia da misi meTauri

6 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. 2009, gv. 102-103.

46

uyoymanod dadga xelisuflebis mxareze qveynis interese-

bidan gamomdinare~.7

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam

eklesias faqtiurad undobloba gamoucxada da religi-

is Sesaxeb miRebuli kanoniT igi gauTanabra saqarTve-

los momqmed sxvadasxva konfesiebis `xelisuflebis

ZiriTadi mizani iyo, saqarTvelos eklesiis izolacia

saxelmwifo politikisagan, radgan man kargad uwyoda

eklesiis didi istoriuli avtoriteti qarTvel mosax-

leobaSi, romlis ZiriTadi nawili eklesiasTan erTad,

saxelmwifoSi gatarebuli reformis winaaRmdegi SeiZle-

boda gamosuliyo”. erTaderTi dadebiTi, rac saqarTve-

los demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam gaakeTa, es

iyo 1920 wlis 17 Tebervlis mTavrobis dadgenileba

kavkasiis sinodaluri kantoris gauqmebis Sesaxeb, xolo

7 agvistos dadgenilebiT rusuli, berZnuli da os-

uri samrevloebi daeqvemdebara saqarTvelos eklesias.

amiT dasrulda samwliani gaurkvevloba, urTierTda-

pirispireba da intrigebi, romelsac mimarTavda ruse-

Tis sinodi saqarTvelos eklesiis winaaRmdeg, roca maT

daarses amierkavkasiis saegzarqoso da masSi gaaerTi-

anes araqarTuli mrevli. isini edavebodnen saqarTvelos

sakaTalikozos qonebas, eklesia-monastrebs. marTalia

oficialurad 1920 wlidan isini iZulebulni gaxdnen, da-

morCilebodnen sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoz-patri-

arqs, magram 1921 wlis Tebervlis Semdeg, roca saqarTve-

lo kvlav ruseTis saokupacio jarebiT aivso, rusuli

samrevloebi kvlav daupirispirdnen saqarTvelos kaTa-

likoz-patriarqs da aRar emorCilebodnen mas. ra Tqma

unda, maT ukan isev ruseTis eklesia idga. 1921 wlis 11-12

Tebervals viTomc àjanyebuli mSromelebis~ dasaxmare-

7 moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 48.

47

blad saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gadmolaxa bolSevikuri

ruseTis XI armiam. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv da-

moukideblobas safrTxe Seeqmna. saqarTvelos marTlma-

didebeli eklesia samSoblos damoukideblobis sadara-

joze dadga. 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals TbilisSi Sedga

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakaTalikozo

sabWos sagangebo sxdoma, romelmac imsjela Seqmnil vi-

Tarebaze da specialuri weriliT mimarTa mcxeTa-Tbili-

sis, urbnisis, quTais-gaenaTis, Wyondidisa da cxum-bediis

eparqiebs: `1. eklesiebSi dauyovnebliv gadaxdil iqnas

paraklisebi mtrebisagan saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebi-

saTvis; 2. eklesiebSi winamZRvrebis mier ganmartebul iq-

nas dRevandeli omis mniSvneloba; 3. samrevlo sabWoebis

mier gadadebul iqnas eklesiis qonebisgan Sewirulebani

omisagan gamowveul saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad; 4.

maT mier miRebul iqnas zomebi taZarTa gan Zeulobisa

da siwmindeTa dasacavad; 5. imave saWiroebisaTvis wirva-

locvis dros Sekrebil iqnas nebayofilobiTi Sewiru-

loba; 6. krebulis wevrTa mier miRebul iqnas yovelgvari

zomebi jarSi gawveulTa ojaxebis sulier moTxovnile-

baTa dauyovnebliv dasakmayofileblad.8 sakaTalikozo

sabWos weriliT mimarTa uwmidesma leonidim 1921 wlis

22 Tebervals, sadac unda emsjelaT Semdeg sakiTxebze:

1. sad da rogor iqnas daculi omisagan mosalodnel sa-

SiSroebisagan soflebisa da qalaqis eklesiebis ganZeu-

loba da siwminde? 2. sad iqnas daculi sakaTalikozo

sabWos qoneba da arqivi? 3. rogor Seicvalos eklesiis

marTva-gamgeobis wesebi am SiSianobis Jams? 4. rogor

moviqce piradad me, vinicobaa Cvenma mTavrobam moaxdinos

qalaqis evakuacia? 5. ra zomebis miRebaa saWiro sakaTa-

likozoSi omisagan Seqmnili araCveulebrivi pirobeb-

8 sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqu-

lo eklesia 1917-1952 ww. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 44.

48

is gamo~.9 saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba hqonda Tbilisis sakiTxs, roca mTavrobam

miiRo Tbilisis datovebis gadawyvetileba, sruliad

saqarTvelos sakaTalikozo sabWom miiRo dadgenileba,

saeklesio ganZeulobis, Zvirfasi xatebis Tbilisis ekle-

sia-monastrebidan gamotanisa da quTaisSi evakuaciis

Sesaxeb. amave dros man TxovniT mimarTa Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros, gamoeyo dacva rkinigzaze ganZeulobis usa-

frTxod gadatanisaTvis. sakaTalikozo sabWos special-

uri rwmunebiT aRiWurva episkoposi daviTi (kaWaxiZe) da

arqimandriti pavle (jafariZe), romelnic pasuxs agebd-

nen ganZis usafrTxoebaze. uwmendisma leonidma aseTi

weriliT mimarTa dimitri lazaraSvils: `mamao dimitri,

mTavroba mzad aris mogvces mcvelebi da gadavitanoT

rkinigziT Cveni ganZeuloba quTaisSi. Tu Cven yvela

amas mivitanT vagzlamde. aba datrialdi iSove ramdenime

uremi da Caabare rkinigzaze. rac SeiZleba Cqara~.10 24

Tebervals uwmidesma da unetaresma leonidmac datova

Tbilisi da quTaisSi wavida, xolo sakaTalikozo sabWos

droebiTi Tavmjdomaris movaleobas dekanozi kalis-

trate cincaZe asrulebda. roca mTavrobam miiRo gadawy-

vetileba emigraciaSi wasvlis da amave dros saqarTve-

los erovnuli siwmindeebis, ganZis waRebis Sesaxeb, es

iyo Tavzardamcemi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoz-

patriarq leonidisaTvis. saqarTvelos mTavroba emi-

graciaSi gaemgzavra 11 marts, ganZeulobiT datvirTuli

kreiseri èrnest renani~ baTumidan gavida. saqarTvelos

kaTalikoz-patriarqi uwmidesi da unataresi leonidi 13

aprils TbilisSi dabrunda... aRarc damoukidebeli sax-

9 sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqu-

lo eklesia 1917-1952 ww. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 45.

10 sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samoci-

qulo eklesia 1917-1952 ww. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 45.

49

elmwifo, aRarc saeklesio siwmindeni, patriarqi TiTqos

ucxo qalaqSi dabrunda. gapartaxebuli quCebi, daRvre-

mil-gatanjuli qarTveloba da gaxarebuli ucxo tomel-

ni. aseTi gamxdariyo qarTvelTa dedaqalaqi... àxalma

xelisuflebam pirveli siurprizi daaxvedra mas. sapa-

triarqos CamoarTva erTaderTi avtomobili... win kidev

bevri usiamovnebani iyo mosalodneli~.11

11 sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samoci-

qulo eklesia 1917-1952 ww. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 45.

50

vaxtang gurulivaxtang guruli _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida



istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

mowamebrivi cxovrebis dasasrulimowamebrivi cxovrebis dasasruli

(ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba)(ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba)

as welze meti gavida ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobidan.

saukunis mkvlelobis istoriaSi bevri ram dResac burusi-

Taa moculi. es mravali mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. 1907

wlis 30 agvistodan ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze xuTi ver-

sia Seiqmna, romelTaganac WeSmariti mxolod erTi iyo.

mokled mimovixiloT es versiebi.

pirveli versia _ mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT. pirveli versia _ mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT. es versia

SemTxveviT ar Seqmnila, mas winaswar amzadebda is politi-

kuri Zala, romelsac ilias mkvleloba hqonda ganzraxuli.

1907 wlis 7 ivniss saguramoSi, ilias mamulSi, yaC-

aRuri Tavdasxmis dros mokles ilias mouravi mose me-mose me-

marniSvilimarniSvili, misi meuRle ki sasikvdilod daWres (rogorc

Cans, yaCaRebs isic mkvdari egonaT). rogorc mouravis, ise

ilias saxlSic, viTomda fulisa da Zvirfasi nivTebis Zeb-

nis mizniT, yaCaRebma yvelaferi gadaqeqes, waiRes kidec

zogierTi nivTi. mose memarniSvilisa da misi meuRlis mose memarniSvilisa da misi meuRlis

daxocva ar iyo mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniTdaxocva ar iyo mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT. am movlenis

logikuri gagrZeleba unda yofiliyo ilias mkvleloba,

viTomda, Zarcvis mizniT, xolo organizatori varaudob-organizatori varaudob-

da, rom orive mkvleloba (mose memarniSvilisa da ilia da, rom orive mkvleloba (mose memarniSvilisa da ilia

WavWavaZisa) erTmaneTs daukavSirdeboda da Zarcvis mizniT WavWavaZisa) erTmaneTs daukavSirdeboda da Zarcvis mizniT

Cadenil danaSaulad SeiracxebodaCadenil danaSaulad Seiracxeboda. rogorc 1907 wlis 7

ivniss saguramoSi mose memarniSvilis sacxovreblis, iseve

ilias saxlis gaZarcva, 30 agvistos wiwamurTan mokluli

51

iliasa da mZimed daWrili misi meuRlis gaZarcva, simu-

lirebuli iyo da xelisuflebis, sazogadoebisa da gamoZ-

iebis SecdomaSi Seyvanas isaxavda miznad. mavanma da ma-

vanma iqneb daijera kidec, rom ilia Zarcvis mizniT mokles,

magram kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administracias eWvic ar

Sehparvia, rom Zarcva simulirebuli iyo. 1907 wlis 1 se-

qtembers, ilias mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT, peterburgSi,

saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, gagzavnil telegramaSi Tbili-

sis samxedro gubernatori aRniSnavda: ,,Zarcva simulire-

bulia” (,,грабеж симулирован”).1 cxadia, Tbilisis samxedro

gubernatori kompetenturi organoebis daskvnas eyrdnobo-

da. kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administracias, piradad mefis-

nacvals, Tbilisis samxedro gubernators da sxva Tanam-

debobis pirebs xels aZlevdaT Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis

versia. Zarcvis SemTxvevaSi maT naklebi pasuxismgebloba

ekisrebodaT, vidre politikuri mkvlelobisas. miuxedavad

amisa, Tavdapirvelad kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administra-kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administra-

ciam misTvis xelsayrel, magram ususur versias mxari ar ciam misTvis xelsayrel, magram ususur versias mxari ar

dauWira _ Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis versia gamoricxadauWira _ Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis versia gamoricxa.

garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, Zarcvis mizniT ilias mkv-

lelobis versiis winaaRmdeg metyvelebda Semdegi garemoe-

ba. ra simdidre (fuli da Zvirfasi nivTebi) unda hqonodaT

iliasa da mis meuRles etlSi? ufro meti qonebis xelSi

Cagdeba yaCaRebs SeeZloT, Tu isini ilias aryofnis dros

daesxmodnen mis saxls TbilisSi an saguramoSi. imxanad

ilias saxlebs raime gansakuTrebuli dacva ar hyavda mi-

Cenili da yaCaRebs xels veravin SeuSlida iseve, rogorc

veravin SeuSala xeli 1907 wlis 7 ivniss.

bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: Tu yaCaRebs ilias mkvlelo-Tu yaCaRebs ilias mkvlelo-

bis gareSe, gacilebiT ufro naklebi riskis fasad, ufro bis gareSe, gacilebiT ufro naklebi riskis fasad, ufro

1 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo

masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 42.

52

meti fulis Sovna SeeZloT, vidre iSoves did riskTan meti fulis Sovna SeeZloT, vidre iSoves did riskTan

dakavSirebuli ilias mkvlelobiT, maS, ratomRa mokles dakavSirebuli ilias mkvlelobiT, maS, ratomRa mokles

ilia? ilia? yaCaRebi arc ise sulelebi iyvnen, rom ar scodno-

daT: ilias saxlis gaZarcva TbilisSi an saguramoSi maT

ufro advilad SerCebodaT, vidre dRisiT, mzisiT ilias

mokvla.

amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: versia ilia WavWavaZis

Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis Taobaze sruliad usafuZvloa.

meore versia _ mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. meore versia _ mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. es versia

imave politikurma Zalam SeTxza, romelmac SeTxza ver-

sia Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis Taobaze. mizanic igive

iyo: xelisuflebis, sazogadoebisa da gamoZiebis Secdo-

maSi Seyvana.

glexebis mier memamuleebis mkvlelobebma da maTi ma-

mulebis darbevebma masobrivi xasiaTi SeiZina 1905 wlis

gazafxulidan da grZeldeboda mTeli zafxulisa da

Semodgomis ganmavlobaSi. male glexTa ,,wiTeli razmebis”

TareSs memamuleebma ,,Savi razmebis” SeqmniT upasuxes. bev-

rma memamulem Crdilo kavkasieli mTielebi daiqirava da

teroristTa TviTneboba alagma. xelisuflebac saTanadod

daexmara memamuleebs. bevr sofelSi policia da jaric ki

Caayenes. policia icavda saguramoSi ilia WavWavaZisa da

sxva memamuleebis saxlebs. 1905-1906 wlebSi xelisuflebam

damsjeli eqspediciebi aamoqmeda. samxedro tribunalebma

memamuleTa mkvlelobis monawile bevri glexi sikvdiliT

dasajes, glexebis nawili cixeebSi gamoketes da Semdeg

cimbirSi gadaasaxles. 1906 wlis miwurulisaTvis xelisu-

flebam TiTqmis sruliad aRadgina kontroli sasoflo

raionebze, amoqmedda soflis administracia. memamuleTa

mkvlelobaSi braldebuli glexebi, romlebic xelisu-

flebis msjavrs gadaurCnen, soflebidan gaiqcnen (maTma

nawilma Tavi irans Seafara). 1907 wels, miT ufro wlis

meore naxevarSi, agrarul niadagze memamulis mkvlelobebi

53

Zalze iSviaTi iyo. 1907 wlisaTvis iliamac glexebTan Zve-

li, tradiciuli urTierToba aRadgina. 1907 wels iliasa

da glexebs Soris urTierToba seriozulad ar daZabula,

radgan amis mizezi ar arsebobda. muqaris werilebi, rom-

lebsac ilia TiTqosda glexebisagan iRebda, sinamdvileSi

glexebs ar ekuTvnoda da im politikuri Zalis mier iyo

SeTxzuli, romelic ilias mkvlelobas gegmavda. xmebi imis

Sesaxeb, rom ilias male moklavdnen, aseve zemoxsenebuli

politikuri Zalis mier iyo gavrcelebuli.

bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: Tu ilia glexebma ar mokles Tu ilia glexebma ar mokles

1905-1906 wlebSi, roca bevri memamule gamoasalmes sicocx-1905-1906 wlebSi, roca bevri memamule gamoasalmes sicocx-

les da roca memamulis mkvleloba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo, les da roca memamulis mkvleloba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo,

ratom Caidines es 1907 wlis agvistoSi, roca memamuleTa mkv-ratom Caidines es 1907 wlis agvistoSi, roca memamuleTa mkv-

lelobebi ukve warsuls Cabarda da mkvlelebs sasjelisagan lelobebi ukve warsuls Cabarda da mkvlelebs sasjelisagan

Tavis daxsnis aranairi Sansi ar hqondaT? Tavis daxsnis aranairi Sansi ar hqondaT? 1905-1906 wlebSi

memamulis mkvlelobas mizezi ar undoda, klavdnen imitom,

rom memamule iyo. mTeli glexoba afeqtis mdgomareobaSi im-

yofeboda. 1907 wlis zafxulisaTvis viTareba kardinalurad

iyo Secvlili. glexoba darbeuli, welSi gatexili da, rac

mTavaria, daSinebuli iyo. saguramoSi glexebis mier ilias

mkvlelobis organizeba Znelad savaraudoa.

garda amisa, yuradsaRebia kidev erTi garemoeba. ilias

rom glexobis SiSi hqonoda, mas SeeZlo sagangebo dacvis

TanxlebiT emgzavra da misi saxlebic saimedod yofil-

iyo daculi. ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrs

dacvis moTxovnis ufleba hqonda. miT umetes, rom Tbilis-

sa da duSeTis mazraSi samxedro mdgomareoba vrcelde-

boda. ilias dacvis ayvana azradac ar mosvlia, radgan mas ilias dacvis ayvana azradac ar mosvlia, radgan mas

verc ki warmoedgina, rom glexebi gzad Causafrdebodnen verc ki warmoedgina, rom glexebi gzad Causafrdebodnen

da moklavdnen.da moklavdnen. imxanad glexebi ilias ki ara, Tavisi si-

sastikiT cnobil memamuleebsac ki veRarafers aklebdnen.

Tbilisis samxedro gubernatori ilias mkvlelobis miz-

ezad glexobis aRSfoTebas ki ar asaxelebda, aramed mi-

54

iCnevda, rom glexebi social-demikratebma waaqezes. 1907

wlis 1 seqtembers ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan dakav-

SirebiT peterburgSi, saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, gagza-

vnil telegramaSi Tbilisis samxerdo gubernatori aRniS-

navda: ,,предпологается, что князь убит местными крестянами подстрекательству социал-демократов”.2

aqve gvinda gavimeoroT zemoTqmuli: kavkasiis mefis-

nacvlis administracias xels aZlevda agrarul niadagze

mkvlelobis versia (iseve, rogorc versia Zarcvis mizniT

mkvlelobisa). am SemTxvevaSic pasuxismgebloba gacilebiT

ufro naklebi iqneboda, vidre politikuri motiviT mkv-

lelobis SemTxvevaSi.

amrigad, agrarul niadagze ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelo-

bis versia usafuZvloa.

mesame versia _ mkvleloba somexi nacionalistebis mesame versia _ mkvleloba somexi nacionalistebis

dakveTiT. dakveTiT. somexi nacionalistebis dakveTiT mkvlelobis

versia, anu versia erovnuli SuRlis niadagze mkvlelo-

bis Taobaze imave politikurma Zalam SeTxza, romelmac

SeTxza pirveli da meore versiebi _ mkvleloba Zarcvis

mizniT da mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. mizanic igive iyo:

xelisuflebis, sazogadoebisa da Ziebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.

cnobilia, Tu raoden didi aRSfoTeba mohyva somex na-

cionalistTa Soris ilias ,,qvaTa RaRads” (1899 w.). ili-ili-

as mkvlelobis somxuri versiis SemTxzveli swored am as mkvlelobis somxuri versiis SemTxzveli swored am

faqtiT spekulirebda.faqtiT spekulirebda. ilias mkvlelobis somxuri versiiT

gamoZiebis SecdomaSi Seyvana mkvlelobis monawilis, ilias

meetlis, Tedo labauris, saSualebiT scades. 1907 wlis

3 seqtembers micemul CvenebaSi Tedo labaurma, miRebuli

miTiTebis Tanaxmad, ganacxada, mkvlelebi somxebi iyvneno


masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 41-42.



55

(`По виду мне показалось, что эти были армяне”)3 meti damajere-

blobisaTvis Tedo labaurma aRniSna: mkvlelebi rusulad

laparakobdnen, oRond somxuri aqcentiTo: ,,Мне слышалось, что эти люди говорили с таким акцентом, которым говорят по-русски армяне”.4 meore dakiTxvisas, 1907 wlis 16 noembers,

Tedo labaurma TviTonve uaryo adre micemuli Cveneba da

ganacxada: mkvlelebi qarTvelebi iyvneno.5 xmebi somexi

teroristebis mier ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze mxolod

Tedo labauris Cvenebidan ar iRebda saTaves. es ukanaskne-

li versia sxva wyaroebidanac vrceldeboda. somexi na-

cionalistebis mier ilias mkvlelobis versia sruliad

usafuZvlod miiCnia vaJa-fSavelam da xalxs mouwoda, ar

ahyolodnen provokatorebs.

amrigad, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis somxuri versiac

sruliad usafuZvlod unda miviCnioT.

meoTxe versia _ mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisu-meoTxe versia _ mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisu-

flebis dakveTiTflebis dakveTiT. ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveT-

iT mkvlelobis versia, anu politikuri mkvlelobis versia

imave politikurma Zalam SeTxza, romelmac SeTxza pir-

veli, meore da mesame versia (mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT,

mkvleloba agrarul niadagze, mkvleloba somexi nacion-

alistebis mier). am versiis mizans Seadgenda ruseTis im-

periis xelisuflebis komprometacia, xelisuflebisa da

sazogadoebis dapirispireba. versiam ruseTis imperiis

xelisuflebis mier ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze meore

sicocxle SeiZina sabWoTa xelisuflebis arsebobis pe-

riodSi. gabatonda Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom ,,ilia

WavWavaZe mokles carizmis mier mosyidulma agentebma”. sab-

WoTa istoriografia ilias mkvlelobis mizezad asaxeleb-





56

da: ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi ilias brZolas qarTveli

xalxis interesebis dasacavad, gamosvlas sikvdiliT das-

jis winaaRmdeg, saqarTvelos avtonomiisaTvis brZolas.

mokled SevexoT am sakiTxebs.

ilia rom ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi qarTveli eris

interesebs icavda, es sayovelTaodaa cnobili. saxelmwifo saxelmwifo

sabWoSi Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze ilias iseTi araferi sabWoSi Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze ilias iseTi araferi

uTqvams an gaukeTebia, rom xelisuflebas igi miuReblad uTqvams an gaukeTebia, rom xelisuflebas igi miuReblad

da, miT umetes, saSiSad mieCnia.da, miT umetes, saSiSad mieCnia. ilia tipuri liberal-

demokrati iyo, misTvis ucxo iyo yovelive radikaluri

da eqstremistuli. saxelmwifo sabWoSi ilias gamosvlebi

saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis nimuSs warmoadgenda. am ga-

mosvlebs xelisuflebis mxridan raime protesti arasodes

mohyolia. wlebis manZilze grZeldeba is gaugebroba

romelic warmoiSva saxelmwifo sabWoSi sikvdiliT dasjis

gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT viTomda ilias gamosvlis Tao-

baze. imxanad uamravi rusi politikuri da sazogado moR-

vawe, iuristi iTxovda sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas. saqme

exeboda ara saerTod sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas (rac

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ruseTis imperiis kanonmdeblobiT),

aramed xelisuflebis mier revoluciis periodSi droe-

biT SemoRebuli sikvdiliT dasjis sagangebo (gansakuTre-

buli) wesis gauqmebas, anu samxedro tribunalebisaTvis

sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCenis gamotanis uflebis CamorTme-

vas. ilia iziarebda gamoCenili rusi politikosebisa da

iuristebis azrs da emzadeboda kidec am sakiTxze sax-

elmwifo sabWoSi gamosvlisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, ilia ilia

sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis moTxovniT saxelmwifo sabWo-sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis moTxovniT saxelmwifo sabWo-

Si ar gamosula da romc gamosuliyo, amaSi xelisuflebi-Si ar gamosula da romc gamosuliyo, amaSi xelisuflebi-

saTvis saSiSi araferi iqnebodasaTvis saSiSi araferi iqneboda (samxedro tribunalebis

moqmedeba SemdgomSi marTlac SeCerebul iqna). ruseTis

imperiis xelisuflebisaTvis jer kidev 1905 wlisaTvis kar-

gad iyo cnobili ilias damokidebuleba saqarTvelos av-

57

tonomiis ideisadmi. saqarTvelos avtonomiis iliaseuli

idea rom ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebas saSiSad mieC-

nia, maSin ilias 1906 wels saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad ar

airCevdnen da saqmesac ar gairTulebdnen. ilia WavWavaZes ilia WavWavaZes

ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi saqarTvelos avtonomiis sak-ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi saqarTvelos avtonomiis sak-

iTxi oficialurad ar dauyenebia, da romc daeyenebina, es iTxi oficialurad ar dauyenebia, da romc daeyenebina, es

ar SeiZleboda gamxdariyo saxelmwifo sabWos wevris mkv-ar SeiZleboda gamxdariyo saxelmwifo sabWos wevris mkv-

lelobis safuZveli. lelobis safuZveli.

da bolos, ruseTis imperiaSi politikuri motiviT

saxelmwifo sabWos wevris mkvleloba yovlad warmoudg-

eneli iyo. xelisuflebisaTvis arasasurveli moRvawe ad-

vilad SeiZleboda gamxdariyo saxelmwifo saTaTbiros

wevri. amis saSualebas iZleoda saarCevno sistema. magram

xelisuflebisaTvis arasasurveli politikosi verasgziT

ver gaxdeboda saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, amas gamoricxa-

vda saarCevno sistema. amitom iyo, rom xelisuflebisaTvis

miuRebeli politikuri moRvawe arasodes yofila ruseTis

saxelmwifo sabWoSi.

amrigad, versia ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveT-

iT ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb moklebulia yo-

velgvar safuZvels.

mexuTe versia _ social-demokratebis mier politikuri mexuTe versia _ social-demokratebis mier politikuri

motiviT organizebuli mkvlelobamotiviT organizebuli mkvleloba. ilia WavWavaZis mkv-

lelobis Taobaze gadawyvetileba miiRo ruseTis social-

demokratiuli muSaTa partiis (rsdmp) xelmZRvanelobam

(vladimer lenini, grigol zinovievi da sxv.), romelic imx-

anad emigaciaSi (parizSi, JenevaSi) imyofeboda. teroristu-

li aqtis ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro Tanxac sazRvarga-

reTidan Semovida (saqarTveloSi ar moupovebiaT), qileri

qarTveli iyo. rsdmp Tbilisis komitets ilias mkvlelo-

bis Taobaze gadawyvetileba ar miuRia, komitetis sxdomaze

es sakiTxi ar ganxilula. qarTvel social-demokratTagan

mkvlelobis organizebaSi monawileobdnen filipe maxaraZe

58

da sergo orjonikiZe. arc erTi imxanad rsdmp Tbilisis

komitetis wevri ar yofila, isini komitetis davalebiT ar

moqmedebdnen da arc angariSs abarebdnen mas.

rsdmp xelmZRvanelobis mier ilias mkvleloba gul-

dasmiT momzadda. Cven mier zemoxsenebuli oTxive versia

(mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT, mkvleloba agrarul niadagze,

mkvleloba somexi nacionalistebis dakveTiT, mkvlelo-

ba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT) social-

demokratebma SeTxzes da ilias mkvlelobis pirvelive

dRidan avrcelebdnen xalxSi. ilias mkvlelobamde darx-

euli xmebi imis Sesaxeb, rom ilias male moklavdnen, aseve

qarTvelma social-demokratebis gegmis nawils warmoad-

genda. ilias mouravi mose memarniSvili da misi meuRlec

social-demikratebma daaxocvines. gamoZiebisTvis gigla

berbiWaSvilis, Tedo labauris da sxvaTa mier micemuli

Cvenebebic metwilad social-demokratebis mier iyo nakar-

naxevi.

social-demokratebis mier ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis

es versia oficialurad Tbilisis droebiTma samxedro gu-

bernatorma wamoayena 1907 wlis 1 seqtembers peterburgSi,

saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, gagzavnil telegramaSi. masSi

vkiTxulobT: ,,savaraudoa, rom Tavadi mokles adgilobrivma

glexebma social-demokratebis waqezebiT”. (,,предпологается, что князь убит местными крестянами подстрекательству социал-демократов”).6 sazogadoebis nawils amis gareSec sjeroda,

rom ilias mkvlelobis organizatorebi social-demokrate-

bi iyvnen. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ilias mkvlelobasTan

aranairi kavSiri, arc pirdapiri da arc arapirdapiri, ar

hqonia or qarTvel social-demokrats _ noe Jordaniasa da

ioseb juRaSvils (stalins).



59

dRes Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis analizis Sede-

gad SegviZlia davaskvnaT:

1. 1905 wlis gazafxulze ilias winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

binZuri kampaniis Sedegad social-demokratebma CaTvales,

rom ilias saxeli gautexes da igi xels veRar SeuSlida

maTi gegmebis realizebas. 1905 wels iliam liberalur-

demokratiuli tipis partiis Seqmna scada, magram uSede-

god. social-demokratebma esec TavianT gamarjvebad mi-

iCnies. rsdmp xelmZRvaneloba Tvlida, rom saqarTveloSi

maTi yvelaze Zlieri da saSiSi mowinaaRmdege umniSvnelo

Zalad aqcies.

2. 1906 wels ilia ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad

airCies. rsdmp xelmZRvanelobisTvis es mowmendil caze

mexis gavardnis tolfasi iyo. yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo, rom

ilias garSemo Tavs moiyrida saqarTvelos avtonomiisa da

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis mebrZoli Zale-

bi. avtonomiaca da avtokefaliac principulad ewinaaRm-

degeboda rsdmp programas. saqarTvelos avtonomiis mopo-

vebisa da saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis

SemTxvevaSi daiwyeboda erovnuli moZraobis mZlavri aRma-

vloba. ar iyo gamoricxuli, rom ilia amjerad moaxerxeb-

da mTeli qarTveli eris interesebis gamomxatveli liber-

alur-demokratiuli (centristuli) partiis Seqmnas. es ki

minimumamde daiyvanda saqarTvelos teritoriaze saxelm-

wifo saTaTbiros arCevnebSi social-demokratebis gamar-

jvebis Sanss. qarTul sazogadoebriv moZraobaSi erovnul

ZalTa gabatonebas rsdmp xelmZRvaneloba verasgziT ver

dauSvebda. ilias mkvleloba erovnul ZalTa daqsaqsvisa

da dasustebis erTaderT saSualebad iqna miCneuli.

3. ilia SeiZleboda moeklaT TbilisSic da sagura-

moSic, mgzavrobisas Tu Sin myofi. amisTvis qileris erTi

marjve gasrola iyo sakmarisi. am gziT mkvleloba rs-

dmp xelmZRvanelobas xels ar aZlevda. ilia unda moe-

60

klaT glexebs da Tanac ise, rom mkvlelobaSi social-

demokratebis kvali dafaruliyo. mkvlelebi aucileblad

adgilobrivi, ilias nacnobi glexebi unda yofiliyvnen.

ilia glexebs unda moeklaT, rogorc memamule, rogorc

glexebis mCagvreli. amiT daifareboda politikuri mkv-

leloba, mkvleloba erovnuli moZraobis winamZRolisa.

4. ilias mkvlelobisaTvis SerCeuli glexebi: gigla

berbiWaSvili, gigola moZRvriSvili, Tedo labauri, pav-

le fSavliSvili (afciauri), giorgi xizaniSvili _ mkv-

lelobaSi ideuri mosazrebiT ar monawileobdnen, isini

ilias mokvlas garkveuli safasuris miRebis sanacvlod

dasTanxmdnen, anu tipuri teroristebi iyvnen. teroris-

tebis imedad mkvlelobis uSualo organizatori ver

iqneboda. maT SeiZleba nebismier momentSi gadaefiqre-

binaT iliaze Tavdasxma (aseTi SemTxveva bevri iyo 1905-

1907 wlebSi). ilias mkvlelobis damkveTsa da uSualo

organizators aucileblad sWirdebodaT sayovelTaod

dadasturebuli faqti, rom ilias etli adgilobrivma

glexebma gaaCeres. danarCeni marto moqmedi profesion-

ali qileris saqme iyo. es qileri Casafrebuli iyo. man

zustad icoda, glexebi ilias etls sad gaaCerebdnen.

glexebma qileris arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen.

gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma ilias etli gaaCera. ili-

as mcvelis iakob biTariSvilis etlidan gadaxtomam da

buCqebSi gaqcevam teroristebi daabnia da SeaSina. ia-

kobs SeeZlo moxerxrbuli safridan Sua gzaze mdgari

teroristebi advilad daexoca. mTeli yuradReba iakob

biTariSvilze iqna gadatanili. swored am dros gaCer-

ebuli etlis ukan Casafrebulma marto moqmedma qilerma,

vimeorebT, marto moqmedma, erTaderTi tyvia gaisrola.

ilia swored am tyviiT aris mokluli. gasrolis Semdeg

qileri SeumCnevlad gaecala iqaurobas. sworeb amitomaa,

rom ilias sxeulSi tyvia Sevida marcxena iRliis ukana marcxena iRliis ukana

61

kidesTan, neknebs Soris, gaiara guli da gamovida marjvena kidesTan, neknebs Soris, gaiara guli da gamovida marjvena

ZuZus dvrilTan, odnav SigniT (macxena ZuZus dvrilisak-ZuZus dvrilTan, odnav SigniT (macxena ZuZus dvrilisak-

en).en).7 amitomaa, rom marcxena iRliis ukana kideze (neknebs

Soris) tyviam datova mcire diametris xvreli (gamavali

neka TiTisaTvis), xolo mkerdze (marjvena ZuZus dvril-

Tan) _ gacilebiT didi zomis xvreli (ovaluri formis,

sami santimertis sigrZisa).8 cnobilia, rom tyvia sxeulSi

Sesvlisas tovebs mcire diametris xvrels, xolo sxeuli-

dan gamosvlisas _ gacilebiT dids. ilia WavWavaZis gvamis

daTvalierebis aqtis (1907 wlis 31 agvisto) Seswavlis

Sedegad eqsperti b. kilasonia daaskvnis: ilias sxeulze

cecxlsasroli iaraRiT miyenebuli ,,Wrilobis arxis mima-,,Wrilobis arxis mima-

rTulebaa marcxnidan marjvniv, uknidan win, e. i. iliasaTvis rTulebaa marcxnidan marjvniv, uknidan win, e. i. iliasaTvis

tyvia zurgidan usvriaT”.tyvia zurgidan usvriaT”. 1907 wels Catarebuli Ziebis

masalebis mixedviT, romelic daadastura 1941 wels Catare-

bulma Ziebamac, ilia mokluli iqna etlis win mdgari ter-

oristebis jgufidan gasrolili tyviiT. SeiZleba Tedo

labauri da mkvlelobis sxva monawileebi arc cruobdnen,

maT, ubralod, verc gaiges, vis mier nasrolma tyviam mokla

ilia. teroristebs warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT imis Tao-

baze, rom iqve axlos qileri iyo Casafrebuli.

5. ilias mkvlelobis damkveTma da misma uSualo xelmZ-

Rvanelma mizans nawilobriv miaRwies _ sazogadoeba da

gamoZieba daabnies. ilias mkvleloba ise veragulad iyo

momzadebuli da ganxorcielebuli, rom dRes mavans da ma-

vans kvlav sjera, rom ilia glexebma agrarul niadagze

mokles. kvlav SevxvdebiT adamianebs, romlebic amtkice-

7 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo ma-

salebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 38-39; guram SaraZe.guram SaraZe. ilia WavWavaZe. 1837-

1907. cxovreba. moRvaweoba. Semoqmedeba. fotomatiane. or wignad.

wigni II. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 321.

8 guram SaraZe.guram SaraZe. ilia WavWavaZe. 1837-1907. cxovreba. moRvaweoba.

Semoqmedeba. fotomatiane. or wignad. wigni II. Tbilisi, 1990, gv.

322-323.

62

ben, rom ilia ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT

moiSores Tavidan.

ilias mkvlelobis damkveTisa da misi uSualo aRmas-

ruleblis (teroristebs ar vgulisxmobT!) dadgena ver Se-

Zlo orma gamoZiebam da orma sasamarTlo procesma. verc

ruseTis imperiisa da verc sabWoTa marTlmsajulebam ver

gabeda, simarTlisaTvis bolomde aexadaT farda. WeSmar-

iteba mxolod RmerTma uwyis. misi msjavri ukve karga xania

aRsrulda _ ilias mkvlelobis damkveTebsac, mkvlelobis

uSualo organizatorebsac da teroristebsac miezRoT.

ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da

sasamarTlo procesi (1907-1909 ww.). sasamarTlo procesi (1907-1909 ww.). ilia WavWavaZis mkv-

lelobis saqmis Zieba (1907-1909 ww.) ver warimarTa saTan-

ado doneze. Ziebis uxarisxod Catarebam gavlena iqonia

sasamarTlo procesze (1909 w.) da, cxadia, ganaCenzec. Ziebam

da sasamarTlom ver miaRwia umTavress _ ver gamoavlina

ilias mkvlelobis damkveTi da verc mkvlelobis organ-

izatori. saukunis danaSauls ar mieca politikuri mkv-

lelobis kvalifikacia. pasuxi ver gaeca uamrav kiTxvas.

dRes, ilias mkvlelobidan erT saukuneze meti xnis Semdeg,

Zalze Znelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelic ki, gamoikv-

lio da daadgino is, rac unda gamokvleuliyo da dadge-

niliyo mkvlelobidan ramdenime kviris, Tundac ramdenime

Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

ilias mkvlelobis masalebis mokvleviT dakavebuli iyo

ramdenime uwyeba: 1) ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa samin-

istros policiis departamenti da misdami daqvemdebarebu-

li Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo, 2) ruse-

Tis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis dacvisa da uSiSroebis ganyofileba (oxranka) da

misdami daqvemdebarebuli Tbilisis oxranka, 3) Tbilisis

policmaisteris sammarTvelo, 4) Tbilisis droebiTi samxe-

dro gubernatori (igive general-gubernatori) da misdami

63

daqvemdebarebuli duSeTis mazris mmarTveloba. uSualod

Ziebas awarmoebda Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos samZebro

nawili (umniSvnelovanes saqmeTa gamomZiebeli iliaSenko),

Tbilisis policmaisteris samZebro nawili (samZebro nawi-

lis ufrosi evtuSevski). Ziebis procesze zedamxedvelobas

axorcielebda Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos prokurori.

zemoT CamoTvlilTagan ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze

yvelaze met informacias flobda da yvelaze kompetenturi

iyo duSeTis mazris ufrosi yaraman faRava.yaraman faRava. man icoda yve-

laferi, rac xdeboda saguramosa da maxlobel soflebSi.

mazris ufross agenturis farTo da kargad organizebuli

qseli gaaCnda, informatorebi hyavda mosaxleobis yvela

fenaSi, gansakuTrebiT, glexobaSi. yaraman faRavam kargad

icoda, Tu vin arxevda xmebs, romlis mixedviTac ilias

male moklavdnen, icoda isic, Tu vin amzadebda ilias mkv-

lelobas. swored amitom iyo, rom ilias mkvlelobidan

ori kviris Tavze yaraman faRavasTvis mkvlelobis yvela

monawilis vinaoba iyo cnobili. man detalurad icoda

mkvlelobis momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis mTeli isto-

ria. gasagebi mizezis gamo yaraman faRavas ar SeiZleboda

raime scodnoda wiwamurTan Casafrebuli da damoukide-

blad moqmedi qileris Sesaxeb. amitom iyo, rom yaraman

faRava ilias im glexebis moklulad miiCnevda, romelTac

ilias etli gaaCeres. rac mTavaria, yaraman faRavam icoda, rac mTavaria, yaraman faRavam icoda,

rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba dagegmes da ganaxorcie-rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba dagegmes da ganaxorcie-

les social-demokratebma, e. i. es iyo mkvleloba politi-les social-demokratebma, e. i. es iyo mkvleloba politi-

kuri motiviT. kuri motiviT. im adamianebs Soris, vinc ilias mkvlelobis

organizebaSi monawileobas iRebda, rsdmp ramdenime wevri

iyo, rsdmp wevri iyo aseve TavdamsxmelTagan ori. yara-

man faRava kategoriulad gamoricxavda yvela sxva zemoT

CamoTvlil versias (mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT, mkvleloba

agrarul niadagze, somexi nacionalistebis mier SekveTili

mkvleloba).

64

yaraman faRavas ilias mkvlelobis saqmis Ziebis

ufleba ar hqonda, mas mxolod masalebis mopoveba See-

Zlo. yaraman faRavas versia damajereblad eCvena Tbili-

sis general-gubernators. 1907 wlis 1 seqtembers Tbili-

sis general-gubernatorma ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan

dakavSirebiT peterburgSi, saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, Sem-

degi Sinaarsis depeSa gaagzavna: 30 agvistos daaxloebiT

12 saaTze duSeTis mazris sofel saguramodan oTxi versis

moSorebiT oTxma borotmoqmedma srolis Sedegad mokla

saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, Tavadi ilia WavWavaZe da misi

laqia, kondaxis dartymiT Tavi gautexa (Tavis areSi Wri-

loba miayena) Tavadis meuRles, yvelani (ilia WavWavaZe, misi

meuRle da laqia) gaZarcves. metad saintereso iyo tel-

egramis daskvniTi nawili: ,,savaraudoa, rom Tavadi mokles ,,savaraudoa, rom Tavadi mokles

adgilobrivma glexebma social-demokratebis waqezebiT, adgilobrivma glexebma social-demokratebis waqezebiT,

Zarcva simulirebuliaZarcva simulirebulia”.9 dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

general-gubernatorma saxelmwifo kancelarias yaraman

faRavas versia acnoba. es arc iyo moulodneli. duSeTis

mazris ufrosi uSualod general-gubernatoris daqvem-

debarebaSi imyofeboda da gubernatoric yvelaze metad

Tavis xelqveiTs endoboda. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

yaraman faRavam mizans miaRwia, _ peterburgs ilias mkv-

lelobis miseuli versia acnoba.

mainc ra gamomdinareobda Tbilisis general-guberna-

toris 1907 wlis 1 seqtembris depeSidan? 1. ilia WavWavaZe 1. ilia WavWavaZe

mokles social-demokratebis waqezebiT, e. i. mkvlelobis mokles social-demokratebis waqezebiT, e. i. mkvlelobis

damkveTi iyo social-demokratia, maSasadame, es iyo politi-damkveTi iyo social-demokratia, maSasadame, es iyo politi-

kuri mkvleloba; 2) social-demokratebma ilia WavWavaZis kuri mkvleloba; 2) social-demokratebma ilia WavWavaZis

mkvleloba adgilobrivi glexebis xeliT ganaxorcieles; mkvleloba adgilobrivi glexebis xeliT ganaxorcieles;

3) ilia WavWavaZis, misi meuRlisa da laqias gaZarcva simu-3) ilia WavWavaZis, misi meuRlisa da laqias gaZarcva simu-



65

lirebuli iyo, maSasadame, mkvleloba glexebs Zarcvis miz-lirebuli iyo, maSasadame, mkvleloba glexebs Zarcvis miz-

niT ar CaudeniaT. niT ar CaudeniaT.

yaraman faRavas mier Catarebuli mokvlevis Sedegad

dadginda: 1) mkvlelebis (teroristebis) vinaoba; 2) pirovnebe-

bi, romlebic uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen teroristebs; 3)

politikuri Zala, romlis nebiTac ganxorcielda ilias mkv-

leloba. yaraman faRavam ver daadgina da arc SeeZlo konk-

retulad daedgina, sad gadawyda ilias mkvleloba da visi

miTiTebiT moqmedebdnen Tavdasxmis organizatorebi, anu vin

SeukveTa mkvleloba. es ukve Ziebis saqme iyo.

yaraman faRavas mier mokvleul masalaze dayrdnobiT

gamomZiebelma iliaSenkom miaRwia imas, rom Tedo labauri

1907 wlis 16 noembers iZulebuli gaxda, eRiarebina, rom

ilias mkvlelobaSi monawileobdnen: gigla berbiWaSvili, gigla berbiWaSvili,

gigola moZRvriSvili, pavle fSavliSvili (afciauri) da gigola moZRvriSvili, pavle fSavliSvili (afciauri) da

ivane (vano) inaSvili.ivane (vano) inaSvili.1010 mkvlelobis damkveTisa da organi-

zatorebis Sesaxeb Tedo labaurs ar SeiZleba rame scod-

noda. amis Taobaze gamoZiebas informacia sxva eWvmita-

nilebisagan unda moepovebina, Tumca es ar momxdara.

1907 wlis dekembridan ilias mkvlelobis Ziebis saqme

CixSi Sevida, ufro zustad, Sewyda yaraman faRavas versiis

(social-demokratebis mier SekveTili mkvlelobis) damuSave-

ba. am versiis avtori, duSeTis mazris ufrosi, yaraman faRava,

jer mazris ufrosis TanaSemwed CamoaqveiTes, xolo Semdeg

saerTod moaSores mazris mmarTvelobas. ufro metic, yaraman

faRavas daJinebuli moTxovniT dapatimrebuli eWvmitanilebi,

romelTa saSualebiTac Ziebas ilias mkvlelobis organi-

zatorebi (filipe maxaraZe da sergo orjonikiZe) unda dae-

dgina, patimrobidan gaaTavisufles. gamoZiebas xelSi SerCa

is adamianebi, romelTac warmodgenac ar hqondaT arc mkv-

lelobis organizatorebze da, miT umetes, arc mkvlelobis



66

damkveTze. yovelive es SemTxveviT ar momxdara.

ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo sabWos wevris mkvleloba

ar iyo Cveulebrivi movlena. es metad usiamovno faqti iyo

TviT kavkasiis mefisnacvlisTvisac ki. rac SeexebaT Tbili-

sis general-gubrenators, Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis

sammarTvelos ufrossa da Tbilisis oxrankis ufross, isini

Tanamdebobrivad iyvnen movaleni, daecvaT saxelmwifo sabWos

wevri. ilias mkvlelobis versiebidan kavkasiis samefisnacv-

los administracias yvelaze metad xels aZlevda versia _

mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT.mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT. ufro naklebad, magram mainc mis-

aRebi iyo versia _ mkvleloba agrarul niadagze.mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. yvelaze ar-

asasurveli iyo versia _ social-demokratebis mier organi-social-demokratebis mier organi-

zebuli mkvleloba anu politikuri mkvleloba.zebuli mkvleloba anu politikuri mkvleloba. politikuri

mkvleloba seriozulad ayenebda eWvqveS Tbilisis general-

gubernatoris uwyebis, Jandarmeriisa da oxrankis kompeten-

turobis sakiTxs. rac Seexeba mkvlelobas Zarcvis mizniT, an

mkvlelobas agrarul niadagze, es kavkasiis samefisnacvlos

administracias Tavis marTlebis met Sanss utovebda. yaC-

aRTa bandis mier Zarcvis mizniT an glexebis mier agrarul

niadagze ganxorcielebuli memamulis mkvleloba, cxadia, ar

aRiqmeboda ise mwvaved, rogorc saxelmwifo sabWos wevris

politikuri angariSsworeba.

ilias mkvlelobis organizatorebi (filipe maxaraZe

da sergo orjonikiZe) grZnobdnen, rom Ziebas SeeZlo, maTi

vinaoba daedgina. cxadia, maT ar SeiZleboda scodnodaT,

rom garkveuli mosazrebiT xelisuflebam Tavad Tqva uari

social-demokratebis mier SekveTili politikuri mkvlel-

obis versiis damuSavebaze. amitom iyo, rom filipe max-

araZe da sergo orjonikiZe, TavianTi mxridan, cdilobdnen,

kidev erTxel daebniaT gamoZieba. ase gamovida asparezze

aleqsandre grekovi.aleqsandre grekovi.

1907 wlis 30 noembers ozurgeTis sofel nagom-

ris mcxovrebma, social-demokratebTan kavSirSi myofma

aleqsandre grekovma Tavisi nebiT misca Semdegi Sinaar-

67

sis Cveneba: 1907 wlis zafxulSi guriaSi, sofel baxvSi,

social-demokratebis krebaze gadawyda ilia WavWavaZis

mokvla. teroristuli aqtis ganxorcieleba daevalaT er-er-

mile da kalistrate doliZeebs da vinme basilaSvils.mile da kalistrate doliZeebs da vinme basilaSvils.1111

sofel baxvSi Catarebuli krebis Taobaze daiwyo gamoZieba,

Tbilisidan da saguramodan yuradReba gadatanil iqna gu-

riaze. Sedegi winaswarve iyo cnobili: 1908 wlis 19 aprils

aleqsandre gregovma Cveneba Secvala da ganacxada: baxvSi

araviTari kreba ar Catarebula, yvelaferi me movigoneo.12

baxvSi kreba, marTlac, ar gamarTula. social-demokratebma baxvSi kreba, marTlac, ar gamarTula. social-demokratebma

mizans miaRwies: Zieba kvlav agrarul niadagze momxdari mizans miaRwies: Zieba kvlav agrarul niadagze momxdari

mkvlelobis versiis damuSavebas daubrunda.mkvlelobis versiis damuSavebas daubrunda.

kavkasiis samxedro-saolqo sasamarTlo Ziebis masalebs

daeyrdno. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobas politikuri mkv-

lelobis kvalifikacia ar mieca. ra Tqma unda, arc mkvlel-

obis damkveTi da misi organizatorebi daudgeniaT. isic ki

ar gamourkveviaT, uSualod vin xelmZRvanelobda teroris-

tebs, vin amzadebda maT teroristuli aqtisaTvis, vin misca

glexebs davaleba, rom 1907 wlis 30 agvistos gzaze unda

daxvedrodnen ilias. gamomZiebelma, mosamarTlem da proku-

rorma TiTqos ar icodnen, rom teroristuli aqti xor-

cieldeboda aseTi sqemiT: teroristuli aqtis damkveTi _

teroristuli aqtis organizatori _ teroristuli aqtis

uSualo xelmZRvaneli _ teroristebi.

1909 wlis 10 agvistos sasamarTlom Tedo labaurs, Tedo labaurs,

giorgi (loma) xizaniSvils da ivane (vano) inaSvils giorgi (loma) xizaniSvils da ivane (vano) inaSvils

CamoxrCoba miusaja. ganaCeni sisruleSi iqna moyvanili

21 agvistos.13 gigola moZRvrgigola moZRvriSvili iSvili cixeSi gardaicvala.


masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 80-82, 85-86.


masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 80-82, 85-86.



68

pavle fSavliSvili (afciauri) 1908 wlis 11 maiss cixidan

gaiqca. is 17 dekembers policielebTan Setakebisas mok-

les. gigla berbiWaSvilis gigla berbiWaSvilis kvals policiam ver miakvlia.

Cans, is social-demokratebma saimedod gadamales.

ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba da sasamarT-

lo (1907-1909 ww) iyo arc Tu ise kargad dadgmuli speqtak-

li. 1907-1909 wlebSi winaswar ganzraxviT, mcdari versi-

iT, warmoebuli gamoZiebiTa da sasamarTlos mier imave

mcdari versiis WeSmaritebad aRiarebiT pasuxgaucemeli

darCa bevri kiTxva. gamomZieblebma (iliaSCenko, evtuSevs-

ki) mowmeebs, eWvmitanilebsa da braldebulebs ar dausves

iseTi kiTxvebi, romlebic logikurad gamomdinareobda maT

mier micemuli Cvnebebidan. ar dakiTxula ramdenime mniS-

vnelovani mowme. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom TiTqos

gamomZieblebi SiSobdnen, farda ar axdoda simarTlesfarda ar axdoda simarTles.

gamoZiebam Seasrula kavkasiis koloniuri administraciis

dakveTa _ ilias mkvlelobas politikuri, SekveTili mkv-

lelobis kvalifikacia ar misca da, aqedan gamomdinare,

arc mkvlelobis damkveTisa da arc mkvlelobis organiza-

torebis dadgena ucdia. mTeli yuradReba uSualod ter-

oristuli aqtis (mkvlelobis) monawileTa vinaobis dadge-

nas daeTmo. am kiTxvebze pasuxi unda gaeca gamoZiebasa da

sasamarTlos. is, rac ar gakeTda 1907-1909 wlebSi, cxadia,

veRar gakeTdeboda meore gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlo pro-

cesis dros (1941-1942 ww.). miT ufro, rom meore gamoZiebam

da sasamarTlo procesmac winaswar ganzraxviT isev mcdar

versias dauWira mxari.

ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da

sasamarTlo procesi (1941-1942 ww.). sasamarTlo procesi (1941-1942 ww.). ruseTis imperiis aR-

sasruls (1917 wlis Teberval-marti) TiTqos xelsayreli

pirobebi unda Seeqmna ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis

obieqturad gamoZiebisaTvis. saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) xelisuflebam am TvalsazrisiT

69

imedebi ver gaamarTla. jer kidev saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

foebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde (1918 wlis 26 maisi)

amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetisa (ozakomi) da

amierkavkasiis komisariatis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1917

wlis marti - 1918 wlis aprili), iseve, rogorc yofili

ruseTis imperiis mTels teritoriaze, saqarTveloSic

daucveli da mouvleli aRmoCnda ruseTis imperiis sax-

elmwifo dawesebulebebis arqivebi. masalebis didi nawili

an daudevrobiT, an Segnebulad (politikuri mizniT) ganad-

gurda. yvela politikuri partia da politikuri moRvawe yvela politikuri partia da politikuri moRvawe

cdilobda, moespo iseTi saarqivo masala, romlic saxels cdilobda, moespo iseTi saarqivo masala, romlic saxels

gautexda mas. gautexda mas. ase ganadgurda masalebi Tbilisis guberniis

Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos, quTaisis guberniis Jandarme-

riis sammarTvelos, Tbilisis oxrankis, kavkasiis oxrank-

is, Tbilisis policmaisteris, droebiTi samxedro guber-

natorebis (general-gubernatorebis), mazrebis ufrosebis,

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos, quTaisis saolqo sasamarT-

los, Tbilisis olqis prokuroris, quTaisis olqis proku-

roris, kavkasiis sasamarTlo palatis, kavkasiis samxedro-

saolqo sasamarTlos, Tbilisis metexis sapyrobilisa da

sxva sapyrobileTa arqivebidan. Segnebulad Tu SemTxveviT Segnebulad Tu SemTxveviT

ganadgurebul saarqivo masalaTa Soris aRmoCnda ilia ganadgurebul saarqivo masalaTa Soris aRmoCnda ilia

WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos

masalebi (1907-1909 ww.). masalebi (1907-1909 ww.). am danakargis anazRaureba dRes

ukve SeuZlebelia.

1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelo-

bis saqmis obieqturad gamoZieba sazogadoebis sruliad

bunebrivi moTxovna iyo. am mimarTulebiT gadaidga kidec

zogierTi konkretuli nabiji. sabolood, saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis social-demokratiuli (men-

Sevikuri) xelisuflebis azri ilias mkvlelobis saqmis

gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT orad gaiyo. erTni miiCnevdnen,

rom ilia bolSevikebma mokles, amitomac mkvlelobis saqmis

70

gamoZiebas didi politikur-ideologiuri mniSvneloba

eqneboda. meoreni Tvlidnen, rom, marTalia, ilia bolSe-

vikebma mokles, magram mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebas Sei-

Zleboda, Crdili mieyenebina qarTveli menSevikebisaTvisac,

radgan qarTvel menSevikTa nawili, ideuri TvalsazrisiT,

dapirispirebuli iyo ilia WavWavaZesTan da aqtiurad ebr-

Zoda mas. sabolood ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba

saxelmwifo zrunvis sagnad ver iqca. saxelmwifo zrunvis sagnad ver iqca. saqarTvelos so-

cial-demokratiuli partia, marTalia, ilias mkvlelobis

Taobaze masalebs agrovebda, magram es saqme mindobili

hqondaT araprofesionalebs, muSaoba warmoebda usistemod.

sazogadoebaSi gavrcelda xmebi, rom komisiam masalebis komisiam masalebis

raRac nawili an gaanadgura, an saguldagulod gadamala.raRac nawili an gaanadgura, an saguldagulod gadamala.

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi saqarTvelo sabWoTa

ruseTma daipyro. damyarda sabWoTa xelisufleba. daiwyo daiwyo

ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofis axali ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofis axali

etapi. etapi. ilia gamocxadda ,,feodalur-monarqistuli nacion-

alizmis mamamTavrad~, ,,xalxTa Soris erovnuli SuRlis

gamRviveblad~, ,,Tavadaznaurobis interesebis damcvelad~.

,,batonymobis ideologad~, ,,sastik memamuled~, ,,socialuri

Tanasworobis mowinaaRmdeged~, ,,progresis Semaferxeblad~

da a. S. ilias sulieri memkvidreobis uaryofa mimdinare-

obda sabWoTa saqarTvelos erT-erTi politikuri lideris,

XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan ilias winaaRmdeg mimarTu-

li binZuri kampaniis sulisCamdgmelisa da ilias mkvlel-

obis erT-erTi organizatoris filipe maxaraZisfilipe maxaraZis xelmZ-

RvanelobiT. aqve sruliad garkveviT unda iTqvas: ilia ilia

WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofa ar SeiZleba WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofa ar SeiZleba

ganvixiloT filipe maxaraZis kerZo iniciativad. es iyo ganvixiloT filipe maxaraZis kerZo iniciativad. es iyo

sabWoTa saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvanelobis neba, sabWoTa saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvanelobis neba,

e. i. saxelmwifo politika.e. i. saxelmwifo politika. sergo orjonikiZesa da filipe

maxaraZes Soris 1921-1922 wlebSi, sxvadasxva garemoebaTa

gamo, urTierToba seriozulad daiZaba. miuxedavad amisa,

71

amierkavkasiis federaciis politikuri lideri sergo

orjonikiZe da sabWoTa saqarTvelos erT-erTi politi-

kuri lideri filipe maxaraZe sruli Tanxmobis viTare-

baSi cdilobdnen ilias saxelis amoSlas saqarTvelos is-

toriidan. isini istorikosebsa da literaturaTmcodneebs istorikosebsa da literaturaTmcodneebs

aiZulebdnen, XIX saukunis saqarTvelos istoria da qar-aiZulebdnen, XIX saukunis saqarTvelos istoria da qar-

Tuli mwerlobis istoria ilias gareSe gaeazrebinaT. Tuli mwerlobis istoria ilias gareSe gaeazrebinaT. amis

magaliTs iZleoda filipe maxaraZe, romelic iliaze win

daniel WonqaZes ayenebda. vinc am umsgavsoebis winaaRmdeg

xmas aimaRlebda, sastikad idevneboda. ilia WavWavaZes bev-

ri sxva vinmec ebrZoda, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT, filipe

maxaraZis nawerebSi aSkarad igrZnoba biologiuri zizRi

iliasadmi. saocaria, mainc raoden didi unda yofiliyo saocaria, mainc raoden didi unda yofiliyo

filipe maxaraZis siZulvili iliasadmi, rom XIX saukunis filipe maxaraZis siZulvili iliasadmi, rom XIX saukunis

90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mTeli ormoc welze meti 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mTeli ormoc welze meti

xnis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv ebrZoda mas, jer cocxals, xnis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv ebrZoda mas, jer cocxals,

Semdeg mkvdars.Semdeg mkvdars.

1921 wlidan filipe maxaraZe sistematurad aferx-

ebda ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze masalebis moZiebasa da

gamoqveynebas. ibeWdeboda mxolod iseTi masala, romelic

mxars uWerda oxrankis mier ilias mkvlelobis versias.

filipe maxaraZe avtorebis mimarT muqarasa da SantaJsac

ar erideboda.

ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofa fil-

ipe maxaraZisa da ,,misi razmis” (e. i. xelisuflebis) mier

1921 wlidan 1934 wlamde gagrZelda. am samarcxvino kampa-

nias 1934-1937 wlebSi zRvari daudo ioseb stalinma.ioseb stalinma.

1934-1937 wlebSi ilia WavWavaZis pirovnebisa da Semo-

qmedebis mimarT sabWoTa xelisuflebis damokidebulebis

sasikeTod kvlav TavisTavad dasva kiTxva: vin mokla ilia? vin mokla ilia?

XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis pasuxis er-

TaderTi, xelisuflebisaTvis misaRebi varianti aseTi iyo:

ilia WavWavaZe ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT ilia WavWavaZe ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT

72

mokla oxrankam.mokla oxrankam. daiwyo am versiis damadasturebeli ma-

salebis moZieba. am metad sapasuxismgeblo saqmes ioseb

stalinis davalebiT lavrenti beria xelmZRvanelobda.

ramdenime avtorma, miuxedavad didi mondomebisa, ver SeZlo

xelisuflebis dakveTis Sesruleba. moZiebuli masalidan

aSkara xdeboda, rom ilias mkvleloba SeukveTa ruseTis ilias mkvleloba SeukveTa ruseTis

social-demokratiul muSaTa partiamsocial-demokratiul muSaTa partiam, oxrankis kvali ar

dasturdeboda. 1938 wels gamoica paata guguSvilis wigni

_ ,,ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba~.14 marTalia, paata guguS-

vili ilias oxrankis moklulad miiCnevda, magram naSro-

midan (gamokvlevidan da TandarTuli dokumentebidan)

aSkara xdeboda, rom oxrankis mier ilias mokvlis ver-oxrankis mier ilias mokvlis ver-

sia SeTxzuli iyo, kvali aSkarad social-demokrateb-sia SeTxzuli iyo, kvali aSkarad social-demokrateb-

isaken midioda,isaken midioda, aseTi Seusabamoba paata guguSvils ar

SeiZleboda mxedvelobidan gamorCenoda. kidec rom gah-

parvoda, wigns cenzura ar gauSvebda. unda vivaraudoT,

rom xsenebul wignSi arsebuli es ,,Seusabamoba~ ioseb

stalins sWirdeboda. ori kurdRlis erTdroulad daW-

eris didostats, albaT, amjeradac raRac mizani amoZ-

ravebda. ioseb stalinis es mizani imdenad veraguli iyo, ioseb stalinis es mizani imdenad veraguli iyo,

rom lavrenti beriac ki daibna. rom lavrenti beriac ki daibna. ioseb stalinisagan ilia

WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebis davaleba rom

miuRia, gaocebul lavrenti berias uTqvams: am saqmes raRa am saqmes raRa

gamoZieba unda? ilia WavWavaZis erT-erTi mkvleli belads gamoZieba unda? ilia WavWavaZis erT-erTi mkvleli belads

moskovSi hyavs TavisTan, meore ki me mizis TbilisSio. moskovSi hyavs TavisTan, meore ki me mizis TbilisSio. Zne-

li misaxvedri ar unda iyos, rom lavrenti beria sergo sergo

orjonikiZesa orjonikiZesa da filipe maxaraZes filipe maxaraZes gulisxmobda.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom 1934-1937 wlebSi ilias naazrevi-

sa da naRvawis obieqturad Sefasebam, ilias reabilitaciam

bunebrivad dasva kiTxva: vin mokla ilia? xelisuflebas,

surda Tu ar surda, am kiTxvaze pasuxi unda gaeca. es


masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938.

73

ki ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebas moiTxovda. ilias

mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba sxva mizezebmac ganapiroba.

unda vivaraudoT, ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da

sasamarTlo procesi ioseb stalins XX saukunis 30-iani

wlebis Sua xanebisTvis, Seqmnili viTarebis gamo, dasWirda.

ufro konkretulad ki, ioseb stalins filipe maxaraZisa da

sergo orjonikiZis Tavidan moSoreba surda. Zveli bol-

Sevikuri gvardia seriozulad fiqrobda ioseb stalinis

sergei kiroviT Canacvlebaze. sergei kirovis mkvlelobis

Semdeg (1934 w.) Zvel bolSevikebs ioseb stalinis Semcv-

lelis Ziebaze xeli ar auRiaT. seriozulad ixileboda

sergo orjonikiZis kandidatura. Tu sergo orjonikiZes

ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis organizatoroba daumtkicde-

boda, es ioseb stalinis xelSi seriozuli kompromati

iqneboda. Tumca garkveviT unda aRiniSnos: ioseb sta-

lini sergo orjonikiZis Tavidan moSorebis sanacvlod

ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi ruseTis social-demokra-

tiul muSaTa partias ar daadanaSaulebda, aseT Crdils

ar miayenebda. garda amisa, filipe maxaraZisa da sergo

orjonikiZis ilias mkvlelobis organizatorebad aRi-

arebiT saqme ar dasruldeboda. bunebrivad daismeboda

kiTxva: visi davalebiT moqmedebdnen isini? mkvlelobis

damkveTis vinaoba TavisTavad cxadi gaxdeboda. ufro sa-ufro sa-

varaudoa, rom ioseb stalinma lavrenti berias, marTlac, varaudoa, rom ioseb stalinma lavrenti berias, marTlac,

misca miTiTeba filipe maxaraZisa da sergo orjonikiZismisca miTiTeba filipe maxaraZisa da sergo orjonikiZis,

rogorc ilias mkvlelobis organizatorTa, mamxilebeli rogorc ilias mkvlelobis organizatorTa, mamxilebeli

masalebis moZiebis Taobaze, magram es masala garkveul masalebis moZiebis Taobaze, magram es masala garkveul

dromde saidumlod unda yofiliyo daculi, rogorc kom-dromde saidumlod unda yofiliyo daculi, rogorc kom-

promati sergo orjonikiZis winaaRmdeg. Ziebas da sasamarT-promati sergo orjonikiZis winaaRmdeg. Ziebas da sasamarT-

los ki oxrankis versia unda daesabuTebina. los ki oxrankis versia unda daesabuTebina.

ilia mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba garkveulwilad Seafer-

xa lavernti berias moskovSi gadayvanam (1938 w.). amiT

isargebla filipe maxaraZem da kidev erTxel scada ili-

74

as mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebis Seferxeba. male filipe

maxaraZe mkacrad gaafrTxiles da isic iZulebuli gaxda,

mayureblis roliT dakmayofilebuliyo.

ilias mkvlelobis saqmis xelaxali gamoZiebis Tao-

baze gadawyvetileba sabWoTa kavSirze germaniis Tavdasx-

mamde (1941 wlis 22 ivnisamde) miiRes. pirveli mowmeebi 1941

wlis ianvarSi daikiTxnen. gigla berbiWaSvili pasuxisge-

baSi misces 1941 wlis 14 ivniss (omis dawyebamde rva dRiT

adre). omis dawyebam gamoZieba ver Seaferxa. 1941 wlis noem-

bris bolos gamoZiebam saqme gadasca saqarTvelos umaR-

les sasamarTlos. 1941 wlis 27 noembers Sedga saqarTve-

los umaRlesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa

sasamarTlo kolegiis mosamzadebeli sxdoma. sasamarTlo

procesi daiwyo 1941 wlis 25 dekembers, ganaCeni gamocxadda

1942 wlis 5 ianvars.

cxadia, 1941 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze Seqmnil

umZimes samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi xelisuflebas

SeeZlo, gadaedo gamoZieba da sasamarTlo procesi. magram,

Cans, ioseb stalini sxvagvarad fiqrobda: ilia WavWavaZis ilia WavWavaZis

mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebasa da sasamarTlo process mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebasa da sasamarTlo process

didi politikuri mniSvneloba eZleoda, romelic scilde-didi politikuri mniSvneloba eZleoda, romelic scilde-

boda saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa kavSiris farglebs.boda saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa kavSiris farglebs.

da mainc, ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da

sasamarTlo procesi winaswar Sedgenili scenaris mixed-

viT warimarTa. yvela Cveneba gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos

dokumentebSi (oqmebi, stenogramebi) im saxiT Sevida, ro-

goric es xelisuflebas surda. dRes SeiZleba Zneli war-

mosadgenia, Tu ras niSnavda 1941 wels iseTi Cvenebis micema,

romelic miuRebeli iyo xelisuflebisaTvis. amitom iyo,

rom gamoZiebac da sasamarTloc mividnen daskvnamde: ilia ilia

WavWavaZis mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis WavWavaZis mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis

SekveTiT ganaxorciela oxrankam.SekveTiT ganaxorciela oxrankam.

1941-1942 wlebis gamoZieba da sasamarTlo procesi iseve,

75

rogorc 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan dawyebuli ilias mkv-

lelobis Taobaze mimdinare masalebis mokvleva, iyo dadg-

muli speqtakli. riT unda damTavrebuliyo Zieba da ra ga-

naCeni unda gamoetana sasamarTlos, winaswar iyo cnobili.

aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos: miuxedavad imisa, rom

1907-1909 wlebis gamoZieba da sasamrTlo procesi xelisu-

flebis dakveTas asrulebda, simarTlis dadgenis Tvalsaz-

risiT, 1907-1909 wlebis masalebi ufro sayuradReboa, vidre

1941-1942 wlebisa. 1907-1909 wlebis masalebSi mcire doziT,

magram mainc aisaxa simarTle. 1941-1942 wlebis masalebi

isea gayalbebuli, rom simarTlis dasadgenad TiTqmis

mTlianad gamousadegaria. ilias mkvlelobis istoriis

Seswavla, swored zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, fer-

xdeba.

1941 wlisaTvis ilias mkvlelobis organizatorTa-

gan mxolod filipe maxaraZe iyo cocxali, mkvlelobis

uSualo xelmZRvanelTagan - aRaravin, iliaze Tavdasxmis

monawileTagan (teroristTagan) ki _ mxolod gigla ber-

biWaSvili. radgan ilia oxrankis mier moklulad unda

gamocxadebuliyo, filipe maxaraZiT gamoZieba da sasamarT-

lo sajarod ver dainteresdeboda. rCeboda gigla berbi-

WaSvili. gadawyda: gigla berbiWaSvili unda gamocxadebu-gigla berbiWaSvili unda gamocxadebu-

liyo oxrankis agentebis mier daqiravebul ilia WavWavaZis liyo oxrankis agentebis mier daqiravebul ilia WavWavaZis

fizikur mkvlelad, romlis gasrolilma tyviamac sico-fizikur mkvlelad, romlis gasrolilma tyviamac sico-

cxle mouswrafa mwerals. cxle mouswrafa mwerals. radgan mkvlelobis uSualo

xelmZRvanelTagan cocxali aRaravin iyo, anu aRar iyvnen

is adamianebi, romelTac teroristTa jgufi Seadgines da

ilias gzaze Causafres, Ziebasa da sasamarTlos ar gau-

Wirdeboda imis damtkiceba, rom ilias mkvlelobis uSua-

lo xelmZRvanelebi oxrankis agentebi iyvnen da oxrankis

davalebiT moqmedebdnen. Zalze gaWirdeboda, ufro zustad,

Zalze aradamajerebeli iqneboda, gigla berbiWaSvilis ox-

rankis agentad gamocxadeba. gamoZiebasa da sasamarTlos

76

es arc ucdia. samagierod, aucilebeli iyo imisi ,,dadas-

tureba~, rom gigla berbiWaSvili 1907 wels arc rsdmp gigla berbiWaSvili 1907 wels arc rsdmp

wevri da arc 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros social-wevri da arc 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros social-

demokratebis mier organizebuli ,,wiTeli razmis~ wevri demokratebis mier organizebuli ,,wiTeli razmis~ wevri

da meTauri yofila, social-demokratebis davalebiT ter-da meTauri yofila, social-demokratebis davalebiT ter-

oristuli aqtebi ar ganuxorcielebia, xolo 1921-1922 wleb-oristuli aqtebi ar ganuxorcielebia, xolo 1921-1922 wleb-

Si komunisturi (bolSevikuri) partiis mandati TaRliTo-Si komunisturi (bolSevikuri) partiis mandati TaRliTo-

biT miiRo da pensiac TaRliTobiT dainiSna. yovelive amis biT miiRo da pensiac TaRliTobiT dainiSna. yovelive amis

,,damtkiceba” gamoZiebam da sasamarTlom ,,SeZlo~.,,damtkiceba” gamoZiebam da sasamarTlom ,,SeZlo~.

Tu gigla berbiWaSvili arc oxrankis agenti yofila

da arc rsdmp wevri, maS, vin iyo igi? am kiTxvaze gamoZiebas

da sasamarTlos aseTi pasuxi hqonda mzad: gigla berbiWaS-gigla berbiWaS-

vili iyo uideo, uzneo, gaxrwnili, gadagvarebuli adamiani, vili iyo uideo, uzneo, gaxrwnili, gadagvarebuli adamiani,

romelic oxrankis agentebma ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi romelic oxrankis agentebma ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi

monawileobaze daiTanxmes.monawileobaze daiTanxmes.

ase iqca gigla berbiWaSvili gamoZiebisa da sasamarT-

losaTvis ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmeSi centralur

figurad.

1941-1942 wlebSi gamoZiebam da sasamarTlom dadgeni-

lad miiCnia:

1. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba iyo politikuri mkv-

leloba, romelic ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis nebiT

ganxorcielda (mkvlelobis damkveTi).mkvlelobis damkveTi).

2. mkvleloba moamzada oxrankam (mkvlelobis organi-(mkvlelobis organi-

zatori).zatori).

3. mkvlelobas uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen oxrankis

agentebi (mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanelebi).(mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanelebi).

4. oxrankis agentebma uideo, gadagvarebuli, znedacemu-

li da gaxrwnili adamianebisagan Seadgines teroristuli

jgufi, romelic Tavs daesxa ilias 1907 wlis 30 agvistos

(mkvlelobis uSualo monawileni).(mkvlelobis uSualo monawileni).

amrigad, sqema aseT saxes iRebda: ruseTis imperiis ruseTis imperiis

xelisufleba (mkvelobis damkveTi) _ oxranka (mkvlelo-xelisufleba (mkvelobis damkveTi) _ oxranka (mkvlelo-

77

bis organizatori) _ oxrankis agentebi (mkvlelobis uSu-bis organizatori) _ oxrankis agentebi (mkvlelobis uSu-

alo xelmZRvanelebi) _ teroristebi (ilia WavWavaZeze Tv-alo xelmZRvanelebi) _ teroristebi (ilia WavWavaZeze Tv-

dasxmis monawileni).dasxmis monawileni).

ioseb stalinma, lavrenti beriam da bevrma sxvamac

SesaniSnavad icoda WeSmariteba, romelic ukve meored mi-

iCqmala:

1. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba iyo politikuri mkv-

leloba, romelic ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa

partiis xelmZRvanelobis nebiT ganxorcielda (mkvlelo-mkvlelo-

bis damkveTi).bis damkveTi).

2. mkvleloba moamzada rsdmp xelmZRvanelobis ndo-

biT aRWurvilma pirma (is erovnebiT qarTveli ar yofila)

filipe maxaraZisa da sergo orjonikiZis meSveobiT (mkv-(mkv-

lelobis organizatorebi).lelobis organizatorebi).

3. mkvlelobas uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen qarTveli

social-demokratebi (mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanele-(mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanele-

bi).bi).

4. mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanelebma Seadgines

teroristuli jgufi, romelTagan ori rsdmp wevri da

revoluciis aqtiuri monawile iyo (ilia WavWavaZeze Tav-(ilia WavWavaZeze Tav-

dasxmis uSualo monawileni).dasxmis uSualo monawileni).

5. garda amisa, ioseb stalinma da lavrenti beriam

icodnen, rom ilia mokla ara gigla berbiWaSvilma, aramed

damoukideblad moqmedma mkvlelma, romelic teroristTa

jgufis Casafrebis adgilze teroristTagan farulad mi-

iyvanes Tavdasxmis organizatorebma. ilias mkvleli qil-

eris vinaobis dadgena oxrankis versiis dadasturebisaT-

vis sulac ar iyo saWiro.

ilias mkvlelobis saqmis xelaxali gamoZieba da

sasamarTlo didi dartyma iyo filipe maxaraZisaTvis. Tum-

ca is amjeradac gadarCa: gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos mier gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos mier

oxrankis versiis WeSmaritebad aRiarebam gamoricxa ili-oxrankis versiis WeSmaritebad aRiarebam gamoricxa ili-

as mkvlelobis organizatorad filipe maxaraZis miCneva. as mkvlelobis organizatorad filipe maxaraZis miCneva.

78

filipe maxaraZes aSkarad bedi swyalobda! Tumca ilias

mkvlelobis organizatori sxvagvarad fiqrobda: aravin

uwyoda, ras gadawyvetda, ras moimoqmedebda ioseb stalini,

ra gagrZeleba eqneboda im farss, romelic 1941-1942 wlebSi

gaTamaSda. filipe maxaraZe orjer (1907 welsa da 1941

wels) gadaurCa sasjels. mesamed beds aRar miendo da sa-

kuTar Tavs TviTon gamoutana ganaCeni: Tavi CamoixrCo.Tavi CamoixrCo.

oficialuri cnobiT, sergo orjonikiZe gulis daavadeb-

iT gardaicvala. mogvianebiT gaCnda versia imis Taobaze,

rom is aiZules, Tavi moekla. mesame versiiT sergo orjoni-

kiZe kefaSi nasroli tyviiT gardaicvala sakuTar binaSi.

is moskovSi, wiTel moedanze kremlis kedelTan dakrZales.

oficialuri cnobiT filipe maxaraZe bunebrivi sikvdiliT

gardaicvala. Tumca mogvianebiT gaxda cnobili, rom man

Tavi CamoixrCo.

ioseb stalins ar uyvarda filipe maxaraZe da sergo ioseb stalins ar uyvarda filipe maxaraZe da sergo

orjonikiZe. ra iyo amisi mizezi, samivem kargad uwyoda. orjonikiZe. ra iyo amisi mizezi, samivem kargad uwyoda.

samivem saidumlo Tan waritana samareSi.samivem saidumlo Tan waritana samareSi.

******

ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis orive gamoZiebam

da orive sasamarTlo procesma (ruseTis imperiis xelisu-

flebisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros) upasuxod dato-

va bevri kiTxva. maT Sorisaa teroristuli aqtis ganxor-

cielebis sakiTxi _ ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis detalebi.

sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli versiis mixedviT, ilia

1907 wlis 30 agvistos sofel wiwamurTan mokla teror-

istTa jgufma. sofel wiwamurTan daTqmul niSanze Tedo

labaurma etli gaaCera da fexze wamomdgari ilia erT-er-

Ti teroristis, kerZod, gigla berbiWaSvilis mier berdanis

Tofidan gasrolilma tyviam imsxverpla. tyvia ilias Sub-

lSi moxvda. am versiaSi bevri ram saeWvoa. saeqsperto

daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT:

79

1907 w. 31 agvisto. ilia WavWavaZis1907 w. 31 agvisto. ilia WavWavaZis

gvamis gakveTis aqtigvamis gakveTis aqti

31 agvisto, 1907 w. aqti. me, duSeTis mazris gamomZiebeli,

gamovcxaddi sof. guramianTkarSi, qvemoT aRniSnuli mow-

meebis TandaswrebiT da duSeTis mazris eqimis meoxebiT

Cavatare Tavad ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZis gvamis gakveTa.

garegani daTvalierebagaregani daTvaliereba

micvalebuli (cxedari) asvenia magidaze sakuTar sax-

lSi. acvia ruxi feris Jileti da Sarvali, feradi kvar-

Ti da TeTri sacvali, kiserze gaxamebuli TeTri sayelo,

romlis garSemo devs bafTa _ gaxsnili feradi batistis

yel-saxvevi. marcxena xelze gaxamebuli manJeti moxsnilia,

marjvenaze manJeti moZrobilia da Camokidebulia sakin-

Zis kvarTze. fexze acvia windebi da dabalyeliani Ceqmebi.

Jileti, kvarTi da manJeti gasisxlianebulia. saxeze da

Sublze sisxlis zolebi aqvs. gasisxlianebulia agreTve

gulmkerdis zeda nawili, marcxena gverdi da orive xelis

mtevnebi. micvalebuli swori agebulebisaa; muceli winaa

wamoweuli... sxeulis danarCeni nawilebi swori agebulebi-

saa.

gulmkerdis areSi aReniSneba cecxlnasroli gamWo-

li Wriloba, romlis erTi xvreli moTavsebulia marjve-

na ZuZus dvrilidan odnav SigniT, xolo meore _ marcx-

ena iRliis ukana kideze; pirveli ovaluri formisaa, misi

udidesi zoma kanze sami santimetria, meoris zoma iRliis

kanze SedarebiT mcirea, gamavalia neka TiTisaTvis. Sub-

lis marcxena naxevarSi aRiniSneba ovaluri formis daJe-

Jili Wriloba, damavali Zvlamde, oTxi santimetris sigrZis,

ori santimetris siganis. aq Zvali Catexilia da marcxena

nawiliT Caweulia qvemoT. Catexili Zvlis udidesi dia-

metri erTnaxevari gojia, motexilobis zeda, marcxena da

qveda kideebi mdebareobs qalas sarqvelze dabla, xolo

80

marjvena nawili SeerTebulia qalas sarqvelTan, SeerTeba

aramtkicea, ris gamoc motexili Zvali moZravia. kanis Wri-

lobis kideebi arasworia, moSavo ferisaa da mSrali. mis

qveS Zvalze aRiniSneba gamoyofili sisxlis Txeli fena.

marjvena warbs zemoT mdebareobs meore daJeJili Wriloba,

iseTive xasiaTis, rogoric pirveli. es Wriloba aRwevs

Zvlamde, magram Zvali dazianebuli ar aris. am Wrilobis

sigrZea sami, sigane erTi santimetri.

sxva dazianeba sxeulze ar aris. gvamuri laqebi da

sxva naadrevi gaxrwnis niSnebi ar aRiniSneba. gaSeSebis

kvali jer kidev SerCenilia xelebSi...

Sinagani daTvalierebaSinagani daTvaliereba

gulmkerdis Rru. gulmkerdze cecxlsasroli Wri-

lobis ubanSi kanqveSa qsovili moSavo ferisaa gamonad-

eni sisxlisagan. marjvena mexuTe neknis mkerdis ZvalTan

SeerTebis adgili damsxvreulia. Semdeg tyviam gaiara gu-

lis perangSi, gulis parkuWebis zeda nawilebSi da marcx-

ena filtvis qveda wilis gavliT gamovida gareT marcxena

iRliis midamoSi. gulis orive parkuWis kedlebis zeda

nawilebi gardaqmnilia nafleTebad. gulis moculoba ar

aris gadidebuli, magram misi kedlebi gaTxelebulia da gad-

agvarebulia cximovan qsovilebad, marjvena parkuWis ked-

lis sisqis sam meoTxeds cximi Seadgens, marcxena parkuWis

wina kedels mwvervalTan axlos aqvs xaris gamxmari tyavis

sisqe, is mkvrivia, moTeTro ferisaa da win gamoberilia

mcired. gulis kedlis am nawilze TiTis daWeriT es ubani

vardeba SigniT da TiTis aRebiT gareT, rogorc rezinis

burTi. mikroskopulad anevrizmuli gamoberiloba mogva-

gonebs mkvriv da drekad SemaerTqsovilovan warmonaqmns.

marjvena filtvis plevra Sexorcebulia gulmkerdis gver-

diT kedelTan; marcxena mdebareobs Tavisuflad. orive

filtvis moqnilobis da sifafukis xarisxi daqveiTebu-

81

lia, haeriT ar arian gadavsebulni. orive filtvis qveda

nawilebi sruliad uhaeroa, ris gamoc maTma qveda kideebma

kanis simkvrivis brtyeli danamatis saxe miiRes. filtvebi

ganakveTze moTeTro-moruxo ferisaa. gulmkerdis Rru Sei-

cavs didi raodenobiT Sededebul da Txier sisxls. muc-

lis kedeli Seicavs cximis sqel Sres. Tavisa da muclis

Rruebi ar daTvalierda, radgan sikvdilis mizezi naTelia.

duSeTis mazris eqimi:duSeTis mazris eqimi: iaSviliiaSvili,

gamomZiebeli:gamomZiebeli: v. e. dilevski.v. e. dilevski.

mowmeebi:mowmeebi: sof. guramianTkaris mcxovrebni, glexebi si-si-

mon CixaSvilimon CixaSvili da vasil narimaniZevasil narimaniZe, orive wera-kiTxvis uco-

dinarni.

mosazrebamosazreba: ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZis sxeulze sami

Wrilobaa: erTi cecxlnasroli, gulmkerdis gamWoli.

Wrilobis arxi mimarTulia winidan ukan da marjvnidan

marcxniv. gasrola albaT winidan moxda. sikvdili ganvi-

Tarda am Wrilobisagan gulis dazianebis Sedegad. ori

Wriloba, mdebare Tavis qalas uTmo nawilSi, miyenebulia

blagvi sagniT. erTi am WrilobaTagani, romelic garTule-

bulia Tavis qalas Zvlebis dazianebiT, miekuTvneba mZime

da sicocxlisaTvis saxifaTo dazianebas; meore Wriloba

unda miekuTvnos msubuq dazianebaTa xarisxs.

gardacvlil ilia WavWavaZes guli da filtvebi jan-

mrTeli ar hqonda. gulis kunTi gadagvarebulia cximovan

qsovilad da marxena parkuWis wina kedeli gafarToebu-

lia anevrizmulad. aRwerilobiT nawilSi me damaviwyda

aRmeniSna, rom marcxena parkuWis endokardi gasqelebulia,

moruxo-moTeTro ferisaa, mkveTrad gamoirCeva marjvena

parkuWis endokardisagan, ukanasknels aqvs xorcis feri

Sesaxedaoba. marcxena parkuWis endokardis zedapiri, nax-

evarmTvariseburi sarqvelebi da aortis Sida garsi glu-

82

via, xorklebis gare-Se, naxevarmTavriseburi sarqvlebis fu-

Zeebi gasqelebulia da mkvrivi. didi xnis sicocxle ar

darCenoda samocdaaTi wlis mxcovan poets. misi avadmyofi

guli gangmirulia mtris tyviiT. am guls SeiZleba eZgera

kidev ramdenime Tves, an weliwads.

rac Seexeba cecxlsasrol iaraRs, romliTac mokles

Tavadi ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe, ar SeiZleba imis dan-

amdvilebiT Tqma, Tu rogori iyo es iaraRi. Tavad WavWavaZ-

esTan erTad mokluli iqna misi msaxuri, romlis sxeulidan

amoRebuli tyvia mrgvalia, sididiT hgavs tyvias, rogoriTac

iteneba kaJiani Tofebi. Tavad WavWavaZisa da mis msaxuri-

saTvis cecxlmsroleli iaraRiT miyenebuli Wrilobebis

xvrelebi sididiT da zogierTi sxva TaviseburebebiT daax-

loebiT erTnairia. gvamebis gakveTis praqtikiT viciT ra

berdaniT, axali nimuSis samxaziani SaSxaniT da ubralo

araswrafmsroleli iaraRiT miyenebul WrilobaTa Tavise-

burebani, me vvaraudob, rom Tavadi WavWavaZe moklulia uka-

naskneli saxeobis iaraRiT.

duSeTis mazris eqimiduSeTis mazris eqimi iaSviliiaSvili~.15

daviwyoT imiT, rom ilia WavWavaZis sxeulis eqsper-

tiziT dadasturebulia, rom ilias marcxena neknis areSi

(iRliis qveS) aqvs mcire diametris xvreli, mkerdis areSi

(marjvena ZuZus dvrilTan) _ didi xvreli. tyvia sxeul-

Si Sesvlisas tovebs wvril xvrels, sxeulidan gamosvli-

sas ki _ gacilebiT dids. amdenad, eqim iaSvils uzustoba

mouvida. iliasaTvis winidan rom esrolaT, maSin mcire

zomis xvreli mkerdis areSi eqneboda, didi zomisa ki _

iRliis qveS. gvamis gakveTis aqtSi yvelaferi piriqiTaa, e.

15 paata guguSvilipaata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo

masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 38-41; guram SaraZe.guram SaraZe. ilia WavWavaZe. 1837-

1907. cxovreba. moRvaweoba. Semoqmedeba. fotomatiane. or wignad.

wigni II. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 320-322.

83

i. ilias zurgidan esroles. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ilias

tyvia SublSi ara aqvs moxvedrili. etlidan gadmovardnis

Semdeg ilias erT-erTma teroristma SublSi orjer Caar-

tya SaSxanis lula, im mizniT, rom darwmunebuliyo, ilia

mkvdari iyo Tu ara. Sublis areSi miyenebuli arc erTi

dartyma sasikvdilo ar iyo. eqspertiziT aseve dadginda,

rom ilia moklul iqna tyviiT, romelic sxeulSi Sevida

zurgis mxridan (marcxena neknebs Soris) da gamovida mk-

erdSi marjvena mxares (ZuZus dvrilTan). ismis kiTxva: vin

esrola ilia WavWavaZes? aSkaraa, rom gasrola im teror-

istTa mxridan ar SeiZleboda momxdariyo, romlebmac etli

gaaCeres da gasrolis momentSi etlis win idgnen.

SeiZleba Tu ara dadgindes im teroristis vinaoba,

romelmac ilias zurgidan esrola? imxanad teroristul

praqtikaSi aseTi wesebi moqmedebda: yvela terorists hqon-

da Tavisi ̀ xelwera~, e. i. teroristi msxverpls klavda mis-

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli gasroliT. aseTi gasrolis nimuSebi

iyo: erTi tyvia kefaSi, oTxi tyvia zurgSi, ori tyvia mk-

erdis areSi, sami tyvia muclis areSi, erTi tyvia Sublis

areSi da a. S. cxadia, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac ramden-

ime teroristi erTi `xelweriT~ moqmedebda. magram img-

vari gasroliT, rogoriTac ilia mokles (sxeulSi marcx-

ena neknebs Soris Sesuli tyvia gamovida mkerdis areSi

marcxniv, ZuZus dvrilTan). imxanad (1905-1907 ww.) mxolod

ori teroristi sargeblobda aseTi `xelweriT~. erTi maT-

gani 1907 wlis agvistosaTvis cimbiris gadasaxlebaSi imy-

ofeboda da saqarTveloSi gvian dabrunda. meore 1907 wlis

ianvridan agvistomde, ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros policiis departamentisadmi daqvemdebarebu-

li Tbilisis, quTaisisa da baqos guberniebis Jandarmeriis

sammarTveloebis agenturuli samsaxuris masalebis mixed-

viT, aralegalurad cxovrobda TbilisSi, baTumSi, baqo-

Si da baTumi-Tbilisi-baqos marSrutiT gadaadgilebisas

xSirad ikargeboda Jandarmeriis TvalTaxedvis aridan. es

84

teroristi Sedioda im 50-55 teroristis ricxvSi, romelTac,

policiis departamentis analitikosTa daskvniT, SeeZloT

nebismieri sirTulis teroristuli aqtis ganxorcieleba.

teroristi, romelmac, Cveni azriT, ilia mokla, Jandarmeri-

is TvalTaxedvidan gaqra 1907 wlis 17 agvistos. am dRes igi

Jandarmeriis agentma baTumis navsadgurSi naxa. Jandarmeriis

TvalTaxedvis areSi teroristi kvlav mxolod 1907 wlis 21

dekembers moxvda, e. i. ilias mkvlelobidan sami Tvisa da oc-

daerTi dRis Semdeg. savaraudoa, teroristma `fskerze jdo-

ma~ gadawyvita, e. i. gadaadgilebisa da teroristuli saqmi-

anobisagan gangeb ikavebda Tavs. es teroristTa sayovelTaod

miRebuli wesi iyo. jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT iseT masalas,

romelic amtkicebdes, rom saqarTveloSi imave `xelweriT~

sxva teroristic moqmedebda. miuxedavad amisa, kategoriuli

daskvnis gakeTebisagan Tavs vikavebT, radgan zemoxsenebul

terorists, policiis departamentis da oxrankis masalebis

mixedviT, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan aranairi kavSiri

ar umtkicdeba. Tumca, aqve davZenT, rom am faqts ar SeuZlia

safuZveli gamoacalos Cvens versias, radgan 1907 wlis 17

agvistodan 21 dekembramde policiis departaments aranairi

cnoba teroristis Sesaxeb ar moepoveba, ilia WavWavaZis mkv-

leloba ki swored am periodSi moxda.

******

marTalia, ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba gadawyda da

daigegma ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis

emigraciul centrebSi (JenevaSi, parizSi), mkvlelobis kva-

lis dafarvac imave centrebSi SemuSavebuli gegmis mixed-

viT moxda, magram es sulac ar xsnis pasuxismgeblobas

qarTvel sazogadoebas, romelic win ver aRudga social-

demokratebis mier ilias gzis gmobas, ilias devnasa da

Seviwroebas _ ver daicva eris sulieri mama da ugvirgvino

mefe. ufro metic, imdroindeli qarTveli sazogadoebis

udidesi nawili verc ilias mkvlelobam gamoafxizla _

85

sazogadoeba ZiriTadad iseTive darCa, rogoric iyo 1907

wlis 30 agvistomde. mxolod RmerTma uwyis WeSmariteba:

iqneb qarTvelTa ganwyobilebamac iqonia garkveuli gav-iqneb qarTvelTa ganwyobilebamac iqonia garkveuli gav-

lena Jenevasa da parizSi mokalaTebul uRmerTo da us-lena Jenevasa da parizSi mokalaTebul uRmerTo da us-

amSoblo politikosebze, roca ilias mkvlelobis Sesaxeb amSoblo politikosebze, roca ilias mkvlelobis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen.gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen.

******

ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis istoriaSi sadReisod

dadgenilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Semdegi:

pirveli. pirveli. ilias mkvelobis Taobaze gadawyvetileba mii-

Ro emigraciaSi (parizSi, JenevaSi) myofma ruseTis social-

ur-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis xelmZRvanelobam (imx-

anad bolSevikuri da menSevikuri fraqciebi erT partiad

iyo gaerTianebuli).

meore. meore. ilias mokvlis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis

mizezi gaxda misi arCeva ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad

(1906 w.), aseve ilias brZola saqarTvelos politikuri av-

tonomiisaTvis, mxardaWera avtokefalistTa moZraobisadmi

da saerTod, erovnul ZalTa gaerTianebis mcdeloba. yove-

live zemoT aRniSnuli ewinaaRmdegeboda rsdmp programas

da misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi social-demokratia

saqarTveloSi umniSvnelo Zalad iqceoda, rasac v. lenini

da misi Tanamoazreebi ver dauSvebdnen.

mesame. mesame. rsdmp xelmZRvanelobam, mkvlelobis damkveTis

vinaobis ukeT dafarvis mizniT, ilias mkvlelobis organ-

izeba ar daavala rsdmp Tbilisis komitets (komitetSi

bolSevikebi da menSevikebi erTad moRvaweobdnen), romel-

sac Zlieri teroristuli organizacia gaaCnda. sazR-

vargareTidan Camosulma rsdmp xelmZRvanelobis ndobiT

aRWurvilma pirma (igi erovnebiT qarTveli ar yofila)

ilias mkvlelobis organizeba daavala filipe maxaraZ-

esa da sergo orjonikiZes (arc erTi maTgani rsdmp Tbi-

lisis komitetis wevri ar yofila), romelTac miRebuli

86

instruqciis Tanaxmad, saqmis kursSi ar CauyenebiaT rsdmp

Tbilisis komiteti.

meoTxe. meoTxe. teroristuli aqtis ganxorcielebisaTvis au-

cilebeli fuli social-demokratebma sazRvargareTidan

Semoitanes, eqspropriaciis gziT saqarTveloSi ar moupove-

biaT. es imitom gakeTda, rom Jandarmeriasa da oxrankas

eWvi ar aeRo, eqsproprirebuli fulis kvals ar gahyoloda

da mkvlelobis organizatorebi ar daedgina.

mexuTe. mexuTe. ilias mkvlelobis damkveTis dafarvis mizniT

filipe maxaraZem da sergo orjonikiZem teroristul aqtam-

de dayares xmebi imis Taobaze, rom ilias male moklavdnen,

mkvlelobis dRidanve ki social-demokratebi Zalze os-

taturad avrcelebdnen sxvadasxva xmas, romlis mixedviTac

ilia WavWavaZe mokles: a) yaCaRebma Zarcvis mizniT; b) adg-

ilobrivma glexebma agrarul niadagze; g) somexma nacion-

alistebma erovnuli SuRlis gamo; d) ruseTis imperiis

xelisuflebam politikuri motiviT. social-demokratebma

mkvlelobis damkveTis vinaoba sabolood mainc ver dama-

les, magram ilias mkvlelobis pirvel dReebSi xelisu-

fleba, sazogadoeba da Zieba seriozulad daabnies.

meeqvse. meeqvse. social-demokratebs ilia SeeZloT, moeklaT

sakuTar saxlSi (TbilisSi, saguramoSi) an gzaze, etliT

mimavali. amisaTvis sakmarisi iyo Casafrebuli profesiona-

li qileris erTi gasrola. am gziT ganxorcielebuli ter-

oristuli aqti social-demokratebs xels ar aZlevdaT.

ilia unda moeklaT adgilobriv glexebs aSkara yaCaRuri

TavdasxmiT, xolo mokluli unda gaeZarcvaT. es mkvlelo-

bis organizatorebs saSualebas miscemda, gaevrcelebinaT

xmebi, rom ilias fizikurad gauswordnen an Zarcvis mizniT

an agrarul niadagze.

meSvide. meSvide. damkveTisa da organizatorebis dafarvis miz-

niT filipe maxaraZem da sergo orjonikiZem teroristuli

aqti Semdegnairad ganaxorcieles: adgilobrivma glexebma:

87

gigla berbiWaSvilma, gigola moZRvriSvilma, pavle fSav-gigla berbiWaSvilma, gigola moZRvriSvilma, pavle fSav-

liSvilma (afciaurma), gigla (loma) xizaniSvilma liSvilma (afciaurma), gigla (loma) xizaniSvilma 1907

wlis 30 agvistos sofel wiwamursa da sofel saguramos

Soris (saguramodan oTx versze) Tbilisidan momavali

ilia WavWavaZis etli gaaCeres. amaSi teroristebs daex-

mara maTi Tanamzraxveli, ilias meetle Tedo labauri. Tedo labauri.

social-demokratebs aucileblad sWirdebodaT sayovel-

Taod dadasturebuli faqti, rom glexebma etli gaaCeres

(es faqti Ziebas kidec daudastures Tedo labaurma da

ilias meuRlem). mkvlelobis organizatorebs afiqrebdaT

erTi garemoeba - glexebi, romlebic etls gaaCerebdnen,

profesionali qilerebi ar iyvnen. isini demoralizebuli,

gadagvarebuli adamianebi iyvnen da maTi ndoba ar SeiZle-

boda. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi iyo SemTx-

vevebi, rodesac glexebma (araprofesionalma qilerebma)

fuli aiRes, magram bolo momentSi memamulis mkvleloba

gadaifiqres da mxolod ZarcviT dakmayofildnen. igive

SeiZleboda momxdariyo ilia WavWavaZeze Tavdasxmisasac.

swored amitom ilias etlis gaCerebis savaraudo adgilze

mkvlelobis organizatorebs mzad hyavdaT damoukideblad

moqmedi profesionali qileri (igi erovnebiT qarTveli iyo).

gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma etli gaaCera, fexze wamomd-

gar ilias ki zurgis mxridan, savaraudod, gzis marcxena

napiridan, esrola Casafrebulma qilerma, romelmac erTad-

erTi tyvia gaisrola. tyvia ilias sxeulSi Sevida marcx-tyvia ilias sxeulSi Sevida marcx-

ena neknebis mxridan, gaiara guli da gamovida mkerdSi, mar-ena neknebis mxridan, gaiara guli da gamovida mkerdSi, mar-

jvena ZuZus dvrilTan, odnav SigniT (marcxena ZuZusaken). jvena ZuZus dvrilTan, odnav SigniT (marcxena ZuZusaken).

cecxlsasroli iaraRiT (tyviiT) miyenebuli sxva Wriloba

ilias sxeulze ar aRmoCnda. qileris Casafrebis Sesaxeb

araferi uwyoda gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma, qilerma ki

zustad icoda, Tu sad gaaCrebdnen glexebi etls. gasro-

lis Semdeg qileri SeumCnevlad gaecala iqaurobas, misi

arseboba ar Seutyvia arc Ziebas da arc sasamarTlos.

88

vaxtang gurulivaxtang guruli _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida



istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

politikuri mkvlelobis fizionomiapolitikuri mkvlelobis fizionomia

(vin mokla rusi egzarqosi nikoni?)(vin mokla rusi egzarqosi nikoni?)AAF

ara ars dafaruli, romeli ara ars dafaruli, romeli

ara gamocxadnes, ara gamocxadnes,

arca saidumloÁ, romeli ara arca saidumloÁ, romeli ara

sacnaur iyossacnaur iyos

da cxadad movides. da cxadad movides.

luka 8,17.luka 8,17.

1908 wlis 28 maiss Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis

sammarTvelos ufrosi, podpolkovniki eriomini petrograd-

Si JandarmTa Sefs, policiis departamentis direqtorsa da

JandarmTa calke korpusis meTaurs, aseTi Sinaarsis depe-

Sas ugzavnis:

`dRes, dilis 11 saaTze, sinodalur kantoraSi Sesv-

lisas kibeze mauzeris oTxi tyviiT sasikvdilod daWres

saqarTvelos egzarqosi, romelic ramdenime wuTis Semdeg

gardaicvala. daiWra egzarqosis ukan mimavali msaxuri.

orive mkvleli, tuzemcebi, miimalnen. maTi niSnebi dadge-

nilia. Zebna da Zieba mimdinareobs~.1 28 maissave podpolko-

vniki eriomini imave adresatebs meore depeSasac ugzavnis.

cnoba kvlav sagangaSo iyo: `daaxloebiT dRis or saaTze

mZimed daWres Tbilisis oxrankis ufrosi rotmistri ka-

1 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi

94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 4.

89

raulovi, romelic saqarTvelos egzarqosis mkvlelobis

saqmis gamoZiebidan (mkvlelobis adgilidan – v. g.) brunde-

boda etliT~.2

nikonis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb TbilisSi gamoZiebas erTi

kviris Semdegac ki seriozuli versia ar gaaCnda. moulod-

nelad 1908 wlis 4 ivniss ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqme-

Ta saministros policiis departamentis direqtorisagan

Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ufrosma

miiRo depeSa, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo Semdegi: `peterbur-

gis sasuliero wreebSi gamoiTqva varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom

egzarqosis mkvleloba moxda arqiel grigolis waqezebiT,

romelic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ganmaTavisufle-

bel moZraobaSi. SurisZiebis sababad SeiZleba qceuliyo

gardacvlili nikonis xelSi iseTi dokumentebis moxvedra,

romelic Zlier utexda saxels grigols. dokumentebis

nawili cota xnis winaT unda gamogzavniliyo da, amdenad,

SeiZleba aRmoCndes egzarqosis saqmeebSi~.3 policiis de-

partamentis direqtori Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis

sammarTvelos ufross avalebda, zemoT moyvanili versia

„sityvierad saidumlod ecnobebina“ Tbilisis sasamarT-

lo palatis prokurorisaTvis.4 amrigad, TbilisSi Ziebas amrigad, TbilisSi Ziebas

nikonis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb araviTari versia ar gaaCnda. nikonis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb araviTari versia ar gaaCnda.

versia ukarnaxes peterburgidan.versia ukarnaxes peterburgidan.

Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom, Tbi-

lisis oxrankam da Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos proku-

rorma nikonis mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba ise warmarTes, rom

mkvlelobaSi brali dasdeboda qarTvel avtokefalistebs. mkvlelobaSi brali dasdeboda qarTvel avtokefalistebs.

podpolkovniki eriomini swrafad mixvda, Tu ra mimarTule-

biT apirebda petrogradi Ziebis warmarTvas. swored ami-

2 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 5.



90

tom Ziebis mier mopovebuli masalis sawinaaRmdegod dauy-

ovnebliv upasuxa policiis departamentis direqtoris

depeSas. eriomini aRniSnavs, rom egzarqosis mkvleloba

organizebuli iyo saqarTvelos umaRlesi samRvdeloebis

– avtokefalistebis – mier. uSualod mkvleloba ki ganx-

orcielda daqiravebuli mkvlelebis xeliT.5

Ziebis yuradRebis centrSi Tavidanve moeqca episkopo-

si kirioni kirioni (erSi giorgi saZagliSvili), romelic, imxanad

saqarTvelodan gandevnili, xarkovis axlos, kuriaJis mon-

asterSi cxovrobda. episkoposi kirioni Ziebis mier miC-episkoposi kirioni Ziebis mier miC-

neuli iqna nikonis mkvlelobis ìnteleqtualur organ-neuli iqna nikonis mkvlelobis ìnteleqtualur organ-

izatorad~izatorad~.6 daiwyo samxilis Zieba, Tbilisis guberniis

Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo da Tbilisis oxranka cdilobd-

nen daedginaT: iyo Tu ara episkoposi kirioni farulad

Camosuli saqarTveloSi nikonis mkvlelobis wina xaneb-

Si. gaimarTa mimowera xarkovis gubernatorTan da ox-

rankasTan, romelTac ver daadastures episkopos kirionis

xarkovidan saqarTveloSi gamomgzavrebis faqti.7 samagi-

erod, Jandarmeriam xelSi Caigdo episkopos kirionis mier

TbilisSi wminda barbares eklesiis winamZRvris ioseb Ci-

javaZisadmi gamogzavnili ori werili.8 erT-erTi werili-

dan, romelic daTariRebulia 1908 w. 27 apriliT, dgindeba,

rom episkoposi kirioni marTlac yofila TbilisSi 1908

wlis aprilSi, Tumca werilidan ar Cans, rodis Camovi-

da igi TbilisSi.9 aRniSnuli werilis safuZvelze Ziebam

daadgina, rom episkoposi kirioni TbilisSi imyofeboda



7 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 32, 61-62, 116.

8 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 54-56, 58-60.

9 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 58-59.

91

aRdgomamde da sami dRe cxovrobda avtokefalist ioseb

CijavaZis saxlSi, xolo Semdeg gaemgzavra Tavis mamulSi,

goris mazris sofel qvemo niqozSi.10 es iyo da es. Ziebam

episkopos kirionis raime kavSiri nikonis mkvlelobasTan

ver daadastura.

1908 wlis 7 ivnisamde Ziebis masalebSi ar iyo arc erTi

yuradsaRebi dokumenti, romelic daamtkicebda qarTveli

avtokefalistebis kavSirs nikonis mkvlelobasTan. 7 iv-

liss aseTi dokumentic gaCnda. winaswar vityviT, rom es

dokumenti aSkarad SeTiTxnilia an TviT Jandarmeriis mier,

an Jandarmeria SecdomaSia Seyvanili dainteresebuli pi-

ris (pirebis) mier. Tumca Jandarmeria am ukanasknel SemTx-

vevaSi didad ar dazaralebula, radgan karga xania Zieba

miiswrafoda iseTi masalis xelSi Cagdebisaken, romelic

daadasturebda nikonis mkvlelobaSi qarTvel avtokefal-

istTa monawileobas. axla TviT dokumentis Sesaxeb. 1908

wlis 7 ivliss amierkavkasiis rkinigzis Jandarmeriis sapo-

licio sammarTvelos ufrosi Tbilisis guberniis Jandar-

meriis sammarTvelos ufross acnobebs Semdegs: 2 ivniss

TbilisSi, aleqsandres baRSi saubrobda sami pirovneba:

sionis eklesiis mRvdeli ToTibaZe, kidev erTi mRdeli,

romelic JandarmeriisaTvis ucnobi darCa da muSa miSa

Sadinovi. saubari Seexeboda nikonis mkvlelobis gamomwvev

mizezebs. samTa saubridan dgindeba, rom ToTibaZe Zlier

ukmayofilo iyo imis gamo, rom ruseTis eklesiis sinodi

saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefalias ar aZlevda. amaSi

igi adanaSaulebda yofil egzarqos nikonsa da rusuli

samRvdeloebis sxva warmomadgenlebs. ToTibaZes saubri-

sas isic gauxsenebia, rom 1907 wels avtokefaliis momxre

qarTveli samRvdeloebis kreba egzarqosma nikonma kazake-

bs daarbevina. ToTibaZe aRSfoTebas ver malavda avtoke-


92

faliis momxreTa (episkoposi kirioni, episkoposi leonide

da sxvebi) dasjis gamo. saubris bolos ToTibaZes uTq-

vams: èxla rusebi qarTvelebis ukmayofiloni arian eg-

zarqosis mkvlelobis gamo, magram gana rusebma TviTon

ar mohkles dimitri yifiani, ilia WavWavaZe, Sio CitaZe da

sxvebi. rusebi fiqroben, rom Cven, qarTvelebi, amas yuradRe-

bis gareSe davtovebT, ara, Cvenc aseve movklavT~.11 Ziebas

ar daudgenia araviTari detali: ar daukiTxavs dekanozi

anton ToTibaZe da miSa Sadinovi, ar dainteresebula, vin

iyo is meore mRvdeli, romelic saubarSi monawileobda.

masalebidan ar Cans, rogor iqna mopovebuli es informa-

cia, sando iyo Tu ara damsmeni, cnoba agenturuli iyo Tu

SemTxveviTi xasiaTisa da sxv. rac mTavaria, gaurkvevelia,

2 ivniss gamarTuli saubris Sinaarsi Jandarmeriis erTma

uwyebam (amierkavkasiis rkinigzis) ratom gadasca meores

(Tbilisis guberniis) ase dagvianebiT – 7 ivliss. Ziebas

aseTi detalebi ar ainteresebda. mTavari aq is iyo, rom

dokumenti adasturebda nikonis mkvlelobis oficialur

versias – mkvlelobis organizebas qarTveli avtokefal-

istebis mier.

garkveuli xanis Semdeg nikonis mkvlelobaSi brali

daedo or pirovnebas – mRvdel giorgi parkaZesagiorgi parkaZesa da go-

ris mazris sofel urbnisis diakonis giorgi iremaSvilis

vaJs – ioseb iremaSvilsioseb iremaSvils.12 Tbilisis oxrankam daadgina, rom

mRvdeli giorgi viqtoris Ze parkaZe da asoTamwyobi ioseb

giorgis Ze iremaSvili cxovrobdnen TbilisSi. giorgi

parkaZe 1906 wlis damdegidan iZebneboda rogorc goris

mazraSi revoluciuri moZraobis erT-erTi winamZRoli. rac

Seexeba ioseb iremaSvils, Tbilisis oxrankas mis Sesaxeb

cnobebi ar gaaCnda. 1908 wlis 28 agvistos policia mivida



93

ioseb iremaSvilis binis gasaCxrekad. ioseb iremaSvilma

gaqceva moaxerxa, magram 31 agvistos igi mainc daapatimres.13

amrigad, Ziebis mier nikonis mkvlelebad miCneuli ori amrigad, Ziebis mier nikonis mkvlelebad miCneuli ori

pirovnebidan erTi – mRvdeli giorgi parkaZe _ revolu-pirovnebidan erTi – mRvdeli giorgi parkaZe _ revolu-

ciuri moRvaweobis aqtiuri monawile iyo, xolo meore – ciuri moRvaweobis aqtiuri monawile iyo, xolo meore –

ioseb iremaSvili _ social-demokrati.ioseb iremaSvili _ social-demokrati.

miuxedavad imisa, rom nikonis mkvlelobaSi qarTvel

avtokefalistTa monawileobis damadasturebeli masala

Ziebas ar gaaCnda, 1908 wlis agvistoSi Tbilisis saolqo

sasamarTlos gansakuTrebul saqmeTa gamomZiebelma mali-

novskim winaswari Ziebis mier mopovebuli masalis safuZv-

elze Seajama Sedegebi. Tavisi moculobiT vrceli dokumen-

ti Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos prokurorma 1908welis

19 agvistos gadaugzavna Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis

sammarTvelos ufross.14 gamomZiebeli da prokurori eg-gamomZiebeli da prokurori eg-

zarqos nikonis mkvlelobaSi yovelgvari eWvis gareSe zarqos nikonis mkvlelobaSi yovelgvari eWvis gareSe

brals sdebdnen qarTvel avtokefalistebs.brals sdebdnen qarTvel avtokefalistebs. mkvlelobis

motivi dokumentSi asea ganmartebuli: egzarqosi nikoni

winaaRmdegi iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisa, ris

gamoc igi Tavidan moiciles qarTvelma avtokefalisteb-

ma.15 prokurori Jandarmeriisagan moiTxovda, rom `daedgina

uSualo kavSiri avtokefalur moZraobasa da egzarqos

nikonis mkvlelobas Soris~.16 e. i. aseTi kavSiri 1908 wlis

19 agvistosaTvis, prokurorisave aRiarebiT, jer kidev ar

iyo dadgenili. prokurori saWirod Tvlida, agenturis saS-

ualebiTa da faruli meTvalyureobis gziT Jandarmerias

avtokefalistTa Soris moepovebina iseTi masala, romelic

`saSualebas miscemda, aRmoeCina am borotmoqmedebis ro-

13 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 171, 173.




94

gorc fizikuri, ise inteleqtualuri damnaSaveni~.17 doku-

mentSi CamoTvlilia 64 avtokefalisti, romlebic Ziebis

yuradRebis centrSi unda yofiliyvnen. ZiebisaTvis sain-

teresod miCneulia ori monasteri – gelaTisa da berTub-gelaTisa da berTub-

nisa.nisa.1818 avtokefalistTa siaSi pirvelia episkoposi kirionikirioni,

Semdeg modian guria-samegrelos episkoposi leonidileonidi, goris

episkoposi petrepetre, imereTis episkoposi giorgigiorgi, alaverdis

episkoposi daviTi,daviTi, arqimandriti ambrosi (xelaiaambrosi (xelaia), mRvdle-

bi: qristefore cicqiSvili, ilarion jaSi, kalistrate cin-qristefore cicqiSvili, ilarion jaSi, kalistrate cin-

caZe, ioseb CijavaZe, vasil karbelaSvilicaZe, ioseb CijavaZe, vasil karbelaSvili da sxvebi.19

egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba didxans gr-

Zeldeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom Jandarmeria didi gul-

modginebiT cdilobda, nikonis mkvlelobaSi qarTveli av-

tokefalistebisaTvis daedo brali, Ziebis mier mopovebul

masalebSi sul ufro meti raodenobiT Cndeba cnobebi, rom-

lebic aSkaras xdis egzarqosis mkvlelobis organizebas egzarqosis mkvlelobis organizebas

social-demokratebis mier.social-demokratebis mier.2020

mainc vin mokla egzarqosi nikoni? ra politikur miz-

nebs isaxavdnen mkvlelobis organizatorebi?

Cveni yuradReba miiqcia egzarqosis mkvlelobis saqme-

Si daculma samma dokumentma. es dokumentebia: Jandarme-Jandarme-

riis anonimi agentis 1908 wlis 16 aprilis, 10 maisisa da 2 riis anonimi agentis 1908 wlis 16 aprilis, 10 maisisa da 2

ivnisis dasmenebiivnisis dasmenebi.21

anonimi agentis pirveli dasmena anonimi agentis pirveli dasmena exeba 1908 wlis 12

aprils Tbilisis erT-erTi monastris mRvdel-monazonis




20 sscsa, fondi 95, aRwera 1, saqme 29, furceli 84-87, 89, 107-108, 119.

21 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 1-3, 8-9, 17-19.

95

samonastro xazinis gamgeblis gavrilis mkvlelobas.

anonimi agenti uaryofs versias imis Sesaxeb, rom gavrili

fulis gulisaTvis iqna mokluli. misi mtkicebiT, gavri-gavri-

lis mkvleloba bralad edeboda „diakonTa da mefsalmun-lis mkvleloba bralad edeboda „diakonTa da mefsalmun-

eTa Tbilisis komitets“, romelic imyofeboda Tbilisis eTa Tbilisis komitets“, romelic imyofeboda Tbilisis

social-demokratiuli komitetis gamgeblobaSisocial-demokratiuli komitetis gamgeblobaSi.22 agentis

cnobiT, komitetSi Sediodnen: mTavarangelozis eklesiis

diakoni tomiTe bakuraZetomiTe bakuraZe, wminda Tomas misionerTa eklesi-

is diakoni aleqsandre davidovialeqsandre davidovi, anCisxatis eklesiis di-

akoni daviT CikvaiZedaviT CikvaiZe, imave eklesiis yofili mefsalmune

simon gogiaSvilisimon gogiaSvili. komitetis Tavmjdomare iyo timoTe ba-

kuraZe, mdivani – aleqsandre davidovi. komitets hyavda Ta-

visi teroristebi: daTa, aleqsa da ladodaTa, aleqsa da lado. komitetis bina

avlabarSi mdebareobda, misi zusti misamarTi agentma ar

icoda. komitetis mizani, agentis cnobiT, iyo sasuliero

da saero wyobilebis mospoba, komitetis wevrTa cxovrebis

gaumjobeseba.23

1907 wels `diakvnebis da mefsalmuneTa Tbili-

sis komitetma~ brZola gamoucxada anCisxatis eklesi-

is mRvdel polievqt karbelovs (karbelaSvils _ v. g.v. g.).

komitetis maSindelma mdivanma, morCilma arsen lomiam komitetis maSindelma mdivanma, morCilma arsen lomiam

amasTan dakavSirebiT qarTul social-demokratiul pre-amasTan dakavSirebiT qarTul social-demokratiul pre-

saSi werilebic ki gamoaqveynasaSi werilebic ki gamoaqveyna.24 1907 wlis 5-7 agvistos

komitetma orgzis scada polievqt karbelaSvilis mokv-

la. karbelaSvili orivejer gadarCa, gadarCa mxolod

imis gamo, rom teroristebi raJdeni da antoni Tavdasx-

mamde daapatimres. komitetsa da polievqt karbelaSvils

Soris urTierToba gansakuTrebiT maSin daiZaba, roca

karbelaSvilma mefsalmune simon gogiaSvils samuSao




96

aRar misca da misi saqcielis Sesaxeb acnoba Tbilisis

general-gubernators.25 1907 wlis Semodgomaze komitet-

ma gailaSqra wminda marines eklesiis dekanozis lazare

turievis (turiaSvilis _ v. gv. g.) winaaRmdeg. turiaSvilis

mkvleloba ver moxerxda imis gamo, rom dekanozi avad-

myofobda da mis magivrad RvTismsaxurebas sxvebi eweod-

nen, ufro xSirad ki mRvdel-monazoni gavrili. am uka-

nasknels tomiTe bakuraZem aukrZala RvTismsaxureba im

motiviT, rom eklesias boikoti hqonda gamocxadebuli.

mRvdel-monazoni gavrili ar SeSinda, piriqiT, timoTe ba-

kuraZes daemuqra: yvelafers policias vacnobebo. timo-

Te bakuraZec Tavis mxriv daemuqra gavrils da kidec aR-

asrula muqara. 1908 wlis 12 aprils teroristebma daTam

da ladom mokles mRvdel-monazoni gavrili.26 amave das-

menaSi anonimi agenti aRniSnavda, rom komitetis gegmebSi komitetis gegmebSi

Sedis polievqt karbelaSvilis, lazare turiaSvilis da Sedis polievqt karbelaSvilis, lazare turiaSvilis da

saqarTvelos egzarqosis nikonis mokvla.saqarTvelos egzarqosis nikonis mokvla. agenti saWi-

rod Tvlida komitetis wevrebze gaZlierebuli faru-

li meTvalyureobis dawesebas. iqve miuTiTebda kviraSi

erTxel maTi Sekrebis sam savaraudo adgils: egzarqo-

sis kancelaria, sinodaluri kantora da wminda marines

eklesiis ezo.27

rogorc vxedavT, saxeze iyo konkretuli faqtebi: dana-

Saulebrivi organizacia masSi Semavali wevrebis vinaobis

zusti miTiTebiT, teroris mcdelobis ori SemTxveva, sa-

suliero piris mkvleloba, mosalodneli teroris obieqteb-

is vinaobis zusti miTiTeba. miuxedavad amisa, Jandarmeriam

araviTari zomebi ar miiRo, miT umetes, rom agentis mier 1908

wlis 12 aprils Sedgenili dasmena 19 aprils Jandarmerias




97

ukve miRebuli hqonda, e. i. nikonis mkvlelobamde kidev

rCeboda Tveze meti. agentisadmi undoblobis damadasture-

beli raime dokumenti Ziebis masalebSi ar moipoveba. ra

Tqma unda, Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo,

profesiuli prestiJis dacvidan gamomdinare, yovelnairad

Seecdeboda Ziebis masalebisaTvis ar daerTo anonimi agen-

tis 1908 wlis 12 aprilis dasmena. miT umetes, rom petro-

gradidan ukve Ziebis dasawyisSive (4 ivniss) petrogra-

didan Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis ufrosi sruliad

araorazrovnad miaxvedres, rom nikonis mkvlelobaSi

qarTveli avtokefalistebi unda daedanaSaulebinaT. xsen-

ebuli dasmena ki xelisuflebisaTvis sruliad miuRebel

versias udebda safuZvels.

anonimi avtoris meore dasmenaSianonimi avtoris meore dasmenaSi (1908 wlis 30 maisi)

aRniSnulia, rom timoTe bakuraZes, aleqsandre davidovsa da

daviT CikvaiZes egzarqos nikonis mkvleloba ganzraxuli

hqondaT 1907 wlis 6 maiss. magram imis gamo, rom teroristi teroristi

vaso social-demokratebis mier kaxeTSi iyo mivlinebuli, vaso social-demokratebis mier kaxeTSi iyo mivlinebuli,

egzarqosze Tavdasxma gadaidoegzarqosze Tavdasxma gadaido.28 20 maiss simon gogiaSvili

dabrunda kaxeTidan da Tan Camoiyvana teroristi vasoc.

mkvlelobamde terorists ori Rame eZina simon gogiaS-

vilisas da daviT CikvaiZisas, xolo danarCeni drois gan-

mavlobaSi timoTe bakuraZisas.29 agentis cnobiT, 1908 wlis

28 maiss 9 saaTsa da 30 wuTze teroristi vaso sinodalur

kantorasTan CurCuliT esaubreboda timoTe bakuraZes, dav-

iT CikvaiZesa da aleqsandre davidovs. maT uCvenes vasos

kancelariis yvela Sesasvleli, aseve acnobes egzarqosis

mosvlis dro. isini erTmaneTs dascildnen 10 saaTsa da 25

wuTze. egzarqosis mokvlis Semdeg teroristebi miimal-

nen. agentis cnobidan Cans, rom mkvlelobis adgilze sul



98

oTxi teroristi imyofeboda, romelTagan isrola mxolod

orma.30 Ziebas arc anonimi agentis 1908 wlis 30 maisis das-

mena gauTvaliswinebia, Tundac imisaTvis, rom mkvlelobis

erT-erTi versia daemuSavebina.

anonimi agentis mesame dasmenaanonimi agentis mesame dasmena (1908 wlis 2 ivnisi) az-

ustebs egzarqosis mkvlelobis mniSvnelovan detalebs.

kerZod, agenti aRniSnavs, rom 28 maiss, diliT, nikonis mkv-

lelobamde sinodaluri kantoris SesasvlelTan, meore

dasmenaSi moxseniebulTa garda, imyofeboda kidev erTi

pirovneba, romelic meore dasmenaSi agentma ar moixse-

nia imitom, rom misi vinaoba ucnobi iyo. agents daudg-

enia, rom ucnobi iyo mRvdeli obrazcovi, romelic 1906

wels TanamSromlobda i. brixneviCis JurnalSi `vstan

spiaSCi~. dasmenidan Cans, rom aTeisturi da revoluci-

uri ganwyobilebiT cnobili obrazcovi imxanad agr-

Zelebda TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg brZolas.31 roca

timoTe bakuraZe da daviT CikvaiZe erTmaneTs daSordnen

da TavianT saxlebSi wavidnen, xolo teroristebi (oTx-

ni) sinodaluri kantoris SesasvlelSi Sevidnen, sinoda-

luri kantoris win darCa mRvdeli obrazcovi, romelic

TiTqos egzarqosisaTvis Txovnis gadacemas apirebda.

nikoni mosvlisas gaesaubra general-leitenant giorgi

yazbegs, xolo roca es ukanaskneli dascilda egzar-

qoss, nikonTan mivida obrazcovi. swored maSin, roca igi

nikons esaubreboda, gaisma gasrola. ori gasrolis Sem-

deg obrazcovi gaiqca da Sevarda egzarqatis ezoSi.32

dasmenidan Cans, rom agenti SesaZleblad Tvlida ter-

oristebTan SeTanxmebiT obrazcovis mier nikonis gangeb

Seferxebas SesasvlelTan, amitomac iTxovda mis dapatim-




99

rebas.33 agentis daskvniT, swored obrazcovi, timoTe ba-agentis daskvniT, swored obrazcovi, timoTe ba-

kuraZe, daviT CikvaiZe da maTi kampania, social-demokrate-kuraZe, daviT CikvaiZe da maTi kampania, social-demokrate-

bi, ̀ diakonTa da mefsalmuneTa Tbilisis komiteti~ iyvnen bi, ̀ diakonTa da mefsalmuneTa Tbilisis komiteti~ iyvnen

egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis organizatorebiegzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis organizatorebi. Ziebas

arc Jandarmeriis anonimi agentis mesame dasmena miuRia

mxedvelobaSi.

kidev erTi detali. agenti mesame dasmenaSi iTxovda

fuls, romelic, misive sityvebiT, agenturuli cnobebis

mopovebisaTvis sWirdeboda (transportis xarjebi). Tu

agentisaTvis fulis micema gadawydeboda, ndobiT aRWur-

vili Jandarmi 3 ivniss saRamos 5 saaTidan 6 saaTamde

unda misuliyo loris-meliqovis quCa #10-Si.34 etyoba,

Jandarmeriam agenti aRar daafinansa, radgan mis mier

miwodebuli cnobebi xels uSlida nikonis mkvlelobaSi

qarTveli avtokefalistebisaTvis bralis dadebas. yov-

el SemTxvevaSi, Ziebis masalebSi anonimi agentis Semdegi

dasmenebi aRar gvxvdeba.

social-demokratebi, romelTac politikuri mkvlel-

obisa da kvalis dafarvis didi gamocdileba hqondaT, ax-

lac dinjad da dabejiTebiT midiodnen dasaxuli mizni-

saken. social-demokratiuli gazeTi ̀ naperwkali~ nikonis

mkvlelobis Semdeg dReebSi (30 maisi, 5 ivnisi, 7 ivnisi)

mxolod iseT masalas aqveynebda, romelic xan aSkarad,

xan ki farulad mianiSnebda egzarqosis mkvlelobaSi

qarTveli avtokefalistebis monawileobas.35 qarTvelma

social-demokratebma ukve 31 maiss gamoricxes nikonis

mkvlelobaSi ara marto social-demokratiuli partiis,

aramed saerTod yvela politikuri partiisa da mimdin-

areobis monawileoba da egzarqosis mkvleloba ùgunur-



35 ix. gaz. `naperwkali~, 1908, #4, #5, #8, #10.

100

Ta kerZo SurisZiebad~ gamoacxades36 da es maSin, roca

mTeli Savrazmeluri ruseTi, oficiozebi `kavkazi~ da

`golos kavkaza~ nikonis mkvlelobas swored avtokefal-

istTa SurisZiebad Tvlidnen.

zemoT moyvanili masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba

davaskvnaT:

1) Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom, Tbi-

lisis oxrankam da Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos proku-

rorma, petrogradidan miRebuli miTiTebis Tanaxmad, Seqm-

na versia, TiTqos saqarTvelos egzarqosi nikoni mokles

qarTvelma avtokefalistebma. mizani aseTi versiisa naTeli mizani aseTi versiisa naTeli

iyo: saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis mebrZolTa iyo: saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis mebrZolTa

darbeva, am moZraobis mospoba.darbeva, am moZraobis mospoba.

2) Jandarmeriis anonimi agenti jer kidev 1908 wlis 16

aprils acnobebda Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sam-

marTvelos, rom egzarqosis mokvlas apirebda `diakonTa egzarqosis mokvlas apirebda `diakonTa

da mefsalmuneTa komiteti~, romelic Tbilisis social-da mefsalmuneTa komiteti~, romelic Tbilisis social-

demokratiuli komitetis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedebda.demokratiuli komitetis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedebda.

social-demokratebma kargad icodnen, rom nikonis mokv-

las avtokefalistTa devna mohyveboda, rac uSualod Se-

dioda qarTvel social-demokratTa gegmebSi. qarTvel av-

tokefalistTa moZraoba, rogorc yvelaze wminda nakadi

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa, sulier sazr-

dos aZlevda, moralurad amxnevebda im Zalebs, romlebic

saqarTvelos ruseTidan gamoyofisaTvis ibrZodnen. amas ki amas ki

qarTveli social-demokratebi ver dauSvebdnen. cnobilia, qarTveli social-demokratebi ver dauSvebdnen. cnobilia,

ra didi rixiTa da SemarTebiT ebrZodnen isini saqarTve-ra didi rixiTa da SemarTebiT ebrZodnen isini saqarTve-

los avtonomiis ideasac ki ruseTis pirveli revoluciis los avtonomiis ideasac ki ruseTis pirveli revoluciis

wlebSi da Semdgom xanebSi.wlebSi da Semdgom xanebSi.

3) avtokefalistebi egzarqos nikons ar moklavdnen,

radgan maT kargad icodnen, rom es ar iyo gza saqarTvelos

36 ix. gaz. `naperwkali~, 1908, #5.

101

eklesiis avtokefaliis mopovebisa. ara marto politikuri

mosazrebebiT iyo es mkvleloba maTTvis miuRebeli (mkv-

lelobas xom axali represiebi mohyveboda), aramed, upirve-

les yovlisa, moraluri TvalsazrisiT. episkoposi kirioni

da misi Tanamoazreebi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefali-

isaTvis brZolaSi uryevad icavdnen uflis mcnebas: àra àra

kac hkla; xolo romelman moklas, Tanamdeb ars sasjeli-kac hkla; xolo romelman moklas, Tanamdeb ars sasjeli-

sa~.sa~.3737 is, vinc ase xelaRebiT sdebda brals qarTvel av-

tokefalistebs nikonis mkvlelobaSi, pirvel rigSi, Tavis

moralur gadagvarebas usvamda xazs.

amrigad, egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis erTaderTi Sesa-amrigad, egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis erTaderTi Sesa-

Zlo organizatorebi SeiZleboda, yofiliyvnen qarTveli Zlo organizatorebi SeiZleboda, yofiliyvnen qarTveli

social-demokratebi.social-demokratebi.

dabolos, mainc visi ZalixmeviTaa Seqmnili is doku-

menti, romelSic dafiqsirebulia aleqsandres baRSi antonanton

ToTibaZisaToTibaZisa da miSamiSa Sadinovis Sadinovis Soris gamarTuli saubari? es

xom erTaderTi dokumentia, romelic nikonis mkvlelobaSi

qarTvel avtokefalistTa mxilebisaTvis gamodgeboda. mas mas

SesaZlo ori avtori hyavs: qarTveli social-demokratebi SesaZlo ori avtori hyavs: qarTveli social-demokratebi

da Jandarmeria. arc erTs da arc meores xels ar aZlevda da Jandarmeria. arc erTs da arc meores xels ar aZlevda

avtokefalistTa moZraobis aRmavloba, rac uTuod Seuw-avtokefalistTa moZraobis aRmavloba, rac uTuod Seuw-

yobda xels erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ga-yobda xels erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ga-

Zlierebas.Zlierebas.

egzarqos nikonis mkvleloba ar yofila qarTveli eri-

saTvis tragedia. Semzaravi mTel am istoriaSi isaa, Tu ra

mzakvruli gza iqna arCeuli avtokefalistTa moZraobis

darbeva-ganadgurebisaTvis. politikur brZolaSi mizani

amarTlebs saSualebas. aq miuRebelia saxarebis sibrZne:

`yovelman romelman qmnes codvaÁ, monaÁ ars igi codvisaÁ. `yovelman romelman qmnes codvaÁ, monaÁ ars igi codvisaÁ.

da monaman arsada daimkÂdros saxlsa Sina ukunisamde~.da monaman arsada daimkÂdros saxlsa Sina ukunisamde~.3838

37 maTe, maTe, 5, 21.

38 ioane, ioane, 8, 34-35.

102

rozeta gujejianirozeta gujejiani _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida

andria pirvelwodebulis

saxelobis qarTuli

universitetis profesori,

istoriis doqtori

istoriuli maxsovrobis faqtebi istoriuli maxsovrobis faqtebi

TurqeTis respublikis marmarilos TurqeTis respublikis marmarilos

zRvis regionebis eTnikur zRvis regionebis eTnikur

qarTvelTa SorisqarTvelTa Soris

marmarilos zRvis regionebis qarTveli mosaxleobis

kompaqturi gansaxlebis areali ramdenime msxvil regions

moicavs: saqaria, duzje, bursa, qojaeli.1

1 saqarias regionSisaqarias regionSi qarTvelebis kompaqturi gansaxlebis zusti

areali: adafazari//saqaria (centraluri qalaqi), hendekis, qa-

rasus, qojaalis, aqiazis, arifies, safanjas, geives, qainarjas, qa-

rafurCeqis raionebi. hendekis raionSihendekis raionSi qarTvelTa kompaqturi

dasaxlebebi aRmoCnda Semdeg soflebSi: giuldibi, muradie, hi-

jrie, SevqeTie, huseinSehini, esenTefe, nuriie (hendekis dasavle-

TiT); ikbalie, balikli, hasanie, fekerleki, suleimanie, gundoRani,

ikramie, inamie, kizanli (hendekis samxreTiT); serveTie, hamiTli

(hendekis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT); lutfiekoSki, biCqiadiqi (hen-

dekis aRmosavleTiT). garda zemoT dasaxelebuli soflebisa,

qalaq hendekis centralur nawilSic arsebobs qarTvelTa kom-

paqturi dasaxleba: gurju mahalesi - qarTvelTa ubani. es aris,

bunebrivia, qalaquri tipis dasaxleba. qarasus raioni:qarasus raioni: qalaqis

erT-erTi mahale//ubani - azizie. qojaalis raioni: qojaalis raioni: soflebi:

qozluRi (Zveli saxeli gurji fahrie), demiraCma, qoi ieri (Zve-

li saxeli - gurjiqoi). geives raioni:geives raioni: qiSlaCaia, qaraCai, doRan-

Cai, sarai, nurosmanie (Zveli biCqidere). safanjis raioni:safanjis raioni: qalaqi

safanja, misi centri - ieni mahale, qalaq safanjis gareubani

- mahmudie, giuldibi, ikramie, muradie, erdemli, qirqfinari, aqCai.

aqiazis raioniaqiazis raioni: beldibi, reSadie, quzuluqi, quCujuqi. qara-qara-

furCeqis raioni: furCeqis raioni: ahmedie, mejidie. duzjes regioni,duzjes regioni, aqCaqojas

103

marmarilos zRvis regionebis qarTveli mosaxleobis

istoriul maxsovrobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia

muhajirobis istorias. umravles SemTxvevaSi mTxrobelebs

axsovT mSobliuri xeobebisa da soflebis saxelebi. Seon-

axulia osmaluri periodis gvarebic, zogierT SemTxvevaSi

ki istoriuli qarTuli gvarebic.2

marmarilos zRvis regionebis qarTveliTa winaprebi,

ZiriTadad, mosulni arian zemo aWaridan (xulo, Suaxevi,

qeda), istoriuli nigalidan: mdinare Woroxis marcxena da

marjvena napirebze arsebuli qarTuli Temebidan (xatilas-

wylis xeoba, qarTla, TxilaZe//TxilaZori, orji, omana, trap-

eni, adaguli, axaldaba, ebrika, baginiswylis xeoba, devsqe-

lis xeoba, borCxa, murRulis xeoba, xeba-maradidi, kirnaTi,

2 naSromi eyrdnoba 2010-2013 wlebSi zemoxsenebul regionebSi

ganxorcielebul individualur (2010-2012 ww.) da kompleqsur

eTnografiul eqspediciebs. kompleqsuri eqspedicia Sedga 2013

wlis agvistoSi SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fon-

dis mier dafinansebuli grantis `TurqeTis qarTvelebi: is-

toria, sulieri da materialuri kultura, enobrivi viTareba~

farglebSi. grnatis ganmaxorcielebelia saqarTvelos sapatri-

arqos wmida Tamar mefis saswavlo universiteti. damowmebuli

eTnografiuli masala inaxeba avtorTan, rogorc Canawerebis,

aseve video masalis saxiT.

raioni, sofeli meleni piri (Turqulad melen aRzu), bursis bursis

regioni:regioni: izniqis raioni, gemliqis raioni, inegolis raioni. iz-iz-

niqis raionniqis raionჲs s qarTuli kompaqturi dasaxlebebi: elmali, hjios-

mani, qirinTi, jandarli, quTluja, sarisu, qirxanmani. inegolis inegolis

raionisraionis qarTuli soflebi: xeirie//hairie, gazeli (axlandeli

saxeli hamidie), sulhie, ilmie, mesrurie, baxCekaia, muraTbei da

sxv. gemlikis raionis gemlikis raionis qarTuli soflebi: hamidie, haidarie,

hairie, nejidie, belaqeCer, selimie. qojaelis regioniqojaelis regioni: Sevqe-

Tie - saWmali, sireTie - murRuli, hamidie - borCxa, mahmurie -

murkiveTi, nusreTie - didi doSeme, doSeme - cocxoba, umie – kam-

para, eTnikurad Sereuli soflebi: alimezari - ijadie, beiluRi

- irSadie, CaidaRi - feradie, begoRli - lutfie, CaTaltaSi -

aivazpinari, Sirinqoi - dmlari, selimie - Cerqezqoi.

104

egre, gvara3). hendekis raionSi, inegolis raionis sofel

xeireSi (heirie) da duzjes regionis sofel melenipirSi

gansaxlebulni arian maWaxlelTa STamomavlebi. maxinjau-

ridan muhajirebi, ZiriTadad, gemliqis raionSi gansaxlebu-

lan da a. S.

qarTvelTa istoriul maxsovrobas Semounaxavs os-

maleTis imperiis saxelmwifo moxelis hasan fehmi faSashasan fehmi faSas

saxeli, romlis daxmarebiTac gansaxlebulan muhajiri

qarTvelebi marmarilos zRvis regionebSi. miuTiTeben, rom

faSa warmoSobiT qarTveli iyo da amitom daavala mas mu-

hajirebze zrunva sulTanma.

istoriuli maxsovrobis mniSvnelovani segmenti aris

xsovna mSobliuri mxareebis saxelebisa,mSobliuri mxareebis saxelebisa, saidanac wamosu-

lan winaprebi da tradicia _ mSobliur sofelTa saxeleb-mSobliur sofelTa saxeleb-

is axali dasaxlebebisTvis Serqmevisa.is axali dasaxlebebisTvis Serqmevisa.

zogierT sofels marmarilos zRvis regionebSi, aTa-

Turqis mier gatarebul saxelmwifo reformebamde, qarTu-qarTu-

li saxelebili saxelebi rqmevia: magaliTad, saqarias regionis Tan-

amedrove sofeli hijriehijrie amoCnda sofeli orji.orji. orji

arTvinis regionSia, mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirze da

or nawiladaa gayofili: zemo orji, qvemo orji; giuldibis giuldibis

Zveli saxeli yofila gevli.gevli. gevli soflis saxelia mur-

Ruliswylis xeobaSi, arTvinis regionSi. ikramie da inamie ikramie da inamie

aris Zveli zemo xatila da qvemo xatila, zemo xatila da qvemo xatila, sadac cxovroben

xatilaswylis xeobidan (arTvinis vilieTi (Tanamedrove

hatila). muhajirad wamosul qarTvelTa STamomavlebi.

sofeli serveTie serveTie aRmoCnda sofel i arxva.arxva. arxva Temia

murRuliswlis xebaSi, arTvinis regionSi. arxvadan iyo wam-

osuli axmed melaSvilisaxmed melaSvilis winaparic). biCqiadiqibiCqiadiqi aRmoCnda

qarTla.qarTla. cnobilia, rom qarTlas Temi erT-erTi saintereso

3 anu, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi dayofiT, muhajirTa winapre-

bis soflebi ganTavsebulia rogorc saqarTvlos, aseve TurqeTis

teritoriaze.

105

da mdidari Temia arTvinis vilaieTSi, mdinare Woroxis

marcxena sanapiroze. dRevandel muradieSiamuradieSia gaerTianebu-

li Zveli soflebi: ToxveTi, trapeni.ToxveTi, trapeni. es saxelebic arT-

vinis regionidanaa gadmotanili da iq sofelTa saxele-

bia mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirze. suleimaniessuleimanies Zveli

saxelia avana,avana, avanac mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirzea

arTvinis regionSi. qojaelis regionSi: SevqeTie - saWmali, SevqeTie - saWmali,

sireTie - murRuli, hamidie - borCxa, mahmurie - murkiveTi, sireTie - murRuli, hamidie - borCxa, mahmurie - murkiveTi,

nusreTie - didi doSeme, doSeme - cocxoba, umie - kampara...nusreTie - didi doSeme, doSeme - cocxoba, umie - kampara...

adgilobrivi qarTvelebi dResac saubaris dros ambo-

ben, „me avanadan var“, „Cveni sofeli gaRma xatilaa, amisi

- gamoRma“. „Cveni sofeli qarTlaa“... „zemoT xatila ari,

orji ari, gevli ari, qarTla ari“ (hendekis raioni, saqarias

regioni). „abarabiZe metyodnen, mere aTabagi gavxdiT. ava-

nadan momiyvanes~.

Semonaxulia lazebis qarTuli istoriul-eTnografiu-

li saxeli „Wanebi“: „Wanebi“: „lazeb Wanebs vetyviT“ (hendekis raio-

ni, saqarias regioni).

rogorc ukve iTqva, umniSvnelovanesia muhajirobis

Sesaxeb arsebuli gadmocemebi:

„dedes baba mosula aq, xarebis arabiT mosula, Cven

aqauri yvela xaris arabiT movsulvarT, zogic cxenebiT

mosula. Cems dedes ahmeTi erqva, imis baboi ali iyo. ali

hajid wasula da iq mokvda. Cemi babo ibrahimi iyo, me ali

var. saqarTveloSi „moloRlu“ vyofilvarT, aq haruni aris

Cveni gvari“ (ali haruni, hendekis raioni, saqarias regioni).

„saidam movsulvarT, sofeli ar viciT, en win baTumidan

mosulan, borCxas damdgaran. ityodnen, maradididan movida

Cevni dedeebio. Cem neneis babo omanadan mosula. omi iyo,

rusi mosula, qalebi, bavSvebi gameiqcnen. aqedanaw wevd-

nen muhajirebi. roca xarabi dadga, imis memre wavidodnen,

movidodnen. Cveni dedeebi rusiedan mosuli gurjebi iyvnen.

daRobili iyo sazRvari Zuelad, Woroxidan gadmocurdnen“

106

(hendekis raioni, sofeli lutfie qoSqi, saqarias regioni).

„adre hendeki izmiTs ekuTvnoda. aq qalaqi yofila 1450

wlidan. Cvenebi aq mosulan 1878 wels. jer izmiTSi Casulan

da sanjayma dafanta aqeT-iqiT. es gurju mahalesia. ase

hqvia. aq sul gurjebi varT. es hendekis merkezia , asamde

ojaxi varT“ (qalaqi hendeki, ubani - gurju mahalesi).

„rafer mosulan ici? naviT mosulan xofamde. imis

ukan fexiT wamosulan, sami weli gzaSi viyaviTo. baTumSi

dede iaSli iqna maSin, dedes 35 kaci uuwevia, wamuuyva-

nia. baba cxra wlis baRana yofila. aq ikiTxa. merme bevri

ukan mitrialda. qedqedaSi misulan. me mexuTe var. babuis

babua mosula. meore Zma babauasi saqarTveloSi darCenla.

Tofebi vardeboda Cvens sofelSio, dabeCdnen da misTvis

movidnen. erTic, muslumanoba ar iyoso, ver unda viloc-

noTo, rusi movao. amitom wamovidnen. babas Zmebi deiWires

da moskovas guugzavniaT. babas Zma ambobda, ar waxvideTo,

sityva guuvarda yvelgan amas ambobda, amitom daiWires.

Cvenebi jer merjuhan damdgaran, aq, hendekSi. hendekidan aq

mosulan (qarasu, saqarias regioni). en windeli qedqedle-

bi aq mosulan. aq zemoT Tvalis waylia. wyalia da tyea.

wyali rom duunaxian, damjdaran. deeCvivnen. iq deearSiynen

gogoebi da biWebi erTamaneTs, imisTvis „Tvalwyali“ duur-

qmeviaT. Cemi babaoi, nenei sul qarTulad ilaparakebdnen.

Cemma didma biWma icis qarTuli. wasuli var saqarTveloSi.

varSalomiZeebTaan damdgari var xelvaCaurSi. aidinoRlu

var, saqarTveloSi - cincaZe. sami biWi myavs, samives vakiTxe

saqmeeb aqvT. gelinebi myavs, badiSebi. 17 wlis win baTumSi

pirvelad viyavi. baTumi devnaxe, vitire“ (gurju mahalesi,

qarasus raioni, saqarias regioni).

„me dedei ar vicnob. aq simoneTidan, ergedan, mirveTidan,

maWaxlidan mosulan, 300 mosaxlea, Svilebi qalaqSi arian.

gemis kapitania biWi“ (melenipiri//melenaRzu, duzjes re-

gioni).

107

„mustafa kvaxiZeebidan aris, sofel kobalTadan; ista-

roRlebi dRvanelebi arian, fati aris iqidan, hasanoRlebic.

omeri Cemi mazlis baRvia. izmanoRlebi gundaZe arian. Tvad-

giriZeebi arian, futkaraZeebi, lanaZorlebi. focxvelebic

arian. mesxebi arian. eseni gurjia, focxoRlebi arian (Tu-

Tia baihani, 85 wlis, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bur-

sis regioni, 73 wlis).

„Cven makaraZe var, aq baiqozebi. oladauridan movs-

ulvarT 1890 wls. mTeli emiaSvilebi wamovidnen, gemiT is-

tanbul mosulaa. sxvebi arian doRanoRlebi, aqcuoRlebi,

erTad mosulan Teli“ (mevluT baiqozi, 68 wlis, sofeli

sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

„nizameTTin mali var, CanCxaloeli. abdioRlu iunusa

gagigia? Cemi dedei iyo. Wvanadan mosula, sofel cekvadan.

hasan dedes baRvi muradai CanCxalodan mosula“ (sofeli

ilmie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

„buqoRlebi varT, yvelai zemoTa Cvena varT, baTomidan,

Walisoflidan movsulvarT“ (sofeli saadeTi, inegolis

raioni, bursis regioni).

„Cven Suaxevidan movsulvarT. Cven iq mTlad xisimebi

ar dagvrCenia. iqidan yahvejoRli TlaT aq wamosula, axla

„jan“ aris Cveni gvari (dursun jan//yahvejoRli, sofeli

mesrurie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

„Cveni dedeebisTvis uTqvaman, rome Tqven aqedan wadiTo,

aq rome emeoba ari, Tqven ver gaZlebT, zogi wamosula, zof-

gic darCenila. Cven dRvanidan movsulvarT. genji viyo,

gevidona dRvanaSi“ (emine qaia, sofeli mesrurie, inegolis

raioni, bursis regioni, 82 wlis).

„Cven sul maWaxlelebi varT, Teli haidarie“. „Cven ada-

gulidan movsulvarT“ (sofeli haidarie, gemliqis raioni,

bursis regioni).

„axlodianebi varT, baTomidan movsulvarT, CeveliT,

vikiTxeT iq. gviTxres, Tqven svaneTidan mosuli xarTo

108

baToms“ (sofeli haidarie, gemliqis raioni, bursis regioni).

„Caqvidan movsulvarT, maxinjauridan varT, sul pirve-

lad Cven CamovsulvarT, mere - muraTbei, mere osman-faSa“

(sofeli haidarie, gemliqis raioni, bursis regioni).

„sul Teli borCxidn varT. Cemi dedes mama mosula. Cemi

dede aT da oTxi wlis yofila. erTi Zma ukan gabrunebula.

zuboRluebi varT“ (vedaT sirmeni, sofeli hamidie, zveli

saxeli borCxa, izmiTi).

„Cveni dedeebi mosulan. aTi weli darCenilan qojaelis

Tefeze. imis mere aq wyali duunaxian, wisqvili. e, ra lamazi

wyaliao, bostnebSi fxali ario. aq duukavebian ierebi. vo-

ime, e ra lamazi Releao, midis wyalio, lamazi Tevzebio. ase

damjdaran aq“ (sofeli gurji qoi, qojaalis raioni).

„aq saqaria su ari, Cven Worox vetyviT. xebidan rom Ca-

movlen, ieni qoiSi uTqvian, Worox gavso, uknidan momdevano,

Worox damdebulano. Cvenebi sofel zenobnidan Camosulan.

axla bevri varT. aqedan didvani nakiTxebi arian gamosu-

li. aq zafxulSi dasaJdomi adgili ver naxav, 70 ojaxi

varT zafxulSi. afxazebi Cvenze 10 wliT adre mosulan aq.

qarTvelebi mosulan, fuli miuciaT, alagebi uyidiaT afxa-

zebisgan. is afxazebi duzjes abazebSi guuSviaT“.

„25 ojaxi mosula erTad simoneTidan. jer xis patar

saxli duudgamT, mere cotai zemoT samsarTuliani sax-

lia. aq erTi yaTia , zemoi - sami yaTia. me im zemo saxlSi

davibade. Cemi babois Zmebi erTad oTxi iyvnen. is dasaxle-

bula, es dasaxlebula, mas memre ocdaerT sulze asulan,

ocdaerTi suli erTad vWamdiT. 1948 wels, Cemi babam qomoi

saxli unda davangrioo, me iq unda Cavideo. zeda saxli emi-

aSvilebs guuSva. 1948 wles aSeneba duuwyia, 1950 wels Seve-

diT. 1999 wlamde maq vicxovreT. merme nenei, babaoi avwie,

istanbul weviyvane. Cven ori biWi viyaviT, erTi mokvta, 1966

wels mokvta. 27 wlis iyo, uSvilod mokvta. Zmai aRar myavs

axla, ori da myavs. nenei, babaoi avwie, waviyvane istambul,

109

zafxulSi mevidodiT, Txili vkrefdiT. 1999 wels miwisZ-

vra moxda, maSin geibzra Zveli saxli. mere ar SevsulvarT.

zogi baZaSvili Sevida, zogi sxva. saxls ar Sexedes. am

sofelSi (meleni piri) pirvelad me moviyvane iabanji co-

lad. 1973-Si davsaxldi. me miviRe pirveli umaRlesi gan-

leba, inJineri gavxTi. axla bevria nakiTxi am sofelSi

iuristebi bevria, aqedana rian guberantorebi, parlamentis

wevri. aq erTi maWaxleli iyo, magari kaci, raSiT goreni,

irmi gorenis Svili, is mokvta, qarTuli saqme mokvta. imis

Svilebi daifantnen. Cvenebi aq dRes 400 ojaxi varT“ (mele-

nipiri//melenaRzu, duzjes regioni).

„aq vbanaobdiT (Sav zRvaSi), wyalsac vsvamdiT zemoT.

mere iq droJis qarxana gaixsna, mdinarec gaafuWa, axla

wyals vyidulobT“.

„Cvenebi rom movidnen, tye gakafes, ameebis ieri fuliT

aiRes, tye aiRes. Cven koltaSvilebi varT“.

„xuTi ojaxi 40-ian wlebSi gadmosula. yarsidan poli-

cias aq mouyvania. aq xuTiweli yofilan, mere amerikas

TavSesafari miucia da iq wasulan. erTi resul surmaniZe

iyo, sofel darCiZeebidan yofila“ (qarafurCekis raioni,

sofeli ahmedie).

„Cveni dedeebi muhajirad wamosulan 1878 wels. es sofe-

li _ quCujeki _ manavebis sofelia, mere aq trapizonidan

mosulan, sul bolos qarTvelebi movidnen. Cven 1964 wels

CamovsulvarT giresunidan. giresunSi qedis sofel woni-

arisidan movsulvrT 1878 wels. aq Cvenze adre Cveni me-

zoblebi movidnen, 1930 wels. es mezoblebi Cveni yvelaze

axlo mezoblebi yofilan woniarisSi. makariZeebi (kvirxi-

roRlebi). babauam icoda, rom aq dasaxldnen, izmiTSi yo-

fila jarSi, aqac mosula, moaTvaliera, mowonebia Cven mere

gadmvosulvarT (erdogan Senoli, sofeli quCujeki, aqiazis

raioni, saqarias regioni).

„xatiladan mosuli xalxi aris ikramieSi (saxelia

110

zeda xatila), inamieSi (qveda xatila), es hendekia. aqiaziSi

arian aq, CvenTan, reSadieSi, kidev bursaSi, qalaqTan aris

sofeli orhanie“.

„omis dros (1941-1945 ww.) movidnen baTumidan, gamoqceu-

lan, 4 weli iyvnen, 40 ojaxi movida, tyeSi muSaobdnen, si-

mind Tesdnen mere daqorwildnen, wavidnen, amaT gvaswavles

qarTuli wera“.

„baTumidan gamosulan adafazarSi, maSin sofeli iyo.

or weliwad iq gaSeSebuli darCenilan. mere saqarias

wyals iqit gadiTo da gadmosulan. dasasvenebli adgili

es unaxavan“.

„Suaxevidan movsulvarT Cven. sxvebi mokrefilebi ar-

ian sxvadasxva soflebidan: tomaSeTi, kobalTa, darcieTi.

Cven am sofelSi erTi xane viyaviT ximSiaSvilebi. mustafa

iakuTi Cemi emiaSvilis biWia. adre sul gurjebi viyaviT,

exla meerivnes. 60-mde saxlia“.

„mindieli iyo babai, xeireSi minidlebi bevri arian.

dereCaTis Tavze iyvnen biZiebi“ (sofeli baxCeyaia, inego-

lis raioni, bursis regioni).

„awies Toxebi da aq movidnen. ada ar moswonaT, koRoe-

biao, Cven varT memTevri xalxio, mTaze amosulan“.

„Cvens ierebs Cveneburi saxelebi aqvs: SeSebi, koSebi -

tyis saxelia, civwyaro - iq civi wyali dis“.

„Cveni hasanoRlebi naxevari orduSi darCnen, Cemi dedes

emiaSvilebi iq arian. Cemidede 140 wlisa mokvda. erT saxl-

Si aTni iyvnen, qarTulad vlaparakobdiT. muRelini yurze

dewikeboda, ar ilaparakoo. bevri mova, miwa mindao, fuli

amdeni mogceTo, aq qarTvelis mets ar mevyvanT, vinme yidis

- Cven aviRebT“.

„bevri qarTveli arian, Wanebic arian, abazac aris, Cer-

qezic. 150 qarTveli varT. Cvenebi kalanjoRlebi iyvnen, sx-

vebi mamaianoRlebi mosulan, amaTi colebic debi yofilan.

aqa Teli Zvelebi arian, damdgaran, darcenilan. mere zogi

111

goljuk, izmiT wasulan“.

„zRvipiras bucunakebi bevri yofilan, ar mikbinaTo,

zeiT kapanze asulan, racxa Cvens sofels hgavso da ze-

moT damjdaran. iqac Woroxi midis, aqac zevidan gadmoixe-

da, saqaria dainaxa, moswonda, esec Woroxiao. aq modian

qarTvelebi saqarTvelodan, ori biWi iyo baTumidan, isaqmes,

fuli aiRes, wevidnen, maRazia guuxsnian“.

„safanjaSi saidan movsulvarT? fehmi faSas wamouyva-

nia gemiT xalxi, fuli miucia, stambolTan axlos, iq ar moe-

wonaT, 15 dre iyvnen, mere aq movidnen, dasaxldnen. mahmudies

mTidan gadmouxedavT, jame sadaao? jame ar yofila. mTaze

guukeTebiaT“.

„xinwkaneli var, gorgoSiZe gvarad. imamoRli gavxdiT.

Cemi didi dedei fafazi iyo, imami gamxdara xofas. sami

Zma aq movidnen, ori mere ukan wasula. Cvenebidan axla

erTi yarss aris, erTic - erzrums mufTia. eseni sul Cven

varT - imamoRli“.„meliqoRli, imamoRli, serderoRli da

demirCebi erTi gvari arian. aq cota maWaxlelebic arian“.

„SavoRlebi varT, axla bevri sxvadasxva gvaria“.

„aq (giuldibi) Teli gurjia, gaRma agarakebi Cans, isic

Cvenia, axla stambolidan bevri modis, yidva undaT, ar

mivcemT, marto qarTvels mivcemT“.

„zogi kirnaTidan mosula, kobaleTidan zogic, zogi

borCxidan. rusi rom mosula, cveni dedeebi wamosulan, kax-

beriZe vyofilvarT, kidev iyvnen gorgalazeebi, mologinaZe

iyo, wiTelaZe - gaRma mahaleSi. vinc ar wamosula, is berebi

sibiriaSi guugzavniaT“.

„kaxaberiZebi sami Zma mosula iqidan, mTeli aq darC-

nen. erTi Zma ar wamosula, maradidid arCenila. me wavedi,

movZebne imis Svilebi. oTxi wlis win viyavi. axali jame

guukeTebian. daketili iyo, axleb ar undebian jame. juma

qvemo maradidSi viloceT“.

„amis dedei muhajirobis dros askerSi yofila, gamoq-

112

ceula askeridan, misula xatilaSi, aravinaa. uZebnia, muug-

nia.“

„muhajirebad movsulvarT baTumidan, me wavedi, veZebe,

Cemi naTesavebi ver vnaxe. aq 150 ojaxi varT, yvela qarTve-

lia, sxva xalx ar uSveben aqa. sizeebi ar uSveben. Zvelebs

zakuni daudvian, Tqven, sxva xalxi sZei-miZei ar muuSvaT.

siZe gogos sofelSi ver daJdeba, gogo mogeciT, geyofa.

Cemi colis gvari baTumidan jer xatilaSi wasulan (ig-

ulisxmeba, hendekis raionsi sofeli xatila), mere - iqidan

aq. huseinis nenei imerxevelia. qomoi sofeli ari Serefie,

is imerxevidan mosula. aq Tavidan Svidi ojaxi mosula,

mere amdeni gamxdaran“.

„Cvenebi rom mosulan, aq avadoba yofila. baRnebi mom-

kvdaran. Cvenebi zemoT wasulan, tyeebSi, xeebi ukafiaT, iq

damjdaran“. „mehmeT CauSi yofila Zvelad, askeri da aq

CauSoRlebi daurqmevian. esenic giresunidan wamosulan aq

erTi Zma darCenila, erTi iyo, sofeli gaxda. Cven gavmrav-

lebulvarT“. „Cvenebi xuTi Zma mosulan, kokoloRlu varT“.

„hulusa idrisoRlu Camosula 1901 wels, aWaridan mo-

sula inegolSi. misi Svili hasani erTi wlis yofila, me-

ore Svili - abdula aq dabadula, me Turani var. Cveni qar-

Tuli gvaria daviTaZe“ (qalaqi inegoli, bursis regioni).

inegolSi meoce saukunis 40-in wlebSi gadmosula

demirji merjan usta. samuSaod mosula, mere ver Sesula

saqarTveoSi, iq sazRvarze rusis jari yofila. aq darCe-

nila“. im dros mosula mehmeT sevali, iman icoda qarTuli

wera-kiTxva. misma Svilma mehmeTam maswavla qarTuli wera“

(sofeli gulbaxCe, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

„gulbaxCeSi dedes baboi mosula Cemi dede aq aris

dabaduli. Zveli saxli iyo, dedes babaos gakeTebuli.

zeiT Tormeti oTaxi iyo, qveiT - axori. gauyofeli Zmebi

erTad iyvnen“ (sofeli gulbaxCe, inegolis raioni, bursis

regioni).

113

„Rorjomidan movsulvarT. Cemi qalis dedes dedei mo-

sula sul pirvelad - ismail aRa. is damjdara, mereme sxvebi

duupatiJnia. sofelsyazeli daerqva, wiflis dapeuli fur-

clebia yazeli, aq sul tyea, xe-tyis 85 procenti wifelia.

Zveli jame duungrevian, jargvali yofila. Zvelidan erTi

saxli damrCala. axla ori iyo, erTic avwieT, erTi darCa.

aq sul qarTuli saxelebia: kintrakoxi, civwyaro, muxrani,

dudgulebi, gaxretili kilde, karWali, gangza, gadaRma yane-

bi, CarCxalebi, koxiReleebi. qarTuli saxelebi CavwerineT

rukebis gamkeTebels. kintrakoxi Cuuweria“sofeli yazeli

(Turqulad - gazeli).

„yazelidan pirvel msoflio omSi 72 kaci wasula, sul

oTxi dabrunebula ukan. Canaqqales brZolaSi bevri in-

egoleli daRupula, amaT istoriaSi „baTumelebi“-s saxeli

aqvT. yvela pativs gvcemda. mere aTa-Turqi rom movida,

Cveni xalxi SeiSalnen, aTa-Turqma qarTuli laparaki ag-

vikrZala. skolebSi aikrZala qarTuli laparaki. Cemi dai

sami wliT pawaia, ver gavafereb Turqulai, piri gamoivle,

ver miaxvdinao. maswavlebeli aswavlida TaTruls. qarTul

laparakze jarima iyo. aukrzales Cerqezebs, abazebs, bo-

Sakebs. bevri xalxma Tavi dauRunes. zogebma ar duuRunes,

imaTma faSisti gaxdnen, teroristi gaxdnen. Cveni xalxs

osmalebi uyvaran, isini qarTuls ar gviSlidnen. axla aTi

welia, ar gviSlian, axla kargia. gverdiT sxvebis sofelia,

iq gogo ar migvicemia, sul xuTi kilometria, mainc gogo

ar migvicemia. aqeTac sul erTi gogo gvyavs, pativs vcemT,

magram ver movergeT. cemi dedes dede _ iusufai _ ori Zma

yofilan: iusufai da ali. iusufais uTqvia, me istanbulSi

unda wavideo, Cveni xalxi wevdnen,iqiT kargi cxovrebaao.

alia dedeis ar undoda gamogzavna, magram maSindels dro-

Si rusebi klevdnen. iusufs uTqvams, me wavalo, vnaxavo.

alis uTqvams, aqauri uCaRi viyidio da naxevari miucia, rom

ukan moxval, naxevari Seni iqnebao. ar ndomebia misi Zmis

114

wasvla. baTumSi Camohyolia Zma, maSindeli garigeba Zneli

yofila. wamosula Cemi didi dedei. imis Svili iyo molla

osmani, imis Svili suleimani Canaqqales wevs. didnenei 55

wlis yofila. e mivel Rorjom 130 wlis mere. SeiSalnen,ise

guuxarden. sad aris Cemi dedes alagebi - vimasxre. Zalian

guuxarden. sofeli mekeiZeebia Cemi sofeli. 1934 wels

gvaris kanoni gemvida. Cveni Zveli gvari iyo TaTaroRlu,

ase davrCiT. iqa miqelaZe arian Cvenebi. aq sxvebic Rorjo-

midan arian: TaTaroRli, mamaloRli, qurdoRli, mamaloRli

mamaulaZe yofila. Rorjomidan camosulebi Segrovdnen ba-

TumSi, gemi movida. gemiT mividen stambulSi, iqidan inegl-

Si guugzavnien, Tqveni xisimebi iq wevdneno. nigazeul-

idan darCiZe mosula. fosofidan gadmosulan mere 2-3

kvamli. isini gaqarTveldnen. Cveneburi gamxdaran. imaT

ar icodnen qarTuli, axla TaTruli ar ician. Txa dak-

les, qarTveli gaxdnen. sxva rom mova, Txa unda duklan

sofels. isini mosulan, Cveni xalxs Secodebia, miuRia,

duusaxlebia. sofelSi 40 saxlia axla zamTarSic. fo-

cxovidan mosulebs „focxebs“ veZaxiT. axlac frTxilad

varT. maTi berebi sul TaTrulad laparakoben, magram am-

bobdnen, gurji varTo. memre ena iswavles da Tqves, gurji

ar varTo. Cven vuTxariT, Tqven orpir xarTo. araxadiSi

piriqiT moxTa, qarTvelebi gaaTurqes focxovelebma. Cven

vuTxariT im qarTvelebs, Tqven ise xarT, viri rom win

wava da ukan aqlemi gayvebao. iq erTi mdidari kci, ilma-

zlari, bevri fuli aqvT da imitom „gamesxdnen“ iqauri

qarTvelebi“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//ga-

zeli, inegois raioni, bursis regioni).

„aq aris sxva sofeli „findikli“, Cven „CiTliqlis“

vityviT. meore findikli Cerqezulia. abazebic arian. aba-

zebi aqac ar Wamen Tevzs“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli

yazeli//gazeli, inegois raioni, bursis regioni).

„Walasoflidan varT, baTomidan. es Cemi mazliSvilia.

115

bilnaz ildirimi var. beqoRlebidan varT. qalis mamuli

civwyaroa. ienijar ar darCenilan, ialia muuZebniaT, iq

dasxdnen. Camosula aq, muutexian simindis kotoxebi, muu-

wonebia, aq dajdnen. me aq dabaduli var. baboi aq dabadulia~

(sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

„imerxeveli var, musa Sahini, ialovas universitetis

profesori, baboi mosula imerxevidan inegolSi. amaTi siZe

var. istanbul vikiTxe. ZiriT mesxize varT“ (musa Sahini,

sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

marmarilos zRvis regionebis qarTvelTa erTi nawili

eZebs fesvebs, warmomavlobis adgilebs. zogierTs dakargu-

li aqvs codna mSobliuri soflis geografiuli mdebareo-

bisa: „Cven longoebi varT, longoTxevidan movsulvarT, ki

ver migvignia, sad aris“. avuxseniT, rom longoTxevi arta-

nujis mxareSia. iq dRes qarTvelebi ukve aRar cxovroben.

aris mravali tragikuli istoriatragikuli istoria, romelTac ucrem-

lod ver vismenT: „TuTie Cemi bibias rqmevia iqa. bibia iq

darCenila, asia bibia da TuTia bibia yofilan. dedei aqeT

mosula. babaoi 6 wlisa yofila, biZai ormoci dRis. bibiebi

didi yofilan. Cemi didne itirebda, asiev da TuTiev, sad

xarTo. sul tiroda. isini gaTxovili yofilan. dedamTi-

lebsa ar gamouSvian. nenes uTqvams, rom mogenatrebio, mzis

Tvali Sexedeo, iqedan Cvenamc SevxedavTo, Sen diginaxavo

(TuTia baihani, 85 wlis, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni,

bursis regioni, 73 wlis).

marmarilos zRvis regionis qarTvelTa Soris arsebobs

samSoblos, erovnuli fesvebis Ziebis, eTnikuri identobis samSoblos, erovnuli fesvebis Ziebis, eTnikuri identobis

mZafri gancda:mZafri gancda:

„me saqarTolo miyvars. Cemi babos baboi Camosula aq

baTumidan. Cevedi baTumSi, vitire. rejebeali wamosula, emi-

nali iyo imis Svili, mere - ali, alis Svili - haireTTini.

me sabaheTTini var. gvari rejibalioRli gvqonda“.

„baTom rom Camovel, 130 wlis mere, Cveneburi laparak

116

rom gevgone, guli gamikankalda. doxturTan wamiyvanes.

doxturma rom miTxra daweqio, kargad gavxdi“ (abdulah

TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni,

bursis regioni).

„ori gogo myavs. Cem gogos qarTuli Cemma nenem Seas-

wavla. axla pawam unda daiswavlos, mimyavs axla RorjomSi,

iq unda davtio da iswavlis. Cvenma badiSebma ar ician qar-

Tuli, 30 weli gavdes, Cven movkvdeT, daikargos unda“ (abdu-

lah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni,

bursis regioni).

Semonaxulia mciredi codna saqarTvelos istoriis

Sesaxeb, magram igi, umetesad, wakiTxuli, SeZenili codnis

meoxebiTa: „Tamarai mefea, aq dedofal vityviT, wminda dav-

iTic mefea“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli,

inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

yvela sofelSi udidesi sixaruliT gvxvdebodnen. maT

masinZlobas ZvelqarTuli zrdilobisa da stumar-maspin-ZvelqarTuli zrdilobisa da stumar-maspin-

Zlobis wesebic Zlobis wesebic gamoarCevda: „tkbilad ver migxedeT, ma-

gram guliT-suliT TqvenTan varT“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu,

sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regio-

ni). „Sewuxeba iqneba? Cven daCouli varT. Tqven rom gnax-

avT, guli geminaTdeba“. „Cveni Wkua iqaurobaSia“- amboben

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

mZafria erovnuli siamayiserovnuli siamayis gancda: „gurji iqneba, miT

mivxvdebi, Seebraleba insani“ . „lamazs vnaxavT, mixTebi,

qarTvelia. qarTveli varT, naTesavi varT“. „Cemi neneis

Tvalebic Wreli iyo, mamac. gelinebi meviyvaneT, maram bad-

iSebi WrelTvala ar gamodgenen. viyeiro mec, imanac iyeiros,

maram me gurji var da gelinic gurji mevyvane, mezobeli

mevyvane. RmerT gamCenel yvelaferi sWiria. ndomonda, yve-

las musliman gaaCenda, maram zogi giauria, zogic muslim-

ia“ (emine qaia, sofeli mesrurie, inegolis raioni, bursis

regioni, 82 wlis). `RmerTi gamCenelisaTvis yvela adamiania,

117

magram me qarTveli adamiani umfro miyvars“.

mTxrobelTa saubarSi SeiniSneba dedaenis codnis dedaenis codnis

daqveiTebiT gamowveuli tkivili:daqveiTebiT gamowveuli tkivili: „Tqveni qarTuli zor

wmidaa, Cven ase ver gavarigavT“. „oc weliwadSi adgeba aq

qarTuli, Cven movkvdebiT, wavalT, qarTuli ar darCeba. „ra

soai, ici? erTi xea - gatexav, 3-4 xe erTadaa, ver gatexav.

uwin Cvenebma rato 5-6 baRana iqmoden? axla cotai varT.

Zala ara gavqvs. saqarTveloSi bevri Svilebi unda gyav-

deT“. „Cven ar dagvaswavles qarTuli. oreTmenebi mirtyamd-

nen, qarTuli werva mitom ver viswavle. raze ar CamoxvediT,

ar gvipatroneT? devikarqeT Cven. deikarqa Cveni qarTuli.

devilieT. male modiT, male“ (qarasu, saqarias regioni).

„Cvenis qveSam ar icis qarTuli“. „Tqvenic rusCeze gag-

nebulia, Cveni TurqCeze“. „maxsovs, pawai baRana var, 10 wlis,

aqedan qalaqSi wavedi, Cemma babam, sircxvilia, ar ilapara-

koo. mainc vlaparakobT qarTulad, vinme movida, ena ar icis,

ar vilaparakebT, Cveni kultura ase aris“ (sofeli demir-

aCma, qojaalis raioni, saqarias regioni). „Cven aq skolaSi

wasvlamde Turqulai ar vicodiT“. „Cven gurjija gviyvars

laparaki da genjebma ar ician, pawiai baRvebma ar ician“

(sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

„axla sul yvela TurqCea, ar ician rame gurjija. me axla

vuTxar gurjija, erTi vuTxar, ri - ar ician, mec TurqCa

vuTxari. amaT wvitebma ar ician~.

ismis sayvedurebic saqarTvelos misamarTiT:ismis sayvedurebic saqarTvelos misamarTiT: „iq rom

akiTxebT, erTi meqTebi aq gaxseniT“.

mTxrobelTa Soris aris erTi nawili, romelic wleb-

is ganmavlobaSi evropaSi cxovrobs da msobliur sof-

lebs zafxulobiT sturobs. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gansakuTrebiT

mZafria eTnikuri identobis gancda:mZafria eTnikuri identobis gancda: „ocdaaTi welia aus-

triaSi vcxovrob, coli gurjia. Svilebma ician qarTuli.

bavSvebi Turqul skolaSi ar gavuSvi, axla universitet-

Si arian. pirveli Cemi mamais Taoba wasula austriaSi.

118

iq dernegi gvaqvs, iq moikrifebian, venaSi varT. 50 ojaxi

varT. germaneli mkiTxavs, vin axar, me vetyvi - TurqeTis

qarTveli var. 17 ojaxi mosula aq xatileli, mere gam-

ravldnen. televizioni rom gaakeTon, Cveni iqauri qar-

Tulze ara, aqauri qarTulze rom iyos, yvela naxavda,

yvela sofelSi meviarioT, gavakeToT qarTuli televi-

zia“ (aqiazis raioni, sofeli Serefie).

gansaxvaveben metyvelebis Taviseburebebs:metyvelebis Taviseburebebs: „aWarlebi

cota sxvai laparakoben. aqauri erT sofelSi arian aWar-

lebi, Cven sofelSi erTi rZali movida aWarlebidan, Cven

„RarW“ vityviT, isini „baRanas“ ityvian“. „Cven cota tifli-

sis laparaki ver vagnebT. kai gurji Tqven laparakobT.

Cemi baba „dajeqi“ ar metyoda, „mobrZandi“,„dabrZandis“

ityoda“.

gansakuTrebulad amayoben, rodesac SviliSvilebma SviliSvilebma

ician qarTuli ena: ician qarTuli ena: „aman qarTuli ar icis, mara xTomilobs“

(abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis

raioni, bursis regioni). „badiSebi zogs xdomiloben, zogs

- vera. baRvi xdomilobs, cicai ver xdomilobs, bursaSi

geizardnen.ar Zinavan kido? meviyvanT axla“ (sofeli yaze-

li, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „Cemma Svilebma ician

qarTuli“. „Cven vityviT, gurji varT. axlandel RarWebma

Cveneburi ar ician, mainc ityvian, gurji varo“ (sofeli

haidarie, gemliqis raioni, bursis regioni).

aRsaniSnavia, rom „laRabebis“ saxiT SenarCunda qar-„laRabebis“ saxiT SenarCunda qar-

Tuli Tikunebi, Tuli Tikunebi, romlebic adamians misi garegnobis an

xasiaTis mixedviT Seerqmeoda soflisagan: „kakunas bat-

kans vetyviT, Tikani Txisaa. erTi kakun nenei yofila,

laRabebi viciT: suslai, wowolai, fiCxai, enkai, lankai,

koberai, bubmulai, kriWoi, pumpliai, godorai, zangurai“

(abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis


mosaxleoba gamoTqvams gulistkivils Zveli, tradici-gulistkivils Zveli, tradici-

119

uli yofis dakargvis gamo. uli yofis dakargvis gamo. axalgazrdobisa da bavSvobis

wlebi maTTvis tkbilad mosagonaria. Semonaxulia xsovna Semonaxulia xsovna

tradiciuli kulturul-sameurneo tipisa: tradiciuli kulturul-sameurneo tipisa: „vazi razec

aris gaSvebuli, is xe aris RaWaWi. nekeri viciT, nakafia.

Tivas , bzes saxlSi vinaxavdT, is aris sabZeli. jargvalic

sabZelia. msaxli gvaqv, goqsulai. es didi - culia amis

pawai iqneba najaxi. waldic gvaqvs. Zindanic gvaqvs. saxlis

win Cixikaria. WiSkarsac vityviT. sxva sofelSi „kakalais“

tyvian, Cven „karWali“ vityviT“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofe-

li yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „es

vaSli _ fqvilai _ iusuf dedes duurgavs, TeTro vaSlia.

rkinis eme iyo aq, daangria. Wedebda xarebs, gogorais gare-

dan rkinas Wedavda“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yaze-

li//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „kargad max-

sovs, es saxli Cemma babom gaakeTa. usta kaci iyo, TviTon

gaakeTa. Zveli saxlebi SeSisa iyo, daxeuli xeebi. Zveli

saxli hamidma daangria, hamidi Cemi emiaSvilia, is Zveli

saxli daangria. Cardaxi iyo, naliebic iyo, axla ar aris.

wyali faxrajebiT mogvqonda. es Wa aris. axla dailia.

uwin yuiT, ToxiT amouWria dedes. imis win tye guuWriaT,

imai zomis tye yofila, miuWrian, mouWrian, xis saxlebi iyo

ZvelaT, qerfiWebi iyo qviTkiris, miwiT talaxi muuzeliaT,

bze SeureviaT da saxli auSenebiaT. saxneveliT xnavdnen

miwas“ (ali janlu haruni, hendekis raioni, sofeli lutfie

qoSqi, saqarias regioni).

„skamebi iyo, xis, xis sufra iyo, aWaridan muutanian, aqac

gaakeTes. seqvebi iyo Zvelad, wifelas gaxevdnen. Zveli jame

qvis iyo, Signidan xis. genjobaSi vakeTebdi dedoflis

urubas. xelis maqinai mqonda, imiT vkerebdi. is maqina ra-

vici saidan moitanes, saidan aiRes. saxlis ustebi iyvnen.

sacocoxe ezoSi gvqonda. beqmezs aq vaSliT, msxliT, Jol-

iT vakeTebT. sxeulis nawilebi: Tma, Subli, wamwami, warbi,

Tvali, yuri, loya, nikapi, ena, kibili, titviri, yia, kinCxi, xeli,

120

mklavi, TiTebi, frCxilebi, menji, koWi, fexiguli, muxli, muce-

li, Wipi, jgeri, Savi jigeri, TeTri jigeri, guli, zurgi.:

Tvalis feri: cisferi, Taflisferi, Wrela, Savi. yarfuzi ar

odniaT, Cemi siZe SavSeTidan yofila, muutania arTvinidan.

aq xapi gonebian, Cuuflian cecxlTan. Txa myavda, cxvari, ja-

muSi, sami axori saqoneli gvyavda. bevri qaTmebi. yvels va-

keTebdiT, Zroxis iaRs, bunCxais vakeTebdiT. „luxumi- leb-

lebi. qer-Wvav davTesebdiT. fetvi Cven ar dagviTesia. erTi

baRvis gazrdas Svidi fetvi gaxrite, gerCioso. win-win

doxtoroba-moxtoroba ar iyo. amaTi dideneni mokrefda

balaxs, imaSi baRvebs abanebda. fadimesac im bebiam daas-

wavla. yvelafer vukiTxav, morCeba. _ Sen am dunias simaRle,

es momec, is momec. bavSvi gacivda, SavaciveT. gavniCbevdiT

niCbiT Tovlsa. kvar muukidebdiT. tyidan movitandiT. mere

feneri iyo. aquri alagebi aris wyaroswyali, sawmali _

yanaa, sakarikilde _ tyea, gadaRmayana _ yan iyo adre, vake

ari, gosagolevi yana _ tye yofila adre, memre saxlebi gu-

ukeTebian. sxva yanaze Txilebi gvaqvs darguli, Txil-yanas

vetyviT. kakalebi gavq, ager, ramdeni, wablebi gvaq. Zvelad

kanafi iyo. xoSiani qoqebi gamxdara. orwyali aris, erT

wyali iqidan modis, meore aqidan, SeerTdeba, etoleba. Svidi

Rele gvaq: ilfana Rele, tyeSi yofila, mTas wevdodnen,

zeda Ta - yarabuTura, iq ialiaaa, ialia TurqCea, gurjije

„Taa“. erTic qveda Taa. Cobani iqaa gaTovlebamde. rTvelze

Camovdodnen, gazafxulze wevdodnen. maisSi simindeb davTe-

sevdiT. win-win eqvsi Tve zafxuli iyo, eqvsi Tve - zamTari.

rTveli Semodgomaa. rois avdgebodiT? dilaze, gaTenebisan

ezan ikiTxven, avdgebiT, vilocavT. merme Tu saqme ar gvaq,

davwvebiT. Suai dRe mova, miere _ saRamo, saRamos mere _

Rame. dilis Wama „sadili“ iyo. SuadResa - SuadRisWamas

vetyviT. saRamoze vaxSam vakeTebT. RameSi raazan daikaveb.

qalajo, qinZi, makido, prasa, niori, pilpilai gvaqvs. didvani

qvabebi gvaq, Tanjira, tafa. keci maq, Wad davakrav. tafis

121

Wad gemo ara aqvs. kecis Wadi gemrelia. or kec gavaxureb,

erT-or ase mivayudeb cecxlze. erTSi Wads davakravT, sajs

davadeb da nakvercxals davayri, saji Tujisaa. qalajo

lamaz modis. win-win purs kecze vacxobdiT, axla furneSi

SevyriT. fuCeCisagan xasisi movqsovdiT, davafendiT. xali,

qilimi ar iyo. im kanafiT Tokeb akeTebdnen, Zroxas daabmen.

yurZeni gvaq Savi adesai, cxenisZuZu gvaq. TeTri yurZenia,

austos yurZenia. amasia vaSli, SeqervaSli, sinebi//sinafi

vaSlia, baraqai msxali, sasalai msxali. tabakai maqvs, mem-

leqeTidan gamotanili, patara iyo gvargvali. WanWuri gvaq.

qliavi savic ari, TeTric ari. panta vaSlebi ari, aba, ar

ari? ari, Tu ar gaadWri, mJave aris. Cem dedas naTqami aqvs,

Cemi yvelaferi Tu ar WameT, aramiao. Zalian germeli nenei“

(sulTan baihani, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis

regioni, 73 wlis).

„aq Tavs virCendiT, simindi, Wad vWamdiT. Wadi viciT.

dila-saRamos gamocxveboda. purs ar vWamdiT. Zroxebs vaW-

mevdiT purs, TaTrebidan vyidulobdiT, iqiT simind mivcem-

diT. keci miwidan iyo, wiTeli miwidan keTdeba, qalebi

akeTebdnen. Tafli iyo. orjer iRebdnen Tafls. gvardaSi

vdebdiT“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli,

inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „jilRa wifeladan keT-

deboda, leki kargia, Tu naxe. Tela bevia. jilRas win wa-

moacmvdnen saxniss. saxniss aq akeTebdnen qvemoT. celis

aviRebdT. avstriidan mevtane ori celi, damRa ori buRa

iyo. erTi momklili gvaralia, mere - Weli, mere kona, mere

zvini gaxTeba. Znas ase gaakeTeb: daasob did diregs, imas

daaxvev bzes, Calas. aiRebs oras konas. inaxeba kargad. kevri

gvaqvnda. qvebi aqvs qvemoT, kaiJi. xari emesijeba, iareba.

ar Wamos xarebmao, pirze tkeC amodebdnen. tkeCi gaTlili

xe iyo. tkeCidan kalaTebs qsoven. kalo iyo. kalo qvemoT

xarmanze aris, didi alagia, sofli boloSi. im adgilze

lewaven. xuTi-eqvsi wisqvili iyo, axla erTia am releze.

122

wisqvilis qvas aqve Wridnen kildeSi. texavs, texavs, 1000

oya ari erTi qva. amoWrian qvas satexiT. kakali lamazia

da male lpeba, magari ar ari. panta, Txili didvani iyo.

imidan gob vakeTebdiT. orasi wlis saxli ari, gaRma dgas

(nizameTTin mali, 72 wlis, sofeli ilmie, inegolis raioni,

bursis regioni).

Semonaxulia nadirobis tradiciebis xsovna:nadirobis tradiciebis xsovna: „winwin

Txas mokvlazee wavidodnen, Txa iabani iq Tefeebze bevria.

moklevdnen, iq Tefeebze imRerebdnen, gevigonebdT. Tu ver

mokleso, uCumrad Camovidodnen, Sercxvebodnen. axlac aris

im Tefeze Txebi. dilai adre wevdoddnen sanadirod. husein

CauS vetyodiT, mTavari monadire iyo. is anawilebda Tef-

eebs: im Tefeze Sen unda dadgeo, aqeT - Seno. gavkoWebdiT ise,

rom Txa ver geiqceoda. pawuai Txebi iyo. ZaRls waviyvandiT.

aba, ZaRlis umisod ar iqneba nadiroba. ZaRlma unda ginaxos,

aayenebs nadirs. Tevzi daviWiravT. aqaurobaSi iyvnen kai

Tevzebi. axla kanalizacia CauSves, ar varga. ar daviWerT.

Tevzis WerisTvis kakal davnayebdiT, wyalSi guduugdebdiT,

TuTun CavawuramT, maSin amovdodoa maRla (Tevzi), kiric

Caemateboda, Tevzi maRla amovidoda“ (ali janlu haruni,

hendekis raioni, sofeli lutfie qoSqi, saqarias regioni).

marmarilos zRvis regionis qarTvelTa Soris Semon-Semon-

axulia qarTuli naTesauri sistemebi da terminologia.axulia qarTuli naTesauri sistemebi da terminologia.

terminTa erTi nawili Canacvlebulia Turquli sityvebi-

Tac. gamakvirva im faqtma, rom am mxareSi ufro cocxalia

qarTuli sityva „nene“ dedis aRsaniSnavad, vidre istori-

ul tao-klarjeTSi (garda zemo maWaxlisa), sadac umetesad,

Turqul „anne“-s warmoTqvamen. mamas „baba//babo“ ewodeba,

bebias - „didnene“, babuas - „dede“. dedis Zma - „taia“-a, mamis

Zma, ZiriTadad, Turquli terminebiTaa Semonaxuli: „emia“,

„amja“, „emija“, magram cocxalia qarTuli „biZai“-c. mamidas

zogan amave saxels, umetesad ki - „bibias“ uwodeben, deidas

- „xalas“. „nenes Zma „taiaa“, biZas „emias“ vetyviT, babos das

123

„bibias“. gelinis mSoblebi „dosti“. patar „wvitia“. biWi

sul paqai - pawai biWia, mere saSualo biWia, mere cols rom

meiyvans - kaci iqneba. sami biWi da oTxi gogo myavs. gogo

cicai. badiSebi myavs. 24 badiSi myavs, 8 badiSis Svili

(sulTan baihani, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis

regioni, 73 wlis). da-Zmis aRsaniSnavad qarTul terminebsac

iyeneben da xandaxan - Turqulsac: da - abla, baji; Zma -

abi, yardeSi. gansxvavebuli tradiciaa inegolis qarTvelTa

Soris: „Zma Tu Cemze didia „Zias“ vetyvi, pataras - „Zmas“;

Cven sami varT, erTi Ziaa, erTic daa“ (sofeli yazeli//ga-

zeli). „racxanan vityviT, Cveni nene-babaoisgan viciT: ufros

das „baji“ vetyviT, patarais saxels duvuZaxeb. Zma ufrosi

„Ziaa“ (sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis re-

gioni). „me zoiZe var, sofel karapetidan movsulvarT. me

maSin duniazed ar viyav. iq darCnen dedes pratebi. gogo

Svilebi - pratia, biWi - Svilia (sulTan baihani//Tavdgi-

riZem sfofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

deidaSvili _ xalaSvilia, mamidaSvili _ bibiaSvili, mamiT

biZaSvili - emiaSvili, dediT biZaSvili - taiaSvili, Tumca

cocxalia qarTuli terminic - „biZaSvili“. „aT da erT

biZaSvili varT da sofelSi me var marto, misi baRanac aq

muSaobs“ (qojaali, saqarias regioni).

sagulisxmoa, rom Semonaxulia Zveli qarTuli ter-

mini „ganayofi“, „ganayofi“, rac gulisxmobs mamis xaziT uaxloes

mogvare naTesavebs, erTi saxlidan gamoyofilebs (gamrav-

lebisa da calkeul komlebad dayofis Sedegad). aRsan-

iSnavia, rom Semonaxulia urTierTdaxmarebis qarTuli

formebi: „sul eSvelebian erTmaneTs. Tu gajavrebuli

ar arian, deeSvelebian erTmaneTs. Tu mWiria rame, mival

ganayofTan avwev, waviReb. arc vkiTxav. isic ase iqms“ (hen-

dekis raioni, saqarias regioni).

SviliSvili „badiSia“,SviliSvili „badiSia“, badiSad ixsenieben gogosac da

biWsac.

124

gTavazobT erT Canawers, sadac mxolod qarTuli ter-

minologiaa gamoyenebuli: „Cemi baboi 82 wlis aris, arabu-

li icis. 1960 wlis ambebi iyo, daiWires, me ar viyavi maSin,

Cemi Zia iyo dabaduli. menderesi CamoaxrCves, bevri Cveni

xalxi daiWires. Cemi nenei 2006 wels gardaicvala. nenei

jinezoRli iyo. simamari, sidedri aqve cxovroben“ (abdu-

lah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni,

bursis regioni). „es Cemi babois saxlidanaa“ - agvixsna

mTxrobelma. „es Cem Zias baRvia“ (sofeli sulhie, inegolis

raioni, bursis regioni). „Cemi colic gurjia, Svilebic.

Cemi Ziaebi (ufrosi Zmebi) avstriaSia“ (sofeli mesrurie,

inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).is regioni).

Semonaxulia Semonaxulia mazlis colis aRmniSvenli qarTuli sax-

eli „Sili“,„Sili“, qmris dis saxeli - „muli“:„muli“: „axla Cemi Sili

mova. es Cemi mulia, imis saxlSi varT. me xeirieli var~

(sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

metyvelebaSi cocxalia meuRlis Zmis qarTuli saxeli

- „mazli“ „mazli“ da misi Svilis saxeli - „mazliSvili“., aseve, „mazliSvili“., aseve,

muliSvili.muliSvili.

Semonaxulia zrdilobiani mimarTvis formebi:zrdilobiani mimarTvis formebi: „Cveni

didvanebi „Zaloo“ ityodnen. babos „batonos“ vetyodiT.

mazlis baRvebs „batoniSvili“ uZaxdiT“ (sofeli sulhie,

inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

arsebobda xelovnuri danaTesavebisxelovnuri danaTesavebis formebi: „daZmaro-

ba vicodiT. vityodiT, Sen dai, me Zmai“, dasaviT iyvnes“

(sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). aRsan-

iSnavia naTesaobis sxva qarTuli formac _ „ZuZunawovebiZuZunawovebi

Tua, imis moyvana ar iqneba“ (sofeli haidarie, gemliqis


mTxrobelebi igoneben qarTuli saojaxo yofis

tradiciebs. aRsaniSnavia gauyofeli Zmebis erT saxlSi gauyofeli Zmebis erT saxlSi

cxovrebis wesi cxovrebis wesi („en win did saxlSi ori Zma iqneboda,

ver daeteoda, axals aiSenebdnen. axal rZals cota Ser-

125

cxveboda saerTo magidasTan dajodma“), gayris adaTebi, gayris adaTebi,

ojaxis wevrTa Soris arsebuli tradiciuli urTierTo-ojaxis wevrTa Soris arsebuli tradiciuli urTierTo-

bis formebi.bis formebi.

dadasturda „umZraxobis“ tradicis arseboba: „umZraxobis“ tradicis arseboba: „Zvelad

patarZali mamamTils ar deelaparakeboda. erT Tve gaxde-

boda, imis memre deelaparakeboda. abazebs da Cerqezebs

aqvT wesi, ise ar iyo CvenSi, erTi weli umZraxad iyvnen.

zogi CvenSic ar deeleparakeboda. Cemi emijam ise mokvta,

rZlis ukan ar duulaparakna, 15 weliwadi gaxda. oTxi Tane

Svili yavda, mamaTili ar deeleparakeboda. zogebi ise iqne-

bodnen. Cem baboma deelaparaka“.

saqorwilo tradiciebis saqorwilo tradiciebis Zveli forma dRes ukve

TiTqmis gamqralia da qorwili romelime didi saban-

keto darbazSi imarTeba. tradiciuli wesi ki aseTi iyo:

„daqorwilebis dros baba-nenei vkiTxevdiT. Tu patina

Zma qorwildeboda, did Zmas etyoda da is miscemda ne-

bas. patina Zma amize male daqorwilda (mimiTiTa gver-

diT myof mezobelze) (ali janlu haruni, hendekis raioni,

sofeli lutfie qoSqi, saqarias regioni).

Zvelad Sldnen saqorwilo sufrassaqorwilo sufras, romelzec xari

daikvloda da tradiciuli kerZebi mzaddeboda. iwvevdnen

mezoblebsa da naTesav-moyvareebs: „Cemi qorwili aq iqna,

saWmeli mivarTviT, xari deikla. gurji yvela ase iqmoda.

istanbulidanac iyvnen stumrebi. axlac aris ferxulebi,

baiar Sahini modis. cekvas ferxuli erqva. vmRerodiT qor-

wilebSi. vincxam icis simRera, isini imRerebdnen. qorwilSi

mayari vicodiT. gogos mxridan dade iyo, dade erTi an

xuTi Tane iyo, dedofals peWets Camoacmevdnen. axla

Teli gaTavda. naTesavis moyvana (colad) CvenSi zor dra-

mia, WanebSi ari (ali janlu haruni, hendekis raioni, sofeli

lutfie qoSqi, saqarias regioni).

axsovT qarTuli tradicia _ lxinis da Wiris su-lxinis da Wiris su-

frasTan qalebisa da kacebis cal-calke dasxdomis wesi:frasTan qalebisa da kacebis cal-calke dasxdomis wesi:

126

„qorwilSi qalebi calke daJdebodnen, kacebi calke“

(ali janlu haruni, hendekis raioni, sofeli lutfie qoS-

qi, saqarias regioni).

arsebobda mziTvis instituti:mziTvis instituti: „xeiriedan momiyvanes ya-

zelSi. erTi qilimi, erTi logini, erTi sabani mqonda da is

momces. axla ciciai gavaTxove, uu, yvelaferi gavatane. 2500

davxarje. Zvelad siZe moitanda imden tansacmels, ramdenic

iyo ojaxSi, kacebs zubuns muutanda“ (sofeli yazeli//ga-

zeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).

qarTvelebi mkveTrad uaryofen „urvadis“ arsebobas qarTvelebi mkveTrad uaryofen „urvadis“ arsebobas

tradiciul yofaSi da xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom es wesi

maTTvis arasdros yofila damaxasiaTebeli: „me wavedi

abazebSi ferxulobaSi. imaTgan qali unda geyidna, fuli

migeca, Cven ar vicodiT yidva. Cven rom cols viTxovT,

cota saCuqars mivcemT, xaris gayidva ar gvWirdeboda,

cepi rames mivcemdiT“.

Zvelad, manqanebis gavrcelebamde, patarZali urmiT//

marxiliT mohyavdaT: „me zoiZe var, sofel karapetidan mov-

sulvarT. me maSin duniazed ar viyav. iq darCnen dedes

pratebi. gogo Svilebi - pratia, biWi _ Svilia. am sofelSi

pawai afxazebic arian. gaRma waebi da abazebi arian. me

TofeqCiqapidan var aq, gelini var. 59 welia aqa var. xarebis

arabaiT momiyvanes, qilimebiT iyo gadaxuruli“ (sulTan

bairaki//zoiZe, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis re-

gioni, 73 wlis).

Semonaxulia qalis motacebis wesebi:Semonaxulia qalis motacebis wesebi: „Zvelad zogi

gogos gaaqcevda. zogi ukan aarTmevda, meiyvaneben. zogic

Serigdebian, qorwils izamdnen. Cemma alijanam gamoaqcia

gogo inegolidan“ (sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni,

bursis regioni). „me momipares, wyalze gavedi da mo-

mipares. Cemi baba gonji iyo, aarTva Cemi Tavi da mere

qorwiliT misca. imis qeifze ar iara. ar gamixarda, rom

momipara, pawai viyavi, es iyo gamwareba. merme Semiyvarda“

127

(TuTia baihani, 85 wlis, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni,

bursis regioni, 73 wlis).

dakrZalvis wesebi muslimuria, magram mas axlavs dakrZalvis wesebi muslimuria, magram mas axlavs

qarTuli Sewevnisa da daxmarebis tradicia.qarTuli Sewevnisa da daxmarebis tradicia. bunebrivia,

micvalebuls, wesiT, gardacvalebis dResve, mzis Casvlam-

de marxaven, magram Tuki Wirisufali Sorsaa, maT mosvlas

yvelaze meti ori dRe daeleodebian: „SeiZleba, or dRes

deicdis, Tu ver unda moxvide, ar dayeneben~. „tirilSi

Tan tirodnen, Tan mRerodnen. simReresaviT leqsebi iyo

Sav icmevdnen Cemi didnenei“ (Turan adiiamani, inegoli,

bursis regioni). „mkvdarze halvas vakeTebT. saflavze

gaitanen ganayrebi“ (hendekis raioni, saqarias regioni).

„zuxumze vicodiT, mkvdarze mezoblebi amoitanen. rva

dRe saWmels gizidaven mkvdarze mezoblebi. momsvlels

xval saRamomde duucdian (sulTan bairaki, sofeli sul-

hie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni, 73 wlis). „mkvdarze

ganayofebi moutanen saWmels. sanam saxlSi mkvdaria, Tvi-

Ton ar gaakeTeben saWmels, ar iqneba“.

cocxalia qarTuli urTierTdaxmarebis sxva tradic-

iebic: SromiTi urTierTdaxmarebis tradiciebi „nadis“„nadis“

saxiTa yofila gamoxatuli. „nadi vicodiT. 15-20 kaci. man-

gliT moWridnen qalebi. qalebi, kacebi mRerodnen. axla

codvaaao simRera da ar mRerian qalebi. im ustiebsac aW-

meven mezoblebi“ (sulTan bairaki, sofeli sulhie, inegolis

raioni, bursis regioni, 73 wlis). „simRerebs ityodnen. nadi

dilamdin imRerebden. saqmeze Sewuxdebodi, ver moereodi,

nads meiwvevdi. gogvebsa meiyvandi saxlSi, nad gaakeTebd-

nen. TuTuni iqneboda dasaWreli, yanaSi deeSvelebodnen. na-

dze yanaSi unda waxvide. gavmarglebdiT yanas ToxiT. „heia

molas“ vityodiT. roca movxnevdiT, xarebiT wamovidodiT,

Cveni ganayofi mozobels daveSvelebodiT. axla adga. es-

eni aRar ician“. „orpiruli„orpiruli nadi vicodiT. Toxnidnen. iqiT

gogoebi, aqiT - biWebi. erTgzas mRerodnen“.

128

cocxalia termini mezobeli - „mozobeli“-s formiT mezobeli - „mozobeli“-s formiT

da is urTierTdaxmarebis formebi, rac, tradiciulad, da is urTierTdaxmarebis formebi, rac, tradiciulad,

qarTuli samezoblo jgufebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli: qarTuli samezoblo jgufebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli:

damxareba Wiris da lxinis dros, damxareba nadSi da a. S.

„Zveli saxli iyo, daiwva, sofelSi fuli avkrifeT, miveciT.

rkina-betoni devleTma unda misces. goWi bavSvebs duuwvaT,

sabZel wuukidian, bevri Tiva daiwva. Cemi xisimis saxli

iyo“ (dursun jan//yahvejoRli, sofeli mesrurie, inegolis


Semonaxulia xalxuri samedicino tradiciebis zogi-xalxuri samedicino tradiciebis zogi-

erTi elementi: erTi elementi: „mravaZarRvas Wrilobas vadebdiT“ (hendek-

is raioni, saqarias regioni). „aqimi iyo Cemi dede. cxeli

Wimuri daado Wrilobaze. kecidan cxeli wadi aiRo, iaRi

daasxa. mozila. WrilobaSi caudo. moarCina“ ismeT aTaSi,

qalaqi gemliqi, bursis regioni).

dadasturda qarTuli trdiciuli kvebiTi kulturisqarTuli trdiciuli kvebiTi kulturis

araerTi elementis arseboba: „kakalis xeebi gvaqvda bevri.

lobioslobios moxarSva viciT. qinZi, niori, kakali xmeli danayo.

filSi davnayevdiT. lobio moixarSoda, Teli guurev, gale-

sav, zor germeli iqneba. Savi laxana garecxav, moxarSav,

zemodan msxvilad danayav kakals, imas duurTeb da iWmeva.

Tu ginda, furis iaRi duumateb“. „gendimas„gendimas vakeTebT: pur

danayeben, puris marcvals danayven, moixarSvis, drami wyali

uqna, beri rZe, erTxel moixarSvis, kovziT iWmeva“. „aSurais „aSurais

kerZikerZi viciT, kandilmaa. lobio, luxuti, burRuli, firinji,

cota zmeli yurZeni, gargari. mere Saqari uqen. dariCini _

zeidan. es yvelai cal-calke unda moixarSos da merme er-

tad guurio. mezoblebSi daarigo“. „kakliani qaTmis„kakliani qaTmis kerZi

viciT. qaTam movxarSavT, merme Zvlebidan gavxsniT. kaka-

li zor unda danayo. Wadis fqvili cota imis Sigan uyo,

erTxel danayo. qinZi aiRe xmeli da Teli erTxel aurie

da merem im qaTams zemodan wuusvi“. „qadaqada viciT. purisgan

movzelavT, furi iaR moasxam, kakals daneyev, mere oTxad

129

mokecav“ _ „quma quma viciT. yurZnidan fafas viqmT, puris fq-

viliT movxarSavT, memre kakals avasxamT, Zafze guuyriT,

CamovkidavT da gavaxmobT“. „korkoti„korkoti viciT. puris kakals

aiReb, wina ramiT wyals daasxma. meore didlT samjer mox-

arSav, wyals gumuucvli. rZes daasxam. xorbals qvijaSi

danayven. takveca iyo xisagan, imiT nayavdnen. aSuraSi lux-

ut Cavyri, lobioi, Txili~. „malaxto„malaxto viciT, niori, reihani,

qinZi, makido, prasa, kakali kargad Canayo“. „xaWapuri „xaWapuri viciT,

sodiani, pawai ioRurTi, Sigan kakali danayili, merem comSi

gaaxvev, mrgvalad SemouWuWnidi, gamocxobdi. amai xaWapur

vetyodiT. imaze qaTam davdebdiT, kvercx, qorwilSi mivarT-

mevdiT, xuT cal mivitandiT. wuxel gavakeTe, xuTi cali

weiRes qorwilSi“. „boran„boran vakeTebdiT, axla WinWrisa hqvia“

(sofeli baRCeyaia, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „me

zoiZe var, sofel karapetidan movsulvarT. qada-madasqada-madas vet-

yviT. CaTalze sam qadas davdebdiT. xis Cangalze wamovac-

mevdiT kakalian, marilian qadas, zeidan luxums movayridiT,

iaRSi“. „moTreulas„moTreulas kerZi: lobio, kakali, Wyinti“. „yoravas „yoravas

vakeTebT, tyemlis wveniT, nenei gaakeTebs. lobias Tu qinZi

ara aqvs, ver vWam. xorci erT kuTxeT davdebT, qinZi - meore

mxareT“.

amrigad, marmarilos zRvis regionis qarTvelTa So-

ris dasturdeba tradiciuli qarTuli yofis sxvadasxva

elementi, socialuri maxsovrobis faqtebi (muhajirobis

istoria, mSobliur mxareTa saxelwodebebi, sgavareulo is-

toriebi, zogierTi istoriuli movlena), tradiciuli kul-

turul-sameurneo tipi, socialuri da suliero urTierTo-

bebis tradiciuli formebi.

130

gvanca burduligvanca burduli – – saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida

andria pirvewlodebulis saxelobis

qarTuli universiteti, istoriis

doqtori

statistikuri cnobebi saqarTvelos statistikuri cnobebi saqarTvelos

saegzarqosoSi 1906 wlisaTvis saegzarqosoSi 1906 wlisaTvis

arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxebarsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb

1906 wlis 8 martidan 15 dekembramde sankt-peterburgSi

mimdinareobda ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiri.

TaTbiris mizani iyo ruseTSi patriarqobisa da saekle-

sio krebis aRdgenisaTvis aucilebeli sakanonmdeblo

bazis momzadeba. Cafiqrebuli saeklesio reforma Tavisi

SinaarsiT mravlis momcveli iyo. erT-erT sakiTxad ruse-

Tis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirze ixileboda kavka-

siaSi saeklesio cxovrebis mowyobis proeqti. qarTvelma

mRvdelmTavrebma episkoposma kirionma (erSi giorgi saZa-

gliSvili), episkoposma leonidma (erSi longinoz oqropi-

riZem) ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore

ganyofilebis sxdomaze warmoadgines saqarTvelos egzar-

qosebis moRvaweobis yovlis momcveli da dasabuTebuli

kritika. cxadia saqarTvelos egzarqosebi damoukideblad

ar moqmedebdnen. isini ruseTis eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis

politikas axorcielebdnen saqarTveloSi. amitom iyo, rom

rusma samRvdeloebam da rusma mecnierebma (saeklesio is-

toriisa da saeklesio samarTlis cnobilma specialisteb-

ma) Zalze mtkivneulad aRiqves qarTveli episkoposebis ga-

mosvlebi. gansakuTrebuli risxva daatyda Tavs episkopos

131

leonids, romelmac saqarTvelos egzarqosebis moRvaweoba

da zogadad ruseTis saeklesio politika saqarTveloSi

Sav ferebSi warmoadgina. episkoposi leonidi Tavdasxmis

obieqti gaxda ramdenime sxdomaze. rusebma esec ar ikmares

da cnobil mecnierebs daavales kontrargumentebis moZie-

ba episkopos leonidisa da episkopos kirionis mosazrebis

winaaRmdeg. cnobilma mkvlevarma, profesorma v. f. trelin-

ma ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirs warudgina

vrceli moxseneba ,,Бедство русских переселенцев в Грузинском Экзархате”. moxsenebis mizani iyo, gaeqarwylebina is mZime

STabeWdileba, rac episkopos leonidisa da episkopos kiri-

onis gamosvlebis Sedegad Seiqmna.

profesori v. trelini cnobili mkvlevari iyo, Tumca

am SemTxvevaSi igi mogvevlina saqarTvelos saegzarqosos

istoriis gamyalbeblad da saqarTveloSi ruseTis saekle-

sio politikis ususur damcvelad.

profesor v. f. trelinis moxsenebis saTauri _ ,,rusi

gadmosaxlebulebis gasaWiri saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi“

_ ukve mianiSnebda avtoris mizanze. moxsenebis avtori da-

sawyisSive cdilobda, mwvaved da mZimed warmoedgina rusi

mosaxleobis cxovreba amirkavkasiaSi. moxsenebis bolos v.

trelinma warmoadgina statistikuri monacemebi, romlebic

saqarTvelos saegzarqosos da egzarqosebis datvirTul

saqmianobas exeboda. monacemebi aRebulia nawilobriv 1904

wlis saegzarqosos wliuri angariSebidan (1905 wlis an-

gariSi faqtiurad ar arsebobs), nawili ki wminda sinodis

sameurneo sammarTvelos monacemebidan da nawilic cen-

traluri statistikuri sammarTvelos gamocemidan, romel-

ic troinickis redaqtorobiT gamoica. profesor v. f. tre-

linis informaciiT 1897 wels sruliad ruseTis imperiis

mosaxleoba aRiwera. rogorc cnobilia, aRwera 1897 wlis

28 ianvrisaTvis dasrulda da, aqedan gamomdinare, aq daculi

monacemebi ukve 10 wliT iyo moZvelebuli da aucileblad

132

saWiroebda zogierTi saxis damatebas.1 rusma mecnierma

zemoT aRniSnuli faqti gaiTvaliswina da statistikuri

monacemebic Sesabamisad warmoadgina. Cven ar SevexebiT

v. f. trelinis moxsenebis Sinaarss, aramed warmovadgenT

im monacemebs, romliTac ruseTis saeklesio krebis win-

are TaTbiris meore ganyofilebis sxdoma sargeblobda

saqarTvelos saegzarqososTan mimarTebaSi. aqve sagange-

bod unda aRiniSnos, rom profesori v. f. trelini eyrd-

noba ruseTis imperiaSi mosaxelobis aRweris dros dam-

kvidrebul wess. ruseTis oficialur dokumentebSi, maT

Soris, mosaxleobis aRweris drosac cneba ,,qarTveli~

gaigivebuli iyo ,,qarTlelTan” da ,,kaxelTan”, ,,qarTv-

elSi” ar iguslixmeboda imereli, megreli, svani, guruli,

aWareli. ase rom, statistikur monacemebSi ,,qarTvelis”

gverdiT da, mis Tanasworad ixsenieboda ,,imereli”, ,,me-

greli”, ,,svani”, ,,guruli”, ,,aWareli”. cxadia, es iyo ruse-

Tis koloniuri politikis erT-erTi mzakvruli da Sors

gamiznuli gegmis nawili.

saqarTvelos saegzarqosos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Sem-saqarTvelos saegzarqosos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Sem-

degi eparqiebi:degi eparqiebi:

1. qarTlis eparqia (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos), romelic

moicavs – Tbilisis, baqos, elizavetpolisa da erevnis gu-

berniebs, aseve yarsis olqs.

2. imereTis da guria–samegrelos eparqiebi, orive gaer-

Tianebulia quTaisis guberniaSi, soxumis mxaris gamokle-

biT.

3. soxumis eparqia – moicavs Savi zRvis gubernias, sox-

umis mxares.

1 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки п одлежащих раз¬смот¬рению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об уст¬роении цер¬ковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 316.

133

swored am eparqiebze da guberniebzea gaTvlili qve-

moT moyvanili cnobebi:

I. saqarTvelos saegzarqososSi amJamad I. saqarTvelos saegzarqososSi amJamad

marTlmadidebeli qristianebis saerTo ricxviT marTlmadidebeli qristianebis saerTo ricxviT

1 950 000 adamiania 1 950 000 adamiania

(ori ve sqesis warmomadgenlebi)(ori ve sqesis warmomadgenlebi)

erovnuli niSnis mixedviT maT Soris arian:erovnuli niSnis mixedviT maT Soris arian:

qarTul enaze mosaubre: qarTvelebi – 800 000;

imerlebi – 318 000;

megrelebi – 280 000;

svanebi – 17 000;

sul: 1 415 000.2

b) araqarTvelebib) araqarTvelebi: rusebi – 300 000; berZnebi – 92 000;

osebi – 82 000; afxazebi – 55 000; aisorebi – 4 000; marTl-

madidebeli somxebi – 2 000;

sul: araqarTvelebi _ 535 000.

eparqiebSi marTlmadidebeli qristianebis ricxvi ase-eparqiebSi marTlmadidebeli qristianebis ricxvi ase-

Tia:Tia:

a) qarTlis eparqiaSi sul) qarTlis eparqiaSi sul – 864 000.

maT Soris: qarTvelebi – 478 000;

imerlebi – 5 000.

sul: 483 000

(orive sqesis macxovrebeli).

b) Tbilisis guberniaSib) Tbilisis guberniaSi: 478 000

mazrebSi marTlmadidebel qristianTa ricxvi aseTiamazrebSi marTlmadidebel qristianTa ricxvi aseTia:

2 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих раз¬смот¬рению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об уст¬роении цер¬ковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 316.

134

Telavis mazraSi – 60 000 aTasi marTlmadidebeli qris-

tiani; siRnaRis mazraSi – 95 000 aTasi qristiani; goris

mazraSi – 127 000 aTasi; duSeTis mazraSi – 56 000 aTasi

qristiani; Tbilisis mazraSi – 42 000 aTasi qristiani, Ti-

aneTis mazraSi – 35 000 aTasi marTlmadidebeli qristiani.

marTlmadidebeli qristianebis ricxvi Zalzed mcirea

axalcixis mazraSi – 10 000 aTasi qristiani; ufro mcire

raodenobiTaa borCalos mazraSi, sul 6000-mde marTlma-

didebeli qristiani, zaqaTalis mxareSi – 4000 aTasi, baqos

guberniaSi – 2000; elizavetpolis guberniaSi – 1500, erevnis

guberniaSi _ 950, yarsis mxareSe _ 550.3

2.2. rusi marTlmadideblebi -rusi marTlmadideblebi - 280 000 macxovrebeli.

a) Tbilisis guberniaSi – 79 000 aTasi.

mcire raodenobiT arian goris mazraSi – 4000, siRnaRis

mazraSi – 4000, axalcixis mazraSi – 3. 500, duSeTis mazraSi

– 700, Telavis mazraSi – 500, borCalos mazraSi – 6. 000 da

TianeTis mazraSi – 300.

baqros guberniaSi – 98 000 aTasi qristiani; elizavet-

polis guberniaSi – 15 000 aTasi marTlmadidebeli qris-

tiani; erevnis guberniaSi – 13 000, yarsis olqSi – 23 000.

3. osebi – 77 000 macxovrebeli.3. osebi – 77 000 macxovrebeli.

osebis umravlesoba cxovrobs a) Tbilisis guberniaSi,

ZiriTadad goris mazraSi – 57. 500.

qalaq TbilisSi – 900; Tbilisis mazraSi – 800; borCa-

los mazraSi – 600; TianeTis mazraSi – 200.

4. berZnebi – 70 000 macxovrebeli.4. berZnebi – 70 000 macxovrebeli.

maT Soris:

a) Tbilisis guberniaSi – 30 000; borCalos mazraSi –

27 000; Tbilisis mazraSi – 2000; goris mazraSi – 1000.

3 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 317

135

b) yarsis olqSi – 38 000; g) erevnis guberniaSi – 1.400;

d) elizavetpolis guberniaSi – 600.

aisorebi – 4000 macxovrebeli aisorebi – 4000 macxovrebeli

a) erevnis guberniaSi – 2650; b) Tbilisis guberniaSi –

1000; yarsis olqSi – 350.

6. marTlmadidebeli somxebi – 2000 macxovrebeli.6. marTlmadidebeli somxebi – 2000 macxovrebeli.4

a) erevnis guberniaSi – 1300; b) Tbilisis guberniaSi – 700.

TviTon qalaq TbilisSiTviTon qalaq TbilisSi

a) rusi qristianebis ricxvi – 50 000-mdea; qarTvelebi

ki – 43 000–mde.

b) rusuli samrevloebis ircxvi – 13-mdea, qarTuli

samerevloebisa ki – 15.

axla rac Seexeba sxva qarTulenovan eparqiebSi marTl-

madidebeli qristianebis Semadgenlobas:

a) imereTis eparqiaSi sul – 567 000 kerZod:) imereTis eparqiaSi sul – 567 000 kerZod: qarTvele-

bi – 219 000, imerlebi 313 000, svanebi – 17 000. sul – 549 000

macxovrebeli (umetesoba quTaisis guberniaSi).

b) rusebi – 10 000, osebi – 5 000, berZnebi – 3 000 (yvela b) rusebi – 10 000, osebi – 5 000, berZnebi – 3 000 (yvela

quTaisis guberniaSi).quTaisis guberniaSi).

g) guria–samegrelo eparqiaSi sul 371 000 macxovre-g) guria–samegrelo eparqiaSi sul 371 000 macxovre-

bliablia, maT Soris: megrelebi – 257 000; qarTvelebi – 100 000;

sul – 357 000 (quTaisis guberniis macxovrebeli);

2. rusebi – 7 000; 3. berZnebi – 7 000.

d) soxumis eparqiaSi sul 148 000 macxovrebelia, d) soxumis eparqiaSi sul 148 000 macxovrebelia, maT So-

ris: 1. rusebi – 55 000 (SavizRvispireTis guberniis soxumis

mxare); 2. afaxazebi – 55 000 (soxumis mxare); 3. megrelebi –

23 000 (soxumis mxare); 4. qarTvelebi – 3000 (SavizRvispire-

Tis gubernia); 5. berZnebi – 12 000 (SavizRvispireTis guber-

niis soxumis mxare).

4 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 317.

136

II. marTlmadidebeli samrvloebis ricxvi II. marTlmadidebeli samrvloebis ricxvi

saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi

1906 wlis monacemebiT1906 wlis monacemebiT

samrevloebis saerTo raodeneboba – 1613.

eparqiebis mixedviT: a) qarTul eparqiaSi – 618 samrev-

loa.

maT Soris: a) qarTuli samrevloebi – 392;

b) araqarTuli samrevloebi – 226.

maTi adgilmdebareoba aseTia:

qarTuli samrevloebi yvela Tbilisis guberniaSia:

goris mazraSi – 124, siRnaRis mazraSi – 64, Telavis maz-

raSi – 56, Tbilisis mazraSi – 49 (aqedan 15 TviTon qalaq

TbilisSia), duSeTis mazraSi – 47, TianeTis mazraSi – 30;

axalcixis mazraSi – 11; borCalos mazraSi – 5, zaqaTalis

mxareSi – 6, sul – 392.5

araqarTuli samrevloebi mdebareoben:araqarTuli samrevloebi mdebareoben:

rusuli samrevloebi sulrusuli samrevloebi sul – 92, maT Soris: baqos guber-

niaSi – 32, elizavetpolis guberniaSi – 16, yarsis olqSi

– 10, erevnis guberniaSi – 8, Tbilisis guberniaSi – 26, sul sul

– 92– 92.

Tbilisis guberniaSi arsebuli 26 samrevelo ase Tbilisis guberniaSi arsebuli 26 samrevelo ase

nawildeba:nawildeba: 13 samrevlo Tbilsis mazraSi, 6 samrevlo goris

mazaraSi, 2 samrevlo siRnaRis mazraSi, 1 duSeTis mazraSi,

4 samrevlo goris mazraSi.

berZnuli samrevloebi sul – 78, maT Soris:berZnuli samrevloebi sul – 78, maT Soris: yarsis

mxareSi – 48, erevnis guberniaSi – 3, elizavetpolis guber-

niaSi – 2, Tbilisis guberniaSi – 25, sul – 78sul – 78.

5 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 317

137

osuri samrevloebi sul – 28, maT Soris:osuri samrevloebi sul – 28, maT Soris: Tbilisis

guberniaSia yvela ganTavsebuli: goris mazraSi – 25 sam-

revlo, duSeTis mazraSi – 3 samrevlo.

aisoruli,aisoruli, maT Soris: Tbilisis guberniaSi – 1, yarsis

olqSi – 1, erevnis guberniaSi – 6, sul – 8.

marTlmadidebluri somxuri samrevloebimarTlmadidebluri somxuri samrevloebi sul _ 9,sul _ 9, maT

Soris: erevnis guberniaSi – 5, Tbilisis guberniaSi – 4.

udinebisudinebis (sadac TaTrulad saubroben) elizavetpolis

guberniaSi 2 samrevloa.

Sereuli samrevloebiaSereuli samrevloebia (qarTuli, rusuli, osuri, ber-

Znuli) maT Soris: Tbilisis guberniaSi – 8 samrevlo, Tbi-

lisis mazraSi – 4 samrevlo, borCalos mazraSi – 2, axal-

cixis mazraSi – 2, yarsis olqSi – 1, sul – 9 samrevlo.

imereTis eparqiaSi – 507 samrevlo, guria–samegrelos

eparqiaSi – 383 samrevlo.

soxumis eparqiaSi – 104 samrevlo.

zusti cnobebi am eparqiaTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos saeg-

zarqosos angariSebSi arsad moiZebneba.6

III. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi taZrebis III. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi taZrebis

raodenoba 1905 wlis monacemebis mixedviT raodenoba 1905 wlis monacemebis mixedviT

aseTi iyo:aseTi iyo:

1. saerTo ricxvi – 2 544 erTeuli, aqedan: samrevlo

(saStato) –1562, miwerili da sxva – 851, 22 (sxvadasxva).

2. eparqiebis mixedviT taZrebis raodenoba aseTia:

a) qarTlSi – 1103 taZaria (samrevlo 582, miwerili 490

da sxvadasxva);


138

b) imereTis eparqiaSi – 823 taZaria (samrevlo 506, mi-

werili 269 da sxvadasxva)

g) guria-samegrelos eparqiaSi – 483 taZaria (samrevlo

376, miwerili 79 da sxvadasxva);

d) soxumis eparqiaSi – 130 taZaria (samrevlo 98, mi-

werili 13 da sxvadasxva).

IV. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi monastrebis IV. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi monastrebis

raodenoba 1905 wlis monacemebis mixedviT raodenoba 1905 wlis monacemebis mixedviT

aseTi iyo:aseTi iyo:

1. saerTo ricxvisaerTo ricxvi – 3434, maT Soris: 27 mamaTa monasteria,

7 dedaTa.

2. eparqiebis mixedviTeparqiebis mixedviT: a) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

(qarTul) eparqiaSi 16 monasteria, aqedan 13 mamaTa, xolo 3

dedaTa monasteri. safaris, kobenisa da axtalis monastre-

bi rusebis mier iqna aRdgenili. rusebma aRadgines wmida

ninosa da mamkodis monastrebic.

b) imereTis eparqiaSi 7 monasteria, aqedan 6 mamaTa da

1 dedaTa.

g) guria–samegrelos eparqiaSi 7 monasteria, 5 mamaTa

da 2 dedaTa.

d) soxumis eparqiaSi 4 monasteria, 3 mamaTa da 1 dedaTa.

am eparqiebSi mdebare yvela monasteri rusulia.am eparqiebSi mdebare yvela monasteri rusulia.7


139

V. samrevlo-saeklesio skolebi saqarTvelos V. samrevlo-saeklesio skolebi saqarTvelos

saegzarqosoSi da maTSi moswavleTa raodenoba saegzarqosoSi da maTSi moswavleTa raodenoba

1905 wlis monacmebiT Semdegi iyo:1905 wlis monacmebiT Semdegi iyo:

1. skolebis saerTo raodenoba – 852 iyo, moswavleebis

– 33 653 (aqedan mamakaci _ 23 523, qali _ 10 130).

2. eparqiebis mixedviT:

a) qarTlis eparqiaSi: 352 skola iyo, moswavle _ 13. 585

(aqedan kaci 8 600, qali 4 985).

b) imereTis eparqiaSi: 181 skola, moswavle - 6 485 (kaci

5 212, qali 1 273).

g) guria–samegrelos eparqiaSi: 207 skola, moswavle _

9 433 (kaci 6 498, qali 2 935).

d) soxumis eparqiaSi: 112 skola, moswavle _ 4150 (kaci

3 213, qali 937).8

VI. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoze yovelwliurad VI. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoze yovelwliurad

gacemuli Tanxis raodenoba (rublSi) aseTia:gacemuli Tanxis raodenoba (rublSi) aseTia:

1. qarTul eparqiaze – 75 126 aTasi rubli; imereTis

eparqiaze – 30 000 rubli; guria–samegrelos eparqiaze – 20

000 rubli.

2. xazinaSi aRebuli saeklesio miwebis (mamulebis) san-

acvlod – 125. 126 aTasi rubli.

3. sasuliero pirebis jamagirebisaTvis – 660 000 aTasi

rubli.

sasuliero-saswavlo dawesebulebisaTvis – 39 733 rub-

li; saeklesio–samrevlo skolebis saqmeebisaTvis – 200

000-mde rubli, qarTuli eparqiebis saWiroebisaTvis (75 136


140

aTasi rublis damatebiT) 24 874 maneTi, sasuliero pirTa

pensiisaTvis – 150 000–mde rubli, sul 1. 200. 000. rubli.9

VII. aramarTlmadidebelTa ricxvi VII. aramarTlmadidebelTa ricxvi

saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi aseTia:saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi aseTia:

1. rusebi – Zveli rwmenis (staroverebi) da seqtantebi

– 100 00 kacia, yvelani cxovroben qarTlis eparqiaSi.

2. qarTveli mahmadianebi – 75 000 kacia, aqedan: Tbilisis

guberniaSi 10 000 kacia, quTaisis guberniaSi 65 000.

3. afxazi mahmadianebi – 12 000 kacia, yvelani cxovroben

soxumis eparqiaSi.10

am monacemebiT daamTavra rusma mecnierma v. f. tre-

linma ruseTis saeklesio krebis winaSe gamosvla. mainc ra

surda am cifrebis CvenebiT rus mecniers? v. f. trelini

irwmuneboda, rom es cifrebi sando dokumentebze dayrd-

nobiT hqonda moZiebuli. misi moxsenebis mTavari mizani

ki rusi egzarqosebis moRvaweobis gamrTleba iyo, riTac

kidev erTxel yalbdeboda saqarTvelos saegzarqosos is-

toria. v. f. trelini aseve Seexo im saqmeebis raodenobasac,

romlebic rusi egzarqosebis dros iyo Sesuli saqarTve-

los saegzarqosoSi gansaxilvelad da gadasaWrelad. aqve

moviyvanT im cifrebs, romlic rusma mecnierma warmoadgina

1906 wels ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirze:

9 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 318.10 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 318.

141

qarTlisa da imereTis sinodaluri kantoris qarTlisa da imereTis sinodaluri kantoris

saqmis warmoeba 1902-1904 wlebSi:saqmis warmoeba 1902-1904 wlebSi:

SeniSvna: saqmeebis ricxvi yovelwliurad SeniSvna: saqmeebis ricxvi yovelwliurad 30 000-iT me-

tia, xolo oqmebis ricxvi 3 500-jer meti.

wlebiwlebi saqmeebis ricxvisaqmeebis ricxvi Ooqmebis Ooqmebis

raodenobaraodenoba

saJurnalo saJurnalo

statiebis statiebis

raodenobaraodenobaSemosuliSemosuli gasuligasuli

19021902 11.19111.191 18. 31918. 319 3. 5653. 565 158158

19031903 13. 31613. 316 3. 5333. 533 3. 5333. 533 245245

19041904 13. 14513. 145 3. 7763. 776 3. 7763. 776 254254

142

saganmkarguleblo

sameurneo

sagamoZiebo

sasuliero pirTa samarcxvino

saqmianoba

ganqorwinebebi

wlebi wlebi

Ggasuli wlebis Ggasuli wlebis

gadauwyveteli gadauwyveteli

saqmeebi saqmeebi

xelaxla Semo- xelaxla Semo-

suli suli

gadawyvetili gadawyvetili

darCenili ga- darCenili ga-

dauwyveteli dauwyveteli

saqmeebi saqmeebi



saqmeebi saqmeebi


suli suli


Kkvlav darCeni- Kkvlav darCeni-

li gadauwyvet- li gadauwyvet-

eli saqmeebi eli saqmeebi



saqmeebi saqmeebi


suli suli


kvlav darCenili kvlav darCenili


saqmeebi saqmeebi



saqmeebi saqmeebi


suli suli





damnaSaveTa damnaSaveTa

ricxvi ricxvi



saqmeebi saqmeebi


suli suli





ganqorwineba ganqorwineba

1902

1231

2509

2245

1555

316

8913

826

720

3886

584

720

5652

110

986

544

1136

311

864

417

35

1903

1555

2054

2529

1080

267

143

156

254

2056

1275

996

2335

544

9392

545

1541

716

214

743

259

1904

1080

2615

2442

1253

254

2116

111

423

3569

610

3120

0054

515

314

255

610

432

199

107

504

35

saqmeebis ricxvi

saqmeebis ricxvi

143

am monacemebis demonstrirebiT rus mecniers kidev

erTxel surda, warmoadgina saqarTvelos egzarqosebis

mravalmxirivi saqmianoba. v. f. trelinis cnobiT dokumen-

tebis ricxvi imdenad didi iyo, egzarqosebi verc aswrebd-

nen saqmeebis gadawyvetas, amitomac yovel wels dausrule-

buli saqmeebis raodenoba 3000–ze meti iyo.

v. f. trelini, rodesac rusi egzarqosebis guliTad moR-

vaweobas afasebda saqarTveloSi, arafers ambobda im mov-

lenebze, rac mis mier ase naqebar egzarqosebis saqmianobas

mihyva, kerZod: saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqme-

bis Semdeg ruseTis saimperatoro kari Seudga rusuli

kolonialuri politikis gatarebas saqarTveloSi. maT ar

ikmares saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis

(TviTmwyemsobis) gauqmeba. am movlenas Tan mohyva saqarTve-

los eklesiis darbeva da gaZarcva. 1811-1906 wlebSi ruseT-

ma saqarTveloSi daxura 800 eklesia da 15 monasteri, 29

eparqiis nacvlad mxolod 5 eparqia datova. egzarqosobis

dros saqarTveloSi gaiZarcva uamravi eklesia-monasteri,

gaitanes xatebi, xelnaweri wignebi, jvrebi, barZimebi da sxva

saeklesio nivTebi. garda naZarcvisa, rusebma saqarTvelos

eklesias oficialurad CamoarTves 220 milion maneTze

meti Rirebulebis uZravi da moZravi qoneba, yovelive es ki

saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili egzarqosebis iniciativiTa Tu

daxmarebiT xdeboda. ruseTis eklesia gaxda saqarTvelos

eklesiis uZavi da moZravi qonebis samarTalmemkvidre.

Tavisi moxsenebis dasasruls profesorma v. f. tre-

linma aRniSna: ,,samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom aq pirdapir

iTqvas – rusi egzarqosebi xedavdnen ra am ubedurebas,

yvelanair xerxs mimarTavdnen maT aRmosafxvrelad, anda

cdilobdnen ukidures SemTxvevaSi SeemsubuqebinaT mainc

TanamemamuleTa xvedri; magram gana azri aqvs am mavne qme-

debebis aRmofxvras, roca saqme exeba am ,,uzarmazar“ Jam-

gasul administraciul manqanas, romelsac ,,saqarTvelos

144

saegzarqoso“ ewodeba...~11 am SemTxvevaSic rusi mkvlevari

sicruis damtkicebas cdilobs: 1) v. f. trelini ratom-

Rac ar ambobs konkretulad, ras cdilobdnen rusi eg-

zarqosebi da ra Sedegebs miaRwies an ratom ver miaRwies;

@2) konkretulad romelma rusma egzarqosma aRiara, rom

saqarTvelos saegzarqoso Jamgasuli administraciuli

manqana iyo. aseTi gancxadebisaTvis episkoposi leonidi ki-

naRam Caqoles ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirze;

3) rusi egzarqosebis mTeli reformatoruli azri imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom saqarTvelos saegzarqoso gardaeqm-

naT ruseTis eklesiis samitropolito olqad anu iseT

saeklesio administraciul erTeulad, rogorc unda Seqm-

nili ruseTis centralur guberniebSi. ra Svebas moutanda

saqarTvelos saegzarqosos gardaqmna saqarTvelos samit-

ropolito olqad qarTvel mrevls, amaze arc rusi egzar-

qosebi da arc profesori v. trelini arafers amboben.

profesor v. g. trelinis moxseneba kidev mraval profesor v. g. trelinis moxseneba kidev mraval

sicrues Seicavs. marTalia, am moxsenebam qarTveli sicrues Seicavs. marTalia, am moxsenebam qarTveli

episkoposebis leonidisa da kirionis argumentebi ver episkoposebis leonidisa da kirionis argumentebi ver

gaabaTila, magram ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaT-gaabaTila, magram ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaT-

birma misi nebis aRmasrulebeli v. f. trelini Seaqo da birma misi nebis aRmasrulebeli v. f. trelini Seaqo da

namuSevaric mouwona.namuSevaric mouwona.


145

levan jiqialevan jiqia _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria

pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli

universiteti, istoriis doqtori

baTumeli moswavleebis antisabWoTa baTumeli moswavleebis antisabWoTa

saqmianobis istoriidansaqmianobis istoriidan(1955 w.)(1955 w.)

sabWoTa reJimis arsebobis mTeli periodis ganmavlo-

baSi (1921-1991 ww.) saqarTveloSi antisabWoTa erovnul-

ganmanTavisuflebeli muxti mudmivad arsebobda. es mux-

ti gansakuTrebiT mZlavrad axalgazrdebSi igrZnoboda.

marTalia, sabWoTa xelisufleba yovelnairad uxSobda

axalgazrdebs simarTl is gagebis SesaZleblobas, magram

`gaparviTi~ xasiaTis mcire informaciac ki sakmarisi iyo

axalgazrdebSi antisabWoTa ganwyobilebis gaZlierebi-

saTvis.

1955 wlis 12 ivnisis Rames qalaq baTumSi rigiTma mil-

icielma SeniSna, rom axalgazrdebi quCaSi proklamaciebs

akravdnen. milicielis danaxvisTanave axalgazrdebi SemTx-

vevis adgilidan gaiqcnen, ra drosac dauvardaT prokla-

maciis sami egzemplari. aRmoCnda, rom axalgazrdebma imave

Rames qalaq baTumSi oTx adgilas moaswres proklamacieb-

is gakvra. egzemplarebis Sinaarsi nacionaluri xasiaTis

aRmoCnda. proklamaciis Sinaarsma aWaris sabWoTa xelisu-

fleba SeaSfoTa. momxdarze Zieba daiwyo. oTxi Tvis Tavze

Zieba kvalze gavida da, Sesabamisad, proklamaciis avtorebi

gamoavlina da daapatimra, isini aRmoCndnen:

1. gia simonis Ze soseliagia simonis Ze soselia, dabadebuli 1940 wels, qalaq

baTumis saSualo skolis mecxre klasis moswavle, amave

skolis komunisturi kavSiris mdivani, saqarTvelos axal-

gazrdobis leninuri komunisturi kavSiris wevri;

146

2. iuri mixeilis Ze gigineiSviliiuri mixeilis Ze gigineiSvili, dabadebuli 1938

wels, saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis leninuri komunistu-

ri kavSiris wevri, qalaq baTumis sazRvao saswavleblis

moswavle;

3. badri Salvas Ze axvledianibadri Salvas Ze axvlediani, dabadebuli 1938 wels,

meaTe klasis moswavle, moswavleTa axalgazrduli len-

inuri kavSiris wevri;

4. givi Salvas Ze axvledianigivi Salvas Ze axvlediani, dabadebuli 1940 wels,

qalaq quTaisis mkvidri, mecxre klasis moswavle, saqarTve-

los axalgazrdobis leninuri komunisturi kavSiris

wevri.

moswavleebma `danaSauli~ aRiares da gamoZiebas Cven-

ebebi misces. aRmoCnda, rom moswavleebma naxes kinofilmi

`krazana~,`krazana~, romelmac maTSi antisabWoTa ganwyobileba kidev

ufro gaaZliera da axalgazrdebma gadawyvites sabWoTa

xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri brZola daewyoT. am

mizniT, maT Camoayalibes aralegaluri jgufi àxalgaz-àxalgaz-

rda saqarTvelo~,rda saqarTvelo~, TiToeulma metsaxeli SearCia da Seqmnes

saidumlo Sifri erTmaneTTan mimowerisTvis. axalgaz-

rdebma nacionaluri Sinaarsis 10 proklamacia daamzades,

romelTagan sami damzadebis procesSi tuSiT gaufuWdaT.

danarCeni proklamaciebis gakvra ki 1955 wlis 12 ivnisis

Rames gadawyvites qalaq baTumis quCebSi.

sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo is garemoeba, rom

gansasjelebi arasrulwlovnebi iyvnen da isini sasjelis-

agan gaaTavisufla.

saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis

Tavmjdomarem aleqsi inaurma momxdaris Sesaxeb grifiT

`sruliad saidumlod~sruliad saidumlod~ detaluri informacia miawoda

saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b) centraluri komite-

tis pirvel mdivans vasil mJavanaZes, am ukanasknelma ki 1955

wlis 5 noembers – sakavSiro komunisturi partiis(b) cen-

traluri komitetis xelmZRvanelobas.

147

saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b) centraluri saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b) centraluri

komitetis miTiTebiT saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b) komitetis miTiTebiT saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b)

aWaris saolqo komitetma da saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis aWaris saolqo komitetma da saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis

leninuri komunisturi kavSiris centralurma komitetma leninuri komunisturi kavSiris centralurma komitetma

daiwyes rigi RonisZiebebis gatareba qalaq baTumis saSu-daiwyes rigi RonisZiebebis gatareba qalaq baTumis saSu-

alo skolebSi politikur-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis gasa-alo skolebSi politikur-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis gasa-

Zliereblad.Zliereblad.1

1 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14,

aRwera 30, saqme 384, furceli 1-2.

148

levan jiqialevan jiqia _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria


universitetis akademiuri sabWos mdivani,

istoriis doqtori

morwmuneTa marTlmadidebluri morwmuneTa marTlmadidebluri

sazogadoebebis Seqmna sazogadoebebis Seqmna

zugdidis raionSizugdidis raionSi

1924 wlis ajanyebis masStaburobam da masSi glexeb-

isa da muSebis aqtiurad monawileobam sabWoTa saqarTve-

los `muSur-glexuri~ xelisufleba sagonebelSi Caagdo.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis iniciativiT, 1924 wlis ajanyebis

mizezebis Seswavla daiwyo. mosaxleobaSi Catarebuli

gamokiTxvis Sedegad gairkva, rom 1924 wlis ajanyebis

gamomwvevi erT-erTi mizezi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier

eklesia-monastrebis dangreva-gadakeTeba da religiuri

RvTismsaxurebis akrZalva iyo. amitomac, 1924 wlis 21 noem-

bers saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisufleba iZulebuli gax-

da mieRo dadgenileba, romliTac mosaxleobas morwmuneTa

marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebebis daarsebis nebarTva

eZleoda.

1925 wlis 5 Tebervals q. zugdidis `wmida samebis~`wmida samebis~

marTlmadideblur sazogadoebasa da zugdidis mazris aR-

masrulebeli komitetis rwmunebul kirile miqaias Soris

Semdegi saxis xelSekruleba daido:

`1. mTeli Cveni `wmida samebis~ religiuri sazogadoe-

ba movaleT gadacemul saxalxo qonebas da isargeblos am

qonebiT martooden misi daniSnulebis Sesaferisad. Cab-

arebuli qonebis simrTelisa da SenaxvisaTvis. agreTve am

xelSekrulebiT nakisri yvela sxva movaleobis Sesrulebas;

2. sazogadoeba movaleT racxs Tavs taZrebiTa da

149

iq Senaxul RvTis msaxurebis sagnebiT isargeblos da

asargeblos yvela erTmorwmune martooden religiuri

moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad;

3. sazogadoeba movaled racxs Tavs miiRos yove-

li RonisZieba imisaTvis, rom misTvis Cabarebuli qone-

ba ar moxmardes iseT mizans, romelic ar Seefereba ama

xelSekrulebis 1-l da 2 muxls;

kerZo sazogadoeba movalea akrZalos mis gamgebloba-

Si gadasul RvTis msaxurebis sadgomSi:

a/ sabWoTa xelisuflebis samtrod mimarTuli politi-

kuri krebebis gamarTva.

b/ sabWoTa xelisuflebis an misi calke warmomadgenel-

is winaaRmdeg mimarTuli wignebis, broSiurebis, furclebis

da epistoleebis darigeba da gayidva.

xcd/ mcxovrebTa sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg

amxedrebis mizniT zaris rekiT gangaSis atexa da xalxis

mogroveba.

4. sazogadoeba movalea Tavisi saxsriT gaswios `wmida

samebis~ taZris da am taZarSi daculi sagnebis SenaxvisaT-

vis saWiro mimdinare xarjebi, saxeldobr: remonti, gaTboba,

dazRveva, dacva, gastumreba valebisa, gadasaxadebisa, adg-

ilobrivi Senawirebisa da sxva.

5. sazogadoeba movalea iqonion RvTis msaxurebis

qonebis sainventaro aRweriloba, sadac Setanili unda

iqnes religiuri kultis yoveli axlad Sesuli /Sewir-

ulebiT sxva taZrebidan gadacemiT an sxva gziT/ sagani,

romelic calke moqalaqeebis kerZo qonebas ar Seadgens.

6. sazogadoeba movalea, roca RvTis msaxureba ara

swarmoebs, SeuSvas taZarSi aRmasrulebeli komitetis war-

momadgenelni qonebis dro-gamoSvebiT Sesamowmeblad da

dasaTvaliereblad.

7. miRebuli qonebis dakargvis, an gafuWebisaTvis sa-

zogadoeba pasuxs agebs im zaralis farglebSi, romelic

qonebas mouva.

150

8. sazogadoeba movalea, ukeTu saWiro miRebuli qoneb-

is ukanve Cabareba, Caabaros igi im saxiT, ra saxiTac man

miiRo sasargeblod da Sesanaxad.

9. ukeTu sazogadoeba moisurvebs xelSekrulebis mos-

pobas, igi movalea amis Sesaxeb werilobiT acnobos aRmas-

rulebel komitets, amasTan am gancxadebis Setanidan erTi

kviris ganmavlobaSi es xelSekruleba ZalaSi rCeba da sa-

zogadoeba pasuxs agebs misi asrulebisaTvis, sazogadoeba

movalea agreTve am xnis ganmavlobaSi Caabaros mis mier

miRebuli qoneba.

10. sazogadoebis yovel wevrs, romelsac xelSekrule-

baze xeli uweria SeuZlian gavides xelSekrulebis monawi-

leTa ricxvidan, amisaTvis man werilobiTi gancxadeba unda

Seitanos aRmasrulebel komitetSi, magram es ver ixsnis

gasul pirs pasuxismgeblobisagan mTeli im zaralisTvis,

romelic saxalxo qonebas mouvida im xnis ganmavlobaSi,

rodesac gasuli wevri monawileobas iRebda am qonebis

sargeblobaSi da gamgeblobaSi im dromde, vidre igi sa-

Tanado gancxadebas Seitanda.

11. ukeTu sazogadoeba am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare

movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad ar miiRebs yvela SesaZlebel

RonisZiebas, xelSekruleba ese saTanado aRmasrulebel

komitetis mier SeiZleba mospobil iqnas, xolo im SemTx-

vevaSi, rodesac xelSekruleba aSkarad iqneba darRveuli,

damnaSaveni pasuxs ageben sisxlis samarTlis wesiT~.

xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen marTlmadidebluri

(religiuri) sazogadoeba `wmida samebis~ damfuZneblebi:

andri Cagunava, erasto dgebuaZe, ivane naWyebia, elizbar andri Cagunava, erasto dgebuaZe, ivane naWyebia, elizbar

kuxalaSvili, petre wulaia, andri xurcilava, korsanteli kuxalaSvili, petre wulaia, andri xurcilava, korsanteli

yolandaria. yolandaria. xelSekrulebis ZaliT `wmida samebis~ marTl-

madideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca q. zugdidSi mdebare

`wmida samebis saxelobis~ xis eklesia da am eklesiis qone-

ba: 7 Sandali 21 maneTad Sefasebuli, patara karada _ 15 man.,

151

19 didi da patara xati _ 285 man., 10 wigni _ 41 man., grZeli

jaWvi _ 10 man., sacecxluri _ 2 man., mduRarebis WurWeli

_ 1 man., jvari _ 1 man., 2 patara Sandali _ 1 man., magida _ 5

man., patara magida _ 3 man., patara kolofi _ 50 kap., sanTlis

fanari _ 1 man., mRvdlis Sesamoseli 33 cali _ 200 man., zari

_ 140 man. sul 726 maneTis da 50 kapikis Rirebulebis.1

1925 wlis 4 Tebervals gaformda xelSekruleba ko-

rcxelis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `qristes `qristes

sjulsa~sjulsa~ da zugdidis mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis

rwmunebul kirile miqaias Soris (xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi

erTmaneTisgan praqtikulad ar gansxvavdeboda _ l. jl. j.).

xelSekrulebas marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan

xels awerdnen: tutuli beraZe, dimi lagvilava, begi xviCia, tutuli beraZe, dimi lagvilava, begi xviCia,

bardRu rafava, pepu rafava, anton Tordia, ilia Tolo-bardRu rafava, pepu rafava, anton Tordia, ilia Tolo-

raia, C. Tordiaraia, C. Tordia. xelSekrulebis ZaliT `qristes sjulis~

marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca korcxelis TemSi

mdebare eklesiis qvis Senoba, barZim-feSxumi Tavisi kovziT

20 maneTad Sefasebuli, karada _ 5 man., sanTlis Sesanaxi

karada _ 3 man., ubralo sasanTle _ 1 man., 3 zari _ 100 man.2

1925 wlis 21 Tebervals daido xelSekruleba caiSis

Temis `mariam RvTismSoblis~`mariam RvTismSoblis~ marTlmadideblur sazoga-

doebasa da zugdidis mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis

warmomadgenels Soris. xelSekrulebas marTlmadide-

bluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: jamu Samugia, jamu Samugia,

isaia xobuliani, sandro Samugiaisaia xobuliani, sandro Samugia da sxv. xelSekrulebis

Tanaxmad, caiSis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas

gadaeca caiSis TemSi mdebare `mariam RvTismSoblis sax-

elobis~ qvis eklesia da misi qoneba: vercxlis patara

sanawile 2 maneTad Sefasebuli, ubralo sacecxluri _

1 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-

dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 15-17.

2 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdidis

arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 22-23.

152

10 man., barZim-feSxumi _ 60 man., vercxlis kovzi _ 10 man.,

vercxlis varskvlavi _ 10 man., jvarsaweri beWedi _ 5 man.,

patara gansazavebeli _ 10 man., patara ubralo jaWvi _ 1

man. da 50 kapik., samduRaro tabuti _ 5 man., ubralo laxvari

_ 1 man., 1 qarTuli da 1 rusuli saeklesio beWedi _ 5 man.,

17 didi da patara xati _ 100 man., brinjaos jvari _ 15 man.,

2 ubralo trapezis sasanTle _ 10 man., 2 ubralo Camosak-

idebeli xomli _ 10 man., xatis win dasadgami 6 Sandali _

100 man., ubralo saiazme _ 15 man., 1 maRali da 1 dabali em-

bazi _ 60 man., 2 zari _ 300 man., puris sakurTxebeli _ 3 man.,

ubralo saaRdgomo fanari _ 50 kapik., 2 ubralo bairaRi _

5 man., SvidTaviani trapezis sasanTle _ 30 man., 1 didi da 1

patara fraJis langari _ 5 man., 2 gvirgvini _ 2 man., saxareba

qarTul enaze _ 5 man., spilenZis Tungi _ 15 man., spilenZis

tafa _ 15 man., fanari _ 3 man., 4 analoRia _ 10 man., 44 wigni _

30 man., 4 trapezis farda _ 5 man., 13 samklavi _ 13 man., olari

_ 1 man., nabedreniki _ 1 man., 8 sartyeli _ 16 man., 2 gingela

_ 4 man., 5 dafarna _ 10 man., xatis dasadgami magida _ 1 man.,

didi boqlomi.3

1925 wlis 6 Tebervals daido xelSekruleba q. zug-

didis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `macxovris karsa~`macxovris karsa~

da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis warmomadgenel kirile

miqaias Soris. xelSekrulebas marTlmadidebluri sazoga-

doebis mxridan xels awerdnen: vasil eqonia, kaza yufunia, vasil eqonia, kaza yufunia,

kosta miTagvaria, artem kucia, raJden mesxiakosta miTagvaria, artem kucia, raJden mesxia. xelSekruleb-

is ZaliT, am sazogadoebas gadaeca `macxovris saxelobis~

qvis eklesia da misi qoneba: 12 saeklesio wigni 50 maneTad

Sefasebuli, barZim-feSxumi da misi samklaurebi _ 100 man.,

sasanTle `liustra~ _ 60 man., 15 xati _ 50 man., 9 sasanTle

kankeli _ 18 man., moxatuli kankeli _ 300 man., 4 zari _ 300

man., sasanTle _ 2 man., 2 droSa _ 25 man., mRvdlis Sesamoseli



153

_ 30 man., 13 dafarna _ 26 man., trapezis gadasafarebeli _

10 man., samkedlos gadasafarebeli _ 1 man., jvari _ 1 man., 3

Sandali _ 3 man., farda _ 4 man., 2 gvirgvini _ 2 man., karada

_ 5 man., 4 analoRia _ 4 man., embazi _ 5 man., saiazme _ 5 man.,

sanTlis Casawyobi _ 2 man., kidobani _ 3 man., noxi _ 2 man.4

1925 wlis 12 Tebervals daido xelSekruleba joReji-

anis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `marTlmadide-`marTlmadide-

belsa~belsa~ da zugdidis mazris aRmaskoms Soris, romelsac

sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: estate WeJia, svimon estate WeJia, svimon

qobalia, Tedo facacia, egnate fulariaqobalia, Tedo facacia, egnate fularia. xelSekrulebis

Tanaxmad, joRejianis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoe-

bas gadaeca am TemSi mdebare xis Senobis eklesia da misi

qoneba: 4 venoki 20 maneTad Sefasebuli, zari _ 240 man., 2

sasanTle _ 8 man., analoRia _ 3 man., sanTlis Sesanaxi kara-

da _ 5 man., 4 farani _ 12 man., sacecxluri _ 2 man., mduRar-

ebis WurWeli _ 1 man., 2 langari _ 2 man., 20 xati _ 200 man.,

siwmindis kolofi _ 20 man., barZim-feSxumi da varskvlavi

_ 25 man., 3 Sandali _ 9 man., kovzi _ 2 man., langari _ 1 man.,

embazi _ 8 man., zeTis lampari _ 2 man., 2 didi Sandali _

20 man., dafarna _ 3 man., saxareba _ 20 man., kidobani _ 8 man.,

raSka _ 2 man., 2 gvirgvini _ 20 man., Jamnis wigni _ 3 man., dav-

iTnis wigni _ 1 man., kondaki _ 3 man., qadagebis wigni _ 3 man.,

samociqulo wigni _ 5 man., 5 wigni _ 20 man., farCa _ 2 man.5

1925 wlis 20 Tebervals daido xelSekruleba riyis

Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `wmida giorgi~-sa`wmida giorgi~-sa

da zugdidis mazris aRmaskoms Soris. xelSekrulebas

marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerd-

nen: zosime CxeiZe, nestor lipartia, samson vekua, giorgi zosime CxeiZe, nestor lipartia, samson vekua, giorgi


dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 36.


arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 42.

154

lipartia, iulon odiSaria, ivane jojua, avqsenti vekua, lipartia, iulon odiSaria, ivane jojua, avqsenti vekua,

iason gabunia, andria WiWinaZeiason gabunia, andria WiWinaZe. `wmida giorgis~ marTl-

madideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca riyis TemSi mdebare

`wmida giorgis saxelobis~ eklesiis xis Senoba yavriT

gadaxuruli 500 maneTad Sefasebuli da am eklesiis

qoneba: vercxlis moWedili xati 30 maneTad Sefasebuli,

RvTismSoblis 10 xati _ 20 man., macxovris 8 xati _ 8

man., wmida nikolozis 3 xati _ 4 man., wmida daviTis da

konstantines 1 xati _ 5 man., wmida panteleimonis 1 xati

_ 6 man., wmida giorgis 3 xati _ 9 man., naTlisRebis xati

_ 4 man., mowameTa xati _ 3 man., aiazmis WurWeli _ 2 man.,

kankelis 3 Sandali _ 9 man., barZimi _ 5 man., feSxumi _ 6

man., 1 varskvlavi _ 5 man., 1 kovzi _ 1 man., 1 laxvari _ 50

kapik., sacecxluri _ 1 man., trapezis 2 Sandali _ 6 man., 2

saxareba 1 qarTuli da 1 rusuli _ 10 man., jvari _ 2 man.,

gardamoxsna _ 5 man., trapezis gadasafarebeli _ 2 man.,

mRvdlis Sesamoseli _ 5 man., TeTri materiis dafarna _ 2

man., erTi wyvili gvirgvini _ 10 man., kankelis 3 Sandali

_ 8 man., kankelis 22 mxatvroba _ 15 man., 7 wigni _ 21 man.,

wignis magida _ 50 kap., sanTlis magida _ 50 kap., sanTlis

yuTi _ 50 kap., aiazma _ 5 man., rkinis jvari _ 2 man., didi

fari _ 60 man., patara fari _ 5 man., kidev erTi fari _ 20

man., sul _ 798 man.6

1925 wlis 3 marts daido xelSekruleba tyaia-be-

JaSRalis Temis `marTlmadidebel qristianeTa~`marTlmadidebel qristianeTa~ sazog-

adoebasa da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul

aleqsandre nikolozis Ze qirias Soris. xelSekrule-

bas marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels

awerdnen: iose miqava, grigol Serozia, daviT quxilava, iose miqava, grigol Serozia, daviT quxilava,

farna miqava, maqsime Cqvanava, vladimer quxilava, estate farna miqava, maqsime Cqvanava, vladimer quxilava, estate



155

mormorgoSiagoSia. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, marTlmadideblur

sazogadoebas gadaeca tyaia-beJaSRalis TemSi mdebare

`wmida giorgis saxelobis~ cinkiT gadaxuruli aguris

Senoba 1500 maneTad Sefasebuli da misi qoneba: RvTism-

Soblis 3 xati ubralo emalebiT 3 maneTad Sefasebuli,

ieso qristes 3 xati _ 1 man., 2 jvari _ 1 man., 2 didi

fraJis sasanTle _ 6 man., 2 patara TiTberis Sandali

_ 1 man., 9 wigni (saxareba, samociqulo, daviTni) _ 25 man.,

mRvdlis 8 Sesamoseli da trapezis gadasafarebeli

_ 25 man., fraJis Camosakidi sasanTle _ 10 man., 2 zari

(romelic inaxeba liis raiaRmaskomSi) _ 75 man., patara

zari _ 5 man.7

1925 wlis 5 marts daido xelSekruleba jumis Temis

marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `mTavarangelozsa~`mTavarangelozsa~ da

zugdidis mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis rwmunebul

aleqsandre qirias Soris. xelSekrulebas marTlmadide-

bluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: luka qa-luka qa-

daria, erasto jabua, kapiton mosia, stefane jiqia, kosta daria, erasto jabua, kapiton mosia, stefane jiqia, kosta

daraselia, aleqsandre foniadaraselia, aleqsandre fonia. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, am

sazogadoebas gadaeca jumis TemSi mdebare `mTavaran-

gelozis saxelobis~ eklesia da misi qoneba: 1 wyvili

gvirgvini 2 maneTad Sefasebuli, samociqulo _ 2 man., 2

Jamni _ 3 man., 2 zadiki _ 3 man., paraklitoni _ 3 man., marx-

vani _ 3 man., kurTxevani _ 1 man., daviTni _ 1 man., 2 kondaki

_ 2 man., locvani _ 1 man., Salis fidoni stixari _ 3 man., 2

olari, 2 sartyeli, 2 wyvili samklavi da 1 Zveli stixari

_ 10 man., 1 patara qeCa _ 1 man., 6 farani _ 1 man., 5 didi

farani _ 10 man., eklesiis qonebis aRmniSvneli wignaki _

20 kap., 2 xis patara sasanTle _ 1 man., 2 kruJaki _ 1 man., 13

gvirgvini _ 26 man., farda _ 15 man., TiTberis 2 Sandali _ 1


arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli, 55.

156

man., boqlomi Tavisi klitiT _ 2 man., grigol episkopozis

qadagebani _ 1 man.8

1925 wlis 14 maiss daido xelSekruleba ledgebies

Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `mTavarangelozsa~`mTavarangelozsa~

da zugdidis mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis rwmunebul

aleqsandre qirias Soris. xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen

sazogadoebis damfuZneblebi: gvadia qobalia, ZvaZva sarTa-gvadia qobalia, ZvaZva sarTa-

nia, Sarvani fifia, omar bulia, esava qoCua, gaioz farcva-nia, Sarvani fifia, omar bulia, esava qoCua, gaioz farcva-

nia, meliton berdexeliania, meliton berdexelia. am marTlmadideblur sazogadoe-

bas gadaeca ledgebies TemSi mdebare `mTavarangelozis

saxelobis~ eklesiis Senoba 300 maneTad Sefasebuli da

eklesiis kuTvnili qoneba: samreklo 10 maneTad Sefase-

buli, 3 zari _ 30 man., wignis karada _ 50 kap., boqlomi _ 50

kap., mRvdlis 2 filoni (daxeuli) _ 60 kap., trapezis odiki

_ 40 kap., noxi (daxeuli) _ 40 kap., bairaRis joxi _ 5 kap., em-

bazi _ 3 man., 3 didi sasanTle _ 3 man., Camosakidi sasanTle _

1 man., 3 Camosakidi sasanTle _ 50 kap., sacecxluri _ 20 kap.,

aiazma _ 50 kap., sanTlis kolofi _ 20 kap., wignis 2 magida

_ 25 kap., 6 venoki _ 1 man., 4 samklave _ 50 kap., 2 bairaRi _

10 kap., olari (daxeuli) _ 10 kap., 8 kolofis safeni _ 25

kap., zanduki _ 1 man., 3 trapezis safeni _ 1 man., mRvdlis

sartyeli _ 10 kap., pedreniki _ 20 kap., jvris kolofi _ 20

kap., zeTis 6 sasanTle _ 1 man., salocavi 9 wigni _ 5 man.,

didi dasadgami sasanTle _ 3 man., zeTis sakurTxavi _ 1 man.,

siwmidis kolofi _ 2 man., 2 barZim-feSxumi _ 1 man., 2 xelis

jvari _ 2 man., saxareba _ 2 man., 2 sasanTle _ 2 man., 2 fra-

Jis gvirgvini _ 1 man., Tanaarsi _ 1 man., 31 xati _ 31 man. da

30 kap., 34 saeklesio suraTi _ 34 man. da 10 kap., sul _ 416

man. da 5 kap.9





157

1925 wlis 5 marts daido xelSekruleba WiTawyaris

Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `mTavarangelozsa~`mTavarangelozsa~

da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis warmomadgenel aleqsan-

dre qirias Soris. xelSekrulebas marTlmadidebluri sa-

zogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: saCino gegeWkori, bego saCino gegeWkori, bego

jiqia, zosime Cargazia, ioseb qvarcxia, sandro didiSvili, jiqia, zosime Cargazia, ioseb qvarcxia, sandro didiSvili,

mixeil vekutia, gogia darCiamixeil vekutia, gogia darCia. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, `mTa-

varangelozis~ marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca

WiTawyaris TemSi mdebare `mTavarangelozis saxelobis~

eklesia yavriT gadaxuruli 4000 maneTad Sefasebuli da

misi inventari: 9 xati 45 maneTad Sefasebuli, 2 gvirgvini _

8 man., fraJis jvari _ 4 man., barZimi _ 23 man., 2 langari _ 1

man., 2 dafarna _ 3 man., samklavi _ 1 man., gansazavebeli _ 1

man., sacecxluri _ 5 man., 2 wyvili sazeTe _ 2 man., feSxumi _

2 man., fraJis didi sasanTle _ 10 man., Camosakidi sasanTle

_ 10 man., 2 patara Sandali _ 2 man., Jiloni _ 10 man., wyvili

bairaRi _ 30 man., trapezis gadasafarebeli _ 4 man., 5 olari

_ 10 man., 3 sartyeli _ 3 man., varskvlavi _ 50 kap., trapezis

gadasafarebeli _ 5 man., gardamoxsna _ 2 man., didi dafarna

_ 5 man., saaiazmo _ 1 man., samkiTxvelo _ 3 man., embazi _ 10 man.,

zanduki _ 1 man., patara magida _ 3 man., zari _ 80 man., wignis

zadiki _ 5 man., daviTni _ 1 man. da 50 kap.10

1925 wlis 1 aprils daido xelSekruleba kaxaTis Temis

marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `samebasa~`samebasa~ da zugdid-

is mazris aRmaskomis warmomadgenel kirile miqaias So-

ris, romelsac sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: isak isak

kakulia, kosta kakulia, Cagu guguCia, kirile Sedania, solo-kakulia, kosta kakulia, Cagu guguCia, kirile Sedania, solo-

mon Sedania, ivaka narmania, mixa Caxaiamon Sedania, ivaka narmania, mixa Caxaia. am marTlmadideblur

sazogadoebas gadaeca kaxaTis TemSi mdebare `samebis sax-

elobis~ eklesia da misi kuTvnili qoneba: saxareba 10 man-

eTad Sefasebuli, wignebi _ 3 man., daviTni _ 1 man., kondaki _


dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furc, 82-84.

158

1 man., sadResaswaulo _ 5 man., marxvani _ 3 man., paraklitoni

_ 3 man., kolofiani 4 xati _ 12 man., 5 xati _ 2 man. da 50 kap.,

saaiazmo _ 5 man., 2 fraJis sasanTle _ 10 man., xis sasanTle _

1 man., langari _ 20 kap., gvirgvini _ 40 kap., patara sanawile

_ 50 kap., sacecxluri _ 1 man. da 50 kap., spilenZis embazi _

5 man. xis skami _ 3 man., karada _ 5 man., darRveuli eklesiis

Senobis xis masala Tavisi saZirkvlebiT da ficrebiT, fan-

jrebiT, yavriT, lursmniT, karebiT da sxva (garda darRvevis

dros damtvreuli uvargisi masalisa, romelic awyvia kaxa-

Tis Svidwledis skolis ezoSi).11

1925 wlis 15 aprils daido xelSekruleba kokis Temis

`RvTismSoblis~`RvTismSoblis~ marTlmadideblur sazogadoebasa da zug-

didis mazris aRmaskomis warmomadgenel kirile miqaias

Soris. xelSekrulebas sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerd-

nen: paxvala guZas Ze gulaia, petre quTus Ze absanZe, ambako paxvala guZas Ze gulaia, petre quTus Ze absanZe, ambako

markozis Ze Toria, WunWu beselia, iona xuxua, varlam gele-markozis Ze Toria, WunWu beselia, iona xuxua, varlam gele-

navanava. sazogadoebas gadaeca kokis TemSi mdebare `RvTism-

Soblis saxelobis~ cinkiT gadaxuruli eklesia 3000 man-

eTad Sefasebuli.12

1925 wlis 10 marts daido xelSekruleba didi neZis

Temis dixaguZubis `wmida giorgis~`wmida giorgis~ marTlmadideblur

sazogadoebasa da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis war-

momadgenel aleqsandre qirias Soris. xelSekrulebas

marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen:

Cai WuWus Ze maqacaria, basa uCas Ze wurwumia, pexu izoria, Cai WuWus Ze maqacaria, basa uCas Ze wurwumia, pexu izoria,

mixa kukava, gudu maqacaria, badu akobia, xuxu xarCilavamixa kukava, gudu maqacaria, badu akobia, xuxu xarCilava.

xelSekrulebis ZaliT, `wmida giorgis~ marTlmadideblur

sazogadoebas gadaeca sof. didi neZis dixaguZubaSi mde-

bare `wmida giorgis saxelobis~ eklesia da am eklesiis





159

kuTvnili qoneba: ujriani karada 10 maneTad Sefasebuli,

barZimi Tavisi kovziT _ 7 man., feSxumi _ 2 man., gansazave-

beli da langari _ 2 man., zeTi da mironis kolofi SuSebiT

_ 1 man. da 50 kap., saaiazme _ 1 man., laxvari _ 50 kap., Sandali

_ 20 kap., sanTlebi _ 10 kap., didi zari _ 50 man., saSualo

zomis gatexili zari _ 30 man., sanaTlavi taSti _ 50 kap.,

bairaRis joxi _ 50 kap., samreklos jvari _ 1 man., rkinis

sasanTle _ 50 kap., sul _ 106 man. da 80 kap.13

1925 wlis 14 aprils daido xelSekruleba joRe-

jianis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba òireme-oireme-

sa~sa~ da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul kirile

miqaias Soris. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, sazogadoebas ga-

daeca joRejianis TemSi mdebare `macxovris amaRlebis

saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas sazogadoebis mxri-

dan xels awerdnen: maqsime gvitia, samson gulia, iose maqsime gvitia, samson gulia, iose

nadaraia, biqtor abxazava, samson kvaracxelianadaraia, biqtor abxazava, samson kvaracxelia. òiremes~

marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca: eklesiis Se-

noba 1530 maneTad Sefasebuli, feSxumi _ 75 man., jvari _ 3

man., laxvari, varskvlavi, gansazavebeli _ 2 man., 2 Sandali

_ 2 man., macxovris xati _ 1 man., RvTismSoblis xati _ 50

man., macxovris xati _ 1 man., macxovris xati _ 1 man. da 50

kap., RvTismSoblis xati _ 1 man., wmida nikolozis xati _

10 Sauri, wmida samebis xati _ 10 Sauri, macxovris patara

xati _ 10 Sauri, macxovris amaRlebis xati _ 10 Sauri,

RvTismSoblis xati _ 30 kap., wmida svimonis xati da xis

jvari _ 30 kap., erTi xeli uvargisi Sesamoseli _ 50 man.,

1 Jamni _ 2 man.14

1925 wlis 6 aprils daido xelSekruleba darCelis

Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba àxal sofelsa~àxal sofelsa~ da





160

zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul kirile miqaias So-

ris, romliTac sazogadoebas gadaeca darCelis TemSi mde-

bare `wmida giorgis saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas

marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen

sazogadoebis damfuZneblebi: doroTe jiqia, tarasxan siWi-doroTe jiqia, tarasxan siWi-

nava, estate kakava, Caismen siWinava, nariq absanZe, yaraman nava, estate kakava, Caismen siWinava, nariq absanZe, yaraman

absanZe da gura korkeliaabsanZe da gura korkelia. àxal soflis~ marTlmadide-

blur sazogadoebas gadaeca eklesiis Senoba 2 ganyofile-

biani, yavriT gadaxuruli, fanjrebi Camtvreuli 600 maneTad

Sefasebuli da am eklesiis kuTvnili qoneba: didi zari 90

maneTad Sefasebuli, patara zari _ 25 man., aiazma _ 20 man.,

diakonis magida _ 3 man., xis magida _ 3 man.15

1925 wlis 17 aprils daido xelSekruleba kokis Temis

marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `varskvlavsa~`varskvlavsa~ da zug-

didis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul kirile miqaias Soris,

romliTac sazogadoebas gadaeca kokis Temis sof. manu-

Caris kaxaTSi mdebare `RvTismSoblis saxelobis~ eklesia.

xelSekrulebas marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan

xels awerdnen: Zuku qeburia, raJden kvaracxelia, grigol Zuku qeburia, raJden kvaracxelia, grigol

caguria, xutu Selia, dimitri Cemonavacaguria, xutu Selia, dimitri Cemonava.16

1925 wlis 13 noembers daido xelSekruleba kaxaTis

Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba ̀ saloguo kaxaTsa~`saloguo kaxaTsa~

da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul akaki qavTa-

raZes Soris. xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen: konstantine konstantine

kuprava, mixeil logua, iason logua, luka markozia kuprava, mixeil logua, iason logua, luka markozia da

sxv. `saloguo kaxaTis~ sazogadoebas gadaeca kaxaTis

TemSi mdebare `macxovris saxelobis~ eklesiis Senoba

300 maneTad Sefasebuli, 2 gvirgvini _ 3 man., jvari, barZim-

feSxumi da kovzi _ 10 man., 2 zari _ 150 man., 2 suraTi _ 5





161

man., paraklitoni _ 3 man., Jamni _ 3 man., saxareba _ 10 man.17

1925 wlis 29 maiss daido xelSekruleba abasTumnis Temis

`wmida nikolozis~`wmida nikolozis~ marTlmadideblur sazogadoebasa da

zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul aleqsandre qirias

Soris, riTac sazogadoebas gadaeca sof. abasTumanSi mdebare

`wmida nikolozis saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas xels

awerdnen: vasil beriSvili, kosta basilaia, giorgi beriSvili, vasil beriSvili, kosta basilaia, giorgi beriSvili,

daTa lataria, murza lataria, eqvTime sarCimelia, tataSi far-daTa lataria, murza lataria, eqvTime sarCimelia, tataSi far-

jikia, gudu WiTanava, anton qiria, mixeil mircxulava, taguia jikia, gudu WiTanava, anton qiria, mixeil mircxulava, taguia

jaxia, ivane qaquTia, zaqaria Cakaberiajaxia, ivane qaquTia, zaqaria Cakaberia. `wmida nikolozis~

marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca 2 ganyofilebiani

cinkiT gadaxuruli eklesiis Senoba 2000 maneTad Sefasebu-

li, 2 zari (didi da patara) 120 maneTad Sefasebuli, ujriani

karada _ 5 man., spilenZis bavSvis CasanaTli _ 10 man., skami _

50 kap., sul _ 2135 man. da 50 kap.18

1925 wlis 27 maiss daido xelSekruleba ledgebies

Temis `meore alaverdis karis~meore alaverdis karis~ marTlmadideblur sazoga-

doebasa da zugdidis mazris rwmunebul besarion SogiraZ-

es Soris. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebas gadaeca

sof. ledgebieSi mdebare `meore alaverdis wmida giorgis

saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen: ivaka ivaka

WurRulia, iordane WurRulia, beJa WurRulia, levan Wur-WurRulia, iordane WurRulia, beJa WurRulia, levan Wur-

Rulia, iona WurRuliaRulia, iona WurRulia. oqmis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebas ga-

daeca eklesiis Senoba 600 maneTad Sefasebuli, samreklo

20 maneTad Sefasebuli, 3 zari _ 100 man., xis kidobani _ 40

kap., sacecxluri _ 40 kap., 5 Camosakidi sasanTle _ 2 man.,

Sandali _ 20 kap., venoki _ 40 kap., boqlomi _ 50 kap., jvari _

1 man., sasenako _ 10 man., xis yuTi _ 1 man., 2 didi Camosakidi

sasanTle jaWviT _ 8 man., mRvdlis tansacmeli _ 2 man., 4 xis





162

magida _ 5 man., 3 dafarna _ 1 man., 6 xati _ 8 man., 2 gvirgvini

_ 1 man. da sxva.19

1925 wlis 11 ivniss daido xelSekruleba nikosiis Temis

marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `jvaram Wyonsa~`jvaram Wyonsa~ da zug-

didis mazris rwmunebul aleqsandre qirias Soris, romli-

Tac sazogadoebas gadaeca nikosiis TemSi mdebare `wmida

giorgis saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas marTlma-

didebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: paxvala paxvala

Ciqovani, maci jiWonaia, yara Wkadua, qaqala Wkadua, aleqsi Ciqovani, maci jiWonaia, yara Wkadua, qaqala Wkadua, aleqsi

Cagunava, nestor bulia, da elizbar gulordavaCagunava, nestor bulia, da elizbar gulordava. `jvaram

Wyonis~ sazogadoebas gadaeca: varskvlavi 2 maneTad Se-

fasebuli, TiTberis kovzi _ 1 man., fraJis Sandali _ 2 man., 3

saini _ 1 man., TiTberis tafa _ 1 man. da 30 kap., cinkis aiazma

_ 2 man., wmida nikolozis xati _ 5 man., wmida giorgis xati

_ 5 man., RvTismSoblis xati _ 10 man., RvTismSoblis xati _

2 man., RvTismSoblis xati _ 2 man., RvTismSoblis xati _ 2

man., macxovris patara xati _ 40 kap., RvTismSoblis patara

xati _ 50 kap., macxovris xati _ 1 man., RvTismSoblis xati _

20 kap., 2 patara Sandali _ 8 man., Sandali _ 10 man., feSxumi

_ 2 man., 2 larnaki _ 1 man., venoki _ 2 man. da sxva.20

1925 wlis 31 ivliss daido xelSekruleba sof. Wkadu-

aSis àxaldabis mTavarangelozis~àxaldabis mTavarangelozis~ marTlmadideblur sa-

zogadoebasa da zugdidis mazris rwmunebul akaki qavTa-

raZes Soris, romliTac sazogadoebas gadaeca WkaduaSis

TemSi mdebare àxaldabis mTavarangelozis saxelobis~

eklesia. xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen: yaraman mania, beso yaraman mania, beso

anTia, kvaji gabisonia, Zaku WoWuaanTia, kvaji gabisonia, Zaku WoWua da sxv.21







163

1925 wlis 18 seqtembers daido xelSekruleba kokis

Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `wmida giorgis `wmida giorgis

karsa~karsa~ da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebuls So-

ris, romliTac sazogadoebas gadaeca kokis TemSi mdebare

`wmida giorgis saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas sa-

zogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: bagrat narmania, egnate bagrat narmania, egnate

danelia danelia da sxv.22

amdenad, saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisufleba iZulebu-amdenad, saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisufleba iZulebu-

li gaxda mosaxleobis nebas dahyoloda da, morwmuneTa li gaxda mosaxleobis nebas dahyoloda da, morwmuneTa

marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebebis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebebis moTxovnis Sesabamisad,

zugdidis raionis TemebSi mdebare daxuruli eklesia-zugdidis raionis TemebSi mdebare daxuruli eklesia-

monastrebi gaeRo da eklesia-monastrebidan datacebuli monastrebi gaeRo da eklesia-monastrebidan datacebuli

qoneba daebrunebina. gaxsnil eklesia-monastrebSi kvlav qoneba daebrunebina. gaxsnil eklesia-monastrebSi kvlav

aRdga marTlmadidebluri RvTismsaxureba.aRdga marTlmadidebluri RvTismsaxureba.



164

gela qistaurigela qistauri _ istoriis doqtori

sisxli rogosisxli rogorc warmarTuli reliqti rc warmarTuli reliqti

V-X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul V-X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul

mwerlobasa da xalxuri yofis mwerlobasa da xalxuri yofis

rwmena-warrwmena-warmodgenebSimodgenebSi

qarTul martirologiur TxzulebebSi warmodgenil-

ia konkretuli qristiani adamianis Tu garkveul jgu-

fis adamianTa amqveyniuri, mowamebrivi cxovreba, romleb-

mac qristianuli mrwamsis gamo da misi madliT moiTmines

amqveyniuri yovelgvari gasaWiri, uari Tqves sarwmunoebis

Secvlaze aTasgvari dapirebis sanacvlod moZaladeTa

mxridan, ris gamoc ewamnen da miiRes dauWknobeli gvirgvi-

ni. am qmedebiT maT amqveyniur cxovrebaSi daimdables Tavi,

ris Sedegadac uflisgan amaRldnen maradiul cxovrebaSi

da SeuerTdnen wmida mowameebs.

V-X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebebSi

asaxulia saqarTveloSi qristianobis Semosvla-damkvidre-

bis da misi rolis Sesaxeb qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi.

saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocx-

adebis adreul etapze daupirispirda adgilobrivi qar-

Tuli warmarTuli religia, xolo Semdgom saukuneebSi ki

qristianoba warmogvidga gareSe mtris mier Semotanili,

saqarTvelosTvis mouRebeli, sxvadasxva religiuri mimdin-

areobis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri mebrZolis rolSi.

es xifaTi Tavidanve iqna SemCneuli CvenSi, amitom gaC-

aRda mwvave, daundobeli, xan cxadi, xan SeniRbuli ideuri

brZola. patara, magram Seudrekeli qveyana Tavis wiaRSi

165

poulobda imden Zalas, rom saWiro winaaRmdegoba gaewia

mter _ moyvareTa zraxvebisaTvis.1

rogorc ,,wamebebis~, ise ,,cxovrebebis~ ciklis Txzule-

bebi gamoirCevian erTgvari TaviseburebebiT, romlebsac

axasiaTebT garkveuli siuJeturi xazi.2

hagiografiul ZeglebSi, miuxedavad Janrobrivi mizan-

dasaxulobisa, sinamdvile aisaxa Zalze farTod da mrav-

alferovnad. zogjer avtorTa mier daxatulia cxovrebis

iseTi mxareebi, romlebic ar gamomdinareobs qristianuli

msoflmxedvelobidan.3

aseTi midgomis Tanaxmad, hagiografiul nimuSebSi ar-

sebul pasaJebSi davinaxavT ara mxolod im droisTvis da

TematikisTvis damaxasiaTebel siaxles, aramed iseT siZve-

lesac, romelsac warmarTobis niSnebi atyvia.4

amjerad SevecdebiT, ganvixiloT martirologiur Ze-

glebSi arsebuli ritualebidan erT-erTi, konkretulad

ki sisxlis mniSvneloba ritualSi, romelSic gadmonaSTis

saxiT asaxvas poveben qarTvelTa uZvelesi religiuri rw-

mena-warmodgenebis detalebi, anu sxva saazrovno sistemis

naSTebi.

hagiografiul Txzulebebs sisxlis Sesaxeb saintere-

so cnobebi daucavT im pasaJebiT, sadac saubaria qris-

tianuli mrwamsis mqone adamianis amqveyniuri mowameobrivi

sicocxlis dasasrulze.

1 k. kekeliZek. kekeliZe. kulturuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis anarek-

li Zvel qarTul literaturaSi. Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 3.2 r.r. baramiZebaramiZe. kompoziciis sakiTxi qarTul hagiografiul Txzule-

bebSi._ saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe. t. XV. #9,

1954, gv. 639.

3 r. baramiZer. baramiZe. socialuri motivebi Zvel qarTul originalur mw-

erlobaSi (V _ X ss.)._ Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. kre-

buli I. Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 96.

4 r. siraZe.r. siraZe. qarTuli agiografia. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 86.

166

gobronis ,,martvilobaSi~ warmodgenilia cnoba, sadac

vkiTxulobT: ,,maSin warupyres qedi misi da sces maxÂliTa

orgzis oden, da wyles mcired. da gamoiZro Ãeli netarman

man krulebisa misgan da sisxli igi TÂsi gamoiwera juaris

saxed Sublsa TÂssa... da esrÀT uSuenoda igi sisxlisa

mis gamoweriTa Sublsa missa, viTarca igi, raJams ufali

Cueni cxovrebisasa mas vnebasa aRasrulebd~.5 am cnobidan

gamomdinare, sikvdilisTvis gamzadebulma gobronma Tavi-

sive sisxliT Sublze gamoisaxa jvari. wmida gobronis

mier Sesrulebuli rituali, Cveni azriT, swored sxva saaz-

rovno sistemis gadmonaSTia.

qarTvelTa winaqristianuli xanis zne-CveulebebSi im

drois adamianTa azrovnebasa da ritualur qmedebaSi sisx-

ls rom gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava, yovelive amas mow-

mobs miTo-religiuri saxis cnobebi da sxva werilobiTi

Tu arqeologiuri saxis masalebi.

uZvelesi qarTuli miTologiuri poema ,,amirani~_s

erTi monakveTis mixedviT, rodesac amirani da misi Zmebi

gardacvlili camcumis saflavze daklaven saklavs da

sisxlad dawritaven, raTa gaciebul cxedars (Cveni azriT,

ufro gardacvlilis suls) Zala Semateboda. am cnobis

mixedviT, sisxli gvevlineba saiqio cxovrebaSi myof ada-

mianTaTvis Zalis mimcemad.6

qarTul eposSic mniSvnelovania sisxlis daniSnule-

ba. am SemTxvevaSi magaliTisTvis gamodgeba RvTisSvil

,,iaÃsaris” mier devebTan brZolis amsaxveli suraTi.

kerZod, rodesac iaxsari gamoudgeba gaqceul devs, es

ukanaskneli, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, Cadis abudelauris

5 wamebaÁ wmidisa mowamisa gobronisi, romeli ganiyvanes yvelis

cixiT._ Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi.

wigni I (V-X ss). ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqto-

robiT. Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 82.

6 amirani. miTologiuri poema. Semdgeneli S. nucubiZe. Tbilisi,

1945, gv. 35.

167

tbaSi, sadac Tan iaxsaric Cahyveba da moklavs. mokluli

devis sisxli tbas gadaefareba, ris gamoc iaxsari veRar

amova, manam es sisxli ar moscildeba tbis zedapirs. amis

gamo iaxsaris erTguli ymebi abudelauris tbasTan dak-

laven oTxrqa-oTxyura cxvars, romlis sisxlsac CaRvri-

an tbaSi, ris Sedegadac tbis zedapirs mocildeba devis

sisxli da iaxsarsac miecema tbidan amosvlis saSuale-

ba.7 am cnobis mixedviT, sisxliT Seqmnil winaaRmdegobas

kvlav sisxliT Zleven.

zogi uZvelesi qarTuli xalxuri Tqmulebis mixedviT,

magiuria ara mxolod cxovelis, aramed adamianis sisxlic,

romelsac sazogadoeba mniSvnelovani sakiTxis mosagvare-

blad iyenebs.

am saxis cnoba daucavs TianeTis daarsebis legendas.

dRevandeli TianeTis adgili wyliT yofila dafaruli,

ris gamoc mis garSemo mcxovrebi mosaxleoba miwis sim-

ciriT Sewuxebuli yofila. erTxel erT mRvdels deveb-

is laparakisTvis yuri moukravs. romlis mixedviTac, iqve

mcxovreb da-Zma TinaTins da iorams Tu xalxi daxocavda

da maT sisxls tbaSi gaurevda, maSin am wyals gza miec-

emoda da adgilic ganTavisufldeboda. mosaxleobac ase

moqceula da adgilic ganTavisuflebula wylisgan.8

adamianis msxverplad Sewirvis cnoba daucavs ,,mo-

qceva qarTlisaÁ~-s: ,,da SeWamnes Svilni maTni msxuerp-

lad kerpTaTÂs saZagelTa, da ubraloÁ igi eri queyanisaÁ

mis. da romelni SvilTa maTTa viTarca Tivasa Tibdes,

mamani Cuenni, raÁTa saTno eyvnes kerpTa da ufroÁs xolo

orTa maT mTaTa, armazisa da zadenisa, romelTa qvanica

7 T. oCiauriT. oCiauri. miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTSi. Tbilisi, 1967, gv. 148.

8 mRvdeli i. koSoriZei. koSoriZe. werilebi TioneTis mazridam. _ Jurnali

`mwyemsi~, 1885, #14, gv. 8.

168

maTni daulTvan (!) sisxliTa CCÂlTaÁTa, da Rirsca arian

mTani igi aspolvad cecxliTa.~9

,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s am cnobiT, marTalia, uSualod

sisxlis Sesaxeb bevri araferia naTqvami, magram sisxlis

adgils am warmarTul ritualSi, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelova-

ni yuradReba eqneboda daTmobili. amas gvafiqrebinebs Sem-

degi saxis cnobebi: ,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s erT monakveT-

Sic aRniSnulia, rom: ,,xolo amas queyanasa qarTlisasa

iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda orni kerpni, armaz da zeden,

romelni iynosdes sulmyralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pi-

rmSoÁsasa, armaz da zaden, da Sesawiravad uCndes mSobelTa

maTTa msxuerplad... xolo iyvnes kerpni sxuanica samefoni:

gaci da ga. da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi sefewuli cecxliTa

dawuvad da mtueri gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~.10 am cno-

bis mixedviT, samefo gvaris warmomadgeneli msxverplad

dawvis formiT Seiwireboda.

g. yifianis mier kolxeTisa da iberiis warmarTuli taZ-

rebis Seswavlis Sedegad, zog warmarTul taZarSi mignebu-

lia safexurebiani samsxverplo sakurTxeveli, romelsac

datanebuli hqonia Rarebi, iqidan miedineboda samsxverplo

cxovelis sisxli da aqve xdeboda msxverplis dawvac.11

g. yifianis kvlevaze dayrdnobiT, Cven gamovTqvavT va-

rauds, rom radganac zogi warmarTuli taZris samsxver-

ploze specialurad iyo gakeTebuli Rarebi sisxlisTvis,

xolo Semdeg ki msxverpls wvavdnen, albaT, ,,moqcevaÁ

qarTlisaÁ~-s TxzulebaSi arsebul warmarTul RvTae-

9,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~._ Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli liter-

aturis Zeglebi. wigni I (V-Xss). ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelo-

biTa da redaqtorobiT. Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 158.

10 ,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~._ Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli liter-

aturis Zeglebi. wigni I (V-Xss). ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelo-

biTa da redaqtorobiT. Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 125-126.

11 g. yifianig. yifiani. kolxeTisa da iberiis taZrebi da qarTuli qristian-

uli xuroTmoZRvrebis warmoSobis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 20.

169

baTa _ gacis da gais pativsacemad Sewirul adamian-

Ta dawvasTan da damwvari sxeulis ferflis ritualur

daniSnulebasTan erTad, mniSvnelovani adgili sisxlsac

eqneboda daTmobili.

winaqristianul droSi sisxlis sakulto mniS-

vnelobaze metyvelebs Cven dromde moRweuli warmar-

Tuli niSnis mqone xalxuri yofis ritualebi, sadac

sisxlis mniSvnelobas gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs mi-

kuTvnebuli. magaliTad, roca svaneTSi gvalva iyo da

avdars saWiroebdnen, amis gamo loculobdnen, magram,

rodesac locva_vedreba ver sWrida, svanebi eklesias

uwminduri (saxedris, joris, cxenis) cxovelis sisxliT

bilwavdnen, ris Sedegadac wvima modiodao.12

garda svaneTisa, amindis Sesacvlelad sisxliani msx-

verplis Sewirvis ritualebi dadasturebulia saqarTve-

los sxvadasxva mxareSic.13

sisxlis adgili gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans saxalxo

xatobebSi arsebul ganwmedis ritualebSi, romelic xevis-

berebis mier sruldeba.

fSavSi arsebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, xatSi daklu-

li saqonlis sisxli TiTqos xats siamovnebda. xatobaSi

saqonlis sisxliT apkurebdnen saxato avejeulobas. aq ar-

sebuli xevisberi sisxls moicxebda xelebsa da Sublze,

riTac mimarTavda xel-mxaris ganaTvlas.14

RvTisSvil iaxsaris xatis saberoSi sisxlis gamoyen-

ebiT mimarTavdnen iq arsebuli Svidi qvis skamis ganaTv-

12 a. daviTiania. daviTiani. RmerTebi svanTa rwmeniT. rveuli #2, gv. 53. _ iv.

javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi.

ali daviTianis piradi saarqivo fondi.

13 n. vaCnaZen. vaCnaZe. saazrovno sistema da qarTuli sazogadoebis zneo-

brivi ideali V-Xss. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 62.

14 vaJa fSavelavaJa fSavela. laSaris jvaris dReoba anu laSaroba. Txzule-

bani. t. IX. Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 238.

170

las, romelic ase sruldeboda: saklavis sisxls Caayen-

ebdnen sasisxliaSi da moasxurebdnen skamebs. mTielTa

miTologiis mixedviT, TviTon RvTiSvilebic mimarTavdnen

sisxliT ganaTvlis rituals.15

liqokis xeobaSi (xevsureTi) roca ymawvils jvars

(xatSi) aabarebdnen, daklavdnen saklavs da misi sisxliT

am ymawvils xelebze, gulze da Sublze ukeTebdnen jvars.16

xevsurTa xatobebSi xevisberisgan dakluli saklavis

sisxlisgan TviT cxovelis mepatronec mimarTavda gan-

wmedis rituals, igi sisxliT daibanda xelebs, Semdeg ki

xucesi Sublze scxebda sisxls jvaris saxed. darCenil

sisxls xucesi SeaRvrida xatis kedlebs.17

Tu xatoba ramdenime dRe grZeldeboda, saklavis me-

patrones piri ar unda daebana, ,,rom sisxli ar gascloda

Sublidan da jvari ar Sereuliyo. am jvariT mas ufleba

hqonda, yovel diliT misuliyo jvarSi, daelia da eWama.

Tu Sublze sisxlis jvari ar eqneboda, ise jvarSi misvla

akrZaluli iyo~.18

jvarSi saklavis dakvlis dros xevisbers Sublze

sisxlisgan gamosaxuli jvari mas ufro awmidavebda da

xalxic ufro meti pativiT uyurebda.19

sisxlis, rogorc ganmwmed saSualebas mosaxleoba mima-

15 i. qeSikaSvilii. qeSikaSvili. RmerTebi. miTebi. ritualebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv.

121-122.

16 g. qobuloelig. qobuloeli. 1943 wels Cawerili masalebi ukanafxoSi. rveuli

#1, gv. 24. _ iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis arqivi. giorgi qobuloelis piradi saarqivo fondi.

17 r. erisTavir. erisTavi. narkvevi _ cxovrebisaTvis naTesavTa xevsurTasa._

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, rafiel erisTavis piradi saarqivo

fondi #1074.

18 i. qeSikaSvilii. qeSikaSvili. RmerTebi. miTebi. ritualebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 129.

19 d. ciskaraulid. ciskarauli. xevsurTa zne-Cveulebani. sarwmunoeba. _ iv. ja-

vaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi,

dimitri ciskaraulis piradi saarqivo fondi.

171

rTavda maSin, rodesac ojaxi dakrZalavda micvalebuls.

ojaxi, sadac micvalebulis cxedari esvena, uwmindurad

iTvleboda. xalxis rwmeniT, amgvarad gauwmindurebul sax-

lSi angelozebi aRar dgebodnen, amitom saxlis sanaTlav-

is dakvla savaldebulod miaCndaT. saxlis sanaTlavs _

xbos an batkans _ micvalebulis damarxvidan meore _ me-

same dRes SigniT, saxlSi, klavda xatis xucesi, iqve jami an

bakani idga, romelSic sisxls agrovebdnen. Semdeg Wvavis

Calis koniT sisxls mTels saxlSi moapkurebdnen, saxlis

axlomaxlo gzebzedac asxurebdnen, saxlis patrons daam-

wyalobebdnen, usurvebdnen, rom cudi aRaraferi SemTxvevo-

da. amis Semdeg saxls uwmindureba moSordeboda.20

xevsureTSi sisxliT ojaxis, saxlis ganwmedis ritu-

als mimarTavdnen, rodesac ojaxSi naboslari anu axlad

namSobiarevi qali (uwmindurad iTvleboda ganwmedamde)

dabrundeboda. am SemTxvevaSi saWiro iyo ojaxis ganwmeda,

raTa uwminduroba moSoreboda. am ritualsac xatis xuc-

esi asrulebda. igi midioda uwmindur ojaxSi, daklavda

winaswar gamzadebul cxvars an xbos, sisxls jamSi moag-

rovebda da asxurebda saxlis kedlebs da boZebs. am ritu-

aliT saxli gainaTleboda da kvlav wmindad iTvleboda.21

T. gvimraZis mier kaxeTSi, yvarlis raionis sofel ax-

alsofelSi Cawerili eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT,

sisxli mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda yanis momkis drosac,

am procesis (yanis momkis) dawyebamde muSebi SeWamdnen

gamomcxvar kverebs, ris Semdegac iqve mindorSi cxvars dak-

lavdnen, romlis sisxlsac yanaSi moasxamdnen.22

20 d. giorgaZed. giorgaZe. dakrZalvisa da glovis wesebi saqarTveloSi (TuS-

fSav-xevsureTis eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT). Tbilisi, 1987,

gv. 23.

21 n. urbnelin. urbneli. eTnografiuli werilebi. _ gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1886, #269,

gv. 1.

22 T. gvimraZeT. gvimraZe. sameurneo-religiuri dResaswaulebi kaxeTSi.

Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 36.

172

xevsureTSi adamianis sisxls saintereso datvirTva gaaC-

nda kacis Tavze ficis dadebis dros. es wesi ki sruldeboda

maSin, rodesac adamians brals sdebdnen kacis mkvlelobaSi,

is ki Tavis gamarTlebas cdilobda. Tavis marTlebis da

simarTlis garkvevis gamo braldebuli garkveuli raodeno-

bis adamianTa TandaswrebiT midioda gardacvlilis safla-

vze, sadac amoTxridnen ormos, braldebuli Cadgamda ormoSi

fexs da ekliT yuridan sisxls gamoidenda, romelic daewveT-

eboda micvalebulis saflavs.23

al. robaqiZe ar gamoricxavs, monadirisgan pirvelad

mokluli nadiris sisxlis Sublze wacxebaSi Candes

monadiris ziarebis uZvelesi wes-Cveulebis gadmonaSTi.24

wmida msxverplis sisxliT wminda jvris gamowera

didxans cocxlobda mwignobrul tradiciaSi. X saukunis

pirveli meoTxedis ZeglSi (`martÂlobaÁ gobronisi~) max-

vilis orgzis cemiT msubuqad daWrilma wmida gobronma

,,...gamoiZro Ãeli... krulebisa misgan da sisxli igi TÂsi

gamoiwera juaris saxed Sublsa TÂssa...~ aq, ra Tqma unda,

wmidani gaigivebulia wmida msxuerplTan, xolo wmida sisx-

liT jvris gamosaxva im Soreuli xanebis ritualia, sul

ukanasknel dromde rom SemorCa qarTul sinamdviles.25

sisxlis motivis warmarTuli plasti Tavs iCens

,,martÂlobaÁ daviTisi da tiriWanisi~-s erT pasaJSi, sa-

dac Tavis Zmisgan Svilebdaxocili deda dis Svilebis

mkvlel, borotebis gamo dabrmavebul Zmas Tvalebze scx-

ebs ukve wmidanad Seracxil daviTis sisxliT Sesvarul

miwas, ris Sedegadac Tevdoss aRudgeba TvalSi mxed-

veloba: ,,da moiRo miwaÁ igi, romeli Sesuarul iyo sisx-

23 r. xaraZer. xaraZe. xevsuruli rjuli. _ analebi I. 1947, gv. 188-189.

24 al. robaqiZeal. robaqiZe. raWaSi mivlinebis angariSi. _ enimkis moambe. t. XI.



brivi ideali V _ X ss. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 61.

173

liTa miT daviTisiTa, da hscxo TualTa misTa da myis

aRixilna Tualni misni~.26

am pasaJis mixedviT, moxda uwminduri adamianis ganwmen-

da, codvaTagan gaTavisufleba, xilvadakarguli kacisTvis

xilvis unaris dabruneba swored sisxliT ,,Sesuaruli~

miwiT. am qmedebiT sisxlma ganwmida uwminduri (warmarTi)

Tevdosi, raSic Cveni winaprebis uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgen-

ebis anarekli Cans.27

sisxlis warmarTuli niSniT arsebobas, rogorc hagi-

ografiul mwerlobaSi, aseve dRevandel xalxur qris-

tianobaSi, mkvlevar naTela vaCnaZis kvlevis mixedviT,

ganapirobebs Semdegi garemoeba: ,,adamianis, viTarca msx-

verplis, sisxliT ganwmenda an ganaTvla aris ZvelTaZveli

rituali, romelic qristianulma eklesiam akrZala, magram

ver aRmofxvra, mxolod saxe ucvala adamianis msxverplad

Sewirva aikrZala da mTeli am ritualidan darCa msxver-

plad Sewiruli cxovelis sisxlis cxeba Sublze an sx-

vagan, jvris an sxva niSnis gakeTeba. ai, naTeli magaliTi

imisa, rogor konstruirdeba Zveli axalSi, rogor Caeqsove-

ba Zveli rituali axal rwmenas da ganagrZobs arsebobas

cocxal sinamdvileSi~.28

26 wmidaTa yrmaTa orTa ZmaTa daviTisi da tiriWanisi sakiTxavi._

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi.


brivi ideali V-X ss. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 62.28 n. vaCnaZen. vaCnaZe. saazrovno sistema da qarTuli sazogadoebis zneo-

brivi ideali V-X ss. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 61-62.

174

daviT malazoniadaviT malazonia _ ilias saxelmwifo universitetis

profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori

Tamar fxalaZeTamar fxalaZe _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida


qarTuli universiteti,

istoriis doqtori

interkulturuli ganaTleba, interkulturuli ganaTleba,

urTierTobebi da kvlevebi saqarTveloSi. urTierTobebi da kvlevebi saqarTveloSi.

situaciuri analizisituaciuri analizi

saqarTvelo mravalerovani saxelmwifoa. aq qarTve-

lebis gverdiT saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen afx-

azebi, osebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, azerbaijanlebi, berZnebi,

qurTebi, rusebi da sxva erovnebis xalxi.

saqarTvelosTvis ucxo iyo religiuri da erovnuli

konfliqtebi, gansxvavebuli kulturisadmi antagonisturi

damokidebuleba. cnobilia isic, rom saqarTveloSi, sadac

mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen ebraelebi, ad-

gili ar hqonia antisemitizs. niSandoblivia frangi mog-

zauris Jan Sardenis (XVII-XVIII ss.) sityvebi: „saqarTvelo-

Si ufleba gaqvs icxovro Seni sarwmunoebiT da adaTebiT,

imsjelo masze da daicva Tavi“. muslimebis mimarT qarTu-

li saxelmwifos Semwynarebluri damokidebulebis Sesaxeb

XII saukunis arabi istorikosi al fariki werda: „me vnaxe

pativiscema muslimebisa, rac maT baRdadSic ar eqnebodaT“.

Cveni qveynis istoria gansxvavebuli religiis, kul-

turis, enis, yofisa da tradiciebis mqone xalxTa mSvido-

biani Tanaarsebobis araerT gasaTvaliswinebel magaliTs

iZleva. yovelive es mxolod maT mSvidobian Tanacxovre-

175

baSi rodi vlindeboda, aramed araqarTveli mosaxleobis

mxridan sakuTari wvlilis Setanasac gulisxmobda qar-

Tuli kulturisa da saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis

procesSi.

saqarTveloSi erTaSorisi urTierTobebis tradicia

radikalurad icvleba XIX saukunidan. ruseTis imperia

dapyrobili xalxebis, maT Soris qarTvelebis, asimilaciis/

rusifikaciis gzas daadga. rusifikaciis ganxorcielebis

mizniT xelisufleba meTodurad spobda erovnuli kul-

turis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs da, meore mxriv, mima-

rTavda erTa Soris konfliqtebis gaRvivebis nacad poli-

tikas. imperiis mesveurebi dainteresebulni rodi iyvnen

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnosebs Soris tolerantuli da-

mokidebulebis gaRrmavebiT. piriqiT, xalxTa Soris siZul-

vilis CamogdebiT, dapyrobili erebis daqsaqsviTa da maT

Soris konfliqtebis gamowveviT cdilobdnen, Seesustebi-

naT erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis fronti.

sabWoTa memkvidreobam kidev seriozul problemad

aqcia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikur da reli-

giur jgufebebs Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba da samo-

qalaqo integracia. maT Soris interkulturuli urTier-

Tobebis gaRrmavebas abrkolebs erTmaneTis kulturuli

memkvidreobisa da erovnuli tradiciebis arcodna. yove-

live es xels uwyobs saqarTvelos mravalerovan mosax-

leobaSi eTnikuri, religiuri da kulturuli stereoti-

pebis damkvidrebas, urTierT gaucxoebas, Caketilobas.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wleb-

Si (1990-iani wlebi) ruseTis mier inspirirebulma eTnokon-

fliqtebma arasaxarbielo gavlena iqonia erTaSoris urTi-

erTobebze. saqarTvelo datova araqarTveli mosaxleobis

nawilma. erovnuli umciresobebis mdgomareobis gauarese-

ba erTgvarad aisaxa ganaTlebis sistemazec _ ixureboda

araqarTulenovani skolebi. saqarTvelos xelisufleba

176

cdilobda mdgomareobis gamosworebas. muSaoba daiwyo sax-

elmwifo enis swavlebis programebze, rac araqarTulenova-

ni mosaxleobis samoqalaqo integraciis erTgvari safuZve-

li unda gamxdariyo. Tumca interkulturuli ganaTlebisa

da urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT gaweul fragmen-

tul muSaobas seriozuli Sedegi ar mohyolia. aRniSnulis

mniSvnelobas aZlierebs is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi dRe-

isaTvis 234 araqarTulenovani skola (sajaro skolebis

saerTo raodenobis 11%) da 404 araqarTulenovani seqtori

funqcionirebs. saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 72 aTasi eTni-

kurad araqarTveli moswavlea. rac Seexeba araqarTuleno-

vani skolebis pedagogTa raodenobas, isini saqarTveloSi

momuSave sajaro skolis maswavlebelTa saerTo raodeno-

bis (sul 68779 pedagogi) 9,5%-s (6541 pedagogs) Seadgens.1

2005 wlidan interkulturuli ganaTlebis politi-

ka ufro Tanmimdevruli gaxda. samoqalaqo integraciis

xelSewyobis mizniT Seiqmna Sesabamisi programebi, gaiz-

arda maTi ganxorielebisaTvis gamiznuli xarjebic, ma-

gram gatarebulma RonisZiebebma verc amjerad gamoiRo

mdgradi Sedegebi.

bolo aTwleulebSi globalizaciisa da teqnologi-

uri ganviTarebis procesma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

SesZina kulturaTaSoris komunikaciasTan dakavSrebuli

problemebis gamovlenas da maTi aRmofxvris efeqturi

strategiebis SemuSaveba-danergvas. arsebuli viTare-

bis gaumjobeseba ki aucileblad moiTxovs interkul-

turuli ganaTlebis sakiTxebze aqcentirebas. momaval

Taobebs sWirdebaT garkveuli codnis, unarebisa da da-

mokidebulebebis gamomuSaveba imisaTvis, rom globaluri

samyaros warmatebuli wevrebi gaxdnen sakuTar qveyana-

Sic da sxvaganac. es maT efeqturi interaqciis saSuale-

1 S. tabataZe, n. nacvliSviliS. tabataZe, n. nacvliSvili. interkulturuli ganaTleba. Tbili-

si, 2008. gv. 25-31.

177

bas miscemT im jgufebSi muSaobisas, romlis wevrebi sx-

vadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian. am praqtikul

moTxovnilebebs xeli Seuwyo sazogadoebrivi Semecnebis

cvlilebamac _ msoflio kulturebis mravalferovnebis

absolutur faseulobad aRiarebam, tradiciuli kul-

turebis umravlesobis arsebobis mowyvladobam da maTi

gaqrobis safrTxem ganapiroba msoflio xalxebis in-

teresi erTmaneTis kulturis mimarT. imis aRiareba, rom

sxvadasxva kulturis individebs gansxvavebuli nor-

mebi, gamocdileba da molodinebi aqvT, mniSvnelovania

globaluri sazogadoebis SeqmnisaTvis.

aRsaniSnavia problemis aqtualobis kidev erTi, qar-

Tuli realobisTvis metad mniSvnelovani mxare. kerZod,

saqarTvelo, rogorc postsabWoTa saxelmwifo, totali-

tarizmidan demokratiaze gardamaval etapze imyofeba.

qveyana Ria, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnas cdilobs.

adamianis Tavisufali ganviTarebis Tanamedrove kon-

cefcia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis axali principebi da

Rirebulebebi, sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis prioritetebi

wina planze tolerantuli garemos Seqmnis uzrunvely-

ofis moTxovnas ayenebs. amitom mniSvnelovania erovnuli

umciresobebis adgilisa da rolis gansazRvra qveynis

politikur, socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. samo-

qalaqo integraciis Semaferxebel erT-erT faqtors

saqarTvelos kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis codnis, pa-

tiviscemisa da komunikaciis deficiti warmoadgens.

saqarTvelosTvis interkulturuli ganaTlebisa da

samoqalaqo integraciis TvalsazrisiT ramdenime problema

iCens Tavs. maTgan erT-erTia araqarTveli axalgazrdebis

soliduri nawilis mier umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba qvey-

nis sazRvrebs gareT (ZiriTadad somxeTsa da azerbaija-

nSi). ukanasknel wlebSi ikveTeba sapirispiro tendenciac,

Tumca aRniSnuli problema jer kidev seriozulad dgas

178

qveynis winaSe. 2008 wels umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad

erovnul gamocdebze daregistrirda azerbaijanulenovani

250 abiturienti da somxurenovani 113 abiturienti.2 2011 wl-

isTvis azerbaijanulenovan abiturientTa raodenoba 335-

mde (34%-iT), xolo somxurenovan abiturientTa raodenoba

253-mde (124%-iT) gaizarda.

dRemde arsebiT problemad rCeba sxvadasxva eT-

no-kulturuli identobis mqone moqalaqeTa, aseve

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb devnilTa (afxazeTidan da

samxreT oseTidan), ltolvilTa (CrdlioT kavkasiidan,

CeCneTidan) da repatriantTa (e. w. „Turqi mesxebi“) ukon-

fliqto Tanacxovreba, ekonomikuri da socialuri inte-

gracia, mobiloba da sxva. amasTan, adgili aqvs dapirisp-

irebas eTnikur da religiur niadagze. aseTi faqtebi

periodulad fiqsirdeba saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvel-

isa da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. in-

terkulturul ganaTlebis arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba,

Sesabamis urTierTobaTa deficiti mniSvnelovnad abrko-

lebs samoqalaqo integraciis da, zogadad, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis formirebis process. araqarTveli mosax-

leobisaTvis ki, yovelive es (gansakuTrebiT, saxelmwifo

enis ucodinroba) obieqtur bariers qmnis samoqalaqo

aqtivobaTa srulfasovnad ganxorcielebisTvis; xels

uSlis maTSi moqalaqeobrivi identobis gansazRvras.

interkulturuli ganaTlebis kvlevis sferoSi ukve

miRweuli Sedegebis mniSvnelobis aRiarebis paralelurad

aTenis deklaracia (2003 w.) evropis sabWos winaSe aqtu-

alur moTxovnad ayenebs interkulturuli ganaTlebis

sferoSi kvlevebis ganaxlebas. kerZod, deklaraciaSi naTq-

vamia: „a) xelaxla daiwyos interkulturuli ganaTlebis

2 erovnuli umciresobis samoqalaqo integraciis Sefaseba. Tbili-

si, 2010. gv. 57-72.

179

sferoSi konceptualuri kvleva;... g) gaataros RonisZie-

bebi swavlebis meTodebisa da saswavlo saSualebebis

sferoSi;... v) daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs ganaTlebis

politikaSi interkulturuli elementis SetanaSi; i) Sei-

muSavos xarisxis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi demokrati-

uli da interkulturuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT;...

r) daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs imis gacnobierebaSi, rom

kulturul, eTnikur Tu religiur mravalferovnebasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvareba mxolod skolebi-

sTvis ki ar aris saWirboroto sakiTxi, aramed mTlianad

sazogadoebisTvis“.

aTenis deklaraciiT mecnieruli kvlevis sagnad aRi-

arebuli bevri problema saqarTvelosTvisac aqtualuria.

maT gadaWraze didwiladaa damokidebuli samoqalaqo in-

tegraciis da sazogadoebis mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis/gan-

viTarebis perspeqtiva.

interkulturuli ganaTleba warmoadgens Taname-

drove samecniero kvlevis erT-erT aqtualur mima-

rTulebas, romlis ZiriTadi mizani is aris, rom Seiqmnas

ganaTlebis miRebis Tanabari SesaZlebleblobebi sxva-

dasxva eTnikuri, socialuri da kulturuli jgufebisaT-

vis. misi mizania, daexmaros moswavleebs, miiRon ganaTleba,

gamocdileba, rac aucilebelia maTi efeqtiani funqcion-

irebisaTvis demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. amasTanave,

moswavles SeeZlos urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba adami-

anTa sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebTan da amiT xeli Seu-

wyos iseTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic

mimarTuli iqneba mTlianad qveynis keTildReobisaken.

cnobili mkvlevari benksi gamoyofs interkulturuli

ganaTlebis xuT ganzomilebas. esenia: integraciis Sinaarsi,

codnis konstruirebis procesi, winaswari cruwarmodgen-

ebis Semcireba, samarTliani (miukerZoebeli) pedagogika da

180

skolis kulturisa da socialuri struqturis uflebamo-

sileba (simtkice).3

integraciis Sinaarsi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad farTod

iyenebs maswavlebeli saTando magaliTebs da sakvanZo sak-

iTxebs sxvadasxva kulturebisa da jgufebis cxovrebidan

(istoriidan), raTa moaxdinos ZiriTadi koncefciebis il-

ustrireba, generalizacia da TavianT sagnebsa Tu disci-

plinebSi problemebis warmoCena.

swavlebis konstruirebis procesi gviCvenebs, rogor

exmareba maswavlebeli moswavleebs gaigon, gamoikvlion da

gansazRvron, Tu ra gavlenas axdens SexedulebaTa formebi

codnis Seqmnaze, agebaze (konstruirebaze). cru winaswar-

ganwyobis SemcirebiT maswavleblebi aviTareben dadebi-

Ti damokidebulebebs sxvadasxva rasis, eTnikuri, religi-

uri da kulturuli jgufis mimarT. mowinave kvleviTma

gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom bavSvi skolaSi midis ukve ar-

sebuli bevri uaryofiTi da damaxinjebuli (mcdari) war-

modgeniT sxvadasxva identobebis mimarT da, agreTve is, rom

gansxvavebul jgufebze informaciis Semcveli saswavlo

masalis efeqturad gamoyeneba exmareba moswavles, maTdami

ganaviTaros ufro dadebiTi damokidebuleba (benksi).4

codnis konstruirebis procesTan bunebrivad aris

dakavSirebuli ukve arsebuli codnisa da warmodgenebis

(Sexedulebebis) transformacia. transformaciuli midgo-

ma exmareba moswavleebs, gaigon codnis agebis principi da,

agreTve, rogor asaxavs codna gamocdilebas, Rirebulebebs

da maTi Semqmnelebis Sexedulebebs. am midgomisas swavlebis

struqtura, Sinaarsi da kurikulumis perspeqtivebi ise aris

Secvlili, rom sagnebi, calkeuli sakiTxebi da problemebi

3 Banks, J. A. Multicultural Education: Historical Development, Dimensions, and Practice. Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education. 1995, pp. 3-24.4 Banks, J. A. Multicultural Education: Characteristics and Goals. Multicul-tural Education: Issues and Perspectives. 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997, pp. 3-31.

181

iswavleba sxvadasxva eTnikuri da religiuri jgufis xed-

vidan da gamocdilebidan. am SemTxvevaSi kurikulumis cen-

traluri nawili aRar aris fokusirebuli ZiriTad, domi-

nantur jgufze, aramed aqcentirebulia im movlenebze da

problemebze, romelTa Sefaseba xdeba sxvadasxva kuTxiT.

amasTan erTad, moswavleebi unda Cawvdnen ZiriTad erovnul

memkvidreobebsa da tradiciebs. maswavleblebi unda daex-

maron moswavleebs, gaigon, rom mravalferovan sazogadoe-

baSi yvela moqalaqe iziarebs bevr kulturul tradicias,

Rirebulebebs da politikur ideebs, rac stabilurs xdis da

aviTarebs sazogadoebas. interkulturuli ganaTleba miznad

isaxavs, Seqmnas sazogadoeba, romelic cnobs da pativs scems

sxva xalxis kulturas, gaerTianebuls erTiani demokratiu-

li Rirebulebebis CarCoSi, romelsac yvela iziarebs.

miukerZoebeli pedagogika gvaqvs maSin, rodesac maswav-

lebeli sxvadasxva eTnikuri, kulturuli da socialuri

jgufebis moswavleTa akademiuri miRwevebis gaumjobesebis

mizniT cvlis swavlebis meTodebs, sul ufro metad iyen-

ebs swavlebis kooperatiul da ara konkurentul strat-

egiebs. kooperatiuli swavlebis aqtivobebi aseve exmareba

moswavleebs, ganaviTaron ufro dadebiTi damokidebule-

bebi mravalferovnebis mimarT. Tumca am dadebiTi Sede-

gebis misaRebad kooperatiuli swavlebis aqtivobebs unda

hqondes ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli. kerZod,

moswavleebi sxvadasxva rasobrivi, eTnikuri an religiuri

jgufebidan unda grZnobdnen, rom maT aqvT Tanabari sta-

tusi jgufSi da sagakveTilo aqtivobebSi, maswavleblebi

da administracia unda afasebdes da mxars uWerdes eTni-

kur urTierTobebs. magaliTad, sxvadasxva eTnikuri war-

momavlobis moswavleebma unda imuSaon integrirebulad

(gundurad), raTa miaRwion saerTo mizans (benneti).5

5 Bennett, M. Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercul-tural sensitivity. In M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience. 1993, pp. 21-71.

182

uflebamosili (mtkice) saskolo kultura da social-

uri struqtura iqmneba maSin, rodesac sxvadasxva reli-

giuri, rasobrivi an eTnikuri wamomavlobis moswavleebs

saSualeba aqvT, ganicadon Tanabaruflebianoba da Tana-

bari statusi. am ganzomilebis danegva saWiroebs saskolo

garemos kompleqsur reformirebas, aq Sedis urTierToba,

Sexedulebebi da maswavlebelTa da administraciis moq-

medeba, kurikulumi da swavlebis Sinaarsi, Sefasebis pro-

cedurebi, pedagogiuri urTierTobis stili da swavlebis

strategiebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom interkulturuli ganaTlebis

xuTive ganzomileba erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli, Ti-

Toeuls sWirdeba gansazRvruli yuradReba da fokusire-

ba. imisaTvis, rom efeqturad dainergos interkulturuli

ganaTleba, maswavleblebi da skolis administracia unda

flobdnen da praqtikaSi iyenebdnen zemoT CamoTvlili

interkulturuli ganaTlebis xuTive ganzomilebidan Ti-

Toeuls.

interkulturuli ganaTlebis mniSvelovani mizania,

daexmaros moswavleebs miiRon ganaTleba da ganuviTaros

saWiro kompetenciebi, raTa maT SeZlon Sesabamisi gadawy-

vetilebebis miReba da piradi, socialuri da moqalaqe-

obrivi qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. am miznebis realizeba

saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, ganaviTaron pirovnuli da

moqalaqeobrivi aqtiuroba, CamouyalibdeT rwmena, rom maTi

qmedebebi ukeTesobisaken Secvlian im garemos, romelSic

cxovroben da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania - warmatebiT

gamoiyenon is codna da unarebi, romlebic skolaSi miiRes.

saswavlo qmedebebi da proeqtebi mimarTuli unda iyos

moswavleebis SemecnebiTi da moraluri ganviTarebisken.

aseve gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos maTi praqtikuloba

da ganxorcielebadoba. dawyebiT klasebSi moswavleebis

CarTuloba SeiZleba gamoixatos eTnikur xumrobebze si-

183

cilis SewyvetiT. saSualo klasebSi eTnikuri, rasobrivi

da kulturuli jgufebis Sesaxeb wignebis kiTxviT. maRal

klasebSi moswavleebi SeiZleba daumegobrdnen sxva rasis,

religiis da eTnikuri jgufis wevrebs, raTa monawileoba

miiRon erTian saswavlo aqtivobebSi da kvleviT proeqteb-

Si.6 saboloo jamSi, rodesac moswavleebi mravalferova-

ni jgufis gadmosaxedidan swavloben erebis da samyaros

Sesaxeb, isini ukeT erTvebian pirovnul, socialur da mo-

qalaqeobriv aqtivobebSi.

interkulturuli ganaTleba umniSvnelovanesi

faqtoria imisaTvis, rom Seamciros rasobrivi, eTni-

kuri, religiuri da socialuri dayofa, daexmaros yvela

moswavles, miiRos codna, gaaumjobesos qcevebi, unarebi,

rasac isini saWiroeben raTa gaxdnen demokratiuli sa-

zogadoebis aqtiuri moqalaqeebi da monawileoba miiRon

qveynis socialur cvlilebebSi. amasTanave, aucilebelia,

rom maswavleblebma Seiswavlon Tu rogor unda aRiaron,

daicvan da CarTon moswavleTa piradi unarebi swavleb-

is maTeul meTodikaSi. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaum-

jobesdeba skolis miRwevebi.7

Cven zemoT ganvixileT ZiriTadi debulebebi, romlebic

gvacnoben interkulturuli ganaTlebis miznebsa da amo-

canebs. isini Tvisebrivad ukavSirdebian saqarTvelos

winaSe mdgar problems. amave dros, maTi identificirebisa

da gadaWrisaTvis saWiroa gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes qar-

Tuli specifika, rac, Cveni azriT, SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

a) interkulturuli urTierTobebis dabali xarisxi,

6 C. Birzea. Intercultural Education - a Priority of Education Policies from the document Learning Democracy. Education Policies within the Council of Eu-rope; Cumming-McCann A.(2003). Multicultural education. Connecting Theo-ry to Practice. Focus on Basics, NCSALL, pp. 31-35.7 G. Gay. A Synthesis of Scholarship in Multicultural Education. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, NCREL, 1994, pp. 45-53.

184

gansxvevuli identobis mqone jgufTa Caketiloba, araqarTve-

li mosaxleobis soliduri nawilis mier saxelmwifo enis

arcodna;

b) interkulturuli ganaTlebis tradiciis ar arse-

boba. Sesabamisad, jer kidev araefeqturia saswavlo gare-

mo, damuSavebuli ar aris saTanado pedagogiuri midgomebi,

saxelmZRvaneloebSi mwiri masalaa saqarTvelos eTnikuri,

religiuri da kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb da

rac warmodgenilia, isic umTavresad fragmentuli da

deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa; sawyis etapzea maswavlebelTa

gadamzadebis procesic;

g) eTnikurad araqarTveli moswavleebi ZiriTadad swav-

loben maTTvis mSobliurenovan skolebSi, rac abrkolebs

maT integracias sxva warmomavlobis TanatolebTan. Cven

winaaRmdegi rodi varT araqarTulenovani skolebis ar-

sebobis, piriqiT, es faqti migvaCnia qarTuli saxelmwifos

tolerantulobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan gamoxatulebad.

aramed, vfiqrobT, amgvari eTnikuri (enobrivi) Caketilo-

bis sapirispirod araformaluri ganaTlebis doneze unda

daisaxos moswavleTa interkulturuli urTierTobebis

gaRrmavebis efeqturi strategiebi;

d) mSoblebsa da, zogadad, sazogadoebaSi sakmaod

dabalia interkulturuli ganaTleba da kompetenciebi,

rac negatiur zemoqmedebas axdens mravalferovnebisadmi

moswavleTa warmodgenebze.

mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelo aRiarebs evropis sab-

Wos mier miRebul deklaraciebsa da dokumentebs, romlebic

gansazRvraven interkulturuli ganaTlebis politikas.

maTgan gamovyofT ganaTlebis ministrTa mudmivmoqmedi

komisiis 21-e sesiis saboloo deklaracias (aTeni, 2003 w.),

aseve mniSvnelovania saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis meTaurTa

mesame samitze miRebuli samoqmedo gegma (varSava, 2005 w.)

da evropis sabWos saparlameto asambleis rekomendacia

185

religiisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (2005 w.) da sxv.

Sesabamisad, Seiqmna da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier

damtkicebulia saqarTveloSi interkulturuli ganaTleb-

is politikis gansazRvreli iseTi dokumentebi, rogoricaa:

„Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli

koncefcia da samoqmedo gegma“ (2009 w.) da ganaTlebis da

mecnierebis saministros mier SemuSavebuli „multiling-

vuri ganaTlebis strategia da samoqmedo gegma“ (2009 w.).

am gegmis farglebSi SemuSavebuli „multilingvuri ga-

naTlebis programis“ egidiT 40 araqarTulenovan skola-

Si ganxorcielda bilingvuri ganaTlebis programis pi-

lotireba.

interkulturuli ganaTlebisa da urTierTobebis

sakiTxs yuradReba eTmoba ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministros mier SemuSavebul calkeul dokumentebsa da

saswavlo gegmebSi. saqarTvelos kanonis _ „zogadi ga-

naTlebis Sesaxeb“ _ mixedviT saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs,

romelTaTvis qarTuli ena ar aris mSobliuri, ufleba

aqvT, miiRon sruli zogadi ganaTleba maT mSobliur enaze.

amave kanonis me-13 muxlis me-2 punqtSi aRniSnulia: „dauS-

vebelia sajaro skolaSi saswavlo procesis religiuri

indoqtrinaciis, prozelitizmis an iZulebiTi asimilaci-

is miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba“. imave muxlis me-6 punqtSi ki

aRniSnulia: „skola valdebulia, daicvas da xeli Seu-

wyos moswavleebs, mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs Soris Sem-

wynareblobisa da urTierTpativiscemis damkvidrebas, ga-

nurCevlad maTi socialuri, eTnikuri, religiuri, enobrivi

da msoflmxedvelobrivi kuTvnilebisa“ da a.S. sazogadoe-

brivi mecnierebebis, ucxo enisa da mSobliuri enis sas-

wavlo gegmebi iTvaliswinebs moswavlis interkulturuli

kompetenciebis ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli saswavlo gegme-

bis erT-erT ZiriTad miznad dasaxulia toleranti, ada-

mianis Rirsebebis da uflebebis mqone moqalaqis Camoya-

186

libeba. saganmanaTleblo dokumentebSi gawerili es da

sxva moTxovnebi adekvaturia saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis,

magram ZiriTad problemad kvlavac rCeba miRebuli gad-

awyvetilebebis deklaraciuli xasiaTi _ praqtikaSi misi

ganuxorcielebloba.

Aamave dros, qarTul realobaSi arsebuli problemebis

gadawyvetas arTulebs is garemoeba, rom interkulturuli

ganaTlebisa da urTierTobebis arsebuli done (probleme-

bis gamovlena da maTi gadaWris SesaZleblobebis dasaxva)

saqarTveloSi jer kidev ar gamxdara fundamenturi kv-

levis sagani. interkulturuli urTierTobebis sakiTxiT,

ZiriTadad, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi in-

teresdebian. swored maT mier ganxorcielda ramdenime

saintereso kvleva, sadac gaSuqebulia zogierTi regionis

problematika da mocemulia garkveuli rekomendaciebi

gamovlenil uaryofiT mxareTa aRmosafxvrelad.8

bolo wlebSi gamoica ramdenime saintereso litera-

tura (saxelmZRvanelo, gzamkvlevi, satreinigo masala), rom-

lebic mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs pedagogebsa da far-

To sazogadoebas, gaerkves interkulturuli ganaTlebis

arssa da problematikaSi. maTgan gamovyofT ramdenimes: mas-

wavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnuli centris

mier 2008 wels gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo _ „interkul-

turuli ganaTleba“ (avtorebi: S. tabataZe, n. nacvliSvili);

fond „Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelos“ mier gamoica meTo-

duri gzamkvlevi „kulturaTaSorisi swavleba“ (2007 w.);

aseve saintereso saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens „kultur-

aTa dialogi da samoqalaqo cnobiereba“ (S. tabataZe, 2007);

8eTnikur-konfesiuri jgufebi da samoqalaqo integraciis prob-

lemebi saqarTveloSi. azerbaijanlebi, javaxeTis somxebi da

muslimani mesxebi. Tbilisi, 2002; eTnikuri mravalferovneba da

samoqalaqo integracia saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2003; kulturaTa

dialogi da samoqalaqo cnobiereba. Tbilisi, 2010; erovnuli um-

ciresobebis samoqalaqo integraciis Sefaseba. Tbilisi, 2010.

187

„tolerantoba mravalerovan saqarTveloSi“ (n. sarjvelaZe,

n. SuSania... 2009) da sxv.

rogorc aRvniSneT, interkulturul ganaTlebasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis gamovlenasa da miTi gadaWris

gzebis mecnieruli kvleva saqarTveloSi saTanado siRrmi-

Ta da kompleqsurobiT jer ar warmoebula. rogorc wesi,

xdeboda problemis calkeul segmentze (mag., enobrivze an

eTnikurze) aqcentireba da gamovlenili procesebis sit-

uaciuri analizi. Cveni azriT, samomavlo kvlevebis mizani

unda iyos sakiTxis kompleqsuri (eTnikur, religiur, kul-

turul, socialur, saganmanaTleblo politikis, istoriul

da sxv. WrilSi) Seswavla da ara sazogadoebis mravalfer-

ovnebis warmodgena erTi konkretuli aspeqtiT.

ufro konkretulad, saWiroa gamokvleuli da SemuSave-

buli iqnes saqarTvelos mTeli sazogadoebis mraval-

ferovnebis yvela ganzomilebisa (erovnuli, enobrivi, so-

cialuri, religiuri, kulturuli) da maTi kombinaciebis

gavlena ganaTlebaze; sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo pro-

cesis gavlena mravalferovani sazogadoebis ganviTare-

baze (ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri, kulturuli

maCveneblebi, integraciis xarisxi); maswavleblebisa da

ojaxis kulturaTSorisi kompetenciebis gavlena/mimarTe-

ba interkulturuli ganaTlebis xarisxsa da moswavleTa

miRwevebze; sazogadoebis interkulturul ganaTlebasa da

urTierTobebs Soris logikuri mimarTebebi; interkul-

turuli wignierebis Tanamedrove strategiebi da moxdeba

maTi aprobacia.

Cvens mier dasaxuli mimarTulebebiT kvlevebis warmoe-

ba saSualebas mogvcems, movaxdinoT interkulturuli ur-

TierTobebis problemur mxareTa identificireba da prob-

lemaTa analizis safuZvelze gamovkveToT maTi arsebobis

winapirobebi; SeviswavloT interkulturuli ganaTlebis

deficitis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi (didaqtikuri, kul-

188

turuli, socialuri) da davadginoT am faqtorebis gavlenis

koeficientebi moswavleTa interkulturuli ganaTlebisa

da kulturuli mravalferovnebis aRqmis xarisxze; ganvsaz-

RvroT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens interkulturuli ganaTleb-

isa da sazogadoebis kulturuli mravalferovnebis aRqmis

arsebuli done gansxvavebuli identobis mqone jgufebis

samoqalaqo aqtiurobasa da integraciis procesze.

amdenad, msoflioSi arsebuli gamocdilebisa da adg-

ilobrivi viTarebis mecnieruli Seswavlis safuZvelze

aucilebelia, SemuSavdes zogadsaganmanaTleblo sko-

lebSi interkulturuli ganaTlebis efeqturi modelebi/

strategiebi da moxdes maTi aprobacia, rac xels Seuw-

yobs saqarTvelos mravaleferovan mosaxleobaSi poz-

itiuri damokidebulebebis gaRrmavebas da sakomunikacio

unar–Cevebis dauflebas. es ki, saerTo jamSi, ganapirobebs

saxelmwifoebrivad iseTi aqtualuri problemis gadaWras,

rogoricaa multikulturul garemoSi moqalaqeobrivi

identobis Camoyalibeba, integracia da samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebis mSenebloba.

189

daviT malazoniadaviT malazonia _ ilias saxelmwifo universitetis

profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori

socialur-ekonomikuri motivebi socialur-ekonomikuri motivebi

TergdaleulTa mxatvrul TergdaleulTa mxatvrul

SemoqmedebaSiSemoqmedebaSi

XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTul mxatvrul lit-

eraturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia socialur prob-

lemebs.

Tergdaleulebi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen sa-

zogadoebriv urTierTobaTa samarTlianobas. Aam moTxov-

nas ganapirobebda rogorc zneobrivi, humanuri pozicia

didi mwerlebisa, ise sazogadoebis erTianobis mniSvnelo-

bis Segneba erovnuli damoukideblobis mopovebis saqmeSi.

farTod gavrcelebuli ekonomikuri Cagvrisa da uu-

flebobis gmoba, samarTlian urTierTobaTa qadageba,

mSromelTa adamianuri Rirsebis dacva TergdaleulTa so-

cialur kredod iqca, xolo mSromelTa keTildReobis, ada-

mianis pirovnuli Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofas erovnuli

sakiTxis gadaWrisaTvis kardinaluri mniSvneloba mieniWa.

amave miznebis ganxorcielebas ukavSirebdnen isini qveynis

ganviTarebis ukeTes perspeqtivas.

Tergdaleulebi fardas xdian Cagruli Sromis sim-

Zimes, udidesi mxatvruli ZaliT gadmogvcemen yma-glex-

is gauxarel yofas. guTnisdeda, qveynis marCenali, did

gansxvavebas ver xedavs Tavis Tavsa da muSa saqonels

Soris. gansxvaveba mxolod is aris, rom glexi metyve-

lia. magram es upiratesobac tragediad qcevia cocxal

adamians _ mas ar SeuZlia, gailaSqros ukanonobis, us-

190

amarTlobis, Cagvris winaaRmdeg, mas simarTle ver uTq-

vams, rasac Sromis zedmet simZimeze kidev ufro mwvaved

ganicdis uuflebo mSromeli.1

sayuradReboa, rom aq xsenebul mSromelebs maTi uu-

fleboba da pirutyvis donemde dayvanili cxovreba im-

TaviTve gansazRvrulad da maradiulad ki ar miaCniaT, ara-

med mtruli Zalisxmevis mZime Sedegad:

`mec Senebr miwas davyureb TvaliT,

radganac zeca wamarTves ZaliT...~.

imis Segneba, rom zeca (e. i. sinaTle da adamianuri ar-

seboba) warTmeulia, is aucilebeli naperwkalia, romlisga-

nac aqtiuri socialuri protesti unda gaRvivdes.

am fonze, ra Tqma unda, scdeba vaJas guTnisdeda, romel-

ic Tavis ubadruk, gauxarel yofas bunebis (mTis) mZime

pirobebs abralebs _ TiTqos masac zurgi uqcevia muSaki-

saTvis, _ siuxves, dovlaTs, baraqas amadlis mas. mTis mkvid-

ric `risxavs~ bunebas _ sakuTari tanjvis mizezs Sec-

domiT masSi xedavs da ara socialur pirobebSi.

is, rom usamarTlo saxelmwifoSi mSromeli kaci ganwir-

ulia, rom araadamianurad mZime Sroma da mainc sulisSemx-

uTveli siRatakea misi cxovrebis Tanamgzavri da Rirseba-

sac, fexqveS uTelavs uzneo sazogadoeba... TergdaleulTa

araerT nawarmoebSia asaxuli.2

muSas TiTqos ar boWavs batonymur urTierTobaTa ar-

taxebi, magram mis xvedrs ver amsubuqebs pirovnuli Tavisu-

fleba. socialuri ukuRmarToba da ekonomikuri siduxWire

mis arsebobas uazros xdis da, `guTnisdedis~ msgavsad,

masac ukargavs adaminur saxes, yvelasagan moZulebul ar-

sebad aqcevs.

1 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 44.

2 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 62-63;

akaki wereTeliakaki wereTeli. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 162-164.

191

cxovrebis mZime pirobebze, ukuRmarTobasa da autanel

siduxWireze Civis lelT-Runiac (ilia, `mgzavris werile-

bi~). noyieri miwebis simcire da maTi usamarTlo ganawileba

did materialur siviwroves ganacdevinebda mTiel xalxs.

xelisuflebac usamarTlod eqceoda maT. sofel gerge-

Tis mkvidrT Zvelad wminda samebis taZris dacva hqondaT

dakisrebuli da amisTvis saqarTvelos samefo karma be-

garisagan Tavisufleba uwyaloba maT. `rusobaCi~ Cavard-

nis Semdeg sofels mZime tvirTad daawva gadasaxadebi. am

konkretuli magaliTebis CvenebiT ilia akritikebs rusuli

mmarTvelobis mtaceblur ekonomikur politikas, romelic

aras dagidevda adgilobrivi tradiciebiT gansazRvrul

urTierTobebs, adgilobrivi sazogadoebis fsiqologias,

mizanmimarTulad Slida da anadgurebda mas.3

mSromeli mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebs kidev ufro

amZimebda ruseTis sinamdvileSi Camoyalibebuli wesrigis

meqanikuri gadmotana gansxvavebuli tradiciebis qveyanaSi.

mowinave sazogadoeba ver egueboda qveynis savalalo

mdgomareobas da cdilobda, praqtikuli moqmedebiT YTu

Teoriuli ZiebiT miegno im gzisTvis, romelic Tanamemamu-

leT mcired Svebas mainc moutanda.

mwvaved ganicdida qarTveli mosaxleoba xelisu-

flebis mxridan Seviwroebas. samoxeleo-Cinovnikuri

aparati axal mZarcvelur organizaciad Camoyalibda.4

moxeleTa meqrTameoba, didkacuri ambiciebi, metismetad

Trgunavda isedac dabeCavebul mSromelebs.5 amitomac

zraxvida xalxi saxelmwifosa da samarTlis aseT qom-

agebs (akaki, `glexis locva~).

3 vaJa-fSavelavaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. xuT tomad. t. 5.

Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 78-80.4 vaJa-fSavela. vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. xuT tomad. t. 5. pub-

licisturi da eTnografiuli werilebi. Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 85.

5 akaki wereTeliakaki wereTeli. rCeuli nawerebi. xuT tomad. t. 3. Tbilisi, 1989,

gv. 261.

192

mZime begara isedac xelmokle mosaxleobas xels aRe-

binebda meurneobis intensiur dargebze da oriode gro-

Sis saSovnelad ucxo mxareSi wasvlas aiZulebda, sad-

ac, ZiriTadad, `muSis~ bedis Tanaziari xdeboda. xalxis

yofis ubadrukoba, samwuxaro bedisweriT, maTsave zneobriv

midrekilebebs ukavSirdeba _ `sZinavs fiqrs kacisas tkbi-

lis ZiliT, sadac myudroebaa, sadac azri mZlavradac ar

WaWanebs da Tundac igi, rogorc gazafxulzec mercxali,

Sefrindes sadme, ueWvelad kaklis fuRuro unda mosZeb-

nos binad, kacis tvinis magivrad da iq moikalaTos, sadac

cxovroben ninika-petrikeebi, berieebi, muSakni miwisa, xel-

Tox-niCab-baranebi, mkerdoflianni, guliT marTalni, azriT

gamqralni, swavlas monatrulni mza-mzareulad da codnis

mosaxveWad xel-gainZrevelni...~ (vaJa, `soflis suraTebi~).

yofiTi problemebiT gamwarebuli xalxisaTvis mSvido-

basac ki daukargavs fasi. realobis sirTule Zveli, omi-

anobiT mSfoTvare cxovrebis nostalgias iwvevs maTSi.6

arada kargad grZnoben (ilias megzuri) am usamarTlo-

bis, gausaZlisi cxovrebis mizezs. TavisuflebawarTmeuli

qveyana sakuTar problemebs ver moagvarebda. situacias is

garemoebac amwvavebda, rom xalxi TandaTan gadagvarebis

gzaze damdgariyo. zneobadaqveiTebul mosaxleobas ki na-

klebad Seswevda winaaRmdegobis unari. amitomac miaCndaT

moxeveebs somexi mevaxSe ufro saSiS mtrad, vinem Zvelad

iaraRiT mosuli momxvduri (ilia, `mgzavris werilebi~).

socialur urTierTobaTa umTavres damamZimebel faqto-

rad Tergdaleulebi batonymobas Tvlidnen. didebul mx-

atvrul nawarmoebebSi maT damajereblad gviCvenes, rom es

dromoWmuli sistema aferxebda ekonomikis ganviTarebas,

araadamianurad zRudavda da Cagravda glexs, uzneobisa

da gamrudebuli cnobierebis mizezi iyo Tavadaznaurobis

udidesi nawilisaTvis.

6 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 195-217.

193

STambeWdavad xatavdnen isini batonymobis araadamia-

nur bunebas, roca kacSi adamianur grZnobas ver xedaven,

roca igi sxvisi sakuTreba xdeba da misi bedisa Tu ubedo-

bis mWedeli batonia.7

batonymobis uRliT damZimebuli, welSi gatexili

glexobis mdgomareoba metad ubadrukia, maTi drtvinva,

samarTliani godeba yru kedels awydeba _ bedisagan da-

Cagruls mosarCle aravin hyavs (akaki, `muSuri~, `glexis

aRsareba~). sasowarkveTilT, TiTqos aRarc ukeTesi moma-

vlis damkvidreba eimedebaT... safuZvliania maTi eWvi, rom

xelisufleba, batonymobis gauqmebiT monobis axal uRels

amzadebs ukve Tavgasul CinovnikTa xelSi.8 (g. wereTeli,

`mgzavris werilebi~2). da es SiSi sulac ar iyo usafuZ-

vlo. saglexo reformis proeqti memamulesa da glexs So-

ris mraval sadaos tovebda, rac znewamxdar moxeleTa an-

gari moqmedebis asparezs zrdida (akaki, `mamlis yivilze~).

arada grZnoben glexebi, rom sakuTari Tavis patronT win

veraferi daudgebaT, mxne garjiT keTildReobas moimkian

_ `netai RmerTi im Cem batons momaSorebdes, Tvara kaci

rogor mejobineba qveyanaze!...~ _ ase SemogvCivis sakuTar

beds leCxumeli glexi (g. wereTeli, `mgzavris werilebi~).

TergdaleulTaTvis bedis morCili adamiani (iseTi ro-

goric glexi giguaa (iakobi, `monadire~)) arasodes qceula

qebis obieqtad. TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas isini adamianis

umTavres movaleobad Tvlidnen da, amdenad, Zalismier gzasac

ar gamoricxavdnen am miznis miRwevisaTvis. ilias didebuli

nawarmoebebi `kako yaCaRi~ da `glaxis naambobi~, garda imisa,

rom naTel warmodgenas gviqmnian batonymobis xasiaTze, yma-

glexis mZime xvedrze da autanel Cagvraze, _ pirovnebis am-

boxsac asaxaven socialuri uuflebobis winaaRmdeg.

7 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 130-147.

8 giorgi wereTeli. giorgi wereTeli. mgzavris werilebi. qarTuli proza. wigni X.

Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 453.

194

batonymobis mimarT mZafri protesti a. wereTlis poezia-

Sic aSkarad Cans, im gansxvavebiT ki, rom igi usamarTlobis

winaaRmdeg brZolis aseT konkretul magaliTebs ar gvix-

atavs. akaki, TanamebrZolebis msgavsad, socialuri Cagvris

damZimebas erovnul uuflebobas ukavSirebda. mxolod

politikuri Tavisuflebis pirobebSi Tvlida SesaZleblad

damTrgunveli socialuri viTarebis gamosworebas. vfiqrobT,

amiT aixsneba mis SemoqmedebaSi socialur usamarTlobasTan

mebrZol individTa nakleboba (iliasTan batonymobasTan da-

pirispirebas swored rom individualuri xasiaTi aqvs).

TergdaleulTa mizania, daarwmunon sazogadoeba, rom

ufleba _ ganagos sxvaTa bedi, TviT misi mflobelisTvisac

tragikuli xdeba, radgan sxvaze suliT-xorcianad batono-

ba adamians saxes ucvlis da jalaTad aqcevs.9 unda gvax-

sovdes, rom daTikos, ieremia warbas, tariel mklavaZis10

da msgavsTa zraxvebis aRsrulebas Sesabamisi socialuri

garemo pirobebi uwyobda xels. am gadagvarebul gvamTa

nacvlad axali dro gansxvavebuli cnobierebis, energiuli

moqmedebis adamianebs moiTxovda (baxva fulavas (`pirveli

nabiji~), Tavad levans (`kacia adamiani~?!)...).

sayuradReboa, rom Tergdaleulebi batonymur urTi-

erTobaTa xasiaTs istoriul WrilSiac ganixilavdnen.

CvenSi socialur urTierTobaTa tradiciul fonad isi-

ni wodebaTa valdebulebebis gansazRvrulobas Tvlid-

nen (Tavadaznaurobas qveynis dacva, glexobas meurneobis

gaZRola evaleboda). miaCndaT, rom movaleobaTa aseTi

ganawileba xalxis erTianobis safuZvels qmnida da so-

cialuri Cagvris simZimesac ramdenadme anelebda (akaki,

`moxucis grZnoba~). mogvianebiT ki, miuTiTebdnen isini, ru-

9 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 362;

giorgi wereTeli. giorgi wereTeli. pirveli nabiji. Tbilisi, 1991.

10 egnate ninoSvili. egnate ninoSvili. Cveni qveynis raindi. qarTuli proza. t. XV.

Tbilisi, 1988. gv. 413-472.

195

sulma mmarTvelobam wodebrivi dapirispirebis gaRrmave-

biT, samarTlis tradiciuli (humanuri) normebis ugulvebe-

lyofiT, mouqneli da uxeSi administraciiT mebatonisa da

yma-glexis urTierTobas simZafre Semata.11

sagulisxmoa akakis mtkiceba, rom xSirad glexis ymur

movaleobas mebatonisaTvis zRaprebis Txroba warmoadgen-

da (`Cemi Tavgadasavali~). amis Sesaxeb erT metad saintere-

so cnobas gvawvdis mixeil Ciqovani ̀ feodalur karze mud-

miv mTqmelTa kadris Seqmna saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli

movlena iyo. 1939 wels duSeTis raionSi Cvens mier Catare-

bulma samecniero-folklorulma eqspediciam sofel baza-

leTSi gamoarkvia, rom adgilobrivi feodalebi swored

amave wess mimarTavdnen yma-glexobis dabegvraSi~.

batonymoba gadaulaxav ufskruls qmnida sazogadoeb-

is SigniT da mis arsebobas zneobriv safuZvels aclida.

qveynis erTianoba mosaxleobas Soris urTierTpativisce-

mas, siyvaruls da saerTo miznebis piradulze win wamow-

evas unda dafuZneboda. batonymoba ki amis safuZvels ar

iZleoda. mis pirobebSi, garegnuli moCvenebiTobis miuxeda-

vad, kargi mebatonis arseboba SeuZlebelia (ilia, `glaxis

naambobi~). batonymobas uaRresad uaryofiTi gavlena aqvs

adamianis formirebaze, mis moqmedebasa da azrovnebaze. ba-

tonymoba ara marto imiT iyo cudi, rom glexs sxvis sa-

kuTrebad aqcevda da cxovrebis damoukideblad warmarTvis

saSualebas arTmevda (akaki, `muSuri~), aramed imiTac, rom is

TviT Tavadebsac luarsabad qcevas uqadda. aki bevr mema-

mules luarsabis karmidamoc mosanatri hqonda. wodebriv

upiratesobas gamodevnebulni, mokle Tvalsawieris mqoneni,

saRad azrovnebisa da moqmedebis uunaroni, winaparTagan

naanderZev mamulebs giraos furclebze cvlidnen da, sab-

olood, umiwawyloni rCebodnen.

11 akaki wereTeli. akaki wereTeli. Cemi Tavgadasavali. qarTuli proza. t. IX.

Tbilisi, 1985. gv. 7-122.

196

rogorc vxedavT, Tergdaleulebis damokidebuleba

batonymobisadmi aSkarad uaryofiTia, isini ebrZvian mas,

rogorc sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa garkveul wes-

rigs, romelic socialuri usamarTlobiTa da ekonomikuri

CagvriT abrkolebda sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebas,

rac mxolod Tavisufali muSaxelis arsebobiT ganxor-

cieldeboda. amasTan, glexobis ymuri mdgomareobidan

gamoxsna ramdenadme mainc Searbilebda socialur da-

pirispirebas da SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mTeli eris kon-

solidacia erovnuli problemis gadaWris mizniT. amdenad,

batonymobis gauqmebis aucileblobas amarTlebda, rogorc

sakiTxisadmi pragmatuli, ise humanuri damokidebuleba.

samocianelebs mtkiced swamdaT, rom Sromis SemboWve-

li borkili ukve dasamsxvrevad iyo ganwiruli. `Sromis

axsnis~ idea sul ufro farTod ikidebda fexs da male

mTeli kacobriobis Seupovari brZolis impulsi gaxdebo-

da (ilia, àCrdili~).

Sromis ganTavisuflebas aucileblad unda gamoewvia

qveynad samarTlianobis damkvidreba da sayovelTao keTi-

ldReoba (akaki, `tyve~). es optimizmi qarTuli sityvis di-

dostatTa araerT nawarmoebs msWvalavs:

`mwams, rom anaTebs RvTis sadgurs

sanTlebi mSromelT oflisa~ (vaJa).

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ganaxlebas TviT dro

ayenebda dRis wesrigSi. am ganaxlebisaTvis brZola isto-

riuli logikiT iyo nakarnaxevi da Zalamicemuli. tyvedqm-

nili Sroma aucileblad ganTavisufldeboda da es gaxde-

boda rogorc axali cxovrebis dawyebis safuZveli, ise

sakuTriv Cveni qveynis momavali keTildReobis sawindari,

_ saerTo bednierebis miRwevis gzaze.

Tergdaleulebs Rrmad swamdaT, rom mxolod Tavisu-

fal SromaSi hpovebda adamiani Svebas, misi wyalobiT Sei-

Zendnen namdvil Sinaarss RvTaebrivi sityvebi: Zmoba, er-

197

Toba, Tavisufleba, qveynad ki kacTmoyvareoba da saTnoeba

gabatondeboda. ai, is didi mniSvneloba, rasac isini ani-

Webdnen `Sromis axsnas~.

Tergdaleulebi kargad xedavdnen sakuTriv Sromis

udides rols. miaCndaT, rom qarTveli eri Cvens dromde,

samSoblosaTvis gmirul TavdadebasTan erTad, Sromis-

moyvareobamac moiyvana. mebrZolisa da mSromelis Tvise-

bebis qarTvel kacSi Tavmoyras Tvlidnen isini Cveni ar-

sebobis qvakuTxedad. momavalSi racionaluri, gonivruli

Sroma kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas SeiZenda, rac mx-

olod Tavisufali (àxsnili~) Sromis pirobebSi ganxor-

cieldeboda.

Tergdaleulebi aRniSnavdnen, rom Sroma ar unda yo-

filiyo martooden uufleboTa, sazogadoebis dabali fen-

ebis warmomadgenelTa xvedri. swored es uaRresad pro-

gresuli azria gatarebuli qveteqstis doneze, namdvili

mxatvruli nawarmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SefarviT, is-

toriul-saymawvilo moTxrobaSi àmbad gagonili~ (ilia).

aq mkiTxveli ixibleba qarTvelTa saTayvanebeli me-

fis, ubadlo sardlisa da meomris erekles, ubraloebiT.

amasTan, mas uyalibdeba azri, rom Sroma ar SeiZleba uRir-

si saqme iyos, Tuki mas TviT mefes asrulebineben.

Sromis siyvarulis Canergva qarTveli sazogadoebi-

sTvis, misi gamocxadeba adamianuri Rirsebis, znekeTilo-

bis safuZvlad akakis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis erT-erT ni-

Sandobliv mxaresac Seadgens. uryevia poetis rwmena, rom

mwarmoebluri Sroma yovlisSemZlea, igi TviT fizikurad

dauZlurebulsac ki kurnavs, sasicocxlo ZaliT aRavsebs

davrdomilT. Sromis macocxlebeli Zala TviT saxelovan

mefes _ vaxtang gorgasalsac moarCens da qveynis gaZRo-

lis xalissa da unars daubrunebs (akaki, `gorgasliani~).

mozard Taobas misabaZ magaliTad eqceva mSromeli ka-

cis Tavmoyvareobac _ xandazmuli, xelmokle, magram amayi

198

glexi rodi kadrulobs sxvisgan mowyalebis miRebas,

mxolod sakuTari marjvenaa misi Semwe _ gaWirvebisgan

gamomxsneli (iakobi, `patiosani da upatiosno~).

adamianuri gulTbilobiT aRbeWdili es moTxrobebi

Taviseburad asaxaven kidec samocianelTa miswrafebas har-

moniuli, araantagonisturi, znemaRali sazogadoebisadmi.

Tergdaleulebi, rogorc eris WeSmariti winamZRolni,

ar malavdnen Cvens uaryofiT mxareebsac. piriqiT, maTi

saaSkaraoze gamotaniT, maTi gamomzeurebiT surT, saku-

Tar naklovanebebs miaxvedron xalxi. sakuTari Tavis

bolomde Seucnoblad ki saeWvo Canda erovnuli Tavisu-

flebisa da socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis

brZolis warmateba.

rogorc uzneobas kicxavdnen isini sayovelTao ube-

durebis Jams gancxromiT cxovrebas. sakuTari intersebis

zogaderovnulze maRla damyenebeli verasodes gaswevda

WeSmarit eriskacobas, arasodes ar aRudgeboda win arse-

bul borotebas, _ misi privilegirebuli mdgomareoba xom

swored am Zalmomreobis Sedegi iyo (ilia, àCrdili~; vaJa,

`bagrat zaxariCis sikvdili~, `biografia uriadnikisa~). iq,

sadac Rirseba, Sromismoyvareoba, patiosneba arad fasobs,

adamiani mxolod TvalTmaqcobiT da daundoblobiT aR-

wevs warmatebas. mankieri Tvisebebi Crdilavs adamianis

Rirsebas, aseTi sazogadoeba zneobrivad davrdomilia da

sicocxlis unars moklebuli (iakobi, `melia da misi sax-

loba~; akaki àxali gza~).

wvrili aznaurebis, Zmebis, beJanisa da maTes Tavga-

dasavalic saukeTeso nimuSia angarebis, avzraxvaTa mo-

ZalebiT sazogadoebis garyvnilebis, misi zne-wamxdrobis

(ilia, `mdivanbegoba~). bedis saZieblad qalaqSi wamo-

sul ZmaTagan iRbalma ufross, beJans gauRima da sxvisi

daxmarebiT samsaxuri iSova. swored aq ikveTeba zed-

miwevniT zustad gadagvarebuli adamianis fsiqika, misi

199

moqmedeba. sxvisi wyalobiT fexze damdgarma Zmas ara Tu

xeli gaumarTa, aramed saxlidan gaagdo, rogorc zedmeti

tvirTi. mraval gaWirvebagamovlilma, xalxisagan abuCad

agdebulma da Seuracxyofima beJanma icis, rom momavlis

damkvidreba mxolod pirferobiT, laqiaobiTa da dasmena-

dabezRebiT SeuZlia. cxadia, beJani am tipis adamianad

cxovrebam aqcia. arajansaR sazogadoebaSi Znelia saku-

Tari RirsebiT warmatebis miRweva da Tu ara mdabali

zraxvebi, isic umcrosi Zmis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebo-

da. adamianis es maxinji metamorfozi, qalaqSi Camosuli

axalgazrdis uzneo karieristad qceva, ZiriTadad, garemo

pirobebiT iyo gansazRvruli.

socialuri garemos ukuRmarToba mZime daRs asvams ker-

Zo piris miswrafebebs, midrekilebebs, amrudebs mis zneobas

_ es mZafri fsiqologiuri garemo auxeSebs adamianis suls,

axSobs gulmowyalebas, sxvaTa daxmarebis survils klavs

masSi da TanamoZmeTadmi SurismaZieblad aqcevs (g. wer-

eTeli, `pirveli nabiji~).

swored gaborotebul, daundobel sazogadoebasTan ur-

TierTobam amoativtiva mcirewlovan ZmebSi Tavis gadarCenis

veluri instiqti (ilia, `saxrCobelazed~). Sedegic logikuri

aRmoCnda: erTi Zma misive damRupveli xalxis Tvalwin maT

gasarTobad da saseirod saxrCobelaze aiyvanes... xolo me-

ore sazogadoebaze SurismaZiemblad iqca.

umaqnisobiT, mxolod sakuTar Tavze da gamorCeniT miR-

weul keTildReobaze fiqriT moralurad degradirebuli

sazogadoebis mimarT gamoTqmul Rrma protestSi cxadad

warmoCindeba TergdaleulTa poziciac. isinic mTavar dam-

naSaved sakuTriv xalxs da maT mierve cxovrebisa Tu Tavis

gatanis wesad damkvidrebul Zalmomreobas Tvlian. swored

am usamarTlobam, gamefebuli uzneobiT Zalamicemulma so-

cialurma ukuRmarTobam Seasrula yvelaze dramatuli

roli momxdar tragediebSi.

200

mwerlobis mizani erTia, Wirisa da ubedurebis ara mal-

va, aramed saaSkaraoze gamotana da xalxisaTvis simarTlis

Tqma. arsebul umsgavsiobebze miTiTebiT, mkacri gakicxviT

_ maT gamosworebaze zrunva.

mwerlis, poetis da, saerTod, eriskacis maRal daniS-

nulebaze saubaria leqsebSi ̀ poeti~, ̀ Cemo kalamo~ (ilia),

`mgosani~ (vaJa) da sxva. maTSi naTlad aris gadmoce-

muli eris winamZRolis sapatio da didi misia, romel-

sac Tergdaleulebi kargad grZnobdnen. amis dasturia

maTi mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis yoveli aspeqti. swored

am diadi misiis gaTaviseba aZlevda maT eris saZraxisi

Tvisebebis saaSkaraoze gamotanis Zalas (ilia, `bednieri

eri~). im zneobrivi Rirebulebebisadmi sakuTari damok-

idebulebis Camoyalibebis uflebas, romelTa mixedviT

moqmedeba adamianis cxovrebis wesad unda qceuliyo gaba-

tonebul mankierebaTa sanacvlod (ilia, `damakvirdi~).

mwerlis sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis aseTsave gaazre-

bas gvTavazobdnen, n. nikolaZe, s. mesxi da g. wereTeli.12

Semoqmedis upirveles movaleobad maTac erovnuli da

socialuri problematikis yvelaze aqtualur sakiTx-

ebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba miaCndaT, amisTvis ki mw-

erals mWidro kavSiri unda hqondes cxovrebasTan da

xalxis TviTSegnebis zrdas, masSi zneobrivi principebis

gacocxlebas unda emsaxurebodes.

qarTvel samocianelTa samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvla

burJuaziuli reformebis gatarebis xanas daemTxva. baton-

ymobis gadavardnam, fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis dan-

ergvam safuZvlianad Secvala saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri

da socialuri garemo, samrewvelo da savaWro kapitalizmis

ganviTareba-gafarToeba manamde ucnob, Zireulad axal Sesa-

Zleblobebs warmoaCenda Cveni sazogadoebis winaSe. ara

wodebrivi memkvidreobiT miniWebuli mdgomareobiT, aramed

12 Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~, 1963, #5.

201

piradi gamWriaxobiT, unarianobiT, codniT, mizanswrafviT

unda daemkvidrebina adamians ukeTesi momavali.

axal ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvla winaaRmdegob-

riv, rTulsa da xangrZliv process warmoadgenda (g. wer-

eTeli `pirveli nabiji~, `mamida asmaTi~). axal pirobebSi

Tavad-aznaurobisaTvis saarsebo aucileblobad iqca

cxovrebis wesis Secvla, fexis awyoba drois moTxovnebi-

saTvis. cxovrebis Zvel stilze moqmedeba maT arsebobas

ekonomikur safuZvels aclida. erTaderT saimedo gzad

meurneobis ganaxleba, misi racionalizacia rCeboda. mx-

olod unarian meurnedqceul mebatones SeeZlo Tavis

gadarCena.

am tipis adamiania Tavadi levani (ilia, `kacia ada-

miani?!~). is urmebis qiraze gagzavniT Semosavlis myar

wyaros iCens. es nabiji bevrSi gaugebrobasTan erTad,

gaRizianebasac iwvevda. sinamdvileSi aq sakamaTo arafe-

ria. levani Tavdaznaurobis im nawilis warmomadgenel-

ia, romelic droze uRebs alRos cxovrebis Secvlil

pirobebs: TandaTanobiT cvlis meurneobis feodalur xa-

siaTs, urmebis qiraze gagzavniT uars ambobs dromoWmul

feodalur karCaketilobaze da sinamdvilis saTanado

gaazrebiT sakuTar momavalsac uzrunvelyofs.

batonymobis gauqmebiT adamians saSualeba mieca, Ta-

visi unaris mixedviT aewyo cxovreba. ekonomikuri stimu-

laciis, glexis dainteresebis qvakuTxeds gaweuli Sromis

sanacvlod miRebuli mogeba qmnida. am procesma gadamwy-

veti roli iTamaSa soflis meurneobis dawinaurebaSi _

karCaketili, TviTkmari warmoebidan sasaqonlo urTier-

Tobebze gadasvlaSi (ilia, òTaraanT qvrivi~ _ uaRresad

progresulia Sromisadmi da, kerZod, qalis Sromisadmi i.

WavWavaZis damokidebuleba; akaki, àllaverdi~, `qarTlis

salami~, `nacarqeqia~).

rogorc vxedavT, cnobil qarTvel mweralTa mxatvru-

202

li Semoqmedebis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi srul

SesabamisobaSia maT ideur-politikur SexedulebebTan. es

nawarmoebebi, amxeldnen ra mZarcvelur ekonomikur poli-

tikasa da socialur antagonizms xels uwyobdnen sapirisp-

iro, naTeli miswrafebebis danergvas mosaxleobaSi.

203

dekanozidekanozi miqael bukiamiqael bukia _ _ Tbilisis wmida ninos

saxelobis eklesiis

winamZRvari, saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos wmida andria

pirvelwodebulis saxelobis

qarTuli universitetis

doqtoranti

wminda mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre wminda mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre

(oqropiriZe)(oqropiriZe)

ègreT brwyinevdin naTeli Tqueni

winaSe kacTa, raÁTa ixilnen saqmeni

Tquenni keTilni da adidebden

mamasa Tquensa zecaTasa~.1

wminda mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre iyo swored is br-

wyinvale naTeli, romlis naTebac ers aCvenebda mamulis

Cveulebisamebr svlis gzas _ gzas, romelic yovelTvis iyo

da iqneba eris gadarCenis utyuari garanti. wminda aleqsan-

dre swored rom saWiro dros moevlina qarTvel ers. ro-

gorc wminda ilia marTali brZanebda: `nametnaobaSi nu

CamomarTmevT da guliT wmidiT vityvi, rom sCans, RmerTs

kidev ar davviwyebivarT, radganac TqvenisTana saTnoebian

kacs mouvlens xolme Cvens qveyanas... eris Semnaxveli da

ganmadidebeli, qviTkiri adamianis cxovrebisa, marto saT-

noebaa da marto saTnoebiani kaci qmnis am wuTisofels

taZrad, sadac RmerTs adideben, da samoTxed, sadac bed-

niereba adamianisa hsadgurobs~.2 kaci, romelic qmnida àm

1 maTemaTe, 5,16.2 gazeTi `cnobis furceli~, 1989, 20 maisi.

204

wuTisofels taZrad~, _ ase uwoda wmida ilia marTalma

aleqsandre episkoposs. wyaloba RvTisa, sxva ra unda ewo-

dos RvTis amgvar gangebas, romelmac qarTvel ers 1824

wels3 goris raionSi, sofel disevSi, mRvdlis, daviTis

ojaxSi mouvlina aleqsandre (eriskacobaSi aleqsi)

oqropiriZe. sasuliero ganaTleba miiRo jer goris sa-

suliero saswavlebelSi, Semdeg ki Tbilisis sasuliero

seminariaSi. mSoblebi da misi aRmzrdeli pedagogebi

aleqsize did imedebs amyarebdnen da gaamarTla kidec.

`netareba im dedas, im qarTvel mandilosans, im RvTisnier

adamians, romelmac pawia aleqsis awova Tvisni ZuZuni

da tkbil rZesTan erTad Caunerga mas gulSi uRrmesi

siyvaruli RvTisa da moyvasisadmi~.4

1845 wels wmindani Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis

damTavrebis Semdeg Seudga moRvaweobiT saqmianobas. igi

Tbilisis feriscvalebis monasterSi berad aRikveca da

saxelad aleqsandre uwodes, imave wlis 18 agvistos ki

mTavardiakvnad akurTxes. axalgazrda aleqsandre swavlis

gasagrZeleblad mTavari diakvanis xarisxiT gaemgzavra

yazanis sasuliero akademiaSi. aq igi, 1846-1850 wlebSi, Rrmad

da safuZvlianad daeufla sasuliero da saero mecniere-

bebs: RvTismetyvelebas, saeklesio da samoqalaqo istorias,

sityvierebas, filosofias, fizika-maTematikas, ucxo enebs:

berZnuls, laTinurs, germanuls, Turqulsa da arabuls. ro-

gorc yazanis sasuliero akademiis istoriis aRmweri, pro-

fesori znamenski igonebs ̀ erT weliwads q. yazanSi qolera

mZvinvarebda, ber-diakoni studenti aleqsandre oqropiriZe

pirveli Caewera avadmyofebis momvlelTa dasSi~... ùSiS-

rad da Tavganwirulad emsaxureboda am saSineli seniT

SepyrobilT, ganurCevlad maTi Camomavlobisa da sarwmu-

3 v. gurgeniZis cnobiT aleqsandre daibada 1822 wels.

4 z. QWiWinaZez. QWiWinaZe. sityvebi da werilebi yovlad samRvdelo aleqsan-

dreze. Tbilisi, 1907, gv. 68.

205

noebisa~, _ ambobda SemdegSi arqimandriti ambrosi xelaia.

`misi Tavganwiruloba moZmeTaTvis, mouridebloba misi am

saSineli da metadre maSin Tavzardamcemi senisa ancvi-

frebda yvelas~.5

yazanSi swavlis drosve, 1849 wlis 6 oqtombers, igi

xeldasxmul iqna mRvdelmonazvnad. erTi wlis Semdeg war-

CinebiT daamTavra akademiis sruli kursi da samSobloSi

RvTismetyvelebis kandidatis xarisxiT dabrunda. pirvel

xanebSi igi Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi aswavlida

saRmrTo werils, laTinurs, zneobriv RvTismetyvelebasa

da arqeologias. 1851 wlis 21 seqtembers, uwmidesi sino-

dis gadawyvetilebiT, mRvdelmonazoni aleqsandre dainiS-

na afxazeTis sasuliero saswavleblis zedamxedvelad da

masve miendo afxazeTis mRvdelmsaxurTa Soris mRvdelmon-

azonTa xelmZRvaneloba, SeTavsebiT quTaisis sasuleiro

saswavleblis inspeqtoris movaleobasac asrulebda.

wminda mRvdelmTavari xedavda, rom Tavis qveyanaSi ̀ sam-

kali friad~ iyo, muSakni ki mcired da cdilobda Tavisi

cxovrebiT magaliTi yofiliyo WeSmariti momkelisa. misi

sityva da saqme SenivTebuli iyo erTmaneTs, ar Semcdara

qarTveli xalxi, roca mas àRmaSenebeli~ uwoda.

afxazeTSi CasvlisTanave man didi gulmodgineba

gamoiCina afxazTaTvis ilorSi daarsebuli saswavleblis

warmatebuli muSaobis xelSesawyobad. misi moRvaweoba

sruliad damsaxurebulad daafasa rogorc adgilobrivma

mosaxleobam, aseve mTelma saqarTvelom da mas afxazeTis

meore mociquli uwoda. episkoposis gardacvalebis Semdeg

arqimandriti ambrosi xelaia ityvis: àr zogavda sakuTar

saSualebas skolaTa daarsebisTvis, _ Tavisi xarjiT zrdi-

da afxazTa Svilebs da amzadebda maT mRvdlobis xarisxSi

samoRvaweod, _ medgrad icavda samRvdeloebis da samwysos

interesebs, uxvad eweoda qvriv-obolTa, masa da samwysos

5 `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2002, #45, gv. 7.

206

Soris arsebobda mamaSviluri kavSiri dafuZnebuli WeS-

marit qristianul siyvarulze. mas ar uyvarda mdidruli

cxovreba, scxovrobda TiTqmis agreTve sadaT, rogorc erTi

ukanaskneli Raribi misi samwysoTagani. es sada cxovreba,

es xalxTan siaxlove xdida mas namdvil Zvel mSobliur

eklesiis mwyemsT-mTavarTa msgavsad~.6 1853 wlis 7 Teber-

vals afxazeTSi gaweuli RvawlisTvis uwmidesma sinodma

aleqsandres Tavisi madloba gamoucxada.7

samxedro garemoebaTa gamo afxazTa sasuliero sas-

wavlebeli gauqmda da 1854 wlidan wmida aleqsandre

kvlav quTaisSia, sasuliero saswavleblis zedamxedve-

lad da ufros ganyofilebaTa maswavleblad, 1855 wlis

3 martamde. Semdeg dainiSna gelaTis pirvelxarisxovan

monastris winamZRvrad da mieniWa afxazeTis saeklesio

kaTedris iRumenoba.

1856 wels, uwmidesi sinodis brZanebiT, aleqsandre

xeldasxmul iqna afxazeTis arqimandritad da gagza-

vnil iqna isev afxazeTSi. 1862 wels xeldasxmul iqna

mRvdelmTavrad TbilisSi, sionis sakaTedero taZarSi, eg-

zarqosis, evsevis mier sxva mRvdelmTavrebis Tanamwir-

velobiT da mas Cabarda afxazeTis kaTedra. metad mZime

iyo is jvari, romelic WeSmarit mwyemss ufalma arguna,

magram man uflisave SewevniT muxlCauxrelad itvirTa

igi da Seudga gzas golgoTisaken.

saqarTvelo da, miTumetes, misi ZirZveli kuTxe afxazeTi,

sadac wminda mRvdelmTavarma Tavisi moRvaweoba daiwyo, mx-

olod warsuli didebis aCrdilsRa warmoadgenda.

saqarTvelo _ ruseTis imperiis erT-erT ganapira mxa-

re _ mefis ruseTis rusifikatoruli reJimis wyalobiT,

erT dros SaravandediT mosili qveyana, gaZvaltyavebul,

gaZarcvul da gaRatakebul provincias warmoadgenda.

6 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSr. gv. 11.

7 gazeTi ìveria~, 1897, #89.

207

1869 wels aleqsandre gadmoyvanil iqna TbilisSi go-

ris episkoposad da saqarTvelos egzarqosis pirvel qor-

episkoposad, 1869-1882 da 1886-1898 wlebSi yovlad samRvdelo

aleqsandre 25 weli goris episkoposi iyo. mRvdelmTavars

xSirad uwevda saqarTvelos egzarxosis magivrobis gaw-

eva, roca es ukanasknelni droebiT ruseTs miemgzavrebod-

nen. 1882-1885 wlebSi marTavda guriis, xolo 1903 wlamde _

guria-samegrelos eparqias. 1903 wels yovlad samRvdelo

aleqsandre erovnuli saqmisTvis Tavdadebis `braldebiT~

ganTavisuflebul iqna eparqiis marTva-gamgeobisagan da

mxco vanma, uyuradRebod mitovebulma, Sio mRvimis monaster-

Si daivana, rogorc gandegilma.

uyuro wminda mRvdelmTavris mier gavlil gzas sulis

SeuZvrelad metad mZimea. mZimea Cveni gadasaxedidan, magram

ufro mZime iyo im drois mkvidrTaTvis, qarTveloba gad-

agvarebis gzaze idga, erovnuloba waSlis zRvramde iyo

misuli Tavisi yvela niSniT. dekanozi nikita TalakvaZis

TqmiT: `yvelgan da yvelaferSi CamoerTva Cvens ers ini-

ciativa, Sewyda misi SemoqmedebiTi niWis Tavisufali var-

jiSoba. Cvenma erma istoriulad miiZina~. amave azrs agrZe-

lebs dekanozi k. kekeliZe: `sarwmunoebrivi SemoqmedebiTi

grZnoba da niWi, romliTac cxovel iyo da Zlier igi Zve-

lad, SesamCnevad Sesustda. ricxvi im ganaTlebul samRvde-

lo pirTa, romelnic saTaveSi udgnen Zvelad qarTul ga-

naTlebas da qmnidnen qarTul kulturas, Semcirda, TiTqos

moispo. monasteri aRaravis izidavda, ris gamoc is dacari-

elda da SesaniSnav eklesiebTan erTad nangrevebad iqca~.8

miuxedavad am simZimeebisa, qarTvelTa Soris im periodSi

mravlad aRmoCndnen eris TviTcnobierebaSi momyvani xalxi,

romelTa Sorisac brwyinavda yovlad samRvdelo aleqsan-

dre. is ar zogavda sakuTar sicocxlesac ki, oRond ro-

gorme aRmoefxvra erSi gamefebuli sicrue, mliqvneloba,

8 `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2002, #45, gv. 8.

208

Ralati, ciliswameba, qrTami, zemdgomi pirebisadmi monuri

morCileba. igi ibrZoda droTa da JamTa viTarebisagan gan-

sacdelSi Cavardnili qveynisaTvis.

man rogorc mRvdelmTavarma, mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba

gaSala eris sulieri gamofxizlebisa da ganaTlebisTvis.

sxva Tu araferi, marto ilias moZRvrobac ki eyofoda wmin-

da aleqsandres eris winaSe amagad. wminda mRvdelmTavari

mSobliuri qveynis dacema-dakninebis mTavar mizezad miiC-

nevda erovnuli swavla-ganaTlebis dacemas. am faqts ki

imiTi xsnida, rom qarTveli axali Taoba qveynis saswavle-

belSi swavla-aRzrdas ucxo, gaugebar, ara mSobliur enaze

iRebda. am mdgomareobiT aRSfoTebuli mRvdelmTavari

xSirad ityoda xolme: `netavi rodis eRirsebaT qarTve-

lebs qarTuli skolao~9... swored mSobliur enaze miRe-

buli ganaTleba miaCnda mas qveynis aRdgenis erTaderT

gzad. misi survili iyo, istoriuli warsulis fonze, Cvens

eklesia-monastrebSi kvlav danTebuliyo swavla-aRzrdis

iseTi lampari, romelic enTo gelaTis, iyalTos, fazisis

da sxva akademiebSi.

`Tavis umTavres saqmed mis irgvliv myofTa qristian-

ul sarwmunoebaze moqceva-ganmtkicebasa da maTTvis sas-

wavlebelTa daarsebas miiCnevda~.10

rodesac sakiTxi daisva gaxsniliyo qalTaTvis spe-

cialuri sasuliero saswavlebeli, man pirvelma didi

roli iTamaSa am keTilSobilur saqmeSi _ misi finansuri

daxmarebiTa da mecadineobiT TbilisSi daarsda epar-

qialuri saswavlebeli, romelmac Cvens ers aRuzarda ram-

denime aTasi ganaTlebuli qali.

1889 wels 24 seqtembers aleqsandre episkoposma

akurTxa goris sasuliero saswavleblis eklesia, rac go-

9 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSr. gv. 57.

10 `moambe~ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos prescentris yovelTviuri

biuleteni. meore gamoSveba. 1995, noemberi, gv. 3.

209

ris mosaxleobis didi survili yofila. saswavleblis

kurTxevasTan erTad wminda aleqsandres ukurTxebia wmin-

da giorgi mTawmindelis saxelobis eklesia.

kurTxevis bolos episkoposma aleqsandrem warmoTqva

sityva: `mihmarTa maswavlebelTa da moswavleT, rom erTgu-

lad da erTsulad mohkidon saqmes xeli; am axals saxlSi

sarwmunoeba da mecniereba erTad moTavsebulni da xeli-

xel Cakidebulni unda iyvneno~.11 qvelmoqmed mRvdelmTavars

es dRe imiTac aRuniSnavs, rom dauwesebia yovelwliuri

stipendia warCinebulTaTvis. xalxi didi aRfrTovanebiT

Sexvedria am qvelmoqmedebas.

rogorc ganmanaTlebeli da pedagogi, igi marad qad-

agebda xalxTa Soris siyvaruls, Zmobas da erTobas. igi

iyo namdvili moZRvari ara marto sityviT, aramed saqmiTac,

Tavisi praqtikuli moRvaweobiTac.

wm. ilia marTlis gazeTis 1898 wlis #103 moTavsebul

werilSi, samegrelos eparqiaSi gadayvanasTan dakavSire-

biT, igi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc didi mamuliSvili, saTno

adamiani, samSoblos uerTgulesi moZRvari, xalxis gulSi

sinaTlisa da siyvarulis mTesveli. ar SeiZleba aqve ar

aRiniSnos didebuli istorikosisa da sazogado moRvawis,

zaqaria WiWinaZis, sityvebi, romelic mas foTSi warmouTq-

vams. igi aleqsandre episkoposis daxasiaTebisas dasZens:

ìm dros, rodesac, qarTvel warCinebulTa umravlesoba

Tavis yvavilovan xanas mxolod Cvens daRupvis moqmedebaSi

atarebs, rodesac maT erTi groSis gametebac ki eZnele-

baT Cvenis daqveiTebulis tomis saqmeTa sasargeblod. ai

swored am dros, Tqveni meufeba sdgas wminda mamulisS-

vilobiT aRvsili, qarTveli SeuZlo, eris siyvaruliT da

daxmarebiT miubaZavi magaliTiT yvelasi, uSurveli yvela-

fris da yvelgan oRond-ki amiT Cveni tomis ZeTa gankace-

bas, ganviTarebas da rame Seematos... Tqvengan dawyebulma

11 gazeTi ìveria~, 1889, #204.

210

keTilma saqmeebma, Tavgamodebulma WeSmaritma samsaxurma,

maRalma zneobam da eris siyvarulma yvela qarTvelis

gulSi Tqveni saxeli brwyinvaled danerges. es danargi

qarTvelis gulSi mtkiced Caiqsova; qarTveli eris winaSe

Tqveni samsaxuri ganaTlebis sasargeblod cxad iqmna, ami-

tom qarTvelebma saerTod Tqven `qarTvelTa mama~ giwodes.

am saukuneSi, qarTvelT eris winaSe arc erTs qarTvelT

mTvdel-mTavars ar daumsaxurebia aseTi saxelwodeba, Tqven

pirveli brZandebiT...12

rogorc 1891 wlis 27 aprilis gazeT ìveriis~ statia-

Si `qvelmoqmedebis saimedo niSnebi~ vkiTxulobT, im dros

saqarTvelo qvelmoqmedebis did naklebobas ganicdida:

`Cveni qveyana raRac ganusazRvrels uqmobas mieca, xel-

mxar mosxletilad ijda saxlSi da sma-Wamis da garTobis

mets ki aRaras dasdevda...~13 amgvari yofis Semxedvare wmin-

da mRvdelmTavari dReniadag iwvoda samSoblosTvis gu-

lanTebuli, misi qvelmoqmedeba ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo

mwignobrobisa da skolebis gavrceleba-warmatebisaTvis.

da yovelive amis SeuZlebeli TviTon ise Raribad

cxovrobda, rom ugunurni siZunwesac ki miawerdnen. ro-

gorc 1907 wels alaverdeli episkoposi daviTi aRniSnav-

da: `bevrni ugunurni Sen ubralo cxovrebas awerdnen Sens

viTomda siZunwesa _ sawylebi ra rig scdebodnen! gana

Zunwi ewoda im kacs, romelmac Tavisi SeZleba moaxmara

qvriv-oblebsa, monastrebsa da mwignobrobas?~14

`saqmeni diadni~ mravali da auracxeli iyo wminda

mRvdelmTavris cxovrebaSi, magram ar SeiZleba maT Soris

ar aRiniSnos erTi epizodi, Tu ramdenad mzrunveli guli

hqonda wmida mamas da ramdenad endobodnen mas TviT mah-

madian afxazTa Soris. 1866 wels afxazTa umravlesoba

12 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSromi. gv. 51.


14 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 8.

211

iZulebuli gaxda, gadasaxlebuliyo osmaleTSi... ai am

xanebSi mwyemsmTavarTan Semodis erTi mahmadiani afxa-

zi, saxelad urusi, Tvisis Tormeti wlis SviliT. rode-

sac yovlad samRvdelom siyvaruliT, alersiani kiloTi

hkiTxa uruss mosvlis mizezi, ukanaknelma moaxsena Sem-

degi: `SenTan movedi, keTilo mwyemso da mamao! me samuda-

mod veTxovebi samSoblos, mivdivar osmaleTSi sacxovre-

blad da Cemi vaJi unda davtovo SenTan. meti ar gamaCnia

ra. ar vici, ra momelis ucxo mxareSi, magram mainc vtoveb

Cems sayvarel samSoblos, ar minda Cemi ubedureba gavu-

ziaro Cems erTaderT Svils da SenTan moviyvane, mow-

yaleo mamao, vici miiReb, aRzrdi qristianulad da iqne-

ba bednieri~. Tvalcremliani mama gamoeTxova sayvarel

Svils, romelic mRvdelmTavris meoxebiTa da safariT

aRizarda da mRvdlobis xarisxSi didi sargebloba mou-

tana qristianobas afxazeTSi. am faqts ganmarteba ar

sWiria~, _ dasZens wmida mRvdelmTavari ambrosi, _ amnair

ganwyobilebas samwysosTan didi nayofi mohqonda, iwyes

afxazTa qristianobis miReba, romelic kidec damTavrda

80-ian wlebSi afxazeTis netarxsenebuli meore mociqu-

lis dros.15 wminda mRvdelmTavris moRvaweobis Semdgom

afxazeTi kvlav sibnelem moicva, JamTa siavis gamo.

tanjva-tkivilTan wilnayari iyo wmida mRvdelmTavris

cxovreba. mas Tavisi Tavi samsxverploze mihyavda sam-

SoblosTvis Sesawirad. is iyo pirovneba, romelsac yve-

laferi piraduli ganze hqonda gadadebuli _ `Sioda da

ar Wamda, swyuroda da ar svamda, cioda da ar Tbeboda~...16

wmida mRvdelmTavari Tavis mamobriv mzrunvelobas

ar aklebda ruseTSi saswavleblad myof axalgazrdobas

da ugzavnida maT Tavisi gamocemuli wignebis TiTo eg-

zemplars. aseve regularulad ugzavnida kievSi wignebs

15 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 12-13.


212

Tavis Zmiswuls, kievis sasuleiro akademiis maSindel

students, longinoz oqropiriZes (SemdgomSi kaTolikos-

patriarq leonides).

wmida mRvdelmTavars sTxovdnen rekomendaciebs

ucxoeTSi swavlis miRebis msurveli axalgazrdebi.

auracxelia wmida aleqsandres mier gaweuli qvel-

moqmedeba. rogorc gazeTi `mwyemsi~ iuwyeboda: `yovlad-

samRvdelo aleqsandre wevri iyo mraval saqvelmoqmedo

sazogadoebaTa da dawesebulebaTa, romelnic ki ruseTis

saxelwmifoSi arsebobdnen. ruseT-osmaleTis, yirimis omis

dros sevastopolis gmirTa da maT daoblebul saxlobaTa

sasargeblod yovladsamRvdelo aleqsandre swiravda yo-

vel wlobiT 200 maneTs. manve ganaaxla q. soxumis axlos,

Zveli eklesia. 25 maiss 1867 wels tfilisis sasuleiro

seminarias Seswira 2000 maneTi.... am TanxiT izrdeba semi-

nariaSi erTi stependianti, romelsac TviT yovladsamRde-

lo irCevs. yazanis sasuliero akademiis Raribi studen-

tebis sasargeblod 300 maneTi Seswira; tfilisis dedaTa

saeparqio saswavlebels ki 3000 maneTi, masSi stipendiebis

dasaarseblad. mcxeTis didebuls Tormetis mociqulis

sakrebulos taZars Seswira gansaaxleblad 1500 maneTi...

man 2000 maneTi qarTuli galobis notebze gadasaRebad gad-

asdo... yovlad samRvdelo aleqsandrem ganaaxla didebuli

monastrebi wmida Siosi da ioane zedaznelisa, _ pirvels 21

000 da meores 11 700 maneTi Seswira~...17 es CamonaTvali, ra

Tqma unda, srulad ver asaxavs am RvTiskacis mowyalebas.

am keTili saqmeebis mciredad aRmnusxveli gazeTi ìveria~

1897 wlis #180-Si iuwyeboda: `dRegrZeli iyos dReni yov-

lad samRvdelo aleqsandresi, rom misis magaliTiT aRfr-

Tovanebuls yvela qarTvels aseTi Rrma nayofieri kvali

daemCnios Tavis Semdeg~.18


18 gazeTi ìveria~, 1897, #180.

213

1898 wels TeklaTis dedaTa monasterTan daarsebu-

la saqalebo skola, romelic wmida mRvdelmTavars uku-

rTxebia da `Tvisis uxvis kalTisagan axlad daarsebuli

skolisTvis aTi Tumani Seuwiria~.19

1898 wels aleqsandre episkoposs gadauwyvetia, q. foT-

Si daearsebina saeparqio dedaTa saswavlebeli, rasac adg-

ilobrivi mkvidrni da qalaqis sabWo didi sixaruliT Sex-

vdnen, radganac naTeli iyo, rom `mxcovani mwyemsmTavris

sityvasa da saqmes Soris sruli Tanxmoba iyo~...20

wmida mRvdelmTavars didad axarebda mwignobrobisa

da ganaTlebis aRmavlobis gzaze win gadadgmuli yoveli

nabiji.

1899 wlis 14 ianvars, ninooba dRes, aleqsandre

episkoposma akurTxa foTis samkiTxvelo da 100 maneTi

Seswira. ozurgeTSi sakuTari TanxebiT daarsa orklasiani

eparqialuri saswavlebeli 1885 wels, 100 maneTi Seswira

ozurgeTis qalTa saswavleblis fonds.

mRvdeli polievqtos karbelaSvili ixsenebs, rom Tvi-

Ton iyo mowme, rogor yoveldRiurad zogavda Tavis qone-

briv SeZlebas da naSrom-naRvaws: `yovel cismare dRe pur-

sa da wyalze aRamebda, rom Tavisi mSobeli eris saqmisTvis

miexmarebina es dazogili wvlili~.21

wmida aleqsandres mier gaRebuli safasiT, misive ini-

ciativiTa da rekomendaciiT, daibeWda mravali sasuli-

ero da saero wigni, maT Soris: `qadagebani da moZRvrebani

Tqmulni ambrosi nekresel episkoposis mier~ 1881 wels.

1884 wels gamoica giorgi avalianis `xma codvilisa Rmr-

Tisadmi~ (poema); 1885 wels `qarTuli Rramatika~, Sedgenili

anton I-is mier; 1892 wels `mzametyveleba, qmnili antoni

I saqarTvelos kaTolikosisagan~; 1896 wels T. Jordanias

19 gazeTi ìveria~, 1898, #223.

20 gazeTi ìveria~, 1898, #249.


214

ìstoriuli sabuTebi Sio-mRvimis monastrisa da Zegli va-

hanis qvabTa~; 1900 wels ipolit-ivanovis: `qarTuli galo-

ba (qarTl-kaxuri kiloTi)~ da polievqtos karbelaSvilis

ìerarqia saqarTvelos eklesiisa~; 1903 wels Tedo Jorda-

nias `qarTl-kaxeTis monastrebisa da eklesiebis istori-

uli sabuTebi~. `yovlad samRvdelom didi samsaxuri gau-

wia qarTuli `dabadebis~ Sesworebisa da misi dabeWdvis

saqmes~.22 wmida mRvdelmTavris locva-kurTxeviT gamoica

sulxan-saba orbelianis `qarTuli leqsikoni~, rafiel er-

isTavis winasityvaobiTa da redaqtorobiT.

1882 wels episkoposi aleqsandre ozurgeTidan zaqar-

ia WiWinaZes imasac werda, rom mas gadauwyvetia petriwis

leqsikonis gamocema, magram ar vici, vin iqneba iseTi kaci,

romelsac mivandobT am saqmeso... ̀ kaci unda iyos swavluli

da patrioti~. aseve apirebda platon ioselianis Txzule-

baTa gamocemas. zaqaria WiWinaZisadmi gamogzavnil wer-

ilSive aleqsandre episkoposi werda: `me didad moxaruli

var, rom Tqven did Rirsebas aZlevT im saqmeTa, romelTac

me Sedgomili var; e. i. qarTul Zvel da axali mwerlo-

bis aRdgenasa, egreTve, galobisa da sxvaTa. erTi sityviT,

me Sevudeqi qarTuli enisa da literaturis aRdgenas, da

Tqvenc Zlier kargad mimxvdarxarT da agiwoniaT, rom me

Cvenis samSoblo qarTuls enis aRdgomis, dafuZnebis da

ganviTarebis sarbielzed gamovsulvar. asparezi ese, Cemi

azriT da TqveniTac, friad mSvenier da sasargeblo ars~.23

rogorc vxedavT, did mamuliSvils kargad esmoda, Tu

risTvis zrunavda, ra mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelosTvis

mis mier dabeWdil wignebs, aRdgenil eklesia-monastrebs,

skolebsa da seminariebSi qarTuli enis danergvas, qar-

Tuli sagaloblebis aRdgenas da Caweras, istoriuli sab-

uTebis Sekrebasa da maT publikacias.


23 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSromi. gv. 10

215

wmida aleqsandres xangrZlivi sicocxlis manZilze

saqarTveloSi ar dawyebula arc erTi erovnuli saqme misi

Tanadgomisa da monawileobis gareSe. aleqsandre episkopo-

si iTvleboda `qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~,

`wiTeli jvris, daWril da avadmyof meomarTa~, ùsinaTlo-

Ta samzrunvelos~, `ruseTSi wyalSi darComilTagan gadam-

rCeneli sazogadoebis~, `pirutyvTa mfarveli sazogadoeb-

is~, `Rarib moswavleTa damxmarebeli sazogadoebis~, `wmida

andrias da yovladwmida RvTismSoblis Zmobis~, `filarmo-

niuli sazogadoebis~, `ZeglTa ganmaaxlebeli komitetis~,

`mcxeTis taZris ganmaaxlebeli komitetis~, `qarTl-kaxeTis

samRvdeloebis siZveleTa dacvis~, `saqarTvelos saisto-

rio da saeTnografi sazogadoebis aqtiur wevrad~.24

wmida mRvdelmTavari mosarCleobas uwevda `RvTaebriv

saunjes~ qarTul enas, romelic XIX saukunis 80-iani wle-

bamde saqarTvelos sasuliero uwyebis saswavleblebSi yo-

vel pativs iyo moklebuli.

qarTvelTa gadarCenis erT-erT niSansvetad episkopos

aleqsandres swored ena miaCnia. is metad gulmokluli

iyo imis gamo, rom qarTveli axali Taoba mSobliur enas,

mSobliur literaturas, samSoblos istoriis codnas ara-

frad agdebda da gatacebuli iyo ara mSobliur enaze

swavla-ganaTlebis miRebiT. mas guls uklavda is faqti,

rom saqarTvelis sasuliero saswavleblebSi qarTuli ena,

rogorc savaldebulo sagani, ar iswavleboda. es ki swored

im barbarosuli politikis Sedegi iyo, romelsac ruseTis

imperialisturi xelisufleba ianovskisa da vostorgovis

msgavsi mtrebis xeliT akeTebda.

TviT rusuli ganaTlebis mqone mRvdelmTavari ufro

metad grZnobda qarTuli enis Seswavlis aucileblobas.

1861 wlis 29 ivliss afxazeTis arqimandriti aleqsandre

24 v. gurgeniZe.v. gurgeniZe. wmida mariamis wilxvedr qveyanaSi. wigni II. Tbi-

lisi, 1997, gv. 82.

216

mimarTavs qarTvelebs, daicvan mSobliuri enis siwmide,

sTxovs maT `ganaRviZon, ganaaxlon, ganamSvenon da ganamtki-

con qarTuli ena~.25

qarTuli enis dacvis mizniT, wmida aleqsandrem araer-

Ti moxseneba warudgina peterburgidan Camosul sinodis

revizorebs da nawilobriv Sedegsac miaRwia _ qarTuli

ena da qarTuli galoba qarTvel mowafeTaTvis savalde-

bulo sagnebad iqca.

metad mniSvnelovania didi mRvdelmTavris roli same-

grelos samrevlo skolebSi qarTuli enis uflebebis

dacvis saqmeSi. safrTxe marTlacda didi iyo _ dekanozi

vostorgovi da misi damqaSebi cdilobdnen samegrelos

saqarTvelosagan CamoSorebas. isini cdilobdnen megrele-

bi daerwmunebinaT imaSi, rom isini TiTqos qarTvelebi ar

iyvnen. magram didia RvTis gangeba, wmida mRvdelmTavarma

SeZlo emxilebina da daegmo ̀ vostorgovelebis~ ganzraxva.

episkopos aleqsandres da sxvaTa aqtiuri CareviT, amxiles

rusi saero da sasuliero xelmZRvanelebi, pirvel rigSi,

egzarxosi, zemoxsenebuli ideis siyalbeSi.

amis Semdeg didi xani aRar darCenila episkoposi gu-

ria-samegrelos eparqiaSi. egzarqosisa da sinodis gankar-

gulebiT, `sakuTari Txovnis“ safuZvelze, sinamdvileSi

ki sakuTari qveynis siyvarulisa da misi siwmidis dacvis

braldebiT, igi eparqiidan gaanTavisufles, Tumca ki ofi-

cialur sababad moxucebuloba iyo gamoyenebuli.

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sa-

zogadoebam 1896 wlis 12 maiss saerTo krebaze, iakob goge-

baSvilisa da daviT kariWaSvilis moxsenebaTa safuZvelze,

aleqsandre episkoposi, iliasTan da akakisTan erTad, airCia

sazogadoebis pirvel sapatio wevrad ̀ niSnad pativiscemisa

im didi RvawlisaTvis, romelic mas miuZRvis saqarTvelos

25 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis piradi

fondi, #93.

217

winaSe rogorc imiTi, rom beWdavs warCinebulTa sasuli-

ero mweralTa TxzulebaTa, aaxlebs SesaniSnav dangreul

taZarTa da scdilobs aRadginos Zveli qarTuli galoba

da amisaTvis yovel gvars RonisZiebasa hRonobs, ise imiTi,

rom xels uwyobs saqarTvelos xalxis gonebrivs ganvi-

Tarebas da Tavisis xarjiT hzrdis bevrs obols sxvadasx-

va saswavleblebSi~.26

Tavisi piradi cxovrebiT wmida mRvdelmTavari war-

moadgenda iSviaT magaliTs Rrmad morwmune adamianisas.

misi xasiaTis ZiriTad Tvisebasa da samkauls Seadgenda

sarwmunoebis didi mniSvnelobis Segneba, rogorc wmida

ilia marTali ambobda Tavis moZRvarze: `Tqven gwamT, rom

adamianis mxsneli, misi xelmZRvaneli da gamwmedeli misi

sjuli da sawrmunoebaa, da am gzaze RvawlmosilobisaT-

vis ara dagizogiaT-ra... Tqvenis cxovrebis wmidaTawmidad

ori didi sagania: erTi RmerTi da meore Tqveni samSoblo

qveyana: RmerTs RvTisas aZlevdiT da qveyanas _ qveynisas,

da orsave emsaxurebodiT erTmaneTis dauflisaT, gulmx-

urvalebiT da siyvaruliT~...27

didi mRvdelmTavari, romelsac qarTvelma erma àR-

maSenebeli~ uwoda, marTlac Seudarebeli iyo eklesia-

monastrebis aRdgenasa da aSenebaSi. mas Rrmad hqonda

gaazrebuli, Tu ra SeiZleba yofiliyo eris gadarCenis,

misi `Cveulebisamebr svlis~ ganmapirobeli. maszed br-

Zanebda dekanozi korneli kekeliZe: `Sen kargad gqonda

Segnebuli, rom Cven swavla-ganaTlebas Zvelad qmnida gan-

sakuTrebiT ori umTavresi faqtori: monastrebSi beroba

da soflad ki deda, es ojaxis kera, romelic wera-kiTxvis

nakverCxals gauqroblad icavda da gadascemda SvilTa da

Svilis SvilTa, amisTvis pirvel yovlisa Sen gansakuTre-

biT yuradReba miaqcie CvenSi berobis miZinebul sulis

26 v. gurgeniZev. gurgeniZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 82.

27 z. WiWinaZeWiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 16.

218

gacxovelebas da marTlac, Seni magaliTis mibaZviT ara

erTi da ori RvTismosavi, swavliTa da codniT aRWurvili

beri da monazoni SeeZina saqarTvelos, Sen darwmunebuli

iyavi, rom rogorc Tevzi ver momravldeba uwyloT, ise

beroba umonastroT, amisTvis gulmodgineT miyavi xeli

Zvel eklesias da monaster-lavraTa ganaxlebas da bevrgan,

sadac uwin yvav-buTa Cxavili ismoda, dRes atkbobs yurs

momxiblavi xma qarTul saeklesio galobisa~.28

SiomRvimisa da zedaznis monastrebis istoriis fur-

clebze aRibeWda wmida mRvdelmTavris Rvawli, rogorc am

monastrebis aRmdgenisa da gamamSveneblisa.

SiomRvime im dros ukacriel da udabur adgilad iyo

qceuli. wmida aleqsadrem Seqmna monastris aRgenis fon-

di, romelsac Tavadve Seswira 21000 maneTi. igi mimarTavda

`RvTismoyvare qristianebs~ gaeRoT Sewirulobebi, samagi-

erod aRuTqvamda maT, rom monastris saZmo ilocebda maTi

janmrTelobisa da gansvenebuli mSoblebis sulisaTvis.29

Sewirulobebi yvela mxridan igzavneboda TbilisSi,

aleqsandre episkoposis saxelze. mRvdelmTavari ramod-

enime fonds ganagebda. fondis moqmedeba ukanasknel ka-

pikamde gamWvirvale iyo, raTa aravis eWvi ar Sehparvoda

aleqsandre episkoposis patiosnebaSi. im periodis gazeTeb-

Si igi angariSs abarebda sazogadoebas da madlierebiT

savse werilebiT mimarTavda Semomwirvelebs. 1887 wlamde

SiomRvimis monasteri Tbilisis fericvalebis monasters

ekuTvnoda. am droidan ki sinodma damoukidebel monastrad

ganawesa. sinodis brZanebiT, mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre

dainiSna am monastris winamZRvrad. ivane ratiSvili gamo-

saTxovar sityvaSi werda: „yvelaze meti Rvawli migiZRvis

Sen im Zvelis-Zvel da saxelganTqmul savanes winaSe... Sen


29 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis piradi

fondi #316.

219

aRadgine mkvdreTiT es monasteri da aRmoiyvane sikvdil-

isagan cxovreba, mianiWe sicocxle axalT: gamococxldnen

Zveli taZrebi, senakebi, gamococxlda udabno mooxrebuli

da moifina venaxebiTa, _ unayofo kldem gamosca nayofi ke-

Tili... esreT gamoCndi Sen mecxramete saukuneSi da meoce

saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelosTvis meore `Sio axlad~.30

garda sakuTriv monastrisa, wmida mRvdelmTavari zru-

navda rkinigzis baqanis gamarTvisaTvis, rom mlocvelebs

misvlaSi problema ar hqonodaT. 1888 wels es baqani gaima-

rTa. es didi saqme iyo da didi mowonebiTac Sexvda sazoga-

doeba Tu presa. gansakuTrebiT samadlo saqme iyo es axlo-

maxlo soflebis mcxovrebTaTvis. aleqsandre episkoposis

moTxovniT, dRis ganmavlobaSi gamvleli oTxive matarebe-

li rogorc samgzavro, aseve satvirTo monasterTan axlos

Cerdeboda. erTi wlis Semdeg, 1889 wels, mRvdelmTavris

mecadinoebiT mtkvarze gaimarTa borani, romelic TviTonve

akurTxa.31

aleqsandre oqropiriZem xeli mokida monasterSi

sameurneo saqmianobis aRdgenasac. sul ramdenime xanSi man

gaudaburebuli monasteri walkotad aqcia.

wm. mRvdelmTavars mravali ciliswamebis atanac uwev-

da, magram didbunebovnad itanda yvelafers. man kargad uw-

yoda, rom yovel keTil saqmes Tan axlda borotic; boroti,

romlis gandevnac òden locviTa da marxviT iyo Sesa-

Zlebeli~ da swored amgvari iyo misis cxovrebac. yovlad

samRvdelo aleqsandrem ganvlo cxovrebis mRelvare zRva,

ganicada am soflis mravali siborote, orguloba, Ralati,

ciliswameba, dasmena, Zmis gacema.

rasakvirvelia, am tkivilTa mimyenebelni iyvnen isini,

visac eklesiisa da samRvdeloebis dacema surdaT xalx-

is TvalSi. am borotmoqmedTa mtarvali xeli iqamdec



220

miwvda, rom maT gaZarcves monasteri da mokles maqsime

`keleniki~, mRvdelmTavris sayvareli mowafe da momvle-

li. miuxedavad imisa, rom man gaigo Tu romeli sofli-

dan iyvnen borotmoqmedni, mainc xalxis sibralulma da

siyvarulma dasZlia da swored misTvis, rom egzekucia

ar CaeyenebinaT soflebisaTvis, sadac damnaSavesTan er-

Tad udanaSauloc daisjeboda, gaCumda da gulSi Caikla

es varamic~...32 amiT man anaxa sazogadoebas, Tu rogor

unda giyvardes mteri Seni.

didi mRvdelmTavris wyalobiT gamococxlda agreTve

savane didebuli ioane zedaznelisa. 11700 maneTi Seswira

zedaznis fonds, romlis monagebi monastris gankargule-

baSi iyo. aleqsandre episkoposs aRTqma hqonia dadebuli,

ioane zedaznelis xsenebis dRes: `kvlav vaRiareb, rom uku-

eTu RmerTma sicocxle momca es monasteri aRvadgino da

SewirviTa uzrunvelyo~....33 aRasrula kidec es aRTqma.

1890 wels aleqsandre oqropiriZem TxovniT mimarTa

egzarqos paladis (1887-1892) jvris monastris ukeT dacvis

mizniT, misi zedaznis monastrisTis gadacemis Sesaxeb.34 es

Txovna dakmayofilda. gadawyvetilebis miRebis samadlod

wirva aRavlina mRvdelmTavarma jvris monasterSi, romlis

dasasruls mrevls siamovnebiT ganucxada es ambavi.

àRmSenebelma~ daiwyo kidev erTi didi da mZime saqme

jvris monastris restavrirebisa. im wmidaTa locviT, romel-

nic iyvnen meoxni winaSe uflisa, aleqsandre episkoposma

kvlavac SeZlo monastris aRdgena. is iyo didi qtitori

ara mxolod Tavisi droisa, aramed warsulisac da momav-

lisac.

32 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis fondi

#41.33 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis fondi

#104.34 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis fondi

#135.

221

1500 maneTi Seswira wmida aleqsandrem sveticxov-

lis aRdgenis fonds. igi ganagebda ikorTis taZris aRm-

dgenel komitets. taZris aRdgenis nebarTva egzarqosisgan

gamouTxovia goris sakrebulo taZris mRvdels i. gam-

rekels. ikorTa erisTavebis sagvareulo samarxi iyo, ami-

tom aleqsandrem am saqmis warmatebiT dagvirgvinebisaTvis

ZiriTadad SeZlebuli erisTavebi moiSvelia.35

arc Tavis sofels aklebda yuradRebas aleqsandre

_ ganaaxla mSobliuri disevis eklesia. aseTi damokide-

bulebis Sedegi iyo misi Tanasoflelis al. TatunaSvilis

werili, romelic mis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT gamougza-

vna sparseTis sazRvridan. igi wers: `saqarTvelos istori-

is furclebze oqros asoebiT aRbeWdavs Tqveni meufebis

saxelsa da Rvawls. saukunod iqneba agreTve dauviwyari

Tqveni saxeli goris mazris patara sofel disevSi~.36

afxazeTis episkoposad yofnisas aleqsandre xelmZ-

Rvanelobda biWvinTis taZris SesakeTebel samuSaoebs.

taZars Seswira qarTuli xucuri wignebi, mTeli wlis

saxmari. man aRadgina da ganaaxla ori eklesia q. sox-

umTan axlos.

`sxva mraval Zvelis taZrisa da monastris ganaxleb-

is saqmesac yovladsamRvdelom uxvi nivTieri daxmareba

TvisTa saSualebaTagan aRmouCina, rogorc amereTsa, ise

imereTSi~.37

aleqsandre oqropiriZes, rogorc taZrebis àRmSen-

ebels~, saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareTac hqonda saxeli ga-

vardnili. mas Semweobas sTxovdnen sxva qveynebis marTlma-

didebeli qristianebic. 1898 wels ilia WavWavaZem Semdegi

sityviT mimarTa mas aleqsandres: `... Tqveni madliT cx-

ebuli marjvena yvelgan mogiwvdeniaT, saca ki Tqvenis qvey-

35 gazeTi ìveria~, 1890, #143.



222

nis, Tqvenis eris sakeTildReod saqme ram aCenila. ar aris

arc-erTi saero saqvelmoqmedo saqme qarTvelobisa, rom

Tqveni uxvi wvlili ar erios, Tqveni locva kurTxeva wina

ar uZRvodes, Tavs ar dastrialebdes~, _ mimarTavda didi

ilia Tavis sulier moZRvars~.38

kidev erTi didi da saSvilTaSvilo saqme, romel-

Sic marTlac ùxvi wvlili urevia~ aleqsandre oqropi-

riZisa, iyo qarTuli saeklesio galobis aRdgena. galo-

bisa, romelsac rusebi `mglebis ymuils eZaxdnen~. rusebi

yvela Rones xmarobdnen imisaTvis, rom uZvelesi qarTuli

sagaloblebis erovnuli TviTmyofadoba dakarguliyo. am

mxriv praqtikuli nabiji gadadga saqarTvelos egzarqosma

Teofilaqte rusanovma (1817-1821 ww.), romlis brZanebiT Tbi-

lisis eklesiebsa da sasuliero saswavleblebSi, rogorc

wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, àman aRiRo galoba qarTuli da

nacvlad missa moayola galoba qarTulis eniT rusTa da

laTinda kilozeda~.39

rusma moxeleebma icodnen, rom uZvelesi qarTuli saga-

loblebi avtokefalia-warTmeul eklesiaSi erovnuli su-

lis SenarCunebas Seuwyobda xels. es ki damabrkolebeli

saSualeba iqneboda asimilaciis ganxorcielebisaTvis.40

amis gamo, 1872 wlidan garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi,

seminariaSi qarTuli galoba aRar iswavleboda. qarTuli

galobis amgvar yofas vercerTi qarTveli da, miTumetes,

episkoposo aleqsandre ver Seegueboda.

1860 wels Seiqmna kidevac qarTuli saeklesio galobis

aRmdgeneli komiteti. 1879 wlidan am komitets saTaveSi

38 gazeTi ìveria~, 1898, #103.

39 e. bebulaSvilie. bebulaSvili. qarTuli saeklesio sagaloblebi egzarqoso-

bis periodSi._ qarTuli saeklesio galoba. eri da tradicia.

Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 175.40 e. bebulaSvilie. bebulaSvili. qarTuli saeklesio sagaloblebi egzarqoso-

bis periodSi._ qarTuli saeklesio galoba. eri da tradicia.

Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 174.

223

Caudga episkoposi aleqsandre da daiwyo metad aqtiuri

saqmianoba. komitetis wevrebi mis binaze ikribebodnen ga-

lobis sakiTxebis gansasjelad. Seiqmna fondi, romelsac

Tavadve xelmZRvanelobda da soliduri Tanxac Seswi-

ra. komitetis Tavmjdomareobamde didi xniT adre man

seminarias Seswira 1500 maneTi, romelic ase gaanawila:

500 maneTi _ Zveli qarTuli galobis aRdgena-gamocemis

saqmes, 300 maneTi _ samoswavlo biblioTekas, 200 maneTi

_ zneobrivi Sinaarsis wignebis rusulidan qarTulad

Targmnisa da dabeWdvis saqmes, 500 maneTi daawesa premi-

ad an jildod maTTvis, vinc warmatebiT da sworad ga-

daitanda notebze Zvel qarTul galobas.

pirvelad wmida mRvdelmTavari qarTl-kaxuri galobiT

iyo dainteresebuli. masve ekuTvnoda iniciativa TbilisSi

qarTuli saeklesio galobis saswavleblis daarsebisa. man

egzarqosisagan gamoiTxova nebarTva, rom erTi wlis gan-

mavlobaSi mrevlSi Semowiruloba CamoeTxovaT am saqmis

gasasruleblad. saqmiswarmoeba daevala SuamTis monastris

mRvdelmonazon ilarions. mRvdelmTavarma aleqsandrem

werilobiTi TxovniT mimarTa sruliad saqarTvelos: unda

akrefiliyo fulic da sxva sanovagec, vinc ras Seswiravda

(romelic Semdeg fulad iqceoda) da Tanxis miTiTebiTa da

xelmoweriT Cabareboda ilarions, raTa saSualeba yofil-

iyo Tanxis zusti kontrolisa. aleqsandres ganzraxuli

hqonda imereli da qarTleli `galobaTa mcodne ostateb-

is mowveva~. `vinc ama ostatTagani niWsa da patiosnebas da

erTgulebas gamoaCens swavlaSi da Segirdebis mizidvaSi,

imas eqneba pativi da yuradReba~, _ uTiTebda igi.41

metad gaWirda kompetenturi pirebis monaxva. m. maWa-

varianma gadaiRo notebze ioane oqropiris liturgiis ram-

denime nawili, magram daiwunes.


#113.

224

aleqsandre episkoposi sazogadoebis moTminebasa da

Tanadgomas moiTxovda: `nurc eniT da nurc kalmiT cu-

dad nuravin axsenebs am galobas, cudxsenebiT galobis at-

mosfero ar gaiwmindeba... naTqvamia, Cqars ugviandebodeso.42

bolo ityvis yvelas da daagvirgvinebs saqmesa~.

wmida mRvdelmTavari sTxovda musikisa da notebis

karg mcodneebs, gamoxmaurebodnen komitets da ekisraT

saSviliSvilo saqme, xolo Tu qarTvelTa Soris am saqmis

moTave ar gamoCndeboda, maSin mRvdelmTavari iZulebuli

gaxdeboda, peterburgisTvis miemarTa.

galobis saqme TandaTan win midioda aleqsandre

oqropiriZis SeTanxmebiT Tbilisis samusiko skolis direq-

torTan _ ipolitov-ivanovTan. mas notebze unda gadaeRo

xuTasamde qarTuli sagalobeli, risTvisac wm. mRvdelmTa-

vari 2000 maneTs uxdida. ipolitov-ivanovi, marTalia didi

enTuziazmiT Seudga sagaloblebis notebze gadatanas, ma-

gram xelSekrulebis zogierTi muxli ver Seasrula. 500

sagaloblis nacvlad 76 sagaloblis Cawera moaxerxa. gaT-

valiswinebul vadaSic ver Caetia... 1896 wels ipolitov-

ivanovis qarTuli sagaloblebis krebuli sinodSi waradg-

ines. sinodaluri saswavleblis qoros direqtorma da

musikaTmcodneebma mas dadebiTi Sefaseba misces. komisiam

dabeWdvis nebarTvisaTvis krebuli isev sinodSi waradgina.

1899 wels aleqsandre oqropiriZis dafinansebiT aRniSnu-

li sagaloblebi gamoqveynda. krebuls Tan daerTo mokle

axsna-ganmarteba da miTiTebani.43

am saSviliSvilo saqmeSi monawileobdnen Zmebi karb-

elaSvilebi, didi amagi dasdo am saqmes filimon qoriZem.

gansakuTrebuli iyo Rvawli iRumen eqvTime kereseliZisa.

42 qarTuli saeklesio galobis Tanamedrove problemebi. Tbili-

si, 2002, gv. 114.

43 qarTuli saeklesio galoba. eri da tradicia. Tbilisi, 2001, gv.

190.

225

maTTan mravali Semsrulebeli ikribeboda qarTuli ga-

lobisa, maTi mizani iyo qarTuli saeklesio galobis

gadarCena.

1893 wels ipolitov-ivanovi swerda erT Tavis nacnobs:

àuwyeT yovladusamRvdeloess aleqsandre episkoposs, rom

misi brZnulis meTaurobis wyalobiT qarTuli galoba da

simRera musikis istoriaSi SesamCnevs adgils daiWers~.44

1898 wlidan wm. aleqsandre guria-samegrelos eparqiaSi

agrZelebs moRvaweobas. man ozurgeTSi daarsa galobis ka-

bineti. Seiqmna guruli galobis aRdgenis fondi, romelsac

aleqsandre episkoposis saxeli ewoda. man Tavisi xarjiT

moiwvia ori mgalobeli: T. nakaSiZe da s. molariSvili da

daavala maT, rom ufasod eswavlebinaT xalxisTvis galoba.

aleqsandre episkoposi imedianad iyo ganwyobili

saqmis keTilad gasrulebsiadmi da dainteresebul pi-

rebs mimarTavda: `bolo ityvis yvelas da daagvirgvinebs

saqmesa. iqneba bolos sTqvan ZeTa Zvelis iberiisaTa:

gamobrwyinda naTeli qarTuli eklesiis galobisa hori-

zontsa zeda, gadaRebul iqna notsa zeda da dRes ix-

arebs eri qarTvelTa gawyobilad gadacemisaTvis wina-

parTa mSvenierTa galobaTa~.45

aseTi dro marTlac dadga da rom qarTvelma xalxma

Tavisi udidesi ganZi _ Zveli saeklesio galoba _ ar da-

karga, swored wmida mRvdelmTavrisa da misi didi mamuliS-

vilebis wyalobiT.

episkoposi aleqsandre cnobili iyo, rogorc siZvele-

Ta didi qomagi. mas mtkiced daucavs martvilis taZris

siZveleni, romelTa moskovSi gatana sdomebia grafinia

ugarovas, TiTqosda iq ukeT dasacavad. mRvdelmTavris

pasuxi Semdegi yofila: `1500-mde maneTi gadavde martvilis

44 gazeTi ìveria~, 1893,

45 qarTuli saeklesio galobis Tanamedrove problemebi. Tbili-

si, 2002, gv. 114.

226

samkaulTaTvis, mtkice Tavsafaris asagebad da dasacavad

da aqedan wminda nivTebis waReba SeuZleblad mimaCnia da

sarwmunoebis mxriv uxerxulado~.46

2000 maneTamdis Seswira aleqsandre oqropiriZem

qarTl-kaxeTis eparqiis siZveleTsacavs qarTuli xelnaw-

eris dasabeWdad.

wmida mRvdelmTavari qveynis gadarCenis erT-erT niSan-

svetad miiCnevda ber-monaznobas. es instituti saqarTvelo-

Si metismetad dakninebuli iyo. amgvar yofas Sesabamis

Sefasebas aZlevda dekanozi kalistrate cincaZe wmida

mRvdelmTavrisadmi warmoTqmul gamosaTxovar sityvaSi:

`dRes Tu monazonobis umravlesobas Seadgenen usaqmod

cxovrebis moyvareni, winaT ase rodi iyo. winaT monazono-

ba da sazogado asparezzed moRvaweoba sinonimebi iyvnen...

sanam ber-monazonoba Tavis daniSnulebas emsaxureboda da

movaleobas asrulebda _ saqarTveloc daqucmacda, dan-

awilda, daeca...~47

yovelive es gasigrZeganebuli hqonda wmida mRvdelmTa-

vars da Zal-Rones ar iSurebda CvenSi WeSmariti ber-mon-

azvnobis aRsadgenad, gansaaxleblad. pirvel yovlisa, is

TviTon iyo `cxoveli suraTi Zveli bermonazonobisa~.

aseT adamianebs magaliTis Zala aqvT da ar iyo SemTxvevi-

Ti, rom mis saxels daukavSirda kidev erTi didi moRvawe

saqarTvelos eklesiisa, kaTolikos-paqriarqi leonide (1918-

1921), wmidanis Zmiswuli. metad mzrunveli damokidebuleba

hqonda biZas ZmisSvilisadmi. aleqsandre rudunebiT iniS-

navda yovel wvrilmans, romelic longinozs ukavSirde-

boda. roca Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan longinozi

kavkasiis seminaraiSi gadavida, aleqsandrem werili mis-

wera arqimandrit tixons da mzrunvelobiT Caabara ZmisS-


47 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 24-25.

227

vili, igi fiqrobda, rom longinozi imeds gaamarTlebda

da gaamarTla kidec. madlierebis grZnobiT mimarTavda

wmida ilia marTali mxcovan mRvdelmTavars: `rom Tqvenis

meoxebiT, Tqvenis RvawliT, Tqvenis mamobrivi siyvaruliT

gauzardeT Cvens qveyanas imisTana Svili, rogorc axlad

nakurTxi episkoposi leonidea... Cven SevxariT Cvens axals

episkopozs sasoebiT da imediTa, imitom rom Tqveni gaz-

rdilia, Tqveni sulieri Svilia da yoveli msgavsi msgavss

Sobso naTqvamia. Tqvens gazrdils didi da ekliani gza

udevs win, is siyvaruls qveynisas Tqvenebr win waimZRvarebs

da msaxureba misi msaxureba iqmneba qveynisa. es gza gzaa

sakuTari Tavis gawirvisa, wamebisa, nametavad CvenSi, sadac

umaduroba da kilva ise xSiria rogorc arsad. Cven imedi

gvaqvs, rom Tqvens magivrobas gagviwevs~.48

aleqsandre episkoposs, rogorc SesaniSnav adamian-

sa da moqalaqes, axasiaTebda zomaze metad Tavmdabloba,

gulkeTiloba da Semwynarebloba. misi Tavmdablobis da-

dasturebaa 1897 wlis 25 aprils ìveriaSi~ gamoqveyneb-

uli werili, roca sazogadoebam gadawyvita mxcovani

mamisTvis 35 wlis moRvaweobis iubile gadaexadaT, man

redaqcias TxovniT mimarTa: ̀ batono redaqtoro!~ nuravin

Sewuxdeba misalocad, radgan daTqmuli TariRi 9 maisi

wmida Sios xsenebis dRe yofila da gadawyvetili hqonda

wirvis Catareba.49 raRa Tqma unda qebisa da xotbis mosas-

menad igi wirvas ar gadadebda. 1897 wlis 9 maiss gazeTi

ìveria~ werda: `saiubileo dResaswauls ganSorda da

milocvasa da zeims vedreba da locva amjobina mrisxane

da yru udabnoSi!.. am ocdaTxuTmetis wlis ganmavlobaSi

da winadac misi meufeba mtkiced da savsebiT adga mcne-

basa uflisasa, - `movediT Cemda yovelni maSvralni da

48 v. gurgeniZe.v. gurgeniZe. wmida mariamis wilxvedr qveyanaSi. wigni II. Tbi-

lisi, 1997, gv. 70.


228

tvirT-mZimeni, da me gangisvenebT Tqven~.50

didi mRvdelmTavris iubilesTan dakavSirebiT Tbili-

sis samRvdeloebam paraklisebi gadaixada da iubilars

`mSvenivrad Semkuli mitra~ miarTva.

Tavad iubilarma ki es iubile kidev erTi saqvelmo-

qmedo saqmiT daagvirgvina Tbilisis sasuliero saswavle-

belSi 2500 maneTi Seitana da daarsa stipendia `saukeTeso

da Rarib qarTvel moswavlis gamosazrdelad~.51

9 maiss gadaxdili wirvis mere wmida mRvdelmTavars,

sazogadoebis gulTbili SexvedriT gaxarebuls, daudia

aRTqma, Tu RmerTi xels momimarTavso: `1. daexmaros qar-

Tul galobas da mgalobelTa gundis daarsebas; 2. Sea-

grovos Zveli xelTnawerebi, romelTac raime mniSvnelo-

ba aqvT saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaswavlad, da daarsos

wignTsacavi an Sio mRvimis monasterSi an tfiliss... 3) ga-

naaxlos arCil luarsabis eklesia TianeTis mazraSi, Tum-

ca es saqme mis meufebas saTqmeladac ki metad eZneleba~.52

1998 wels Tbilisidan aleqsandre episkoposi qarTv-

elma sazogadoebam didi siyvaruliT guria-samegrelos

eparqiaSi gaamgzavra. am TariRTan dakavSirebiT madli-

erma samwysom Tanxa Sekriba da moskovidan gamoiwera

iSviaTi nakeTobis Zvirfasi kverTxi. oqroSi daferili

vercxlis kverTxi perangSi iyo Casmuli da tarze hqonda

warwera: àRiRe kverTxi ese da waiyvane eri Seni gzasa

simarTlisasa. 15 maisi 1898 wlisa~. kverTxis budis Tavze

amoWrili iyo aso à~, romelsac Tavze samRvdelmTavro

mitra hqonda gakeTebuli.53

aleqsandre episkoposis gamosaTxovar sityvaze bevri



51 gazeTi `veria~, 1897, #180.

53 gazeTi ìveria~, 1898, #103.

229

atirebula, mas uamravi xalxi exveoda, raTa mieRo say-

vareli mwyemsmTavrisagan locva-kurTxeva. mRvdelmTavars

gamosaTxovari sityviT mimarTa ilia WavWavaZem, romlis

nawyvetebic araerTxel movixmeT. igi mRvdelmTavars mima-

rTavda: `qveyanas emsaxurebodiT RvTisaTvis da RmerTs

adidebdiT qveynisaTvis, radganac RmerTi aris siyvaruli

da siyvaruli mxsnelia qveynisa~... wmida ilia marTlis br-

ZanebiT atirebul samwysos „imer ZmaTa“ siyvaruli uneleb-

da mwuxarebas da amxnevebda.

zemoT ramdenadme SevexeT aleqsandre episkopo-

sis Rvawls guria-samegrelos eparqiaSi. mas metad mZime

pirobebSi uwevda yofna. irgvliv sufevda „sibnele da zne-

dacemuloba. RvTismosav samwysos naTlis imedi Caesaxa.

guria-samegrelos mosaxleoba aRfrTovanebuli miegeba

aleqsandre episkoposis iq Casvlas. mTeli samegrelo gam-

osuli iyo mRvdelmTavarTan Sesaxvedrad. asakis miuxeda-

vad aleqsandre episkoposma TiTqmis mTeli eparqia moiara.

es misi cxovrebis Cveulebrivi momenti iyo da amas ise

mxned akeTebda, rom Turme yvelaze adre TviTon dgeboda

da Tavis mxleblebs TviTonve aRviZebda.

eparqiis samRvdeloeba mRvdelmTavrisadmi mimarTul

sityvebSi did imedsa da sixaruls gamoTqvamda. maT swam-

daT, rom aleqsandres aRmSenebeli marjvena aayvavebda gu-

ria-samegrelos gaukuRmarTebis gzaze Semdgar eparqias.

xalxi xedavda mRvdelmTavris mxneobas, SemarTebas da

Rvawls, magram, albaT cota vinmem Tu icoda, rom locvisas

daCoqili TviTon veRar dgeboda, exmarebodnen.

1900 wels mRvdelmTavarma akurTxa axlad aSen-

ebuli vanisa da jumaTis eklesiebi, 1901 wels foTis

taZari aleqsandre nevelis saxelze. 1898 wels akurTxa

qobuleTSi erTaderTi marTlmadidebluri eklesia wm.

nikolozis saxelze.

foTSi moRvaweobis dros wm. mRvdelmTavarma Tavis

230

saxlSi gadaitana da aamoqmeda sanTlis qarxana, romlis

monagebiT mas dagegmili hqonda samegrelos sasuliero

skolis, dedaTa saeparqio saswavleblis, samrevlo skoleb-

is mowyoba da mravali sxva saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba.

wmida mRvdelmTavris mzrunveli Tvali saqarTvelos

yovel kuTxe-kunWuls swvdeboda. misi mzrunveli xeli

swvdeboda mesxeTsac, axalcixe-axalqalaqis sablaRoCinos.

wmida mRvdelmTavarma mamobrivi siyvaruliT Caixuta

deda samSoblos 1878 wels SemoerTebuli aWara. Tbi-

lisSi Camosul aWaris delegacias mRvdelmTavarma mrav-

lismTqmeli sityvebiT mimarTa: „xmebi, romlebic dadis

aWaris ZaliT gaqristianebaze, mcdaria. amaSi Zalas ara-

vin dagatanT, xolo Tu survili geqnebaT, karebs aravin

dagiketavT. vadidoT RmerTi Tqven Tqvens rjulze, Cven-

Cvens rjulze. gisurvebT Sin mSvidobiT dabrunebas“ –

brZana mRvdelmTavarma.54

aleqsandre episkoposis aseTi taqtika gonivrulad

gaTvlili politikuri nabiji iyo. aWarlebis bedi bo-

lomde darCa misi zrunvis sagnad. 1899 wels mRvdelmTa-

vari baTums ewvia. baTumSi Catarebuli wirvis mere

mRvdelmTavarma sityviT mimarTa mosaxleobas: „RmerTma

mogvaswro am saqarTvelos kuTxis SemoerTeba, da swored

sircxvili iqneba, rom erTi patara eklesiac ver avaSe-

noT iq, sadac Cven winaparT uxvad uSenebiaT taZari-mon-

asterni“, – brZana man.55 500 maneTi Seswira taZris fonds

da iqve Caabara komitets.

wmida mRvdelmTavris mTeli cxovreba iyo mamulisaT-

vis Tavdadeba. swored am TavdadebisaTvis CamoaSora igi

imperiam eparqiis mwyemsmTavrobas. 1903 wlis 30 noembers

igi gamoeTxova guria-samegrelos eparqias. àxla ki aqvs

54 gazeTi ìveria~, 1899, #234.

55 gazeTi ìveria~, 1899, #234.

231

ufleba mwyemsmTavars, damSvidebiT gadaavlos Tvali Tavi-

si sicocxlis naRvaws, rom danarCeni dReni Tavisi sicocx-

lisa myudrod da simSvidiT ganataros monastris zRude-

Ta Soris... svindisi es mousyidveli msajuli, ar dauwyebs

qenjnas mis sulsa, ar daayvedrebs umoqmedobas. uqmad yof-

nas, cxovrebis gzis ganvlas kvalis aRubeWdavad~, – werda

im dRes presa.56

did ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda wmida mRvdelmTavari

im mtrul aqtze, riTac erTmorwmune rusuli eklesiis mes-

veurTa `wyalobiT~ qarTul eklesias avtokefalia daekar-

ga. aleqsandre episkoposi yvela Rones xmarobda, rom

Cvens eklesias TviTmwyemsobis ufleba dabruneboda. „av-

tokefalia imisTvis ki ar mexmareba, - ambobda aleqsandre

episkoposi, - rom, rogorc yvela damsaxurebuls, kaToliko-

zoba me mergos, aramed imisaTvis, rom qarTvel sasuliero

wodebas cotaT Tu bevrad Tavisufleba mieces. maSin is

qarTvelebisaTvis mavne pirebi, romelnic exla arian sa-

suliero wodebaTa ricxvSi, saqarTvelos eklesiidan gan-

idevnebiano“57

wmida mRvdelmTavari „mosasveneblad“ Tavissave aRdge-

nil Sio-mRvimis monasterSi gagzavnes. cxovrobda garide-

buli yovelgvar amaoebas da adidebda ufals.

sicoxclis bolo Tveebi kidev erTma saSinelebam

mouSxama moxucs. es iyo 1907 wlis 30 agvistos wiwamuris

tragedia. gulmoklulma mamam mxolod erTxel datova

monasteri da ilias dakrZalvis dRes TbilSi Camovida.

rogorc misi drois Tanamedrove ivane ratiSvili ixsenebs:

`mxcovanebisagan mouZlurebuli, igi mainc daeswro Cveni

axaldroebis mowamis, didi ilias dasaflavebas, Seasrula

sarwmunoebrivi wesi, gamoesalma Tavisi guliTadi sityviT

da siyvaruliT emTxvia ilias gvamsa! es iyo ukanaskneli

56 gazeTi ìveria~, 1899, #234.


232

naxva misi Cveni dedaqalaqisa da ukanaskneli naxva misi

Cveni dedalaqis mier... dasaflavebis meore dRes Sevida

dila adrianad Cvens wmida sionSi, iloca lmobierad, gamoe-

Txova Taviss sayvarel sionis RvTismSobels, wmida ninos

xatsa da jvarsa, gamoeTxova sionis dekanozsa da gamoe-

Sura Tavis sayvarel Siosadmi, Tavis ukanasknel saiqao

navsayudelisaken – gaiara orma Tvem da kidec aResrula

sasoebiT, uWirvelad, urcxvenelad – ganuteva wmida suli

Tavisi mSvidobiT, misi sayvareli mama Sios gverdiT~.58 83

wlis mRvdelmTavari gardaicvala 1907 wlis 9 noembers.

man dautova saaqao navsayudelic da Sevida saukuno samSvi-

dobo navsayudelsa...

wmida aleqsandre daikrZala SiomRvimis savaneSi, did

sakrebulo taZarSi. SemTxveviT araferi xdeba amqveynad, yve-

laferi RvTis neba an RvTis daSvebaa, aleqsandre episkopo-

sis CanawerSi daculia erTi uTariRo Canaweri: `sizmari

vnaxe, rom Cemi saxeli Sio mRvimesTan iyo qaRaldze daw-

erili~.59

16 noembers dakrZalvas daeswro mravali adamiani. qar-

Tuli inteligenciis cnobili warmomadgenlebi Tbili da

madlierebiT aRsavse sityvebiT emSvidobebodnen `qarTvel-

Ta mamas~, aleqsandre aRmSenebels, afxazeTis meore mo-

ciquls, axal Sios... gamogveTxova da dagvitova WeSmar-

iti saxe namdvili mRvdelmTavrisa, rogorc arqimandriti

ambrosi xelaia ambobda gamosaTxovar sityvaSi: `gansven-

ebulma yovlad samRvdelom gvaswavla Cven, ramdenad Sei-

Zleba am ukuRmarT droSic viyoT namdvili qristiani,

qristianul idealebis matarebelebi. rogorc yvelas erT

rigad unda aviwyebinebdes pirad interesebs da abedvineb-

des sicocxlis Sewirvas moyvasisaTvis – rogorc matare-



#119.

233

beli amnairi siyvarulisa, is Tvisis cxovrebiT gvimtkicebs,

rom es qristesagan mis mimdevarTaTvis daxatuli ideali

am qveynad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes...~60

am udidesi da auwoneli RvawlisaTvis, 1995 wels

saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida sinodma aleqsandre episkopo-

si wmindanad Seracxa da moixada misis xsovnis winaSe

naTeli vali. diax, zeciur mozeime eklesias kidev erTi

wmindani Seemata saqarTvelosaTvis da mTeli qristianobi-

saTvis mlocveli – kaci, romelmac pirnaTlad aRasrula

uflis sityvebi: ègreT brwyinavdin naTeli Tqueni winaSe

kacTa, raTa ixilnen saqmeni Tquenni keTilni da adidebden

mamasa Tquensa zecaTasa~.61

60 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv 10.

61 maTemaTe, 5, 16.

234

maka kvaracxeliamaka kvaracxelia _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida


saxelobis qarTuli universitetis

doqtoranti

qalaq Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba qalaq Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenamdedamoukideblobis aRdgenamde

(1917 wlis marti - 1918 wlis maisi)(1917 wlis marti - 1918 wlis maisi)

1917 wlis Tebarval-martis revoluciis dawyebam da-

sabami misca saxelmwifoebrivi marTva-gamgeobis sistemis

demokratiul sawyisebze gardaqmnas.

1917 wlis 25 aprils ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam

daadgina: 1) gauqmdes 1892 wlis saqalaqo debulebis 22-

58 muxlebi; 2) axali saqalaqo debulebis Sedgena-damt-

kicebamde ZalaSi Sevides saqalaqo saTaTbiros xmosanTa

arCevnebis droebiTi wesebi.

axali 1917 wlis 15 aprilis debuleba auqmebda qone-

briv cenzs, zogierT sxva SezRudvas, rac demokratiuli

Zalebis gamarjvebis realur Sansebs iZleoda. agreTve,

iZleoda saSualebas arCevnebi Catarebuliyo samarTli-

anad, demokratiulad, gamWvirvaled.

droebiTi wesebi 37 muxlisagan Sedgeboda. debuleb-

is Sesabamisad, xmosnebi irCeodnen 1919 wlis 1 ianvramde.

Tbilisis saTaTbiroSi asarCev xmosanTa ricxvi 120 kac-

iT ganisazRvra. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba hqonda

yvela moqalaqes ganurCevlad sqesisa, erovnebisa da sar-

wmunoebisa, romelsac saarCevno siebis Sedgenis dawyebam-

de Seusruldeboda oci weli, cxovrobda an moRvaweobda

mocemul qalaqSi. arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebas mok-

235

lebuli iyvnen: mTavrobis moxeleebi, miliciis mosamsax-

ureebi, berebi, sasamarTlosgan msjavrdebuli pirebi, un-

arSezRuduli pirebi, xolo xmosnad da mis kandidatad

SeiZleboda arCeuli yofiliyo yvela, garda im pirisa,

romelsac hqonda xmis micemis ufleba, iseTic, romelic

qalaqSi ar cxovrobda, ar hqonda bina, samsaxuri an sam-

uSao, magram akmayofilebda arCevnebSi monawileobisaT-

vis sxva saWiro pirobas.

debulebisa da misi TandarTuli dokumentebiT deta-

lurad iyo gawerili, Tu vin adgenda da ra wesiT unda

gamoqveynebuliyo saarCevno siebi, qalaqis Tavis valde-

bulebebi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis irgvliv, biuletineb-

is warmoebis wesi, xmis micemis wesebi, miliciis uflebamo-

sileba arCevnebis dRes, xmis daTvlis wesi, gasaCivrebis

wesebi, arCevnebis Catarebis dro da sxva sakiTxebi.

xmosanTa saerTo ricxvi, romelic arCeuli unda yo-

filiyo mTel saarCevno olqSi, nawildeboda proporciu-

lad siaTa Soris miRebuli xmebis Sesabamisad.1

arCevnebis droebiTi wesebi, ra Tqma unda saqarTvelosac

Seexo, didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia saqalaqo TviTm-

marTvelobaTa, socialur bazaTa da politikur struq-

turaSi, maT praqtikul saqmianobaSi. saqarTvelos yvela

TviTmmarTvel qalaqTa zedafena, marTalia, cdilobda

wamyvani pozicia SeenarCunebina, kvlav kontrolqveS hy-

oloda saarCevno komisiebi da amiT uzrunvelyo gamar-

jveba, magram demokratiam TiTqmis yvelgan undobloba

gamoucxada msxvil burJuazias da sabolood SeZlo

saqalaqo saTaTbiroebSi Tavisi warmomadgenlobis sagr-

Znoblad gazrda.

1917 wlis maisSi Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma xelaxali

1 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,

fondi 1836 (saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis parlamenti),

anaweri 1, saqme N157, furceli 40-50.

236

cirkulari gamosca, romelSic igi arCevnebis dauyovnebliv

Catarebas moiTxovs ukve gamoqveynebuli kanonis Tanaxmad.

qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis garSemo aqtiuri mo-

qmedeba daiwyo.

Tbilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis aRmas-

rulebelma komitetma Tavis mxriv imsjela am saganze da

mouwoda xalxs, saarCevno kampanias Sesdgomoda da yvelgan

saarCevno biuroebi moewyo.2

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, Tbilisis saqalaqo

saTaTbiros pirveli arCevnebi 1917 wlis ivnisisaTvis

dainiSna. winasaarCevno agitaciaSi monawileobda TiTqmis

yvela politikuri partia da organizacia (bolSevikebi

xelisuflebis organod muSaTa sabWos Tvlidnen, Tbilisis

saqalaqo saTaTbiros arCevnebs maT boikoti gamoucxades).

sakmaod aqtiurobda qarTuli presa. gansakuTrebiT

aqtiuri iyo gazeTi èrToba”, romelic warmoadgenda so-

cial-demokratTa centralur organos. gazeTi èrToba”

intensiurad aSuqebda winasaarCevno procesebs, eweoda did

agitacias da poziciasac mkveTrad afiqsirebda.

gazeTis redaqcia did mniSvnelobas aniWebda adgilo-

brivi TviTmmarTvelobis siZlieres, rameTu `ganaxlebul

pirobebSi igi saxelmwifos didi damxmare organo iqneba

da mraval funqciebs, romelsac am dromde centraluri

biurokratiuli organo umsgavsod asrulebda, TviTon

Seasrulebs. rameTu mis movaleobas Seadgens qalaqis sa-

zogadoebriv higienaze zrunva, sazogadoebrivi Senobeb-

is aSeneba, mimosvlis mowyoba, arxebisa da kanalizaciis

gayvana, muSaTa ekonomiur mdgomareobaze zrunva, swavla,

ganaTleba, RaribTa daxmareba da sxva mravali amgvari

sazogadoebrivi saqmeebi.

Zvel Tfilisis TviTmmarTvelobas zeviT dasaxelebul

sazogadoebriv asparezze TiTqmis araferi gaukeTebia da

2 gazeTi èrToba~, 1917, 11 maisi,N#44.

237

Tu ram gaukeTebia ise umniSvnelo da uvargisi, rom moxsen-

ebac ki ar Rirs”, _ aRniSnavda werilis avtori. 3

qarTveli social-demokratebi da maTi organo gazeTi

„erToba“ mouwodebda moqalaqeebs maRali SegnebiT

mohkidebodnen Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobis istoriaSi

sayovelTao, Tanaswori da faruli kenWisyris safuZvelze,

pirveli saqalaqo arCevnebis Catarebas, rasac, maTi azriT,

udidesi sazogadoebrivi da politikuri mniSvneloba hqon-

da. Tbilisis social-demokratiulma komitetma gamoaqvey-

na Tavisi municipaluri programa, romelic iTvaliswineb-

da TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba-kompetenciis sagrZnoblad

gafarToebas, yvela saqalaqo Tanamdebobis arCeviTi wesiT

dakavebas, saqalaqo miliciis municipalitetisaTvis daqvem-

debarebas, TviTmmarTvelobis sakanonmdeblo iniciativis

uflebiT aRWurvas.

social-demokratias mizanSewonilad miaCnda saqalaqo

TviTmmarTvelobis finansur-sabiujeto uflebis gafar-

Toeba. misi azriT, Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobas miznad unda

daesaxa sajaro-podriaduli sistemis gauqmeba, sazogadoe-

brivi xasiaTis dawesebuleba-sawarmoTa municipalizacia;

iaffasiani binebis ageba, binis qiris regulireba, viwro qu-

Ca-Sesaxvevebis gafarToeba, ufaso swavlisa da mkurnalo-

bis daweseba, umuSevrobisagan muSaTa dazRvevis organiza-

cia, koleqtiur xelSekrulebaTa dadebis praqtikisa da 8

saaTiani samuSao dRis dakanoneba.

partiaTa mowodebebma, presis aqtiurobam, Tavisi roli

Seasrula da, marTlac Tbilisi da Tbiliselebi, rogorc

arasdros, didi enTuziazmiT Seudgnen winasaarCevno mzade-

bas. TbilisSi yvelgan saubno arCevnebi da agitacia mimdi-

nareobda.

paralelurad TbilisSi kvlav problemad rCeboda

krizisi, konkretulad ki sasursaTo sakiTxi. rac saerTo

3 gazeTi èrToba~, 1917, 11 maisi, #44.

238

pirobebiT: omiT, inflaciiT da sxva mizezebiT iyo gan-

pirobebuli.

am sakiTzec apelirebda gazeTi èrToba~: „erTi say-

uradRebo sakiTxTagani, romlis mogvarebas unda mihyos

axalma sabWom _ es qalaqis mcxovrebTa sasursaTo sagne-

biT uzrunvelyofaa“ da winasaarCevno propagandad iyen-

ebda am mtkivneul sakiTxs „saWiroa xalxisaTvis sursaTis

miwodebis saqmes ganagebdes xalxisave namdvili warmo-

madgeneli da ara mdidarTa erTi muWis mier arCeuli pirebi,

rogorc es dRemde iyo“. `qalaqis sabWos ufleba hqondes

adgilobriv saWiroebaTa farglebSi TviTon anawilebdes

qalaqSi Semotanil sasursaTo sagnebs. qalaqis sabWom

unda izrunos, raTa sursaTi qalaqSi Tanasworad iqnes ga-

nawilebuli. ar unda eZleodes erTs bevri, meores _ cota“.

Zveli qalaqis sabWoSi problemebs swored mrewvelebisa

da vaWrebis meTaurobas abralebs: „ecadeT, rom social-

demokratebis umravlesoba iqnas arCeuli qalaqis sabWoSi.

mxolod maSin SeeZlebaT maT mTeli saqalaqo meurneobis

xelSi aReba“.4

didi ekonomikuri krizisis miuxedavad, qalaqSi gran-

diozuli winasaarCevno mzadeba iyo. qalaqis suraTs kar-

gad gvixatavs gazeTi èrToba~ ivlisis nomerSi: `WaRara

Tfilisis quCebi da ezoebi araCveulebriv sanaxaobas war-

moadgenda. mTeli qalaqi araCveulebriv moZraobaSi iyo

mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi~.

qalaqSi mosuls TvalSi ecemoda misi ucnauri morTu-

loba: ̀ plakatebi~ da gancxadebebi. yvela partia, yvela jgu-

fi ferad-feradi didi gancxadebebiT amcnobda mcxovrebT,

rom 30 ivlisisaTvis daniSnulia saqalaqo arCevnebi, yvela

partia didi feradi plakatebiT amcnobda mcxovrebT Tavis

saarCevno nomers da mouwodebda misTvis mieca xma. aseTi

partiebi da jgufebi ki Tormetia. yvelani yovel dRe cv-

4 gazeTi „erToba“, 1917, 8 ivnisi,N#66.

239

lian, yovel dRe axali formis gancxadebebs da plakatebs

uSveben da aivso qalaqi feradi qaRaldebiT, yvela sax-

lis kedeli, boZi, tramvais yvela vagoni, yvela avtomobili,

etli da saerTod yvelaferi morTulia plakatebiT. qala-

qi emsgavseba feradi qaRaldebis mRelvare zRvas.

qalaqSi yvela faci-fucSia. saarCevno biuroebSi xalxi

buziviT ireva: vin saarCevno baraTs eZebs da miaqvs, vin

xmaurobs, protests acxadebs, rom siaSi gamorCenila, vin ama

Tu im biuletens kiTxulobs...

yvelgan, sazogado sakrebuloebSi, TeatrebSi, moednebze,

baRebSi da quCebSi krebebi da mitingebia, yvelgan partiaTa

Soris xelCarTuli brZolaa... furclebs aRar arigeben,

isvrian dasta-dastaT maRla xalxis Tavze, rac iSleba

haerSi da Semodgomis foTlebiviT farfateben...

winasaarCevno mzadeba qalaqSi did dResaswauls hgav-

da. yoveli partia yoveldRiurad axal rames igonebda

yuradRebis misapyrobad. originalobasac cdiloben~.

aqve werilis avtori ixsenebs 1911 wels: „maSin verc

ki movaswariT gamoqveyneba saxmosno siisa, provokatorebis

meSveobiT is umal gaiges da moxsnes amxanagebi: Cxenkeli,

gogua, sxvebi da gagzavnes rostovSi, dagvfantes iqeT-aqeT.

magondeba 1912 welic, meoTxe dumis arCevnebi! dReSi orjer

vicvlidiT saxes, tanisamoss... magram bolos mainc Cavar-

diT bevri“.5

1917 wlamde roca saqarTvelo ruseTis kolonia iyo

amgvar saarCevno pirobebze verc iocnebebdnen. arCevnebma

demokratiul pirobebSi Caiara. Yyvelas SeeZlo Tavisi az-

ris da poziciis Tavisuflad gamoxatva.

1917 wlis arCevnebSi social-demokratiam, marTalia,

adrindelze gacilebiT meti xma miiRo, saqalaqo saTaTbi-

roSi 30-mde xmosani gaiyvana, magram umravlesoba mainc bur-

Juazias darCa. Tbilisis axal saTaTbiroSi Camoyalibda

5 gazeTi èrToba~, 1917, 20 ivlisi, #110.

240

sami ZiriTadi fraqcia _ social-demokratiuli, daSnakebis

da eserebis. isini gabatondnen saqalaqo gamgeobaSic.

Tbilisis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis reorganizacia

faqti gaxda. municipalitetis ufleba-kompetencia sagr-

Znoblad gafarTovda. mis uwyebaSi gadavida adgilobrivi

administracia, milicia, sasamarTlo, yvela adgilobrivi

masStabis sameurneo saqmeebi da maT Soris sasursaTo

saqmec, magram ekonomiur-finansuri krizisis pirobebSi

TviTmmarTvelobas uWirda am gazrdil movaleobaTa Ses-

ruleba.

4 agvistos Catarda Tfilisis axladarCeuli sab-

Wos kerZo TaTbiri. TaTbirs samocamde xmosani eswrebo-

da. TaTbiri qalaqis Tavma aleqsandre xatisovma gaxsna.

Tavmjdomared daasaxeles noe ramiSvili. kerZo TaTbiri

iTvaliswinebda wvrili praqtikuli sakiTxebis gadaWras.

marTalia, sxdoma daxuruli unda yofiliyo, magram presis

warmomadgenlebs mainc misces daswrebis ufleba.

sxdomaze ganixiles saqalaqo debulebis zogierTi

muxli, gadaWres ramdenime praqtikuli sakiTxi, daigegma

momavali pirveli sxdomis dRis wesrigi: 1) qalaqis Tavis

gancxadeba; 2) fraqciebis deklaracia; 3) prezidiumis arCe-

va; 4) sxvadasxva sakiTxi (saraiono sabWoebi, milicia, binis

sakiTxi, tramvai, sabWos mowyoba da sxva).6

Tbiliss, iseve rogorc ramodenime sxva qalaqs (quTai-

si, foTi, baTumi, axalcixe, gori), TviTmarTvis sakmao

gamocdileba gaaCnda da isini axal pirobebSic, SeiZleba

iTqvas, inerciiT agrZelebdnen praqtikul saqmianobas.

Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikuri sirTuleebis, gar-

damavali periodis miuxedavad, sanimuSo iyo Tbilisis

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis enTuziazmi, agreTve misi

muSaobis gamWvirvaloba da demokratiis xarisxi. yvela


fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 120.

241

sakiTxi Suqdeboda piradi xasiaTis sakiTxebic ki (maT

Soris piradi Semadgenlobis xarjebi), rac Cveni realob-

isTvisac ki samagaloToa.

qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis winaSe amocanad idga sas-

ursaTo krizisis mogvareba, romelic qveyanaSi mimdinare

ekonomikuri krizisis fonze sul ufrodaufro mwvavde-

boda. qalaqis sabWo yvela Rones xmarobda problemis

mosagvareblad: ebrZoda spekulacias, moawyo ufaso munic-

ipaluri sasadiloebi, cdilobda daeregulirebina sur-

saTze fasebi...

Tbilisis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam ramdenime saval-

debulo dadgenileba gamosca aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv,

magaliTad: 1918 wlis 1 Tebervlidan puri gaicemoda mx-

olod sabinao komitetebze; agreTve mniSvnelovan proble-

mad rCeboda qalaqSi sabinao sakiTxi. imdenad problemas

warmoadgenda sacxovrebeli farTi, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi

mosaxleoba gausaZlis pirobebSi cxovrobda, sadac mini-

maluri sayofacxovrebo pirobebic ki ar iyo. adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTveloba aRniSnuli kuTxiTac cdilobda Ron-

isZiebebis gatarebas. Tbilisis qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba

am Temazec acxadebda ramdenime savaldebulo dadgenile-

bas. am dros adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba uflebamosi-

li iyo moexdina kerZo binebisa da Senobebis rekvizicia

(1917 wlis 16 noemberi);

am mizniT yvela samxedro da saqalaqo dawesebulebebs,

qalaqis sammarTvelos dadgenilebiT, 1918 wlis 5 ianvram-

de qalaqis sammarTvelos binebis ganyofilebisaTvis unda

weredgina cnoba dakavebuli oTaxebis raodenobis Sesaxeb.

Tbilisis qalaqis sammarTvelo auwyebda yvelas, rom

sasursaTo sakiTxma TbilisSi mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. ̀ Tfil-

isSi momavali moqalaqeebi ar unda iyvnen daimedebulni

sursaTisa da binis Sovnazed da amitom unda eridon am

gaWirvebas, romelic maT moeliT TbilisSi CamosvliT.

242

yvela moqalaqes, romelic ar aris iZulebuli raime

ukiduresi SemTxveviT TfilisSi Camovides, qalaqis TviTm-

marTveloba daJinebiT urCevs am ukanasknelT nu Camovlen

TfilisSi~.7

amas yvelafers emateboda qalaqSi damkvidrebuli ar-

astabilurobis SegrZneba da SiSi. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelo-

bis organoTa dadgenilebiT qalaqSi usafrTxoebis dacva

gadaeca Tfilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sab-

Wos aRmasrulebel komitets. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb mimarT-

vas Tbilisis mcxovrebTa mimarT xels awerdnen: qalaqis

Tavi n. eliava, qalaqis Tavis amxanagebi m. n. smirnovi da a.

a. kaliuJni, agreTve gamgeobis wevrebi...

gansakuTrebiT panikam moicva qalaqis mosaxleoba

TbilisSi amierkavkasiis frontidan jaris nawilebis

sazamTrod dabinavebis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebi-

sTanave.

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba Tavisi gancxadebebiT

cdilobda ar gavrcelebuliyo simarTles moklebuli xme-

bi. mosaxleobas amcnobda, rom jari frontidan igzavne-

ba mxolod sazamTrod dasabinaveblad da ara sxva raime

mosazrebiT.

qalaqis sammarTvelo iRebda yovelgvar zomebs, rom mo-

suli jari moeTavsebina binebSi, rac SeiZleba mcxovrebTa

naklebi SeviwrovebiT, Tavis mxriv mosaxleobas mouwodebd-

nen, rom Camosul jars, rogorc mamulisTvis TavdadebulT,

Sexvedrodnen TanagrZnobiT da Sesaferisi maspinZloba

gaewiaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sabinao da sasursaTo

krizisis fonze, rodesac SezRuduli, xSirad deficituri,

iyo biujeti, jariskacTa Senaxva, maTi inventariT aRWurva

didi tvirTi iyo qalaqisaTvis.

Tbilisis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis iniciativiT,



243

1917 wlis seqtemberSi, TbilisSi Catarda qalaqis TviT-

mmarTvelobebis yriloba, romelic miznad isaxavda Seqm-

nili viTarebis gamo erTiani samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebas.

problebis mogvarebas, mdgomareobidan gamosavals

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi erTmaneTis gverdSi

dgomasa da urTierTgatanaSi xedavdnen. gansakuTrebul

mzrunvelobas iCendnen sazogadoebis Rarib nawilze.

àbsolituri nakleboba pirvel saWiro sagnebis _ au-

cileblad Txoulobs mis samarTlianad ganawilebas

mcxovrebTa Soris, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi spekulaciis

mTavar msxverplad Raribi nawili gaxdeba, SeZlebuli

klasebi ki, mTel am pirvel saWiro nivTebs fulis saSu-

alebiT erTianad xelSi Caigdeben.

aqedan warmosdgeba sasursaTo sakiTxi, erTi mxriT,

Sovna am sursaTis, meore mxriT, misi ganawileba did

energias, Sromas da amasTanave SekavSirebas moiTxovs

qalaqebisagan~.8

qalaqis sabWoSi 1917 wlis 27 noembris sxdomaze gamge-

obis wevrma m. n. smirnovma gaakeTa vrceli da Sinaarsiani

moxseneba gamgeobis finansuri moqmedebis gegmis Sesaxeb.

moxsenebis mTavari Tezisebi SemdegSi gamoixateboda: `1.

dRevandel rTul pirobebSi garkveul da mtkice finansi-

ur gegmis Sedgena SeuZlebelia; axlandeli finansebi savs-

ebiT damokidebulia SemTxvevebze; 2. izrdeba deficitebi

da davalianeba; 3. Tfilisis finansiuri mdgomareoba ise-

Tivea, rogoric ruseTis sxva didi qalaqebis mdgomareoba;

4. finansiur arev-darevasTan SeiZleba sami gziT: xarjebis

SemcirebiT, Semosavlis gadidebiT da sesxiT; 5. Tfili-

sis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam ukve Seamcira ramdenadac

SesaZlebeli iyo, xarjebi; 6. Semosavlis gadideba SeiZleba

1917 wlis 13 oqtombris kanonis ZaliT, romelic demokra-

tiulis TvalsazrisiT ar aris damakmayofilebeli, magram

8 gazeTi èrToba~, 1917, 19 seqtemberi, #149.

244

amiT moxerxdeba deficitis nawilis dafarva. momxsenebeli

iZleva saintereso cnobebs sxvadasxva qalaqebis da Tfil-

isis finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~.

momxseneblis azriT, dRes finansebis gasworeba mx-

olod sesxiT Tu SeiZleboda, vinaidan yvela ubedurebebSi

nakleb ubedurebad sesxi unda CaTvliliyo.

sabWom moismina gamgeobis moxseneba da daamtkica:

dawesebuli iqnes gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadi gasarTobe-

bze (Teatrebi, proJeqtorebi da sxva).9

zemoxsenebuli problemebis fonze qalaqis TviTm-

marTveloba cdilobda sxvadasxva wvrilmani, saWir-

boroto sakiTxebis gadaWras, iseTi gadawyvetilebebis

miRebas, rogoricaa: qalaqSi ganaTebis swored ga-

nawileba; periferiuli ubnebis wyalmomarageba; Rvinis

aRmarTze Zveli saxlebis aReba (1918 wlis ianvari); kuki-

is sasaflaosaTvis miwis nakveTis gamoyofa; upatrono

ZaRlebis likvidacia; axali bazris mowyoba; artistuli

sazogadoebis sazafxulo klubis rekviziciis Sesaxeb

ltolvilTaTvis (1918 wlis 2 aprilis sxdoma), adgilo-

brivi TviTmmarTvelobis TanamSromelTaTvis xelfasze

danamatebis Sesaxeb; individualurad pirebze /an ojax-

ebze erTjeradi daxmarebebis gacema; municipaluri

sasadiloebis mowyoba; qalaqSi navTis gamaTboblebis

amuSaveba; TbilisSi ltolvilTaTvis saerTo sacxovreb-

lis mowyoba; sakveb produqtebze fasebis regulireba;

telefoniT sargeblobis gadasaxadi da ase Semdeg.

weliwadnaxevris ganmavlobaSi qalaqis sabWom SeZlo

eTanamSromla da misi saqmianoba, sirTuleebis miuxedavad,

ar Seferxebuliyo. Tumca sxvadasxva garemoeba (saqarTve-

los calke saxelmwifod gamocxadeba, omi saqarTvelosa

da somxeTs Soris) sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sida dapirisp-

irebebi da winaaRmdegobebi gamoiwvia, rac pirvel rigSi

9 gazeTi èrToba~, 1917, 29 noemberi, #207.

245

aisaxa qalaqis sabWoSi. gansakuTrebiT umoqmedo aRmoCnda

saqalaqo saTaTbiro bolo sxdomebze, rodesac saTaTbi-

roSi Sidadapirispirebebis fonze arcerTi sakiTxi aRar

wydeboda. uzomod gawelili sxdomebi mxolod kamaTs, de-

batebs, urTierTbraldebebs eTmoboda da vercerTi gadawy-

vetilebis miReba ver xerxdeboda.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-

dgenamde ver moxerxda Seqmniliyo adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo baza. ruseTis mTav-

robam, marTalia, Seadgina axali saqalaqo debuleba, magram

mis amoqmedebamde mTel saxelmwifoSi moxda oqtombris

bolSevikuri gadatrialeba. ruseTi faqtobrivad daiSa-

la. romanovTa imperiis nangrevebze ramdenime erovnuli

saxelmwifo Camoyalibda. yvela Taviseburad cdilobda

marTva-gamgeobis sistemis reorganizacias. xelisuflebis

centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis ufleba _ kompe-

tenciis gamijvnas.

amierkavkasiis momentalurma respublikamac gaagrZela

sareformo saqmianoba, magram mainc ver Seiqmna adgilo-

brivi TviTmmarTvelobebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo baza.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tbilisis adgilobrivi TviT-

mmarTveloba inerciiT ganagrZobda Tavis saqmianobas.

saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis TviTmmarTveloba yvelaze asa-

kovani iyo, igi aZlevda tons sxva qalaqebis muSaobas. Tbi-

lisis municipalitetis gamocdilebas sakmaod warmatebiT

iyenebdnen sxva qalaqebi da municipalitetebi.

1917 wlis ivnisis arCevnebis Semdeg qalaqis sabWoSi

demokratiul ZalTa momravlebis, didi gegmebisa da sur-

vilebis miuxedavad, qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam ver SeZlo

qalaqSi mniSvnelovani reformebi gaetarebina, arsebiTi cv-

lilebebi moexdina mis cxorebaSi.

246

maka kvaracxeliamaka kvaracxelia _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida


saxelobis qarTuli

universitetis doqtoranti

Tbilisis adgilobrivi Tbilisis adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobisTviTmmarTvelobis

xmosanTa 1919 wlis arCevnebixmosanTa 1919 wlis arCevnebi

1917 wlis ivnisSi arCeul Tbilisis saqalaqo sa-

TaTbiros ufleba-mosilebis vada 1918 wlis 31 dekembers

uTavdeboda. oriode TviT adre daiwyo mzadeba axali

arCevnebisaTvis. am xnis ganmavlobaSi social-politi-

kur ZalTa ganlageba sagrZnoblad Seicvala. saqarTve-

los parlamentma miiRo kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb,

romlis mixedviT saarCevno xmis uflebas kargavda is

Tbiliseli, romelsac ar hqonda miRebuli saqarTvelos

moqalaqeoba. Tbiliseli rusebi, agreTve somxebi, boiko-

tiT Sexvdnen moqalaqeobis kanons, arCevnebis axal wess,

didi siZneleebi Seqmnes momavali saTaTbiros muSaobaSi

da axali arCevnebis CatarebaSic.

qalaqis sabWos 1918 wlis 4 noembris sxdomaze, romel-

sac aleqsandre lomTaTiZe Tavmjdomareobda, moismines

saarCevno komisiis moxseneba. mel. rusuas moxsenebiT

saarCevno komisias sul ori sxdoma hqonda Catarebuli.

pirvel sxdomaze komisiam airCia prezidiumi da moismi-

na moxseneba qalaqis mdivnis arCevnebis Sesaxeb. `komisiam

iqonia msjeloba Tu ra funqciebi daekisros: iyos aRmas-

rulebeli organo, Tu mxolod saarCevno mosamzadebeli

funqciebiT gansazRvros Tavisi moqmedeba~. komisia Tavis

moxsenebaSi ganixilavda qalaqis xmosanTa arCevnebis de-

247

bulebis muxlebs da winadadebiT gamodioda Secvliliyo

aRniSnuli debulebis proeqtSi rigi muxlebisa, romlebic

SesabamisobaSi movidoda damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis

kanonproeqtTan: `damfuZnebel krebis arCevnebSi jars mx-

olod pasiuri saarCevno ufleba eZleva. aseTive cvlileba

unda SevitanoT qalaqis arCevnebisaTvis, agreTve komisiis

azriT Tbilisi unda daiyos 40 saarCevno ubnaT. qalaqis

sabWo unda irCeodes ori wlis vadiT. yvela es cvlile-

bani SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos parlamentma or kviraSi

ganixilos da amgvarad ar Seferxdes arCevnebi~.

saqarTvelos parlamentma da saqarTelos respublikis

mTavrobam 1919 wlis 17 dekembers miiRo debuleba ̀ qalaqTa

sabWoebis xmosanTa arCevnebisa, romelic SeimuSava Sinagan

saqmeTa saministrom da warmoadgenda ruseTis droebiTi

mTavrobis 1917 wlis 15 aprils gamocemuli debulebis

Targmans, garkveuli SesworebebiTa da damatebebiT, rac

Seesabameboda saqarTvelos pirobebs da parlamentis mier

miRebul `damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis~ debulebas (1918

wlis 22 noemberi), saidanac mTlianad gadmotanili iyo me-5

muxli.

Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma 1918 wlis 11 dekembers

saqarTvelos parlaments mokle winasisyvaobiT warudgina

`qalaqTa sabWoebis xmosanTa arCevnebis~ debuleba dasamt-

kiceblad, sadac ganmartavs, rom qalaq Tbilisis xmosanTa

ricxvis 120-dan 90-mde Semcireba ganpirobebulia `ZalTa

ekonomiiT~.1

debuleba 37 muxlisgan Sedgeboda. qalaqis sabWos

xmosnebi irCeodnen ori wlis vadiT. arCevnebSi monawile-

obis ufleba hqonda saqarTvelos respublikis yvela mo-

qalaqes ganurCevlad sqesisa, erovnebisa da sarwmunoebisa,


fondi #1836 (saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis parla-

menti), anaweri #1; saqme #157, furceli 3.

248

romelsac saarCevno siis Sedgenis dawyebamde Seusrulde-

boda 20 weli, cxovrobda an saqmianobda aRniSnul qalaqSi;

arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebas moklebulni iyvnen: ber-

monazonni, unarSezRuduli pirebi; saarCevno ufleba ar

hqondaT sasamarTlos mier msjavrdebul pirebs...

xmosnad SeiZleboda arCeuli yofiliyo yvela, garda

im pirisa, romelsac xmis micemis ufleba hqonda, iseTic,

romelic qalaqSi ar cxovrobda da ar iyo dakavSire-

buli Tavisi saqmianobiT qalaqTan, magram akmayofilebda

arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis sxva saWiro pirobebs.

TiToeuli qalaqi warmoadgenda erT saarCevno olqs.

saarCevno siebs adgenda qalaqis gamgeoba; debulebiT

agreTve gansazRvruli iyo: saarCevno siebis gamoqveynebis

wesebi; siebis gasaCivrebis, Sesworebis da Semdgomi proce-

durebi: arCevnebis dro; xmosanTa kenWisyris wesi; qalaqis

saarCevno komisiis Seqmnis pirobebi; arCevnebis Catarebis

wesi da procedura; arCevnebze zedamxedvelobis sakiTxebi;

xmebis daTvlis wesi da procedura; xmosanTa siis Sedgena;

arCevnebis Sedegebis gasaCivrebis wesi da sxva sakiTxebi.

saarCevno wesebis sxva dawvrilebiTi mxare, romelic

ver iqneboda aRniSnuli debulebiT, ganimarteboda Sinagan

saqmeTa ministris calke dadgenilebiT.

debulebaSi mciredi Sesworebebi Sevida 1919 wlis 14

da 18 ianvars saqarTvelos parlamentis da saqarTvelos

respublikis mier miRebuli kanoniT `qalaqTa sabWoebis

xmosanTa saarCevno debulebis Secvlisa da damatebis

Sesaxeb~, Seicvala muxlebi amomrCevelTa siebis Sedgenis,

siebis Sesworebis wesis Sesaxeb.2

qalaqi weliwadnaxevris Semdeg kvlav aqtiurad Caeba

winasaarCevno procesSi. miTumetes es ormagi mzadeba iyo, ro-

gorc saqalaqo da aseve damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebisaTvis.

2 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis

krebuli. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 1990.

249

perioduli organoebidan winasaarCevno procesSi isev

aqtiurad iyo CarTuli gazeTi èrToba~. gazeTi èrToba~,

marTalia, social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis organo

iyo, magram is erTaderTi gazeTi gaxldaT, romelic inten-

siurad exmianeboda qalaqis sabWos xmosanTa arCevnebs, gan-

sakuTrebiT 1919 wels, rodesac yvela perioduli organo

gadarTuli iyo damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebze.

gazeTi èrToba~ kvlav did mniSvnelobas aniWebda

saarCevno siebis samarTlianad Sedgenas, saarCevno aRweras,

romlis Sesaxeb darRvevebsa da usamarTlo qcevebze perma-

nentulad iwereboda gazeTis furclebze, mianiSnebda qala-

qis TviTmmarTvelobas konkretul darRvevebze, calkeul

SemTxvevebsac ki aqveynebda da qalaqis adgilobriv TviTm-

marTvelobas mouwodebda xarvezebis gamosworebas.

didi yuradRebis miuxedavad, mosaxleobis aRwera

srulyofilad ver mimdinareobda. `qalaq Tfilisis

mcxovrebTa saarCevno aRwera ukve dasrulda, magram am aR-

weram ver gamoiRo Sesaferisi nayofi: didi nawili amom-

rCevlebisa auwereli darCa~, _ wers ukve 1919 wlis 5 ian-

vris nomerSi gazeTi èrToba~. `samwuxarod, centralur

saarCevno komitets kargad ver usargeblia warsuli

gamocdilebiT da am saarCevno aRweras didi defeqte-

bi da usistemoba aRmoaCnda; aRweris sworad Catarebi-

sTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs saarCevno aRweris siste-

mas da Sesafer da momzadebul aRmwerlebis gamonaxvas~.

mosaxleobis aRweras qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba awarmoe-

bda, romelsac ar hqonda partiuli muSaobis, poziciis

gamoxatvis ufleba. gazeTi ki amaxvilebda yuradRebas

aRmwerlebis mxridan konkretul darRvevebze. rogorc

erTi politikuri Sexedulebis amomrCevelTa aRweris

SemTxvevebze, aRmwerlebis moumzadeblobasa da ucodin-

robaze, agreTve upasuxismgeblobaze, rameTu maTi daude-

vrobiT qalaqis zogierTi quCis macxovreblebi saerTod

ar SeutaniaT siaSi. gazeTis redaqcia qalaqis TviTm-

250

marTvelobas avaldebulebda mieRo zomebi da dauyovne-

bliv gamoesworebina aRniSnuli xarvezebi.3

aRniSnuli Tema gaxda qalaqis saTaTbiroSi gansax-

ilveli sakiTxi 1919 wlis 15 ianvris sxdomaze: sxdomaze

moismines qalaqis Tavis moxseneba, romelmac, Tavis mxriv,

Seajama gamgeobis mier momzadebuli masala amomrCevel-

Ta aRweris Sesaxeb. misi daskvniT, aRweraSi daSvebuli

Secdomebis gamosasworeblad, romelsac ar gamoricxavs,

qalaqs mzad hyavs 14 wyeba aRmwerlebisa, romelTa meSveo-

biTac defeqtebi Sesworebuli iqneba.

amjerad saarCevno siaSi Setanili iyo 65 aTasi

amomrCeveli da agreTve 19 aTasamde sadavo xma, romel-

ic komisiis mier ganxilvis procesSi iyo. 1917 wlis

arCevnebSi ki monawileoba 117 aTasma amomrCevelma miiRo,

`magram Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT `zemgoris~ saerobo

kavSirs da sxvadasxva dawesebulebaTa mosamsaxureT da

jars, romlebic maSin iRebdnen monawileobas arCevnebSi,

axlandeli amomrCevlebis ricxvi swori iqneba. qalaqi

amaze met amomrCevlebs ver mogvcems~.

moxsenebis mere gaimarTa kamaTi, romelSic monawileobas

iRebdnen xmosnebi: arseniZe, WiabriSvili, gepSteini, xandano-

vi, goTua, iagjiani da sxva. kadetebi, eserebi da daSnakelebi

moiTxovdnen arCevnebis daniSnul droze moxdenas. sabWos

waredgina saTanado rezoluciebi, romelTagan arc erTi

ar iqna miRebuli xmis umetesobiT.4

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqalaqo arCevnebisaTvis general-

gubernatorma specialuri gancxadeba gaavrcela, romlis

safuZvelze arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT qalaqSi nebadar-

Tuli iyo yovelgvari RonisZieba: moqalaqeTa TaTbirebi,

Sekrebebi, aqciebi da sxva...

3 gazeTi èrToba~, 1919, 5 ianvari, #4; 10 ianvari, #6.



251

gubernatori avalebda miliciis moxeleebs araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar SeeSalaT xeli aRniSnuli RonisZiebebisaT-

vis, ar Cabmuliyvnen masSi an ar mieRoT raime monawileoba.5

es mniSvnelovani iyo, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sul

raRac ori TviT adre qalaqSi gamocxadebuli iyo samxe-

dro wesebi. qalaqSi ikrZaleboda yrilobebi, mitingebi, qu-

CaSi Sekreba, manifestacia, quCebSi sityvis warmoTqma da

sxva. leqciebis da referatebis kiTxvac ki mxolod gen-

eral gubernatoris nebarTviT iyo SesaZlebeli.

saqarTvelos parlamentma 1919 wlis 14 ianvars miiRo

kanonproeqti, romlis safuZvelze qalaqis TviTmmarTvelo-

bis arCevnebi unda Catarebuliyo ara ugvianes erTi Tvi-

sa im dRidan, rodesac qalaqis sabWoebs moqmedebas vada

daumTavrdeboda. ruseTis droebiTi kanonis ZaliT ki ro-

gorc avRniSneT es vada 1919 wlis 1 ianvars iwureboda, Se-

sabamisad arCevnebi unda Catarebuliyo araugvianes Teberv-

lis pirveli ricxvebisa.

qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis winasaarCevno

kampanias daemTxva 1917 wels arCeuli qalaqis saTaTbi-

ros ramodenime sxdoma, romelzec gansakuTrebiT naTlad

gamoCnda, Sida dapirispirebebisa da gansxvavebuli miznebis

gamo, xmosanTa uunaroba da ususuroba. `qalaqis sabWos Se-

madgeneli elementebi ise auZlureben erTmaneTs, rom sabWo

erT adgilze gayinuli dgas, uZravi gamxdara da ubralo

saqmesac ki ver akeTebs~. social-demokratebi aRniSnul

mdgomareobas im xmosnebs abralebebdnen, romelTac erovnu-

li TviTSegneba ar amoZravebdaT, ̀ ver urigdeba saqarTvelos

damoukideblobas da cdilobs qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba

gamoiyenos am damoukideblobis Ziris gamosaTxrelad. igi

cdilobs qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba gadaaqcios politikur

iaraRad saqarTvelos respublikasTan sabrZolvelad, mis

dasasusteblad...~ aRniSnul sakiTxs Tavis winasaarCevno

5 gazeTi èrToba~, 1919, 7 ianvari, #5.

252

agitaciaSic xSirad iyenebdnen social-demokratebi. isini

mouwodebdnen mosaxleobas gamoecnoT partiebis gulwrfe-

li mowodebebi, rameTu `dRevandel pirobebSi demokratiis

mteria yoveli is partia, romelic ar cnobs saqarTvelos

respublikis damoukideblobas~.6

qalaqis sabWos bolo sxdomebi naTeli magaliTi iyo,

Tu ramdenad damRupveli iyo Sidadapirispirebebi, SuR-

li, mtroba. sabWos sxdomebze gatanili mTeli rigi sak-

iTxebidan, vercerTi sakiTxis gadawyveta ver xerxdeboda.

droSi usaSvelod gawelil sxdomebze mxolod debatebs

da kamaTs undebodnen...7

saqarTvelos parlamentis da saqarTvelos respub-

likis 1919 wlis 14 ianvris kanoniT miiRes wesi àdgilo-

briv TviTmmarTvelobaTa organoebSi enis xmarebis Sesaxeb~,

romlis Sesabamisad msjeloba, saqmis warmoeba da miwer-

mowera qalaq Tbilisis sabWoSi, iseve rogorc sxva qalaqis

da erobis TviTmmarTvelobaSi warmoebs saxelmwifo eniT.8

social-demokratiis winasaarCevno programa didad ar

Secvlila. es partia aRTqma-dapirebebs ar iSurebda da mo-

qalaqeebs mouwodebda xma miecaT maTi N1 siisaTvis. Tbili-

sis saqalaqo sabWos (axal saqalaqo debulebaSi saqalaqo

saTaTbiros nacvlad dafiqsirda saqalaqo sabWo) arCevneb-

Si xmosnobis kandidatTa Tavisi siebiT gamovidnen erovnu-

li demokratebi da socialist-federalistebi. gazeT

`saqarTvelos~ redaqcia werda, rom namdvili erovnuli

politikis gatareba mxolod erovnul-demokratebs Seu-

ZliaT da yvela patriotma xma maT kandidatebs unda mis-

ceTo. gazeTis redaqcia brals sdebda social-demokra-

tias yalbad gagebul internacionalizmSi. imis nacvlad,


7 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centralri saistorio arqivi,

fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 129, furceli 1-14.8 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis

krebuli. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 1990.

253

rom qalaqi somxebisagan gawmindon, maTi warmomadgenlebi

xmosnebis kandidatTa siaSi SeaqvT, somxuri burzJuaziis

poziciebis ganmtkicebaze zrunaveno.9

gazeTi èrToba~, Tavis mxriv, ase axasiaTebs saqalaqo

arCevnebSi monawile patiebs: `Cveni burJuazia imdenad usu-

suria, rom man jer kidev ver moawyo politikuri partia.

amis damamtkicebelia erovnul-demokratiul partiis pro-

grama da taqtika. am partiaSi sul ukanasknel dromde

Tavsdebodnen erTmaneTis gverdiT erTis mxriv vaWrebis

warmomadgenlebi da meores mxriv memamule TavadTa ide-

ologebi. da mxolod pirad kinklaobis niadagze aRmo-

cenda is ganxeTqileba, romelmac es partia orad gahyo:

erovnul-demokratiul (gvazava, kedia da sxva) da erovnul

partiad (veSapeli, gabaSvili). kedia-gvazavas partia feoda-

lurs uwodebs veSapel-gabaSvilis partias, xolo es uka-

naskneli pirvels spekuliantTa partiad Tvlis. es daxa-

siaTeba saukeTeso maCvenebelia am partiebis uniadagobisa

CvenSi~.

umniSvneloa gansxvaveba socialist-federalistTa da

socialist-revolucionerTa partiis Sinaarssa da wina-

saarCevno platformaSi. ̀ im dros roca Cven ruseTis demokra-

tiasTan erTad vaZlierebdiT saqarTvelos demokratias, eseni

`mamao CvenosaviT~ imeorebdnen avtonomias, ar surdaT gae-

goT, rom Seqmnili mdgomareobis mixedviT SesaZloa avto-

nomiaze Sors wasvla da sruli damoukideblobisaTvis mxa-

ris daWera. dRes ukve faqtia es damoukidebloba, rimelsac

Cven vicavT. am garemoebas TviTon federalistebic ki ver

uaryofen dRes. rac Seexeba maTs socializms, es gamoixateba

socializaciis umweo gamomzeurebaSi. cxadia, federalist

eserebs dRes xalxTan misasvleli piri ar aqvT~.10

social-demokratTagan gamoyofilma partiam, romelic

9 gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1919, 24 ianvari.


254

ruseTis social-deokratTa muSaTa partiis saxeliT gamo-

dioda, Semdegi programa warmoadgina: 1. moqalaqeobis kan-

onis gadasinjva (romelic TviTmmarTvelobis kompetencias

ar ganekuTvneba), 2. milicia, sagangebo razmi da Sinagan

saqmeTa ministri `rom es organoebi maTi gunebisaT iyos

mowyobili, xels veravin SeuSlida saqarTvelosTvis Ziris

gamoTxraSi da misi demokratiis dasamarebaSi~ da 3. na-

cionalizacia, e. i. saxelmwifo enis SemoReba dawesebule-

bebSi. Tumca social-demokratebi kritikulad afasebdnen

maT winasaarCevno agitacias da yvela punqtSi amxeldnen

maT. ̀ sanam rusuli saxelmwifoebrioba iyo da dawesebule-

bebi rusul eniT awarmoebdnen saqmeebs, am jgufis wevrebs

erTxelac ar mogonebiaT, arc nacionalizacia, arc erovne-

baTa interesebi, arc moTxovnilebani demokratiisa. axla

ki, roca saxelmwifo enaT qarTuli ena gaxda, e.i. ena oTxi-

mexuTedi macxovreblebis _ es vaJbatobebi SeZrwundnen da

gaixsenes principi enaTa Tanasworobisa~.11

TbilisSi jer kidev garkveuli raodenobiT rCebodnen

ruseTis eserTa partiis adgilobrivi organizaciis wevre-

bi da somexi daSnakebi. magram maT boikoti gamoucxades

arCevnebs. amas hqonda socialur-politikuri sarCuli; mas

Semdeg, rac jarma qalaqi datova, bolo adgilze darCe-

nilma rusma moxeleebma saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba ar mi-

iRes, eserTa partiis adgilobrivma organizaciam saqalaqo

sabWoSi xmosnebis arCevis Sansi dakarga. TiTqmis aseT-

save mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda daSnakTa partia; igi boiko-

tis taqtikaze daayena im faqtma, rom somex-qarTvelTa omis

dros somexi mosaxleobis sagrZnobma nawilma Tbilisi da-

tova, adgilze darCenilTagan ki bevrma saqarTvelos mo-

qalaqeoba ar miiRo, ris gamoc saarCevno ufleba dakarga.

erTi sityviT, eserebica da daSnakebic Tavis uZlure-

bas boikotis taqtikiT faravdnen, cdilobdnen CaeSalaT


255

arCevnebi, daTmobaze waeyvanaT mTavroba da qarTveli sa-

zogadoeba.

daSnakelebis perioduli organo `haraCi~ asab-

uTebs boikotis taqtikas qalaqis arCevnebSi: àmisTana

pirobebSi, roca qalaqSi ramdenime aTasi somexi daapa-

timres da mere Seadgines siebi, arCevnebSi monawileo-

bis miReba iqneboda aTi aTasobiT somexi amomrCevlebis

uflebis dakargva. Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom Tfili-

sis somexi mSromeli xalxi aqtiur boikots gaukeTebs

TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebs da TviTmpyrobel social-

patriotebs gaawnavs im zneobriv silas, romlisken isini

aseTi gulmodginebiT iswrafodnen~.

gazeTi èrToba~ pasuxobs am mowodebas 1919 wlis

24 ianvris nomerSi. da ganmartavs, rom `daWerili iyvnen

erevneli somxeTis qveSevrdomni, CvenTan meomar saxelmwi-

fos moqalaqeni, magram maT xom arCevnebSi monawileobis

ufleba ara hqondaT da arc axla aqvT. cxadia maTi daW-

eriT aravis dahkargvia ufleba~.12

aRniSnul boikots exmianeba gazeTi ̀ erToba~ 1919 wlis

17 ianvris nomerSi da kidev erTxel mouwodebs mosax-

leobas monawileoba miiRon qalaqis xmosanTa arCevnebSi:

`vinc ar miiRebs arCevnebSi monawileobas, is daSnakelTa

uneburi monawilea, is demagogiis xelis Semwyobia, is mo-

qalaqeobriv valis uarmyofelia~...13

Tfilisis sabWos xmosanTa amomrCevelTa siebi 19, 20, 21,

22 da 1919 wlis 23 ianvars qalaqSi 13 adgilas gamoqveynda

(pirveli vaJTa gimnazia, mesame vaJTa gimnazia, mantaSevis

qarvasla, puSkinis qalaqis saswavlebeli, imedis TavSesa-

fari, avlabris klubi, pirveli sakomercio saswavlebeli,

qalaqis saswavlebeli petre didis saxeliT, saxalxo sax-

li zubalaSvilebisa, naZaladevis Teatri, rkinisgzis sas-



256

wavlebeli, saburTalos komisariati). presis furclebidan

mosaxleobas intensiurad mouwodebdnen gadaemowmebi-

naT Tavi siebSi, gamorCenis SemTxvevaSi ki gamgeobis mier

dawesebuli wesiT SeetanaT Tavi siaSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis

arCevnebisaTvis, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentis dadge-

nilebiT 1919 wlis 14-16 Tebervals Catardeboda, amomrCevel-

Ta axali siebi ar Sedgeboda. mosaxleobas afrTxilebdnen,

Tfilisis qalaqis gamgeobis specialuri mimarTviT, amis

Sesaxeb da amdenad ormagad pasuxismgeblobas akisrebd-

nen mosaxleobas, gadaemowmebina Tavi siebSi da gamorCenis

SemTxvevaSi zomebi mieRo.

1919 wlis 20 ianvars Catarda qalaqis tramvais mosamsax-

ureTa profesiuli kavSiris gamgeobis sxdoma, romelzec

gamgeobam gaarCia qalaqis mosamsaxureTa profesionaluri

kavSiris aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier gamotanili pro-

testi qalaqis sabWos da damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis

gamo da daadgina: 1) Tavis mxriv protesti ganecxadebina

qalaqis mosamsaxureTa kavSiris aRmasrulebeli komitetis

amgvari antidemokratiuli gamosvlisa da demokratiuli

sabWosadmi aSkara mtruli damokidebulebisaTvis; 2) Seewy-

vita yovelgvari kavSiri qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis mosa-

msaxureTa kavSiris aRmasrulebel komitetTan, aranairi

angariSi ar gaewia am kavSirisaTvis, misi poziciis gamo; 3)

da Txovda qalaqis gamgeobas ar daekavSirebina iseTi sak-

iTxebi, romlebic tramvais mosamsaxureTa profesionalur

kavSirs Seexeboda, qalaqis mosamsaxureTa profesionaluri

kavSiris aRmasrulebeli komitetisaTvis.14

1919 wlis 30 ianvars qveyndeba saqalaqo arCevnebisaTvis

meore raionis nino-wmindis ubnis saerTo krebaze gamot-

anili rezolucia: `viRebT, ra mxedvelobaSi, rom saqarTve-

los social-demokratulma muSaTa partiam saqarTvelos


257

demokratias swori xelmZRvaneloba gauwia, gadaarCina

saqarTvelo, rogorc gareSe, ise Sinauri mtrisagan, Seinar-

Cuna da ganamtkica revoluciis monapovari Tavisuflebani,

Seqmna uflebrivi weswyobileba da agvirgvinebs Cvens da-

moukideblobas, amitom sruli Cveni SegnebiT xmas mivcemT

saqarTvelos social-demokratiul muSaTa partiis sias,

rogorc qalaqis, ise damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi N1-s~.

amdenad, Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWos arCevnebma, romelic

win uswrebda damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebs, didi politi-

kuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. municipalur-sameurneo proble-

mebi meore rigSi gadavida. yvela Tbiliseli xvdeboda, rom

es iyo saqarTvelos social-politikur ZalTa ganlagebis,

maTi mzaobis, pirveli Semowmeba. „Tbilisis arCevnebi pirve-

li gamocdaa demokratiisa, pirveli garkvevaa ZalTa urTi-

erTobisa didi mravalmniSvnelovani politikuri aqtebis

Semdeg, romelTa istoriuli fasi da Rirebuleba jer kidev

Zneli gasaTvaliswinebelia“, _ werda „erTobis~ redaqcia.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWos arCevnebi 1919 wlis 2 Teber-

vals Catarda. masSi xmis uflebis mqone TbiliselTa 51%-

ma miiRo monawileoba.

TbilisSi arCevnebSi xma misca sul 35 366 amomrCevelma.

aqedan social-demokratiulma siam N1 - miiRo 26 909 xma.

gaiyvana 69 xmosani; nacional-demokratebma N2 – 3806 (10

xmosani); socialist-revolucionerebma N3 – 141 (vercerTi

xmosani), ruseTis social-demokrat partiis jgufma N4 –

440 xma (1 xmosani); socialist-federalistebma N5 – 2924 xma

(7 xmosani); musulmanTa nacionalurma sabWom N6 – 6 xma

(arcerTi xmosani); federalistTa maSvralTa partiam N7 –

418 xma (1 xmosani); damoukidebelma erovnul-demokratebma

8 – 398 xma (1 xmosani); saxlis patronTa kavSirma N9 – 306

(1 xmosani).15

arCevnebma mtrul garemoSi Caiara. `saqarTvelos da-

15 gazeTi èrToba~, 1919, 5 Tebervali, N#28.

258

moukideblobis mowinaaRmdegeni or rames Setrfodnen,

erTi mxriT absentizmis molodini, meore mxriT social-

demokratiis dasusteba“, arCevnebis dRes TiTqos buneba

da Seqmnili mdgomareoba xels uwyobda maTi imedebis

gamarTlebas. `dilidan dawyebuli Tovl-Wyapi xels uSli-

da Caucmel, dauxurav mcxovrebT quCaSi gamosuliyo Tavis

movaleobis asasruleblad. aTasgvari saxadi, tifi, ispanka

da sxva sneulebani, romelic modebulia qalaqSi, da romel-

ic gacivebis niadagze erTi oraT gaZlierdeba, aiZulebda

bevrs Tavis oTaxs ar gaSoreboda~. iyo SemTxvevebic, rac

komisiis oqmebSia aRniSnuli, rom mTeli ojaxi, daavadmy-

ofebuli iTxovda miecaT maTTvis saSualeba arCevnebSi

monawileobisa, magram formis darRvevas komisia ver Tanxm-

deboda da uars eubneboda.

yovelive aRniSnulisa da zemoTxsenebuli partieb-

is boikotis miuxedavad, saarCevno yuTebTan gamocxadda

51 procenti amomrCevlebisa. `marTalia saerTo ricxvi

amomrCevelTa axla naklebia vidre damfuZnebeli krebis

arCevnebSi 1917 wels an qalaqis arCevnebSi imave wlis

zafxulSi, magram maSin Tfilisi savse iyo jariT da zur-

gis mosamsaxureTa didZali armiiT, romelnic yvelani

iRebdnen arCevnebSi monawileobas~.16

SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom qalaq TbilisSi amomrCeve-

li aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda. didi SegnebiT da energiiT

ekideboda qalaqis saqmeebs. boikotis miuxedavad, Tbilisis

amomrCevlebis aqtivobas Tu SevadarebT evropis qalaqTa

mosaxleobis aqtivobas municipaluri arCevnebis dros (sa-

dac xSirad met absentizms aqvs adgili), davrwmundebiT,

rom Tbiliselebi didi politikuri xalisiT ekidebian

qalaqis saqmeebs, dainteresebuli arian dedaqalaqis bediT

da TviT umZimes pirobebSic ar toveben yuradRebis gareSe.

erTi ram aRsaniSnavia, rom daSnakelebis boikotis gamo,


259

qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobaSi ar eyoleba warmomadgenloba

somxis sazogadoebis erT mniSvnelovan nawils, romelmac

am partiis mowodebebs daujera, magram arCevnebze didi

iyo aqtiuroba rogorc somexi mosaxleobis, agreTve sxva

erovnul umciresobaTa.

qalaqis sabWos 1919 wlis 10 Tbervlis sxdoma ukve qar-

Tul enaze warimarTa. qalaqis Tavma n. z. eliavam gaxsni-

lad gamoacxada axalarCeuli sabWos sxdoma da miuloca

xmosnebs is ndoba, romelic maT Tfilisis mosaxleobam

gamoucxada.

sxdomaze kidev erTxel gaixsenes arCevnebi, is obieq-

turi garemoebebi, ris fonzec Catarda arCevnebi. qalaqis

Tavma n. eliavam mouwoda xmosnebs ar daeSvaT Zveli sab-

Wos mier daSvebuli Secdomebi da efeqturad gaZRolodnen

qalaqis saqmeebs. xmosnebma qalaqis debulebis Tanaxmad Se-

muSavebuli fici dades. amave sabWos sxdomaze ganisazRvra

prezidiumis wevrTa jamagiri da Semadgenloba _ qalaqis

sabWos Tavmjdomare _ aleqsandre lomTaTiZe da mdivani v.

xaxanaSvili. qalaqis mouravis, misi amxanagis da wevrebis

arCevnebi Semdegi sxdomisaTvis gadaido.17

1919 wlis 17 Tebervals axlad arCeuli saqalaqo sa-

TaTbiros meore sxdomaze, xmosnebma qalaqis Tavad/moura-

vad airCies beniamin CxikviSvili, „mouravis amxanagad“ _

giorgi koniaSvili, gamgeobis wevrebad _ pavle masalkini,

ioseb beseliZe, konstantine panievi.

amave sxdomaze Catarda im komisiebis arCevnebi, romelTa

mowveva gadaudebeli iyo qalaqis meurneobis garkveuli

sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad (sabiujeto-safinanso, sarevizio,

sameurneo-sasursaTo, sarekomendacio).18


fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 129, furceli 15-20.



260

1919 wlis 2 Tebervlis arCevnebisaTvis mzadebam da TviT

arCevnebma, winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, warmatebulad Cai-

ara. im socialur fonze (SimSili, gaWirveba, avadmyofobebi)

da problemebSi (garkveuli jgufebis boikoti, politikuri

garemo, sabWos Sida dapirispirebebi) TbilisSi saqalaqo

arCevnebi warmatebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, mosaxleo-

bis aqtiurobis 51% maCvenebelia, rom qalaqis macxovre-

beli, gaWirvebis miuxedavad, qalaqis gulSematkivaria. igi

arasodes ar iyo dedaqalaqis mimarT gulgrili da es

tra dicia grZeldeba. aqve sagulisxmoa, rom daSnakelebis

boikotis miuxedavad es faqti ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT, ro-

gorc boikoti erovnuli kuTxiT, ramuTu saarCevno urnebT-

an aqtivoba iyo, rogorc Tbiliseli somxebis, agreTve sxva

erovnuli umciresobebis mxridan. es imas niSnavda, rom ar-ar-

Ceul sabWos sruli ufleba hqonda eRiarebina Tavi xalxis Ceul sabWos sruli ufleba hqonda eRiarebina Tavi xalxis

ndobiT aRWurvilad, xolo axalarCeuli sabWos pirvel ndobiT aRWurvilad, xolo axalarCeuli sabWos pirvel

sxdomaze, Tavis mxriv, n. eliavam aRniSna, rom ès sabWo ara-sxdomaze, Tavis mxriv, n. eliavam aRniSna, rom ès sabWo ara-

sodes ar awarmoebs antinacionalur politikas~.sodes ar awarmoebs antinacionalur politikas~.19



261

besik gafrindaSvilibesik gafrindaSvili _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos


saxelobis qarTuli


nikorwmindeli mRvdelmTavrebinikorwmindeli mRvdelmTavrebi

1534-1822 wlebSi1534-1822 wlebSi

1534 wels imereTis mefis bagrat III-is (1510-1565) inicia-

tiviT, axladdaarsebul nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTe-

draze nikorwmindel episkoposad manoeli iqna dadgenili.

manoelis nikorwmindelad xeldasxmis TariRTan dakavSire-

biT samecniero wreebSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa gamoTqmuli.

nawili mecnierebisa miiCnevs rom igi 1534 wels iqna dadge-

nili nikorwmindel episkoposad (T. Jordania, e. TayaiS-

vili, m. berZniSvili g. guguSvili da sxv.), nawili ki 1544

wels asaxelebs (s. kakabaZe, T. beraZe, m. murusiZe da sxv.).

aRniSnul azrTa sxvadasxvaobas bagrat III-is mier nikor-

wmindisaTvis gacemuli sigelis gansxvavebuli daTariRe-

bebi iwvevs, sadac nikorwmindis saepiskoposos daarsebazea

saubari (am sakiTxze qvemoT SevCerdebiT).

manoeli nikorwmindeli mefe bagrat III-isadmi erTgule-

biT gamoirCeoda. mefe bagrati Tavis sigelSi mas „wminda

da RmerTSemosil“ pirovnebad ixseniebs: `mefeT mefeman

bagrat da Tanamecxedreman Cvenman dedofalT dedofalman

elene vigulismodgineT da xelvhyaviT aRSenebada daknineb-

ulisa monastrisa nikolwmidisa da Sevqmen saydrada da

saepiskopozoda da davadgine da wmida da RmerTSemosili

angelozTa mobaZavi mRdelT mTavar episkopozi wmida da

meufe manoel.......“1

1 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, gv. 6.

262

mefe bagrat III-is mier nikorwmindis taZris ganaxlebis

Sesaxeb saubrobs Tavad manoel nikorwmindelic: „q. RvTiv

gvirgvinosanman mefeman bagrat ganaaxla da kidiT aRa-

Sena eklesia wmidis mRvdelTmoZRvris nikolozis misda

sadRegrZeloT da gasamarjveblad...... igulismodgina TviT

mpyrobelman mefeman da uZlevelman xelmwifeman monas-

teri ese eklesiad da damadgina me ganmged da efiskoposad

uRirsi da codvili mRvdel mTavari manoel...“2

zemoT moyvanil dokumentebSi moxseniebuli manoel

nikorwmindeli, T. Jordanias varaudiT yofila.3 T. Jor-

danias gamocemaSi imereTis mefis bagrat III-is sigeli,

sadac SeiZleba igive manoel CxetiZe iyos, romelic 1529

wels xonelad dasves.4 arsebobs varaudi, rom manoeli

xonelobamde quTaTeli manoelis nikorwmindelad xel-

dasxmazea saubari, daTariRebulia 1534 wliT: „...daiwera

indiktionsa mefobisa Cvenisa meoTxesa (qoronikonsa) :s k

b: (1534) (Tvesa) agvistosa cxrasa“.5 aRniSnuli dokumen-

ti s. kakabaZis mierac iqna gamoqveynebuli sadac “qoron-

ikonsa :s k b:“ – s (1534) damatebuli aqvs aTis aRmniS-

vneli “i.” aseT SemTxvevaSi vRebulobT ara 1534, aramed

1544 wels. „....daiwera indiktionsa mefobisa Cvenisasa

meoTxesa qoronikonsa : s k i b:“ – (1544).6

bagrat III imereTis samefo taxtze 1510 wels avida,

aqedan gamomdinare, misi mefobis meoTxe indiktioni 1514

weli gamodis da SeusabamobaSi modis aRniSnuli sabuTis

1534 da 1544 wlebiT daTariRebasTan. T. Jordanias varau-

diT, dokumentSi aRniSnuli „mefobisa Cuenisa meoTxesa“-


3 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, gv.

233.4 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa

da mwerlobisa. tfilisi, 1897, gv. 379. 5 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, 38.6 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 8.

263

s nacvlad, unda igulisxmebodes „ocdameoTxesa“.7 aseT

SemTxvevaSi manoelis nikorwmindel episkoposad xel-

dasxmis TariRi 1534 weli iqneba (1510 + 24 = 1534). Ees va-

raudi ufro misaRebi Cans. manoel CxetiZes nikorwmindeli

episkoposis pativi bagrat III–is gamefebidan ocdameoTxe

wels, anu 1534 wels unda mieRo.

manoel nikorwmindeli yofil xonel episkoposs ma-

noel CxetiZed miiCnies g. guguSvilma da m. murusiZemac.

ukanaskneli manoelis xonidan nikorwmindaSi gadayvanis

faqts 1534 wlis nacvlad 1544 wliT aTariRebs.8

manoel CxetiZe arc nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaT-

edraze darCenila didxans. rogorc irkveva, is nikorw-

mindidan awyurSi gadasula. am faqts mowmobs erT-erTi

minaweri: „CxetiZesa manoelsa mawyuerelsa dRegrZelobiT

codvani maTni Seundnes Rn (RmerTman)“.9 e. TayaiSvili va-

raudobda, rom es minaweri imereTis mefis giorgi II-is me-

fobis dros Sesrulda 1548-1585 wlebSi.10 didi mecnieri ey-

rdnoboda vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobas, romlis mixedviT

bagrat III 1548 wels gardaicvala da imave wels taxtze

misi Ze _ giorgi II avida. Tanamedrove samecniero wreebSi

bagrat III-is gardacvalebis TariRad 1565 welia miCneuli.

zemoT moyvanili minaweri ara giorgi II-is (1565-1584), aramed

misi mamis _ bagrat III-is mefobis periods unda ekuTvnodes.

safiqrebelia, rom manoel CxetiZis nikorwmindidan awyurSi

gadayvana bagrat III-is iniciativiT moxda.

1535 wels murjaxeTTan brZolaSi bagrat III-m daamarcxa

samcxis aTabagi yvaryvare jayeli da samcxe imereTs Se-

7 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 379.

8 m. murusiZe.m. murusiZe. nikorwmindel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi.

quTaisi, 2008, gv. 51.9 e. TayaiSvilie. TayaiSvili. mefeTa da kaTalikozTa sulTa matiane nikorw-

mindis xelnawerSi. parizi, 1939, gv. 5.10 e. TayaiSvilie. TayaiSvili. mefeTa da kaTalikozTa sulTa matiane nikor-

wmindis xelnawerSi. parizi, 1939, gv. 5.

264

mouerTa. bagratma samcxeze gavlena aTi weli SeinarCuna.

am xnis ganmavlobaSi is cdilobda samcxeSi Tavisi poz-

iciebis ganmtkicebas. dasaxuli miznebis gansaxorciele-

blad bagratisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo eklesiis mxardaW-

era. awyuris saepiskoposo upiratesi iyo samcxis eparqiaTa

Soris, amitom mawyverelis kaTedraze mefe bagratis ndobiT

aRWurvili piris yofna mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo samcx-

eSi imereTis mefis poziciebis ganmtkicebisTvis. swored

amas unda ukavSirdebodes mefe bagrat III-is mier manoel

CxetiZis nikorwmindidan awyurSi gadayvana, rac qarTlis

kaTalikosTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg unda momxdariyo, rad-

gan awyuris saepiskoposo mcxeTis (qarTlis) sakaTalikoso

taxts emorCileboda.

savaraudod manoel CxetiZis nikorwmindidan awyurSi

gadayvana 1538-1545 wlebs Soris moxda, radgan 1538 wlamde

awyuris saepiskoposo kaTedra ioakimes ekava,11 1545 wels

ki soxoistas brZolaSi bagrat III-m marcxi ganicada os-

malebTan, dakarga samcxe da aqedan gamomdinare, naklebad

savaraudoa, rom amis Semdeg bagrats moexerxebina, samcxis

yvelaze gavlenian saepiskoposo kaTedraze Tavisi erTgu-

li sasuliero piri daesva.

samwuxarod, manoel CxetiZis Sesaxeb sxva cnobebi ar

mogvepoveba. man nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedraze

daaxloebiT 1534 wlidan 1540-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi

imoRvawa.

manoelis Semdeg nikorwmindeli episkoposi ioakime gax-

da. man monawileoba miiRo bagrat III-is TaosnobiT gamar-

Tul dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio krebaSi, romelic

im xanad ersa da eklesiaSi gavrcelebuli mankierebebis

aRsakveTad iqna mowveuli.12 krebas miuRia dadgenileba,

11 n. gurgeniZen. gurgeniZe. mawyverel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi

(xelnaweris uflebiT).

12 qarTlis cxovreba. s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT. t. IV.

265

romelic `samarTali kaTalikozisa~-s saxeliT aris cno-

bili. aRniSnuli kreba XVI saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Catarda.

sxva cnobebi nikorwmindeli ioakimes Sesaxeb ar mogvepove-

ba. savaraudod man nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedraze

daaxloebiT 1540-iani wlebis meore naxevridan 1550 wlebis

CaTvliT imoRvawa.

1559 wlis 24 oqtombriT daTariRebul dokumentSi

nikorwmindel episkoposad daviT sayvareliZe ixsenieba.

igi nikorwmindis eklesias swiravs sofel xivSSi mcxovreb

glexs – lazare donaZes: „...Cven friad codvilman mRdelT–

mTavarebiskoposman nikorwmidelman daviT sayvareliZeman,

SemogwireT.... xviSs erTi glexi donaZe lazare, misis colS-

viliTa..... saZebriTa da uZebriTa, dRes amas iqiT risic

mqonebeli iyos, marTlis samarTlianis saqmiTa Semogvi-

wiravs yovlis kacis usadevoT.... aRiwera Tvesa okdombris

k d, (24) qoronikons qristes aqeT C f n T (1559)“.13 s. kakabaZem

miiCnia, rom aRniSnuli dokumenti xelis mixedviT ara XVI,

aramed XVII saukunes unda ekuTvnodes da is 1559 wlis

nacvlad 1659 wliT daaTariRa. masSi moxseniebuli nikor-

wmindeli daviT sayvareliZe ki gaaigiva mefe bagrat IV-is

mier 1669 wels ruseTis mefisadmi gagzavnil werilSi mox-

seniebul nikorwmindel daviTTan.14

s. kakabaZis varaudi gaiziara g. guguSvilma da m. mu-

rusiZem. am ukanasknelma miiCnia, rom daviT sayvareliZe

unda iyos rusi elCebis ievlevisa da toloCanovis aRw-

erilobaSi moxseniebuli daviT mitropoliti.15 ievlevi da

toloCanovi raWasa da imereTSi 1650-1652 wlebSi imyofe-

bodnen (am sakiTxze qvemoT SevCerdebiT).

13 i. doliZei. doliZe. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. III. Tbilisi,

1970, gv. 263.14 s. kakabaZe.s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni

I. tfilisi, 1921, gv. 63.15 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. nikorwmindel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi.

quTaisi, 2008, gv. 54.

266

1559 wliT daTariRebul sabuTSi moxseniebuli nikor-

wmindeli daviT sayvareliZis XVI s-is 50-70-ian wlebSi

moRvawe nikorwmindel daviTTan gaigiveba kiTxvebs badebs

da dazustebas moiTxovs. wyaroTa simciris gamo Znelia

zusti daskvnis gakeTeba. aqedan gamomdinare, am sakiTxs

jer-jerobiT Riad davtovebT.

1560-iani wlebis dasawyisSi nikorwmindis saepiskoposo

kaTedra ambrosis uWiravs. igi mefe bagrat III-is Sewir-

ulebis wignSia dafiqsirebuli. aRniSnul sigelSi mox-

seniebuli ambrosi, nikorwmindeli ambrosi baqraZe unda

iyos, romelic agreTve moxseniebulia 1591 wels daTariRe-

bul levan imerTa mefis mier gacemul sigelSic.

imereTis mefis bagrat III-is Sewirulebis wignSi naTq-

vamia: „q. Cven RTisagan amaRlebulman patronman mefeT mefe-

man bagrat da Tanamecxedreman Cvenman dedofalT dedo-

falman elene vismineT aja da moxseneba Tqveni, movikiTxeT

wmindis nikolaozs Sewiruli sofelni da viTaca pirvel

papa mamaTa CvenTagan ganCinebuli da Sewiruli yofili-

yo, ise Cven dagimtkiceT da gangiaxleT Sen mRdelmTavar

efiskofozs ambroses rcxilaTi bujas aqeT srulad samni

gvarni mosaxleni gabisaZeni, CafiZeni, gamezardaSvilni..... aw

vinc es Cvengan dawerili scvalos Cvenis codvis gvarad da

muqafad ganikiTxos. amin“.16 sabuTs TariRi ar gaaCnia. igi

1560-iani wlebis dasawyisSi unda iyos Sedgenili.

ambrosis nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra, rogorc

Cans, bagrat III-is mefobis bolo xans ekava (1565 wlis axlo

xanebi). mefe bagrat III nikorwmindis saepiskoposoze zrun-

vas ganagrZobda. man, zemoT moyvanili sabuTis mixedviT, am-

brosi nikorwmindelis Txovna daakmayofila da nikorwmin-

dis samwysos Seswira argveTis mxaris sofeli rcxilaTi

sami mosaxle glexis ojaxiT.


267

daaxloebiT 1565 wlidan nikorwmindeli episkoposi

melqisedek sayvareliZe gaxda. nikorwmindis taZris dasav-

leTi kedlis CrdiloeT nawilSi qvaze kuTxovani as-

omTavruliT weria: „wmindao nikoloz: meox eyav mefes

giorgis: misi mowyalebiT WeliSi avaSene: nikolozwmidel-

man sayvareliZeman melqizedek: amin“.17

moyvanil warweraSi moxseniebuli nikorwmindeli mel-

qisedek sayvareliZe pirveli genaTeli episkoposi melqi-

sedeki unda iyos, romelmac giorgi II-is gamefebis Semdeg

nikorwmindelis pativi miiRo. nikorwmindel melqisedek

sayvareliZes pirvel genaTel melqisedekTan aigivebs m. mu-

rusiZec da mis nikorwmindelad moRvaweobis periods 1565

– 1573 wlebs Soris varaudobs.18

1573 wliT daTariRebul sabuTSi imereTis mefe giorgi

II genaTeli sayvareliZis kar-midamos swiravs gelaTs. do-

kumentSi naTqvamia, rom: „gelaTs saxli, sayvareliZe genaTe-

li rom miicvala, is adgili da imas qveSiT galavnisa da

imas Sua bostani.... aw ese glexebi da mamuli yovlisa ka-

cisagan SeucileblaT Segviwiravs... (gelaTisaTvis – b. gb. g.).

daiwera indiktionsa mefobisa Cuenisa (qoronikonsa) oras

samocdaerTsa (1573), xeliTa karisa Cvenis divanmwignobri-

sa TavaqalaSvilis aRasiTa“.19 savaraudoa, rom sabuTis

Sedgenis dros melqisedek sayvareliZe axali gardacv-

lili iyo. miuxedevad imisa, rom mas gardacvalebis Jams

genaTelis pativi aRar eWira, mefe giorgi II mainc genaTe-

lad ixseniebs rogorc gelaTis pirvel episkoposs da mis

sacxovriss gelaTs swiravs.

irkveva, rom melqisedeks genaTlobidan pirdapir

17 g. boWoriZeg. boWoriZe. raWa-leCxumis istoriuli Zeglebi. Tbilisi, 1994,

gv. 99.

18 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 53.

19 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 1.

tfilisi, 1921, gv. 31.

268

nikorwmindeloba ar miuRia. zemoT naxseneb dokumentSi _ „samarTali kaTalikozisa,“ romelic savaraudod XVI

s-is 50-ian wlebSia Sedgenili, nikorwmindel episkoposad

ioakime ixsenieba, xolo genaTelad yofili mawyvereli

antoni. cxadia, am dros melqisedeks aRar ekava gelaTis

saepiskoposo kaTedra, xolo nikorwmindeloba jer ar

hqonda miRebuli. wyaroTa simciris gamo, CvenTvis ucno-

bia, ra pativs atarebda melqisedek sayvareliZe genaTlo-

bidan nikorwmindelobamde.

melqisedek sayvareliZis Semdeg nikorwmindis

saepiskoposo kaTedraze ambrosi baqraZe brundeba. CvenTvis,

agreTve, ucnobia, Tu riT iyo ganpirobebuli ambrosis

nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedridan Camocileba giorgi

II-is mefobis dasawyisSi.

ambrosi baqraZe, rogorc TavSi aRvniSneT, ixsenieba

imereTis mefis levanis (1583-1590) Sewirulebis wignSi: „...

Cven RTiv gvirguinosanma mefeTmefeman patronman leon

ese wyalobis wigni da sigeli SegiwyaleT da giboZeT

Tqven nikolwmindelsa baqraZesa ambroses, mas Jamsa odes

Tqvenisa erTgulobisaTvis dagvijeniaT da vismineT aja

da moxseneba Tqveni da SegiwyaleT da giboZeT xonWori

srulobiT da WeliSi da namarnevs mWedliZeni, eseni xel-

SeualaT TqvenTvis gviboZebia...“20 sigelSi, agreTve, aRniS-

nulia rom mefe levani nikorwmindel ambrosis ubo-

Zebs kisoreTs mcxovreb lomTaZeebs, CxetiZe lomins da

estate gareyaniZis Svilebs TavianTi mamulebiT.21 mefe

levani sigelSi, ambrosi baqraZis mimarT aRniSnavs, rom:

„rac sxva wigni da sigeli an batonis mamis Cuenisagan

da an Cuengan gqondes, arc is mogiSaloT, arc dagamcroT

da arc gagiceT“-o.22 es sityvebi dasturia imisa, rom

20 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 35.



269

ambrosi baqraZe nikorwmindeli episkoposi yofila lev-

anis mamis gorgi II-is mefobis drosac.23

aRniSnuli sigeli 1591 wliT TariRdeba: „daiwera br-

Zaneba da sigeli ese Cueni indiktionsa mefobisa Cuenisasa

meoresa qoronikons s samocdacxrametsa _ 279 (1591)

Tvesa maissa i e (15).“24 es TariRi swori ar unda iyos,

radgan levani gamefda 1583 wels. Sesabamisad, misi mefobis

meore indiktioni ara 1591, aramed 1585 welia. garda amisa,

cnobilia, rom samegrelos mTavris, mamia dadianis mier

datyvevebuli mefe levani 1590 wels Sxefis cixeSi gar-

daicvala.25 aqedan gamomdinare, is 1591 wels sigels veRar

gascemda. ufro misaRebi iqneba, vifiqroT, rom zemoT moy-

vanili sigeli levanis mefobis meore „indiktions“ – 1585

wels daiwera. ambrosi baqraZis nikorwmindis saepiskoposo

kaTedraze moRvaweoba 1590 wlebis dasawyisamde unda gagr-

Zelebuliyo.

ambrosi baqraZis Semdeg nikorwmindelis pativi

nikolozma miiRo. igi moxseniebulia oTar iaSvilis

mier micemul sigelSi: „q. ese wigni mogec me oTarman

iaSvilman da meuRleman Cemman wereTlis qalman.... Tqven

nikolwmindelsa mRdelT moZRvarsa nikolozs... asreda

ama pirsa zedan rome mogvixda codvisa saqmeda didad

sakanono coli SevirTeT Cvenisa ganayofisa colyofili

da didisa SexvewiTa batonisa mefisa giorgisaTa Sevex-

weni gaRaribebulni sxvas gareT SevswireT saoxad suli-

sa Cvenisa da saxsrad SevswireT samisdReoT sxvavas

kvirikesSvili glexi 1 mis yovlisferiT.... (mowame) kac-

Tagan mefe mefeT xelmwife giorgi da Tanamecxedre maTi



25 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. rva tomad. t. IV, Tbilisi,

1973, gv. 141.

270

asuli dadianisa dedofalTa dedofali Tamar“.26 sigel-

Si naxsenebi mefe giorgi gaxlavT imereTis mefe gior-

gi III (1604-1639), romlis meuRle dadianis asuli Tamari

iyo. samwuxarod, sxva cnobebi nikoloz nikorwmindelis

Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba. mas nikorwmindis saepiskoposo

kaTedraze daaxloebiT XVI s-is bolodan XVII s-is 20-

iani wlebis CaTvliT unda emoRvawa.

XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi nikorwmindis saepiskopo-

so kaTedraze Cans svimon CxetiZe. imereTis mefe giorgi

III Tavis Sewirulebis wignSi nikorwmindel svimons uw-

yalobebs esfofoa mRrdelaZes. sigeli daTariRebulia

1637 wliT.27

svimon CxetiZe imereTis mefis saxTuxucesis – sexnia

CxeiZis Zma iyo. igi nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedraze

1630-ian wlebSi moRvaweobda. 1639 wlidan xoneli episkoposi

gaxda, 1650-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki quTaTelis pativi miiRo.

mcdaria b. lominaZis, T. qoriZisa da g. mWedliZis varaudi,

rom TiTqos svimon CxetiZe 1637 wels gaxda quTaTeli

episkoposi (b. lominaZe: 1954 133, T. qoriZe: 2000 153, g. mWedliZe,

m. kezevaZe: 2008 210). g. mWedliZe am faqts imiT xsnis, rom 1637

wliT daTariRebul sabuTSi, sadac imereTis mefe giorgi III

gelaTis monasters raWaSi, WeliSis saydarsa da mis saxaso

alagebs wiravs, ar aris moxseniebuli nikorwmindeli svimon

CxetiZe, albaT imitom, rom igi sabuTis gacemis dros nikorw-

mindeli aRar iyo.28 es varaudi nakleb damajerebelia, radgan

sxva sabuTSi, romelic, agreTve, 1637 wliT TariRdeba, mefe

giorgi III nikorwmindel svimon CxetiZes swiravs esfofoa

mRrdelaZes. (es sabuTi Cven zemoT moviyvaneT).

26 s. kakabaZe.s. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, gv. 11.

27 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa

da mwerlobisa. wigni 2. tfilisi, 1897, gv. 452.

28 g. mWedliZe, m. kezevaZeg. mWedliZe, m. kezevaZe. quTais-gaenaTis eparqia. quTaisi, 2008,

gv. 210.

271

imereTis mefe bagrat IV 1660 wliT daTariRebul

sabuTSi nikorwmindel gedeon lorTqifaniZes mima-

rTavs: „batons mamaCems bajas glexi Se(e)wira wmindis

nikolozisaTvis da svimon nikorwmindels hqonda da

axla Tquenc SemogvexveweT da giboZeT bajas isiv glexi

daTua mgelaZe.“29 am cnobaze dayrdnobiT m. murusiZem

miiCnia, rom svimon CxetiZes bagrat IV-is mamis – aleqsan-

dre III-is (1637-1660) mefobis periodSic, anu 1637 wlis

Semdegac ekava nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra

(aleqsandre III 1637 wels gamefda).30 Tumca ismis kiTxva,

am SemTxvevaSi romel nikorwmindel svimonzea saubari,

svimon CxetiZeze Tu svimon jafariZeze? svimon jafariZ-

es nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra, savaraudod, 1650-

iani wlebis garkveul periodSi ekava (am sakiTxze qve-

moT SevCerdebiT).

mecnierTa nawili svimon CxetiZis quTaisis saepiskopo-

so kaTedraze gadasvlas XVII s-is Sua xanebidan, daaxloe-

biT 1651 wlidan varaudobs,31 rac damajereblad migvaCnia.

manamde ki rogorc aRvniSneT, 1640-iani wlebi svimon Cx-

etiZem xonis saepiskoposo kaTedraze gaatara.

svimon CxetiZis Semdeg nikorwmindel episkoposad

Cans daviTi. daviT mitropolits, rogorc nikorwmindis

saydris mflobels, ixsenieben rusi elCebi aleqsi iev-

levi da nikifore toloCanovi, romlebmac nikorwmindis

taZari 1651 wlis 16 ivniss moinaxules.32 mefe aleqsandre




31 p. gabisonia.p. gabisonia. quTaisis saepiskoposos istoria (avtoreferati).


32 a. ievlevia. ievlevi. 1650- 1652 ww. imereTis samefoSi elCobis saangariSo

aRweriloba. teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada i.

cincaZem. Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 109.

272

III-sTan Sesaxvedrad mimavali rusi elCebi daviT mit-

ropolits quTaisamde gaucilebia.33 daviT nikorwmind-

eli mefe aleqsandresa da rusi elCebis Sexvedrebsac

daswrebia. ievlevis cnobiT, aleqsandre III-sTan Sexve-

dris dros mefesTan myof sasuliero pirTa Soris mit-

ropoliti daviTic iyo, romelic mitropolit zaqarias

(genaTeli) gverdiT ijda.34 toloCanovs nikorwmindeli

daviTi arqiepiskoposad hyavs moxseniebuli. igi mefe

aleqsandresa da rusi elCebis erT-erTi Sexvedris dros,

mefis gverdiT msxdom zaqaria mitropolitsa (genaTeli)

da simon arqiepiskoposs (xoneli) Soris mjdara.35 daviT

arqiepiskoposi mefe aleqsandresTan erTad imyofeboda,

1651 wlis 5 ivliss zaqaria genaTelis saxlSi gamarTul

sadilzec,36 agreTve igi daswrebia 22 ivliss skandis

cixeSi mefe aleqsandresa da rusi elCebis Sexvedras.

am Sexvedraze mefe Teimuraz I-ic imyofeboda SviliS-

vilebTan erTad.37

daviT nikorwmindelma xeli moawera 1651 wlis 9

oqtombers mefe aleqsandre III-is mier ruseTis xelm-

wifisadmi dadebul ficis wigns. am dokumentSi daviTi







35 n. toloCanovin. toloCanovi. imereTSi elCobis muxlobrivi aRweriloba.

1650 – 1652 ww. teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada

i. cincaZem. Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 98.







273

moxseniebulia rogorc „arqiepiskoposi daviT nikorwmin-

deli“.38

T. beraZe miiCnevs, rom ievlevisa da tolCanovis im-

ereTis samefoSi elCobis dros (1650-1652 ww.), nikorwmind-

eli episkoposi imereTis mefis molareTuxucesis lomkac

jafariZis Zma – arqiepiskoposi svimon jafariZe iyo,39 rac

sizustes moklebulia da amas Cven mier zemoT moyvanili

cnobebi cxadyofs.

svimon jafariZes, rogorc arqiepiskoposs, ixseniebs

aleqsi ievlevi, magram ar akonkretebs, Tu romeli eparqiis

mmarTvelia igi. faqtia, rom svimons rusi elCebis imere-

Tis samefoSi yofnis periodSi nikorwmindis saepiskopo-

so kaTedra ar ekava. ievlevis TqmiT, arqiepiskopos simon

jafariZis sacxovrisi mdinare krixulas iqeT, mTebSi, md.

rionis napiras yofila, sadac miqael mTavarangelozis sax-

elobis xis eklesia mdgara.40 rusi elCebi am eklesiaSi

wirvas daswrebian da Semdeg arqiepiskopos simon jafariZ-

esTan usadiliaT.41

aleqsi ievlevi da nikifore toloCanovi simon jafariZ-

es isev Sexvdnen, rodesac imereTidan ruseTSi raWis gav-

liT brundebodnen. maT Tan axldaT mefe aleqsandres mier

ruseTis xelmwifesTan mivlinebuli elCi, lomkac jafariZe.

ievlevi da toloCanovi 1651 wlis 17 oqtombers lomkac

jafariZis sofelSi mividnen. maT lomkacis Zma – arqie-

piskoposi simoni SemoegebaT mravali aznauris TanxlebiT.

stumrebma lomkacTan isadiles. rus elCebs Tan mihqondaT

mefe aleqsandres mier dadebuli ficis wigni, romelzedac

38 a. ievlevia. ievlevi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 175.

39 T. beraZeT. beraZe. raWa. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 93.



274

xeli arqiepiskoposma simon jafariZemac moawera.42

svimon jafariZe moxseniebulia ambrolauris eklesiis

xatis warweraSic. q. (wmidao), RmerTo da wmidao ambrolau-

risa RvTismSobelo, daicev orTave Sina cxovrebaTa mam-

kobi da Semomwirveli Tqveni mTavarepiskopozi jafariZe

svimon“.43 savaraudod, svimonma nikorwmindis saepiskoposo

kaTedraze daviT mitropoliti 1650 – ani wlebis meore

naxevarSi Secvala. CvenTvis ucnobia, riT iyo ganpirobe-

buli es Canacvleba, Tumca msgavsi SemTxvevebi im xanis

dasavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposo kaTedrebze xSiri

iyo. 1669 wels nikorwmindel episkoposad kvlav daviTia

moxseniebuli (am sakiTxze qvemoT SevCerdebiT).

svimon jafariZes nikorwmindelad didi xani ar umoR-

vawia. mefe bagrat IV-is mier 1660 wels gacemul sigelSi

nikorwmindel episkoposad gedeon lorTqifaniZe Cans.44

mogvianebiT gedeon lorTqifaniZem nikorwmindelobasTan

erTad genaTlobac SeiTavsa. 1664 wlis sabuTSi is gena-

Tel-nikorwmindelad ixsenieba (iqve), 1668 wlis dokumentSi

ki igi mxolod genaTelad aris dafiqsirebuli.45 Cans, 1668

wlisaTvis gedeon lorTqifaniZes nikorwmindelis pativi

aRar hqonda da is mxolod gelaTis saepiskoposo kaT-

edras ganagebda.

daaxloebiT 1666–1667 wlebSi gedeon lorTqifaniZis

Semdeg nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra kvlav daviTma

daikava. igi, rogorc „nikolooz wmindeli daviTi,“ mox-

seniebulia mefe bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis xelmwifisadmi


43 g. boWoriZeg. boWoriZe. raWa-leCxumis istoriuli Zeglebi. Tbilisi, 1994,

gv. 139-140.



45 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa

da mwerlobisa. wigni 2. tfilisi, 1897, gv. 485.

275

gagzavnil werilSi, romelic 1669 wliT TariRdeba.46 wyro-

Ta simciris gamo ver dgindeba, Tu ramden xans gastana

daviTis nikorwmindelobam 1669 wlis Semdeg.

daviTis momdevno nikorwmindel episkoposad cno-

bili feodalis, merab wulukiZis Zma – svimon wulukiZe

Cans. merab wulukiZe samegrelos mTavris levan II dadi-

anis gazrdili yofila.47 igi XVII s-is meore naxevarSi

dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavlenian feodalad iqca. mas

auSenebia nikorwmindis maxloblad sofel agaraSi pat-

ara eklesia da misTvis mravali nivTi Seuwiravs. Sewir-

ul nivTebs Soris aris vercxlis feSxumi mxedruli

warweriT: „q: wmidao giorgi mxneo da mxedaro agarisao....

me damiWiravs wulukiZes merabs jinWrolsa da iwroTas

Sua gaRma Wrebalo da zogiSi maTs gardaRma okriba da

tyilburi da Zma nikorwmindelad damisvams da meore Zma

kide xofs soflaT damisvams nasaunjevs xorgas sasaxle

misi Semavlis kacianaTa da xoni kide sulaTa“.48 merab

wulukiZis mier Tavisi Zmis nikorwmindelad dasma XVII

s-is 70-iani wlebis bolos unda momxdariyo. SemorCe-

nilia am periodis sabuTi, romelic nikorwmindeli svi-

mon wulukiZis mier aris gacemuli. es ukanaskneli merab

wulukiZis Zma unda iyos: „...mTis mTavarmowameo wmindao

(giorgi).... Cven wulukiZeman nikolaozwmindelman svi-

mon..... SemogwireT knini da mcire ese Sesawiravi Savras

glexi dvali nasxida misis yovlisferiT, asre da ama

pirsa zeda rome laSxiSvilis yofiliyo, laSxiSvils

lomin erisTavisagan gamorTmeoda da erisTavisagan Cven

46 Броссе. Перепискагрузинскихцареисроссиискимигосударямиот 1659 г. по 1770 г. СГБ., 1861, стр. 82.47 e. TayaiSvili.e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri mogzauroba raWaSi. Tbilisi, 1963,

gv. 41.

48 e. TayaiSvili.e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri mogzauroba raWaSi. Tbilisi, 1963,

gv. 42.

276

gviyidia da Cven TqvenTvis Semogviwiravs“.49 sabuTs Tari-

Ri ar gaaCnia. s. kakabaZem is daaxloebiT 1680-1685 wlebiT

daaTariRa.

svimon wulukiZes, rogorc irkveva, nikorwmindis

saepiskoposo kaTedraze sakmao xans umoRvawia. igi nikorw-

mindelad Cans XVIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSic. svimon nikor-

wmindeli genaTel gedeon CxetiZesTan erTad amowmebs im-

ereTis mefis aleqsandre V-is mier papuna wereTlisaTvis

boZebul wyalobis sigels: „ars amisi gamrige da mowame

genaTeli gedevan, livkorwmindeli (nikorwmindeli b. g.)

svimon, saxliTuxucesi jafariZe lomkaci....mdivans levans

damiweria da mowameca var...“50 sabuTi uTariRoa. genaTeli

gedeon CxetiZe gelaTis saepiskoposo taxtze 1723-24 wle-

bidan Cans. zemoT moyvanili sabuTic am periodSi unda

daweriliyo. nikorwmindeli svimon wulukiZe am droisaT-

vis sakmaod xanSi Sesuli iqneboda.

sxva cnobebi svimon wulukiZis Sesaxeb ar mogvepove-

ba. igi nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedraze daaxloe-

biT XVII s-is 80-ian wlebidan XVIII s-is 20-ian wlebSi

moRvaweobda.

svimon wulukiZis Semdeg XVIII s-is pirveli naxevris ar-

sebul dokumentebSi, nikorwmindeli episkoposebi ar Canan.

savaraudoa, rom am periodSi nikorwmindis saepiskoposom,

msgavsad quTaisis da xonis saepiskoposoebisa, JamTa sia-

vis gamo, moqmedeba Sewyvita. misi aRdgena imereTis mefis

solomon I-is (1752-1784) iniciativiT unda momxdariyo, daax-

loebiT 1750-ian wlebSi. am periodSi nikorwmindel episko-

posad Cans germane wulukiZe.

germane wulukiZe raWa-leCxumis sardlis – merab



50 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi 2171.

277

II wulukiZisa da darejan abaSiZis vaJi iyo.51 irkveva,

rom germanes nikorwmindelobamde afxazeTis (dasavleT

saqarTvelos) sakaTalikoso taxti ekava, magram, wyaro-

Ta simciris gamo, rTulia gansazRvra misi am Tanamde-

bobaze moRvaweobis wlebisa. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cno-

biT: qoronikonsa u l – 430 (1742) mokuda (kaTalikozi)

afxazTa grigol (lorTqifaniZe b. g.), dajda germane.52 b.

lominaZe vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobas saeWvod miiCnevs,

radgan afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTaliko-

sis besarion CxeiZis beWedze 1742 welia amotvifruli,

rac Cveulebrivad kaTalikosobis dasawyiss uCvenebs,53

aqedan gamomdinare, 1742 wlidan afxazeTis (dasavleT

saqarTvelos) kaTalikosi ara germane wulukiZe, aramed

besarion CxeiZe gaxda.54 b. lominaZe germane wulukiZis

kaTalikosobis periods zogadad XVIII s-is Sua wlebiT

sazRvravs. r. metrevelis avtorobiT gamocemul naS-

romSi _ „saqarTvelos mefeebi da patriarqebi“, _ 1742-1769

wlebSi afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTaliko-

sad besarion CxeiZea dafiqsirebuli,55 xolo germane wu-

lukiZis afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTaliko-

sad moRvaweoba, agreTve XVIII s-is Sua xanebiT aris

ganszRvruli.56 g. guguSvili wyaroebis miuTiTeblad

amtkicebs, rom germane wulukiZe afxazeTis (dasavleT

51 o. soseliao. soselia. narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarT-

velos istoriidan (saTavadoebi). wigni 2. Tbilisi, 1981 gv. 68.

52 qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 913.

53 b. lominaZeb. lominaZe. masalebi dasavleT saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII sauku-

neTa qronologiisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 134. 54 b. lominaZeb. lominaZe. masalebi dasavleT saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII sauku-

neTa qronologiisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 134. 55 r. metrevelir. metreveli. saqarTvelos mefeebi da patriarqebi. Tbilisi, 2010,

gv. 143.

56 r. metrevelir. metreveli. saqarTvelos mefeebi da patriarqebi. Tbilisi, 2010,

gv. 144.

278

saqarTvelos) kaTalikosi 1742-1751 wlebs Soris iyo.57

germane wulukiZe nikorwmindelobamde rom afxazeTis

kaTalikosi iyo, es im xanis sigelebiT dasturdeba. svimon

nuqifiSvilis Sewirulebis wignSi germane wulukiZe mox-

seniebulia, rogorc „pirvel kaTalikosi german nikolao-

zwmideli“.58 aRniSnuli sigeli 1769 wliT TariRdeba.59

„pirvel kaTalikozi arqieri germane“, moxseniebulia beri

da giorgi wulukiZeebis Sewirulebis wignSic.60 nikorw-

mindis saydris samxreTis kedelze miSenebul ekvderSi

aris warwera: „gerasime kaTalikosi Seiwyale...“61 s. kaka-

baZis azriT, gerasime igive germane unda iyos.62 gadmocemis

Tanaxmad germanem mefe solomon I-is TxovniT, afxazeTis

(dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTolikosoba raWis erisTavis

Zes – besarions dauTmo, romlis Rrma ganaTleba maSindel

saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo,63 TviTon ki nikorwmindelis

kaTedra daikava. Tumca Zneli saTqmelia ramdenad Seesa-

bameba simarTles es gadmocema.

germane wulukiZe kaTalikosad aris moxseniebuli Ta-

visi dedis – darejan abaSiZis 1756 wlis Sewirulobis

wignSic,64 magram arsebobs varaudi, rom 1756 wels germane

57 g. guguSvilig. guguSvili. nikorwmindis eparqia._ Jurnali ̀ ornati~, Tbilisi,

2003, gv. 63.

58 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 2,

gv. 39-40.


gv. 39-40.

61 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. wvrili Studiebi saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis

Sesaxeb. tfilisi, 1914, gv. 25.





63 g. guguSvilig. guguSvili. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 63.

279

wulukiZe ara afxazeTis (dasavelT saqarTvelos) kaTa-

likosi, aramed ukve nikorwmindeli episkoposi iyo.65

rogorc aRvniSneT, XVIII s-is 50-ian wlebSi imereTis

mefis solomon I-is TaosnobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi

gauqmebuli saepiskoposoebis aRdgenis procesi daiwyo.

aRdgenil iqna quTaisisa da xonis saepiskoposo kaTe-

drebi. 1750-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi unda aRmdgariyo

nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedrac, romelsac germane

wulukiZe Caudga saTaveSi. Tavad nikorwmindeli germane

aqtiurad iyo CarTuli, JamTa siavis gamo, gauqmebuli

saepiskoposoebis aRdgenis procesSi. 1759 wlis krebas,

sadac quTaisis saepiskoposos aRdgenis sakiTxi ganix-

ileboda, sxva mRvdelmTavrebTan erTad germane nikorw-

mindelic eswreboda.66

nikorwmindeli germane moxseniebulia 1759 wels Sedge-

nil tyveTa gausyidvelobis gujarSic.67

germane wulukiZes axlo urTierToba hqonda raWis

erisTav rostom CxeiZesTan, romelic mefe solomon I-is

mowinaaRmdege gavleniani feodali iyo. 1769 wels mefe

solomon I-ma rostom CxeiZe da misi ojaxis wevrebi

daatyveva da raWis saerisTavo gaauqma. cota xnis Sem-

deg ki man nikorwmindis episkoposoba CamoarTva germane

wulukiZes da mis nacvlad nikorwmindelad silibistro

RoRoberiZe dasva.68

silibistro RoRoberiZe 1750-ian wlebSi imereTis

64 b. lominaZeb. lominaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 136.

65 b. lominaZeb. lominaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 136.

66 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. saeklesio reformebisaTvis solomon I-is dros.



68 daviT batoniSvilidaviT batoniSvili. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis

(1744-1840 ww.). tfilisi, 1905, gv. 19.

280

samefo karis winamZRvari yofila, mas arqimandritis

xarisxi hqonda. amave dros silibistro iyo mwerali

da dammowmebeli im mravali dokumentisa, romelic im-

ereTis samefo karze dgeboda. maT Soris aris quTai-

sis saepiskoposos aRdgenis sabuTi da ganCineba xonis

saepiskopososaTvis saxuco da samrevlo gamosaRebis

Sesaxeb. am dokumentebs axlavs silibistros xelmow-

erebi: „me arqimandrits, Cemi xelmwifis karis winamZR-

vars mRdel monazons RoRaberiZes silibistros dami-

weria da mowamec var amisi...“69

silibistro RoRoberiZe 1766 wels samegrelos mTa-

vars, kacia dadians „leCxumis sairmed saxeldebulis“

udabnos mamad daudgenia: „veZiebdi mamasa udabnosasa da

vpove sanaxebisa Cvenisa mxrisa adgilebiT imereli Ro-

RaberiZe arximandriti silivistro da vawvie rai manca

jer iCina mamoba udabnosa amis adgilobiT leCxumis

sairmed saxeldebulisa da Cvenca keTilad aRgviCnda

mamad dadgineba amisi da sigeli ese davsdeviT da gan-

vaweseT Sesawiravi udabnosa amis.“70 sigeli TariRdeba

qoronikoniT: C R a: rac 1701 wels aRniSnavs. es daTa-

riReba sizustes moklebulia, radgan sigelSi moxsenie-

buli pirebi XVIII s-is meore naxevris moRvaweni arian. s.

kakabaZem aRniSnuli sigeli 1766 wliT daaTariRa.71

silibistro RoRoberiZis nikorwmindis saepiskopo-

so kaTedraze dadgena 1771-1773 wlebs Soris unda

momxdariyo, radgan 1771 wels is jer kidev sairmis

udabnos mamad Cans,72 1773 wlis sabuTSi ki ukve nikor-

69 s. kakabaZe.s. kakabaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 5.





281

wmindel episkoposad ixsenieba. 73

nikorwmindeli silibistro erT-erT uTariRo sabuTSiც aris moxseniebuli. es gaxlavT ganCineba solomon I-sa,

qaixosro agiaSvilisa da niJaraZeTa mamulis saqmeze. ro-

gorc Cans agiaSvilisa da niJaraZeebis sasamarTlo davis

procesSi nikorwmindeli mTavarepiskoposi silibistro

RoRoberiZec iyo CarTuli.74

silibistro RoRoberiZem nikorwmindis saepiskoposo

kaTedraze moRvaweoba tragikulad daasrula. is glexi

nadiraZis msxverpli gaxda: „ese silibistro mokla muneb-

urman glexman nadiraZem mizezisa amisTvis: vinaTgan Jamsa

aRreulebasa raWisasa erTi glexis coli STavardnil iyo

tyved da lekTagan daexsna ama nadiraZes da SeerTo TviT

colad. ese miuRo (silibistro nikorwmindelma – b. gb. g.)

da misca (nadiraZis coli – b. gb. g.) Zvelsave qmarsa missa,

da amisa gamo hkra Tofi (nadiraZem – b. g.) axals nawiravs

(silibistros – b. gb. g.) eklesiis karzed da mokla igi. da

kvalad dasves germane“.75 wyaroSi ar fiqsirdeba, Tu romel

wels moxda aRniSnuli faqti.

silibistro RoRoberiZis mkvlelobis Semdeg nikorw-

mindis sepiskoposo kaTedraze germane wulukiZe dabrun-

da. germane wulukiZe nikorwmindel episkoposad Cans 1784

wliT daTariRebul beri da giorgi wulukiZeebis Sewiru-

lobis sigelSic. es ukanasknelni, germane wulukiZis Zmebi

iyvnen (aRniSnuli sigeli Cven zemoTac vaxseneT). beri da

giorgi wulukiZeebi nikorwmindis saydars swiraven Savras





74 i. doliZei. doliZe. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. V. Tbilisi, 1974, gv.

274.

75 daviT batoniSvilidaviT batoniSvili. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 19.

282

mcxovreb gvencaZeebs, romlebic imTaviTve nikorwmindisaT-

vis Sewirulni iyvnen. sigelis bolos aRniSnulia: „odes

Sinasa eklesiasa z~a (zeda) iyofeboda Zma Cveni p l (pir-

vel) kaTalikozi arqieri germane qoronikons q s (qristes)

aqeT C R oTxmoc d (oTxmocdaoTxsa – 1784 _ b. g.b. g.)

daiwera gujari ese“.76 erT-erTi wyaros cnobiT, germane

wulukiZes nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra 1792 welsac

eWira. WeliSis monastris ZmaTa 1842 wlis namsaxureobis

siaSi, mRvdelmonazon svimonis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom igi

ukurTxebia yovlad samRvdelo nikorwmindel germane arx-

iepiskoposs qoronikons: „C R J b“ – 1792 w.77

1793 wlidan nikorwmindel episkoposad Cans sofronios

wulukiZe.78 wulukiZeTa feodaluri saxlis warmomadgeneli

sofroniosi, axlo naTesavi iyo germane wulukiZisa, rom-

lisganac sasuliero ganaTleba miiRo nikorwmindis taZar-

Si. 1778 wels efTvime genaTelma sofroniosi gelaTSi

berad aRkveca.79

sofroniosi, nikorwmindel episkoposad moRvaweobis

pirvelive wlebidan Seudga nikorwmindis saydrisaTvis

kuTvnili mamulebis dabrunebas, romelnic, JamTa viTarebis

gamo, dakarguli iyo. am saqmeSi mas daxmarebas uwevda im-

ereTis mefe solomon II (1790-1810).

sofroniosi exmareboda nikorwmindis samwysos wevrebs

fuliT, mamuliT an sxva raime saWiroebiT. erT-erT sigel-

Si igi aRniSnavs: „....raoden SesaZlo iyo, viRvawe... uwyis



77 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. nikorwmindel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi.

quTaisi, 2008, gv. 55.

78 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni

2. tfilisi, 1921, gv. 102.

79 m. kezevaZem. kezevaZe. arqiepiskoposi sofroni Semwe stambisa._ gazeTi

`mwignobari~, 2000, #1, gv. 1.

283

ufalman wyalobisama... mamuliT Tu glexis SovniTa Tu

adgilis SematebiTa da sxviTa saeklesio saxmarebiTa“.80

nikorwmindeli sofronios wulukiZe aqtiurad iyo Car-

Tuli politikur procesebSic. is prorusuli politikis

mxardamWeri iyo.

1810 wels ruseTis xelisuflebis mier imereTis mefis

solomon II-s gandevnis Semdeg imereTis samefoSi rusuli

mmrTveloba damyarda. imereTis Tavad-aznaurobisa da sam-

Rvdeloebis erTi nawili am faqts dadebiTad Sexvda, maT

Soris iyo sofronios nikorwmindelic. mas ruseTis erT-

gulebisaTvis 1811 wels jildoc gadaeca, Tumca mogvi-

anebiT gairkva, rom aRniSnuli jildo ara nikorwmindeli

sofroniosis, aramed xinowmindeli episkoposis daviT wer-

eTlisaTvis yofila gankuTvnili, magram sofronioss, ga-

dacemuli jildo ukan aRar CamoarTves.81

sofroniosi did yuradRebas aqcevda sasuliero ga-

naTlebis saqmes. misi TaosnobiT mravali xelnaweri ga-

daiwera.82 1809 wels sofroniosis iniciativiT sofel wes-

Si daarsda stamba, sadac aTamde qarTuli wigni daibeWda.83

sofronios nikorwmindeli iRwvoda osi mosaxleobis

gaqristianebisaTvis. misi TaosnobiT nikorwmindis eparqi-

is maxloblad, kudaros xeobaSi mcxovrebi 912 osi gaqris-

tianebula.84

1817 wels saqarTvelos egzarqosaT movlinebulma Te-

ofiaqte rusanovma dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis re-

formireba daiwyo, ramac xalxis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. qar-

80 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 56. m. murusiZem. murusiZe. dasax-

elebuli naSromi, gv. 56.

81 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. imereTis samefos gauqmeba. Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 494.

82 e. TayaiSvilie. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri mogzauroba raWaSi. Tbilisi, 1963,

gv. 103.

83 m. kezevaZem. kezevaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 2.


284

Tuli eklesiis Tavisuflebis gadasarCenad eri da beri

gaerTianda, rasac mohyva 1819-1820 wlebis ajanyeba, romel-

sac ruseTis saxelisuflebo wreebma „saeklesio bunti“

uwodes. ajanyeba mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos moedo.

ajanyebulebs mxarSi edgnen dosiTeos quTaTeli, efTvime

genaTeli da anton xoneli. maTgan gansxvavebiT sofronios

nikorwmindelma ruseTis mTavrobas uerTgula da amagic

daufasda. ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg is „umaRlesis br-

ZanebiT daidgina imereTis arxiepiskoposaT...“85

sofroniosis mimarT simpatiiT iyo ganwyobili

saqarTvelos egzarqosi Teofilaqte rusanovi. erT-erT

werilSi Teofilaqte acxadebs, rom is aris sofroniosis:

„WeSmaritiTa maRal pativiscemiTa da ZmebriviTa siyvaru-

liTa umorCilesi mosamsaxure da mlocveli...“86

sofronioss ndobas ucxadebda saqarTvelos momdevno

egzarqosi ionac. man sofronioss imereTis eparqiis re-

formireba daavala. reformis mixedviT saeklesio glexebs

naturaluri gadasaxadebis nacvlad fuladi gadasaxadebi

ekisrebodaT. yoveli sasuliero moxele saeklesio Semosav-

lebidan miiRebda maTvTvis dawesebul garkveul jamagirs.

saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalur kantoraSi, romelic 1814

wels Seiqmna, sofronioss unda waredgina dawvrilebiTi

cnobebi imereTis eklesia-monastrebis qonebisa da Semosav-

lis Sesaxeb. amave dros mas saqarTvelo-imereTis sinoda-

lur kantoraSi unda gaegzavna erTi warmomadgeneli mudmiv

samuSaod.87 unda Semcirebuliyo sasuliero pirTa ricxvi.

dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis rusul yaidaze

gardaqmnis saqmeSi didi damsaxurebisaTvis arqiepiskoposi

85 qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 390.

86 quTaisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 21, saqme 15.

87 g. vaWriZe.g. vaWriZe. imereTis droebiTi mmarTveloba. quTaisi, 1999, gv. 251.

285

sofroniosi 1839 wels wminda annas pirveli xarisxis or-

deniT daajildoves.88

imereTis eparqiis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebi sofro-

nios wulukiZem avadmyofobaSi gaatara. mZimed dasneule-

buls marjvena xeli „dauqmebia“.

1841 wlis 18 noembers ruseTis uwmindesma sinodma pi-

radi Txovnis safuZvelze, avadmyofobis gamo, arqiepiskopo-

si sofroni gaaTavisufla imereTis eparqiis mmarTvelo-

bisagan.89 amis Semdeg sofrons didxans aRar ucocxlia.

is 1842 wlis 1 ianvars gardaicvala da dakrZalul iqna

quTaisis sakaTedro taZarSi.

88 g. vaWriZe.g. vaWriZe. imereTis droebiTi mmarTveloba. quTaisi, 1999, gv. 252.

89 m. kezevaZem. kezevaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 2.

286

nikorwmindel episkoposTa nikorwmindel episkoposTa

qronologiuri rigiqronologiuri rigi

manoel CxetiZe _ 1534-1540-iani ww-is pirveli naxevari

ioakime _ 1540-iani ww-is meore naxevari-1550-iani ww.

daviT sayvareliZe _ 1559 (?)

ambrosi baqraZe _ 1560-iani ww-is dasawyisi

melqisedek sayvareliZe _ daaxloebiT 1565-1573

ambrosi baqraZe _ 1573-1590-iani ww.

nikolozi _ XVI s-is bolo-XVII s-is 20-iani ww.

svimon CxetiZe _ XVII s-is 30-iani ww-is dasawyisi-1639

daviTi _ 1639-1650-iani ww-is pirveli naxevari

svimon jafariZe _ 1650-iani ww-is meore naxevari

gedeon lorTqifaniZe _ 1660-1666-67 ww.daviTi _ 1666-67-1670-iani ww-is dasawyisi

svimon wulukiZe _ XVII s-is 70-iani ww.-is bolo-XVIII

s-is 20-iani ww.

germane wulukiZe _ XVIII s-is 50-iani ww.-1771 w.

silibistro RoRoberiZe _ 1771-72-1770-iani ww.-is bolo

(?)

germane wulukiZe _ 1780-iani ww.-1792 w.

sofronios wulukiZe _ 1793-1821 ww. (imereTis eparqia

– 1821-1842)

287

saba saluaSvilisaba saluaSvili _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida



doqtoranti

`rifsimianeTa~ wamebidan _ wm. ninos`rifsimianeTa~ wamebidan _ wm. ninos

saqarTveloSi SemosvlamdesaqarTveloSi Semosvlamde

Txrobis dawyebamde gvinda aRvniSnoT, „...rom wm. ni-

nos cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb mravali gadmoce-

ma, Tqmuleba Tu legenda Semounaxavs somxur, berZnul,

arabul, siriul, koptur, rusul Tu sxva mravali qristian-

uli qveynis istorias. isini ZiriTadad qarTul wyaroebs

eyrdnobodnen da sworad asaxavdnen sinamdviles, Tumca

gadaxvevebic xSirad iyo. ama Tu im faqts sakuTari inter-

pretaciiT gadmoscemdnen, rac iwvevda zogierT faqtobriv

uzustobas, cnobis nawilobriv gazviadebas an Sekvecas.

wm. ninos cxovrebiT gansakuTrebiT dainteresebu-

lan rusi istorikos-Teologebi. es iqidan Cans, rom ru-

sul enaze arsebobs „wminda ninos cxovrebis~ mravali

redaqcia. maT Soris SedarebiT Zvelia „wminda ninos

cxovrebis~ 1512 wlis matianiseuli redaqcia, 1641 wlis

prolog svinaqsaris 27 oqtombris sakiTxavi da stefan

afinskis „azrTa savaneSi~ (1659) daculi cnoba. danarCeni

redaqciebi XIX s-is II naxevarsa da XX s-is dasawyiss

ganekuTvneba...~1

winamdebare kvlevis saboloo Sejerebamde unda aRvniS-

noT, rom „...Cven mier saZiebeli sakiTxis mTliani suraTis

1 v. ToraZe, n. ToraZev. ToraZe, n. ToraZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

istoria. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 48.

288

aRdgena, mxolod „wm. ninos cxovrebis~ yvela redaqcia-

Si daculi cnobebis urTierTSejerebisa da urTierTana-

lizis wyalobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli. kerZod:

- upirveles yovlisa moxerxda: wm. ninosa da misi Tan-

mxlebi pirebis q. efesodan gamoqcevis wlis dadgena, esaa

- ax. w. 322 weli;

- mxolod: „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁseuli~ cnoba: „...war-

movemarTeniT TTuesa pirvelsa aTxuTmetsa...~2 gvauwyebs,

rom ltolvilebi, dadgenili wlis 15 marts, xuTSabaT dRes

gamoqceulan;

- mxolod: „qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da XIII s-is meta-

frasul redaqciebSi daculi cnobis „...da viTarca moi-

wivnes somxiTad, samefosa Trdatissa, daimalnes sawnexelTa

Sina...~3 Tanaxmad, moxerxda gangvesazRvra, rom ltolvilebi,

somxiTSi Casulan: dadgenili wlis xareba dRes - 25 mar-

tis kvira dRes;

- mxolod: arsen beriseul TxzulebaSi daculi in-

formaciis meSveobiT vgebulobT, rom Turme ltolvilebi,

somxiTSi misvlis (25 martis) Semdeg, iq garkveuli drois

manZilze imalebodnen „...viTarca moiwivnes maxlobelad

samoTxesa Trdat mefisasa da daadgrnes mun Jam ravdenme...~4

- dabolos, mxolod: „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixed-

viT vgebulobT, rom Trdat mefis mier, somxiTSi misul

ltolvilTa wameba, dadgenili wlis 30 marts, paraskev

dRes momxdara „...igini moiklnes mun TTuesa pirvelsa

2 m. saluaSvili, s. saluaSvilim. saluaSvili, s. saluaSvili. „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis

paraleluri teqstebi. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 60; ix. agreTve: Zveli qa-

rTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. i. abulaZis redaq-

ciiT. wigni 1. Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 115.

3 cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa ne-

tarisa ninoÁsi. _ Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia.

tomi I. Semdgeneli sol. yubaneiSvili. Tbilisi, 1946, gv. 220.

4 cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis arseni qarTlisa kaTo-

likozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan. dabeWdili mR.

p. karbelaSvilis redaqciiT da boloTqmiT. tfilisi, 1902, gv. 15.

289

oc da aTsa, dResa paraskevsa...5 maSasadame, zemoTqmuli

„Jam ravdenme~, Turme martis Tvis 25-dan 30-mde arsebul

droiT mijnas moicavs.

Tavad wamebulTa Taobaze ki arsen beriseuli redaqcia

ase gvauwyebs: „...wmidaÁ rifsime da misTanani igi iwamnes sax-

elisaTvis qristesisa Trdatis mier da gÂrgÂn Semkobilni

Rirs iqmnnes sasufevelisa...~6 xolo „qarTlis cxovreba~

ki azustebs, rom „...romelnime maT wmidaTaganni daimalnes

da ivltodes...~7

maSasadame, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, saZiebel dro-

Si momxdaris mTliani suraTi aseTia: ltolvilobis daw-

yebis welia ax. w. 322 weli; q. efesodan maTi gamoqceva

momxdara 322 wlis 15 marts, xuTSabaT dRes; ltolvilebi

somxiTSi misulan amave wlis 25 marts, kvira dRes; xolo

somxiTSi Casuli ltolvilebi, Trdat mefes imave wlis 30

martis paraskev dRes uwamebia“.8

zemoTqmulis Semdeg, vnaxoT, Cven xelT arsebul xsen-

ebul werilobiT wyaroebSi, Tu rogoraa aRwerili „rif-

simianelTa~ wamebidan moyolebuli, wm. ninos qarTlis

samefoSi Semosvliseuli etapebi da maTi saTanado gaana-

lizeba ra konkretuli daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas

iZleva.

5 „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 60;

ix. agreTve: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,

gv. 115.


likozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan. gv. 15;

7 qarTlis cxovreba. s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT.. t. 1. Tbilisi, 1955,

gv. 84.

8 s. saluaSvilis. saluaSvili. „qarTlis moqcevis~ TariRTan dakavSirebuli

saistorio Ziebebi. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 63-64.

290

a) droiTi niSani - „vardis yvaviloba“a) droiTi niSani - „vardis yvaviloba“

„wm. ninos cxovrebis~ aRmweri redaqciebidan mxolod

ori - „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” da „qarTlis cxovreba”

uTiTebs „rifsimianeTa~ wamebis Semdeg wm. ninos damalvis

axal adgils.

Tu davukvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom am or wyaros Soris

arsebuli, erTi SexedviT, urTierTgamomricxavi informa-

ciebi sinamdvileSi mTliani suraTis aRdgenis SesaZle-

blobas iZleva.

somxiTSi mosuli ltolvilebis Tavdapirveli da-

malvis adgilis Taobaze mxolod „qarTlis cxovreba~ da

XIII s-is metafrasuli redaqcia iZleva cnobebs:

- „...da movides ltolvilni areTa somxiTisaTa, adg-

ilsa mas, romelsa hqvian axalqalaqi, ualeres Senebulsa,

romel ars dvini, sayofeli somexTa mefisa. da Sevides mun Sevides mun

sawnexelTa venaxisaTasawnexelTa venaxisaTa, romeli Senebul ars CrdiloT -

kerZ da aRmosavaliT...~9

(somexi mematianis - agaTangelosis Tanaxmad ki „... moi-

wies qalaqsa araratisasa da iyvnes sadgurad maTda sawnex-

elni qalaqisani...~).10

„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ somxiTSi misuli ltolvilebis

Tavdapirveli ganTavsebis adgilze arafers uTiTebs da

mxolod, rifsimianTa wamebis Semdeg, ninos damalvis adg-

ilmdebareobis miniSnebiT kmayofildeba:

„...rifsime dedofali da gaiane dedamZuZeÁ da ormeoc

da aTi suli warmovemarTeniT TTuesa pirvelsa aTxuTmet-

sa da gamovediT areTa somxiTisaTa, samoTxesa mas Trdat

9 qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1. gv. 82; ix. agreTve: .cxorebaÁ da moqa-

laqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoÁsi. gv.

220.

10 cxovrebaÁ wm. grigol parTelisaÁ, gamocemuli l. meliqseT-be-

gis mier._ qarTuli Zeglebi. tfilisis universitetis gamocemani.

I. saeklesio mwerloba. #2. tfilisi, 1920, gv. 21.

291

mefisasa. igini moiklnes mun TTuesa pirvelsa oc da aTsa,

dResa paraskevsa. xolo me davSTi ekalTa Sina vardisaTa,

rameTu vardi da nuSi yuavoda mas Jamsa...~11

amdenad, somxiTSi Casuli ltolvilebi somexTa mefis

samyofelSi misvlis Semdeg „Sevides mun sawnexelTa venax-„Sevides mun sawnexelTa venax-

isaTa~.isaTa~. rifsimianTa wamebis Semdeg ki wm. nino ukve sxva

adgilas imaleba.

am adgilis mimaniSnebel TxrobaSi, Cveni azriT, ori

droiTi monakveTia gaerTianebuli. esaa, am adgilas wm. ninos

misvlisa - „me davSTi ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~,„me davSTi ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~, da am adgili-

dan misi wamosvlis konkretuli droiTi miniSneba - „rameTu „rameTu

vardi da nuSi yuavoda mas Jamsa~. vardi da nuSi yuavoda mas Jamsa~. maSasadame, 30 martis wame-

bis dRis Semdeg, wm. ninos Tavi Seufarebia „ekalTa Sina

vardisaTa~ da iqidan wamosula mxolod am vardis ayvavebis

Semdeg - „rameTu vardi da nuSi yuavoda mas Jamsa~.

zemoTqmulis dasturad, jer „qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~

miniSneba gavixsenoT: „...iwama igi, dedamZuZe misi gaiane da

sxuani mravalni maTTanani.... xolo romelnime maT wmidaTa-

ganni daimalnes da ivltodes (aq miniSnebaa Tavdapirveli

damalvis adgilidan: „sawnaxelTa venaxisaTa~ - maT silv-

tolvaze - s.s.);

maSin ese wm. nino („sawnaxelTa venaxisaTa~-dan wamo-

suli - s.s.) daimala ekalTa Soris vardisaTa, romeli-

igi jereT ara yuaoda mas Jamsa...~12 amdenad, damalvis axal

adgilas, „ekalTa Soris vardisaTa” misvlisas, Turme vardi

„jereT ara yuaoda mas Jamsa~.

„ekalTa Soris vardisaTa~ damalvis adgilidan wm.

ninos wamosvlis droiTi miniSneba ukve mocemulia im

TxrobaSi, romelSic wm. ninos xilvaa gadmocemuli.


ix. agreTve: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi.

gv. 115.

12 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. gv. 84.

292

jer kidev uyvavebeli vardis eklebSi damaluli wm.

nino, xilvaSi xedavs „rifsimianeTa~ nawameb sulebs - „...

xedvida simravles angelosTasa wmidaTa mowameTa zeda

mosrulad, zecad didebiT aRmyvaneblad~.13

„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da „qarTlis cxovreba“ iqve gvau-

wyeben xilvaSi momxdaris Taobazec. oRond erTi gansxvave-

biT: „qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ wm. ninos winaSe gamocxadebuli

diakvnis „saxelicaa” mocemuli: „...ixila wmidaman nino ste-

fanes msgavsi diakoni, Camomavali olariTa naTlisaTa...~14

orive zemoTdasaxelebuli wyaro gamocxadebuli

„stefanes msgavsi diakvnis~ mier naTqvams erTnairad gad-

mogvcems, romelSic, wm. ninos mier am axali damalvis adgi-

lidan wasvlis konkretuli droa miTiTebuli:

„...maSin xma esma zegardmo, romeli etyoda, viTarmed:

„esreTve iyos waryvaneba Seni odes ege ekali, romeli ars

garemos Sensa, yoveli iqmnes vardis furcel sulnel aR-

deg da vidode CrdiloT - kerZo...~15

maSasadame, 30 marts momxdari rifsimianelTa wamebis

Semdeg, wm. nino imaleba jer kidev uyvavebeli vardis buC-

qSi - „daimala ekalTa Soris vardisaTa, romeli - igi

jereT ara yuaoda mas Jamsa~16 da - xilvaSi miTiTebulis

Tanaxmad, igi am adgilidan mxolod vardis ayvavebis Sem-

deg midis - „...rameTu vardi da nuSi yuaoda mas Jamsa...~17

13 cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis arseni qarTlisa

kaTolikozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan, gv. 15.

14 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. 84; ix. agreTve: „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“

redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61; ix. agreTve: Zveli qar-

Tuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.

15 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. gv. 84-85; ix. agreTve: „moqcevaÁ qar-

TlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61; ix. agreTve:

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.


17 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61; ix.

agreTve: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.

293

rogorc viciT, Zvel qarTulad maisis Tves „vardobi-

sa~ ewodeba. maSasadame, SegviZlia gamovTqvaT mosazreba,

rom qarTul wyaroebSi daculi cnoba, sworedac rom

droiT miniSnebas unda Seicavdes, kerZod: 30 marts rif-

simianeTa wamebis Semdeg damalvis axal adgilze gada-

suli wm. nino, meore Tavis ltolvilobas - vardis ay-

vavebis Semdeg, anu - „vardobis~ TveSi, e. i. maisSi iwyebs.

da amas igi xilvaSi mowvdili informaciis safuZvelze

akeTebs:

„...esreTve iyos waryvanebai Seni, odes ege ekali romeli

Sensa garemoÁs ars, yovelive iqmnes vard mewamul, sulnel

Sen mier, xolo Sen aRdeg da vidode aRmosavliT...~18

aRniSnuli monakveTis dasasruls, SegviZlia didi al-

baTobiT davaskvnaT, rom rifsimianelTa wamebis Semdeg, wm. rifsimianelTa wamebis Semdeg, wm.

nino mTeli ori Tve _ aprili da maisi _ imaleba da mxo-nino mTeli ori Tve _ aprili da maisi _ imaleba da mxo-

lod amis Semdeg midis e. w. meore ltolvilobaSi.lod amis Semdeg midis e. w. meore ltolvilobaSi.

b) „pirveli~ Tvidan - „meoTxe~ Tvemdeb) „pirveli~ Tvidan - „meoTxe~ Tvemde

qarTul wyaroebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, SegviZlia gam-

ovTqvaT varaudi wm. ninos ltolvilobiTi drois sam

periodad dayofis Sesaxeb, romelTagan pirvelze,pirvelze, wm. ninos

q. efesodan gamoqcevisa da somxiTSi „sawnexelTa venax-

isaTa~ da meoreze,meoreze, „sawnexelTa venaxisaTa~-dan wm. ninos

mier „ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~-Si damalvis Sesaxeb, zemoT

ukve detalurad visaubreT.

axla vnaxoT, ra informaciebia daculi qarTul wyar-

oebSi ltolvilobis pirobiT - mesame periodzepirobiT - mesame periodze. aRniS-

nul droiT monakveTs „wm. ninos cxovrebis~ aRmweri

yvela redaqcia exeba. zemoTqmulis msgavsad, maT Soris



gv. 115.

294

am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSic SeimCneva mcireodeni gansx-

vavebani. amitom, Semdgomi Cveni Txrobac swored maTi

ganxilviT ganvagrZoT.

„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, Trdat mefis mier

rifsimianelTa wamebis Semdeg „ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~

damaluli wm. nino, am adgils, saswaulebriv xilvaSi

mocemuli miTiTebis Tanaxmad, „...esredve iyos waryvanebai

Seni, odes ege ekali, romeli Sensa garemoÁs ars, yovelive

iqmnes vard mewamul, sulnel Sen mier. xolo Sen aRdeg

da vidode aRmosavliT...~19 anu vardis ayvavebis Semdeg

tovebs, am, ltolvilobis e. w. meore periodis adgil-

samyofels - „...maSin SeZrwunvebuli wamovel da movel

uleporeTa...~20

wm. ninos damalvis axali adgilis Taobaze aseTsave

cnobebs Seicavs XIII s-is metafrasuli da arsen beriseu-

li redaqciebi - „...xolo wmidaÁ nino ganeSora gangebiTa

RmrTisaÁTa, ganera xelTa maTgan da ivltoda, da mivida

uloporos...~21

arsen beriseul TxzulebaSi, am adgilis saxeli odnav

gansxvavebuladaa mocemuli - „...movida oloporoTa...~22

amdenad, samive ganxiluli redaqcia wm. ninos damalvis

axali adgilis saxels odnavi gansxvavebebiT moixseniebs -

19 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61;


gv. 115.



gv. 115.

21 cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa

netarisa ninoisi. gv. 200.


likozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan, gv. 15.

295

„uloporeTa~„uloporeTa~ (sinuri da Satberduli redaqcia), „ulepore-„ulepore-

Ta”Ta” (WeliSuri redaqcia), „oloporoTa~„oloporoTa~2323 da „uloporos~„uloporos~24

„qarTlis cxovreba~ zemoTqmulisagan gansxvavebul in-

formacias gvawvdis - „...da warmovida muniT wmida nino

da movida orbanTad orbanTad sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa...~25 „qarTlis

cxovrebis~ sxvadasxva xelnawerSi am adgilis saxeli od-

nav gansxvavebuladaa mocemuli - „...orbanTa, orbanad...~„...orbanTa, orbanad...~2626

aRniSnuli Txroba wm. ninos mier somxiTis sazRvar-

Tan gatarebuli drois dafiqsirebiT grZeldeba, romlis

Taobazec „wm. ninos cxovrebis~ aRmweri yvela redaqcia

erTnair cnobebs gvawvdis. amasTanave, arsen beriseuli da

XIII s-is metafrasuli redaqcia mxolod oriode fraziT

Semoifargleba - „...mun daizamTra...~27

amaTgan gansxvavebiT, „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da „qarT-

lis cxovreba~ gvamcnobs - „...da mun daizamTra WirTa Sina

mravalTa...~28

Cveni azriT, swored am „WirTa Sina mravalTa~„WirTa Sina mravalTa~ - seuli

informaciidan ikveTeba ltolvilobis, zemoTqmuli, e. w.

mesame etapis arsi. kerZod, am fraziT gveTiTeba im „mrav-

alTa~ Wirze, rasac savaraudod somxiTSi myofi, qristes

sjulis maRiarebeli, wm. nino ganicdida.

23 cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis arseni qarTlisa

kaTolikozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan. gv. 15.


netarisa ninoÁsi, gv. 200.


tarisa ninoÁsi, gv. 200; cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis

arseni qarTlisa kaTolikozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xel-

naweridgan. gv. 15.

28 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 84; „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis

paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit-

eraturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.



296

zemoTmiTiTebuli Txrobis gagrZelebaSi, wyaroebis

mixedviT, gvikonkretdeba wm. ninos saqarTveloSi Semosv-

lis dro. arsen beriseuli da XIII saukunis metafrasu-

li redaqciebi aRniSnulis Taobaze erTnair informacias

gvawvdian - „...da viTarca moiwia zafxuli, aRmovida mTaTa

javaxeTisaTa...“29

amasTan dakavSirebiT „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁSi~ vkiTxu-

lobT - „...moved uloporeTa, da davizamTre WirTa Sina

didTa. da TTuesa meoTxesa warved mTaTa zeda javaxeTisa-

Ta...~30 maSasadame, yovelive zemoTqmuliT gveuwyeba, rom wm.

nino qarTlSi Semosula „zafxulSi~, „TTuesa meoTxesa~.

aq miTiTebuli „zafxulis~ ganmartebaSi, sulxan-saba

orbelianTan vkiTxulobT - „zafxuli, zafxuli ars Tve

sami: marialisa, Tibisa da qvelTobisa...~31 sulxan-sabas

mixedviT, iqve gveuwyeba, rom miTiTebul TveTa - „mariali-

sa~, „Tibisa~ da „qvelTobisas~ qarTul saxeldebebs, laT-

inurad - ivnisi, ivlisi da agvisto Seesabamebao.32

leonti mroveliseuli miTiTeba, erTgvarad ganmartavs

yovelive zemoTqmuls - „...da mun daizamTra WirTa Sina

mravalTa. da TTuesa meoTxesa, romel ars ivnisi,TTuesa meoTxesa, romel ars ivnisi, warmoemar-

Ta da moiwia mTaTa javaxeTisaTa...~33 maSasadame, gvikonk-

retdeba, rom saZiebeli „zafxulis~ Sesatyvisi - „TTuesa

meoTxesa~, yofila ivnisis Tve. „qarTlis cxovrebis~ zogi-


tarisa ninoÁsi, gv. 220; cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis

arseni qarTlisa kaTolikozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xel-

naweridgan, gv. 15.

30 „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61-

62; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.

31 sulxan-saba orbelianisulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. 1. Tbilisi, 1991,

gv. 277.

32 sulxan-saba orbelianisulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. 2. Tbilisi, 1991,

gv. 650.

33 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 85.

297

erT xelnawerSi, am „meoTxe Tvis~ aTvlac aris mocemuli

- „...meoTxesa + martiTgan~„...meoTxesa + martiTgan~.34

Cveni azriT, sulac ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom wm.

nino, qarTlis samefoSi, maisis momdevno - ivnisis TveSi

Semodis. aq, wm. ninos „ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~ yofnis dros,

saswaulebrivi gamocxadebisas miTiTebuli anarekli unda

ikiTxebodes. SegviZlia gamovTqaT varaudi, rom iseve ro-

gorc „ekalTa Sina~ yofnis adgilidan, aqac, anu uloporos,

anda - orbanTad yofnis adgilidanac, wm. nino vardis ay-

vavebis droiTi mijnis Sesabamisi - „vardobis~, anu maisis

Tvis gasrulebis Semdeg modis.

yovelive zemoTqmuli SegviZlia SevajamoT da vTqvaT,

rom „wm. ninos cxovrebis~ aRmwer redaqciebze dakvirvebis

Sedegad gamoikveTa - wm. ninos ltolvilobis sami piro-gamoikveTa - wm. ninos ltolvilobis sami piro-

biTi etapi da masTan dakavSirebuli - konkretuli droiTi biTi etapi da masTan dakavSirebuli - konkretuli droiTi

mijnebi.mijnebi. kerZod:

- ltolvilobis pirobiTi pirveli periodipirveli periodi moicavs

q. efesodan somxiTSi mosvlisa da „sawnexelTa vazisa~

yofnis droiT monakveTs, romelic ltolvilebis - q. ef-

esodan wamosvlis, anu - 322 wlis 15 martidan iwyeba („TTue-

sa pirvelsa aTxuTmetsa~), somxiTSi maTi moslviT, imave

wlis 25 martidan, maTi - „sawnexelTa vazisa~ yofniT gr-

Zeldeba („daadgres mun Jam ravdenme~) da imave wlis 30

marts rifsimianelTa wamebiT mTavrdeba („igini moiklnes

mun TTuesa pirvelsa oc da aTsa, dResa paraskevsa...~).

maSasadame, ltolvilobis pirobiTi pirveli periodi ltolvilobis pirobiTi pirveli periodi

322 wlis 15-30 martamde arsebul droiT monakveTs moicavs;322 wlis 15-30 martamde arsebul droiT monakveTs moicavs;

- „wm. ninos ltolvilobis e. w. meore periodi,meore periodi, rifsimi-

aneTa wamebidan aTvliT „ekalTa Soris vardisaTa~ adg-

ilze damalvis periods moicavs romelic iwyeba rodesac

vardi „...igi jereT ara yuaoda mas Jamsa...~ da mTavrdeba


298

maSin, rodesac: „vardi da nuSi yuaoda mas Jamsa...~ es ki,

rogorc iTqva „vardobis~ Tveze, anu - maisze unda migvaniS-

nebdes.

maSasadame, ltolvilobis e. w. meore periodi 322 wlis ltolvilobis e. w. meore periodi 322 wlis

martis Tvidan, vidre amave wlis maisis miwurulamde arse-martis Tvidan, vidre amave wlis maisis miwurulamde arse-

bul droiT monakveTs moicavs;bul droiT monakveTs moicavs;

- dabolos, wm. ninos ltolvilobis e. w. mesame pe-mesame pe-

riodisriodis dawyeba-damTavreba gansazRvrulia wm. ninos mier

„ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~ yofnisas miRebuli gamocxadebiT

- „...esreTve iyos waryvanebai Seni, odes ege ekali, romeli

ars garemos Sensa, yoveli iqmnes vardis furcel sulnel

aRdeg da vidode...~35

ltolvilobis e. w. mesame periodi iwyeba „vardi da mesame periodi iwyeba „vardi da

nuSi yuaodes mas Jamsa~-dan, anu 322 wlis maisis Tvidan da nuSi yuaodes mas Jamsa~-dan, anu 322 wlis maisis Tvidan da

mTavrdeba erTi wlis Tavze („...da mun daizamTra...~mTavrdeba erTi wlis Tavze („...da mun daizamTra...~3636), anu 323 ), anu 323

wlis maisis TveSi wlis maisis TveSi („...vardi da nuSi yuaodes mas Jamsa...~37

maSasadame, wm. ninos ltolviloba dawyebula q. ef-wm. ninos ltolviloba dawyebula q. ef-

esodan gamoqcevis, anu 322 wlis 15 martidan da damTavre-esodan gamoqcevis, anu 322 wlis 15 martidan da damTavre-

bula 323 wlis maisis TveSi,bula 323 wlis maisis TveSi, romlis Semdegac wm. nino „...

Tuesa meoTxesa, romel ars ivnisi, warmoemarTa da moiwia

mTaTa javaxeTisaTa...~38




netarisa ninoÁsi, gv. 220.

37 „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv.

61; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.

299

durmiSxan laSxidurmiSxan laSxi _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida



doqtoranti

cota ram mecenatobisa da cota ram mecenatobisa da

qvelmoqmedebis warsulidan qvelmoqmedebis warsulidan

saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi

`qvelmoqmedebas xangrZlivi istoriuli fesvebi aqvs.

Zveli romis didi moazrovneebi, ciceroni, pliniusi da sx-

vani miuTiTebdnen, rom unda davexmaroT maT visac uWirs.

Cvens welTaRricxvamde pirveli saukunis moRvawis gaioz

mecenatis mfarvelobiT da qvelmoqmedebiT mravali niWi-

eri adamiani dafrTianda~.1

qristianulma religiam qvelmoqmedeba RvTisadmi sam-

saxuris Semadgenel nawilad gamoacxada da organizebuli

xasiaTi misca. yovelive aman, cxadia, praqtikuli gamoxat-

uleba hpova. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, qristianulma ekle-

siam, romelic Tavisi humanuri ideebiT mkveTrad gamoirCeo-

da, aSkarad agresiuli xasiaTis sxva msoflio religiebis

fonze, saqvelmoqmedo xasiaTis araerTi aqcia ganaxorcie-

la, risTvisac farTod iyenebda Semowirulobebsa da sxva

gziT Segrovebul saxsrebs. ese igi, qvelmoqmedeba mowode-

buli iyo qristianuli religiiT da sruliad gamarTle-

buli iyo.

qvelmoqmedeba da mecenatoba Sinaarsobrivi Tvalsaz-

risiT erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba; sityva mecenati

1 d. gureSiZed. gureSiZe. qvelmoqmedeba. narkvevebis krebuli. quTaisi, 1995,

gv. 3.

300

niSnavs `mecnierebisa da xelovnebis mdidar mfarvels.

mdidari romaeli patriciis mecenatis saxelis mixedviT~.2

rac Seexeba sityva qvelmoqmeds, niSnavs Raribi adamianis

mfarvels, romelsac finansur daxmarebas uwevs esa Tu is

konkretuli adamiani.

unda aRiniSnos, rom qvelmoqmedeba da mecenatoba Ziri-

Tadad damaxasiaTebelia kapitalizmis ganviTarebis perio-

disaTvis. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT TiToeul maTganis

Sinaarss, gansakuTrebiT ki qvelmoqmedebisas, realurad

davinaxavT, rom qvelmoqmedebis elementebi arsebobda

saqarTveloSi jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi.

ra gvaZlevs amis fiqris sababs? saqme imaSi mdgomare-

obs, rom sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis arsebobda iseTi fena,

romelic saWiroebda daxmarebas. amas mowmobs qarTul sit-

yvierebaSi arsebuli iseTi terminebi, rogorebicaa: glaxaki,

uqoneli, upovari da sxva.

saqarTveloSi qvelmoqmedebas eweoda rogorc sax-

elmwifo anu xelisufleba, aseve kerZo pirebic. magali-

Tad bagrat kurapalatma daawesa saqarTveloSi `glax-

akT nawili~, romelic XIII saukunemde arsebobda. es iyo

saxelmwifo Semosavlidan 10%-is RaribebisTvis darigeba,

romelic organizebuli iyo saxelmwifosgan. qvelmoqme-

debas Tvalyurs adevnebdnen saxelmwifos mier daniS-

nuli zedamxedvelebi.

qvelmoqmedeba unda iyos warmoebuli nebayoflobiT

da ara ZaldatanebiT. zemoT aRniSnuli qvelmoqmedeba

imiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rom saxelmwifo Tavisi Semosavlidan

gascemda daxmarebas, yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe. amas

adasturebs ivane javaxiSvilis mosazreba imasTan dakavS-

irebiT, rom `qarTul sazogadoebaSi iseTi azri da rwmena

trialebda, rom mxolod im fulisa da qvelsaqmaris micema

2 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t. 5. Tbilisi, 1958, gv. 215.

301

SeiZleba, romelic adamians Tavisi ofliT da sindisierad

naSovni da SeZenili hqonda~.3 aseT qvelmoqmedebas didi

zneobrivi daniSnuleba hqonda.

saxelmwifos garda, qvelmoqmedebas eweodnen eklesia-

monastrebic, romlebic Sewiruli TanxebiT daxmarebas uw-

evdnen glaxakebs.

XIX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi iwyeba kapitalizmis gan-

viTarebas, ramac safuZveli Cauyara garkveuli kapitalis

dagrovebas kapitalistis xelSi. swored amitomaa, rom XIX

saukune iTvleba qvelmoqmedebisa da mecenatobis ganvi-

Tarebis periodad, radganac qarTveli kapitalistebi iwye-

ben saqarTveloSi am saqmianobas.

XIX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi Camoy-

alibebas iwyebs sxvadasxva saxis saqvelmoqmedo sazoga-

doeba, romelic did daxmarebas uwevs mosaxleobis da-

Cagrul fenas. es organizaciebi agreTve miznad isaxaven

saqarTveloSi swavla-ganaTlebis gavrcelebasa da xalxTa

farTo fenebis masSi Cabmas. bunebrivia, es organizaciebi

damokidebulni iyvnen kerZo Sewirulobaze.

XIX saukuneSi bevri wvrili qvelmoqmedi iyo, magali-

Tad mixeil, daviT, grigol da giorgi sarajiSvilebma ala-

verdis eklesiis kankeli gaakeTebines, agreTve maT gaakeT-

ebines moskovSi da Camoatanines vercxliTa da oqroTi

Semkuli mSvenieri saxareba martyofis RvTaebis taZrisa.

amave taZars maT 1907 wels vercxlis trapezis jvari

Seswires.

XIX saukuneSi xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac qarTve-

li sazogado moRvaweebi swiravdnen studentebisTvis Tanx-

ebs an anderZs tovebdnen, romliTac mTel TavianT qonebas

utovebdnen sxvadasxva sazogadoebas, romelTac unda mo-

exmarebinaT swavla-ganaTlebis an sxvadasxva kulturuli

3 iv. javaxiSviliiv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. wigni II. nakveTi.

II. Tbilisi, .1929, gv. 33.

302

saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad. swored aseT pirovnebas

warmoadgenda gabriel episkoposi.

1890 wels gabriel episkoposma datova anderZi, romel-

Sic aRniSnulia, rom `baxvis soflis skolas gadaeces

12 200 maneTi, saeparqio samzrunvelo sasuliero wodeb-

is RaribTaTvis imereTis eparqiaSi 2000 maneTi, quTai-

sis saqalaqo saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebas RaribTaTvis

1500 maneTi, quTaisis sasuliero seminariis Rarib moswav-

leebs 3000 maneTi, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis Rar-

ib moswavleebs 3000 maneTi, imereTis saeparqio skolas

5000 maneTi, gelaTis monasters 1000 maneTi glaxakTaTvis

dasarigeblad~.4

XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi iwyeba

qarTveli studentebis dasaxmareblad fulis Segroveba,

romelSic ZiriTadad monawileobas iRebdnen qarTveli sa-

zogado moRvaweni. isini fuls agrovebdnen Semdegnairad:

èrTi romelime piri iTavebda am saqmes da Tavis nacnob

megobrebSi moagrovebda mcire, magram Raribi studentebi-

saTvis mainc mniSvnelovan Tanxas. piradi an romelime na-

Tesavis saSualebiT miawodebda am Tanxas visTvisac iyo

gankuTvnili~.5

1862 wels `ciskari~ werda: `proviantis maRaziis Ci-

novnikebma moagroves TavianTSi fuli, romelic Sesdga

cameti Tumani da erTi maneTi. es fuli gagzavnes peter-

burgis universitetSi Raribi studentebis Sesawevnelad~.6

70-ian wlebSi Seiqmna e.w. `Tbilisis keTilmoqmedi sa-

zogadoeba~, romelic Tavdapirvelad arsebobda mxolod

sawevro SesataniT, Tumca sawevroTi Segrovebuli Tanx-

4 meliton kelenjeriZemeliton kelenjeriZe. gabriel episkoposi imereTis. Tbilisi,

1913, gv. 227.

5 ir. tatiSvili, T. dekanosiZeir. tatiSvili, T. dekanosiZe. moskovis universiteti da qarTve-

li axalgazrdoba. Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 154.

6 Jurnali `ciskari~, 1862, #2, gv. 212.

303

ebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda, amitom xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi,

rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebi mosaxleobaSi agrovebd-

nen fuls.

Tbilisis keTilmoqmedTa sazogadoeba atarebda kon-

certebs, speqtaklebs da Semosul Tanxas ugzavnida stu-

dentebisaTvis.

1885 wels saCxereSi dadgmul speqtaklSi Semovida 45

maneTi, romelic mTlianad gadaericxa Rarib studentebs.

,,Tbilisis keTilmoqmedi sazogadoebis~ arsebobas

hqonda udidesi mniSvneloba, radganac es sazogadoeba ara

Tu exmareboda studentebs, aramed icoda sazRvargareTis

universitetebSi myofi studentebis raodenoba da, agreTve,

maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, radganac studentebi xSir-

ad werdnen werilebs zogi stipendiis daniSvnis TxovniT,

zogic ki madlobis gadasaxdelad.

1901 wels kievSi qarTvelma studentebma Caatares

erovnuli saRamo, sadac 600 maneTi vali daedoT. amis

gamo isini Txovdnen qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebs daxmare-

bas, raTa maT daebeWdaT gancxadebebi da studentobas

daxmarebodnen valis gadaxdaSi. studentebis am moTxov-

nas didi mxardaWera mohyva qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa

Soris. rogorc irkveva, studentebs 100 maneTiT daxmareba

aRmouCina vinme jiSkarianma, romlis Sesaxebac `kvalSi~

samadlobeli werili daibeWda. studentebs valis gadax-

daSi daexmara mRvdeli qristefore jioevi, man 14 maneTi

gaugzavna maT. studentebis 21 maneTi gaugzavna ana an-

duyafarma.

1888 wels giorgi qarTveliSvilma daafinansa `vefx-

istyaosnis~ ilustracia, romelic Seasrula mixail ziCma.

ilustraciis garda giorgi qarTveliSvilma daafinansa

am `vefxistyaosnis~ ydis Zvirfasad moWedvac (cnobilia,

rodesac ziCi `vefxistyaosans~ ukeTebda ilustracias,

cocxali personaJebidan xatavda im scenebs, rodesac Tamar

304

mefes SoTa rusTaveli gadascems `vefxistyaosans~. SoTa

rusTavelis personaJs ganasaxierebs daviT sarajiSvili).

qvelmoqmedebas da mecenatobas udidesi mniSvneloba

hqonda, radganac XIX saukuneSi qarTveli xalxis mTavar

sazrunavs warmoadgenda carizmis koloniuri reJimis

likvidacia, perspeqtivaSi sruli erovnuli da politikuri

damoukideblobis perspeqtivis mopoveba, qarTveli xalxis

ganaTleba, erovnuli TviTSegnebis aRzrda da qarTuli

enisa da kulturis dacva. es gaxldaT mTavari kriteriumi

XIX saukunis saqarTvelosi. bunebrivia, am ideis ganxor-

cielebaSi Cabmulebi iyvnen ara marto sazogado moRvaweni,

aramed saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebic da is qvelmoqme-

debi, romlebic moRvaweobdnen XIX saukunis bolosa da XX

saukunis dasawyisSi.

filologiafilologia

306

tariel futkaraZe _ tariel futkaraZe _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis

saxelobis qarTuli universi-

tetis profesori, filologiis


ucxouriucxouri polisemantikuripolisemantikuri terminebi terminebi

dada rukebi qarTulrukebi qarTul politikurpolitikur

konteqstSikonteqstSi

Tanamedrove leqsikonebSi termin `regions~`regions~ ramdenime konkretuli mniSvnelobac aqvs; mag., oqsfordis leqsikonSi

vkiTxulobT1:

- adgili/areali, qveynis an msoflios gansazRvruli

nawili gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebiT, romlis sazRvre-

bi yovelTvis dadgenili ar aris: ekvatoruli regionebi;

Rvinis warmoebis mTavari regioni...2

- - qalaqis an qveynis administraciuli raioni: lotianis regioni (regioni Sotlandiis centralur nawilSi); saqso-

nia dayofili iyo oTx did regionad da sxv.3

- - (regionebi) britaneTi - qveynis nawilebi dedaqalaqis

1 http://oxforddictionaries.com/defi nition/english/region?q=region.2 an area, especially part of a country or the world having defi nable character-istics but not always fi xed boundaries: the equatorial regions; a major wine-producing region.3 an administrative district of a city or country: Lothian Region Saxony was divided into four large region.

307

gareT an xelisuflebis mTavari adgili: regionebSi inves-

ticiis danergva/wamowyeba;4

- - aqtivobebisa da azrovnebis areali: igi keravs/qargavs

folkloruli xelovnebis regionSi (sferoSi)5

- - sxeulis nawili, gansakuTebiT organoebis irgvliv an

axlos6...

`regioni~ momdinareobs laTinuri sityvisgan: regio

(regionis), romelic niSnavs: `qveyanas~, `mxares~, òlqs~.

cnobil leqsikonebSi zogadi mniSvnelobaa: `msxvili teri-

toriuli erTeuli (bunebrivi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da

sxv.)~. regionis ramdenime mniSvnelobidan gamovarCevT Cveni

TemisTvis saintereso sam ZiriTad ganmartebas:

regioniregioni:

- - msoflios an qveynis romelime nawili konkretuli

administraciuli sazRvrebissazRvrebis gareSegareSe; Sdr.: kavkasiis re-

gioni; saqarTvelos SavizRvispira regioni;- - dedaqalaqis gareT arsebuli ekonomikur-industri-

uli, ekologiuri... sivrce konkretuli administraciuli

sazRvrebissazRvrebis gareSegareSe;

- - qveynis administraciuli erTeuli Tavisi konkretu-konkretu-

lili sazRvrebiTasazRvrebiTa da xelisuflebiT, zogjer prezidentiTac

ki (mag., lozanas hyavs Tavisi prezidenti (italia).

regionisregionis gansxvavebulgansxvavebul ganmartebebsganmartebebs SeesabSeesabamebaameba termintermin

`regionalizmis~`regionalizmis~ sxvadasxvasxvadasxva gagebacgagebac7:- - loialurobis gancda gamorCeuli regionis mimarT,

sadac erTgvarovani mosaxleobaa dasaxlebuli;

4 (the regions) British the parts of a country outside the capital or chief seat of government: the promotion of investment in the regions. 5 an area of activity or thought: his work takes needlework into the region of folk art.

7 ix., vebsteris leqsikoni /http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/regionalism/./.

6 a part of the body, especially around or near an organ: the lumbar region.

308

- - politikuri an socialuri sistemis ganviTareba, ro-

melic dafuZnebulia erT an ramdenime msgavs adgilze.

- - xazgasma regionul adgilmdebareobaze da maxasiaTe-

blebze xelovnebasa Tu literaturaSi.

- - geografiuli adgilis damaxasiaTebli Tviseba ( ro-

goricaa metyveleba).

romeliromeli semantikiTaasemantikiTaa gamoyenebuligamoyenebuli ganxiluliganxiluli terminebiterminebi qarTulqarTul sinamdvileSisinamdvileSi?

saqarTvelos mTavrobis (2011 w.) .) yofili pirveli vice-

premieris, regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis

yofili ministris, daviTdaviT tyeSelaSvilis,tyeSelaSvilis, xelmZRvanelobiTxelmZRvanelobiT

saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebis komisiam /evrosab-

Wos eqspertebis monawileobiT/ 2009 wels moamzada sax-

elmwifo dokumenti, sadac vkiTxulobT:

`TviTmmarTvelobis doneze `regionis~ qveS igulisx-

meba municipalitetebi da TviTmmarTveli qalaqebi (sul 69,

aqedan 5 TviTmmarTveli qalaqi). mmarTvelobis doneze `re-

gionad~ ganixileba saxelmwifo rwmunebulis _ gubernato-

ris _ kompetenciebis gavrcelebis teritoriuli areali~.8

saqarTvelos imave mTavrobis sxva oficialur doku-

mentSi9 ki aseTi frazaa: ̀ qveynis mdgradi regionuli ganvi-

Tarebis saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebisas regio-regio-

nini ganimartebaganimarteba, rogorc funqciur-dagegmarebiTi erTeuli,

romelic warmoadgens administraciul-teritoriuli er-

Teulebis erTobliobas da, rogorc wesi, emTxveva saqa-

8 http://icsrpa.org.ge/images/DR_Geo.pdf.9 dadgenileba N 172 2010 wlis 25 ivnisi; q. Tbilisi saqarTvelos

regionuli ganviTarebis 2010–2017 ww. saxelmwifo strategiis

damtkicebisa da saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebis samTav-

robo komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

309

rTvelos saxelmwifo rwmunebulebis _ gubernatorebis _

samoqmedo teritorias. strategiis miznebidan gamomdinare,

regionad agreTve ganixileba q. Tbilisi, saqarTvelos av-

tonomiuri respublikebi da droebiTi administraciul-

teritoriuli erTeuli~.10

saqarTvelos amJamindeli (2013 w.) .) mTavrobis regio-nuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis saministros

vebgverdzec msgavsi informaciaa: am SemTxvevaSic saqa-

rTvelos regionebis sazRvrebi zustad emTxveva rwmuneb-

ulebis sagamgeblo areals;1111 aqve saubaria kompetenciebis gamijvnazec:

`regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis samin-

istros erT-erTi pirveli amocanaa `centraluri [xelisu-

flebis], regionuliregionuli mmarTvelobisammarTvelobisa da adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobis organoebis uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnisa da

gadanawilebis sakiTxebze winadadebebis SemuSaveba~.1212

axla aris mcdeloba, , organul kanonSic Sevides ter-mini `regioni~, , rogorc administraciuli sazRvrebis mqone avtonomiuri erTeuli. kerZod: : 2013 wlis 5 aprils saqarT-

velos sapatriarqos qarTul universitetSi gamarTul

samecniero konferenciaze `regionuli ganviTarebisa

da infrastruqturis saministros~ saxeliT ministris

moadgilem bb-nmanma TengizTengiz SergelaSvilmaSergelaSvilma ganacxada, , rom igegmeba, , kanoniT daregulirdes regionulregionul donezedoneze warmo-

madgenlobiTi sabWoebis amoqmedeba /TviTmmarTvelobis

komponentebis danergva/ da regionuli biujetis SemoRe-

ba... aqve aRvniSnav, rom saministrossaministros erTerT-erTierTi samsaxurisamsaxuri -

`̀vano xuxunaiSvilis saxelobis efeqtiani mmarTvelobis

10 http://www.lsg.gov.ge/fi les/_1909_814272_STATESTRATEGY2010-2017GEO.pdf.11 http://mrdi.gov.ge/ge/regions-map/directory/gmap.html.12 http://mrdi.gov.ge/ge/-/the-goals-and-the-objectives-of-the-ministry.html.

310

sistemis da teritoriuli mowyobis reformis centri~ - - analogiur xedvas ufro adre ayalibebda: : saqarTvelo

`momzadebuli unda Sexvdes im dros, roca saqarTve-

lo realurad dadgeba regionuli mowyobis sakiTxis

gadawyvetis winaSe, romelic gulisxmobs ara marto cen-

traluri xelisuflebis gagrZelebas regionul doneze,

aramed, aseve, regionuliregionuli warmomadgenlobiTiwarmomadgenlobiTi organoebisorganoebis

Seqmnas~Seqmnas~.13 Semdgomma nabijmac ar daayovna: : 2013 wlis 31 oqtombers

saqarTvelos mTavrobam daamtkica14 àdgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobis kodeqsi~,1515 romelSic vkiTxulobT:`municipalitetTa`municipalitetTa regionuliregionuli gaerTianebis~gaerTianebis~ xelmZRvane-

lia centraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli saxelmwifosaxelmwifo rwmunebulirwmunebuli-gubernatorigubernatori (muxli 175)...)...

axali `municipalitetTamunicipalitetTa regionulregionul gaerTianeba~gaerTianeba~ struqturiTa Tu funqciebiT ̀ regionul parlaments~ hgavs. kerZod, , regionuli gaerTianebis warmomadgenlobiT orga-nos qmnian mocemul regionSi Semavali municipalitetebismunicipalitetebis sakrebulossakrebulos arCeuliarCeuli deputatebideputatebi ( (muxli 169). ). am regionul `warmomadgenlobiT organos~ eyoleba xelfasiani arCeu-li Tavmjdomare da Tavmjdomaris moadgile ( (muxli 171). ). regionuli gaerTianeba warmoadgens sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs ( (muxli 166); mis uflebamosilebebs gane-kuTvneba: :

a) ) mocemuli teritoriis ganviTarebis strategiis damt-kiceba da ganxorcieleba;

b) ) proeqtebis, , programebis da maTi xarjTaRricxvis

13 http://www.lsg.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=301&info_id=1181. http://www.lsg.gov.ge/fi les/_2358_384382_ActionPlan.pdf .14 http://mrdi.gov.ge/ge/component/content/article/1161-the-government-of-georgia-approved-the-self-government-code.html.15 http://mrdi.gov.ge/ge/component/content/article/5-archive/1161-saqarth-velos-mthavrobam-thvithmmarthvelobis-kodeqsi-daamtkica.html.

311

momzadeba, , damtkiceba da aRsruleba Semdeg sferoebSi da sxva sameurneo xasiaTis funqciebi ( (muxli 168) ) da sxv....

regionuliregionuli sabWossabWos gadawyvetilebebisgadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebazeaRsrulebaze pa-pa-

suxismgebeliasuxismgebelia saxelmwifosaxelmwifo rwmunebulirwmunebuli-gubernatorigubernatori, ro-

melic regionuli sabWos gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas axorcielebs saxelmwifo rwmunebulis-gubernatoris admin-istraciis saSualebiT ( (muxli 175)1616... ...

anu SemoTavazebul sakanomdeblo iniciativas parlamen-

ti Tuki daamtkicebs, , mocemul mxareSi centraluri xelisu-

flebis warmomadgeneli (rwmunebuli) regionuliregionuli warmo-warmo-

madgenlobiTimadgenlobiTi sabWossabWos aRmasrulebelaRmasrulebel xelisuflebadxelisuflebad iqcevaiqceva - mkveTrad Sesustdeba cenrtraluri xelisuflebis warmo-madgenlis funqciebi1717.

vfiqrob, , didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebis ambiciebis dapirispirebis velSi _ kavkasiiskavkasiis1818 centralurcentralur nawilSinawilSi _ ar-sebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis seriozuli riskebis Semcvelia `municipalitetTamunicipalitetTa regionuliregionuli gaerTianeba~gaerTianeba~. ker-ker-

ZodZod, mTavrobis mier momzadebuli kanonproeqtis mixedviT, am etapze TiTqosda mxolod ekonomikuri saqmianobiT Semo-

16 kanonproeqti momzadebulia respublikuri partiis warmomad-

genlis, `regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis saminis-

tros~ ministris moadgilis Tengiz SergelaSvilis mier.

17 Sdr., `saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruq-

turis saministros~ vebgverdze gansxvavebul interpretacias

vkiTxulobT:

18 evraziis kavSiris Seqmnis mcdelobis procesSi ruseTi did

imedebs amyarebs guimris samxedro bazaze, romelTan saxmele-

To kavSiris aRsadgenad esaWiroeba samcxe-javaxeTis kontroli;

masve aqvs dauokebeli mizani, Seqmnas buferuli afxazur-megruli

saxelmwifo... Sdr.: islamistur- osmaluri imperiis aRdgenas es-

wrafvis TurqeTis politikuri elitis erTi nawili da am mizniT

cdilobs, gamoiyenos samxreT-dasavleTi Tu samxreTi saqarTve-

lo... osmaluri imperiis aRdgenas eswrafvis TurqeTis politi-

kuri elitis erTi nawili da am mizniT cdilobs, gamoiyenos

samxreT-dasavleTi Tu samxreTi saqarTvelo...

312

fargluli e. w. regionuliregionuli sabWosabWo arc Tu Soreul momavalSi, , Zlieri geopolitikuri mezoblebis `̀mecadineobiT~, , saqarT-

velos zogi ganapira mxaris mowyvetis ganmapirobeblad Sei-Zleba mogvevlinos. . amgvariamgvari daskvnisdaskvnis gamotanisgamotanis safuZvelssafuZvels qmnisqmnis ramdenimeramdenime garemoebagaremoeba:

1. . e. . w. . regionuliregionuli ( (samxareosamxareo) ) xelisuflebisxelisuflebis funqciebisfunqciebis zrdiszrdis dinamikadinamika:

postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos administraci-ul-teritoriuli dayofis Sesaxeb erT-erTi pirveli weri-li daibeWda 1993 wels, , romelSic vkiTxulobT:

`sasurvelia Tu amas safuZvlad daedeba saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnikuri dayofa: : qarTli, , kaxeTi, , imereTi da ase Semdgom. . isini unda iyvnen damoukidebeli, , maqsimaluri uflebebis mqone teritoriul-administraciuli erTeule-

bi, , romelTac unda gaaCndeT reanimirebuli, , eTnikur qargas morgebuli mmarTveloba~19......

1995 wels SevardnaZem Tavisi brZanebulebiT Seqmna pre-zidentis rwmunebulis Tanamdeboba da daniSna pirveli `rw-munebulebi~2020 am dros saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo bazaSi raime msgavsi Canaweri ar arsebobda; mxolod mogvianebiT, , 1997 wels miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni àRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqturisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~2121 kerZod, , am kanonis V karis mixedviT, , `saxelmwifosaxelmwifo rwmrwmunebu-unebu-

19 vrclad ix. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, `regionalizmi

Seaferxebs erovnul konsolidacias~ http://gtu.g e/books/teologia/regkons.pdf; aqvea am tipis `regionalizmis~ adekvaturi kritikac.

20 erT-erTi pirveli iyo Teimuraz SaSiaSvili _ prezidentis rw-

munebuli imereTSi /b-n T. saSiaSvilTan davazuste misi guberna-

torad daniSvnis samarTlebrivi garemoebebi/.

21 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1997 weli – 17-18.

313

lili saqarTvelos prezidentis warmomadgenelia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul teritoriul erTeulebSi an calkeul davalebaTa Sesasruleblad~.

mixeil saakaSvilis prezidentobis dasawyisSive (2004 2004

wlis 11 Tebervaliwlis 11 Tebervali) ) gaizarda prezidentis rwmunebulis ufleba-movaleobani. kerZod, , `saqarTvelos mTavrobis `saqarTvelos mTavrobis

struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesisstruqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Ses- Ses-

axeb~axeb~ saqarTvelossaqarTvelos kanoniskanonis mixedviTmixedviT ( (Tavi VIIITavi VIII, , muxlimuxli 271 271), ), `saxelmwifo rwmunebuli _ gubernatori kanoniT dadge-nili wesiT axorcielebs saxelmwifosaxelmwifo zedamxedvelobaszedamxedvelobas ad-ad-

gilobrivigilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisTviTmmarTvelobis organoebisorganoebis saqmianobazesaqmianobaze; d) saqarTvelos konstituciis 73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis „i~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi saqarTvelos pre-zidents warudgens winadadebebs sakrebulossakrebulos saqmianobissaqmianobis Se-Se-

CerebisCerebis anan daTxovnisdaTxovnis TaobazeTaobaze, Tu misi moqmedebiT safrTxe Seeqmna qveynis suverenitets, teritoriul mTlianobas, sax-elmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa konstituciuri ufle-

bamosilebebis ganxorcielebas~......2222

SdrSdr.: mTavrobis mier 2013 wlis 31 oqtombers mowonebuli kanonproeqtis safuZvelze, , e. . w. . regionul mmarTvelobas dae-mateba TviTmmarTvelobiTiTviTmmarTvelobiTi komponentikomponenti - municipalitetebSimunicipalitetebSi arCeuliarCeuli deputatebiTdeputatebiT SeqmniliSeqmnili regionuliregionuli sabWosabWo... warmodge-nili sakanonmdeblo aqtiT regionuli mmarTveloba iZens re-re-

gionuligionuli TviTmmarTvelobisTviTmmarTvelobis funqciebsfunqciebs, riTac, , faqtobrivad, , sruldeba da sabolood kanondeba saqarTvelos mowyobis regionuliregionuli (federaciulifederaciuli) modelimodeli, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara e. . SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros.

22 საქართველოსსაქართველოს კანონი, საქართველოსკანონი, საქართველოს მთავრობისმთავრობის სტრუქტურისსტრუქტურის, უფლებამოსილებისაუფლებამოსილებისა დადა საქმიანობისსაქმიანობის წესისწესის შესახებ შესახებ http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=A..&sec_id=41; ix., agreTve: saqarTvelos pre-

zidentis brZanebuleba N 406; 2007 wlis 27 ivnisi (`saxelmwifo

rwmunebulis – gubernatoris debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~).

314

2. . istoriuliistoriuli konteqstiskonteqstis gauTvaliswineblobagauTvaliswinebloba

saqarTvelos administraciul-teritoriuli mowyo-

bis swori dagegmva SeuZlebelia Cveni qveynis istoriuli gamocdilebis analizis gareSe. . qarTul istoriografiaSi progresulprogresul politikurpolitikur moRvaweebadmoRvaweebad iTvlebianiTvlebian is pirovne-bebi, , romlebic TavianTi msofxedvelobiTa da praqtikuli saqmianobiT xels uwyobdnen erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi da eklesiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebas ( (daviT kurapalati, , bagrat IIIIII, , daviTdaviT aRmaSenebeliaRmaSenebeli, , giorgigiorgi IIIIII, , TamaTamar mefe, , gior-gi brwyinvale...)...); evropisaevropisa TuTu aziisaziis istoriaSicistoriaSic diddid moR-moR-

vaweebadvaweebad miiCnevianmiiCnevian qveynisqveynis gaerTianebazegaerTianebaze orientirebuliorientirebuli liderebiliderebi.2323

3. . evropulievropuli kanonmdeblobiskanonmdeblobis ignorirebaignorireba

2004 wels saqarTvelos parlamentis mier ratifici-

rebuli (26.10.2004 wlis N 515-II s dadgenileba) èvropuli

qartia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb (stras-

burgi, 15.X.1985)~ ar gvavaldebulebs, rom mcire teritoriis

mqone saqarTvelom ganaviTaros e.w. regionaluri TviTm-

marTveloba; demokratiuli suliskveTebis am dokumentis

Rirebulebebi savsebiT iqneba daculi, Tuki gaZlierdeba

soflis TviTmmarTveloba da SenarCundeba municipalite-

turi TviTmmarTveloba, da rac mTavaria: evropuli kanon-mdebloba oficialurad ar iTxovs e.w. regionuli mmarTv-

elobisa Tu TviTmmarTvelobis Camoyalibeba-gaZlierebas;

23 germaniaSi _ oto fon bismarki, TurqeTSi - aTaTurqi, iranSi -

Sah-abasi, ruseTSi - petre... vrclad ix.: s. vardosaniZe, m. jibuti,

t. futkaraZe, `mcdar ideaze dafuZnebuli reforma – safrTxe

saqarTvelos awmyosa da momavlisaTvis~ http://sangu.edu.ge/?page_id=3004.

315

metic: adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb evropul qartiaSi saerTod ar aris naxsenebi terminebi: `regionuli TviTmmarTveloba~ da `regionuli mmarTveloba~.

e.w. . municipalitetTa regionuli gaerTianebisa Tu

`samxareo sakonsultacio sabWos~ dakanonebis konteqst-Si gansaxilveli e.w. . regionuliregionuli enisenis statusisstatusis miniWebisminiWebis mcdelobamcdeloba:

SemTxveviTi damTxveva ar unda iyos, , rom saqarTvelo-

Si Tu saqarTvelos gareT moqmedi politikuripolitikuri jgufebijgufebi,

romlebic saqarTveloSi regionalizmis damkvidrebas

eswrafvian, paralelurad cdiloben, rom saqarTveloSi

dakanondes 12-dan 20-mde regionaluri ena; kerZod, isini

iTxoven, moxdes `regionuli an umciresobis Sesaxeb evro-

puli qartiis~ ratificireba.

Cndeba legitimuri eWvi, rom saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi 12-20 eno-eno-

brivbriv-eTnikurieTnikuri anklavisanklavis aRiarebisaRiarebis propagandapropaganda miznadmiznad

isaxavsisaxavs saqarTvelossaqarTvelos `regionul~regionul~ __ konfederaciulkonfederaciul TuTu

federaciulfederaciul mowyobasmowyobas. saerTaSoriso velSi saamiso

ìdologiuri baza~ kargadaa momzadebuli. kerZod, , ruse-Tis imperiis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg sainformacio

omis 150-wlian procesSi Seqmnilia bevri ideologizebuli debuleba (ideologema), , antiqarTuli eTnolingvisturi kvalifikacia Tu ruka, , romelic farTodaa gavrcelebuli saerTaSoriso qselsa Tu enciklopediebSi; samagaliTod

warmovadgenT ramdenimes:

msoflio globaluri qselis ZiriTadi eTnologiuri

enciklopediis mixedviT (2013 wlis mdgomareobiT), saqa-

rTveloSi aris Semdegi enebi (/eTnosebi): azerbaijan-

elebi - 308 000, asirielebi (aisorebi) - 3 000, afxazebi

- 101 000, bacbebi - 3 420, berZnebi - 38 000, lazebi - 2

000, megrelebi - 500 000, osebi - 100 000, rusebi - 372 000,

svanebi (samwerlobo enad iyeneben qarTuls da rusuls)

- 15 000, somxebi - 448 000, urumebi - 97 746, qarTvelebi - 3

316

901 380, qarTveli ebraelebi - 20 000, qurTebi - 40 000.24

Sdr., ., araadekvaturia msoflios virtualuri istoriis vebgverdze warmodgenili saqarTvelos istoriuli ruke-bic, , romelTa mixedviT qarTuli saxelmwifo - - GEORGIAGEORGIA - - ar arsebobda me-13 saukunemde (http://www.euratlas.com/summary.htm; GEORGIAGEORGIA-s nacvlad rukebze Cans: : IveriaIveria, , colkhidacolkhida da AbkhaziaAbkhazia. . araqarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis miwodebulia informacia, , rom saxelmwifo saqarTvelo dapyrobiTi omebiT Seiqmna mxolod mcire droiT: XIIIXIII saukuneSi; Sdr.:.:

1. evropa III saukuneSi (http://www.euratlas.net/history/eu-rope/300/index.html); rac ar unda daujerebeli iyos, aq da-

moukidebeli saxelmwifoebia: lazika, kolxeTi da iberia:

24 http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE.

317

2. . evropa IV-V saukuneebSi (ix., mag.: http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/400/index.html); aq ukve mxolod lazika da ibe-

riaa damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi (arada, am dros arse-

bobs vaxtang gorgasalis erTiani saxelmwifo, romelic

saerTod ar Cans am vebportalis rukebze!):

3. . evropa 900 wels (http://www.euratlas.net/history/eu-rope/900/index.html); am rukaze damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad warmodgenilia didi afxazeTi; sainteresoa isic, rom ru-

kis SarSandel variantze afxazeTis samefos gverdiT iyo

Georgia da Tbilisis saxelmwifo; amJamindel variantze ki

aris iberia da Tbilisis saxelmwifo; Sdr., rukebis avtor-

Ta azriT, iberiis adgilas 1100 wlidan Cndeba saxelmwifo

saxelad Georgia; maTTvis ucnobia, rom qarTliqarTli da saqarT-saqarT-

velovelo erT qveyanas aRniSnavs):

318

319

4. . evropa 1000 wels (http://www.euratlas.net/history/eu-rope/1000/index.html); am rukaze damoukidebel saxelmwifoe-

bad warmodgenilia ukve iberia da kaxeTi:

evropis istoriis am gverdze saqarTvelos Sesaxeb ar-

sebuli sxva rukebic saeWvoa; ufro arsebiTi isaa, rom aq

erTmaneTs gauazreblad cvlis qarTvelTa saxelmwifos

aRmniSvneli sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi: qarTli, kolxeTi,

lazika, iberia, georgia, kaxeTi, afxazeTi... da saqme isea war-

modgenili, rom TiTqosda sxvadasxva dros saxelmwifoebTan

gvaqvs saqme da ara, ZiriTadad, erT saxelmwifosTan, romelic

qarTul wyaroebSi jer qarTladqarTlad, Semdeg ki - saqarTvelodsaqarTvelod

aRiniSneboda. evropis istoriis gverdis avtorebs qarTvel

kolegebTan erTad unda emuSavaT da saTanado komentarebiT

mainc unda daecvaT istoriuli realoba.

320

safiqrebelia, rom Sua saukuneebis rukebze, erTis

mxriv, afxazeTisaafxazeTisa da iberiisiberiis gverdigverd arseboba, meo-

re mxriv ki - qoronim iberia-s Secvla qoronim GeorgiaGeorgia-Ti SemTxveviTi ar aris: politizebul mecnierTa erTi nawili dRes cdilobs daajeros msoflio, rom istoriulad af-af-

xazeTixazeTi sxvaa, saqarTvelosaqarTvelo ki sxva; rom afxazeTiafxazeTi ar iyo

qarTulenovani saxelmwifo (amgvari paTosiTaa Seqmnili

es rukebic); rom saqarTvelosaqarTvelo, Turme ar aris iberiaiberia; rom

saqarTvelosaqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis dros Seiqmna... sinamd-

vileSi, qarTul wyaroebTan erTad sparsuli da berZnu-

li wyaroebic adasturebs, rom am periodSi damoukide-

blad arsebuli afxazeTi qarTulenovani saxelmwifo

iyo, metic, XI-XII saukunis sparsul wyaroebSi sruliad

saqarTvelo afxazeTadac ki ixsenieba.

zemoTzemoT warmodgeniliwarmodgenili lingvisturilingvisturi, eTnologiurieTnologiuri TuTu is-is-

toriografiulitoriografiuli gayalbebuligayalbebuli kvalifikaciebikvalifikaciebi TuTu rukebirukebi far-far-

TomasStabianTomasStabian sainformaciosainformacio omisomis konteqstSiakonteqstSia gasaazrebeligasaazrebeli.25

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg warmoebuli sainformacio

omis es mimarTuleba (`gaTiSe da ibatone~) saTaves iRebs

jer kidev mefis ruseTSi da piks aRwevs stalinis epo-

qaSi; mag., i. stalinis wignSi: `marqsizmi da nacionaluri

sakiTxi~ (Tb., 1951) vkiTxulobT:

`kavkasiaSi arian mTeli rigi xalxebi, romelTac prim-

itiuli kultura, gansakuTrebuli ena aqvT, magram mSob-

liur literaturas moklebulni arian... rara vuyoTvuyoT aseTaseT

xalxebsxalxebs: megrelebsmegrelebs, afxazebsafxazebs, aWarlebsaWarlebs, svanebssvanebs, lekebslekebs dada

sxvsxv., romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben, magram Tavi-

anTi literatura ki ara aqvT?~ (gv. 138-139)... `nacionaluri

sakiTxi kavkasiaSi SeiZleba gadaiWras mxolod im mimar-

25 vfiqrob, Tanamedrove msoflioSi samxedro intervenciaze

gacilebiT metadaa saSiSi samecniero-sainformacio velSi

wagebuli omi.

321

TulebiT, rom dagvianebuli erebi da xalxebi (megrelebi,

svanebi, aWarlebi... xazgasma Cemia - t.f.) umaRlesi kultu-

ris saerTo kalapotSi movaqcioT~ (gv. 142).

zemoTwarmodgenilizemoTwarmodgenili rukebisarukebisa TuTu kvalifikaciebiskvalifikaciebis avtorebisTvisavtorebisTvis TiTqosdaTiTqosda ucnobiaucnobia istoriuliistoriuli faqtifaqti:

mravali saukunis manZilze arsebuli qarTvelTa er-

Tiani saxelmwifo ramdenime saukunis win daiSala patarapatara

saqarTveloebadsaqarTveloebad da ara - sakuTari enisa da kulturis

samefo-samTavroebad. dezinformaciuli manqana ki adreul

Tu gviandel saqarTvelos daSlilad, qarTvelebs ki sx-

vadasxva eTnosebad danawevrebulad warmoadgens; damp-

yrobels ar surs, saqarTvelo iyos erTiani da Zlieri. amave diskursSia gasaazrebeli jorj hiuitis, aleqsandre

WaWias, nugzar nadaraias da zugdidSi, baTumSi, Tbilissa

Tu quTaisSi arsebuli sxvaTa mcirericxovani jgufebis

`moRvaweoba~, romlebic mxars uWeren megrul-lazurisa da

svanurisTvis regionuli enis statusis miniWebas; samagali-samagali-

TodTod moviyvanmoviyvan oTxoTx faqtsfaqts:

1. fragmentifragmenti JurnalistJurnalist ladolado qiriasqirias reportaJidanreportaJidan:

saxalxo moZraoba `samegrelos~ (Tavmjdomare ale-

qsandre WaWia) RonisZiebis formatSi `galelma poetma

nugzar Samugiam waikiTxa gazeT `galis~ redaqtoris,

erovnebiT afxazis, megruli enisa da kulturis Tayva-

nismcemlis, nugzar salayaias, mimarTvis werili damswre

sazogadoebisadmi, romelSic gamoTqmuli iyo mosazre-

ba, rom gazeT `galis~ pirveli nomris gamosvlis dRe, 5

ivnisi (1995 w), gamocxaddes galis raionSi megruli enis

dRed, rasac mohyva zurab kvaracxelias Semxvedri mo-

sazreba. `dRes Cven zugdidSi gvaqvs megruli sityvisa

da poeziis zeimi. unda davanaxoT yvelas, rom varsebobT

da viarsebebT momavalSic. megruli enis dRe unda iyos

erTi engurs gaRma-gamoRma. amitom Semomaqvs winadadeba,

322

rom megruli enis dRed gamocxaddes 29 maisi _ cnobili

megreli enaTmecnierisa da megruli enis mkvlevaris _

mamanti ZaZamias dabadebis dRe~, _ aRniSna zurab kvaracx-

eliam da mis am mosazrebas darbazi aRfrTovanebiT Sex-

vda ( (19. 12. 2012, 11:27:39)~.26

2. lazurilazuri deklaraciadeklaracia TurqeTisa da saqarTvelos

xalxs da msoflio sazogadoebas27: : axlaxan Turqulad, qarTulad da inglisurad gamo-

qveynda erTi viTomda `lazTa deklaracia~, romelic spec-

smssxurebis nawers ufro hgavs; warmovadgen erT fragments

//http://tinyurl.com/cf7glgo/:`lazebi qarTveli eris nawils arasodes warmoad-

gendnen da arc axla arian misi nawili. lazebi qa-

rTvelebi (qarTveluri) ar arian... lazuri dedaenis,

qarTuli enisa an sxva samxreT kavkasiis enebis istori-

ul da genetikur siaxloves ar uarvyofT. es siaxlove

indoevropul enaTa ojaxis tevtonuri jgufidan gamo-

suli germanuli da inglisuri enebis siaxlovisTvis

SeiZleba iyos Sedarebuli. zemoT moxsenebuli enebi

erTmaneTTan lazursa da qarTul enaze metad axlos

dganan, magram rogorc germanelebs ingliselebs an in-

gliselebs germanelebs ar uwodeben, aseve ar SeiZleba

ewodos am siaxlovis gamo lazebs qarTvelebi, lazurs

qarTuli!

...Tu saqarTvelos da saqarTveloSi arsebul orga-

nizaciebs survili aqvT lazebis keTilganwyobisa da saqa-

rTvelos mimarT simpaTiis gazrdis, maT xeli unda Seuwyon

megrelebisa da svanebis kulturul avtonomias, miscen maT

26 http://www.geworld.ge/View.php?ArtId=4516&Title=megruli+poeziis+saRamo+_+zugdidSi&lang=ge.27 Türkiye ve Gürcistan halklarına ve dünya kamuoyuna, To the Turkish and Georgian People and the General Public.

323

mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis saSualeba~... amgvari ideolo-

giiTaa Seqmnili Semdegi ruka:2828

28 http://tinyurl.com/ct98yrp.

324

3. megrulimegruli enisaenisa dada xalxisxalxis aRiarebisaRiarebis moTxovniTmoTxovniT erTierTi

mcirericxovanimcirericxovani jgufisjgufis weriliwerili evrosabWosevrosabWos regionuliregionuli anan

umciresobisumciresobis enebisenebis qartiisqartiis aRmasrulebelaRmasrulebel komitetskomitets /http://tinyurl.com/cs8kudx/:

`Hereby we, the members of Megrelian Language Group on face-book, would like to address you on the matters concerning inclusion of Megrelian language in the list of regional languages of Georgia merit-ing protection under the convention on European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

Megrelian language is the language spoken mostly by indig-enous people living in the western part of Georgia who are referred in Georgia as Megrelebi (Megrels). The Megrelian language does not have any institutional support neither in Georgia nor elsewhere in the world. When Georgia became a member of the Council of Europe it undertook obligation to ratify the Charter for Regional and Minority languages, but so far Georgia has not fulfi lled its obligations.

We are aware that recently the working group of the committee visited Georgia and discussed issues relating to the ratifi cation of the convention. Once the process is activated, we would like to you’re your attention to some fact which makes us, the members of Megrelian language community, utterly concerned.

The Georgian Orthodox Church, especially Patriarch of Geor-gia, who is often referred in Georgia as the Father of Nation, have activated campaign in relation to Megrelian language. The church takes the position that the qualification of Megrelian may pose threat to Gerogian unitiy and therefore, Megrel Language should be treated as a dialect of Georgian. Taking into account the huge influ-ence the church has on government, public officials, populace and even over the scientists, we are afraid that Government of Georgia will be treating Megrel Language as dialect not meriting protection under the Charter. To our utter disappointment many linguists, who previously in their writings considered Megrelian as a language (not a dialect) relating to Georgian, yielded themselves to the influ-

325

ence of church and have changed their positions (Mr. Futkaradze, Mr. Gvantseladze, Mrs. Gujejiani etc.). These scientists, often refer to political reasons (e.g. prevention of disintegration of Georgia) for the justification of lowering Megrelian to the status of dialect. By such a campaign, especially in light of existing territorial con-flicts in Georgia, this group is gaining influence which makes us extremely concerned about the prospect of Megrelian Language~...

am werilisgan arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba `margaluri

ninas~ feisbuqis gverdze gamoqveynebuli werili, romelic,

gamoqveynebulia, viTomda, lazTa deklaraciis pasuxad.2929

4. . svaneTissvaneTis konferenciiskonferenciis samuSaosamuSao enebienebi:

Svania biblioTekaale momaval rol - biblioTekaa sem-

inar Svanisga; dekember 3-4, 2010 mestia, latli i beCvi.The Future Role of the Svaneti Libraries - Library seminar in Svaneti ;

December 3-4, 2010 Mesti a, Latali and Becho.legrgali ninar: luSnu i inglisur; Working languages:

Svan and English.sponsorar/Sponsors: finlandiagrand hotel uSba; mes-

tiaS sakrebulo; mestiis bib-ka. Grand Hotel Ushba; Mestia re-gion administration; Mestia library.3030

bunebriviabunebrivia, amisamis mosurnemosurne arar arisaris svanTasvanTa TuTu megrelTamegrelTa

absoluturiabsoluturi umravlesobaumravlesoba dada lazTalazTa didididi nawilinawili; amas

cxadyofs Cemi Tanaavtorebisa da kolegebis: aleqsi Jor-

danias, revaz Serozias, eka dadianis, Tamaz beraZis, bejan

xoravas, rozeta gujejianis, nomadi barTaias, zurab Torias,

dazmir jojuas, maka salias, lela avalianis, lela margia-

29 http://www.faceboo k.com/megrelianlanguage/posts/572802636086229.30 http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=166202273411106&id=252861043627.

326

nis, laSa gvasalias, erekle saRlianis, zurab Tandilavas,

iaSa Tandilavas, fiqri saraCis (TurqeTis moqalaqe lazis)

da mraval sxvaTa araerTi naSromi Tu naweri.

miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis imperiis mier marTul-

ma Tbilisurma SeiaraRebulma jgufebma gasuli saukunis

90-ian wlebSi araerTxel daarbies samegrelo da saqarT-

velos `vandead~ aqcies, iovane lazis, Wyondidlebisa Tu

gamsaxurdiebis mSobel kuTxeSi ver ganaviTares centri-

danuli tendenciebi.

dResacdResac samegrelosamegrelo-svaneTissvaneTis qarTvelobaqarTveloba myaradmyarad icavsicavs

saukunovansaukunovan kalapotskalapots - dReniadagdReniadag amyarebsamyarebs qarTvelTaqarTvelTa er-er-

TianobisTianobis fundamentsfundaments; mag., svaneTis konferenciis organi-

zatorebs ase upasuxa filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtorma

lela margianma /citata socialur qselSi gamoqveynebuli

masalidan/:

`Zalian samwuxaroa, rom Tanamedrove svaneTSi xdeba is, rasac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ver miaRwies rusebma da saqa-rTvelos sxva mtrebma svaneTSi _ qarTulis _ rogorc sax-elmwifo enis ugulebelyofa!!!!!!

Cvens teritoriebdakargul samSoblos esRa aklda - svanebma uarvyoT qarTuli da arakeTilmosurne ucxoelebis ganzraxva SevasruloT~!31

zemoTxsenebul svaneTis konferenciis finel damfi-

nansebelsa Tu organizators roca miuTiTes, rom svanebi

qarTvelebi arian da maTi dedaena da saliteraturo ena

aris qarTuli, man aqeT dagvamadla da Tqva, rom gvexmareba,

rom svanebis dedaena _ svanuri _ unda ganviTardes, vi-

naidan igi safrTxis qveS myofi umciresobis enaa. sabuTad

gamoaqveyna iuneskos kvalifikacia,32 sadac, , sabWourisabWouri dezin-dezin-

formaciebisformaciebis inerciiTinerciiT, marTlac weria, rom svanuri aris

31 ix. iqve: http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=166202273411106&id=252861043627.32 http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php.

327

umciresobis ena, romelic safrTxis qveSaa.vfiqrob, , aucilebelia, , Cvenma saxelmwifom dRes didi

samuSaoebi gaswios, , rom oficialur saerTaSoriso doku-mentebsa Tu avtoritetul enciklopediebSi mainc kvazimec-nieruli informaciebi Seicvalos an daabalansdes akade-

miuri informaciebiT.

amave konteqstSi aRvniSnav, rom bolo periodSi ruseT-

Si, TurqeTsa Tu saqarTveloSi isev gaaqtiurdnen jgufebi,

romlebic cdiloben saqarTveloSi eTnikur umciresobad

gamoacxadon mesxebicmesxebic dada aWarlebicaWarlebic; aseTi kvalifikacia

warmodgenilia zog evropul cnobil leqsikonSic ki (ix.,

mag., larusis 2005 wlis gamocema).

vfiqrob, , is, vinc lazTa, megrelTa, svanTa, aWarelTa Tu

mesxTa saSinao kiloebs umciresobebisumciresobebis enebadenebad3333 acxadebs,

agrZelebs k. . ianovskis, , i. . vostorgovisa da i. stalinis

mcdelobas, amam qarTvelebsqarTvelebs daukargosdaukargos mravalsaukunovanimravalsaukunovani

qarTuliqarTuli kulturiskulturis qmnadobaSiqmnadobaSi monawileobismonawileobis istoriaistoria

da ukulturo sazogadoebebad (umwignobroumwignobro enebisenebis mqonemqone

`mciremcire erebad~erebad~) gamoacxados; SdrSdr.: saqarTvelos moqalaqe-

33 termini: ùmwerlobo ena~ùmwerlobo ena~ Seuracxmyofelia sul mcire, 15-sauku-

novani samwignobro kulturis mqone qarTvelebis - iovane lazis,

Wyondidlebis, martvileli iovane minCxis Tu iovane afxazis (me-

grelis) dambadebeli kuTxeebis mcxovrebTa _ saSinao metyveleb-

isTvis. maTi istoriuli samwignobro dedaena qarTulia, kuTxuri

kilo ki _ lazur-megruli, Tu svanuri metyvelebis romelime

varianti: xofuri, viwur-arqauli, aTinuri... balszemouri, basqve-

mouri, lentexuri, laSxuri...

Sdr.: uklebliv yvela enaTmecnieris azriT, megrul-lazurica da

svanuric qarTuli samwignobro enis saxesxvaobebia da ara qarTu-

lisgan ise arsebiTad gansxvavebuli enebi, rogorc, mag., afxazuri

ena, rusuli ena, somxuri ena, inglisuri ena, osuri ena da sxv. Sesa-

bamisad, ̀ regionuli da umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qar-

tiis~ konteqstSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs lazur-megrul

Tu svanur idiomebs umwerlebo saxesxvaobebad ganvixilavT Tu

qarTuli enis dialeqtebad, vinaidan, èvropuli qartia~ar ganix-

ilavs saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebsa da dialeqtebs.

328

Ta didi umravlesobisTvis cnobilia, magram Cans, evropasa

Tu aziaSi bevrma eqspertma ar icis, rom istoriuli (Tu

Tanamedrove) qarTuliqarTuli samwignobrosamwignobro kulturiskulturis SemqmnelSemqmnel pirovnebaTapirovnebaTa udidesudides nawilsnawils warmoadgenenwarmoadgenen: lazebi, aWarle-

bi, megrelebi, svanebi, livanelebi, taoelebi, SavSeT-imerx-

evlebi da sxv. am e. . w. . eqspertTaTvis ucnobia isic, rom ar-qauli qarTuli samwignobro enis struqturis mqone enaa

amosavali yvela Tanamedrove qarTveluri kilosaTvis; yvela qarTveluri qvesistemis ZiriTadi lingvisturi maxa-siaTebeli saerToa; mag., micemiTimicemiTi brunvisbrunvis niSaniniSani yvelayvela

qarTvelurqarTvelur qvesistemaSiqvesistemaSi arisaris -ss, kerZod, , xuTive svanur

kiloSi mravlobiT ricxvSi gvaqvs -s, romelic zogjer

ikargeba: xan-ar-s - xarebs, befSu-ar-s _ bavSvebs...34

aqveaqve aRvniSnavTaRvniSnavT, romrom gardagarda terminologiuriterminologiuri diversiebi-diversiebi-

sasa, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis koncefciis avtorebma, , vfiqrob, , unda gaiTvaliswinon ramdenime sxva garemoebac:

34 Sdr., sxva qvesistemebi: megr.: wyar-s `wyals~, osur-s `qals~,

boSi-s `biWs~, bJa-s `mzes~, TuTa-s `mTvares~ (megr.); koCi-s `kacs~,

osure-s `qals~, bere-s `Svils~, kuCxe-s `fexs~ (Wan.); maara-s `kacs~,

zuraal-s `qals~, JeR-s `ZaRls~, xoCa-s `kargs~ (svan.)...

zogjer micemiTis -s morfema Semdegi alomorfebiT dasturdeba:

-s, -sa, -h, c, 0. isini fonetikuri cvlilebiT aris miRebuli: h<s:

rah<ras, Zmah<Zmas (samcx.-javax.) (b. jorbenaZe, 1998, 550); -c<s: me-

grulSi (i. yifSiZe, 1914, gv. 24; g. klimovi, 1962, gv. 69-70; a. lomTaZe,

1987, gv. 10); agreTve gurulsa da aWarulSi (s. JRenti, 1936; i. me-

greliZe, 1938; S. niJaraZe, 1957). mag.: megr.: uwu muSi cxen-c - uTxra

Tavis cxens” (xub. 218,33), paRur-c quCanTuanc `panRurs urtyams”

(xub. 185,36). gur.: wal-c<wald-s, var-c<vard-s, studen-c<student-s...

(i. megreliZe, 1938); gul-c<gul-s, wyal-c<wyal-s, sadil-c<sadil-

s (gr. imnaiSvili, 1966, gv. 250); aWar.: bRavil-c... (S. niJaraZe, 1957,

gv. 31). /0/: kax., qarTl., aWar., javax., kak., imer., laSx., lent., megr. di-

aleqtebSi: as nabijze kvercx-0 artyamda, irmeb-0 qamando iWerda

(qarTl.); pol-0 recxen, Cedian qorwil-0 (kak.); cxen-0 saZovari

misca, TaTreb-0 dauZaxa, xurjin-0 piri moxsna (javax.); matyuara

xalx-0 ver iponi iqa, veqsil-0 douwerden (z.imer.); mezoblef-0

duriges, kardlef-0 muakalief (z.aWar.); ima-0 moyvebian (raW.)...

329

1. ènobrivienobrivi politikis~politikis~ mimarTulebiTmimarTulebiT saqarTvelosaqarTvelo agebsagebs sainformaciosainformacio omsoms imitom rom, saqarTvelos Sesabamisi struq-turebis pasiurobis fonze, saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri da politikuri istoriis Sesaxeb sruliad araadekvaturi in-formaciebia gavrcelebuli mTel msoflioSi, romelTa gav-leniT saqarTvelos megobari saxelmwifoebic ki wamgebian konsultaciebs gvawvdian...

Sesabamisad, aucilebelia saqarTvelos axalma mTavro-

bam am mimarTulebiT seriozuli gegmebi Seadginos da gan-axorcielos, xolo politikurma speqtrma ufro meti dro dauTmos warmodgenil problemebze fiqrs da ara - urTier-

TangariSsworebas Sidapolitikur velSi.

2. Tanamedrove msoflioSi rTulia saqarTvelos danaw-evrebis dakanoneba okupaciis gziT, Sesabamisad, momavalSicmomavalSic gagrZeldebagagrZeldeba mcdelobanimcdelobani, `mecnieruli~mecnieruli~ kvalifikaciebiTkvalifikaciebiT dada istoriuliistoriuli sinamdvilissinamdvilis gayalbebiTgayalbebiT - sainformaciosainformacio d i v e r s i e b i T - moeZebnosmoeZebnos safuZvelisafuZveli:

qarTvelTa nawilis araqarTvelebad gamocxadebas,

saqarTveloSive qarTvelTa axali ukanono avtonomiebi-

sa Tu e. w. TviTmmarTveli regionebis Seqmnas,

qarTvelTa didi nawilisTvis dedaenis - qarTuli enis

gaucxoebas,

èvropuli qartiis~ gamoyenebiT migrantebisaTvis avtoq-

Toni umciresobis uflebebis miniWebas...

Sesabamisad, Cveni qveynisTvis arsebiTia, sworad daigeg-mos qarTvelologiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis ganviTareba da Tavdacvis strategia intensiuri sainformacio agresiis pirobebSi.

3. normalur situaciaSi ènis qartia~ ar aris saxifaTo dokumenti. saqarTvelosTvissaqarTvelosTvis ènisenis qartia~qartia~ saSiSisaSiSi mxolodmxolod

330

imim SemTxvevaSiSemTxvevaSi gaxdebagaxdeba, TukiTuki gareSegareSe ZalebiZalebi CvensCvens qveynasqveynas TavsTavs moaxvevenmoaxveven amam dokumentisdokumentis ZiriTadiZiriTadi principebisaprincipebisa dada kriteri-kriteri-

umebisumebis araadekvaturaraadekvatur kvalifikaciebskvalifikaciebs.`qartia prerogativas aniWebs qveynis xelisuflebas,

romelmac demokratiuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Ta-

vad unda gansazRvros is kriteriumebi, romlebze dayrdno-

biTac am qveynis teritoriaze gavrcelebul ama Tu im enas

mieniWeba damoukidebeli enis statusi~. Sesabamisad, arse-

bobs realuri safuZveli, saqarTvelom safrTxeebis pre-

venciis gaTvaliswinebiT, moaweros xeli am dokuments da,

roca amis dro mova, daadasturos is inglissa Tu fineTSi

Camoyalibebuli logikuri principebis mixedviT.

4.. `regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropis qa-rtiis~ ratificirebasa da 1944 wels mesxeTidan gasaxleb-

ulTa STamomavlebis kompaqturad dasaxlebaze seriozuli msjeloba mxolod mas Semdeg SeiZleba daiwyos, roca das-ruldeba saqarTvelos deokupacia da saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, saqarTvelos konstituciiT gansazRvruli wesis mixedviT, aRdgeba saxelmwifo enis funqcionireba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, didi albaTobaa, Zlier da ara-

keTilmosurne mezobel saxelmwifoebTan sabolood wava-goT sainformacio omi. ris Semdegac gareSe Zalebi èvro-puli qartiebis~ subieqturi interpretirebiT qarTvel ers daanawevreben enobriv-eTnikurad, saqarTvelos ki de iurec daSlian e. w. TviTmmarTvel regionebad35.....

35 politikur dokumentebSi dausabuTebeli msjelobaa imazec, rom

istoriulad saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa da amitom auci-

lebelia e. w. ̀ regionuli demokratia~ (`meti damoukidebloba re-

gionebs~)... situacias arTulebs isic, rom saerTaSoriso sivrceSi

saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situacia Tu politikuri istoria

ZiriTadad isev sabWouri ideologemebiTaa warmodgenili...

331

statiaSistatiaSi warmodgeniliwarmodgenili msjelobamsjeloba asease SeiZlebaSeiZleba SevajamoTSevajamoT:

dRes saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoriis mesamedze

sruliad ignorebulia saxelmwifo enis statusi; kerZod: 1. ruseTis mier okupirebul teritoriebze _ afxazeT-

sa da cxinvalis mxareSi _ oficialuradac uaryofilia

qarTuli ena da, faqtobrivadac, am mxareebis didi nawili-

dan gamodevnilia avtoqToni qarTulenovani mosaxleoba; 2. samxreT saqarTvelos ramdenime raionSi qarTuli

ena de iure inarCunebs saxelmwifo enis statuss, magram

faqtobrivad ver sruldeba konstituciuri moTxovna, ram-

denadac mosaxleoba ver flobs qarTul enas.

...aseTaseT situaciaSisituaciaSi qarTvelqarTvel TuTu ucxoelucxoel eqspertTaeqspertTa

ramdenimeramdenime jgufijgufi saqarTvelossaqarTvelos xelisuflebasxelisuflebas sTavazobssTavazobs,

ratificireba gaukeTos èvropul qartias regionuli an

umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb~ da ratificirebis dokuments

daurTos sia, sadac warmodgenili iqneba sul mcire, 12

regionuliregionuli enaena; mag., tomaS vixerkeviCisa da misi qarTveli

Tanaavtorebis mier saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis 2005

wels momzadebuli rekomendaciebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo-

Si regionuli an umciresobis enebis kvalifikacia unda

mieniWos 12 enas: somxurs, azerbaijanuls, rusuls, berZnuls,

ebrauls, qurTuls/iezidurs, ukrainuls, CeCnurs/qisturs,

asiriuls, avariuls da ùmwerlobo enebs~: megrul-lazur-

sa da svanurs.36 warmodgenili CamonaTvali ar gamomdinareobs `regionu-

li an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiidan~; am SesaniSnavi evropuli dokumentis principebs mkacrad Tuki davicavT, , saqarTveloSi ver vipoviT vercerT enas, , romelic

36 http://www.scribd.com/doc/16212237/Recommendations-on-Language-Policy-to-Protect-Linguistic-Minorities-Shalva-Tabatadze-Kakha-Gabunia-Marika-OdzeliGeorgian-Version.

332

saxeldebul unda iqnes termin `regionuliregionuli eniT~.eniT~.37

paralelurad, bolo periodSi muSavdeba saxelisufle-saxelisufle-

bobo proeqtiproeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTveloSi regio-regio-

nulinuli TviTmmarTvelobebisTviTmmarTvelobebis damkvidrebas, regionuli biu-

jetebis SemoRebas da a. S. politikuri speqtris nawilis

mier saubaria gubernatorebis arCevazec; faqtobrivad, , saerTaSoriso velSi arsebuli terminebis ( (regioni, , region-alizmi...), ...), `regionuli an umciresobis enis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiisa~ da `TvimmarTvelobis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis~ arsis gayalbebiT mzaddeba saqarTvelos dezintegraciis safuZvlebis Seqmna. .

aSkaraaaSkaraa: saerTaSorisosaerTaSoriso sivrceSisivrceSi saqarTvelosaqarTvelo agebsagebs sain-sain-

formacioformacio omsoms saqarTvelossaqarTvelos danawevrebisdanawevrebis mosurnemosurne ZalebTanZalebTan. aqve aRvniSnav, , rom samxedro intervenciaze ufro saSiSia e. . w. . `terminologiuri diversiebiTa~ da e.w. “mecnieruli ruke-

biT” wagebuli samecniero-sainformacio omi, , ramdenadac sainformacio velSi marcxi Seuqcevads gaxdis mravalsauku-

novani erTobis - - qarTveliqarTveli eriseris - enobrivenobriv-eTnikureTnikur dezinte-dezinte-

graciasagraciasa dada mravalsaukunovanimravalsaukunovani saqarTvelossaqarTvelos saxelmwifossaxelmwifos saboloosaboloo danawevrebasdanawevrebas /qarTveli erisTvis mZime Tanamdevi

movlenebiT/.3838

37 msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Sero-

zia, èvropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enis Sesaxeb~ da

saqarTvelo~, quTaisi, 2010; Èuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Lan-guages~ and Georgia~, Kutaisi, 2010; E.Dadiani, R. Serozia; http://www.scribd.com/doc/35702700/Tariel-Putkaradze-Eka-Dadiani-Revaz-Seroozia-2010.38 umZimesi Sedegi aseTi iqneba: qarTveli eris istoriuli miwa-

wyali gadaiqceva didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebis strategi-

uli bazebis ganlagebis velad, Cveni winaprebis mier sisxliTa

da didi RvawliT dRemde moRweuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ki

gaqreba msoflio rukidan.

333

manana tabiZe manana tabiZe _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria


universitetis profesori, filologiis


enobrivi politikis Teoria enobrivi politikis Teoria

da praqtikada praqtika

Tanamedrove saenaTmecniero kvlevebi xSirad eZRvneba

iseT Temebs, rogoricaa enis bunebisa da Taviseburebebis

axsna diskursuli da farTo eqstralingvisturi garemoe-

bebiT. dRes, rodesac msoflioSi gaxSirda e. w. enaTa kv-

doma (Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania imis garkveva,

enebi kvdebian Tu kilokavebi; iseve, rogorc imis garkveva,

rogor SeinarCunon dialeqtebi iseTma qveynebma, romle-

bic sayovelTao ganaTlebiTa da maRali enobrivi standar-

tizaciiT iwoneben Tavs, aseve mniSvnelovania imis garkve-

vac, saWiroa Tu ara amgvari kilouri mravalferovnebis

SenarCuneba da romeli argumentebia an erT an meore

mxares), am sikvdilianobis mizezTa gamoZiebac fatalur

mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan am mizezTagan zogierTi mainc

SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes regulacias da amdenad sworad

warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi sikvdilisagan enis gadamrCenla-

dac mogvevlinos. Tumca aqve erTi ram unda aRiniSnos: enis

bedis, funqcionirebis sivrcis, masze da misgan momdinare

gavlenebis, enobrivi identobis Sefasebis (filosofiuri,

politikuri, socialur-kulturuli) garemoebebi da safuZ-

vlebi xSirad icvleba, da am cvalebadobas enobrivi situa-

ciis regulirebis RonisZiebaTa krizisebi mosdevs. amis

erT-erT yvelaze metyvel magaliTs sabWoeTis cnobili

`diskusiebi~ warmoadgens, rodesac adre kultad qceuli

Tvalsazrisebi, sakmaod mokle xanSi sastiki gmobisa da

334

uaryofis obieqtad gamocxadda. n. mari (1893-1935), romelic

50-ian wlebamde sabWoTa enaTmecnierebis ualternativo

lideri iyo, gazeT `pravdis~ furclebze dawyebuli disku-

siis Sedegad antisabWoTa moazrovned gamocxadda.1 Tavad

stalini, romelic reJimis umZimes periodebSic ki n. maris

Teoriebis mimarT keTilganwyobili Canda, diskusiaSi sas-

tikad akritikebs mas.2 anu is, rac adre marizmis saxeliT

xorcieldeboda, 50-iani wlebidan Tavad marsa da mis

skolas ukanve miubrunda.3 politikuri klimatis Sesabamisi

ryevebi mTel humanitarul samecniero samyaros agdebda

kalapotidan. erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelsac stalini, da misi

gavleniT bevri sxva specialistic, 50-ian wlebSi maris na-

klad acxadebs, is iyo, rom mars ena zednaSenur kateoriad

miaCnda. Tumca n. maris axali enobrivi Teoria, romelic

ZalaSi Sevida 1928-1929 wlebSi, faravs sabWoTa enaTmec-

nierebas 1950-ian wlebamde, da Sesabamisad, Teoriul safuZ-

vels uqmnis praqtikul enobriv politikas, romelic am pe-

riodSi saxelmwifoebriv doneze xorcieldeba. miuxedavad

imisa, rom marizmis qebisa da kritikis mimarTulebiT 1928-

29 wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde uamravi samecniero Tu

fsevdosamecniero naSromi Seqmnila CvenSic da ucxoeTSic,

jerjerobiT aravis Seuswavlia is praqtikuli Sedegebi,

romelic am Teoriisadmi sxvadasxvagvarma damokidebulebam

moitana enis politikis sferoSi (xom swored am damokide-

bulebaTa mixedviT igegmeboda saxelmwifo da Sida saz-

1 ix. ioseb stalinis interviu gazeTi `pravdisaTvis~; И. В. СТАЛИН. Относительно марксизма в языкознании: Марксизм и вопросы языкознания. Москва, 1950.2 Tumca, rogorc miuTiTeben, diskusiis dros stalinis simkacrem

mogvianebiT, poststalinur xanaSi, n. mari stalinizmis msxverp-

lad warmoaCina da iseT sakiTxebSic ki aRmouCina mas qomagebi,

romlebSic mari misi samecniero moRvaweobis yvela etapze mcdar

poziciaze idga. В. М. Алпатов, МАРР, МАРРИЗМ И СТАЛИНИЗМ, http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/papers/alp93sp.htm3 ix. Г. ДАНИЛОВ : Мои ошибки._ `Революция и язык~, 1931, №1, gv. 9-10.

335

4 trubeckois moswonda sabWoTa kavSiris kulturuli modeli

da surda Cexoslovakia ssrk-Si Seeyvana (eZebda lingvistur das-

abuTebas am miznis misaRwevad); aSS-Si emigraciamde trubeckoi

moldavursa da ruminuls Soris sazRvars avlebda md. prutze,

1940-ian wlebSi ki iq ssrk sazRvari gaevlo. ase moaxerxa ru-

sulma enaTmecnierebam daemtkicebina, rom moldavuri ruminuli

ar iyo da misi anbani kirilicas safuZvelze unda Seqmniliyo.

5 msjelobis mocemuli stili da Tanmimdevruloba ekuTvnis loza-

nis universitetis profesors patrik serios, romelmac es leqcia

waikiTxa Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, 2009 wlis 17 marts.

6 am sistemis mixedviT aRmosavleTi evropac cdilobs dasavleTi

evropa gaxdes.

Rvrebis, administraciuli dayofis, ganaTlebis, kulturis,

samoqalaqo urTierTobebis, saxelmwifoTa enobrivi kon-

taqtebis, sakonstitucio-sakanonmdeblo midgomebis poli-

tika!); 1919 wels lingvisti-eqspertebi, maT Soris antuan

meie, monawileobdnen versalis xelSekrulebis momzadeba-

Si da gegmavdnen evropis rukas lingvisturi principiT.

enaTmecnierebive uZebnidnen safuZvels evropisa da aziis

sazRvars; swored am dros gaaqtiurda e. w. sami samyaros

Teoria, romlis ZiriTadi suliskveTeba aseTi iyo: aris

sami samyaro – evropa, azia da ruseTi, romelic maT Sua-

Si mdebareobso. v. i. lamanskis es Teza (gamoTqmuli 1892

wels) meoce saukuneSic muSaobda. swored meoce saukuneSi

daibada ideologia, rom ruseTi aris specifikuri lingvis-

turi mTlianoba erTi arealis èvraziis~ farglebSi (anu

ruseTi aris evrazia). es ideologia ukavSirdeba r. o. ia-

kobsonsa (1896-1982) da n. s. trubeckois (1890-1938),4 romelTa

`mecnierul obieqturobaSi~ sabWoTa enaTmecnierebas eWvi

ar Sehqonda.5 evropisa Tu aziisaTvis kuTvnilebis sakiTxs

principuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove msoflioSic,

rodesac Seiqmna RirebulebaTa mTeli sistema e. w. dasav-

luri kulturis, dasavluri demokratiis, dasavluri human-

izmisa da sxv. saxeliT...6

did gavlenas axdens enobriv politikaze, droTa gan-

336

mavlobaSi ki Tavad enaTa bedzec, enis arealuri kval-

ifikaciac, romelic asevea damokidebuli konkretul is-

toriul momentSi enis ama Tu im kontinenturi an ufro

viwro geografiuli sivrcisaTvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxze,

enaTmecniereba aseT SemTxvevebSi konsultantia, mimkuTvne-

beli ki _ politika gaxlavT (zogjer politika damkveTia,

mecniereba –Semsrulebeli).

unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos enobrivi situacia jer

ar Seswavlila arealuri lingvistikis sociolingvistu-

ri profiliT, rac Zalze saSuri saqmea da sazRvrispira

regionebis enobrivi situaciis sruli SefasebiT ara mx-

olod amJmindeli viTarebis axsnis, aramed samomavlo per-

speqtivebis ganWvretis SesaZleblobasac Seicavs. ama Tu

im xalxis, enis, kulturis mikuTvneba farTo kontinenturi

sivrcisaTvis advili saqme araa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

evropac ki iyofa dasavleT da aRmosavleT arealebad, da

am dayofaSi mTavaria ara fizikuri, aramed politikuri,

ekonomikuri, kulturuli faqtorebi (Sdr. aSS, romelic

samxreTad da CrdiloeTad iyofa). prof. n. naTaZem Ta-

vis erT-erT satelevizio gamosvlaSi daaxloebiT amgvari

ram ganacxada: Cemi azriT, evropisaTvis saqarTvelos mi-

kuTvnebuloba saerTo kulturuli, up. yovlisa ki, saerTo

literaturuli procesebiT dasturdeba, ramdenadac iseTi

literaturul-kulturuli mimdinareobebi, rogoricaa am-

Jamad evropulad wodebuli renesansi, agreTve, romantiz-

mi da simbolizmi, saqarTveloSi bunebrivad da umaRlesi

xarisxiT ganviTarda, aziis arcerT qveyanaSi amgvari ram

ar momxdarao. vfiqrobT, sagulisxmo msjelobaa, Tumca, al-

baT, ufro gamowvlilviT Sesamowmebeli.7

7 amave rigisa unda iyos dava `vefxistyaosnis~ dasavluri Tu

aRmosavluri samyaros kuTvnilebad gamocxadebis Taobaze. Tu

`vefxistyaosani~ renesansuli nawarmoebia, maSin is evropulia.

Tumca es sakiTxi ver Semowmdeba dasavluri da aRmosavluri

Rirebulebebis Sesafaseblad saerTo sociokulturuli krite-

riumebis dadgenis gareSe.

337

8 aqve ganvmartavT: lingvisturi geografia aris enaTmecnierebis

dargi (nawili), romelic swavlobs enobriv movlenaTa gavrcele-

bulobas; lingvogeografia XIX saukunis bolos dialeqtolo-

gias gamoeyo calke dargad da mWidrod daukavSirda arealur

lingvistikas (Tumca ar udris mas). rukaze sxvadasxva enobrivi

movlenis TaviseburebaTa gadatanam aCvena, rom am TaviseburebaTa

gavrcelebuloba warmoadgens izoglosebis (rukaze gamoxatuli

xazebi, romlebic SemosazRvraven calkeuli enobrivi faqtis gavr-

celebis teritorias) rTul wnuls; amasTan, Cveulebriv, mocemuli

dialeqtis sxvadasxva movlenis izoglosebi, erTmaneTs ar emTx-

veva. izoglosebis erToblioba mocemuli enis gavrcelebis te-

ritoriaze, anu ènobrivi landSafti~, Cveulebriv lingvogeogra-

fiis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens (Словарь социолингвистических терминов. Москва, 2006).

arealuri lingvistikis cneba uSualodaa mibmuli

lingvisturi geografiis8 cnebasTan da sociolingvistiki-

saTvis ganimarteba, rogorc lingvisturi geografiis meTo-

debiT enobriv movlenaTa sivrceSi gavrcelebulobisa da

enaTaSorisi (dialeqtTaSorisi) urTierTqmedebis Semswav-

leli dargi; igi fasdaudebelia sociolingvistikisaTvis,

romelsac enobrivi sivrce ainteresebs, anu ainteresebs

enis teritoriuli variantebis gavrcelebuloba enobrivi

koleqtivebis kompaqturi/dispersiuli dasaxlebis adgile-

bisa da enis mtarebelTa migraciebis konteqstSi.

Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi, romelic dRes gacilebiT

ufroa miswrafebuli pragmatuli, gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi-

saken, vidre odesme yofila, erT-erT sakvanZo sakiTxad eni-

sa da dialeqtis definiciisa da, Sesabamisad, moxmarebaSi

arsebuli sametyvelo variantebis enebad Tu dialeqtebad

kvalifikaciis sakiTxi daCndeba.

ramdenadac am momentisaTvis monodisciplinur kv-

levebs TiTqmis srulad Caenacvla interdisciplinuri

kvlevebi, enaTmecnierebasac mouxda monaTesave dargebis

gansazRvra da morgeba. amis Sedegia iseTi axali samecniero

sferoebis gamoCena, rogoricaa: sociolingvistika, lingvo-

anTropologia, lingvokulturologia, fsiqolingvistika,

338

lingvopolitika, iurislingvistika da sxv. am axal dargeb-

Si ganxorcielda sinTezi sakuTriv lingvisturi codnisa

im codnasa da meTodologiebTan, romelsac adre mxolod

calkeuli dargebi iyenebdnen. es procesi ganapiroba im

socialur-politikurma `dakveTam~, romelsac Tanamedrove

msoflio aZlevs humanitarul mecnierebebs, kerZod, saer-

TaSoriso urTierTobebis daregulirebis, adamianis ufle-

bebis dacvis, sakonstitucio samarTlis mowesrigebis,

saxelmwifos SigniT saganmanaTleblo da sakomunikacio

politikis gansazRvris, msoflio globalizaciur kursTan

optimaluri Sesabamisobis daZebnisa da sxva mniSvnelovani

RonisZiebebis dagegmva-marTvisaTvis swori informaciisa

da rekomendaciebis miwodebis mimarTulebiT.

tradiciuli enaTmecnierebis gzaze am axali proce-

sebis gaCena-gaaqtiurebas, cxadia, zogierTi sakiTxis axle-

burad gaazreba da Sefaseba dasWirda. zogjer klasikur

enaTmecnierebaSi ukve mravalgzis aprobirebuli termi-

nebis mravaldargovan sivrceebSi gadatanas dubleturi

terminebis gaCena mohyva, zogjer ki am terminTa viwro

dargobrivi mniSvneloba dabrkolebad eqca saxelmwifoe-

brivi mowyobis sferoSi enobrivi politikis warmatebul

realizacias. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs gramatikosTaTvis adre

savsebiT misaRebi `muSaterminebi~, rogoricaa: samwerlobo

enebi, umwerlobo enebi, koine, standartuli ena, dialeqtebi,

kiloebi, kilokavebi, metyveleba, kuTxuri metyveleba, ena-

Ta ojaxebi, dargobrivi enebi, monaTesave enebi, enobrivi

koleqtivi, enobrivi jgufi da sxv.; am terminebs daemata

Tanamedrove politikur dokumentebSi xSirad gamoyenebu-

li Sesityvebebi: saxelmwifo enebi, diasporis ena, enobrivi

umciresobebi, umciresobaTa enebi, regionuli ena, pirveli

ena, meore ena, ucxo ena da sxv.

aRmoCnda, rom tradiciuli enaTmecniereba Tavisi ter-

minologiiT srulad ver gamoxatavs enobrivi variantebis

339

9 Словарь Социолингвистических терминов._ Россииская академия наук, Институт языкознания, Российская академия лингвистических наук, Институт иностранных языков. Москва, 2006.

socialur-politikur bunebas, Tumca ki mas ar eTmoba enas-

Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi sxva disciplinebisaTvis; es

`sijiute~ SesaZlebelia sabediswero aRmoCndes im sax-

elmwifoTaTvis, romlis saenaTmecniero skolebi daagvi-

aneben Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi

garkvevas da Zveli cnebebis axal realobaSi meqanikurad

danergvas Seecdebian. kerZod, ar SeiZleba avtomaturad

gauigivdes `kuTxis metyveleba~ `regionul enas~, an Seu-

Zlebelia, erTi erisa da kulturis farglebSi, mudmivad

erTi da imave samwerlobo eniT nakvebi enobrivi variantebi

ganixilebodes saerTo laTinizebul safuZvelze ganStoe-

buli damoukidebeli samwerlobo da kulturuli gamoc-

dilebis mqone evropuli enebis tolfasad. es sakiTxebi

uTuod `mSvidi~ diskusiis farglebSi darCeboda, rom

ara maTi mwvave politikuri datvirTva: mravalricxovani

saerTaSoriso normebi, qartiebi da deklaraciebi avalde-

bulebs saxelmwifoebs, enobriv umciresobaTa uflebebis

dacvis uzrunvelsayofad SeimuSaon saxelmwifoTa SigniT

arsebuli enobrivi koleqtivebis zusti kvalifikacia da

Sesabamisi enobrivi kanonmdebloba.9

swored amgvarma problemebma gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi

arsebuli enobrivi situaciis Seswala-SefasebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. CvenSi qarTveluri eno-

brivi samyaros samecniero Seswavla uZvelesi droidan mim-

dinareobs; amaze miuTiTebs dokumenturad dadasturebuli

unificirebuli, maRalstandartuli samwerlobo qarTuli

ena ukve Cv. w. pirvel saukuneebSi, srulyofili da uni-

ficirebuli grafikuli sistema, maRalxarisxovani mwigno-

broba, mTargmnelobiTi tradiciebi, kvalificiuri gramati-

kuli kvlevebi saqarTveloSi Tu saqarTvelos farglebs

340

gareT (aTonelebi, petriwi...), standartizebuli sakancel-

ario ena, dargobrivi terminologiebi, leqsikografiuli

namuSevrebi da sxv.10

qarTuli samwignobro enis mimarT misi enobrivi varian-

tebis, dialeqturi saxesxvaobebis raime specialuri termi-

niT gamijvnis sakiTxebiT daintereseba ZiriTadad XIX sau-

kunis dasawyisidan iCens Tavs, rodesac saqarTvelos 1801

wlidan ruseTi Tavis saimperio guberniebis saxiT Suaze

yofs da misi eTnografiuli Tu enobrivi Taviseburebebis

mizanmimarTuli interpretirebiT saTaves udebs im kurss,

romelic sabolood saqarTvelos daSliTa da gaqrobiT

unda dasrulebuliyo.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo swored am momentSi

waawyda qarTvelur ena-kiloTa statusobrivi markirebis

uprecedento logikas, romelic rusi an ucxoeli viz-

itioris kerZo STabeWdilebebsa Tu gamiznul samoxe-

leo gegmebs ukavSirdeboda, da romliTac saqarTveloSi

qarTvelebad aRar miiCneodnen xevsurebi, Tu megrelebi,

imerlebi Tu svanebi, ramdenadac maTi sametyvelo Ta-

viseburebebi ùcxos~ èucxova~. manamde ki saqarTvelo-

Si, Tundac samefo-samTavroebad daqucmacebulobis Jams,

10 М. Табидзе. О некоторых аспектах языкового законодательства в Грузии в ХIХ-ХХ веках. ХI коллоквиум Европейского общества Кавказоведов. 20-22 июня, 2002; МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова. Филологический факультет; Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук, Москва, 2002, Стр. 75. winamdebare statiis saerTo formatSi upriani iqneba erTi isto-

riis gaxsenebac: swored miTiTebuli moxsenebis TezisebSi mosk-

ovelma kolegebma (saredaqcio jgufma) avtoris nebarTvis gareSe

Caweres fraza ̀ ruseTTan saqarTvelos nebayoflobiTi SeerTebis

Semdeg...~, rasac mohyva mwvave mimowera avtorsa da redkolegias

Soris, romlis bolos redaqciam bodiSi moixada, xolo avtorma

konferenciis monawileTa umravlesobas (visi eleqtronuli fos-

tac miTiTebuli iyo konferenciis masalebSi) daugzavna mimow-

eris teqstebi da ganmartebiTi werili, saTauriT ènobrivi poli-

tikis erTi magaliTi”.

341

11 T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, Mm. aWyebiaT. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, Mm. aWyebia. stiqiuri plebiscitebi soci-

olingvistur sakiTxTa Sesaxeb XIX s-is II naxevarsa da XX s-is

I naxevarSi. kavkasiologiuri krebuli, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. uni-

versiteti, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, kavkasiologiis

instituti (eZRvneba prof. ian braunis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavs).

Tbilisi, 2007.

12 sulxan-saba orbelianisulxan-saba orbeliani. qarTuli leqsikoni. prof. ioseb yifSi-

Zisa da prof. akaki SaniZis redaqciiT. tfilisi, 1928.

arasodes dasmula qarTvelTaTvis garda qarTulisa

sxva romelime metyvelebis srulfasovan enad miCnevis

SesaZleblobis sakiTxi, anu arc erTi kuTxis (samefo-sam-

Tavros) mmarTvels ar mouxmia sametyvelo Tavisebure-

bebi kerZo identobis maCveneblad da uari ar uTqvams

qarTul saliteraturo enaze.11

TavisTavad termini èna~ mravalgvarad ganimarteba

imis mixedviT, Tu romeli kuTxiT xdeba sametyvelo ver-

siis Sefaseba da markireba. amitomacaa, rom am terminis

msazRvrelebad sruliad gansxvavebuli Rirebulebisa

Tu tevadobis leqsika SeiZleba Segvxvdes: `Jestebis

ena~, àdamianTa ena~, `cxovelTa ena~, `bavSvis ena~, `dar-

gobrivi ena~, `qurdebis ena~, `politikis ena~ da a. S.;

sabasTan ena sruliad zogadadaa ganmartebuli: èna _

saubris aso; n. enovani, irmis ena, mzeenaoba, naenavi, orena,

furis ena, ZaRlis-ena. òrena _ orpiri kaci~, `naenavi _

eniT naTqvami~.12

sakuTriv lingvistur definiciebSic ar aris miRebu-

li am terminis erTaderTi varianti (enebi, rogorc erTi

da imave enis funqciuri stilebi, enebi, rogorc erTi da

imave enis sxvadasxva genderuli sibrtyeebi, enebi, ro-

gorc soflisa Tu urbanuli metyvelebaTa variaciebi

da a. S. cxadia, vidre zustad ar ganisazRvreba ena, zus-

tad ver ganisazRvreba misi saxesxvaobac _ dialeqti.

aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom socialur-politikuri

viTarebis gavlena enobrivi mravalferovnebis sakvali-

342

fikacio kriteriumebze samecniero azrs wina saukuneeb-

Sic aRelvebda.13

• ena-dialeqtis gamijvnis Taobaze sxvadasxva dros da

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi araerTi diskusia gamarTula.14 am

mxriv arc Cvena varT gamonaklisi. bolo xanebSi es kama-

Ti gamwvavda, Tumca XIX-XX s.-is moRvaweTa nawerebis am

TvaliT gadakiTxva aSkarad aCens, rom am Temaze cxare

kamaTi ruseTis imperiis batonobis periodSi araerTx-

el gamarTula da TiTqmis yovelTvis am diskusiebs

politikuri qveteqsti axlda. amJamadac ena-dialeqtis

kvalifikaciis sakiTxi politikur biZgebs ukavSird-

eba. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da qartiebis

moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, am dokumentebTan misadagebis

mowadine saxelmwifoebs aucileblad esaWiroebaT me-

tyvelebis ama Tu im tipisaTvis ènis~ (ùmciresobis

enis~, ùmwerlobo enis~, `dagvianebuli enis~ da sxv.

(amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT)) an `dialeqtis~ statusis mini-

Weba. statusi ki romelime kompetenturma dargma (an

dargebma) unda gansazRvros. yovel SemTxvevaSi, poli-

tika, garegnulad mainc, Tavidan iridebs am tvirTs da

`TavganwirvisaTvis~ mzad myof disciplinebs akisrebs

pasuxismgeblobas. aseTi mzaoba saqarTveloSi enaTmec-

nierebam (saTanado institutebma) gamoxata. Tumca aR-

13 magaliTisaTvis, davasaxelebT Tundac franguli enis Tavisebu-

rebaTa sakmaod mikerZoebul analizs XX saukunis 20-iani wle-

bis ruseTSi: К. Н. Державин. Борьба классов и партий в языке Великой Французской Революции. `Язык и Литература~. 1927, т. II, в. I. gv. 1-62.14 m. tabiZe.m. tabiZe. enebi Tu dialeqtebi? krebuli II. baTumis SoTa

rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti. memed abaSiZis

saxelobis samecniero-kvleviTi centri. 2002, gv. 207-219; m. tabi-m. tabi-

ZeZe. enobrivi variantebis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis._ qarTveluri

memkvidreoba. 7. quTaisi, 2003, gv. 201-205; m. tabiZem. tabiZe. sad gadis sazR-

vari dialeqtsa da enas Soris?_ qarTvelur enaTa struqturis

sakiTxebi. 8. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 189-194.

343

15 swored am problemebma warmoSva axali diskusia, romelic ro-

gorc ar unda daamcros romelime mokamaTe mxarem, mainc mimdina-

reobs, da xSirad ara marto profesiuli eTikis darRvevamde mihy-

avs zogierTi oponenti, armed samsaxurebrivi devnis berketebis

amoqmedebiskenac ubiZgebs samecniero dawesebulebaTa adminis-

traciulad dawinaurebul warmomadgenlebs (diskusiis sxvadasx-

va aspeqti ganxilulia mraval naSromSi, maT Soris: T. gvancelaZeT. gvancelaZe.

enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi. kavkasiologiuri

seria. I. iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTaSoriso samecniero centri.

Tbilisi, 2006; t.PfutkaraZet.PfutkaraZe. QqarTvelebi. Tbilisi, 2005.

moCnda, rom istorikosebis, eTnografebis, sociologebi-

sa da politologebis CarTvis gareSe es sakiTxebi ver

gadawydeba. aRmoCnda isic, rom Tavad dargis SigniT

enaTmecniereba jer ar aris saboloo daskvnamde mis-

uli.15 amJamad qarTuli ena-dialeqtebis kvalifikaciis

Taobaze mimdinare polemikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebia:

• arsebobs Tu ara obieqturi kriteriumebi imis dasad-

genad, Tu sad mTavrdeba dialeqti da iwyeba ena?

• ra aris qarTuli samwerlobo ena yovelTa qarTvel-

TaTvis _ dedaena, saliteraturo koine, Tu saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis nawilisaTvis (qarTveli nawilisaTvis)

mSobliuri, xolo meore nawilisaTvis arasakuTari, ar-

amSobliuri, Tavs moxveuli da iZulebiTi ena, iseTi,

rogoric iyo rusuli sabWoTa periodSi?

• aris Tu ara msoflioSi yvelgan da yvela droSi arse-

buli nebismieri dialeqti gasagebi qveynis yoveli mo-

qalaqisaTvis? ra procentisTvis ar aris gasagebi esa

Tu is dialeqti? ra Tqma unda, dedamiwaze arsebuli

yoveli enobrivi saxesxvaoba arc Cven SegviZlia mov-

icvaT da arc Cvens oponentebs, magram rasac SeiZleba

gavwvdeT, is aSkaras xdis, rom enobrivi mravalferovne-

ba ganuzomelia da yvela saxesxvaobas Tavisi sakuTari,

mxolod misi warmoSobis, ganviTarebis, garemocvis, so-

cialur-kulturuli gamocdilebis, genetikuri Tavise-

344

burebebis, religiuri warmodgenebis, sayofacxovrebo

specifikisa da sxvaTa gavleniT aqvs miRebuli esa Tu

is saxe. amitom sxvisi magaliTebi mxolod imisTvis Tu

gamogvadgeba, rom vTqvaT: _ erTi da igive kriteriumi

da erTaderTi rekomendacia ar arsebobs.

• aris Tu ara, erTi mxriv, qarTulis mimarT frangulis,

da meore mxriv, qarTuli samwignobro enis mimarT misi

romelime sametyvelo variantis Sesabamisoba tolfa-

si? da Tu ara, termini èna~ orive SemTxvevisaTvis

misaRebia?

• rogor unda ganvixiloT sametyvelo variantebi, ro-

gorc paralelurad momuSave damoukidebeli enebi, Tu

rogorc sakomunikacio donis Sesabamisad gamosayene-

beli kodebi? enis adgmisas adamianis sametyvelo da

sainformacio bazisi viwroa, sistematurad erTsa da

imave sakomunikacio situaciaSi gamosayenebeli eno-

brivi masalac viwrod SeiZleba miviCnioT, magram rac

ufro farTovdeba codnisa da informaciis sazRvrebi,

da Tavad adamianis moRvaweobis geografia, miT ufro

farTo enobrivi arsenalis amoqmedeba-moxmareba xdeba

saWiro; aseT dros dialeqtis moqmedebis geografiuli

da kulturuli sazRvrebi gacilebiT Sors iwevs da

enobrivi faqturac am sazRvrebidan iwyebs moqmedebas.

is, rom megreli an guruli `vefxistyaosnis~ kiTxvisas

saTanado epoqis enobriv masalas imarjvebs, vaJas kiTx-

visas XIX saukunis qarTuls, xolo qimiisa da fizikis

saxelmZRvaneloebis damuSavebisas am dargobriv enebs

irgebs, mis mier yovel jerze axali ucxo enis swavlas

ki ar udris, aramed mTliani enobrivi kompetenciis sx-

vadasxva kodis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebas niSnavs.

• aris Tu ara ena-dialeqtebad dayofis dRes miRebu-

li versiebi erTxel da samudamod gadawyvetili da

am mimarTulebiT aRaraferia sakvlevi? ratom iwvevs

345

esoden did SeSfoTebas mkvlevarTa erTi jgufis dain-

tereseba qarTvelur ena-kiloTa dRes oficialurad

miRebuli klasifikaciisa da kvalifikaciis sakiTxe-

biT, rodesac am kvlevis Sedegebi arc qarTuli enisa

da arc misi dialeqtebisTvis ar iqneba saziano, xolo

rac Seexeba qveynis, erovnuli cnobierebis mTlianobas,

am mxriv sasargebloc aRmoCndeba?

Tu arsebobs raRac gansakuTrebuli utyuari enaT-

mecnieruli kriteriumi ena-dialeqtis gasamijnad, maS ra-

tom ar hgavs erTmaneTs is kriteriumi, romliTac rusuli,

ukrainuli da belorusuli calke enebad kvalificirdeba,

xolo britanuli, amerikuli, kanaduri, avstraliuri da in-

doeTis inglisurebi erT enad _ inglisurad iwodeba?

ena Tavis mravalferovnebas or sibrtyeze warmoaCens

_ horizontalursa da vertikalurze (vertikaluri xaziT

standartul enasa da mis ganStoebebs ganixilaven iseTi

gradaciebiT, rogoricaa: Zveli, saSuali, axali; an samwer-

lobo ena literaturuli tendenciebis gaswvrivad xasiaT-

deba (magaliTad: e. w. monRolTa batonobis periodis ena,

an germanuli enis ganviTarebis etapebi: a) karlos didis

droindeli Zveli germanuli; b) fridrix barbarosas dro-

indeli Sua germanuli; g) gutenbergisa da luTeris dro-

indeli gviandeli axali germanuli; d) axali germanuli

da sxv.); enaTmecnierul literaturaSi miRebuli ar aris

amgvar qronologiur dayofas miesadagos termini dialeqti,

Tumca, garkveuli mniSvnelobiT, droSidroSi ganfenili enobrivi

variantebi Tavisi standartizebuli Tu arastandartizebu-

li versiebiT, erTmaneTze gavlenisa da socialuri mgrZno-

biarobis TvalsazrisiT, mainca da mainc ar gansxvavdebian

sivrceSisivrceSi ganfenili enobrivi variantebisagan. miT ufro,

rom maT erT saxelwodebas aZleven; imis miuxedavad, Sesi-

tyvebis erT komponentad Zvels, axalsa da saSuals ixmaren

Tu ara, enas mainc erTi saxeli eqneba (germanuli, berZnuli,

346

somxuri da a.S., Tumca ki `gagebineba~ am variantebs Soris

xSirad ùkiduresad miuwvdomelia~); erTi ki cxadia, èna~

da `xalxi~ erTmaneTTan uSualod dakavSirebuli cnebebia,

romelTa gamaerTianebel Rirebulebas èri~ warmoadgens.

Tu arsebobs ena, maSin mas hyavs Semqmneli da patroni (Tun-

dac dReisaTvis `mkvdari~), patronoba qonebis flobas gu-

lisxmobs, kargia Tu cudi qonebis floba? SeiZleba bavari-

elisaTvis sasiamovno iyos mxolod bavariulis anabara

darCena, germanulis gareSe? da Tu bavarielisaTvis orive

sakuTaria _ germanulica da bavariulic, maSin rogoria am

versiaTa ierarqia? germanuli moicavs bavariulsac da ara

piriqiT (`germanulad laparakobs germaneli xalxi ger-

maniis miwebze~ _ warwera zigfridis monastris WiSkarze)?

qarTuli ena Tavisi istoriuli gzis manZilze mudmi-

vad warmoadgenda erT mTlianobas, mravalferovani, rTuli

saxesxvaobebis sistemur erTianobas. Aaq saqme gvaqvs ara

divergenciis iseT formasTan, romelsac evropis enaTa um-

ravlesoba gviCvenebs, rodesac erTi saerTodan wamosuli

ganStoebebi damoukidebel arsebobas iwyeben (Tumca, cxa-

dia, arc isinia mTlad ase martivad wamosuli erTi fuZi-

dan), anu rodesac e. w. fuZe ena totebxSir xed gadaiqceva,

aramed sruliad specifikur movlenasTan, rodesac erTi

enobrivi birTvi mudmiv pulsaciaSia da misgan talRebad

wamosuli variaciebi zRvis moqceva-ukuqcevis msgavsad

sul mudam ubrundebian sakuTar wiaRs.

1. diax, qarTul enobriv samyaroSi movlenebi specifi-

kurad viTardeboda. qarTuli enis variantuli sxvadasx-

vaobebi arasodes daSorebian erTmaneTs didi xniT, isini

mudmivad iyvnen urTierTkavSirSi da zegavlenas axdendnen

erTmaneTze. qarTveluri enobrivi sivrcis ganviTareba arc

SeiZleba yofiliyo evropuli enebis msgavsi bedisa Sem-

degi mizezebis gamo:

2. saqarTvelos teritoria da qarTveluri ena-kiloe-

347

bis gavrcelebis areali ar aris ise didi, rogorc mag.,

evropa, an evropis mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebi da arc saqa-

rTvelos mosaxleoba yofila imdenad mravalricxovani,

rom mas lokalizebuli eTnokulturuli ganviTarebis mis-

wrafeba an saSualeba hqonoda;

qarTuli samwerlobo ena uZvelesi istoriis mqonea

da mis garSemo qarTvelTa konsolidacia uZvelesi faqtia,

romelSic ikiTxeba TviT erisa da misi saxelisuflebo

mmarTvelobis erTxel da samudamod Camoyalibebuli neba

_ eris yvela kuTxis kulturuli energia mimarTuliyo

saxelmwifo erTianobis idealisaken; amitomac iyo, rom

yvela qarTveli mefe-mTavari miuxedavad nebismieri Sin-

auri qiSpisa Tu dapirispirebisa, gareSe mtris mier in-

spirirebuli saSinao konfliqtebisa, qarTvelTa enobriv,

religiur da kulturul mTlianobas udavo faqtad miiC-

nevda. saqarTvelos arc erT kuTxeSi arasodes dasmula

sakiTxi qarTvelTa eTnikuri sxvadasxvaobisa Tu qarTuli

samwignobro enisadmi àramSobliuri~ damokidebulebisa;

amgvari mcdelobebi fiqsirdeba mxolod mecxramete sau-

kunidan rusebisagan, romlebic meoce saukuneSic agrZele-

ben am kurss da samxedro-administraciuli RonisZiebebis

garda samecniero safuZvlebis Seqmnasac lamoben samoma-

vlod qarTvelTa mTlianobis dasarRvevad. SeiZleba amiT

aixsnas samegrelosa da svaneTis eTno-enobriv kvlevaTa

proeqtebis sagangebo grantireba ucxouri fondebis mier.

`safrTxis qveS myofi enebis~ gadarCenis motiviT mimdin-

areobs qarTuli enobrivi sivrcis asimetriuli dayofa, ra-

sac paralelurad axlavs iseTi Kkulturul-ideologiuri

mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, rogoricaa: saxarebis gadawyoba

megrulad da svanurad, ̀ vefxistyaosnis~ gadawyoba megrul-

svanurad, specialuri, ara lingvisturi, aramed `Targmni-

Ti~ leqsikonebis (qarTul-megruli) Sedgena-gamocemebi,

romlebzedac avtoritetuladaa miTiTebuli `damxmare~

348

ucxouri fondebi, megruli eleqtronuli enciklopediis

– vikipediis Seqmna, e. w. megruli radio da satelevizio

xazebis momarageba saTanado aparaturiTa da finansebiT.

aris Tu ara socialur-politikuri aspeqtebis garda raime

safuZveli monaTesave enebis ena-dialeqtad dayofisaTvis?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdena-

dac gairkveva, ra doziT da ra xarisxSi SeiZleba enaTmec-

nierebas mieces uflebamosileba, iyos erTaderTi arbitri

am sakiTxSi da moamzados niadagi am kvalifikaciis mixed-

viT politikuri gadawyvetilebebisaTvis. aqve gairkveva, iyo

Tu ara enaTmecniereba mzad amgvar kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis

warsulSi, calke dargad Camoyalibebidan dRemde.

349

inga RutiZeinga RutiZe _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria


universitetis profesori, filologiis

doqtori

enobrivi viTareba nigalis enobrivi viTareba nigalis

xeobaSi – borCxisaxeobaSi – borCxisa

da murRulis soflebida murRulis soflebi1

nigalis (//livanis//liganis) xeoba istoriul-geografi-

uli regionia feodaluri xanis samxreT-dasavleT saqarT-

veloSi, mdinare Woroxis qvemo dinebaSi. vaxuSti bagra-

tionis mixedviT, livanis xeoba moicavda mdinare Woroxis

xeobis imier da amier mxares arTvinis sanaxebiTurT: `da

arTvanis sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges sazRvramde, Woroxis

ჴeobis imeri da ameri iwodebis liganis ჴeobad. da ars es liganis ჴeoba Tჳnier siviwrovisa, friad nayofiero narin-jiT, TurinjiT, limoniT, zeTisxiliT...~2 SemdgomSi livanad

miaCndaT mdinareebis aWaris wylisa da Woroxis SesayarTan

mdebare teritoria. 1549 wels livana osmalebma daikaves.

ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis Semdeg istoriuli

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva teritoriebTan erTad

ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida...DdRes livanis

mxolod mcire nawils flobs saqarTvelo, didi nawili ki

TurqeTis sazRvrebSi rCeba.3

1 naSromi Sesrulebulia rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fon-

dis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis - TurqeTis qarTvelebi: isto-

ria, sulieri da materialuri kultura, enobrivi viTareba - far-

glebSi, 2012-2015.

2 vaxuSti bagrationivaxuSti bagrationi. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelos. T. lo-

mourisa da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1941, gv. 136.

3 Taoklarjeti.com/index.php,history/geography-of-tao-klarjeti.

350

enobrivi TvalsazrisiT borCxa da murRuli, iseve ro-

gorc istoriuli saqarTvelosa da eTnikuri qarTvelebiT

dasaxlebuli TurqeTis danarCeni qalaqebi Tu soflebi,

gamorCeuli regionebia. borCxa oTxi xeobis – Woroxis,

devsqelis, Cxalasa da murRulis Sesayarze, karCxlisa da

pontos qedebs Soris mdebareobs, amitom aq Tavs iyris

yvela axlomdebare soflis, murRulis raionis, qlasquris,

xeba-maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas xeobebsa da arTvinSi

mcxovreb eTnikur qarTvelTa - gurjebis didi nawili.

ra da rogor Semogvinaxes istoriuli samSoblos

did nawils mowyvetilma qarTvelebma, amis gadmocemas

nawilobriv 2012 wels Catarebuli samecniero-savele

eqspediciisas Cawerili enobrivi monacemebis saSuale-

biT SevecdebiT.

Tu enobrivi viTarebis Seswavlas eTnikuri enis geo-

grafiuli sazRvrebiT daviwyebT, unda aRiniSnos, rom es

sazRvrebi mTlianad moicavs Cveni kvlevis obieqtis – 1.

borCxis soflebs: devsqeli, zeda maradidi, qlasquri, avana,

agara, axaldaba, arhaveTi, bagini, banakna, beRlevani, beSavli,

damfali, ebrika, vazria, valaSeni, kvintavli, zedubani, zelie-

Ti, Txilazori, katafxia, kvarCxani, kincxureTi, kirsa, murkive-

Ti, nigia, omana, orji, ofuja, oxorji,sabavri, uzruma, ukar-

nere, qarTla, Rvia, Suaxevi, CarbieTi, Winkuri, xeba, xinwkana... 2.

murRulis soflebs: arxva, baga, aduCa, agara, bujuri, baSqoi,

gurbeni, durCa, dialeTi, gevli, goglieTi, ereguna, iskebi,

kabarjeTi, kasimeTi, korideTi, lomekeTi, ozmali, trapeni,

qvamWireTi, qobekeTi, qamileTi, foroseTi, Cxala, qorTukeTi,

qura, yavrieTi, Wilavri, Zanculi, wyalya, budieTi, xaxuri,

xorsolo, jansuli... radgan es teritoria yovelTvis gur-

jebis samkvidro iyo (dRes qarTuli toponimebis udidesi

nawili, rasakvirvelia, Turquli toponimebiTaa Secvlili).

zemoCamoTvlili soflebi murRulis wylis orive mxaresaa

ganlagebuli da gurjebisodindeli samkvidroa (zogierT

351

sofelSi sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebic cxov-

roben, magaliTad, goglieTSi hemSinebic cxovroben, adre

ki sofeli mxolod gurjebis iyo). unda aRiniSnos, rom am

regionis pirveli mkvlevarebidan dawyebuli dRemde so-

flebis CamonaTvali da, Sesabamisad, raodenobac gansx-

vavebulia. z. WiWinaZe murRulSi 31 sofels CamoTvlida

da miuTiTebda, rom livana murRulis xeobasTan erTad

samuslimano saqarTvelos erT-erTi im nawilTagania, sa-

dac qarTuli ena yvelaze kargad aris Semonaxulio.4 Cveni

eqspediciis periodSi ki adgilobrivebma soflebis raode-

noba ocdaerTiT Semofargles, radgan bevri sofeli ukve

sxva sofels SeuerTda, mis erT-erT ubnad iqca.

aq mkvidri eTnikuri qarTvelebi identifikacias eTnon-

im gurjiTa da istoriuli maxsovrobis Sedegad SemorCe-

nili gvarebiT, oRlebiT gamoxataven: sariSvilebi, jambaz-

oRlebi, Cilal-oRlebi, uzuneZin-oRlebi, mazlim-oRlebi,

muStaf-oRlebi (sofeli bagini, borCxa); qiqvaZe, bolqvaZe,

jimSeraZe, sale-oRli, xoj-oRli, beqir-oRli... subaSebi

(subaSebi aliaRasanebi arian), baiaჴTrebi, osmanCauSebi, Ci-

tosani, faSalisani, melegosani, gedugisani, alijanisani, emi-

naRasani, memiS-oRlebi, haji-oRlebi, xoj-oRlebi (sofeli

durCa, murRulis xeoba), lamaziSvilebi, yadir-oRli, efend-

oRli, memiS-oRli (sofeli korideTi, murRulis xeoba),

kalinj-oRlebi, meSû-oRlebi, qemal-oRlebi, durebi, mev-

lud-oRlebi, jinoebi (dolabiZis ubani, sofeli qarTla,

borCxa), xaliibraim-oRlebi, altaჲ-oRlebi, numemed-oRle-

bi, dirber-oRlebi, kutum-oRlebi (vasajis ubani, sofeli

qarTla, borCxa), TeTruebi, imam-oRlebi, idris-oRlebi, me-

deg-oRlebi, zengin-oRlebi, xoj-oRlebi (gugucuris uba-

ni, sofeli qarTla, borCxa), qemal-oRlebi, ardanT-oRlebi,

dilber-oRlebi (Trimlebis ubani, sofeli qarTla, borCxa);

4 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. qarTvel mahmadianTa gadasaxleba osmaleTSi. muha-

jiri. emigracia. Tbilisi, 1912, gv. 148.

352

TafliZe (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa), bolqvaZeebi, iusuf-

oRlebi (sofeli damfali, borCxa); zaqaraZeebi, futkaraZ-

eebi, bolqvaZeebi (sofeli trapeni, murRulis xeoba); xolo

TurqeTis vaTandaSoba gardauvali valdebulebaa im sax-

elmwifos winaSe, romelmac Tavis sazRvrebSi moaqcia is-

toriuli saqarTvelos udidesi da ganuyofeli nawili.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom borCxasa da murRulSi

SemorCenilia xsovna faqtisa: Cveni didvanebi hristianebi

yofilan, rasac TurqeTis saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSi ver

gaigebT obieqtur mizezTa da istoriis arcodnis gamo.

enobrivi viTarebis aRwerisas mniSvnelovania eT-

nikuri enaze molaparakeTa raodenoba da Sobadobis

xarisxi. TurqeTSi ama Tu im eTnikuri jgufis wevrTa

sidide-simciris Sesaxeb zusti informaciis mopoveba Za-

lian Znelia, magram es teritoria odiTganve gurjebis

istoriuli samkvidro iyo da aris, amitom aq eTnikur qa-

rTvelTa raodenoba didia, aseve bolo periodamde maRa-

li iyo Sobadobis xarisxi.

eTnikuri gurjebi jer kidev 15-20 wlis win ZiriTadad

soflebSi cxovrobdnen, rac Zalian uwyobda xels eTni-

kuri enis SenarCunebas im pirobebSi, romlebSic istoriul

samSoblos did nawils mowyvetili gurjebi aRmoCndnen.

dRes ganuzomlad didia urbanizaciis masStabi. borCxa da,

nawilobriv, mainc murRulia (mosaxleobis didi nawili

murRulidan ayares, mcire nawili ki TviTon gadasaxlda)

am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisi. borCxisa da murRulis mo-

saxleobis didi nawili zamTarSi adgilze rCeba. TiTq-

mis yvela sofeli gurjebisaa, mxolod or sofelSi arian

lazebi/Wanebi – gurbeni/gurbinsa da jevul-qorujularSi;

bujurSi (murRulis xeoba) erTi-ori ojaxia lazebisa/

Wanebisa, RoberkeTis mahaleSi (sofeli bujuri, murRulis

xeoba) ki hemSinebi cxovroben. qlasqurSi Tu zafxulobiT

300 ojaxze metia, zamTarSi aq mxolod 100 ojaxi rCeba;

353

devsqelSi zamTarSi 340 komlidan 200 komlamde rCeba, igive

SeiZleba iTqvas Cxalas xeobis Sesaxebac.

eTnikuri jgufebi am teritoriaze koncentrirebulad

cxovroben. eTnikuri enisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu

rogoria garemo – monoeTnikuri Tu polieTnikuri. borCxi-

sa da murRulis soflebi, qlasquri, xeba-maradidi, devsqe-

li, Cxalas xeobebi umeteswilad isev monoeTnikuria. eTni-

kur qarTvelTa gverdiT aq dRes umniSvnelo raodenobiT

cxovroben da saqmianoben sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmo-

madgenlebic. aqauri gurjebi jerac cdiloben TavianTi

eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenelze daqorwindnen, rom gur-

joba da gurjija/gurjije ar moiSalos, magram migraciis

maRali xarisxi soflebidan qalaqSi am process didxans

veRar Seuwyobs xels.

mniSvnelovani faqtoria eTnikuri jgufis cxovrebis

wesi. bunebrivia, migraciis maRali xarisxi, sxvadasxva so-

cialur jgufebTan urTierToba da integraciis procesi

didwilad cvlis cxovrebis wess. es procesi Seuqceva-

dia qalaqebSi gadasaxlebuli gurjebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo

adgilze darCenili eTnikur qarTvelebTan, am mxriv, arsebi-

Ti cvlilebebi ar gvaqvs, isini cdiloben saguldagulod

daicvan eTnikuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis

wesi. aq aseve didia mSoblebis roli da gavlena, rac erT-

erTi pirobaa eTnikuri enis SenarCunebisTvis.

rac Seexeba socialur statuss, gurjebi, TavianTi is-

toriisa da kulturis gaTvaliswinebiT, maRali social-

uri statusis mopovebisken iswrafvian.

borCxis, murRulis, qlasquris, xeba-maradidis, devsqe-

lis, Cxalas xeobebis qarTvelebis azriT, aqaurma qa-

rTvelebma yvelaze kargad ician qarTuli. Cveulebriv,

roca TurqeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi Tavi-

anT enobriv mdgomareobas afaseben, realur suraTs ar

alamazeben. am SemTxvevaSic zemoaRniSnul Sefasebas iqve

354

daurTaven: erTi Taobis Semdeg borCxisa da murRulis

soflebis, qlasquris, xeba-maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas

xeobebSi qarTuli ar iqneba.

borCxisa da murRulis soflebis, qlasquris, xeba-

maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas xeobebSi mcxovrebi yvela eT-

nikuri qarTvelisaTvis, asakisa da enis codnis xarisxis

miuxedavad, gurjija, qarTula/qarTvelagurjija, qarTula/qarTvela mSobliuria, dedis

enaa. gurjija saojaxo enaa aq mcxovrebi gurjebis umete-

sobisTvis: saxlSi sul qarTula vlaparakobT didvanebi;

magram dasZenen: marTali qarTuli ar viciT. eTnikuri qa-

rTvelebi wuxan, radgan amboben: Cveni gurjoba Turqobaze

gadavatrialeT. aq, cxadia, isini mxolod enobriv viTare-

bas ar gulisxmoben, saubaria maT yofa-cxovrebaSi SeWril

Turqul elementebze. gurjebi aRniSnaven, Tu rogori mniS-

vneloba hqonda sazRvris gaxsnas enis SenarCunebisTvis:

Cvenc daviwyebuli gvqonda, sazRvari rom ar gaxsniliyo.

wera-kiTxva ukanasknel periodamde, rasakvirvelia, aravin

icoda ramdenime uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda. dRes ki

eTnikuri gurjebis garkveuli raodenoba cdilobs eTni-

kuri enis ana-banas, wera-kiTxvas sxvadasxva saSualebebiT

– sazRvris gaxsnis Semdeg intensiuri urTierTobiT, spe-

cialurad maTTvis dawerili wignebiT, socialuri qsele-

biT – daeuflos: aso-ena unda devswavloT.

radganac borCxisa da murRulis soflebi, qlasquris,

xeba-maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas xeobebi gurjebiTaa

dasaxlebuli, aq qarTuli ismis yovel fexis nabijze –

quCebSi, savaWro dawesebulebebSi, TavSeyris adgilebSi:

Cveni gurjija uCveni gurjija uჴmari ar arimari ar ari (resp.: gamouyenebeli).

yvelaze mniSvnelovania, ician Tu ara bavSvebma gur-

jija, aswavlian Tu ara eTnikur enas bavSvebs, momaval

Taobas;am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebisas Semdegi suraTi

gvaqvs: bavSvebi qarTulad ar laparakoben. skolaSi

ver iswavlian da akvnidan rom gadmovardeba, Turqulad

355

laparakoben. eTnikuri enis SenarCunebisaTvis mniS-

vnelovania is garemoeba, Tu sad izrdebian bavSvebi da

vin zrdis maT, ojaxSi izrdebian Tu ojaxs gareT. ojax-

uri garemo eTnikuri enis aTvisebas aadvilebs, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki maSin, Tu bavSvebi bebia-babuebTan erTad

izrdebian. Tu bavSvebi ojaxisgan moSorebiT, skola-in-

ternatebSi izrdebian, eTnikuri enis gadacema, Cveulebriv,

wydeba. skola-internatis sistemas damangreveli efeqti

aqvs eTnikuri enisTvis. TurqeTis respublikam ki amgvari

keTilmowyobili skolebiT uzrunvelyo soflis bavS-

vebi, romlebic ukve mTel saswavlo wels amgvar sko-

lebSi atareben, ris Sedegadac: qarTulad velaparakebi, qarTulad velaparakebi,

esmis, magram ver laparakoben. pirvel meqTebSiesmis, magram ver laparakoben. pirvel meqTebSi (resp.: skolaSi) saxlSi iyo, meore meqTebi skolaSi izrdeboda. saxlSi iyo, meore meqTebi skolaSi izrdeboda.

skolaSi midian, veRar laparakoben; meqTebSi gurjoba ar skolaSi midian, veRar laparakoben; meqTebSi gurjoba ar

ali ali (resp.: skolaSi qarTuli ar aris); Svils qarTulad Svils qarTulad

velaparakebi, SviliSvils Turqulad.velaparakebi, SviliSvils Turqulad.

am mxriv, gamorCeuli da da dasamaxsovrebeli iyo

sofeli bagini da mTeli devsqelis xeobis situacia, aseve

sofeli qarTla, sadac sofelSi gazrdilma TiTqmis yvela

bavSvma icis eTnikuri ena – 4 wlis bavSvebic laparako-

bdnen qarTulad. ufrosebi bavSvebs qarTulad elapara-

kebian da pasuxsac qarTulad iReben: sofelSi gazrdili

bavSvi male eCveva lapariks.

xeobebSi mudmivad mcxovrebma 17-20 wlis axalgazrdeb-

maki TavianTi enobrivi kompetencia ase Seafases: saxlSi

gurjulad vlaparakobT, amxanagebi rom vikribebiT, xan

Turqulad, xan gurjulad vlaparakobT.

eTnikuri enis swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, xSirad bebiebs

ufro meti gavlena aqvT bavSvebze, vidre sxvebs. swored

isini gadascemen enas bavSvebs, rasac borCxisa da murRu-

lis soflebis, qlasquris, xeba-maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas

xeobebis eTnikuri qarTvelebic adastureben TavianTive si-

356

tyvebiT: babaane (resp.: bebia) elaparakeba, gurjija icod-

nono; qarTuli neneჲsgan, baboჲsgan devswavleT.

rac Seexeba saxelmwifo enas, ganaTlebis enas, ZiriTad

enas, sxvadasxva socialur jgufebTan urTierTobis enas

– es sakiTxi didi xania Turquli enis sasargeblod aris

gadawyvetili.

m. CoxaraZe am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi, romelic

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnas moicavs, daaskvnis: “samwuxaro

realobaa, magram Tanamedrove samxreT-dasavleT saqarT-

veloSi mSobliurma enam aSkarad daTmo poziciebi. imerx-

evsa da livanaSi, aseve taos oriod sofelSi qarTulad

metyveleben mxolod saSualo asaks gadacilebulni, iS-

viaTad – axalgazrdebic. praqtikulad, enis mcodne bolo

Taoba cxovrobs iq. bavSvebma da axalgazrdebis umravle-

sobam TiTqmis aRar icis winaprebis ena”.5

amrigad, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, borCxisa da mur-

Rulis soflebis mkvidri gurjebi bilingvebi arian, gami-

jnuli aqvT enobrivi variaciebi da ician, ama Tu im konkre-

tul sferoSi romeli enobrivi variacia gamoiyenon.

masalis Cawerisas saintereso iyo erTi SeniSvna derg-derg-

Tan Tan dakavSirebiT: didvani dergebi iyo, dergSi Rvinos vasx-

amdiT. mxolod am winadadebiTac ki aSkaraa, rom eTnikuri

ena TurqeTis saqarTveloSi dRemde im unikaluri infor-

maciis matarebelia, gurjebi dRes rom bolomde verc ac-

nobiereben. am winadadebiT isini im periodze miuTiTeben,

roca yurZnis dawurva da Rvinis dayeneba aq eTnikur qarT-

velTa cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. es dRes mxolod

enam Semogvinaxa.

aRsaniSnavia daZmobilebis tradicia, romelsac Semde-

gnairad gadmogvcemen: ZuZu maawove sxva vinmesa, Sen gogo

im biW ver micem, Zma ari. Seni ZuZu mowova, Zma gaxda. gogo

5 m. CoxaraZem. CoxaraZe. qarTuli ena da erovnuli identobis zogierTi

sakiTxi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi XIX-XX saukuneebis

mijnaze._ Cveni sulierebis balavari. baTumi, 2009, gv. 91.

357

dobili gaxdeba, biWi Zma gaxdeba. arian dobilebi avsili.

aRniSnaven imasac, rom adre gurjebis adaTi ar iyo naTe-

savebis erTmaneTze daqorwineba: maSin adeTi ar iyo, memre

gamaaSenes aqrabaze (resp.: naTesavze) micema.

zemoTqmuls TviT borCxisa da murRulis soflebis

mkvidri eTnikuri qarTvelebi amgvarad afaseben: win sxva-win sxva-

nairi kultura iyo, axla gedeicvala.nairi kultura iyo, axla gedeicvala.

am adgilebis toponimia, romelTac sxva faqtorebis

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SemounaxavT istoria, calke kvle-

vis sagania, amitom aq mxolod mokled CamovTvliT im to-

ponimebs, romelTa aRnusxvis saSualeba drois mcire mon-

akveTSi mogveca:

SaqareTi, buRareTi, naZSaqareTi, buRareTi, naZûnara, kvintaunara, kvintaûri/kvintauri/kvintaûli, uli,

vani vani (sofel baginis (borCxa) ubnebi; nabeRlavi, loTavinabeRlavi, loTavi

– toponimebi sofel baginSi (borCxa); gaRmobani, qomoba-gaRmobani, qomoba-

ni, ukanmere, tyemalaTi, Citani, ukanmere, tyemalaTi, Citaûri, ouri, oჴvaTi, SvaTi, Sûauaჴevi evi (devsqe-

lis ubnebi, borCxa); jRelifeTi, qosqaia, murkiveTi, jRelifeTi, qosqaia, murkiveTi, ჴebaeba

(maradidis soflebi, borCxa); murkiveTi, cocxoba, bosel-murkiveTi, cocxoba, bosel-

TaTa (sofel murkiveTis ubnebi, borCxa); kontakontaჴevi, naqeravi, evi, naqeravi,

SalikiSvilebis mahale, zeiT mahale, qeiT mahaleSalikiSvilebis mahale, zeiT mahale, qeiT mahale (sofel

Txilazoris ubnebi, borCxa); kaklovani, meRlovani, eweri/kaklovani, meRlovani, eweri/

imimჴri, kairankilteri, kairankilte (toponimebi sofel TxilazorSi, bor-

Cxa); vasaje, dolabiZe, gugucuri, jvasaje, dolabiZe, gugucuri, jûanje, Trimlebi, didma-uanje, Trimlebi, didma-

halehale (sofeli qarTla, borCxa); Wilvani, zelieTiWilvani, zelieTi (sofel

avanis ubnebi);zegani, zomozegani, zomoჲ mahale mahale (sofel orjis ubnebi,

borCxa); WinkasWinkasჴevievi – gadmocemiT, Zvelad murRuls rqmevia

WinkasWinkasჴevievi; bagabagaჲ, jamekari, gurbeni, jamekari, gurbeni (sofel gurbenis ubnebi,

murRulis xeoba); RoRobeTi, gzakeTili, SvelaRoRobeTi, gzakeTili, Svelaûri, qili-uri, qili-

seTefeseTefe (sofeli baga, murRulis xeoba);sajvareTisajvareTi adgilis

saxelia (murRulis xeoba);zemoqura, qura, Wilavrizemoqura, qura, Wilavri (romelic

arcTu didi xnis win calke erTeuli iyo) (sofel bagas

ubnebi, murRulis xeoba); CxaleTi, goglieTi, qoroseTi, zemo CxaleTi, goglieTi, qoroseTi, zemo

qoroseTi, lomikeTi qoroseTi, lomikeTi calke soflebi iyo, dRes ki sofel

358

baSqois ubnebia (murRulis xeoba); kaklovani, aduCa, madeni, kaklovani, aduCa, madeni,

agaraagara (sofel iskebis ubnebi, murRulis xeoba); wiqareTi, wiqareTi,

sakmeleTi, xaxvileTi, jimSereTi, qvadidisakmeleTi, xaxvileTi, jimSereTi, qvadidi (sofel jansulis

ubnebi, murRulis xeoba); zembadeTi, xosroloRli, Rober-zembadeTi, xosroloRli, Rober-

keTi, qomo ubanikeTi, qomo ubani (sofel bujurisubnebi, murRulis xeoba);

WadukeTi, qeTqeTi/TeTqeTi, Suagule, WeRo, gaRma mehele, qomo WadukeTi, qeTqeTi/TeTqeTi, Suagule, WeRo, gaRma mehele, qomo

mehelemehele (sofel durCas ubnebi, murRulis xeoba); gamorjika, gamorjika,

Sva mahale, CamaSva mahale, CamaჴeTi, kalavati, abanoeTi, kalavati, abano (sofel trapenis ubnebi,

murRulis xeoba)...

`nigalis xeobaSi, konkretulad soflebSi: svetsa da

ibriqlSi/ebrika SemorCenilia rogorc materialuri kul-

turis Zeglebi, ise soflis ubnebis dRevandeli qarTuli

saxelwodebani: petruli, mamawminda, nigia, eliawminda soti,

nigala, lomaSeni da sxva qarTuli saxelebi: alvana, leR-

viyana, qediZiri, axalSeni, nacarabolo, wiTelmiwa, kokolaqva,

foniyana, farfaSa yana da a. S.~6

mdinareebis (Releebis) saxelebad gvaqvs: qlasquris qlasquris

wyali, wiqvavi Relewyali, wiqvavi Rele(qlasquris xeoba, borCxa);baginis Rele, baginis Rele,

didRele, varajibuli, dargula, yurdidi, samzoredidRele, varajibuli, dargula, yurdidi, samzore (sofeli

bagini, borCxa); CitaCitaûri Rele, ukanmere, sauri Rele, ukanmere, saჴveweli, juxumere, veweli, juxumere,

CiboReleCiboRele(devsqelis xeoba, borCxa); gonTgonTჴevis Rele, naqera-evis Rele, naqera-

vis Rele, cidvakes Relevis Rele, cidvakes Rele (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa); wi-wi-

flarRele, finTRele bognari Rele, qoqirdiReleflarRele, finTRele bognari Rele, qoqirdiRele (sofeli

baga, murRulis xeoba); karanCxieT Rele//kalanCxieT Rele, karanCxieT Rele//kalanCxieT Rele,

lomiji Rele, aria Rele, nagomavi Relelomiji Rele, aria Rele, nagomavi Rele (sofeli qvamWireTi,

murRulis xeoba); nabrinjevinabrinjevi (sofeli lomikeTi, murRulis

xeoba); RaliSkariRaliSkari (CxaleTi, murRulis xeoba); baSqoi RelebaSqoi Rele

(sofeli baSqoi, murRulis xeoba); Camoyaro ReleCamoyaro Rele (sofe-

li goglieTi, murRulis xeoba); kabarjeTis RelekabarjeTis Rele (sofeli

kabarjeTi, murRulis xeoba), iskebis wyaliiskebis wyali (sofeli iskebi,

murRulis xeoba), ჴevi wyalievi wyali (sofeli durCa, murRulis xe-

6 eTer beriZeeTer beriZe. nigalis ori sofeli._ Cveni sulierebis balavari.

baTumi, 2009, gv. 78.

359

oba), korideTis RelekorideTis Rele (sofeli korideTi, murRulis xeoba)...

tyeebis saxelebi: vaniTavi, joratye, zeganTi, samzorevaniTavi, joratye, zeganTi, samzore

(sofel baginSi, borCxa), axarSeni, bardnali axarSeni, bardnali (sofeli bag-

ini, murRulis xeoba), wumpo, didi tyewumpo, didi tye (devsqelis xeoba,

borCxa); fotojirifotojiri (murRulis xeoba), tbeTi tbeTi (sofeli ko-

rideTi, murRulis xeoba)...

mTebis, qedebis, zegnebis saxelebi: talaxlo qedi, bogi-talaxlo qedi, bogi-

li, axalSeni, pirdapirili, axalSeni, pirdapiri (qedebis saxelebi sofel baginSi,

borCxa); fiqalis mTa, Tenara, patina mTa, fiqalis mTa, Tenara, patina mTa, didi mTa didi mTa (mTebis

saxelebi devsqelis xeobaSi, borCxa); leqsa, uReltexi-leqsa, uReltexi-

la, tevri, burdnali, treali, saWalimeTi, TeTrubi, ker-la, tevri, burdnali, treali, saWalimeTi, TeTrubi, ker-

weni, kurtumela weni, kurtumela (sofeli qarTla, borCxa); Txilazoris Txilazoris

TaTa (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa); yornali, naWvavi, gubeyornali, naWvavi, gube

(sofeli avana, borCxa); budieTibudieTi (murRulis xeoba); guli-guli-

yanayana (murRulidan qobaqSi gadasasvleli mTis saxeli);

karanCxieTis mTa: karanCxieTis mTiskaranCxieTis mTa: karanCxieTis mTis gverdiT aris na-na-

beRlavis mTa,beRlavis mTa, nabeRlavis mTis qvemoT aris kidil qvabikidil qvabi

(sofeli qvamWireTi, murRulis xeoba); farefareჴi (murRulis

xeoba), ჴarSovani/arSovani/ჴaSrovani, moWvena, nakiravlebi, aSrovani, moWvena, nakiravlebi, TeTrobi, TeTrobi,

naJvia Ta naJvia Ta (resp.: mTa), maRla zegani, dabla zegani maRla zegani, dabla zegani (sofeli

durCa, murRulis xeoba)...

savarcxala, kildiZirisavarcxala, kildiZiri kldeebis saxelia (sofeli qa-

rTla, borCxa).

yanebis (Walebis, saTibebis, saZovrebis) saxelebi: maR-maR-

riyana, zegani, boselTi, criyana, zegani, boselTi, cჴemnaraemnara (sofeli bagini, borCxa);

ჴaraTi, qurdieTiaraTi, qurdieTi (qlasquris xeoba, borCxa); gorgiwminda, gorgiwminda,

wumpo, naselvari, moduli, sawuraTwumpo, naselvari, moduli, sawuraTჴevi, WenWikalo, natir-evi, WenWikalo, natir-

ifevi, kildiani, cxilvani, qocanaifevi, kildiani, cxilvani, qocanaჴeTi, WitaeTi, Witaûri, saciravi, uri, saciravi,

cxadacxadaûri, qvela, namuuri, qvela, namuჴvari, Tavkali, biTavkalo, gzelyana vari, Tavkali, biTavkalo, gzelyana

(sofeli qarTla, borCxa); TojineTi TojineTi (saZovris saxelia –

sofeli qarTla, borCxa); namynara, nabokvari, nalikari/na-namynara, nabokvari, nalikari/na-

rekali, cidvake, agara, rekali, cidvake, agara, ჴecvikali, veliwveriecvikali, veliwveri (sofeli Txi-

lazori, borCxa); samxoslosamxoslo (saZovris saxelia – sofeli

360

Txilazori, qarTla); beleSavri, kalobaRi, vadiyana, miRmaya-beleSavri, kalobaRi, vadiyana, miRmaya-

na, Wala, WeRi na, Wala, WeRi (sofeli damfali, borCxa); kaloyana, faCvieTi, kaloyana, faCvieTi,

anieTi, kartnali, sayavrieTi, sxolofuna, guliyana, kuzieTi, anieTi, kartnali, sayavrieTi, sxolofuna, guliyana, kuzieTi,

wiTelmiwa, qarafiziri, wyalCxuriwiTelmiwa, qarafiziri, wyalCxuri...(sofeli gurbeni, murRu-

lis xeoba); nalikari, nasaxlevi, zenefeTinalikari, nasaxlevi, zenefeTi (sofeli baga,

murRulis xeoba), buRnali, wyaroTi, artani, zedvake, alazni-buRnali, wyaroTi, artani, zedvake, alazni-

kari, barnovali, sakanafe, sayavrieTi, mesabudara, axarSeni, kari, barnovali, sakanafe, sayavrieTi, mesabudara, axarSeni,

katrovani, wyalCxuri,katrovani, wyalCxuri, (sofeli baga, murRulis xeoba); egri-egri-

so/egrisuso/egrisu saZovris saxelia (sofel baga, sofeli durCa,

murRulis xeoba); satureTi, ariasatureTi, aria (sofeli qvamWireTi, mur-

Rulis xeoba); qoqliTiqoqliTi (saZovris saxelia – sofeli baSqoi,

murRulis xeoba); gorigoriჴevi, gora, axalmeidani, TikalTa, kur-evi, gora, axalmeidani, TikalTa, kur-

tumelatumela (saZovrebis saxelebi – sofeli iskebi, murRulis

xeoba); CჴamareTi, amareTi, ჴaWikeTi, TeaWikeTi, TeჴWieTi, aSameTi, soWebiZiri, dam-WieTi, aSameTi, soWebiZiri, dam-

palyana, saZire yana, miRma yana, vakeyana, miqelavi, nafetvari, palyana, saZire yana, miRma yana, vakeyana, miqelavi, nafetvari,

dananiyuri/danaliyuri, dananiyuri/danaliyuri, ჴamyuri, oamyuri, oჴorjieTi, yurmelaZiri, orjieTi, yurmelaZiri,

WandrebiZiri, wisqviliyana, barcWandrebiZiri, wisqviliyana, barcჴuna, guliyana, Sovali, aba-una, guliyana, Sovali, aba-

no, kodliyana, bardnali, wublivake, wifliziri, axalmeidani, no, kodliyana, bardnali, wublivake, wifliziri, axalmeidani,

didCairi didCairi (resp.: didi Wala) (sofeli durCa, murRulis xeo-

ba); buRaleTi, Wubuna buRaleTi, Wubuna (sofeli korideTi, murRulis xeoba),

ziareTiziareTi (saZovris saxelia – sofeli bujuri, murRulis

xeoba); janevla, vaSliyana, babuSkari, Savrufijanevla, vaSliyana, babuSkari, Savrufi (sofeli tra-

peni, murRulis xeoba)...

ZiriTad leqsikuri fondSi Semavali erTeulebi aRniS-

naven adamianTa cxovrebisa da urTierTobis uaRresad

mniSvnelovan sagnebsa da movlenebs, maT Tvisebas, romlo-

bas, moqmedebas, uromlisodac SeuZlebelia adamianTa urT-

ierToba. am fondSi Sedis enis yvela Zireuli sityva, ro-

gorc misi birTvi. es fondi Zalze gamZlea da eTnikuri

jgufis mTeli istoriis manZilze cocxlobs. `qarTuli

enis istoria gveubneba, rom wyali, miwa, mTa, tye, Tevzi, kaci,

qali, siaruli, keTeba, Wama, sma, vaWroba… uxsovari drois

win Seqmnilia rogorc qarTuli enis leqsikis ucvleli

361

baza da cocxlobs saukeuneTa ganmavlobaSi. es sityvebi

aRbeWdilia V-X ss. qarTul ZeglebSi. maTi gaCenis Sem-

deg mravali saukune gavida, bevrma wyalma Caiara, qarTveli

xalxis cxovrebaSi didi istoriuli Zvrebi moxda, magram

es sityvebi, rogorc enis leqsikis safuZveli, darCa ucv-

leli, darCa rogorc enis leqsikis ganviTarebis baza~.7

gamZlea qarTuli sityvis ZiriTadi fondi saukuneTa

ganmavlobaSi istoriul samSoblos mowyvetili xalx-

is cnobierebaSi, yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi, rasac adas-

turebs kidec Semdegi leqsikuri erTeulebi: babo, nene, deda,

mama, dedamTili, mamamTili, da, Zma, coli, qmari, mazli, rZali,

badiSi, dobili... sacxovrebeli da sxva daniSnulebis nage-

bobaTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi: saxli-kari, karmidamo, Weri,

sabzeli, aჴori, marani, beReli...

mcenareTa saxelebi: ko (resp.: muxa), cacxvi, wabli, Tჴmela,

kakali, leRvi, daTviჴala, lobio, xapi/ayiro, simindi, vaSli,

msxali, qliavi, tyia wyavi (resp.: tyis wyavi), mayvalebi (resp.: mayvali), atami, wipunturi/sipunturi (resp.: zRmartli),

Tჴili... yurZnis jiSebis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeule-

bi: Cxavela (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa); adesa yurZeni,

TeTri yurZeni, jineSi... vaSlis jiSebis aRmniSvneli le-

qsikuri erTeulebi: baTumela (sofeli bagini, devsqelis

xeoba, borCxa), qvavaSli (sofeli gurbeni, murRulis xeo-

ba), warmoebis mixedviT gaqarTulebuli: demirela, Seqera

(devsqelis xeoba)... msxlis jiSebis aRmniSvneli leqsi-

kuri erTeulebi Tavisi mravalferovnebiT gansakuTrebiT

gamorCeulia: xeWeWuri/xeWeWura (qlasquris xeoba, devsqe-

lis xeoba, borCxa), sxalTafla, banCulaჲ (qlasquris xeoba,

borCxa), sxalTlo (resp.: sxalTafla), qoTana, sasela, wo-

wola, istambolela (devsqelis xeoba, borCxa); gulabi, ban-

gari (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa); panta sxali, sxaloqro,

7 al. Rlontial. Rlonti. qarTuli leqsikografiis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1983,

gv. 53.

362

sxalsakmelaჲ, petrulaჲ koxaჲ (sofeli gurbeni, murRulis

xeoba), Wanuraჲ, venaჴisxali (sofeli baga, murRulis xeoba);

TeTri Wanura, Savi Wanura, urjumala, xeWeWura, sxaloqro,

TeTri bangaჲ (sofeli iskebi, murRulis xeoba)... tyemlis

jiSebis aRmniSvneli leqsemebi: ZaRlis tyemali, tyuba,

dodofala, WianWur... qliavis saxeobis aRmniSvneli saxeli:

dodofala qliavi... balaxebis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri er-

Teulebi: molazarRva (mravalZarRva), qaTamnacara, WinWari/

susxi, lionja, samyuramoli, kataramoli, imჴvri, moloqva-

moli, beraTokvi, suro, TuTunamoli, beberamoli (sofeli

iskebi, murRulis xeoba)...

cxovelebis, frinvelebis, mwerebis aRmniSvneli leqsi-

kuri erTeulebi: cჴenebi, Tჴebi gvyavda, Zroჴebi, buRa, viri, tura, meli, kurdReli, qaTami, kroჴi (resp.: kruxi), WuWuli,

savarcჴala (resp.: ofofi), mercჴali/mercxala Citi, gulwi-

Tela, SaSvi, Cxikvi, CჴarTvi, skvinCჴaჲ, tredi, qedanni, yorani, Zera, qori, bulbuli, guguyuSi (resp.: guguli), kodali, ma-

mali, rwyili, tili, bziki or pir, sam pir Cagasobs, futkari

erT pir Cagasobs; leSi... lekvi ZaRlis dasmulia (resp.: Svilia), xbo furis dasmulia, burvaki daTvis dasmulia, Tai

cxenis dasmulia.

anatomiuri leqsika: Subli, cxviri, Tvali, Tvalis ka-

kali, warbi, wamwami, yuri, yuris bibila, guli, muceli, jigeri,

WaWa (resp.: Tirkmeli), weli, TiTi, fCxili, didayvi, gverdebi

(resp.: barZayi), Wlikebi (resp.: wvivebi), qusli, koWebi, kibili...

sakvebi produqtebisa da kerZebis aRmniSvneli leqsi-

kuri erTeulebi: Tafli, rZe, kvercxi, yveli, xaWo, mawoni,

fxali, RerRili, lobio, Wadi, pilpilaჲ...samuSao iaraRebis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeulebi:

saჴ ჴ neveli, saჴnisi, culi, Toxi: kordis Toxi, samargelis

Toxi... sayofacxovrebo nivTebis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri

erTeulebi: gideli, godori, dergi, gobi, cicჴvi, saჴ ჴ vewavi (kobzeb vჴvewdiT amiT, gavakeTebdiT), maSa (SiSasTvis, gamor-

363

evnisTvin, ჴel ver gamourev da maSas vixmarT), qveSagi/log-

ini, baliSi, baliSis wamosacmeli...

bunebis movlenebis, ciuri sxeulebis aRmniSvneli da

maTTan dakavSirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi: qari, wvima,

Tovli, quxvili, Tvare, Rurbeli (resp.: Rrubeli)...

tradiciis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeulebi: axali axali

weli:weli: axal wels karikar dadioden da Txil moagrovebdnen.

axal wel kvercxeb vRebavdiT ჴmeli furclebisgan; nadi:nadi:

puri WraSi nadi iqneboda, gogo-biWebi meiyreboden; cekva-

TamaSis aRmniSvneli: ferferჴuliuli: : en win lamaza ferჴulobda;

daavadebaTa saxelebi: kowiwa//kvawiwakowiwa//kvawiwa (resp.: yivanaxvela) –

kaklis fesvSi gaaZvrenden.

morfologiuri procesebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:

micemiTi brunvis –s formantis dakargvas aq regularu-

li xasiaTi aqvs: Cemø Svilefø ukerevdi; kvarø davapobdi; Tumca erTsa da imave winadadebaSi micemiTi brunvis –s

formantiani da brunvis niSandakarguli formebi SeiZleba

gverdigverd Segvxvdes: daTesTvisTvin gamouRebT kitrebsa

Teslebø.metyvelebaSi SemorCenilia –a savrcobi: davZaxevdi

Zafsa.

-Si Tandebuli daculia Zveli SiganSigan formiT: saxlis

Sigan pursa, frinjsa movabzavebdiT.

TiToobis da- zmniswini: windebsa bevr davqsovdi.

lokalurobis, sadaobis aRmniSvneli saxeli –Si Tand-

ebuliani saxelis nacvlad warmodgenilia fuZis saxiT:

maWaxelmaWaxel (resp.: maWaxelSi) akeTeben gobebs; Cemi biWi golCuk golCuk

(resp.: golCukSi) saqmobs.

qarTuli zmnis uZvelesi Zirebi aqac Seucvlelia, ma-

gram 1. zmnaTa organul formebs Turquli enis gavleniT

enacvleba aRweriTi formebi: gogo niSanSi myavs (resp.: daniSnulia); 2. gardauval zmnaTa ergatiul konstruqcia

Cveulebrivi movlenaa aq mkvidrTa metyvelebaSi: erTi kvi-

364

rema geiara; amanac mividoda; 3. II da III subieqturi pirebis

mravlobiToba zmnis formaSi gamoxatulia –n/en sufiqsiT:

risi dawera gindana? avadoba ar qonden; 4. dasturdeba

xolmeobiTis formebi Sesabamisi mawarmoebliT: zdia, zdia

da moklian (resp.: zrdis,zrdis da bolos moklaven); am-

aTma uyurian (resp.: uyureben), vinme ar moWraso; 5. interess iwvevs zmnis II seriis wyvetilis formaSi dadasturebuli

–ev sufiqsi, romelic aq erTgvarad wyvetilis mawarmoe-

blad gvevlineba: guugdeviT (resp.: miugdeT, mieciT), iTamaSe-

viT (resp.: iTamaSeT), WameviT (resp.: WameT), meviyvaneviT (resp.: moviyvaneT) wylebi; 6. III seriis I TurmeobiTis mwkrivSi

uqniaT formis nacvlad gurjebs warmoebis mixedviT sain-

tereso iqmilan forma SeuqmniaT: ase iqmilan; 7. Se- zmnis-

wins enacvleba mo- zmniswini: viarebodi RameSi, momeSina

(resp.: SemeSinda); 8. sainteresoa Temis niSanTa Senacvleba:

-eb Temis niSans enacvleba –ob Temis niSani: tyvilobs

(resp.: ityueba)... enacvleba –av Temis niSani: Cven movindo-

mavT; Temis niSnis SenacvlebiT miRebulia Semdegi le-

qsikuri erTeulebi: geiquxnavs (resp.: iquxebs), romelic

sawyisad quxvils gviCvenebs; geielvavs (resp.: geielvebs)...

–av Temis niSans enacvleba –ev Temis niSani: Cem Svilef

ukerevdi; davZaxevdi Zafsa...D–am Temis niSani icvleba –em

Temis niSniT: Zvalebs ar vixmaravT (resp.: vxmarobT); -i

Temis niSans –av sufiqsi enacvleba: ayiros gaWrav... Cxu-

bobs zmnis sawyisi Cxubva formiTaa warmodgenili: Tqve-

ni Cxubvac iman gamoiRo; 9. mimReobis warmoeba dRemde

saliteraturo qarTulisa da dialeqtebisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli yalibis mixedviT xdeba: saZulveli qali; 10.

xSiria sxvaTa sityvis –o nawilakis gamoyeneba: faSa

Cemi gulisa am duniaSi Sen xaro; 11. kiTxviT winadade-

baSi kiTxviTobis funqcias asrulebs, kiTxvas gamoxatavs

kiTxviTi –a nawilaki: ra dawerva gindana?

uaryofiT nacvalsaxels aravin gurjebis metyvele-

365

baSi enacvleba ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli vinme:

vinme ar mismenen (resp.: aravin mismens), xolo nacvalsaxels

araferi cvlis rame: rame uWmeli miჴvalT? (resp.: araferi giWamiaT, ise midixarT?).

Semdeg zmnizedis mniSvnelobiT iyeneben mas ukan: mas

ukan vwikevdiT SeSas.

borCxisa da murRulis soflebi, qlasquris, xeba-mara-

didis, devsqelis, Cxalas xeobebSi, sxva teritoriuli er-

Teulebisgan gansxvavebiT, iyeneben Tu kavSirs, oRond wina-

dadebis bolos, romelsac kiTxviTi sityvis funqcia aqvs

miniWebuli: erTi g¯ukiTxo (resp.: vkiTxo), midian Tu?

am arealSic, iseve rogorc TurqeTis saqarTvelos

bevr adgilas), Cveulebrivia zmnisa da modaluri nawila-

kis an saxelisa da modaluri nawilakis Serwymis Sedegad

miRebuli formebi: samze avdgena (resp.: unda avdge), c var davklana (resp.: unda davkla); axla emeqlina gaxdes (resp.: pensioner unda gaxdes), saxlina gaakeTos (resp.: saxli unda

gaakeTos).

leqsikis TvalsazrisiT bevri erTeuli ipyrobs yur-

adRebas. yovelgvari normisa da standartisgan Tavisufali

ena SeuzRudavia sityvawarmoebis TvalsazrisiT an kidev

bevri leqsikuri erTeulis semantikurad saxecvlilia:

rTuli sityvebis saintereso warmoebaa pur-xorbalipur-xorbali

da pur-marcvali; karisRobipur-marcvali; karisRobi zRurblis aRmniSvnelia; cu-cu-

debralod debralod (resp.: tyuilubralod): cudebralod RarWebi

ktebian.

tirilitirili ayvavebas niSnavs: tiroden bali da sxali

(resp.: yvaoda bali da msxali; Sdr.: vazis tirili).

-oba sufiqsiT aris nawarmoebi RarWoba,RarWoba, romelic bavS-

vobis aRmniSvnelia: RarWobaSi RarWobaSi wevdodi korideT, Cem nenes

sofelSi; bostnobabostnoba: bostnoba maqva.

saqolavi saqolavi yavris saxuravia, gogoragogoraჲss ki naliis dafer-

debul adgils uwodebdnen, Tagvi rom ar asuliyo.

366

siminds rom vTesavT, lobios rom vTesavT, venavenaჴss vety-viT, Sors rom sTesia, imas yanasyanas veZaxiT. es magaliTi sxva

mxrivac aris saintereso, radgan rom kavSiris gamoyenebis

SemTxvevas gviCvenebs, rasac sxvagan veRar vadasturebT. sa-

dac Txili da TuTuni aqvT daTesili, im adgilsac venaxs

uwodeben: Txilis venaxi Txilis venaxi maqvs. aseve maranimarani Tivis, Calis

Sesanaxi adgili iyo, xolo beReli beReli ki saWmlisa: saxli Tu

deiwvoda, beReli ar deiwvoda, calke iyo.

guli fqviliguli fqvili dafquli simindis gacrili, wminda fq-

vilia: RerRil gamovcridi, RerRili cota sxvilia, guli

fqvili kaჲ fqvilia; korkotani korkotani simindis taroa; dedaberi dedaberi

kitrikitri saTesle kitria; miwynareba miwynareba mosavlis dabinavebaa:

Cven lobio, simindi ukve mivawynareviT.

ercxajerercxajer niSnavs momavalSi: ercxajer isini daaCumos

una (resp.: odesme, momavalSi isini unda gaaCumos).

orsul qals mucliansmuclians uwodeben, xolo bebiaqals, ro-

melic mSobiares exmareboda, beberasbeberas uwodebdnen; malianimaliani

Zliers niSnavs; gatlikuli gatlikuli uwverulvaSo adamiania: gat-

likuli viyavi; xarebis Wedvaxarebis Wedva xarebis SebrZolebaa.

qona-yolas –ian sufiqsi awarmoebs: Tvaliani beWedi.

frazeologizmebi: Tvalebi demiRamdaTvalebi demiRamda (resp.: Tvalebi

damibnelda), kvamli adga, tye gaxSirdakvamli adga, tye gaxSirda (resp.: gaudaburda, gaukacrielda); suli mevisvenesuli mevisvene (resp.: suli moviTqvi); qvas qvas

qvavsqvavs (resp.: aRaraferi aqvs).dalocvis formulebi: RmerTma giCuqosRmerTma giCuqos! (resp.: RmerTma

gagizardos! RmerTma gicocxlos!); RmerTma kargobiT gan-RmerTma kargobiT gan-

yoflon! RmerTma erTyoflon! RmerTma erTჴela gagaxaron, erTela gagaxaron, erTჴela ganyoflon! ela ganyoflon!

(resp.: RmerTma erTad gagaxaroT, RmerTma erTad gamyofoT!);

Teli erTTeli erTჴela moqvces!ela moqvces! (resp.: yvelaferi erTad mogvces);

wyevlis formulebi: RmerTma gamogiwyvidos! RmerTma duuS-RmerTma gamogiwyvidos! RmerTma duuS-

vas TavSi!vas TavSi! (resp.: RmerTma didi dardi gauCinos!).

mimarTvis formebia - go (qalis) da Wo (kacis).

eTnikuri qarTvelebi cdiloben maT metyvelebaSi

SemoWrili Turquli leqsikuri erTeulebi gaaqarTulon

367

mSobliuri enis modelebis amuSavebiT da, Sesabamisad, sa-

Tanado afiqsebis darTviT: gayirmizebula – gawiTlebula.

dRemde SemounaxavT erTstrofiani leqsebi, romelsac

moyrilobaSi (erTad Sekrebis Jams) ambobdnen: rwyili ჴar amuSaveb, / tili midevda kvalSio, / am moyrilobaSio / sayva-

relia TelSio; muslimnoba iCxutesa, / arc locva ari, arc

dua, / vir muceli etkina, / arc icoჴna, arc Zova. eTnikuri enis mdgomareoba, misi SenarCuneba, istori-

ul samSoblos mowyvetili xalxis SemTxvevaSi, bevr sxva

faqtorTan erTad didwilad aris damokidebuli TviT am

xalxze, eTnikur jgufze. vfiqrobT, gurjija/qarTulas

SenarCunebaSic gadamwyveti TurqeTis eTnikur qarTvelTa

damokidebuleba iqneba, romelTac arasdros aviwydebaT,

rom erTi varT, Tqven iq darCenilxarT, Cven aq; Seni gur-erTi varT, Tqven iq darCenilxarT, Cven aq; Seni gur-

jija ar unda gamowvindo jija ar unda gamowvindo (resp.: moSalo).

368

ekaeka duRaSviliduRaSvili _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida



filologiis doqtori

giorgi mTawmidelis mTargmnelobiTi giorgi mTawmidelis mTargmnelobiTi

meTodi bizantiuri himnografiis meTodi bizantiuri himnografiis

Targmanebis magaliTzeTargmanebis magaliTze

bizantiuri himnografiis qarTulad Targmnas xangrZli-

vi istoria aqvs. Targmanebis uZvelesi nimuSebi gvxvdeba

jer kidev VII s-iT daTariRebul ierusalimur leqcio-

narSi (romelic V s-is ierusalimur saeklesio praqtikas

asaxavs), Semdgom uZveles iadgarSi.1 X s-is did iadgarSi

da bolos bizantiuri himnografiis Targmanis erTgvari

Semajamebeli etapis amsaxvel giorgi mTawmidelis mier

Sedgenil himnografiul-liturgikul krebulebSi: TvenSi,

paraklitonSi, marxvansa da zatikSi.

bizantiuri himnografiis Targmanis aTonuri anu

giorgi mTawmideliseuli etapisTvis berZnuli dednisad-

mi damokidebuleba icvleba (amis Sesaxeb mraval mkvl-

evars aqvs azri gamoTqmuli)1 Mmis mier Segenil himno-

grafiul krebulebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom giorgi

mTawmideli rig SemTxvevebSi kritikulad udgeboda mis

winandel Targmanebs (mag. wminda werilisa da egzegeturi

literaturis Targmanebs). kerZod, TiTqmis yvela arsebul

Targmans adarebda berZnul dednebs da ase Seqonda TvenSi,

paraklitonsa Tu zatikSi da Tavadac Targmnida xelaxla.

1 К. . Кекелидзе. Иерусалимский Канонарь. 1917, Тифлис 3-11; uZvelesi

iadgari. gamosacemad moamzades el. metrevelma. c. Wankievma da

l. xevsurianma. 1980, 223-240.

369

giorgi mTawmidelis, rogorc bizantiuri himnografiis

mTargmenlis, warmosaCenad SevadareT sabawminduri himno-

grafiis yvelaze gamorCeuli himnografebis ioane dam-

askelisa da kozma ierusalimelis ramdenime himnografi-

uli kanonis (saTveo nawilidan) iadgariseuli da Tavad

giorgis Sedgenil TvenSi arsebuli Targmanebi. ramac

gamokveTa sami SemTxveva: 1) giorgi mTawmideli iwonebs

iadgaris Targmans da ucvleled gadaaqvs TvenSi; 2) Targ-

mans asworebs ramdenime adgilas; 3) Zvel Targmanebs xe-

laxla Targmnis da rac ar iyo Targmnili, isic gadmoaqvs

qarTulad.

sailustraciod moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:

giorgi mTawmideli mcired asworebs iadgaris Targ-

mans:

RvTismSoblis miZinebis kanoniRvTismSoblis miZinebis kanoni

viTarca gundi mociqulTa

RrubelTa zeda msxdomare, ubiwoo,

ciskidiT mowevnuli dRes

Semurvad Senda,

sulmcirisa mis

Rrublisa, qalwulo, naTlad gamoubrwyindagamoubrwyinda mxdomareTa bnelsa

da aCrdilTa, mzÀ igi simarTlisaÁ (iadgari).(iadgari).

Semurvad Senda Semokrba dRes

RrubelTa zeda msxdomare gundi mociqulTai

370

sions Sina, qalwulo,

ciskideTagan Rrublisa mis sulmcirisa,

romelman – ege gamogvibrwyinve Cuen,gamogvibrwyinve Cuen,

mxdomareTa bnelsa

da aCrdilTa, mzeÁ igi simarTlisaÁ (giorgi mTawmide-(giorgi mTawmide-

li Tveni).li Tveni).

garkveul sxvaobebs gviCvenebs kozma ierusalimelis

RvTismSoblis miZinebis, daviT da iakobis, grigol RvTism-

etyvelis, mina mowamis da ioane damaskelis RvTismSoblis

Sobis, qristesSobis kanonTa iadgariseuli da giorgi mTaw-

mideliseuli Targmanebi:

sakvirveliTa (iadgari) saRmrToÁTa (giorgi mTaw-

mideli)

RmrTisa (iadgari) mRmrTivsulieriTa (gior-

gi mTawmideli)

RmrTivSemwynarebelsa (iadgari) RmrTisa sad-

gursa (giorgi mTawmideli)

mRdelTmoZRuaro (iadgari) RmrTismetyuelo

(giorgi mTawmideli)

mowameo (iadgari) moRuaweo (giorgi mTawmide-

li)

Wur patiosan (iadgari) Wur rCeul (gior-

gi mTawmideli)

ganamdidren ganamdidren (iadgari) ganaRmrTveni (giorgi

mTawmideli)

gamouCnda gamouCnda (iadgari) gamoubrwyinda

(giorgi mTawmideli)

daiteve (iadgari) (iadgari) daicev (giorgi mTawmideli)(giorgi mTawmideli)

mRdelTmoZRuari (iadgari) (iadgari) mRdelTmTa-

vari (giorgi mTawmideli) (giorgi mTawmideli)

aris SemTxvevebi, roca iadgarSi dedniseul strofTa

mimdevroba Secvlilia (mag. kozma ierusalimelis qristes-

371

Sobis kanoni VII oda), ioane damaskelis naTlisRebis kanoni

VI oda). giorgi mTawmideli dednis variants icavs.

iadgarSi daviT da iakobisadmi miZRvnili kanonis av-

torad dasxelebulia ioane damaskeli da kozma ierusa-

limeli. calkeuli odebis farglebSi strofebTan mona-

cvleobs kozmas da ioanes saxelebi. gamodis, rom erTi

kanonis farglebSi gaerTianebulia ori avtoris mier Seqm-

nili sagalobeli. ZlispirTa akoluTia kozmas kuTvnile-

baa. berZnul TvenebSi es kanoni kompilaciuri saxiT ar

gvxvdeba. giorgi mTawmideli imeorebs iadgaris varints

zustad. arc Targmans cvlis. Aaqedan gamomdinare, safiqre-

belia, rom daviT da iakobis kompilaciuri kanoni momdi-

nareobs berZnuli dednidan, romelic dReisTvis SemorCe-

nil berZnul xelnawerTa Soris aRar Cans.2

giorgi mTawmideli ukve Targmnil sagalobels xelax-giorgi mTawmideli ukve Targmnil sagalobels xelax-

la Targmnis.la Targmnis.

kozma ierusalimelis wm. giorgis kanoni

IIIoda1) 7

49 marcvali

ganuyav s i x a r u l i Ts i x a r u l i T 7

simdidrÀ Seni glaxakTa 8

da dasTrgune mrCobliTa saTnoebiTa 12

mZlavrebaÁ borotisaÁ mis, didebulo giorgi, 15

da xma – hyav sixaruliTa: wmida xar, ufalo (iadgari

sin1, sin64, wvirmi) 1355 marcvali

2 l. jRamaia. giorgi mTawmindelis Tveni. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 3-5.

372

ganuyavi simdidrÀ Seni sixaruliTa glaxakTa,

raJams ganapoxen sulni da Ãorcni Senni zeTiTa

mowyalebisaÁTa, wmidao giorgi,

da dasTrgune mrCobliTa miT saTnoebiTa

mZlavri igi boroti

da Zliersa mas ugalobd da ityode:

wmida xar Sen, ufalo (ieli)

83 marcvali

ganuyav glaxakTa simdidre f a r u l a df a r u l a d

da icxe zeTiTa siyuaruliTa ÃorciTa da suliTa

erTbamad moRuawebisaTa da mZlavrsa sZle, giorgi

46 marcvali

(Tveni)

ganZlierdi madliTa, raJams saRmrToiTa SuriTasaRmrToiTa SuriTa

SeiWureSeiWure, RuawliTa mZleo giorgi, da ganrisxen

Sen qristesTvis

da sacTuri mZlavrTaÁ ganaqarve da ityode:

wmida xar Sen, ufalo

(iadgari sin1, sin 64, wvirmi) 57 marcvali

raJams ganZlierdi

madliTa da SeiWure SuriTamadliTa da SeiWure SuriTa, gamouCndi maT, romelni

3 I. Folieri. Initia Hymnorum Ecclasiae Graecae. Vil. V. Biblioteca Vaticana,1966. . J. Louth. St. John Damascene, Oxford. University Press. 2001. pp. 21-30.

373

ara gikiTxvides

da epoe maT, romelni ara geZebdes da ganhrisxen

qristesTuis, wmidao giorgi, da sacTuri uSjuloTaÁ

ganaqarve ZaliTa uflisaÁTa (ieli)

76 marcvali

madliTa ganamtkice da Surisa cecxlTaSurisa cecxlTa

motyinare gamouCndi motyinare gamouCndi da mkiTxuelTa da

epoe ara meZiebelTa, qristesTvis, giorgi,

ganrisxebuli sacTursa zeda kerpTasa15

53 marcvali

(Tveni)

oxrides sasmenelTa

Sina maTTa Zlierni sityuaTagan SenTa, giorgi,

basrobdi raÁ RmerTTa sacinelTa

da ganacxade qriste da

dahxsen sacTuri sulTa warwymedisa

(iadgari sin1, sin64, wvirmi)51 marcvali

oxrides sasmenelTa

Sina maTTa Zlierni situiTa SenTa, axovano

giorgi, raJams

RmerTTa maT sacinelTa

gamoucxade qriste,

RmerTi juarcmuli,

374

dahxsen sacTuri sulTa wawymedisaÁ ZaliTa

juarisaÁTa (ieli).

esmaT ra smenaÁ sityuaTa SenTa mZlavrTa, 11

sircxvileul iqmnes, 6

rameTu Sen RmerTni maTni ginebul hyven 12

da sacinelad gamoaCinen da qriste RmerTi hqadage 18

xorciTa juarcmuli, 7 uqmyofeli sacTurisa

sulTa warmwyedelisa.15

(Tveni).

am SemTxvevaSi cxadia, rom giorgi mTawmidelis Targ-

mani teqstobrivad ufro zustad misdevs berZnuls, xolo

formiT sakmaod daSorebulia dednisgan.

yurdRebas SevaCerebT erT faqtze. RvTismSoblis

Sobisadmi miZRvnili kanonis Targmani gvxvdeba iadgar-

Si. Ggiorgi mTawmidelis Tveni am sagaloblis avtorad

germane konstantinepolels asaxelebs. ioane damaskelis

kanonebis gamocemebSi ki RvTismSoblis Sobis aRniSnu-

li kanoni, namdvilad misi kuTvnilebaa. Zneli asaxsnelia

TvenSi arsebuli faqti. Cveni varaudiT, giorgi mTawmidels

Secdoma aqvs daSvebuli. savaraudoa, rom es Secdoma ber-

Znuli xelnaweridan momdinareobs. evtratiadesisa da

luTis mier gamocemuli ioane damaskelis sagaloblebis

teqstebi ZiriTadad aTonuri xelnawerebis mixedviT aris

gamocemuli (XI-XVI). amitom Znelad asaxsnelia, romeli

xelnaweridan momdinareobs es Secdoma.

ierusalimis jvris monastris qarTuli xelnawerebis

koleqciis xelnaw. JER.124 –Si (giorgi mTawmideliseuli

redaqciis Tvenia). Aam nusxaSi ucvleld aris gadasuli

iadgariseuli Targmani:

375

ixarebd, ubiwoo,

dedao qristes RmrTisao,

romel mizez eqmen naTesavsa kacTasa

moRebad pirvelsa netarebasa

SobiTa SeniTa dRes, romelsa pativ-scemT (iadgari).

ixarebd, ubiwoo,

dedao qristes RmrTisao,

Romel mizez eqmen naTesavsa kacTasa

moRebad pirvelsa netarebasa

SobiTa SeniTa dRes, romelsa pativ-scemT (Tveni).

Sen, uqorwinebelo mariam,

meoxebiTa SeniTa ganmarinen Cuen

codvaTa CuenTagan,

r a Á T ar a Á T a gadidebdeT Sen (iadgari).

Sen, uqorwinebelo mariam,

meoxebiTa SeniTa ganmarinen Cuen

codvaTa CuenTagan,

romelni romelni gadidebT (Tveni).

sayuradReboa giorgi MmTawmidelis erTi SeniSvna, ro-

melic Ath. 65-Si (Tveni) gvxvdeba ,,nuTu vin-me hberZnobdeT

raÁme da zogTa galobaTa xmasa ezebdeT, raca Tu berZu-

lad ara mas xmasa hyvnen, nu eZeb. me zogni galobani, romeli

ÃmaÁ minda misiT miTargmnia, magra sityua Tu oden jer iyo

da mohvidoda, sityuani igive arian, viTa berZulsa iyvnes~.

aq giorgi pirdapir miuTiTebs sagalobelTa Targmanis

miseul meTodze. Tu vinme berZnulis mixedviT sagalob-

lebSi ,,xmas eZiebdeT~, nu eZebT, me zogierTi galoba, rom-

376

eli xmac mindoda, imaze vTargmne, xolo Tu sityvebi sakma-

risi iyo da sazomiTac (igulisxmeba marcvalTaraodenoba

troparebSi) ( == mohvidoda) qarTuls, berZnulis mixedviT

zustad gadmoviRe sityvebio.

giorgi mTawmidelis TvenSi gvxvdeba ioane damaskelis

da kozma ierusalimelis is sagaloblebi, romlebic iad-

garSi ar Cans, anu jer ara aris naTargmni,

Aam himnografiul kanonTa Targmanebi TviT giorgi

mTawmidels ekuTvnis. Ees sagaloblebia:

ioane damaskelis: ioane NnaTlismcemlis mucladRebis,

basili didis, epifane kviprelis, ioane naTlismcemlis So-

bis.

kozma ierusalimelis: jvris amaRlebis, kozma da damia-

nesi, andria mociqulis , iakob daWrilis.

Cveni dakvirvebebis Sesajameblad vityviT, rom zemoT

moyvanili qarTuli Targmanebis magaliTebi garkveul-

wilad cxadad warmoaCens aTonis mwignobruli skolis

erT-erTi gamorCeuli warmomadgenlis, giorgi mTawmidel-

is mier bizantiuri himnografiis Targmanis meTodis

Taviseburebas ori saxelganTqmuli hinmnografis ioane

damaskelisa da kozma ierusalimelis sagalobelTa Targ-

manebis mixedviT.

377

giorgi alibegaSviligiorgi alibegaSvili _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos


saxelobis qarTuli

universitetis profesori,

filologiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori

beri – monazoni _ enkratisiberi – monazoni _ enkratisi

yovel gonier qmnilebaSi, yovel gonier qmnilebaSi,

gind mamakaci iyos is da gind qali, gind mamakaci iyos is da gind qali,

aris Zala siyvarulisa, aris Zala siyvarulisa,

romliTac adamianebs unari aqvT, romliTac adamianebs unari aqvT,

miemTxvion siyvaruls RvTisasacmiemTxvion siyvaruls RvTisasac

da kacisasac. da kacisasac.

wmida antoni didiwmida antoni didi

specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva dros Semovida da gavrcelda ber-

monazvnuri moweseobis sami forma: antioqiuri, palestinuri

da bizantiuri. maT tipikonTagan miRebul da gadamuSave-

bul wes-gangebaTa Sedegad Camoyalibda qarTuli qristian-

uli kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bermonazvnobis forma,

romelic ara mxolod xelovnebaSi (xuroTmoZRvreba, qvis

reliefebi, kedlis mxatvroba, xatwera, Weduroba, tixruli

minanqari, xelnawerTa dasuraTeba, naqargoba), aramed leqsika-

Sic aisaxa, rac imis dadasturebaa, rom qarTuli kulturis

xorcSesxma enaSi bizantiur samyarosTan yovelTvis Zalian

mtkice, realuri da konkretuli ZafebiT iyo dakavSirebuli.

statiis saTaurad gamovitaneT asketikis sami ZiriTadi

termini: beri _ monazoni _ enkratisiberi _ monazoni _ enkratisi. zogadad unda iTq-

vas, rom mravali terminis mniSvneloba sxvadasxva epoqaSi

gansxvavebuli iyo, zogierTs ar iRebda leqsika, zogi maT-

378

1 ioane mosxi. limonari. gamosca i. abulaZem. Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 117.

2 mcire sjuliskanoni. gamosca e. giunaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 53.

3 qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1955,

gv. 163.

4 qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1973,

gv. 580.

gani nawilobriv icvlida dedniseul azrobriv datvirT-

vas, an sulac sxva Sinaarsis matarebeli xdeboda. vnaxoT,

am kuTxiT ra viTarebaa dasaxelebuli sami terminis, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki enkratisisenkratisis SemTxvevaSi.

ioane mosxis ̀ limonaridan~ moyvanil citataSi - ̀ ZliT

davarwmuneT maT, raÁTa... Seimoson sqemaÁ enkratisTaÁenkratisTaÁ”- si-

tyva enkratissenkratiss ilia abulaZe monazon qaladmonazon qalad ganmarta-

vs;1 zurab sarjvelaZes `Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi~

enkratisobisenkratisobis axsna `mcire sjuliskanonis~ mixedviT aqvs

warmodgenili: `monazvnoba. dedani, romelTa enkratisobis enkratisobis

wesi miiRon da monastersa Sina daewesnen, yovladve numca

gamovlen monastrisagan~2.

rac Seexeba istoriografiul Txzulebebs: juanSeris

`vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi~ mefe vaxtangis istorii-

dan aseTi epizodia gadmocemuli – bizantiis winaaRmdeg

erT-erTi laSqrobis Semdeg gorgasalma tyveebi igdo xelT,

maT Soris, sasuliero pirebic; man `ganavlina qadagi, raTa

yovelni moweseni gamoviden samalavTagan maTTa, da tyueni

ganutevnen, da sadac enebos, waviden. da gamovida simravle

mRdelTa da diakonTa, moweseTa monazonTa da enkratisTamoweseTa monazonTa da enkratisTa,

quabebiT~.3 am citataSi aSkaraa, rom mowese monazvnebSi ma-

makaci, xolo enkratisebSienkratisebSi qali mosagreebi igulisxmebian.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis `saqarTvelos samefos aRwera-

Si~ aleqsandre II kaxT-batonis (1574-1605 w.w.) dis Sesaxeb

weria: ìyo daÁ aleqsandresi, romelsac aRerCia enkratisobaenkratisoba da

scxorebda alaverdsa~.4 aqac enkratisobaenkratisoba ganmartebulia

monazon qalobadmonazon qalobad, xolo enkratisienkratisi – monazon qaladmonazon qalad.

379

5 romauli da bizantiuri periodebis berZnuli leqsikoni (ingli-

sur enaze). Seadgina e. a. sofoklesma. londoni, 1914.

6 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. wigni I. Tbilisi,

1966, gv. 236.

7 beri efrem filoTeveli,mamobrivi darigebani, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 8.

8 s. averincevi, sofia-logosi, kievi, 2001, gv. 39 (rusul enaze).

Enkratis–is mniSvnelobebi e. sofoklesis `romauli da

bizantiuri periodebis berZnul leqsikonSi~ asea warmod-

genili: TavdaWerili, TavSekavebuli, ubiwo, umankoTavdaWerili, TavSekavebuli, ubiwo, umanko antikuri

xanis avtorebTan, magaliTad, qsenofontesTan; qristianul

epoqaSi ki is asketis, gandegilisasketis, gandegilis azrobriv datvirTvasac

iZens (irineos lioneli, aTanase didi, kirile ierusalime-

li)5 da bermonazvnobis terminologiaSi ikavebs adgils.

sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, ènkratisienkratisi de-

daT mowese, yovlad momWirnea~, qvemoT, sxvadasxva xelnawe-

ris mixedviT, am sityvis mniSvneloba ufro dazustebulia:

`dedaTa ewodebis, yovelTa saqmeTa momWirneTa, -enkratisienkratisi,

xolo mamaTa – monazoni (monozani).monazoni (monozani). dedaTa yovelTa saqme-

Ta momWirnesa ewodebis enkratisienkratisi, xolo mamaTa – monazonimonazoni.

dedaT monazoniamonazonia yovlis saqmisa momWirne”.6 Sesabamis bu-

deebSi monazons sulxan-saba vaJ mowesedvaJ mowesed ganmartavs, mona-mona-

zonaszonas ki – qal mowesed,qal mowesed, xolo beris beris mniSvnelobas mxolod

xan-mraval kacadxan-mraval kacad warmoadgens.

Tanamedrove sasuliero literaturasa da metyvele-

baSi qal moweses monazonsqal moweses monazons uwodeben, mamakac mowesesmamakac moweses ki

imave sityva monazonsmonazons an bersbers; Tumca beri sulieri hasakisberi sulieri hasakis

sisrules miRweuli monazoniamonazonia, romelic sulieri gamo-

cdilebiT moZRvravs da aswavlis. mas sxva monazvnebisgan

moxucebuloba gonebisa gamoarCevs (berZnul enaSi beris

Sesatyvisia Gerontas, Geron, rusulSi – Cmаpeц).7

antioqiur-siriuli tradiciiT, mosagre mamakacebsa da

qalebs ki Zeni aRTqmisaeni aRTqmisa da asulni aRTqmisaasulni aRTqmisa ewodebaT (wmi-

da mamebi afraat sparsi, antoni didi, paxumi didi).8

380

9 qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebis simfonia-leqsikoni, t. I.

Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 79-82.

`Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zegleb-

Si~ Setanil arcerT teqstSi sityva enkratisienkratisi gamoyeneb-

uli ar aris. rac Seexeba bersbers - is sasuliero pirad,

monazonadaa ganmartebuli da, bunebrivia, Zalian xSirad

gvxvdeba, gansakuTrebiT ki cxorebiTicxorebiTi Janris TxzulebebSi.

beriaberia is, vinc aRWurvilia jvriT, martodmyofia, dayudeb-aRWurvilia jvriT, martodmyofia, dayudeb-

iT cxovrobs, moxucebulia iT cxovrobs, moxucebulia (igulisxmeba gonebiT moxuce-

buloba), hyavs mowafeebi, morCilebi, navTsayudelia, xelTa hyavs mowafeebi, morCilebi, navTsayudelia, xelTa

RmrTisaTa Sevedrebul ars, RvTis mecniereba aqvs, sulier RmrTisaTa Sevedrebul ars, RvTis mecniereba aqvs, sulier

sityvebs warmoTqvams, saswaulebs aRasrulebs, wmida-yofs sityvebs warmoTqvams, saswaulebs aRasrulebs, wmida-yofs

konkretul adgils (mag., mTas), siyvarulis mcnebas ner-konkretul adgils (mag., mTas), siyvarulis mcnebas ner-

gavs, gareuli cxovelebi emorCilebiangavs, gareuli cxovelebi emorCilebian da misgan moelian misgan moelian

mfarvelobasmfarvelobas da a. S.9

amgvar pirTa sulni anu sulni wmidaTani xelTa Sina sulni wmidaTani xelTa Sina

RvTisaTa arianRvTisaTa arian.

daskvnis saxiT vityodiT: qarTulma sasuliero da

saliteraturo enam qali mowesis qali mowesis aRsaniSnad arc enkrati-enkrati-

sisi miiRo da arc monazonamonazona, aramed monazonimonazoni, romelic aRTq-aRTq-

mis Zesmis Zes aRniSnavs, Tu aRTqmis asuls,aRTqmis asuls, konteqstis mixedviT

irkveva; rac Seexeba bersbers da monazonsmonazons, aucilebelia maTi

erTmaneTisgan gamijvna, radgan beri-beroba, monazon-monaz-beri-beroba, monazon-monaz-

vnobisganvnobisgan gansxvavebiT, mowese mamakacismowese mamakacis sruliad sxva su-

lier mdgomareobas (gonebiT moxucebulobas) gamoxatavs.

381

1 k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II. Tbilisi,

1952, gv. 476.

2 s. caiSvili. qarTuli mwerloba Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 99.

sofiko gvaramaZesofiko gvaramaZe _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida


saxelobis qarTuli


arCilis `samijnuroni~, arCilis `samijnuroni~,

mistikur-alegoriuli leqsimistikur-alegoriuli leqsi

`samijnuronis~ Sesaxeb k.kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom àrCi-

lis `samijnuronSi~ aRwerilia namdvili mijnuroba, Tval-

warmtaci ferebiT daxatulia lamazi arseba,1 Tumca arafe-

ria imis Sesaxeb aRniSnuli, rom es mijnuroba saRvTo

trfialia da es poeturi Sedevri saukeTeso nimuSia ale-

goriulobisa.

marTebulad SeniSnavs s. caiSvili, rom arCili `sami-

jnuronSi~ saRvTo siyvarulze saubrobs, momxiblavi

satrfos saxeSi ki macxovari moiazreba.2

leqsi religiuri grZnobebiTaa gaJRenTili, esaa ada-

mianis sulis xedva uxilavi silamazisa, romelic Teolo-

giaSi mravalgzisaa aRniSnuli, siyvarulis Sesaxeb sau-

broben mociqulebi, jer kidev saxareba qadagebda mistiur

siyvaruls qristesa da ganuyofeli samebisas.

marTalia, arCilis ̀ samijnuronsa~ da Teimuraz I-is ̀ ma-

jamas~ Soris uamravi literaturuli paraleli SeiZle-

ba gavavloT, rogorc simboloebis mxriv, aseve Tematuri

TvalsazrisiT, magram gadamRerebad mainc ver CavTvliT,

radgan arCilis Semoqmedebas paraleli moeZebneba, ara mx-

olod Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebasTan, aramed SoTa rusTave-

382

3 qarTuli mwerloba. t. VI. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 569-577.

4 g. kuWuxiZe. mefe-poetebi._ XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli lit-

eratura. Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 113.

lis, vaxtang VI-is, daviT guramiSvilis, aseve bibliasTan,

miTologiasTan.

arCilis mier wamoWrili problemebi aris epoqis mTa-

vari satkivari, swored amitom emTxveva e. w. àRorZinebis

epoqis~ TiTqmis yvela literaturuli moRvawis Semoq-

medebis Zireuli motivebi erTmaneTs.

leqsis personaJi Tavad avtoria, romelic sasoebiT mzi-

rali adamiania, leqsSi mravalferovan simbolo-epiTetebs

mimarTavs poeti qristes Sesaferisi gamosaxvisTvis, erT-

erTi aseTi simboloa mze, romelic aris irealuri, misti-

kuri saxe, swored aseTive simboloTi amkobs daviT gura-

miSvili qristes ùcnauri mze~, es saxe-simbolo erTbaSad

Seicavs yovelgvar arss am sityvisas, igi gamomxatvelia

qristianuli religiuri TvalTaxedvis, misi RvTaebrivi ar-

sis, mze, rogorc qristes simbolo mraval literaturul

qmnilebaSi gvxvdeba.

`mkiTxvel _ mTargmnelo, `majamas~ wil mec es mamirT-

mevia~3 _ werda arCili. TiTqos `majamis~ galeqsva e. w.

àRorZinebis~ epoqisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa, es arCilT-

anac igrZnoba, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT mTels epoqas, davi-

naxavT, rom yvela moRvawes gauleqsavs `majama~, arCilma

odnav daarRvia wesi da Tavis majamas ̀ samijnuroni~ uwoda.

erTi SexedviT, mkiTxveli ifiqrebs, rom `samijnuron-

Si~ aRwerili mijnuroba, gaSmagebuli qalisadmi trfia-

lia, magram sakmarisia, Tvali gadavavloT biblias, rom

yovelive cxadi gaxdeba, masSi saubaria qristes siyvar-

ulze, amas gvimowmebs leqsis saxe-simboloTa axsna ̀ Rmer-

Ti satrfos saxiT, xSirad aris warmodgenili, amgvari

alegoriulobiT arCili enaTesaveba daviT guramiSvil-

sac da e. w. àRorZinebis~ epoqis sxva SemoqmedTac~.4 si-

383

5 k. kekeliZe. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoridan.

XIV. Tbilisi, 1986.6 z. gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tbilisi, 1991,

gv. 36, 119.7 axali aRTqumaჲ. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemloba.

Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 41, 26, 424, 403.

yvarulis alegoriuli gaazreba e. w. àRorZinebis~ epo-

qis tendenciad qceula, aRniSnavs k. kekeliZe.5 gavixsenoT

`daviTiani~, zubovkis Tema, samecniero literaturaSi

araerTgzisaa axsnili da udavoa, rom masSi igulisxmeba

qristes simboluri xateba.Qqristes rwmenas gamoxatavs

arCilis Semdegi taepebic:

`Tu ar mindomebs, rad minda, mqondes srul misi Civili,

maS ras iqsa turfa, walkots jdes, bulbulsa hqondes

yivili?!~

walkotiwalkoti sauflo edemia, bulbulibulbuli ki qristea, romelic

RvTis siyvaruls qadagebs. samecniero literaturaSi xSirad

gvxvdeba bulbuli, rogorc uflis simboluri saxe, leqsSi

uxvadaa warmodgenili iseTi epizodebi, sadac TiTqosda asax-

ulia saero trfialis amsaxveli istoria, magram Tu CavuR-

rmavdebiT mis qveteqsts, Zneli misaxvedri ar iqneba, rom masSi

saubaria qristesa da qristianuli rwmenis siyvarulze: `ne-

tai imas, vis hqondes es siZe-sZloba, mayroba!~

zviad gamsaxurdia sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs siZe-

sZlobas, `vefxistyaosnis saxismetyvelebaSi~, sadac aRniS-

navs `siZisa~ da `sZlis~, agreTve `qorwinebis~ alegoriul

mniSvnelobas, `siZe~ aris macxovari, `sZali~ ki eklesias,

zeciur ierusalims gamoxatavs _ ̀ eklesia aris sZali, deda

RvTaebrivi Rvinisa, saidanac iSva ieso~, qorwili ki mar-

TalTa netarebas, RvTaebasTan ziarebas gamoxatavs.6

`sZali~ bibliuri warmoSobis saxelia, aseve himnogra-

fiaSi farTod gavrcelebuli mimarTvaa qalwul mariamis-

admi. igavebSi: `saqorwilo nadimis Sesaxeb~, maTes saxare-

baSi da `meqorwineebis Sesaxeb~.7

384

8 ak. baqraZe. rwmena Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 373.

imis dasamtkiceblad, rom arCilis `samijnuroni~ asax-

avs saRvTo siyvaruls, amisaTvis ganvixiloT mis mier le-

qsSi dasaxelebuli saxe-simboloebi.

naminami zeciuri madlmosilebis simboloa, igi xSiradaa

naxsenebi bibliaSi, rogorc zecidan movlenili madli, ro-

melic moaswavebda raRac axlis da saukeTesos dasawy-

iss, gavixsenoT msajulTa wigni, gedeonis istoria. RmerTma

gedeons uTxra, rom kaloze matylis sawmiss dadebda. Tuki

masze cvari aRmoCndeboda da miwa ki mSrali iqneboda, ma-

Sin gedeoni uflis SewevniT ixsnida israels mtrisagan.

rogorc akaki baqraZe aRniSnavs, `cvari logosia, anu

RmerTis sityvaa, sawmisi ki misi xilvis saSualeba, anu

RvTismSobeli~.8

arCils ̀ nami~ gamoyenebuli aqvs metad simbolur-aluzur

aspeqtSi: `TeTris cremlisa namiTa sasrolad wamwam iweba~.

TeTri spetaki feria, amitomac amkobs RvTaebriv cvars am

epiTetiT, TeTri saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi gamoxatavs

axal religias naziarebs, axladmoqceuls, saxarebaSi ki Te-

Tri RvTaebriv naTebas ukavSirdeba, feriscvalebaSi qristem

RvTaebrivi brwyinvaleba unda gamoxatos TeTri feriT. e. i.

arCilTan saubaria RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan ziarebaze.

arCili sulieri kaTarzisisken miikvlevs gzas, romlis

mopovebas cremliT cdilobs, wminda mamaTa moZRvrebaSi

cremli gaiazreba, rogorc suliwmindis mier movlenili

madli, igi sulieri kaTarzisis faqtoria, arCili RvTae-

brivi sibrZnis ziarebiT sulier kaTarzisis molodinSia.

baRisbaRis simbolikaSi arCils nagulisxmevi aqvs amqveyn-

iuri samyofi, kacuri bunebac, romelSic Semodis qriste

da daemkvidreba, aqve asaxelebs kviparozs, romelic CvenT-

vis `wminda ninos cxovrebidanaa~ cnobili, rogorc wminda

xe, romelic amozrdil iqna qristes kvarTze, swored misi

moWra gaxda safuZveli qristianul samyarosTan ziarebisa

385

9 n. sulava. vardis saxismetyveleba `vefxistyaosanSi._ rusT-

velologia. eZRvneba `vefxistyaosnis~ vaxtangisuli gamocemis

290-e wlisTavs. Tbilisi, 2003.

10 t. mosia. mcenaris saxismetyveleba. Tbilisis, 2004.

11 uZvelesi iadgari. gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da saZie-

blebi daurTes el. metrevelma, c. Wankievma da l. xevsurianma.

Tbilisi, 1980.

da saeklesio mSeneblobisa saqarTveloSi.

simbolur xatTa Soris yvelaze arqetipuli mniSvn-

elobisaa vardTmetyvelebavardTmetyveleba. vardi silamazis, mSvenierebis,

mowameobis simbolod aris warmosaxuli sasuliero poe-

ziaSi, sadac igi ara mxolod qristesa da RvTismSoblis,

aramed wmidanTa metaforadac gamoiyeneba.

mxatvrul-saazrovno sistemaSi vardis simboloze msj-

elobisas, nestan sulava aRniSnavs, rom vardi alegoriuli-

metaforuli funqciis matarebelia.9

vardis simbolikis integralebs sufistur liter-

aturaSic vxvdebiT, Tumca arCilTan sufiuri tendenciebis

mxolod tipologiuri msgavsebaa, rasac mowmobs saxe-sim-

boloTa axsna.

arCils saxe-simboloTa salaroSi Semoaqvs yvaviliyvavili,

romelic ara mxolod macxovris, aramed RvTismSoblis

metaforacaa. tite mosias dakvirvebiT, `RvTismSoblis sim-

bolo-metaforad yvavilis gamoyeneba sasuliero-saekle-

sio literaturaSi cxovelmyofel xasiaTs atarebs~.10 `gix-

aroden, yovlad wmidao qalwulo... dauWnobelo yuavilo~,11

_ naTqvamia uZveles iadgarSi.

Zalzed simboluri saxea `margaliti~margaliti~, romelic sis-

petakis, qalwulebrivi ucodvelobis simboloa. qristian-

ulma simbolikam igi macxovris simbolod dasaxa. sax-

arebiseuli igavis Tanaxmad: `merme msgavs ars sasufeveli

caTaჲ kacsa vaWarsa, romeli eZiebn keTilTa margalitTa.

da pois raჲ erTi margaliti mraval-sasyidlisaჲ, warvida

386

da ganyida yovelive, raჲca edva, da moiyida igi~.zeciuri margalitis mopoveba, qristes sibrZnesTan zi-

areba wmidanTa cxovrebis umTavresi mizania, ramac sab-

oloo adgili unda ganukuTvnos maT caTa sasufevelSi.

arCili Zalzed saintereso datvirTviT iyenebs mar-

galitis simbolos, romelic misTvis caTa sasufevlis mop-

ovebis saSualebaa: `margalitTa mepatrones kargad lali

daeyara, / mivel, minda moeyida, miwyina, ar Semiyara~. igive

aspeqtSi ganixilavs daviT guramiSvili qristes da masTan

dakavSirebul simbolikas: `sayvarelo, saxiT Tqmulo us-

asyidlo margalito~.12

moxmobili nimuSebis TvalnaTliv cxadyofs arCilis

`samijnuronis~ poetur xats, mis Sinagan Tvalsazriss, ro-

melic naTlad metyvelebs alegoriul enigmatur enaze.

arCili aRniSnavs, rom ixila yvavilebiT saves walkoti,

mze, mTvare. walkoti arCiliseuli gagebiT aris samoTxe,

misi mijnuri ki aluziurad qristea. qristianuli simbo-

likiT qristes simbolo SeiZleba iyos mzec, mTvarec da

varskvlavic `maSin marTalni gamobrwyinden, viTarca mze,

sasufevelsa mamisa maTisasa, romelsa axsen yurni smenad,

ismenen!~ cnobilia, rom mze da mTvare qristes orbunebovne-

bas gamoxatavs, mze-RvTaebrivs, mTvare-kacebrivs.13

bibliaSi qriste Tavs ciskris varskvlavs uwodebs: `me,

iesom, movavline angelozi Cemi, raÁTa giwamos ese yoveli

Tquen eklesiaTa. me var Ziri da naTesavi daviTisi, varsku-

lavi brwyinvale ganTiadisaÁ~.

mTvaris sulier aspeqtebze saintereso daskvnebs

gvTavazobs zviad gamsaxurdia. misi azriT, èzoterul

qristianobaSi mTvare-mnaTobi sulierad Seesabameba suli-

wmidas, ise rogorc mze-mnaTobi Zes~.

masTan erTad arsebobda mzis da mnaTobTa kulti, mzis

12 daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 73.

13 v. nozaZe. vefxistyaosnis mijnurTmetyveleba. parizi, 1974, gv. 143.

387

wili dedamiwaze cxovelTagan iyo lomi.14

arCilic swored amdagvar miTologiur-evangelur pasa-

Jebs xatavs, lomi bibliaSi, gamocxadebaSi qristes simboloa:

àha esera sZalo lomman Teslisagan iudaჲsa, Zirman daviTis-man, romelman aRiRos wigni da SÂidni igi beWedni misni~.

rac Seexeba teqstSi `dilis mTiebi, mTiebi ganTiadi-

sa~ (arCili), `mzeTa mzis mTiebi~ (d. guramiSvili) simbo-

los, esaa igive ciskris varskvlavi, Ze RmerTis hipostazi,

axal aRTqmaSi swored varskvlavis gamoCena ukavSirdeba

macxovris Sobas, rac sagangebodaa aRniSnuli ioanes ga-

mocxadebaSi, swored es kaSkaSa varskvlavi brwyinavs arCi-

lis `samijnuronSi~.

simboluri saxea `Rvino TeTr minaSiRvino TeTr minaSi~, romelic TasSi

gadasxmisas kaSkaSebs. Rvino uxsovari droidan iyo sim-

bolo RvTaebrivi Secnobisa, mas safuZveli jer kidev mi-

Tologiidan eyreba, igi gamoiyeneba qristianul evqaris-

tiaSi, ziarebis dros miRebuli Rvino da puri qristes

sisxlis da xorcis simboluri saxea, es yovelive ar-

CilTan simbolurad aris gaazrebuli, leqsSi warmodge-

nili TiToeuli saxe-simbolo aSkara mimarTebaSia bib-

liasTan, sxivis simbolikiT arCili naTlad gulisxmobs

suliwmidas: `ver Sesatyvisad SevamkeT, misTvin gvlevs

sxiv-SuqebiTa~.

simboloTa analizisas, saTanado bibliur-Teologi-

uri wyaroebis moZiebisa da damowmebis gziT, saSualeba

mogveca, kidev erTxel davrwmunebuliyaviT leqsis Teolo-

giur gaazrebaSi, rac savsebiT Tavsdeba sasuliero poe-

ziis CarCoebSi da adekvaturad exmianeba qristianuli mso-

flmxedvelobis parametrebs, avtoris originaluri xedva

da poeturi azrovneba leqsis TiToeul simbolur detal-

Si mJRavndeba. TiToeuli simbolo Rrma Teologiuri dat-

virTvis matarebelia, maTi Zirebi ki saxarebaSia saZiebeli.

14 r. siraZe. saxismetyveleba. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 15.

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